1. Article level

#import
import os.path
from gensim import corpora
from gensim.models import LsiModel
from nltk.tokenize import RegexpTokenizer
from nltk.corpus import stopwords
from nltk.stem.porter import PorterStemmer
from gensim.models.coherencemodel import CoherenceModel
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import sklearn as s
import dataframe_image as dfi
import networkx as nx
import mantel

C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\gensim\similarities\__init__.py:15: UserWarning: The gensim.similarities.levenshtein submodule is disabled, because the optional Levenshtein package <https://pypi.org/project/python-Levenshtein/> is unavailable. Install Levenhstein (e.g. `pip install python-Levenshtein`) to suppress this warning.
  warnings.warn(msg)

covid-science.txt

def load_data(path,file_name,seperator):
    """
    Input  : path and file_name
    Purpose: loading text file
    Output : list of paragraphs/documents and
             title(initial 100 words considred as title of document)
    """
    documents_list = []
    titles=[]
    document = ''
    i=0
    with open( os.path.join(path, file_name) ,"r", encoding="utf8") as fin:
        data = fin.read()
        words = data.split()
        fin.seek(0)
        print('Number of words in text file :', len(words))
        for line in fin.readlines():
            text = line.strip()
            i=i+1
            if text !='':
                document = document+text
                if text == seperator:
                    documents_list.append(document)
                    document = ''
        documents_list.append(document)
    print("Total Number of Documents:",len(documents_list))
    titles.append( text[0:min(len(text),100)] )
    return documents_list,titles,len(words)

document_list,titles,word_count_science=load_data("","covid-science-30.txt",'NEW_PAPER')

Number of words in text file : 205313
Total Number of Documents: 30

def preprocess_data(doc_set):
    """
    Input  : docuemnt list
    Purpose: preprocess text (tokenize, removing stopwords, and stemming)
    Output : preprocessed text
    """
    # initialize regex tokenizer
    tokenizer = RegexpTokenizer(r'\w+')
    # create English stop words list
    en_stop = set(stopwords.words('english'))
    # Create p_stemmer of class PorterStemmer
    p_stemmer = PorterStemmer()
    # list for tokenized documents in loop
    texts = []
    # loop through document list
    for i in doc_set:
        # clean and tokenize document string
        raw = i.lower()
        tokens = tokenizer.tokenize(raw)
        tokens = [i for i in tokens if len(i)>4]
        print(tokens)
        # remove stop words from tokens
        stopped_tokens = [i for i in tokens if not i in en_stop]
        # stem tokens
        stemmed_tokens = [p_stemmer.stem(i) for i in stopped_tokens]
        # add tokens to list
        texts.append(stemmed_tokens)
    return texts

clean_text=preprocess_data(document_list)

['covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnetmethodology', 'predicting', 'covid', '19based', 'chest', 'imagess', 'tabik', 'gómez', 'martín', 'rodríguez', 'sevillano', 'garcía', 'charte', 'guirado', 'suárez', 'luengo', 'valero', 'gonzález', 'garcía', 'villanova', 'olmedo', 'sánchez', 'herreraabstract', 'currently', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'century', 'diagnosed', 'using', 'testing', 'scans', 'orchest', 'images', 'computed', 'tomography', 'scanners', 'testing', 'available', 'mostmedical', 'centers', 'hence', 'cases', 'imagesbecome', 'effective', 'assisting', 'clinicians', 'making', 'decisions', 'learning', 'neural', 'networkshave', 'great', 'potential', 'building', 'covid', 'triage', 'systemsand', 'detecting', 'covid', 'patients', 'especially', 'patients', 'withlow', 'severity', 'unfortunately', 'current', 'databases', 'allowbuilding', 'systems', 'highly', 'heterogeneousand', 'biased', 'towards', 'severe', 'cases', 'article', 'threefold', 'demystify', 'sensitivities', 'achieved', 'bymost', 'recent', 'covid', 'classification', 'models', 'under', 'aclose', 'collaboration', 'hospital', 'universitario', 'clínico', 'sancecilio', 'granada', 'spain', 'built', 'covidgr', 'homogeneous', 'balanced', 'database', 'includes', 'levelsmanuscript', 'received', 'september', 'revised', 'october', 'accepted', 'november', 'publication', 'november', 'current', 'version', 'december', 'supported', 'bythe', 'project', 'deepscop', 'ayudas', 'fundación', 'equipos', 'investigación', 'científica', 'covid19_rx', 'ayudas', 'fundaciónbbva', 'equipos', 'investigación', 'científica', 'covid', '192020', 'spanish', 'ministry', 'science', 'technology', 'under', 'theproject', 'tin2017', '89517', 'tabik', 'supported', 'ramon', 'cajalprogramme', '18136', 'gómez', 'supported', 'thefpu', 'programme', 'fpu16', '04765', 'charte', 'supported', 'fpuprogramme', 'fpu17', '04069', 'suárez', 'supported', 'programme', 'fpu18', '05989', 'supported', 'european', 'researchcouncil', 'grant', 'agreement', '647038', 'biodesert', 'projectis', 'approved', 'provincial', 'research', 'ethics', 'committee', 'granada', 'corresponding', 'author', 'siham', 'tabik', 'tabik', 'gómez', 'sevillano', 'garcía', 'charte', 'suárez', 'luengo', 'herrera', 'andalusian', 'research', 'institute', 'indata', 'science', 'computational', 'intelligence', 'university', 'granada', '18071', 'granada', 'spain', 'siham', 'anabelgrios', 'decsai', 'isega24ivan', 'gmail', 'fdavidcl', 'jlsuarezdiaz', 'julianlm', 'decsai', 'herrera', 'decsai', 'martín', 'rodríguez', 'valero', 'gonzález', 'garcía', 'villanova', 'olmedo', 'sánchez', 'hospital', 'universitario', 'clínicosan', 'cecilio', 'granada', '36310', 'spain', 'joseluismartin', 'hotmail', 'valerogonzalez', 'yahoo', 'pgvillanova', 'gmail', 'euolm', 'yahoo', 'atlanttic', 'research', 'center', 'telecommunication', 'technologies', 'university', 'galicia', 'spain', 'mreyarea', 'gmail', 'guirado', 'multidisciplinary', 'institute', 'environmentstudies', 'ramón', 'margalef', 'university', 'alicante', '03690', 'spain', 'geesecillo', 'gmail', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', '3037127of', 'severity', 'normal', 'positive', 'moderate', 'severe', 'covidgr', 'contains', 'positive', 'and426', 'negative', 'posteroanterior', 'views', 'wepropose', 'covid', 'smart', 'based', 'network', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'improving', 'generalization', 'capacity', 'ofcovid', 'classification', 'models', 'approach', 'reaches', 'goodand', 'stable', 'results', 'accuracy', 'severe', 'moderate', 'andmild', 'covid', 'severity', 'levels', 'approach', 'could', 'inthe', 'early', 'detection', 'covid', 'covidgr', 'along', 'withthe', 'severity', 'level', 'labels', 'available', 'scientific', 'community', 'through', 'https', 'dasci', 'transferencia', 'covidgr', 'index', 'terms', 'covid', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'networks', 'smart', 'introductionin', 'months', 'world', 'witnessing', 'howcovid', 'pandemic', 'increasingly', 'infecting', 'large', 'massof', 'people', 'everywhere', 'world', 'trends', 'arenot', 'clear', 'research', 'confirm', 'problem', 'maypersist', 'until', 'besides', 'prevalence', 'studies', 'conducted', 'inseveral', 'countries', 'reveal', 'proportion', 'populationhave', 'developed', 'antibodies', 'after', 'exposure', 'virus', 'spain', 'means', 'frequently', 'large', 'number', 'patientswill', 'assessed', 'small', 'intervals', 'numberof', 'clinicians', 'resources', 'general', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'carried', 'using', 'leastone', 'these', 'three', 'tests', 'computed', 'tomography', 'scans', 'based', 'assessment', 'itconsists', 'analyzing', 'radiographic', 'images', 'different', 'angles', 'needed', 'equipment', 'assessmentis', 'available', 'hospitals', 'takes', 'than15', 'minutes', 'patient', 'addition', 'required', 'forct', 'decontamination', '2reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'rtpcr', 'detects', 'viral', 'sputum', 'online', 'available', 'https', 'english', 'elpais', 'society', 'antibody', 'study', 'shows', 'spaniards', 'contracted', 'coronavirus', 'online', 'available', 'advocacy', 'economics', 'acrposition', 'statements', 'recommendations', 'chest', 'radiography', 'forsuspected', 'covid19', 'infection', 'article', 'access', 'download', 'along', 'rights', 'mining', 'analysis', 'authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply', 'journal', 'biomedical', 'health', 'informatics', 'december', '2020fig', 'stratification', 'radiological', 'severity', 'covid', 'examples', 'index', 'calculated', 'nasopharyngeal', 'requires', 'specific', 'material', 'andequipment', 'which', 'easily', 'accessible', 'takes', 'atleast', 'hours', 'which', 'desirable', 'positive', 'covid19', 'patients', 'should', 'identified', 'tracked', 'possible', 'studies', 'found', 'results', 'severaltests', 'different', 'points', 'patients', 'variable', 'during', 'course', 'illness', 'producing', 'falsenegative', 'authors', 'suggested', 'testshould', 'combined', 'other', 'clinical', 'tests', 'chest', 'required', 'equipment', 'thisassessment', 'cumbersome', 'lightweightand', 'transportable', 'general', 'resources', 'moreavailable', 'required', 'tests', 'addition', 'takes', 'about', 'seconds', 'patient', 'which', 'makes', 'effectiveassessment', 'tools', 'recent', 'studies', 'provide', 'estimates', 'expert', 'radiologistssensitivity', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'based', 'scans', 'study', 'patients', 'chestct', 'essay', 'performed', 'within', 'reported', 'asensitivity', 'compared', 'sensitivityof', 'different', 'study', 'patients', 'age56', 'years', 'reported', 'sensitivity', 'comparedwith', 'initial', 'according', 'analysis', '636ambulatory', 'patients', 'patients', 'presenting', 'urgent', 'carecenters', 'confirmed', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'normal', 'ormildly', 'abnormal', 'findings', 'these', 'patientsare', 'correctly', 'diagnosed', 'expert', 'recent', 'study', 'authors', 'proposed', 'simplifying', 'quantification', 'level', 'severity', 'adapting', 'previously', 'definedradiographic', 'assessment', 'edema', 'score', 'tocovid', 'score', 'calculated', 'assigning', 'valuebetween', 'depending', 'extent', 'visualfeatures', 'consolidation', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities', 'thefour', 'parts', 'depicted', 'based', 'score', 'experts', 'identify', 'level', 'severity', 'infection', 'amongfour', 'severity', 'stages', 'normal', 'moderate', 'andsevere', 'practice', 'patient', 'classified', 'expert', 'radiologistauthorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply', 'tabik', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'predicting', 'covid', 'based', 'chest', 'images', '3597as', 'normal', 'positive', 'refer', 'these', 'cases', 'asnormal', 'expert', 'annotation', 'adopted', 'basedin', 'score', 'automated', 'image', 'analysis', 'learning', 'modelshave', 'great', 'potential', 'optimize', 'imagesfor', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'robust', 'accurate', 'dlmodel', 'could', 'serve', 'triage', 'method', 'support', 'formedical', 'decision', 'making', 'increasing', 'number', 'recent', 'worksclaim', 'achieving', 'impressive', 'sensitivities', 'higher', 'thanexpert', 'radiologists', 'these', 'sensitivities', 'biasin', 'covid', 'dataset', 'covid', 'image', 'datacollection', 'dataset', 'includes', 'small', 'number', 'ofcovid', 'positive', 'cases', 'coming', 'highly', 'heterogeneoussources', 'least', 'countries', 'cases', 'severe', 'patients', 'issue', 'drastically', 'reduces', 'clinical', 'value', 'populatenon', 'covid', 'healthy', 'classes', 'researchers', 'usingcxr', 'images', 'diverse', 'pulmonary', 'disease', 'repositories', 'theobtained', 'models', 'clinical', 'value', 'since', 'theywill', 'unable', 'detect', 'patients', 'moderate', 'severity', 'which', 'target', 'clinical', 'triage', 'system', 'thissituation', 'there', 'still', 'higher', 'quality', 'datasets', 'builtunder', 'clinical', 'protocol', 'under', 'close', 'collaborationwith', 'expert', 'radiologists', 'multiple', 'studies', 'proven', 'higher', 'quality', 'ensureshigher', 'quality', 'models', 'concept', 'smart', 'refers', 'tothe', 'process', 'converting', 'higher', 'quality', 'datawith', 'higher', 'concentration', 'useful', 'information', 'smart', 'dataincludes', 'processing', 'methods', 'improve', 'value', 'andveracity', 'examples', 'these', 'methods', 'include', 'noiseelimination', 'augmentation', 'transformation', 'among', 'other', 'techniques', 'designed', 'clinical', 'quality', 'dataset', 'named', 'covidgr', 'includes', 'levels', 'severity', 'normal', 'moderate', 'severe', 'identified', 'thesefour', 'severity', 'levels', 'recent', 'covid', 'radiological', 'study', 'propose', 'covid', 'smart', 'based', 'network', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'combines', 'segmentation', 'dataaugmentation', 'transformations', 'together', 'appropriate', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'inference', 'contributions', 'paper', 'summarized', 'follows', 'analyze', 'reliability', 'potential', 'limitations', 'mostused', 'covid', 'datasets', 'models', 'perspective', 'provide', 'first', 'public', 'dataset', 'called', 'covidgr', 'quantifies', 'covid', 'termsof', 'severity', 'levels', 'normal', 'moderate', 'severe', 'building', 'triage', 'systems', 'clinicalvalue', 'processing', 'perspective', 'combined', 'severalmethods', 'eliminate', 'irrelevant', 'information', 'theinput', 'images', 'processing', 'methodcalled', 'segmentation', 'based', 'cropping', 'increase', 'discrimination', 'capacity', 'classification', 'model', 'aclass', 'inherent', 'transformation', 'method', 'inspired', 'processing', 'perspective', 'proposed', 'newinference', 'process', 'fuses', 'predictions', 'fourtransformed', 'classes', 'obtained', 'class', 'inherent', 'transformation', 'method', 'calculate', 'final', 'prediction', 'global', 'perspective', 'designed', 'novel', 'methodology', 'named', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'generalization', 'capacity', 'covid', 'classification', 'based', 'cxrimages', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'combines', 'segmentation', 'datatransformation', 'augmentation', 'suitable', 'cnnmodel', 'together', 'inference', 'approach', 'finalprediction', 'experiments', 'demonstrate', 'approach', 'reaches', 'andstable', 'results', 'especially', 'moderate', 'severe', 'levels', 'with97', 'respectively', 'lower', 'accuracies', 'obtained', 'normal', 'severity', 'levelswith', 'respectively', 'article', 'organized', 'follows', 'review', 'useddatasets', 'covid', 'classification', 'approaches', 'provided', 'insection', 'section', 'describes', 'covidgr', 'built', 'andorganized', 'approach', 'presented', 'section', 'experiments', 'comparisons', 'results', 'provided', 'section', 'theinspection', 'model', 'decision', 'using', 'heatmaps', 'providedin', 'section', 'conclusions', 'pointed', 'section', 'related', 'worksthe', 'months', 'known', 'increasing', 'number', 'worksexploring', 'potential', 'learning', 'models', 'automatingcovid', 'diagnosis', 'based', 'images', 'results', 'arepromising', 'still', 'needs', 'levelof', 'models', 'design', 'given', 'potential', 'typeof', 'problems', 'several', 'studies', 'include', 'explication', 'methods', 'theirmodels', 'section', 'analyzes', 'advantages', 'limitations', 'ofcurrent', 'datasets', 'models', 'building', 'automatic', 'covid', '19diagnosis', 'systems', 'without', 'decision', 'explication', 'datasetsthere', 'exist', 'quality', 'collection', 'cxrimages', 'building', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'systems', 'clinical', 'value', 'currently', 'source', 'covid', 'class', 'iscovid', 'image', 'collection', 'contains', 'positive', 'and26', 'negative', 'views', 'these', 'images', 'obtained', 'highlyheterogeneous', 'equipment', 'around', 'world', 'anotherexample', 'covid', 'dataset', 'figure', 'covid', 'chestx', 'dataset', 'initiative', 'build', 'covid', 'classes', 'moststudies', 'using', 'multiple', 'public', 'pulmonarydisease', 'examples', 'these', 'repositories', 'pneumonia', 'challenge', 'dataset', 'kaggle', 'chestx', 'dataset', 'mimic', 'dataset', 'padchest', 'dataset', 'instance', 'covidx', 'built', 'combining', 'threepublic', 'datasets', 'covid', 'image', 'collection', 'figure', 'covid', 'chest', 'dataset', 'initiative', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'challenge', 'dataset', 'covidx2', 'built', 'organizing', 'covidx', 'three', 'classes', 'normal', 'healthy', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'using', 'cxrimages', 'covid', 'class', 'including', 'posteroanterior', 'andap', 'anteroposterior', 'views', 'seetable', 'notice', 'correctlearning', 'front', 'cannot', 'mixedin', 'class', 'authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply', 'journal', 'biomedical', 'health', 'informatics', 'december', '2020table', 'brief', 'description', 'covidx', 'dataset', 'views', 'arecounted', 'although', 'value', 'these', 'datasets', 'unquestionable', 'theyare', 'being', 'useful', 'carrying', 'first', 'studies', 'reformulations', 'guarantee', 'useful', 'triage', 'systems', 'reasons', 'clear', 'annotation', 'protocol', 'followedfor', 'constructing', 'positive', 'class', 'covid', 'image', 'datacollection', 'included', 'highly', 'heterogeneous', 'hencedl', 'models', 'other', 'aspects', 'covid', 'visual', 'featuresto', 'differentiate', 'between', 'involved', 'classes', 'dataset', 'doesnot', 'provide', 'representative', 'spectrum', 'covid', 'severitylevels', 'positive', 'cases', 'severe', 'patients', 'addition', 'interesting', 'critical', 'analysis', 'these', 'datasets', 'shown', 'thatcnn', 'models', 'obtain', 'similar', 'results', 'without', 'eliminatingmost', 'lungs', 'input', 'images', 'which', 'confirmsagain', 'there', 'covid', 'datasets', 'highclinical', 'value', 'claim', 'design', 'quality', 'dataset', 'mustbe', 'under', 'close', 'collaboration', 'between', 'expert', 'radiologistsand', 'experts', 'annotations', 'follow', 'protocoland', 'representative', 'numbers', 'levels', 'severity', 'especiallymild', 'moderate', 'levels', 'included', 'classification', 'modelsexisting', 'related', 'works', 'directly', 'comparable', 'theyconsider', 'different', 'combinations', 'public', 'differentexperimental', 'setup', 'brief', 'summary', 'these', 'works', 'providedin', 'table', 'related', 'studies', 'proposed', 'differentmodels', 'typical', 'authorsdesigned', 'network', 'called', 'covidnet', 'affirmedthat', 'covidnet', 'reaches', 'overall', 'accuracy', 'with97', 'sensitivity', 'normal', 'class', 'covid', '19and', 'covid', 'authors', 'smaller', 'network', 'called', 'covid', 'claim', 'their', 'model', 'achievedan', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'these', 'results', 'impressive', 'compared', 'toexpert', 'radiologist', 'sensitivity', 'explained', 'thefact', 'dataset', 'biased', 'severe', 'covid', 'cases', 'addition', 'performed', 'experiments', 'cited', 'works', 'arenot', 'statistically', 'reliable', 'evaluated', 'singlepartition', 'stability', 'these', 'models', 'terms', 'standarddeviation', 'reported', 'classification', 'models', 'explanationapproachesseveral', 'interesting', 'explanations', 'proposed', 'inspect', 'predictions', 'models', 'although', 'theirclassification', 'models', 'trained', 'validated', 'variationsof', 'covidx', 'authors', 'first', 'ensemble', 'twocnn', 'networks', 'predict', 'class', 'input', 'image', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'highlight', 'class', 'discriminating', 'regions', 'input', 'image', 'using', 'gradient', 'guided', 'class', 'activation', 'layer', 'relevance', 'propagation', 'authors', 'proposed', 'explaining', 'decision', 'ofthe', 'classification', 'model', 'radiologists', 'using', 'different', 'saliencymap', 'types', 'together', 'uncertainty', 'estimations', 'certain', 'model', 'prediction', 'covidgr', 'acquisition', 'annotation', 'organizationinstead', 'starting', 'extremely', 'large', 'noisy', 'dataset', 'build', 'small', 'smart', 'dataset', 'augment', 'wayit', 'increases', 'performance', 'model', 'approach', 'hasproven', 'effective', 'multiple', 'studies', 'particularly', 'inthe', 'medical', 'field', 'where', 'access', 'heavily', 'protected', 'dueto', 'privacy', 'concerns', 'costly', 'expert', 'annotation', 'under', 'close', 'collaboration', 'highly', 'trained', 'radiologists', 'hospital', 'universitario', 'clínico', 'cecilio', 'granada', 'spain', 'first', 'established', 'protocol', 'images', 'areselected', 'annotated', 'included', 'dataset', 'cxrimage', 'annotated', 'covid', 'positive', 'testand', 'expert', 'radiologist', 'confirm', 'decision', 'within', '24hours', 'positive', 'annotated', 'expertradiologists', 'normal', 'labeled', 'normal', 'involved', 'radiologists', 'annotated', 'level', 'severity', 'positivecases', 'based', 'score', 'normal', 'moderateand', 'severe', 'covidgr', 'organized', 'classes', 'positive', 'andnegative', 'contains', 'images', 'distributed', 'positive', 'and426', 'negative', 'cases', 'details', 'provided', 'table', 'allthe', 'images', 'obtained', 'equipment', 'underthe', 'regime', 'posterioranterior', 'isconsidered', 'covidgr', 'along', 'severity', 'level', 'labelsare', 'available', 'scientific', 'community', 'through', 'https', 'dasci', 'transferencia', 'covidgr', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodologyin', 'section', 'describe', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'indetail', 'covering', 'processing', 'produce', 'smart', 'includingsegmentation', 'transformation', 'increasing', 'discrimination', 'between', 'positive', 'negative', 'classes', 'combined', 'adeep', 'classification', 'pieces', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'based', 'classifier', 'selected', 'resnet', 'initialized', 'imagenetweights', 'transfer', 'learning', 'approach', 'adapt', 'toour', 'problem', 'removed', 'layer', 'addeda', 'neurons', 'layer', 'activation', 'fourneurons', 'layer', 'according', 'considered', 'number', 'classes', 'softmax', 'activation', 'images', 'total', 'number', 'classes', 'image', 'label', 'softmax', 'function', 'computes', 'probability', 'imagebelongs', 'class', 'output', 'fully', 'connected', 'layer', 'before', 'softmax', 'activation', 'applied', 'function', 'defined', 'authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply', 'tabik', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'predicting', 'covid', 'based', 'chest', 'images', '3599table', 'iisummary', 'related', 'works', 'analyze', 'variations', 'covidx', 'cnntable', 'brief', 'summary', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'samples', 'covidgr', 'segmented', 'images', 'considering', 'viewsoftmax', 'softmax', 'class', 'prediction', 'network', 'image', 'argmax', 'softmax', 'where', 'output', 'vectorof', 'layer', 'before', 'softmax', 'applied', 'input', 'layers', 'network', 'tuned', 'batchsize', 'optimizer', 'stages', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'three', 'associatedto', 'processing', 'producing', 'quality', 'smart', 'stages', 'learning', 'inference', 'process', 'flowchart', 'covidsdnet', 'depicted', 'segmentation', 'based', 'cropping', 'unnecessary', 'informationelimination', 'different', 'equipment', 'brands', 'include', 'differentextra', 'information', 'about', 'patient', 'sides', 'contour', 'ofcxr', 'images', 'position', 'patient', 'implythe', 'inclusion', 'parts', 'stomach', 'information', 'alter', 'learning', 'classificationmodel', 'first', 'segment', 'lungs', 'using', 'segmentationmodel', 'provided', 'trained', 'tuberculosis', 'chest', 'rayimage', 'datasets', 'pneumonia', 'challengedataset', 'calculate', 'smallest', 'rectangle', 'thatdelimits', 'right', 'segmented', 'lungs', 'finally', 'avoideliminating', 'useful', 'information', 'pixels', 'right', 'sides', 'rectangle', 'resulting', 'rectangleis', 'cropped', 'illustration', 'example', 'processingis', 'shown', 'class', 'inherent', 'transformations', 'network', 'increase', 'thediscrimination', 'capacity', 'classification', 'model', 'fucitnet', 'class', 'inherent', 'transformations', 'networkinspired', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'networks', 'thistransformation', 'method', 'actually', 'array', 'generatorsgp', 'where', 'refers', 'positive', 'class', 'refers', 'tothe', 'negative', 'class', 'learns', 'inherent', 'class', 'transformationsof', 'positive', 'class', 'learns', 'inherent', 'class', 'transformations', 'negative', 'class', 'other', 'words', 'learns', 'thetransformations', 'bring', 'input', 'image', 'domain', 'class', 'domain', 'similarly', 'learnsthe', 'transformations', 'bring', 'input', 'image', 'space', 'class', 'space', 'classification', 'isintroduced', 'generators', 'drive', 'learning', 'specifick', 'class', 'transformations', 'generator', 'optimizedbased', 'following', 'function', 'lgenk', 'lperceptual', 'where', 'pixel', 'square', 'error', 'lperceptual', 'perception', 'square', 'error', 'classifier', 'weighted', 'factor', 'indicates', 'generator', 'mustchange', 'outcome', 'classifier', 'details', 'about', 'thesetransformation', 'networks', 'found', 'architecture', 'generators', 'consists', 'identical', 'residual', 'blocks', 'block', 'convolutional', 'layers', '3kernels', 'feature', 'followed', 'batch', 'normalizationlayers', 'parametric', 'activation', 'function', 'lastresidual', 'block', 'followed', 'final', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'whichreduces', 'output', 'image', 'channels', 'match', 'input', 'sdimensions', 'classifier', 'resnet', 'which', 'consists', 'aninitial', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'kernels', 'featuremaps', 'followed', 'layer', 'blocks', 'oftwo', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'kernels', '256and', 'feature', 'respectively', 'followed', 'averagepooling', 'fully', 'connected', 'layer', 'which', 'outputs', 'vector', 'elements', 'activation', 'function', 'generators', 'learn', 'corresponding', 'transformations', 'dataset', 'processed', 'using', 'images', 'obtained', 'input', 'image', 'where', 'respectively', 'positively', 'andnegatively', 'transformed', 'images', 'entiredataset', 'processed', 'classes', 'authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply', 'journal', 'biomedical', 'health', 'informatics', 'december', '2020fig', 'flowchart', 'proposed', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'instead', 'original', 'classes', 'class', 'produce', 'positivetransformation', 'negative', 'transformation', 'respectively', 'gnwill', 'produce', 'positive', 'transformation', 'andthe', 'negative', 'transformation', 'respectively', 'illustrates', 'example', 'transformations', 'applied', 'andgp', 'notice', 'these', 'transformations', 'meant', 'beinterpretable', 'human', 'rather', 'classificationmodel', 'better', 'distinguish', 'between', 'different', 'classes', 'learning', 'inference', 'based', 'fusion', 'cnntwins', 'classification', 'model', 'described', 'above', 'inthis', 'section', 'resnet', 'trained', 'predict', 'fourclasses', 'output', 'network', 'after', 'softmax', 'applied', 'transformed', 'image', 'associated', 'original', 'vector', 'where', 'probability', 'transformed', 'image', 'tobelong', 'class', 'herein', 'propose', 'inference', 'process', 'output', 'twotransformed', 'images', 'predict', 'label', 'theoriginal', 'image', 'prediction', 'original', 'image', 'either', 'argmax', 'argmax', 'argmax', 'argmax', 'theresnet', 'predictions', 'respectively', 'above', 'applies', 'thenyi', 'otherwise', 'experimentally', 'batch', 'asoptimizer', 'experiments', 'resultsin', 'section', 'provide', 'information', 'aboutthe', 'experimental', 'setup', 'evaluate', 'state', 'artcovid', 'classification', 'models', 'fucitnet', 'alone', 'ourdataset', 'analyze', 'impact', 'processing', 'normal', 'severity', 'level', 'approach', 'experimental', 'setupdue', 'variations', 'between', 'different', 'executions', 'weperformed', 'different', 'cross', 'validations', 'experiments', 'experiment', 'covidgr', 'fortraining', 'remaining', 'testing', 'choose', 'whento', 'training', 'process', 'random', 'eachtraining', 'validation', 'experiment', 'proper', 'ofdata', 'augmentation', 'techniques', 'carefully', 'selected', 'results', 'terms', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'precision', 'accuracy', 'arepresented', 'using', 'average', 'values', 'standard', 'deviation', 'ofthe', 'executions', 'metrics', 'calculated', 'follows', 'recall', 'positive', 'class', 'sensitivity', 'tpactual', 'positivesrecall', 'negative', 'class', 'specificity', 'tnactual', 'negativesprecision', 'positive', 'class', 'tppredicted', 'positivesprecision', 'negative', 'class', 'tnpredicted', 'negativesaccuracy', 'tntotal', 'predictionsauthorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply', 'tabik', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'predicting', 'covid', 'based', 'chest', 'images', '3601fig', 'segmentation', 'based', 'cropping', 'processing', 'applied', 'input', 'image', 'class', 'inherent', 'transformations', 'applied', 'negative', 'sample', 'original', 'negative', 'sample', 'negative', 'transformation', 'positivetransformation', 'precision', 'recallprecision', 'recalltp', 'refers', 'respectively', 'number', 'positivesand', 'negatives', 'analysis', 'covidnet', 'covid', 'capswe', 'compare', 'approach', 'related', 'approaches', 'covidnet', 'covid', 'covidnet', 'currently', 'authors', 'network', 'providethree', 'versions', 'namely', 'available', 'hasthe', 'largest', 'number', 'trainable', 'parameters', 'followed', 'performed', 'evaluations', 'networkin', 'results', 'comparable', 'toours', 'first', 'tested', 'covidnet', 'covidnet', 'andcovidnet', 'trained', 'covidx', 'directly', 'ourdataset', 'considering', 'classes', 'normal', 'negative', 'covid', 'positive', 'whole', 'dataset', 'positive', 'images', 'negative', 'images', 'evaluated', 'report', 'intable', 'recall', 'precision', 'resultsfor', 'normal', 'covid', 'classes', 'second', 'retrained', 'covidnet', 'dataset', 'isimportant', 'checkpoint', 'eachmodel', 'available', 'could', 'remove', 'layerof', 'these', 'networks', 'which', 'three', 'neurons', 'used5', 'different', 'cross', 'validations', 'order', 'beable', 'retrain', 'covidnet', 'models', 'athird', 'pneumonia', 'class', 'dataset', 'randomlyselected', 'images', 'pneumonia', 'class', 'incovidx', 'dataset', 'hyper', 'parametersas', 'indicated', 'their', 'training', 'script', '10epochs', 'batch', 'learning', 'changed', 'covid_weight', 'covid_percent', 'since', 'number', 'images', 'allthe', 'classes', 'similarly', 'report', 'table', 'recall', 'andprecision', 'classes', 'normal', 'covid', 'recall', 'precision', 'pneumonia', 'class', 'theaccuracy', 'reported', 'table', 'takes', 'intoaccount', 'images', 'classes', 'ourauthorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply', 'journal', 'biomedical', 'health', 'informatics', 'december', '2020table', 'ivcovidnet', 'covid', 'results', 'datasettable', 'vresults', 'covid', 'prediction', 'using', 'retrained', 'covidnet', 'retrained', 'covid', 'resnet', 'without', 'segmentation', 'fucitnet', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'levels', 'severity', 'positive', 'class', 'taken', 'accountmodels', 'report', 'standard', 'deviationof', 'metrics', 'although', 'analyzed', 'three', 'variations', 'ofcovidnet', 'simplicity', 'report', 'results', 'thebest', 'covid', 'capsule', 'network', 'based', 'modelproposed', 'architecture', 'notably', 'smaller', 'thancovidnet', 'which', 'implies', 'dramatically', 'lower', 'numberof', 'trainable', 'parameters', 'since', 'authors', 'provide', 'acheckpoint', 'weights', 'trained', 'covidx', 'dataset', 'follow', 'similar', 'procedure', 'withcovidnet', 'first', 'tested', 'pretrained', 'weights', 'using', 'covidxon', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'designedto', 'predict', 'classes', 'reused', 'architecture', 'dataset', 'compute', 'evaluationmetrics', 'shown', 'table', 'second', 'covid', 'architecture', 'retrained', 'overthe', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'process', 'finetunes', 'theweights', 'improve', 'class', 'separation', 'retrainingprocess', 'performed', 'using', 'setup', 'hyperparameters', 'reported', 'authors', 'optimizer', 'isused', 'across', 'epochs', 'batch', 'classweights', 'omitted', 'covidnet', 'since', 'thisdataset', 'contains', 'balanced', 'classes', 'training', 'evaluation', 'metrics', 'computed', 'setsof', 'cross', 'validation', 'subsets', 'summarizedin', 'table', 'results', 'table', 'covidnet', 'covidcaps', 'trained', 'covidx', 'overestimate', 'covid', 'class', 'ourdataset', 'images', 'classified', 'positive', 'resulting', 'invery', 'sensitivities', 'positive', 'predictivevalue', 'however', 'covidnet', 'covid', 'retrained', 'covidgr', 'achieve', 'slightly', 'better', 'overallaccuracy', 'higher', 'balance', 'between', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'although', 'acquire', 'favoring', 'negativeclass', 'general', 'these', 'models', 'perform', 'adequately', 'forthe', 'detection', 'disease', 'images', 'dataset', 'results', 'analysis', 'covid', 'predictionthe', 'results', 'baseline', 'covid', 'classification', 'model', 'considering', 'levels', 'severity', 'without', 'segmentation', 'fucitnet', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'shown', 'table', 'general', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'achieves', 'better', 'stableresults', 'approaches', 'particular', 'covid', 'sdnetachieved', 'highest', 'balance', 'between', 'specificity', 'sensitivitywith', 'negative', 'class', 'positive', 'class', 'importantly', 'covid', 'sdnetachieved', 'sensitivity', 'accuracy', 'with76', 'fucitnet', 'provides', 'general', 'lowerand', 'stable', 'results', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'comparingthe', 'results', 'baseline', 'classification', 'model', 'withoutsegmentation', 'observe', 'segmentation', 'improves', 'substantially', 'sensitivity', 'which', 'importantcriteria', 'triage', 'system', 'explained', 'factthat', 'segmentation', 'allows', 'model', 'focus', 'importantparts', 'image', 'analysis', 'severity', 'levelto', 'determine', 'which', 'levels', 'hardest', 'distinguish', 'bythe', 'approach', 'analyzed', 'accuracy', 'severity', 'level', 'accuracy', 'correct', 'predictions', 'total', 'number', 'wheres', 'normal', 'moderate', 'severe', 'results', 'areshown', 'table', 'these', 'results', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'correctlydistinguish', 'moderate', 'severe', 'levels', 'accuracy', 'respectively', 'thatmoderate', 'severe', 'images', 'contain', 'importantvisual', 'features', 'normal', 'which', 'theclassification', 'normal', 'cases', 'moredifficult', 'identify', 'contain', 'visual', 'features', 'authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply', 'tabik', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'predicting', 'covid', 'based', 'chest', 'images', '3603table', 'viresults', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'severity', 'leveltable', 'viiresults', 'baseline', 'classification', 'model', 'segmentation', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'retrained', 'covidnet', 'retrainedcovid', 'three', 'levels', 'severity', 'considered', 'moderate', 'severetable', 'viiiresults', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'severity', 'level', 'without', 'consideringnormal', 'these', 'results', 'coherent', 'clinical', 'studies', 'provided', 'which', 'report', 'expert', 'sensitivity', 'innormal', 'infection', 'levels', 'recall', 'experteye', 'visual', 'signs', 'normal', 'althoughthe', 'positive', 'those', 'cases', 'actually', 'considered', 'asasymptomatic', 'patients', 'analysis', 'impact', 'normal', 'analyze', 'impact', 'normal', 'class', 'covid', '19classification', 'trained', 'evaluated', 'baseline', 'model', 'fucitnet', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'classification', 'stage', 'covidnetcxr', 'covid', 'covidgr', 'eliminatingnormal', 'results', 'summarized', 'table', 'overall', 'approaches', 'systematically', 'provide', 'better', 'results', 'eliminating', 'normal', 'training', 'testprocesses', 'including', 'covidnet', 'covid', 'particular', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'still', 'represents', 'moststable', 'approach', 'analysis', 'severity', 'levela', 'further', 'analysis', 'accuracy', 'level', 'severitydegree', 'table', 'demonstrates', 'eliminating', 'normalpcr', 'decreases', 'accuracy', 'moderate', 'severitylevels', 'respectively', 'these', 'results', 'although', 'normal', 'hardestlevel', 'predict', 'presence', 'improves', 'accuracy', 'lowerseverity', 'levels', 'especially', 'level', 'inspection', 'model', 'decisionautomatic', 'diagnosis', 'systems', 'alone', 'mature', 'toreplace', 'expert', 'radiologists', 'clinician', 'making', 'decisions', 'these', 'tools', 'interpretable', 'clinicians', 'decidewhether', 'trust', 'model', 'inspect', 'ledour', 'model', 'decision', 'showing', 'regions', 'inputimage', 'triggered', 'decision', 'along', 'counterfactualexplanation', 'showing', 'parts', 'explain', 'opposite', 'class', 'adapted', 'method', 'explain', 'decision', 'ofthe', 'negative', 'positive', 'class', 'original', 'image', 'visualexplanation', 'means', 'highlights', 'regions', 'pixels', 'which', 'model', 'output', 'actual', 'predictionand', 'counterfactual', 'explanation', 'using', 'thathighlights', 'regions', 'pixels', 'which', 'highest', 'impact', 'onpredicting', 'opposite', 'class', 'higher', 'intensity', 'mapindicates', 'higher', 'importance', 'corresponding', 'pixel', 'thedecision', 'larger', 'higher', 'intensity', 'areas', 'mapdetermine', 'final', 'class', 'however', 'represents', 'first', 'thecounterfactual', 'explanation', 'represents', 'explanation', 'actual', 'decision', 'expected', 'negative', 'positive', 'interpretations', 'complementary', 'areas', 'which', 'triggered', 'correct', 'decision', 'areopposite', 'cases', 'areas', 'triggered', 'decision', 'towards', 'negative', 'images', 'different', 'severity', 'levels', 'correctly', 'point', 'opaque', 'regionsdue', 'different', 'levels', 'infiltrates', 'consolidations', 'toosteoarthritis', 'particular', 'areas', 'right', 'pointsout', 'region', 'infiltrates', 'osteoarthritis', 'spineregion', 'correctly', 'shows', 'moderate', 'infiltrates', 'rightlower', 'lower', 'middle', 'fields', 'addition', 'dilation', 'ofascending', 'aorta', 'aortic', 'color', 'center', 'shows', 'normal', 'upper', 'middle', 'fields', 'lungs', 'importanton', 'aortic', 'dilation', 'indicates', 'importantbilateral', 'pulmonary', 'involvement', 'consolidations', 'authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply', 'journal', 'biomedical', 'health', 'informatics', 'december', '2020fig', 'heatmap', 'showing', 'parts', 'input', 'image', 'triggered', 'positive', 'prediction', 'counterfactual', 'explanation', 'heatmap', 'showing', 'parts', 'input', 'image', 'triggered', 'positive', 'prediction', 'counterfactual', 'explanation', 'heatmap', 'showing', 'parts', 'input', 'image', 'triggered', 'positive', 'prediction', 'counterfactual', 'explanation', 'heatmap', 'explains', 'parts', 'input', 'image', 'triggered', 'counterfactual', 'explanation', 'negative', 'actual', 'prediction', 'authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply', 'tabik', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'predicting', 'covid', 'based', 'chest', 'images', '3605as', 'observed', 'explanation', 'thenegative', 'class', 'correctly', 'highlights', 'symmetric', 'bilateral', 'patternthat', 'occupies', 'larger', 'volume', 'especially', 'regions', 'withhigh', 'density', 'similar', 'pattern', 'shown', 'thecounterfactual', 'explanation', 'positive', 'class', 'new_paper']
['mining', 'analyticsissn', 'pp116', '123volume', 'number', '2021doi', '26599', '9020016c', 'author', 'articles', 'published', 'access', 'journal', 'distributed', 'under', 'terms', 'thecreative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'international', 'license', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'prediction', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'inindia', 'using', 'random', 'forest', 'modelvishan', 'kumar', 'gupta', 'avdhesh', 'gupta', 'dinesh', 'kumar', 'anjali', 'sardanaabstract', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'unusual', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'patients', 'first', 'found', 'december2019', 'latter', 'declared', 'pandemic', 'world', 'health', 'organizations', 'because', 'fatal', 'effects', 'public', 'health', 'thispresent', 'cases', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'exponentially', 'increasing', 'whole', 'world', 'aredetecting', 'covid', 'cases', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'india', 'performing', 'analysisbased', 'cases', 'occurring', 'different', 'states', 'india', 'chronological', 'dates', 'dataset', 'contains', 'multiple', 'classesso', 'performing', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'dataset', 'first', 'performed', 'cleansing', 'featureselection', 'performed', 'forecasting', 'classes', 'using', 'random', 'forest', 'linear', 'model', 'support', 'vector', 'machine', 'decision', 'neural', 'network', 'where', 'random', 'forest', 'model', 'outperformed', 'others', 'therefore', 'randomforest', 'prediction', 'analysis', 'results', 'cross', 'validation', 'performed', 'measure', 'theconsistency', 'model', 'words', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'respiratory', 'tract', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'random', 'forest1', 'introductionthe', 'virus', 'coronaviruses', 'special', 'kindof', 'virus', 'itself', 'disease', 'enhances', 'theexisting', 'disease', 'humans', 'which', 'makes', 'avery', 'dangerous', 'virus', 'virus', 'results', 'wheezing', 'breathe', 'digestive', 'system', 'liverwort', 'effects', 'badly', 'human', 'nervous', 'system', 'center', 'alsoharms', 'animals', 'horses', 'raised', 'people', 'different', 'animals', 'vishan', 'kumar', 'gupta', 'department', 'computerscience', 'engineering', 'graphic', 'deemedto', 'university', 'dehradun', '248002', 'india', 'vishangupta', 'gmail', 'avdhesh', 'gupta', 'anjali', 'sardana', 'departmentof', 'engineering', 'college', 'ghaziabad', '201009', 'india', 'avdhesh', 'gupta', 'imsec', 'sardana', 'gmail', 'dinesh', 'kumar', 'department', 'kietgroup', 'institutions', 'ghaziabad', '201206', 'india', 'dineshvashist', 'gmail', 'correspondence', 'should', 'addressed', 'manuscript', 'received', 'revised', 'accepted', '212002', 'epidemic', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratorysyndrome', 'burst', 'middleeast', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'illustrated', 'theprobability', 'transferrable', 'newly', 'arrived', 'covid', 'inhuman', 'human', 'animal', 'human', 'versa', 'though', 'there', 'fewer', 'cases', 'theydo', 'exists', 'december', 'effect', 'secretpneumonia', 'whole', 'world', 'noticeable', 'topic', 'ofstudy', 'india', 'first', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'announced', 'january', 'thisvirus', 'extends', 'whole', 'india', 'their', 'differentdistricts', 'april', 'india', 'total', 'casesannounced', 'which', 'recovered', 'and166', 'people', 'april', 'india', 'thetotal', 'cases', 'announced', 'which', '233were', 'recovered', 'people', 'june2020', 'after', 'fresh', 'cases', 'still', 'coming', 'intolight', 'daily', 'which', 'around', 'india', 'infectionrate', 'covid', 'lesser', 'othercountries', 'website', 'worldometers', 'givesus', 'these', 'details', 'precise', 'manner', 'figure', 'isvishan', 'kumar', 'gupta', 'prediction', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'india', 'using', '117fig', 'structure', 'coronavirus', 'showing', 'structure', 'covid', 'structure', 'lookslike', 'crown', 'different', 'parts', 'virus', 'alsointroduced', 'diagram', 'objectives', 'surveillance', 'following', 'monitor', 'trends', 'covid', 'disease', 'nationallevels', 'rapidly', 'detect', 'cases', 'countries', 'wherethe', 'virus', 'started', 'circulate', 'monitor', 'cases', 'incountries', 'where', 'virus', 'circulating', 'provide', 'epidemiological', 'information', 'conductrisk', 'assessments', 'national', 'state', 'level', 'provide', 'epidemiological', 'information', 'guidepreparedness', 'response', 'measures', 'transmissionin', 'china', 'covid', 'first', 'reported', 'huananseafood', 'wholesale', 'market', 'wuhan', 'reasonwhich', 'supposed', 'spread', 'virus', 'isthe', 'transmission', 'animal', 'human', 'theupcoming', 'covid', 'cases', 'related', 'thesubjection', 'method', 'hence', 'conclusion', 'virustransmission', 'humans', 'humans', 'people', 'withviruses', 'indicative', 'recurrent', 'reason', 'thespread', 'covid', 'before', 'symptoms', 'progress', 'transmission', 'probability', 'covid', 'appears', 'bevery', 'though', 'virus', 'transmission', 'notbe', 'prohibited', 'besides', 'these', 'advice', 'every', 'personis', 'people', 'symptomless', 'asymptomaticcould', 'virus', 'social', 'distancing', 'onlyway', 'secure', 'virus', 'including', 'rhinovirus', 'additional', 'wheezingbacterium', 'believed', 'droplets', 'sneezeand', 'cough', 'person', 'reason', 'virusimparting', 'closed', 'places', 'aerosol', 'transmission', 'alsopossible', 'exposure', 'mouthedaerosol', 'concentrations', 'china', 'result', 'dataanalysis', 'spread', 'close', 'contactof', 'people', 'demanded', 'condition', 'spreadof', 'virus', 'virus', 'extension', 'mainly', 'restricted', 'aperson', 'family', 'members', 'other', 'nearly', 'contacted', 'peopleand', 'healthcare', 'experts', 'treatment', 'preventioncurrently', 'there', 'isolated', 'particular', 'antiviraltreatment', 'covid', 'virus', 'their', 'treatments', 'arereassuring', 'effects', 'recombination', 'withribavirin', 'against', 'infection', 'covid', 'after', 'pandemic', 'several', 'valuableefforts', 'provided', 'development', 'newantivirals', 'targeting', 'proteases', 'polymerases', 'andentry', 'proteins', 'nevertheless', 'beenproven', 'worthwhile', 'clinical', 'trials', 'nevertheless', 'ofthem', 'proven', 'worthwhile', 'clinical', 'trials', 'patient', 'already', 'recovered', 'covid19', 'donate', 'their', 'plasma', 'antibodies', 'because', 'hasbeen', 'proved', 'beneficial', 'treatment', 'covid', 'diverse', 'vaccine', 'schemes', 'ofdisabling', 'viruses', 'attenuated', 'viruses', 'vaccine', 'basedon', 'viral', 'vector', 'subunit', 'injection', 'recombinant', 'proteins', 'vaccines', 'evolved', 'aretested', 'animals', 'there', 'effective', 'injection', 'therapyavailable', 'covid', 'finest', 'measuresare', 'control', 'source', 'infection', 'early', 'diagnosis', 'reporting', 'isolation', 'supportive', 'treatments', 'timeproducing', 'outbreak', 'details', 'inessentialanxiety', 'every', 'person', 'exclusive', 'hygiene', 'wearing', 'shaped', 'suitable', 'ventilation', 'andkeeping', 'massed', 'areas', 'assist', 'blockcovid', 'virus', 'inflammation', 'guidance', 'directions', 'issued', 'worldhealth', 'organization', 'other', 'corporations', 'areas', 'follows', 'adjacent', 'correspondence', 'withpeople', 'suffering', 'serious', 'inflammation', 'clean', 'hands', 'regularly', 'mainly', 'comein', 'close', 'contact', 'infected', 'people', 'placewhere', 'unsafe', 'connections', 'andfarm', 'animals', 'persons', 'having', 'symptoms', 'critical', 'shaftinflammation', 'should', 'maintain', 'distance', 'otherpeoples', 'enfold', 'wheeze', 'sneezes', 'throwawaypaper', 'napkin', 'material', 'clean', 'their', 'hands', 'fromtime', 'specifically', 'department', 'medicalemergency', 'proper', 'arrangement', 'strict', 'hygienemeasures', 'required', 'prevention', 'controlof', 'infections', 'individuals', 'immunocompromised', 'should118', 'mining', 'analytics', '123avoid', 'public', 'gatherings', 'paper', 'proposes', 'machine', 'learning', 'schemes', 'basedon', 'driven', 'approach', 'approach', 'gives', 'aprediction', 'about', 'number', 'infected', 'people', 'withcovid', 'upcoming', 'using', 'availabledata', 'paper', 'proposes', 'model', 'which', 'easilyforecast', 'count', 'fresh', 'covid', 'cases', 'themanagement', 'preparation', 'handle', 'thesecases', 'figure', 'shows', 'general', 'diagram', 'predictionmodel', 'where', 'various', 'features', 'taken', 'theirmultiple', 'cases', 'classes', 'predicted', 'through', 'randomforest', 'prediction', 'model', 'paper', 'organized', 'follows', 'section', '2explains', 'methodology', 'materials', 'predictionof', 'covid', 'where', 'present', 'dataset', 'features', 'feature', 'selection', 'classes', 'procedureof', 'prediction', 'model', 'clarified', 'section', 'thedescription', 'various', 'machine', 'learning', 'models', 'usedin', 'their', 'performance', 'metric', 'presentedin', 'section', 'sections', 'present', 'result', 'analysis', 'comparison', 'reported', 'estimated', 'cases', 'longlast', 'conclusion', 'exhibited', 'section', 'methodology', 'material2', 'dataset', 'featurescoronaviruses', 'large', 'family', 'viruses', 'thatmay', 'cause', 'illness', 'animals', 'humans', 'humans', 'several', 'coronaviruses', 'known', 'cause', 'respiratoryinfections', 'ranging', 'common', 'severediseases', 'recentlydiscovered', 'coronavirus', 'causes', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'in2019', 'covid', 'number', 'cases', 'increasing', 'dayaround', 'world', 'dataset', 'information', 'theconfirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'casesconfirmed', 'indian', 'nationaldataset', 'featuresobservation', 'state', 'union', 'territoryprediction', 'modelconfirmed', 'foreign', 'nationalstatetimeobservation', 'datefig', 'prediction', 'method', 'states', 'union', 'territories', 'india', 'daily', 'effect', 'ofpreventing', 'measures', 'social', 'distancing', 'lockdown', 'considered', 'dataset', 'consists', 'features', 'covid', '19data', 'which', 'taken', 'https', 'kaggle', 'sudalairajkumar', 'covid19', 'india', 'theministry', 'health', 'family', 'welfare', 'datasetconsists', 'samples', 'covid', 'cases', 'inindia', 'january', 'table', '1shows', 'attributes', 'features', 'study', 'andglimpse', 'dataset', 'presented', 'table', 'feature', 'selectionduring', 'process', 'model', 'building', 'feature', 'selectionis', 'select', 'relevant', 'features', 'thefeatures', 'reduces', 'complexity', 'predictionmodel', 'performed', 'feature', 'selection', 'usingrandom', 'forest', 'importance', 'algorithm', 'programminglanguage', 'classification', 'model', 'features', 'arecalculated', 'using', 'above', 'algorithm', 'whose', 'inputparameters', 'features', 'dataset', 'covid', '19cases', 'india', 'three', 'features', 'which', 'forthe', 'building', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'model', 'usinga', 'random', 'forest', 'importance', 'algorithm', 'these', 'obervation', 'state', 'union', 'territory', 'features', 'discarded', 'confirmed', 'indian', 'national', 'confirmedforeign', 'national', 'these', 'features', 'discarded', 'becausethey', 'impact', 'beginning', 'covid', '19infection', 'patients', 'coming', 'abroad', 'latertable', 'feature', 'prediction', 'covid', 'cases', 'inindia', 'descriptionobservation', 'which', 'manycovid', 'positive', 'cases', 'haveoccurred', 'particular', 'dateat', 'which', 'covid', '19positive', 'cases', 'occurred', 'state', 'union', 'territory', 'state', 'unionterritory', 'india', 'where', 'covid', '19cases', 'found', 'confirmed', 'indian', 'national', 'total', 'number', 'confirmedcovid', 'cases', 'found', 'indiaitself', 'starting', 'india', 'confirmed', 'foreign', 'national', 'total', 'number', 'confirmedcovid', 'cases', 'found', 'india', 'which', 'foreigncountries', 'beginning', 'sarscov', 'cases', 'india', 'vishan', 'kumar', 'gupta', 'prediction', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'india', 'using', '119table', 'dataset', 'india', 'state', 'unionterritory', 'confirmed', 'indiannational', 'confirmed', 'foreignnational', 'casecuredcasedeathcaseconfirmed', 'case30', 'kerala', 'rajasthan', 'telengana', 'tamil', 'ladakh', 'telengana', 'jammu', 'kashmir', 'maharashtra', 'delhi', 'andhra', 'pradesh', 'maharashtra', '136429', 'gujarat', '377401', 'madhya', 'pradesh', '271926', 'bengal', '3816cov', 'cases', 'arisen', 'based', 'internal', 'infectiondue', 'covid', 'communicable', 'property', 'therefore', 'values', 'these', 'fields', 'considered', 'target', 'classes', 'prediction', 'datasetour', 'dataset', 'contains', 'three', 'target', 'classes', 'which', 'havemultiple', 'discrete', 'instances', 'these', 'target', 'classes', 'thefollowing', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'atany', 'particular', 'increased', 'decreasedaccording', 'location', 'specific', 'theindian', 'states', 'death', 'cases', 'number', 'death', 'cases', 'anyparticular', 'increased', 'decreasedaccording', 'location', 'specific', 'tothe', 'indian', 'states', 'cured', 'cases', 'number', 'cured', 'cases', 'anyparticular', 'increased', 'decreasedaccording', 'location', 'specific', 'tothe', 'indian', 'states', 'procedure', 'prediction', 'modelwe', 'developing', 'machine', 'learning', 'basedmethodology', 'which', 'following', 'steps', 'methodology', 'depicted', 'building', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'modelusing', 'training', 'testing', 'concept', 'dataset', 'ofcovid', 'features', 'statewise', 'taken', 'kaggle', 'trained', 'testedat', 'respectively', 'feature', 'selection', 'before', 'going', 'modelformation', 'selected', 'important', 'features', 'thereduction', 'complexity', 'model', 'collection', 'kaggle2', 'cleansing3', 'feature', 'selection4', 'model', 'building5', 'result', 'analysisfig', 'methodology', 'applied', 'random', 'forest', 'importance', 'algorithm', 'section', 'describes', 'detail', 'formulas', 'theprediction', 'model', 'confirmed', 'death', 'curedcases', 'following', 'confirmed', 'observation', 'timecstate', 'union', 'territory', 'death', 'observation', 'timecstate', 'union', 'territory', 'cured', 'observation', 'timecstate', 'union', 'territory', 'training', 'dataset', 'using', 'multi', 'classclassification', 'dataset', 'modeled', 'using', 'randomforest', 'support', 'vector', 'machine', 'decision', 'multinomial', 'logistic', 'regression', 'neural', 'network', 'training', 'dataset', 'testing', 'dataset', 'using', 'multi', 'class120', 'mining', 'analytics', '123classification', 'tested', 'using', 'these', 'fivemodels', 'results', 'models', 'collectedand', 'found', 'random', 'forest', 'model', 'outperformed', 'theother', 'models', 'prediction', 'confirmed', 'death', 'andcured', 'cases', 'individually', 'therefore', 'consideredthe', 'random', 'forest', 'model', 'prediction', 'multiclass', 'classification', 'model', 'machine', 'learning', 'models', 'thisstudy', 'their', 'performance', 'metricsthese', 'following', 'models', 'prediction', 'ofthe', 'cases', 'covid', 'using', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'decision', 'rpart', 'build', 'decision', 'trees', 'weused', 'rpart', 'method', 'programming', 'language', 'random', 'forest', 'randomforest', 'anensemble', 'based', 'learning', 'algorithm', 'randomforest', 'classifier', 'decision', 'trees', 'randomlyselected', 'subset', 'training', 'aggregates', 'votesfrom', 'different', 'decision', 'trees', 'decide', 'final', 'class', 'ofthe', 'object', 'randomforest', 'method', 'rprogramming', 'language', 'algorithm', 'multinomial', 'logistic', 'regression', 'multinome', 'statistics', 'multinomial', 'logistic', 'regression', 'aclassification', 'method', 'generalizes', 'logistic', 'regressionto', 'multi', 'class', 'problems', 'possiblediscrete', 'outcomes', 'multinome', 'method', 'ofnnet', 'package', 'programming', 'language', 'thisalgorithm', 'neural', 'networks', 'neural', 'networks', 'areused', 'classification', 'regression', 'using', 'forward', 'neural', 'networks', 'asingle', 'hidden', 'layer', 'possibly', 'layer', 'connections', 'method', 'programming', 'language', 'forthis', 'algorithm', 'support', 'vector', 'machine', 'beused', 'classification', 'regression', 'represents', 'theinput', 'features', 'vectors', 'which', 'projected', 'ontohigher', 'dimensional', 'space', 'optimal', 'hyperplane', 'isthen', 'constructed', 'separating', 'different', 'instances', 'ofconfirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'method', 'e1071', 'package', 'programming', 'languagefor', 'algorithm', 'performance', 'tuning', 'prediction', 'modelstable', 'shows', 'popular', 'prediction', 'models', 'which', 'areused', 'study', 'packages', 'these', 'modelsare', 'source', 'libraries', 'programming', 'language', 'licensed', 'under', 'packages', 'herehaving', 'appropriate', 'method', 'model', 'formation', 'table', 'machine', 'learning', 'models', 'their', 'tuningparameters', 'model', 'method', 'requiredpackagetuningparameterrandom', 'forest', 'randomforest', 'randomforest', 'ntree', '500svm', 'e1071', 'kernal', 'radial', 'degree', '3decision', 'rpart', 'rpart', 'usesurrogate', '0neuralnetwork', '10multinomiallogisticregressionmultinome', 'maxit', '1000which', 'tuned', 'better', 'results', 'accuracythe', 'accuracy', 'computed', 'percentage', 'deviationof', 'predicted', 'target', 'concerning', 'actual', 'targetwith', 'acceptable', 'error', 'performanceevaluation', 'parameter', 'machine', 'learningmodel', 'accuracy', 'd100nxnid1qi', 'otherwise', 'where', 'predicted', 'target', 'actual', 'target', 'andqiis', 'arbitrary', 'variable', 'which', 'contains', 'absolutedifference', 'predicted', 'target', 'value', 'actual', 'targetvalue', 'result', 'analysis', 'comparison', 'ofreported', 'estimated', 'casesthe', 'number', 'total', 'sample', 'training', 'testing', 'is2342', 'according', 'different', 'states', 'whichare', 'taken', 'website', 'kaggle', 'datasetof', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'foresee', 'confirmed', 'death', 'recovered', 'cured', 'cases', 'calculated', 'through', 'variousdecision', 'models', 'decision', 'multinomial', 'logisticregression', 'neural', 'network', 'random', 'forest', 'distribution', 'training', 'testingexperiments', 'respectively', 'methods', 'comparative', 'performance', 'ofall', 'methods', 'prediction', 'confirmed', 'death', 'andcured', 'cases', 'accuracy', 'highlighted', 'accuracyis', 'computed', 'percent', 'deviation', 'predictedtarget', 'concerning', 'actual', 'target', 'accuracy', 'hasbeen', 'calculated', 'using', 'table', 'lists', 'theaccuracy', 'models', 'results', 'thavishan', 'kumar', 'gupta', 'prediction', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'india', 'using', '121table', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'calculated', 'byvarious', 'machine', 'learning', 'models', 'model', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'death', 'cases', 'cured', 'casesrandom', 'forest', '27decision', '62multinomial', 'logisticregression', '96neural', 'network', '16svm', '27the', 'random', 'forest', 'method', 'outperforms', 'other', 'machinelearning', 'models', 'random', 'forest', 'ensemble', 'modelthat', 'bagging', 'sampling', 'therefore', 'foundits', 'overwhelming', 'performance', 'comparison', 'othermodels', 'prediction', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'caseson', 'testing', 'dataset', 'random', 'forest', 'highestaccuracy', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'respectively', 'figures', 'histogram', 'thecomparison', 'accuracy', 'confirmed', 'death', 'curedcases', 'respectively', 'using', 'random', 'forest', 'model', 'aswell', 'other', 'models', 'these', 'results', 'thatthe', 'random', 'forest', 'model', 'outperformed', 'othermachine', 'learning', 'models', 'performance', 'comparison', 'random', 'forest', 'modelwith', 'other', 'models', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'prediction', 'performance', 'comparison', 'random', 'forest', 'modelwith', 'other', 'models', 'death', 'cases', 'prediction', 'performance', 'comparison', 'random', 'forest', 'modelwith', 'other', 'models', 'cured', 'cases', 'prediction', 'cross', 'validationthe', 'cross', 'validation', 'technique', 'shows', 'robustperformance', 'accuracy', 'machine', 'learningmodel', 'cross', 'validation', 'forthe', 'prediction', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'inthis', 'frames', 'trainingand', 'frame', 'testing', 'table', 'describesthe', 'accuracy', 'random', 'forest', 'model', 'differentfolds', 'dataset', 'shows', 'accuracy', 'therandom', 'forest', 'model', 'graph', 'theprediction', 'target', 'classes', 'which', 'depicts', 'theconsistent', 'performances', 'random', 'forest', 'model', 'comparison', 'total', 'reported', 'estimatedconfirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'casesfor', 'driven', 'estimations', 'takenfrom', 'january', 'differentstates', 'india', 'comparison', 'madefor', 'daily', 'reported', 'positive', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'withestimated', 'cases', 'driven', 'model', 'datesand', 'states', 'tables', 'showing', 'comparisonmade', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'respectively', 'conclusionwe', 'explore', 'machine', 'learning', 'models', 'withthree', 'important', 'features', 'estimating', 'confirmed', 'table', 'accuracy', 'provided', 'cross', 'validation', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'death', 'cases', 'cured', 'cases1', '44122', 'mining', 'analytics', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'death', 'cases', 'cured', 'casesfig', 'results', 'cross', 'validation', 'table', 'comparison', 'total', 'reported', 'estimatedconfirmed', 'cases', 'state', 'official', 'estimation', 'error', 'rajasthan', 'bihar', 'maharashtra', 'gujarat', 'delhi', '25table', 'comparison', 'total', 'reported', 'estimated', 'deathcases', 'state', 'official', 'estimation', 'error', 'rajasthan', 'bihar', 'maharashtra', 'gujarat', 'delhi', '30death', 'cured', 'cases', 'covid', 'various', 'statesof', 'india', 'qualitative', 'measures', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'machine', 'learning', 'methodsdo', 'embody', 'additional', 'information', 'differentmodels', 'different', 'templet', 'structures', 'modelsare', 'evaluated', 'accuracy', 'through', 'intensiveexperiments', 'found', 'random', 'forest', 'methodtable', 'comparison', 'total', 'reported', 'estimated', 'curedcases', 'state', 'official', 'estimation', 'error', 'rajasthan', 'bihar', 'maharashtra', 'gujarat', 'delhi', '30outperforms', 'other', 'machine', 'learning', 'methods', 'therefore', 'considered', 'final', 'prediction', 'model', 'theprediction', 'various', 'cases', 'crossvalidation', 'measure', 'consistency', 'randomforest', 'model', 'which', 'provided', 'nearly', 'linear', 'performanceto', 'prediction', 'these', 'cases', 'acknowledgmentwe', 'thankful', 'indian', 'ministry', 'ofhealth', 'family', 'welfare', 'mohfw', 'making', 'dataavailable', 'general', 'public', 'thanks', 'covid19india', 'orgfor', 'providing', 'individual', 'states', 'level', 'details', 'thegeneral', 'public', 'thankful', 'kaggle', 'theworldometer', 'website', 'which', 'provide', 'datewise', 'perform', 'analytics', 'new_paper']
['predictive', 'modeling', 'covid', 'theus', 'adaptive', 'phase', 'space', 'approachvasilis', 'marmarelis', 'fellow', 'ieeeabstract', 'there', 'currently', 'intensified', 'efforts', 'thescientific', 'community', 'world', 'analyze', 'dynamicsof', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'order', 'predict', 'epidemiological', 'effects', 'assist', 'proper', 'planning', 'itsclinical', 'management', 'guide', 'sociopoliticaldecision', 'making', 'regarding', 'proper', 'mitigation', 'measures', 'efforts', 'follow', 'variants', 'established', 'sirmethodological', 'framework', 'divides', 'population', 'susceptible', 'infectious', 'recovered', 'removed', 'fractions', 'defines', 'their', 'dynamic', 'inter', 'relationships', 'withfirst', 'order', 'differential', 'equations', 'paper', 'proposesa', 'novel', 'approach', 'based', 'guided', 'detection', 'andconcatenation', 'infection', 'waves', 'describedby', 'riccati', 'equation', 'adaptively', 'estimated', 'parameters', 'methods', 'approach', 'applied', 'covid', 'dailytime', 'series', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'resulting', 'inthe', 'decomposition', 'epidemic', 'course', 'riccati', 'modules', 'representing', 'major', 'infection', 'waves', 'todate', 'results', 'waves', 'passed', 'thetime', 'point', 'infection', 'fifth', 'expectedto', 'obtained', 'parameter', 'estimatesindicate', 'gradual', 'reduction', 'infectivity', 'although', 'thelatest', 'expected', 'largest', 'conclusions', 'analysis', 'suggests', 'waves', 'infectionemerge', 'covid', 'epidemic', 'controlled', 'theus', 'daily', 'cases', 'september', 'andthe', 'maximum', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'reach', 'importantly', 'approach', 'detect', 'viarigorous', 'statistical', 'methods', 'emergence', 'possiblenew', 'waves', 'infections', 'future', 'analysis', 'fromindividual', 'states', 'countries', 'quantify', 'distincteffects', 'different', 'mitigation', 'measures', 'index', 'terms', 'adaptive', 'modeling', 'covid', 'seriesdata', 'epidemiological', 'predictive', 'modeling', 'riccati', 'basedphase', 'space', 'modeling', 'statistical', 'detection', 'covid', 'infection', 'waves', 'impact', 'statement', 'analysis', 'covid', 'yieldedfive', 'representing', 'dynamics', 'infection', 'waves', 'further', 'application', 'approach', 'could', 'allow', 'interregional', 'comparison', 'obtained', 'decompositions', 'manuscript', 'received', 'revised', 'acceptedjuly', 'publication', 'current', 'version', 'july24', 'supported', 'under', 'grant', 'ag058162awarded', 'biomedical', 'modeling', 'simulations', 'center', 'university', 'southern', 'california', 'author', 'department', 'biomedical', 'engineering', 'university', 'southern', 'california', 'angeles', '90089', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'ojemb', '3008313i', 'introductionmany', 'efforts', 'recently', 'analyze', 'thetime', 'course', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'daily', 'invarious', 'countries', 'regions', 'predict', 'aspects', 'eventual', 'growth', 'order', 'assist', 'proper', 'planning', 'healthcareresources', 'related', 'socioeconomic', 'decision', 'making', 'amongthem', 'dominant', 'played', 'class', 'compartmentalepidemiological', 'models', 'introduced', 'about', 'century', 'bykermack', 'mckendrick', 'variants', 'overthe', 'years', 'generally', 'utilize', 'compartments', 'susceptible', 'infectious', 'removed', 'fractions', 'thepopulation', 'which', 'interconnected', 'dynamic', 'relationships', 'described', 'nonlinear', 'ordinary', 'differential', 'equations', 'another', 'commonly', 'approach', 'employs', 'linear', 'regressiveintegrated', 'moving', 'average', 'arima', 'models', 'beenpopular', 'econometrics', 'policy', 'planning', 'point', 'ofview', 'practical', 'importance', 'attained', 'predictive', 'modelingmethods', 'provide', 'reliable', 'estimates', 'parametersof', 'unfolding', 'infectious', 'process', 'point', 'anadaptive', 'basis', 'offer', 'useful', 'insights', 'dynamicstructure', 'infectious', 'process', 'example', 'adaptivemethods', 'offer', 'useful', 'predictions', 'maximum', 'number', 'oftotal', 'infections', 'upper', 'bound', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'newcases', 'purpose', 'planning', 'proper', 'clinical', 'managementof', 'epidemic', 'furthermore', 'obtained', 'model', 'should', 'beinterpretable', 'terms', 'dynamic', 'characteristics', 'epidemic', 'process', 'infectivity', 'order', 'assist', 'policyplanning', 'operational', 'implementation', 'these', 'observations', 'arise', 'aspects', 'desirable', 'modeling', 'approach', 'suitable', 'model', 'employed', 'model', 'mustcapture', 'essential', 'dynamic', 'characteristics', 'epidemic', 'process', 'point', 'manner', 'isscientifically', 'interpretable', 'operationally', 'useful', 'robust', 'estimation', 'adaptive', 'modeling', 'robust', 'estimation', 'model', 'parameters', 'point', 'befeasible', 'using', 'tested', 'statistical', 'methods', 'manner', 'thatcan', 'detect', 'possible', 'changes', 'underlying', 'modelingassumptions', 'offer', 'means', 'modeladaptation', 'these', 'aspects', 'secured', 'would', 'bepossible', 'predict', 'maximum', 'spread', 'anticipated', 'infectionsand', 'maximum', 'infections', 'their', 'respectivetiming', 'order', 'assist', 'rational', 'decision', 'making', 'paper', 'presents', 'approach', 'employs', 'anadaptive', 'modeling', 'estimation', 'strategy', 'based', 'ofthis', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'volume', '207208', 'journal', 'engineering', 'medicine', 'biology', '2020concatenated', 'riccati', 'modules', 'described', 'aparabolic', 'phase', 'space', 'representation', 'suitable', 'adaptive', 'statistical', 'estimation', 'methods', 'potential', 'utility', 'approachis', 'initially', 'demonstrated', 'adaptive', 'analysis', 'daily', 'dataof', 'reported', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'presenttime', 'extensive', 'literature', 'subject', 'epidemiologicalmodeling', 'reviewed', 'interest', 'space', 'butsome', 'basic', 'comparisons', 'proposed', 'approach', 'themost', 'widely', 'class', 'models', 'discussed', 'somerepresentative', 'recent', 'modeling', 'applications', 'covid', 'datathat', 'interest', 'readers', 'include', 'simulation', 'studyof', 'model', 'variant', 'model', 'includes', 'acompartment', 'exposed', 'individuals', 'covid', 'northern', 'italy', 'model', 'seeks', 'estimate', 'transmission', 'riskof', 'epidemic', 'model', 'spread', 'epidemicin', 'china', 'there', 'covid', 'related', 'modeling', 'studiesthat', 'posted', 'preprints', 'under', 'review', 'morecitations', 'available', 'materials', 'methodsthe', 'modeling', 'element', 'proposed', 'approach', 'riccati', 'module', 'defined', 'riccati', 'equation', 'constant', 'coefficients', 'defining', 'quadratic', 'relation', 'between', 'change', 'number', 'infectionsx', 'additive', 'stochastic', 'representsall', 'unknown', 'random', 'influences', 'unknown', 'external', 'factors', 'anderrors', 'noise', 'affecting', 'reported', 'series', 'equation', 'captures', 'essential', 'limiting', 'aspect', 'aninfectious', 'process', 'gradually', 'acquired', 'immunity', 'countervailing', 'factors', 'relatively', 'simple', 'mannerby', 'considering', 'effective', 'which', 'relates', 'derivativeto', 'function', 'being', 'reduced', 'linearly', 'rising', 'instead', 'being', 'constant', 'conventional', 'rateprocesses', 'parameter', 'initial', 'infectivity', 'constant', 'dominant', 'initial', 'exponential', 'growth', 'theinfection', 'quantifies', 'degree', 'contagiousness', 'aninfectious', 'agent', 'along', 'level', 'contagious', 'interactionsin', 'given', 'infection', 'other', 'parameterb', 'depends', 'susceptible', 'population', 'andalso', 'quantifies', 'degree', 'which', 'aforementioned', 'acquired', 'immunity', 'countervailing', 'factors', 'natural', 'andsocially', 'administratively', 'imposed', 'infected', 'community', 'constrain', 'initial', 'rapid', 'growth', 'infection', 'andeventually', 'achieve', 'control', 'process', 'described', 'asigmoidal', 'curve', 'defined', 'equation', 'which', 'generalsolution', 'riccati', 'equation', 'absence', 'randomperturbations', 'where', 'maximum', 'number', 'totalinfections', 'anticipated', 'riccati', 'model', 'plateau', 'ofthe', 'sigmoidal', 'curve', 'given', 'ratio', 'parametersxmax', 'where', 'being', 'initial', 'valueof', 'start', 'respective', 'single', 'infection', 'parameters', 'attain', 'useful', 'interpretations', 'offer', 'insights', 'dynamic', 'characteristics', 'theinfectious', 'process', 'which', 'generally', 'decomposed', 'cascade', 'estimated', 'proposed', 'adaptive', 'methodologyand', 'representing', 'ongoing', 'recruitment', 'distinct', 'majorips', 'model', 'derived', 'knowledge', 'assist', 'effectivemanagement', 'epidemic', 'describable', 'model', 'composedof', 'concatenated', 'latent', 'clearly', 'desirable', 'obtain', 'reliable', 'running', 'estimates', 'ofthese', 'parameters', 'series', 'daily', 'covid', 'given', 'point', 'riccati', 'equation', 'model', 'beenshown', 'previously', 'represent', 'limiting', 'infectious', 'processesthat', 'confined', 'within', 'single', 'isolated', 'infection', 'pools', 'challenge', 'study', 'covid', 'epidemicis', 'highly', 'contagious', 'nature', 'there', 'multiplecommunicating', 'recruited', 'during', 'course', 'theepidemic', 'contribute', 'reported', 'respective', 'national', 'international', 'multi', 'community', 'level', 'presents', 'uswith', 'daunting', 'separating', 'superimposed', 'sigmoidaltime', 'courses', 'multiple', 'corresponding', 'various', 'without', 'benefit', 'separate', 'individual', 'toperform', 'propose', 'methodology', 'utilizes', 'anadaptive', 'estimation', 'procedure', 'detect', 'running', 'statistical', 'hypothesis', 'separate', 'concatenated', 'parabolicphase', 'space', 'representations', 'present', 'thedata', 'given', 'point', 'phase', 'space', 'representation', 'dynamic', 'process', 'pertains', 'relation', 'between', 'derivative', 'absence', 'random', 'perturbations', 'riccati', 'equation', 'indicates', 'relation', 'parabolic', 'discrete', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'cascade', 'ofparabolic', 'phase', 'plots', 'fitted', 'available', 'phase', 'spacedata', 'estimates', 'parameters', 'timestep', 'obtained', 'these', 'parameter', 'estimates', 'topredict', 'multi', 'sigmoidal', 'course', 'infectious', 'processaccording', 'superposition', 'cascaded', 'sigmoidal', 'curves', 'described', 'equation', 'distinct', 'parameters', 'estimation', 'begins', 'statistical', 'detection', 'andestimation', 'first', 'described', 'discretizedriccati', 'model', 'where', 'denotes', 'fixedtime', 'following', 'adaptive', 'estimationof', 'first', 'below', 'perform', 'statistical', 'hypothesistesting', 'using', 'properly', 'constructed', 'statistic', 'timestep', 'detect', 'possible', 'emergence', 'another', 'ifsuch', 'detected', 'estimate', 'distinct', 'parameters', 'tworms', 'separate', 'contributions', 'total', 'reported', 'cases', 'below', 'procedure', 'repeated', 'untilall', 'daily', 'analyzed', 'obtain', 'adaptive', 'estimatesof', 'distinct', 'parameters', 'correspond', 'alldetected', 'regarding', 'robust', 'estimation', 'parameters', 'initial', 'analysis', 'indicated', 'standard', 'deviation', 'themarmarelis', 'predictive', 'modeling', 'covid', 'adaptive', 'phase', 'space', 'approach', '209residual', 'valuesr', 'depends', 'roughly', 'linearly', 'nonstationary', 'residual', 'variance', 'implies', 'least', 'squares', 'fitting', 'ofthe', 'model', 'equation', 'would', 'yield', 'unreliable', 'parameterestimates', 'however', 'reliable', 'estimates', 'beobtained', 'least', 'squares', 'regression', 'normalized', 'ofchange', 'equivalent', 'logarithmic', 'derivative', 'according', 'equation', 'equation', 'since', 'residualterm', 'expected', 'approximately', 'stationarystandard', 'deviation', 'reliable', 'parameter', 'estimates', 'obtainedat', 'furthermore', 'slope', 'parameter', 'inequation', 'evaluated', 'statistical', 'significance', 'ateach', 'testing', 'hypothesis', 'slopeparameter', 'significantly', 'different', 'specifiedconfidence', 'level', 'assess', 'whether', 'equation', 'remains', 'anappropriate', 'representation', 'hypothesis', 'rejected', 'adaptive', 'parameterestimates', 'begin', 'adaptive', 'prediction', 'thesigmoidal', 'course', 'infection', 'accounted', 'respectiverm', 'adaptive', 'estimation', 'procedure', 'repeated', 'eachtime', 'point', 'until', 'linear', 'relationship', 'expressed', 'equation', 'ceases', 'represent', 'evolution', 'eventidentified', 'adaptively', 'examining', 'statistical', 'significanceof', 'reduction', 'residual', 'variance', 'using', 'hypothesis', 'testingwith', 'statistic', 'regression', 'normalized', 'rateof', 'change', 'values', 'linear', 'relationshipof', 'equation', 'versus', 'second', 'degree', 'polynomial', 'expressionthat', 'would', 'indicate', 'emergence', 'asecond', 'degree', 'polynomial', 'expression', 'equation', 'starting', 'positive', 'value', 'since', 'bepositive', 'crossing', 'phase', 'normalized', 'change', 'necessary', 'becauseit', 'simply', 'quantifies', 'divergence', 'hypothesis', 'alternative', 'hypothesis', 'representthe', 'dynamic', 'characterisitcs', 'infectious', 'process', 'construct', 'adaptive', 'statistical', 'using', 'alternativehypothesis', 'normalized', 'change', 'follows', 'thequadratic', 'model', 'equation', 'tested', 'point', 'against', 'hypothesis', 'ofthe', 'linear', 'model', 'equation', 'statistical', 'hypothesistesting', 'following', 'statistic', 'degreesof', 'freedom', 'represents', 'normalized', 'reduction', 'residualvariance', 'between', 'linear', 'quadratic', 'expressions', 'where', 'q1and', 'q2denote', 'computed', 'residual', 'variances', 'forthe', 'linear', 'quadratic', 'expression', 'respectively', 'isthe', 'number', 'points', 'regression', 'table', 'iestimated', 'parameters', 'model', 'componentsthe', 'computed', 'compared', 'point', 'theproper', 'critical', 'value', 'fcrit', 'significance', 'level', 'fcrit', 'hypothesis', 'rejected', 'confidence', 'level', 'deemed', 'emergingand', 'included', 'model', 'separating', 'contributions', 'andparameters', 'those', 'other', 'previous', 'contributions', 'concatenated', 'model', 'components', 'includedin', 'total', 'model', 'prediction', 'application', 'approach', 'isdemonstrated', 'following', 'section', 'using', 'daily', 'reported', 'dataof', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'march', 'until', 'june18', 'completion', 'manuscript', 'while', 'epidemicis', 'still', 'ongoing', 'resultswe', 'analyzed', 'publicly', 'reported', 'daily', 'covid', '19confirmed', 'cases', 'database', 'curated', 'johns', 'hopkinsuniversity', 'cumulative', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'sincemarch', 'cumulative', 'cases', 'first', 'exceeded1000', 'until', 'completion', 'thismanuscript', 'period', 'covers', 'total', 'applicationof', 'aforementioned', 'methodology', 'identified', 'latent', 'riccatimodules', 'distinct', 'parameters', 'givenin', 'table', 'along', 'parameters', 'equation', 'therespective', 'predictions', 'maximum', 'number', 'anticipatedcumulative', 'cases', 'model', 'component', 'otherkey', 'parameters', 'component', 'andtiming', 'infection', 'reportedin', 'table', 'timing', 'infection', 'eachrm', 'given', 'expression', 'corresponding', 'determined', 'equation', 'indicates', 'strong', 'dependence', 'since', 'value', 'critical', 'planning', 'clinicalmanagement', 'pandemic', 'finite', 'resources', 'thehealthcare', 'system', 'temporarily', 'overwhelmed', 'equation', 'underlines', 'importance', 'minimizing', 'controlling', 'given', 'these', 'parameter', 'estimates', 'aregiven', 'table', 'along', 'theirearliest', 'detection', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'units', 'ofthese', 'parameter', 'values', 'following', 'journal', 'engineering', 'medicine', 'biology', '2020fig', 'cumulative', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'march', 'topresent', 'circles', 'total', 'concatenated', 'rmmodel', 'prediction', 'along', 'predictions', 'components', 'green', 'dashed', 'dotted', 'purple', 'dashed', 'brown', 'dotted', 'black', 'dashed', 'cases', 'unitless', 'cases', 'cases', 'pirand', 'since', 'march', 'declining', 'values', 'estimated', 'parametersafor', 'fiverms', 'indicate', 'there', 'gradual', 'reduction', 'infectivityrate', 'which', 'partially', 'effect', 'imposedsocial', 'distancing', 'other', 'mitigation', 'measures', 'discussion', 'these', 'parameter', 'values', 'updated', 'daily', 'basis', 'butwere', 'shown', 'rather', 'stable', 'introduction', 'estimated', 'parameters', 'fiverms', 'depend', 'inversely', 'susceptible', 'exposedpopulation', 'respective', 'infection', 'combinationwith', 'effect', 'mitigation', 'measures', 'discussion', 'thisis', 'consistent', 'model', 'predicted', 'maximum', 'numbers', 'ofconfirmed', 'cases', 'total', 'maximum', 'numberof', 'cumulative', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'predicted', 'these', 'fiverm', 'components', 'model', 'substantially', 'higherthan', 'current', 'cumulative', 'total', 'cases', 'course', 'prediction', 'contingent', 'assumption', 'newinfection', 'waves', 'occur', 'detected', 'algorithm', 'inthe', 'future', 'connection', 'assumption', 'statistic', 'rising', 'recently', 'approaching', 'critical', 'valuethat', 'trigger', 'detection', 'emergent', 'infection', 'shows', 'cumulative', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'theus', 'since', 'march', 'along', 'total', 'model', 'predictionand', 'predictions', 'components', 'depictedrm', 'decomposition', 'course', 'cumulative', 'numberof', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'offers', 'useful', 'insight', 'course', 'ofthe', 'epidemic', 'unfolding', 'major', 'defined', 'sourceof', 'statistically', 'significant', 'between', 'march', '11thand', 'present', 'consistent', 'estimatesshown', 'table', 'indicates', 'modelcomponent', 'expected', 'largest', 'contribution', 'thetotal', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'relative', 'previous', 'fourrms', 'discussion', 'analysis', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'offers', 'aninformative', 'decomposition', 'shown', 'alongwith', 'actual', 'series', 'total', 'model', 'prediction', 'result', 'demonstrates', 'ability', 'proposed', 'approach', 'tofig', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'march', 'topresent', 'circles', 'total', 'concatenatedrm', 'model', 'prediction', 'along', 'predictions', 'rmcomponents', 'green', 'dashed', 'dotted', 'purple', 'dashed', 'browndotted', 'black', 'dashed', 'model', 'multi', 'modal', 'patterns', 'dynamic', 'changes', 'infectiousprocess', 'merging', 'distinct', 'infection', 'pools', 'unlikethe', 'unimodal', 'patterns', 'widely', 'models', 'thisalso', 'allows', 'timely', 'detection', 'emerging', 'distinct', 'waves', 'ofinfection', 'discussion', 'number', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'isgiven', 'expression', 'exhibits', 'single', 'point', 'seeequations', 'which', 'corresponds', 'inflection', 'pointof', 'respective', 'sigmoidal', 'curve', 'levelof', 'sigmoidal', 'plateau', 'foretells', 'maximum', 'value', 'ofcumulative', 'cases', 'reached', 'evident', 'first', 'passed', 'theirpir', 'points', 'table', 'expected', 'reachits', 'point', 'basedmodel', 'predicts', 'unless', 'recruited', 'future', 'covid', 'infection', 'below', 'dailyconfirmed', 'cases', 'september', 'markedwith', 'arrow', 'shows', 'simulated', 'prediction', 'ofthe', 'model', 'components', 'untilseptember', 'evident', 'infection', 'waveof', 'expected', 'larger', 'combined', 'totalof', 'other', 'discussion', 'forward', 'prediction', 'based', 'model', 'cumulative', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'provided', 'infection', 'emerges', 'shown', 'illustrates', 'dominant', 'contribution', 'infectionwave', 'reached', 'inflection', 'point', 'isexpected', 'cyclical', 'ripple', 'evident', 'actual', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'accounted', 'basedmodel', 'probably', 'varying', 'influences', 'related', 'theweekly', 'cycle', 'social', 'based', 'model', 'expectedto', 'account', 'varying', 'influences', 'although', 'useof', 'fundamental', 'riccati', 'equation', 'extended', 'inmarmarelis', 'predictive', 'modeling', 'covid', 'adaptive', 'phase', 'space', 'approach', '211fig', 'forward', 'prediction', 'based', 'model', 'dailyconfirmed', 'cases', 'september', 'along', 'actual', 'series', 'datato', 'circles', 'predictions', 'components', 'green', 'dashed', 'dotted', 'purple', 'dashed', 'brown', 'dotted', 'black', 'dashed', 'forward', 'prediction', 'based', 'model', 'cumulative', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'september', 'along', 'actual', 'datato', 'circles', 'predictions', 'components', 'green', 'dashed', 'dotted', 'purple', 'dashed', 'brown', 'dotted', 'black', 'dashed', 'future', 'varying', 'coefficientsain', 'order', 'account', 'forthese', 'weekly', 'variations', 'examine', 'dominant', 'frequenciesof', 'these', 'variations', 'shows', 'frequency', 'spectrum', 'theresiduals', 'model', 'prediction', 'daily', 'confirmedcases', 'clearly', 'depicts', 'spectral', 'located', 'cycles', 'finally', 'since', 'simple', 'curve', 'fittingof', 'cumulative', 'cases', 'sigmoidal', 'expression', 'maybe', 'adequate', 'examine', 'whether', 'direct', 'least', 'squares', 'fittingof', 'sigmoidal', 'expression', 'equation', 'seriesdata', 'cumulative', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'yield', 'areasonable', 'approximation', 'course', 'theresult', 'shown', 'demonstrates', 'inferiority', 'ofsimple', 'curve', 'fitting', 'terms', 'approximation', 'accuracy', 'comparing', 'model', 'approximation', 'terms', 'misleading', 'parameter', 'estimates', 'infectivityrate', 'estimate', 'prediction', 'maximumnumber', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'frequency', 'spectrum', 'residuals', 'modelprediction', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'depicts', 'spectral', 'millicycles', 'direct', 'least', 'squares', 'cumulative', 'cases', 'ofconfirmed', 'covid', 'patients', 'march', 'circles', 'results', 'inferior', 'their', 'counterparts', 'fromthe', 'proposed', 'based', 'modeling', 'methodology', 'shown', 'direct', 'least', 'squares', 'daily', 'cases', 'confirmedcovid', 'patients', 'march', 'withcircles', 'results', 'inferior', 'their', 'counterparts', 'proposedrm', 'based', 'modeling', 'methodology', 'shown', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'direct', 'least', 'squaresapproximation', 'shown', 'demonstrates', 'inferiority', 'curve', 'fitting', 'terms', 'approximation', 'accuracy', 'bycomparing', 'model', 'approximation', 'thefundamental', 'inability', 'direct', 'sigmoidal', 'fitting', 'approximate212', 'journal', 'engineering', 'medicine', 'biology', '2020multi', 'modal', 'phase', 'plots', 'detect', 'emergence', 'newmajor', 'infection', 'waves', 'discussion', 'conclusiona', 'novel', 'adaptive', 'methodology', 'predictive', 'modeling', 'thetime', 'course', 'daily', 'cumulative', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'covid19', 'presented', 'application', 'reported', 'datafor', 'demonstrated', 'methodology', 'achievesthe', 'decomposition', 'course', 'covid', 'interms', 'concatenated', 'riccati', 'modules', 'providespotentially', 'useful', 'predictions', 'valuable', 'insights', 'intothe', 'dynamic', 'characteristics', 'infectious', 'process', 'specifically', 'advocated', 'approach', 'detects', 'presence', 'ofmultiple', 'overlapping', 'infection', 'waves', 'correspond', 'major', 'infection', 'pools', 'described', 'distinct', 'concatenatedrms', 'defined', 'fundamental', 'riccati', 'equation', 'distinct', 'parameters', 'quantify', 'criticaldynamic', 'aspects', 'infectious', 'course', 'respective', 'parameter', 'infectivity', 'constant', 'thatdetermines', 'initial', 'exponential', 'growth', 'infectionand', 'depends', 'degree', 'contagiousness', 'level', 'ofcontagious', 'interactions', 'given', 'sense', 'akinto', 'reproduction', 'conventional', 'models', 'theparameter', 'depends', 'susceptible', 'exposedpopulation', 'quantifies', 'degree', 'whichthe', 'gradually', 'acquired', 'immunity', 'mitigating', 'factors', 'measures', 'constrain', 'initial', 'rapid', 'growth', 'infectionand', 'eventually', 'achieve', 'control', 'according', 'sigmoidaltime', 'course', 'defined', 'equation', 'reaching', 'plateau', 'themaximum', 'number', 'infections', 'achieve', 'decomposition', 'series', 'proposed', 'approach', 'employs', 'regression', 'analysis', 'phasespace', 'statistical', 'hypothesis', 'testing', 'using', 'statistic', 'seemethods', 'detect', 'emergence', 'infection', 'waves', 'specified', 'level', 'statistical', 'significance', 'running', 'adaptive', 'estimates', 'parameters', 'obtained', 'point', 'found', 'rather', 'stable', 'points', 'wherenew', 'introduced', 'model', 'analysis', 'covid', 'daily', 'march', '11thto', 'manuscript', 'completed', 'yielded', 'fiverms', 'concatenated', 'shown', 'theyare', 'deemed', 'represent', 'distinct', 'dynamics', 'infectionwaves', 'major', 'characteristics', 'defined', 'bytheir', 'respective', 'parameters', 'given', 'table', 'small', 'initialrm', 'possibly', 'corresponding', 'initial', 'infection', 'theseattle', 'followed', 'larger', 'possibly', 'corresponding', 'rapid', 'urban', 'surge', 'cityand', 'subsequently', 'other', 'urban', 'centers', 'northeast', 'respectively', 'broader', 'epidemic', 'spread', 'across', 'smaller', 'townsand', 'rural', 'areas', 'under', 'local', 'mitigation', 'measures', 'maycorrespond', 'slower', 'growth', 'moderate', 'theemergence', 'largest', 'infection', 'describedby', 'detected', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'day60', 'appears', 'coincide', 'relaxation', 'ofsome', 'mitigation', 'measures', 'across', 'total', 'numberof', 'infections', 'anticipated', 'model', 'abouttable', 'iiunits', 'magnetic', 'propertiesvertical', 'lines', 'optional', 'tables', 'statements', 'serve', 'captions', 'entire', 'table', 'donot', 'footnote', 'letters', 'agaussian', 'units', 'magnetostatics', 'maxwell', 'gauss', 'oersted', 'weber', 'second', 'tesla', 'meter', 'ampere', 'joule', 'kilogram', 'henry', 'double', 'current', 'cumulative', 'number', 'provided', 'therewill', 'added', 'model', 'because', 'covid', '19spreading', 'caused', 'significant', 'change', 'thecurrent', 'mitigation', 'measures', 'under', 'assumptions', 'current', 'model', 'predicts', 'number', 'confirmedcases', 'below', 'september', 'seefig', 'results', 'shown', 'table', 'indicate', 'earlyrapid', 'reduction', 'parameter', 'successive', 'whichplays', 'determining', 'critical', 'stressor', 'thehealthcare', 'system', 'infection', 'provided', 'parameter', 'drastically', 'reduced', 'lastrm', 'anticipates', 'occur', 'withoutexceeding', 'previous', 'peaks', 'worthnoting', 'between', 'detection', 'infection', 'waveand', 'increases', 'decreasing', 'analysis', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'shows', 'individualcontributions', 'components', 'anddemonstrates', 'versatility', 'proposed', 'approach', 'detect', 'statistically', 'rigorous', 'manner', 'emerging', 'waves', 'infectionand', 'applicable', 'cases', 'where', 'pattern', 'daily', 'changesis', 'unimodal', 'constitutes', 'important', 'advantage', 'ofthe', 'proposed', 'approach', 'widely', 'models', 'andother', 'unimodal', 'approaches', 'another', 'difference', 'proposedapproach', 'popular', 'model', 'intoaccount', 'number', 'recovered', 'cases', 'require', 'fullimmunity', 'latter', 'further', 'explore', 'comparison', 'thethree', 'equations', 'classic', 'model', 'combined', 'asingle', 'nonlinear', 'differential', 'equation', 'takes', 'second', 'ordermarmarelis', 'predictive', 'modeling', 'covid', 'adaptive', 'phase', 'space', 'approach', '213form', 'where', 'integral', 'infected', 'fraction', 'ofthe', 'population', 'recovery', 'infection', 'ands0is', 'initial', 'susceptible', 'population', 'equation', 'indicates', 'estimation', 'unknown', 'parameter', 'mustrely', 'iterative', 'methods', 'which', 'robust', 'reliablethan', 'regression', 'utilized', 'proposed', 'approach', 'thisdifferential', 'equation', 'stable', 'equilibrium', 'point', 'whenq', 'tends', 'infinity', 'flexible', 'notion', 'multiple', 'finitestable', 'equilibrium', 'points', 'concatenated', 'riccati', 'equationsthat', 'achieved', 'reaches', 'individualplateau', 'respective', 'these', 'comparisonsmust', 'explored', 'further', 'future', 'regarding', 'cyclical', 'variations', 'evident', 'timeseries', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'accounted', 'therm', 'based', 'model', 'noted', 'fundamentalriccati', 'equation', 'extended', 'future', 'timevarying', 'coefficients', 'account', 'observed', 'daycycle', 'revealed', 'spectrum', 'residuals', 'modelprediction', 'cycle', 'peaks', 'eachweek', 'increased', 'social', 'interactions', 'during', 'theprevious', 'weekend', 'noting', 'average', 'covid', 'incubation', 'periodof', 'emphasized', 'based', 'predictive', 'modelingis', 'distinct', 'simple', 'curve', 'fitting', 'methods', 'demonstrated', 'above', 'contrasting', 'results', 'direct', 'sigmoidalleast', 'squares', 'fitting', 'showing', 'lattermay', 'serious', 'estimation', 'parameters', 'theinfectious', 'process', 'smaller', 'infectivity', 'estimateand', 'smaller', 'predicted', 'maximum', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'addition', 'misconceptions', 'regarding', 'dynamic', 'structureof', 'process', 'unimodal', 'versus', 'multi', 'modal', 'phase', 'spacerepresentation', 'interesting', 'question', 'arises', 'respect', 'effect', 'ofchanging', 'testing', 'rates', 'obtained', 'parameter', 'estimates', 'incidence', 'apparent', 'incidencedue', 'varying', 'testing', 'function', 'shown', 'parameters', 'corresponding', 'unknown', 'values', 'related', 'apparent', 'parameter', 'estimates', 'obtained', 'theavailable', 'according', 'expressions', 'where', 'since', 'ought', 'positive', 'times', 'always', 'anoverestimation', 'overestimates', 'thetesting', 'increasing', 'constant', 'testing', 'estimated', 'maximum', 'number', 'cases', 'havethe', 'relation', 'others', 'covid', 'predictive', 'modeling', 'ispublished', 'under', 'unique', 'unprecedented', 'circumstances', 'anongoing', 'pandemic', 'which', 'render', 'validation', 'futuredata', 'publicly', 'reported', 'predictions', 'thispaper', 'infections', 'occurs', 'proposed', 'approach', 'applied', 'future', 'toadditional', 'covid', 'other', 'countries', 'various', 'regions', 'order', 'compare', 'obtained', 'rmdecompositions', 'revealing', 'dynamic', 'structure', 'infectionwaves', 'these', 'infectious', 'processes', 'associated', 'parameter', 'estimates', 'distinct', 'rmdecompositions', 'various', 'countries', 'regions', 'respectiveparameter', 'estimates', 'reveal', 'valuable', 'correlations', 'themitigation', 'policies', 'followed', 'examine', 'their', 'effectiveness', 'within', 'specific', 'socio', 'cultural', 'context', 'orderto', 'guide', 'future', 'decision', 'making', 'examining', 'therespective', 'policies', 'socio', 'cultural', 'conditions', 'influence', 'estimated', 'parameters', 'consequently', 'new_paper']
['diagnosis', 'covid', 'chest', 'images', 'usingwavelets', 'based', 'depthwise', 'convolution', 'networkkrishna', 'singh', 'akansha', 'singhabstract', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'known', 'covid', 'become', 'pandemic', 'disease', 'causedby', 'coronavirus', 'called', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'severity', 'ofthe', 'disease', 'understood', 'massive', 'number', 'deaths', 'affected', 'patients', 'globally', 'diagnosisis', 'paced', 'disease', 'controlled', 'better', 'manner', 'laboratory', 'tests', 'available', 'diagnosis', 'butthey', 'bounded', 'available', 'testing', 'radiological', 'examinations', 'comprise', 'computedtomography', 'diagnosis', 'disease', 'specifically', 'chest', 'images', 'analysed', 'toidentify', 'presence', 'covid', 'patient', 'paper', 'automated', 'method', 'diagnosis', 'covid', '19from', 'chest', 'images', 'proposed', 'method', 'presents', 'improved', 'depthwise', 'convolution', 'neural', 'networkfor', 'analysing', 'chest', 'images', 'wavelet', 'decomposition', 'applied', 'integrate', 'multiresolution', 'analysis', 'thenetwork', 'frequency', 'bands', 'obtained', 'input', 'images', 'network', 'identifying', 'disease', 'network', 'designed', 'predict', 'class', 'input', 'image', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'thepredicted', 'output', 'model', 'combined', 'visualization', 'diagnosis', 'comparative', 'study', 'withthe', 'existing', 'methods', 'performed', 'metrics', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'measure', 'calculated', 'forperformance', 'evaluation', 'performance', 'proposed', 'method', 'better', 'existing', 'methodologies', 'andthus', 'effective', 'diagnosis', 'disease', 'words', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'learning', 'convolution', 'neural', 'network', 'images1', 'introductiona', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'disease', 'globallyaffecting', 'populations', 'world', 'witnessedmany', 'pandemics', 'century', 'virusesare', 'major', 'cause', 'pandemics', 'these', 'virusesshow', 'changing', 'behaviour', 'changing', 'seasonsand', 'their', 'behaviour', 'needs', 'predicted', 'krishna', 'singh', 'department', 'groupof', 'institutions', 'delhi', 'ghaziabad', '201206', 'india', 'krishnaiitr2011', 'gmail', 'akansha', 'singh', 'department', 'amityuniversity', 'uttar', 'pradesh', 'noida', '201310', 'india', 'akanshasing', 'gmail', 'correspondence', 'should', 'addressed', 'manuscript', 'received', 'revised', 'accepted', '28prevention', 'health', 'professionals', 'generally', 'thecorrect', 'predictions', 'about', 'viruses', 'someviruses', 'exceptional', 'behaviour', 'difficult', 'topredict', 'viruses', 'cause', 'pandemics', 'humans', 'donot', 'immunity', 'resist', 'virus', 'latest', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'known', 'covid', '19has', 'appeared', 'spread', 'extremely', 'since', 'itsdiscovery', 'december', 'wuhan', 'china', 'disease', 'already', 'spread', 'countriesand', 'territories', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratorysyndrome', 'coronavirus', 'causescovid', 'virus', 'ribonucleic', 'virus', 'coronavirus', 'family', 'viruses', 'fromthis', 'family', 'cause', 'common', 'severevariety', 'coronaviruses', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratorysyndrome', 'coronavirus', 'middle', 'eastkrishna', 'singh', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'chest', 'images', 'using', '85respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'causes', 'respiratory', 'ailments', 'ranging', 'fromcommon', 'serious', 'diseases', 'pneumonia', 'thenumber', 'cases', 'worldwide', 'reached', '385causing', 'deaths', 'individuals', 'may30', 'situation', 'report', 'published', 'byworld', 'health', 'organization', 'accurateinformation', 'about', 'emergence', 'covid', 'isstill', 'unknown', 'initial', 'cases', 'establishedlinks', 'huanan', 'southern', 'china', 'seafoodwholesale', 'market', 'disease', 'contagious', 'andthe', 'virus', 'spread', 'amongst', 'humans', 'respiratorydroplets', 'physical', 'contact', 'through', 'fecal', 'oraltransmission', 'numerous', 'cases', 'pneumonia', 'ofunknown', 'cause', 'reported', 'wuhan', 'china', 'indecember', 'cases', 'showed', 'similar', 'clinicalcharacteristics', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'patientssuffering', 'covid', 'infection', 'observed', 'tohave', 'serious', 'pneumonia', 'abnormal', 'observationson', 'chest', 'computed', 'tomography', 'examination', 'unavailability', 'medicine', 'disease', 'requiresefficient', 'diagnosis', 'methods', 'controlling', 'disease', 'common', 'pneumonia', 'caused', 'groupof', 'viruses', 'known', 'these', 'diseases', 'includerespiratory', 'enteric', 'renal', 'neurological', 'diseases', 'these', 'viruses', 'grouped', 'genres', 'namelyalpha', 'gamma', 'delta', 'figure', 'gives', 'overview', 'disease', 'virus', 'affects', 'individuals', 'groups', 'andgenders', 'research', 'study', 'reveals', 'groups', 'ofpeople', 'specifically', 'affected', 'disease', 'firstfig', 'overview', 'covid', 'group', 'individuals', 'those', 'above', 'yearsold', 'second', 'group', 'those', 'individuals', 'whohave', 'underlying', 'medical', 'condition', 'diabetes', 'cardiovascular', 'disease', 'hypertension', 'commonsymptoms', 'covid', 'include', 'fever', 'cough', 'andrespiratory', 'problems', 'shortness', 'breath', 'muscularsoreness', 'fatigue', 'cases', 'diarrhoea', 'andvomiting', 'reported', 'severity', 'diseaseranges', 'pneumonia', 'causing', 'respiratoryailments', 'advance', 'stage', 'disease', 'evencauses', 'organ', 'failures', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'distresssyndrome', 'leading', 'deaths', 'patients', 'paced', 'human', 'human', 'transmission', 'thedisease', 'matter', 'great', 'concern', 'regulatoryauthorities', 'globally', 'control', 'covid', 'largelydepends', 'diagnosis', 'right', 'availablemethods', 'diagnosis', 'comprise', 'laboratory', 'testslike', 'reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'reversetranscription', 'mediated', 'isothermal', 'amplification', 'laboratory', 'tests', 'somelimitations', 'firstly', 'requires', 'testing', 'whichhave', 'limited', 'availability', 'supply', 'chain', 'secondly', 'consuming', 'laboratoryprocesses', 'involved', 'facilities', 'easilyaccessible', 'parts', 'world', 'results', 'arealso', 'produced', 'therefore', 'chest', 'images', 'utilized', 'detecting', 'presenceof', 'covid', 'development', 'automatedmethod', 'based', 'chest', 'images', 'support', 'inclinical', 'decision', 'making', 'significant', 'thedisease', 'control', 'according', 'disease', 'canbe', 'controlled', 'stopping', 'chain', 'transmission', 'officials', 'reported', 'testing', 'isolation', 'thetwo', 'actions', 'useful', 'breaking', 'chainof', 'transmission', 'therefore', 'accurate', 'diagnosis', 'issignificant', 'controlling', 'covid', 'detection', 'covid', 'earlierstage', 'chest', 'images', 'compared', 'testing', 'chest', 'images', 'analyzed', 'usingartificial', 'intelligence', 'techniques', 'numerous', 'techniques', 'diagnosis', 'covid', '19using', 'machine', 'learning', 'techniques', 'radiologicalimages', 'available', 'literature', 'transfer', 'learningmodel', 'diagnosis', 'coronavirus', 'chest', 'rayimages', 'presented', 'another', 'method', 'withimproved', 'accuracy', 'presented', 'segmentation', 'basedapproach', 'method', 'classified', 'input', 'images', 'mining', 'analytics', '93normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'deeplearning', 'based', 'model', 'applied', 'images', 'fordetection', 'covid', 'researchers', 'alsodeveloped', 'public', 'datasets', 'comprising', 'chest', 'rayimages', 'covid', 'patients', 'method', 'namedcovid', 'developed', 'applied', 'these', 'publicdatasets', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'deeplearning', 'diagnosis', 'chest', 'imagesprovides', 'results', 'learning', 'models', 'beingwidely', 'medical', 'image', 'processing', 'detection', 'pneumonia', 'using', 'convolutionneural', 'networks', 'paper', 'automated', 'methodfor', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'networkis', 'proposed', 'proposed', 'network', 'utilizes', 'featuregenerated', 'multiresolution', 'analysis', 'combinationof', 'wavelet', 'transforms', 'along', 'networkbrings', 'multiple', 'advantages', 'wavelet', 'decompositionis', 'network', 'network', 'thetraditional', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'adepthwise', 'separable', 'network', 'utilized', 'backgroundin', 'section', 'wavelet', 'technique', 'depthwiseconvolution', 'neural', 'network', 'discussed', 'waveletwavelet', 'theory', 'transform', 'based', 'image', 'processingtechnique', 'makes', 'wavelet', 'transforms', 'wavelets', 'derived', 'small', 'waves', 'changingfrequency', 'limited', 'duration', 'these', 'usefulas', 'provide', 'temporal', 'frequencyinformation', 'images', 'scaling', 'functions', 'including', 'required', 'fortwo', 'dimensional', 'multiresolution', 'analysis', 'thesescaling', 'functions', 'obtained', 'multiplying', 'onedimensional', 'functions', 'product', 'these', 'producesfour', 'dimensional', 'separable', 'scaling', 'function', 'andseparable', 'directionally', 'sensitive', 'wavelets', 'these', 'functions', 'record', 'variance', 'horizontal', 'vertical', 'diagonal', 'directions', 'separabilty', 'ineqs', 'major', 'cause', 'directionalsensitivity', 'computational', 'complexity', '2dtransform', 'remains', 'scaled', 'translatedbasis', 'functions', 'defined', 'discrete', 'wavelet', 'transform', 'image', 'd1pmnmx1xd0nx1yd0f', 'd1pmnmx1xd0nx1yd0f', 'where', 'arbitrary', 'starting', 'scale', 'coefficients', 'define', 'approximation', 'scale', 'coefficients', 'addhorizontal', 'vertical', 'diagonal', 'details', 'scalesgreater', 'generally', 'selected', 'given', 'obtained', 'performing', 'inverse', 'discrete', 'wavelettransform', 'd1pmnxmxnw', 'c1pmnxidh', 'dx1jdjoxmxnw', 'depthwise', 'separable', 'convolution', 'neuralnetworkthe', 'standard', 'convolution', 'layer', 'neural', 'networkhas', 'large', 'number', 'parameters', 'leads', 'toover', 'fitting', 'network', 'depthwise', 'convolutionand', 'depthwise', 'separable', 'convolution', 'layers', 'overcomethis', 'problem', 'these', 'convolution', 'layers', 'reduce', 'thecomputational', 'number', 'parameters', 'depthwise', 'convolution', 'layers', 'reduce', 'thecomputational', 'parameter', 'space', 'thereduction', 'parameters', 'reduces', 'efficiencyof', 'network', 'standard', 'convolution', 'divided', 'intodepthwise', 'pointwise', 'convolution', 'depthwiseconvolution', 'responsible', 'applying', 'convolution', 'onevery', 'input', 'output', 'depthwise', 'convolution', 'ismerged', 'using', 'pointwise', 'convolution', 'layer', 'ofthe', 'network', 'having', 'input', 'tensor', 'xlkrishna', 'singh', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'chest', 'images', 'using', 'ldlwhere', 'represent', 'theheight', 'weight', 'depth', 'input', 'vector', 'theconvolution', 'layer', 'output', 'yilc1jlc1', 'represents', 'thepoint', 'location', 'channel', 'layer', 'computed', 'usingyilc1jlc1', 'dxddd0fdxhid0xwjd0fi', 'xlilc1jlc1', 'where', 'pointwise', 'filter', 'depthwise', 'separable', 'convolution', 'performs', 'theoperation', 'steps', 'first', 'depthwiseconvolution', 'applied', 'input', 'thereafter', 'thepointwise', 'convolution', 'applied', 'output', 'ofthe', 'depthwise', 'convolution', 'spatial', 'correlationsare', 'obtained', 'depthwise', 'convolution', 'thechannel', 'correlations', 'obtained', 'pointwiseconvolution', 'combination', 'these', 'forms', 'thefeature', 'proposed', 'methodthe', 'proposed', 'method', 'based', 'depthwise', 'separableconvolution', 'network', 'spectral', 'pooling', 'using', 'wavelettransforms', 'network', 'formulated', 'combiningmultiresolution', 'analysis', 'learning', 'thetraditional', 'layers', 'suffer', 'fitting', 'highcomputational', 'large', 'number', 'parametersgenerated', 'layer', 'powerful', 'properties', 'thediscrete', 'wavelet', 'transform', 'spectral', 'domain', 'spectral', 'pooling', 'spectral', 'parameterization', 'ofconvolutional', 'layers', 'utilized', 'means', 'improvecnns', 'improving', 'training', 'convergence', 'allowingflexible', 'pooling', 'dimensions', 'retaining', 'improvingcompetitive', 'classification', 'accuracies', 'filters', 'network', 'learn', 'spectraldomain', 'instead', 'spatial', 'domain', 'lowfrequency', 'spectrum', 'input', 'contains', 'ofthe', 'details', 'frequency', 'spectrum', 'containsnoise', 'information', 'uniformity', 'spectrumpower', 'enables', 'removal', 'frequencies', 'dominimal', 'damage', 'input', 'information', 'spectral', 'poolingtruncates', 'spectral', 'representation', 'image', 'kernelproduct', 'simply', 'spectral', 'pooling', 'simple', 'lowpass', 'filter', 'technique', 'desirable', 'because', 'canbe', 'combined', 'convolution', 'theorem', 'achievefast', 'training', 'results', 'convolution', 'theorem', 'statesthat', 'convolution', 'considerably', 'beingperformed', 'spectral', 'domain', 'element', 'wisemultiplication', 'details', 'proposed', 'network', 'arediscussed', 'following', 'section', 'given', 'image', 'divided', 'subbands', 'using', 'discrete', 'wavelet', 'transform', 'withconvolution', 'filters', 'these', 'filtershave', 'fixed', 'parameters', 'stride', 'stride', 'oftwo', 'provides', 'sampling', 'result', 'obtainedfrom', 'convolution', 'these', 'bands', 'intothe', 'depthwise', 'separable', 'network', 'further', 'processing', 'chart', 'proposed', 'method', 'shown', 'infig', 'proposed', 'method', 'comprises', 'followingsteps', 'input', 'image', 'covid', 'dataset', 'comprisesof', 'chest', 'images', 'these', 'images', 'forthe', 'detection', 'images', 'different', 'sizes', 'thusthey', 'resized', 'image', 'normalization', 'input', 'images', 'arenormalized', 'prior', 'further', 'processing', 'normalizedimages', 'enhanced', 'images', 'errors', 'tolightening', 'conditions', 'image', 'decomposition', 'wavelet', 'isone', 'significant', 'steps', 'convert', 'spatialdomain', 'input', 'frequency', 'domain', 'input', 'imagesare', 'decomposed', 'bands', 'wavelettransform', 'decompose', 'image', 'subbands', 'dataset', 'augmented', 'split', 'trainingand', 'testing', 'convolution', 'layers', 'comprises', 'threestandard', 'convolution', 'blocks', 'input', 'convolved', 'inthese', 'three', 'blocks', 'spectral', 'pooling', 'batch', 'normalization', 'layer', 'pooling', 'layer', 'which', 'combines', 'thefeatures', 'output', 'different', 'layers', 'inthis', 'paper', 'average', 'pooling', 'performed', 'which', 'theconvolution', 'followed', 'sampling', 'output', 'layer', 'layer', 'fullyconnected', 'layer', 'softmax', 'optimizer', 'applied', 'thelast', 'layer', 'predict', 'output', 'output', 'visualization', 'theprediction', 'output', 'obtained', 'network', 'needsto', 'visualized', 'building', 'trust', 'network', 'formaking', 'diagnosis', 'decision', 'utilizes', 'thegradient', 'information', 'layer', 'networkto', 'visually', 'represent', 'class', 'activation', 'diagnosis', 'decision', 'finally', 'given', 'inputchest', 'image', 'classified', 'three', 'classes', 'normal', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'details', 'network', 'architecture', 'discussedin', 'following', 'sections', 'mining', 'analytics', '93fig', 'proposed', 'methodology', 'network', 'architecturethe', 'input', 'layer', 'network', 'chest', 'rayimages', 'network', 'comprises', 'eighteen', 'convolutionlayers', 'network', 'comprises', 'regular', 'anddepthwise', 'convolution', 'layers', 'batch', 'fixedto', 'eight', 'there', 'regular', 'twelve', 'depthwiselayers', 'multiresolution', 'analysis', 'integrated', 'thenetwork', 'after', 'first', 'convolution', 'block', 'between', 'theconvolution', 'layers', 'pooling', 'layers', 'added', 'thebatch', 'normalization', 'layers', 'solve', 'localminima', 'problem', 'mapping', 'activations', 'meanof', 'variance', 'makes', 'convergencefor', 'network', 'fitting', 'problem', 'issolved', 'using', 'dropout', 'specificationsof', 'network', 'layers', 'given', 'table', 'convolution', 'layergiven', 'input', 'vector', 'components', 'output', 'vector', 'krishna', 'singh', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'chest', 'images', 'using', '89table', 'model', 'summary', 'layer', 'output', 'shape', 'number', 'parameters', 'kernel', 'dropout', 'number', 'filtersinput', '0wavelet', 'lambda', '4separable', '32batch', 'normalization', '0maxpooling', '0separable', '64batch', 'normalization', '0maxpooling', '2separable', '128batch', 'normalization', '0maxpooling', '2separable', '256batch', 'normalization', '0maxpooling', '2separable', '256batch', 'normalization', '0maxpooling', '2separable', '512batch', 'normalization', '0maxpooling', '512fc2', '128fc3', '64fc4', '32fc5', 'dxj2niwj', 'where', 'indices', 'neighbours', 'andthe', 'weight', 'computation', 'equivalent', 'toconvolution', 'operation', 'input', 'weight', 'vector', 'written', 'using', 'convolution', 'operatorasy', 'where', 'pooling', 'layerafter', 'convolution', 'layer', 'pooling', 'layer', 'inthis', 'paper', 'average', 'pooling', 'connection', 'withmultiresolution', 'analysis', 'output', 'pooling', 'layeris', 'vector', 'fewer', 'number', 'components', 'ascompared', 'input', 'vector', 'output', 'poolinglayer', 'defined', 'd1ppx1kd0xpjck', 'where', 'support', 'pooling', 'value', 'defines', 'value', 'which', 'numberof', 'parameters', 'reduced', 'example', 'value', 'number', 'parameters', 'reduced', 'toone', 'third', 'taking', 'triplets', 'average', 'pooling', 'bewritten', 'sampling', 'follows', 'average', 'pooling', 'performs', 'convolution', 'followedby', 'sampling', 'activation', 'functionthe', 'activation', 'function', 'function', 'activation', 'function', 'significant', 'convergenceof', 'network', 'rectified', 'linear', 'activationfunction', 'activation', 'function', 'function', 'overcomes', 'vanishing', 'gradientproblem', 'makes', 'model', 'efficient', 'faster', 'mathematically', 'expressed', 'function', 'brings', 'negative', 'values', 'tozero', 'whereas', 'positive', 'values', 'remain', 'relufunction', 'hidden', 'layers', 'lastlayer', 'softmax', 'activation', 'function', 'softmaxfunction', 'issoftmax', 'mining', 'analytics', '93where', 'observed', 'output', 'divided', 'sumof', 'possible', 'output', 'training', 'methodthe', 'training', 'network', 'mostsignificant', 'tasks', 'weight', 'vector', 'network', 'isupdated', 'minimize', 'value', 'function', 'probabilities', 'classes', 'classificationare', 'computed', 'function', 'paperis', 'categorical', 'cross', 'entropy', 'other', 'importanttask', 'training', 'balance', 'dataset', 'arebalanced', 'augmentation', 'dataaugmentation', 'samples', 'generated', 'rotationangle', 'degrees', 'degrees', 'foraugmenting', 'dataset', 'optimization', 'method', 'usedhere', 'optimization', 'weight', 'decay', 'thisleads', 'faster', 'convergence', 'higher', 'performanceof', 'network', 'other', 'parameters', 'number', 'ofepochs', 'which', 'chosen', 'batchsize', 'model', 'evaluated', 'using', 'metricslike', 'score', 'precision', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'which', 'detailed', 'section', 'datasetthe', 'dataset', 'experiments', 'comprises', 'chestx', 'images', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'patients', 'healthy', 'individuals', 'annotated', 'anterior', 'chest', 'images', 'totalof', 'images', 'three', 'classes', 'available', 'inthe', 'dataset', 'number', 'images', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'number', 'images', 'ofnormal', 'images', 'males', 'andfemales', 'world', 'model', 'buildingprocess', 'split', 'dataset', 'training', 'setthat', 'training', 'model', 'validationpurpose', 'table', 'presents', 'distribution', 'imagespresent', 'dataset', 'sample', 'images', 'depictingnormal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'patients', 'areshown', 'table', 'distribution', 'images', 'train', 'image', 'train', 'testnormal', '136viral', 'pneumonia', '126covid', '26total', 'experiment', 'resultthe', 'implementation', 'proposed', 'network', 'doneusing', 'keras', 'library', 'python', 'experimental', 'setupand', 'results', 'presented', 'section', 'modelwas', 'tuned', 'obtain', 'results', 'decompositionof', 'image', 'using', 'wavelet', 'transform', 'total', 'twelve', 'separable', 'convolution', 'layersare', 'optimizer', 'weighted', 'decay', 'isused', 'optimization', 'network', 'quantitativeanalysis', 'results', 'obtained', 'using', 'sensitivity', 'precision', 'score', 'these', 'metrics', 'computedusing', 'sensitivity', 'represents', 'thecorrectness', 'classification', 'computed', 'assensitivity', 'dtptp', 'fn100', 'misclassifications', 'reported', 'precision', 'ifthere', 'misclassifications', 'precision', 'be100', 'score', 'harmonic', 'precision', 'andsensitivity', 'score', 'value', 'represents', 'perfectprecision', 'sensitivity', 'precision', 'dtptp', 'fp100', 'score', '2precision', 'sensitivityprecision', 'sensitivity100', 'accuracy', 'fn100', 'where', 'represent', 'positive', 'false', 'positive', 'false', 'negative', 'respectively', 'theconfusion', 'matrix', 'three', 'classes', 'normal', 'covid19', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'shown', 'table', 'valuesfig', 'sample', 'images', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'infected', 'patients', 'krishna', 'singh', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'chest', 'images', 'using', '91table', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'disease', 'predicted', 'resultnormal', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonianormal', '5covid', '1viral', 'pneumonia', '122obtained', 'proposed', 'method', 'summarized', 'intable', 'figure', 'shows', 'three', 'classes', 'visualization', 'along', 'theclassifier', 'predictions', 'diagnosis', 'diseaseaccurately', 'performance', 'proposed', 'method', 'istable', 'value', 'proposed', 'method', 'disease', 'accuracy', 'precision', 'sensitivity', 'scorenormal', '96covid', '92viral', 'pneumonia', '96fig', 'visualization', 'normal', 'covid19', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'compared', 'other', 'existing', 'methods', 'results', 'arecompared', 'latest', 'techniques', 'useddeep', 'learning', 'models', 'diagnosis', 'covid', '19using', 'chest', 'images', 'results', 'summarizedin', 'table', 'analyses', 'results', 'reveal', 'theproposed', 'method', 'outperforms', 'existing', 'methods', 'darkcovidnet', 'network', 'layers', 'detection', 'covid', '19from', 'chest', 'images', 'performance', 'ofdarkcovidnet', 'average', 'overall', 'accuracy', 'ofapproximately', 'second', 'third', 'methods', 'arebased', 'efficientnet', 'variations', 'methodare', 'presented', 'namely', 'hierarchical', 'these', 'twomethods', 'overall', 'accuracy', 'approximately93', 'detrac', 'resnet18', 'performs', 'better', 'thesemethods', 'overall', 'accuracy', 'theproposed', 'method', 'further', 'improved', 'overallaccuracy', 'overall', 'accuracy', 'proposed', 'methodis', 'graph', 'comparative', 'study', 'isshown', 'conclusionthe', 'paper', 'presented', 'automated', 'method', 'fordetection', 'covid', 'chest', 'images', 'animproved', 'depthwise', 'convolution', 'network', 'designedthat', 'incorporates', 'spectral', 'analysis', 'convolution', 'andpooling', 'layers', 'reformulated', 'generalized', 'offiltering', 'sampling', 'reformulation', 'multiresolution', 'analysis', 'integrated', 'depthwisetable', 'comparative', 'analysis', 'method', 'accuracy', 'precision', 'sensitivity', 'scoredarkcovidnet', '37flat', 'efficientnet', '94hierarchicalefficientnet', '73detrac', 'resnet18', '58proposed', '63fig', 'comparative', 'study', 'mining', 'analytics', '93network', 'input', 'images', 'decomposed', 'usinghaar', 'wavelet', 'multiresolution', 'analysis', 'waveletis', 'applied', 'fixed', 'weight', 'filters', 'thedeveloped', 'model', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'fordetection', 'covid', 'disease', 'model', 'classifiesthe', 'images', 'three', 'classes', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'comparative', 'study', 'performedto', 'evaluate', 'performance', 'proposed', 'method', 'developed', 'methodology', 'diagnosisof', 'covid', 'chest', 'images', 'images', 'controlling', 'disease', 'new_paper']
['effect', 'learning', 'public', 'health', 'environment', 'duringcovid', 'lockdownavani', 'agarwal', 'sahil', 'sharma', 'vijay', 'kumar', 'manjit', 'kaurabstract', 'learning', 'promising', 'venture', 'entire', 'world', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'learning', 'issuccessfully', 'providing', 'potential', 'information', 'students', 'researchers', 'developing', 'nations', 'india', 'withlimited', 'resources', 'learning', 'tools', 'platforms', 'provide', 'chance', 'education', 'available', 'middle', 'lowincome', 'households', 'paper', 'gives', 'insights', 'about', 'three', 'different', 'online', 'services', 'namely', 'google', 'classroom', 'microsoft', 'teams', 'being', 'three', 'different', 'educational', 'institutions', 'analyze', 'efficiencyand', 'acceptability', 'learning', 'tools', 'among', 'indian', 'students', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'paper', 'toevaluate', 'impact', 'learning', 'environment', 'public', 'health', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'found', 'thate', 'learning', 'potential', 'reduce', 'carbon', 'emissions', 'which', 'beneficial', 'impact', 'environment', 'however', 'themental', 'health', 'impacted', 'learning', 'isolation', 'reduction', 'academic', 'achievements', 'maylead', 'anxiety', 'mental', 'depression', 'usage', 'electronic', 'devices', 'learning', 'musclesmay', 'strain', 'having', 'deleterious', 'effects', 'physical', 'health', 'words', 'learning', 'environment', 'health', 'covid', 'introductione', 'learning', 'online', 'education', 'provide', 'opportunityfor', 'students', 'increase', 'their', 'knowledge', 'aflexible', 'environment', 'while', 'using', 'limited', 'resourcesand', 'capital', 'developing', 'country', 'india', 'online', 'tools', 'students', 'achieve', 'productive', 'anddiverse', 'education', 'incorporating', 'various', 'themes', 'indifferent', 'areas', 'interest', 'online', 'platforms', 'areslowly', 'gaining', 'popularity', 'improvements', 'indesign', 'visuals', 'navigation', 'quality', 'content', 'avani', 'agarwal', 'sahil', 'sharma', 'departmentof', 'computer', 'science', 'thapar', 'institute', 'engineering', 'andtechnology', 'patiala', '147001', 'india', 'vijay', 'kumar', 'department', 'computer', 'science', 'andengineering', 'national', 'institute', 'technology', 'hamirpur', 'himachal', 'pradesh', '177005', 'india', 'manjit', 'department', 'computer', 'scienceengineering', 'school', 'engineering', 'applied', 'sciences', 'bennett', 'university', 'greater', 'noida', '201310', 'india', 'manjit', 'bennett', 'correspondence', 'should', 'addressed', 'manuscript', 'received', 'accepted', '05many', 'studies', 'shown', 'learning', 'helpimprove', 'knowledge', 'understandingof', 'concepts', 'easier', 'providing', 'sized', 'collaborative', 'interactive', 'content', 'studies', 'proven', 'apersonalized', 'assisted', 'learning', 'based', 'curriculum', 'isbetter', 'traditional', 'curriculum', 'qualityof', 'education', 'provided', 'through', 'learning', 'tools', 'bypersonalizing', 'guidance', 'mentorship', 'according', 'tothe', 'needs', 'students', 'learning', 'platforms', 'givestudents', 'flexibility', 'empower', 'students', 'allowingthem', 'learn', 'their', 'schedule', 'studentcan', 'choose', 'learn', 'consume', 'thecontent', 'provided', 'these', 'various', 'platforms', 'havematerial', 'available', 'disposal', 'which', 'eitherfree', 'lifetime', 'limitedamount', 'moreover', 'content', 'consumed', 'online', 'platformis', 'consistent', 'standardized', 'comparison', 'thedifferent', 'teaching', 'styles', 'professors', 'diverse', 'rangeof', 'options', 'provided', 'users', 'learning', 'openonline', 'course', 'providers', 'udacity', 'coursera', 'udemy', 'provides', 'online', 'coursesavani', 'agarwal', 'effect', 'learning', 'public', 'health', 'environment', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', '105that', 'cover', 'various', 'topics', 'diverse', 'fields', 'theseonline', 'platforms', 'fulfill', 'current', 'ofeducators', 'create', 'demands', 'which', 'thenhelp', 'improve', 'current', 'services', 'being', 'provided', 'tostudents', 'there', 'websites', 'geeksforgeeksand', 'tutorials', 'point', 'which', 'enjoy', 'popularity', 'amongengineering', 'students', 'youtube', 'provides', 'contentto', 'students', 'pursuing', 'different', 'majors', 'fields', 'forexample', 'academy', 'youtubechannels', 'helped', 'build', 'basic', 'concepts', 'schoolstudents', 'keeping', 'material', 'understanding', 'participation', 'interaction', 'youtube', 'channelposts', 'videos', 'after', 'thoroughly', 'researching', 'topics', 'tohelp', 'students', 'understand', 'small', 'hiddenconcepts', 'mathematics', 'india', 'universities', 'colleges', 'integrate', 'internetand', 'pages', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'teachingstaff', 'makes', 'lecture', 'slides', 'assignments', 'importantnotifications', 'available', 'students', 'course', 'study', 'material', 'downloadable', 'fileor', 'powerpoint', 'students', 'participate', 'onlinediscussion', 'forums', 'examinations', 'conductedby', 'using', 'learning', 'however', 'despite', 'theadvancing', 'technologies', 'higher', 'education', 'instituteshave', 'failed', 'incorporate', 'learning', 'practices', 'inmain', 'stream', 'activities', 'benefits', 'onlinelearning', 'teachers', 'interested', 'adoptingonline', 'tools', 'however', 'student', 'attitude', 'aptitudelearning', 'towards', 'online', 'platforms', 'standardization', 'andinteractive', 'content', 'online', 'platform', 'criticalroles', 'determining', 'behavior', 'roles', 'studentstowards', 'learning', 'environment', 'usually', 'instruction', 'through', 'learningplatforms', 'designed', 'professionals', 'theknowledge', 'psychological', 'aspects', 'domainon', 'students', 'quality', 'interactive', 'content', 'needs', 'controlled', 'updates', 'regularly', 'capture', 'theinterests', 'students', 'learning', 'context', 'model', 'helpsrealize', 'adaptive', 'technological', 'implementations', 'andpersonalizing', 'learning', 'environments', 'environmentsimprove', 'quality', 'increase', 'quantity', 'learningsof', 'students', 'recent', 'years', 'robots', 'helpedincrease', 'learning', 'science', 'technology', 'engineering', 'mathematics', 'concepts', 'constructionbased', 'approach', 'which', 'collaborates', 'educational', 'robotscan', 'teach', 'complex', 'principles', 'algorithmslike', 'computer', 'science', 'programming', 'languages', 'multi', 'robots', 'construction', 'basedapproach', 'towards', 'collaborating', 'learning', 'objective', 'paper', 'evaluate', 'theimpact', 'learning', 'environment', 'paperalso', 'evaluates', 'effects', 'learning', 'health', 'ofthe', 'students', 'researchers', 'finally', 'studyof', 'learning', 'tools', 'adopted', 'india', 'during', 'covid', '19lockdown', 'considered', 'remaining', 'paper', 'organized', 'follows', 'section2', 'discusses', 'impact', 'learning', 'environment', 'section', 'discusses', 'implication', 'learning', 'onsocial', 'section', 'presents', 'study', 'learningduring', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'section', 'concludes', 'thepaper', 'impact', 'learning', 'environmente', 'learning', 'effectively', 'reduce', 'energy', 'usage', 'andemission', 'carbon', 'dioxide', 'according', 'study', 'thenetherlands', 'learning', 'potential', 'reducecarbon', 'emissions', 'helps', 'decrease', 'carbonfootprint', 'carbon', 'impact', 'students', 'travel', 'staff', 'moreover', 'learning', 'reduces', 'timebut', 'helpful', 'restore', 'environment', 'alsohelpful', 'eliminate', 'necessity', 'traveling', 'oneplace', 'another', 'there', 'impacts', 'environmentdue', 'learning', 'impact', 'forestaccording', 'national', 'wildlife', 'foundation', 'ofschools', 'universities', 'waste', 'paper', 'sixteen', 'treesare', 'needed', 'generate', 'paper', 'recyclingof', 'paper', 'equivalent', 'barrelscrude', 'learning', 'reduces', 'cutting', 'oftrees', 'paper', 'generation', 'reduces', 'resourcerequired', 'recycling', 'paper', 'registration', 'administration', 'curriculum', 'study', 'materials', 'aredigitalized', 'reduce', 'students', 'impact', 'airuniversity', 'georgia', 'studied', 'hundredstudents', 'travel', 'schools', 'universities', 'carbondioxide', 'emissions', 'reduced', 'thestudy', 'netherlands', 'reported', 'learning', 'reducedthe', 'percentage', 'carbon', 'dioxide', 'emissions', 'carbonfootprint', 'students', 'staff', 'literature', '350million', 'printer', 'cartridges', 'became', 'every', 'yearand', 'years', 'required', 'decay', 'these', 'cartridges', 'these', 'materials', 'easily', 'eliminated', 'through', 'learning', 'implication', 'learning', 'social', 'lifethe', 'learning', 'contents', 'responsible', 'solving', 'theenvironmental', 'issues', 'however', 'significantly', 'affect106', 'mining', 'analytics', '115the', 'social', 'mental', 'health', 'students', 'impact', 'mental', 'healththe', 'excessive', 'exposure', 'electronic', 'device', 'greatlyaffected', 'mental', 'health', 'users', 'according', 'toamerican', 'psychiatric', 'association', 'extreme', 'learning', 'social', 'isolation', 'learningnot', 'reduces', 'academic', 'achievement', 'isresponsible', 'mental', 'depression', 'learning', 'alsoresponsible', 'sleep', 'deprivation', 'deadline', 'ofassignment', 'submissions', 'according', 'harvard', 'analysis', 'observed', 'sleep', 'deprivation', 'direct', 'relationwith', 'academic', 'outcomes', 'impact', 'physical', 'healththe', 'study', 'materials', 'completion', 'assignment', 'ondigital', 'media', 'require', 'electronic', 'devices', 'excessive', 'electronic', 'device', 'great', 'effecton', 'physical', 'health', 'users', 'these', 'responsible', 'formortality', 'sitting', 'electronic', 'gadgets', 'eyestrain', 'muscle', 'injuries', 'possible', 'dueto', 'overuse', 'computers', 'learning', 'tools', 'adopted', 'duringcovid', 'lockdown', 'indiaon', 'march', 'india', 'prime', 'ministermr', 'narendra', 'imposed', 'nationwide', 'lockdown', 'countermeasure', 'control', 'coronavirus', 'pandemic', 'lockdown', 'later', 'extended', 'april', '2020in', 'various', 'states', 'india', 'increase', 'thenumber', 'coronavirus', 'patients', 'across', 'different', 'regionsof', 'country', 'universities', 'schools', 'educationalinstitutions', 'closed', 'students', 'theirhomes', 'hence', 'educational', 'institutions', 'relyon', 'learning', 'online', 'education', 'tools', 'providestudents', 'necessary', 'study', 'material', 'schedule', 'lectures', 'conduct', 'examinations', 'lockdown', 'acted', 'acatalyst', 'teachers', 'adopt', 'online', 'tools', 'april2020', 'according', 'ministry', 'human', 'resourcedevelopment', 'india', 'platforms', 'diksha', 'pathshala', 'nroer', 'yantra', 'fossee', 'endeavorsof', 'government', 'educate', 'masses', 'online', 'swayam', 'initiative', 'indian', 'government', 'gets50', 'views', 'daily', 'other', 'online', 'methods', 'adoptedin', 'different', 'universities', 'across', 'india', 'video', 'andaudio', 'meetings', 'tools', 'gotomeeting', 'skype', 'bluejeans', 'webex', 'google', 'beingused', 'discussion', 'collaboration', 'boards', 'useof', 'slack', 'flock', 'storage', 'sharing', 'files', 'aresupported', 'dropbox', 'nextcloud', 'document', 'presentation', 'spreadsheet', 'videos', 'usingg', 'suite', 'prezi', 'gitbook', 'confluence', 'office365', 'andadobe', 'acrobat', 'teachers', 'adopting', 'using', 'elearning', 'techniques', 'tools', 'educate', 'students', 'weaim', 'analyze', 'efficacy', 'acceptability', 'teachingaids', 'provided', 'adopted', 'among', 'students', 'educationalinstitutions', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'india', 'conducting', 'survey', 'three', 'different', 'educationalinstitutions', 'google', 'classroom', 'microsoftteams', 'objective', 'analyze', 'students', 'arewilling', 'adopt', 'learning', 'practices', 'theirclassroom', 'learning', 'conducting', 'surveys', 'variouseducational', 'institutions', 'while', 'conducting', 'surveys', 'three', 'educationalinstitutions', 'presumed', 'students', 'aninternet', 'connection', 'access', 'mobile', 'laptop', 'previous', 'knowledge', 'operate', 'mobile', 'phone', 'orpersonal', 'digital', 'device', 'understood', 'default', 'languageof', 'platform', 'sampling', 'mappedto', 'larger', 'scales', 'minimum', 'errors', 'study', 'thapar', 'institute', 'engineering', 'andtechnology', 'patiala', 'indiathapar', 'institute', 'engineering', 'technology', 'aprivate', 'engineering', 'college', 'located', 'patiala', 'punjab', 'india', 'educational', 'institution', 'offers', 'various', 'coursesin', 'different', 'fields', 'engineering', 'traditional', 'methodsused', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'whiteboard', 'blackboard', 'smart', 'board', 'enable', 'teachers', 'displaypresentations', 'write', 'notes', 'laboratories', 'computers', 'necessary', 'hardware', 'softwareare', 'provided', 'students', 'experimentation', 'andperforming', 'assignments', 'attendance', 'mandatoryto', 'course', 'course', 'official', 'websitewhere', 'course', 'coordinators', 'important', 'information', 'syllabus', 'marking', 'scheme', 'lecture', 'slides', 'laboratoryassignments', 'details', 'regarding', 'quizzes', 'tests', 'arenotified', 'students', 'group', 'representatives', 'viaan', 'update', 'course', 'semester', 'tests', 'andend', 'semester', 'tests', 'conducted', 'every', 'semester', 'whichare', 'scheduled', 'according', 'sheet', 'madeavailable', 'portal', 'webkiosk', 'which', 'isallocated', 'every', 'student', 'apart', 'these', 'officialwebsites', 'students', 'access', 'myherupa', 'initiativetaken', 'thapar', 'students', 'where', 'updates', 'regardingcoursework', 'subject', 'available', 'forthe', 'first', 'second', 'third', 'engineeringstudents', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'collegeavani', 'agarwal', 'effect', 'learning', 'public', 'health', 'environment', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', '107was', 'temporarily', 'classroom', 'activitiesand', 'lectures', 'suspended', 'campus', 'studentsand', 'teaching', 'faculty', 'members', 'theirhomes', 'situated', 'college', 'teachersof', 'university', 'learning', 'tools', 'methods', 'toprovide', 'education', 'online', 'students', 'lectures', 'werepre', 'recorded', 'shared', 'whatsapp', 'googledrive', 'links', 'videos', 'laboratory', 'assignments', 'prerecorded', 'uploaded', 'course', 'sites', 'teachersscheduled', 'online', 'lectures', 'using', 'applicationto', 'material', 'accessible', 'students', 'videocommunication', 'provides', 'remote', 'conferencing', 'service', 'allows', 'video', 'conferencing', 'participants', 'toforty', 'minutes', 'subscriptions', 'alsoavailable', 'allow', 'participants', 'increase', 'thetime', 'limit', 'service', 'allows', 'videoconferencing', 'group', 'conferencing', 'allows', 'usersto', 'message', 'members', 'meeting', 'messagea', 'selective', 'group', 'people', 'providing', 'stimuli', 'activatestudents', 'auditory', 'visual', 'senses', 'enhancing', 'andreplicating', 'their', 'person', 'interactions', 'slides', 'wereuploaded', 'course', 'students', 'notified', 'courses', 'image', 'processing', 'ucs615', 'andinnovation', 'entrepreneurship', 'uta012', 'thirdyear', 'students', 'pursuing', 'degree', 'computerscience', 'submitted', 'their', 'assignments', 'google', 'forums', 'google', 'circulated', 'among', 'studentsof', 'thapar', 'institute', 'engineering', 'technology', 'where', 'students', 'answered', 'questions', 'regarding', 'elearning', 'platforms', 'educators', 'impart', 'educationonline', 'study', 'national', 'institute', 'technology', 'hamirpur', 'indianational', 'institute', 'technology', 'public', 'collegelocated', 'hamirpur', 'himachal', 'pradesh', 'india', 'theministry', 'human', 'resource', 'development', 'indiafunds', 'engineering', 'college', 'undergraduatestudents', 'various', 'engineering', 'courses', 'campuspractices', 'include', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'using', 'tools', 'suchas', 'whiteboards', 'blackboards', 'teachers', 'sometimesuse', 'slides', 'deliver', 'their', 'lectures', 'apart', 'thesetools', 'there', 'portal', 'students', 'whichnotifies', 'about', 'their', 'semester', 'grades', 'relevantinformation', 'circulated', 'using', 'messaging', 'applicationslike', 'whatsapp', 'smartphones', 'helps', 'makematerial', 'accessible', 'students', 'studymaterial', 'available', 'conduct', 'tests', 'first', 'yearstudents', 'pursuing', 'degree', 'computervision', 'image', 'processing', 'during', 'covid', '19lockdown', 'google', 'classroom', 'adopted', 'byfig', 'important', 'feature', 'learning', 'thapar', 'institutes', 'preference', 'learning', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'mining', 'analytics', '115fig', 'response', 'question', 'whether', 'learningmethods', 'should', 'adopted', 'daily', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'institute', 'platform', 'signinto', 'google', 'classroom', 'while', 'using', 'suitefor', 'education', 'account', 'clicks', 'whether', 'theyare', 'teacher', 'student', 'suite', 'account', 'setup', 'accredited', 'college', 'using', 'google', 'classroomservices', 'slides', 'uploaded', 'assignments', 'aregiven', 'students', 'study', 'material', 'availableto', 'students', 'google', 'classroom', 'turnin', 'their', 'assignments', 'submitting', 'privateelectronic', 'account', 'video', 'links', 'providedusing', 'google', 'classroom', 'marks', 'grades', 'ofstudents', 'available', 'platform', 'timed', 'andpre', 'scheduled', 'quizzes', 'being', 'conducted', 'thisplatform', 'computer', 'vision', 'image', 'understandingassignments', 'submitted', 'google', 'classroomplatform', 'survey', 'conducted', 'circulating', 'agoogle', 'forum', 'among', 'first', 'students', 'pursuing', 'themeng', 'degree', 'computer', 'vision', 'feedbackand', 'viewpoint', 'students', 'learning', 'tools', 'andteaching', 'being', 'provided', 'during', 'covid', '19lockdown', 'study', 'manav', 'rachna', 'international', 'school', 'mohali', 'indiamanav', 'rachna', 'international', 'school', 'private', 'schoolfor', 'primary', 'secondary', 'education', 'school', 'hastraditional', 'tools', 'whiteboards', 'blackboards', 'toteach', 'students', 'class', 'class', 'theschool', 'smart', 'boards', 'smart', 'class', 'projector', 'which', 'allow', 'teachers', 'display', 'slides', 'videos', 'interactive', 'content', 'students', 'thepupils', 'class', 'notes', 'their', 'notebooks', 'thesenotebooks', 'evaluative', 'checked', 'assignedteacher', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'onlinefig', 'feature', 'google', 'classroom', 'according', 'national', 'institute', 'technology', 'hamirput', 'students', 'online', 'education', 'preferred', 'students', 'avani', 'agarwal', 'effect', 'learning', 'public', 'health', 'environment', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', '109fig', 'response', 'towards', 'learning', 'methods', 'education', 'office365', 'solution', 'providedby', 'microsoft', 'products', 'provided', 'office365to', 'educators', 'teachers', 'include', 'outlook', 'teams', 'excel', 'powerpoint', 'onenote', 'publisher', 'andaccess', 'according', 'official', 'office365', 'website', 'school', 'using', 'learning', 'teams', 'providedby', 'office365', 'lockdown', 'initiated', 'process', 'ofproviding', 'official', 'teachers', 'students', 'usingmanavrachna', 'teachers', 'various', 'teamsfor', 'different', 'classes', 'option', 'allows', 'teachersto', 'parents', 'students', 'either', 'making', 'group', 'students', 'selectedstudents', 'assignment', 'section', 'provided', 'teamsallows', 'teachers', 'assignments', 'design', 'notifiesteachers', 'student', 'viewed', 'assignment', 'hasturned', 'assignment', 'student', 'notopened', 'assignment', 'displaying', 'turned', 'inand', 'turned', 'respectively', 'students', 'submittheir', 'assignments', 'clicking', 'buttonto', 'upload', 'their', 'solved', 'assignments', 'class', 'notebooksection', 'allows', 'students', 'solve', 'mathematics', 'questionseasily', 'friendly', 'design', 'allows', 'teachersto', 'notebooks', 'however', 'students', 'canonly', 'their', 'notebook', 'quizzes', 'tasks', 'assignedmay', 'timed', 'bounds', 'facilitated', 'theclass', 'notebook', 'section', 'files', 'allows', 'teachersto', 'relevant', 'study', 'material', 'reading', 'material', 'forstudents', 'along', 'these', 'options', 'notifications', 'tasks', 'assignments', 'uploaded', 'teachers', 'differentsubjects', 'students', 'class', 'toclass', 'surveyed', 'insight', 'about', 'theacceptability', 'learning', 'tools', 'being', 'combatcovid', 'lockdown', 'among', 'young', 'children', '15years', 'results', 'study', 'thapar', 'institute', 'ofengineering', 'technologythe', 'students', 'pursuing', 'degree', 'differentmajors', 'thapar', 'institute', 'technology', 'weresurveyed', 'students', 'surveyed', 'malesand', 'females', 'students', 'surveyed', 'thirdyear', 'students', 'going', 'fourth', 'while', 'students', 'surveyed', 'firstyear', 'second', 'fourth', 'students', 'respectively', 'although', 'number', 'female', 'students', 'surveyed', 'issignificantly', 'students', 'modalchoice', 'preferences', 'every', 'question', 'asked', 'thesurvey', 'genders', 'hence', 'canbe', 'gender', 'influence', 'learning', 'survey', 'conducted', 'april', 'questionsincluded', 'important', 'feature', 'students', 'learning', 'platform', 'there', 'preferred', 'choice', 'onlineeducation', 'tools', 'often', 'users', 'using', 'zoomapplication', 'college', 'lectures', 'weeklybasis', 'users', 'satisfied', 'learning', 'methodsadopted', 'their', 'institution', 'thinks', 'thateducational', 'institutions', 'should', 'adopt', 'tools', 'providedby', 'learning', 'platforms', 'daily', 'basis', 'studentsout', 'students', 'regarded', 'quality', 'servicesprovided', 'learning', 'platforms', 'important', 'feature', 'while', 'students', 'students', 'support', 'ofease', 'accessibility', 'interface', 'respectively', 'other', 'students', 'regarded', 'price', 'point', 'learningtools', 'important', 'feature', 'learningplatform', 'students', 'surveyed', 'preferred', 'prerecorded', 'video', 'lectures', 'provided', 'youtube', 'linksas', 'convenient', 'learning', 'recorderlectures', 'provided', 'google', 'drive', 'links', 'slidesuploaded', 'course', 'sites', 'enjoyed', 'majority', '71students', 'students', 'respectively', 'observedthat', 'students', 'satisfied', 'learning', 'tools', 'however', 'students', 'satisfied', 'thesetools', 'students', 'agreed', 'using', 'zoomapplication', 'lectures', 'least', 'three', 'timesa', 'majority', 'students', 'werenot', 'satisfied', 'learning', 'methods', 'adopted', 'bythe', 'institute', 'however', 'students', 'thought', 'thateducators', 'should', 'utilize', 'tools', 'provided', 'onlineeducation', 'platforms', 'daily', 'table', 'mining', 'analytics', '115table', 'students', 'response', 'survey', 'conducted', 'regarding', 'learning', 'practices', 'adopted', 'teaching', 'faculty', 'thapar', 'instituteof', 'engineering', 'technology', 'detailnumber', 'ofstudents', 'numberof', 'males', 'nd126', 'number', 'offemales', 'modeldistribution', 'ofstudents1', 'first', 'students', 'second', 'students', 'third', 'students', 'fourth', 'students', '0most', 'importantfeature', 'elearning', 'platform', 'multiple', 'choicecorrect', '1user', 'interface', 'important', 'feature', 'learning', 'platforms', '20quality', 'service', 'isthe', 'importantfeature', 'elearning', 'platforms2quality', 'service', 'important', 'featureof', 'learning', 'platforms', '253ease', 'access', 'important', 'feature', 'learning', 'platforms', '24preferred', 'choiceof', 'learning', 'toolduring', 'covid', '19lockdown', 'multiplechoice', 'correct', 'recorded', 'lectures', 'shared', 'youtube', 'linksare', 'preferred', 'choice', 'online', 'education', 'toolsduring', 'covid', 'lockdown', '23pre', 'recordedlectures', 'sharedvia', 'youtube', 'linksare', 'preferredchoice', 'onlineeducation', 'toolsduring', 'covid', '19lockdown', 'recorded', 'lectures', 'shared', 'google', 'drivelinks', 'preferred', 'choice', 'online', 'educationtools', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', '153google', 'slides', 'uploaded', 'official', 'coursesite', 'preferred', 'choice', 'online', 'educationtools', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', '174live', 'lectures', 'using', 'application', 'thepreferred', 'choice', 'online', 'education', 'toolsduring', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'frequentlywas', 'zoomapplication', 'usedweekly', 'accesslectures', 'singlechoice', 'correct', '1zoom', 'application', 'least', 'thrice', 'toaccess', 'lectures', '23zoom', 'applicationused', 'least', 'thricea', 'accesslive', 'lectures', '2zoom', 'application', 'twice', 'accesslive', 'lectures', '83zoom', 'application', 'accesslive', 'lectures', 'student', 'satisfiedwith', 'learningtools', 'adopted', 'bythe', 'institute', 'duringcovid', 'lockdown', 'single', 'choice', 'correct', 'satisfied', 'learning', 'methodsadopted', 'institute', 'during', 'covid', '19lockdown', '22not', 'satisfied', 'withthe', 'learningmethods', 'adoptedby', 'instituteduring', 'covid', '19lockdown', '2satisfied', 'satisfied', 'elearning', 'methods', 'adopted', 'instituteduring', 'covid', 'lockdown', '19should', 'learningtools', 'adoptedin', 'daily', 'classroomteaching', 'singlechoice', 'correct', 'learning', 'tools', 'should', 'adoptedin', 'daily', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'learning', 'toolsshould', 'maybe', 'adopted', 'dailyclassroom', 'teaching', 'learning', 'tools', 'should', 'adopted', 'dailyclassroom', 'teaching', 'results', 'study', 'national', 'institute', 'oftechnology', 'hamirpursixteen', 'first', 'students', 'pursuing', 'computer', 'vision', 'atnit', 'surveyed', 'april', 'students', 'females', 'males', 'table', 'shows', 'thesurvey', 'google', 'classroom', 'services', 'being', 'usedduring', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'questions', 'includedin', 'survey', 'google', 'classroom', 'helpfulin', 'teaching', 'outside', 'classroom', 'bestfeature', 'google', 'classroom', 'according', 'students', 'ifstudents', 'satisfied', 'google', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'submission', 'assignment', 'computer', 'visionand', 'image', 'processing', 'using', 'google', 'classroomwas', 'convenient', 'conduct', 'quizzes', 'theonline', 'platform', 'access', 'google', 'classroommaterial', 'laptop', 'mobile', 'devices', 'preferredavani', 'agarwal', 'effect', 'learning', 'public', 'health', 'environment', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', '111table', 'students', 'response', 'survey', 'conducted', 'regarding', 'learning', 'practices', 'adopted', 'teaching', 'faculty', 'nationalinstitution', 'technology', 'hamirpur', 'detailnumber', 'students', 'number', 'males', 'number', 'females', 'importantfeature', 'elearning', 'platform', 'multiple', 'choicecorrect', '1ease', 'accessibility', 'mostcritical', 'feature', 'learning', 'platforms', '52user', 'interface', 'essential', 'featureof', 'learning', 'platforms', '23quality', 'services', 'crucialfeature', 'learning', 'platforms', '2preferred', 'choice', 'learning', 'duringcovid', 'lockdown', 'other', 'googleclassroom', 'multiplechoice', 'correct', 'recorded', 'lectures', 'shared', 'viayoutube', 'links', 'preferred', 'choiceof', 'online', 'education', 'tools', 'duringcovid', 'lockdown', '52pre', 'recorded', 'lectures', 'shared', 'viagoogle', 'drive', 'links', 'preferredchoice', 'online', 'education', 'toolsduring', 'covid', 'lockdown', '03live', 'lectures', 'googlemeet', 'preferred', 'choice', 'onlineeducation', 'tools', 'during', 'covid', '19lockdown', '0what', 'benefitsof', 'learning', 'multiple', 'choicecorrect', '1with', 'online', 'learning', 'there', 'easeof', 'access', '42with', 'online', 'learning', 'there', 'isconsistency', '23with', 'online', 'learning', 'schedule', 'isflexible', '54with', 'online', 'learning', 'there', 'useof', 'limited', 'resources', 'student', 'satisfiedwith', 'learningtools', 'adopted', 'bythe', 'institute', 'duringcovid', 'lockdown', 'single', 'choice', 'correct', '1satisfied', 'satisfied', 'learning', 'methods', 'adopted', 'theinstitute', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', '52not', 'satisfied', 'learningmethods', 'adopted', 'instituteduring', 'covid', 'lockdown', '0should', 'featuresof', 'online', 'learning', 'beadopted', 'dailyclassroom', 'teaching', 'single', 'choice', 'correct', '1some', 'features', 'online', 'learningshould', 'adopted', 'dailyclassroom', 'teaching', '52some', 'features', 'online', 'learningshould', 'adopted', 'dailyclassroom', 'teaching', 'access', 'google', 'classroom', 'featureof', 'platform', 'provided', 'according', 'students', 'wasanother', 'online', 'educational', 'students', 'preferred', 'advantages', 'online', 'education', 'accordingto', 'students', 'students', 'satisfied', 'onlinelearning', 'adopted', 'university', 'studentswanted', 'incorporate', 'features', 'online', 'educationwith', 'daily', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'questions', 'responses', 'recorded', 'scale', 'beingunsatisfactory', 'being', 'satisfactory', 'thestudents', 'surveyed', 'thought', 'accessibilitywas', 'feature', 'google', 'classroom', 'prerecorded', 'lectures', 'shared', 'youtube', 'links', 'enjoyed', 'amajority', 'students', 'preferred', 'onlineeducation', 'table', 'majority', 'studentsvoted', 'flexibility', 'schedule', 'advantage', 'ofonline', 'education', 'results', 'study', 'manav', 'rachnainternational', 'schooltable', 'shows', 'survey', 'conducted', 'manav', 'rachna112', 'mining', 'analytics', '115table', 'students', 'response', 'survey', 'conducted', 'regarding', 'google', 'classroom', 'practices', 'adopted', 'teaching', 'faculty', 'nationalinstitute', 'technology', 'hamirpur', 'scale', 'being', 'maximum', 'values', 'averaged', 'number', 'students', 'number', 'males', 'number', 'females', '1google', 'classroom', 'helped', 'teaching', 'outside', 'ofthe', 'classroom', '42students', 'satisfied', 'google', 'classroomas', 'learning', 'during', 'covid', '19lockdown', '43submission', 'digital', 'image', 'processingassignments', 'using', 'google', 'classroom', 'wasconvenient', 'convenient', 'answer', 'quizzes', 'googleclassroom', 'access', 'learning', 'material', 'googleclassroom', 'easier', 'google', 'classroom', 'thelaptop', 'mobile', '4table', 'students', 'response', 'survey', 'conducted', 'regarding', 'learning', 'practices', 'adopted', 'teaching', 'faculty', 'manav', 'rachnainternational', 'school', 'mohali', 'detailnumber', 'ofstudents', 'number', 'ofmales', 'number', 'offemales', 'students', 'division', 'amongvarious', 'levels', 'nurseryto', 'class', 'nursery', 'kindergarten', 'grades', 'grades', '13are', 'students', 'satisfied', 'withthe', 'microsoft', 'teams', 'toolbeing', 'during', 'covid19', 'lockdown', 'singleanswer', 'correct', '1students', 'satisfied', 'satisfied', 'themicrosoft', 'being', 'during', 'covid', '19lockdown', '422students', 'satisfied', 'microsoft', 'teamstool', 'being', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', '0features', 'microsoftteams', 'preferred', 'bystudents', 'multiple', 'answerscorrect', '1students', 'feature', 'supportedby', 'teams', '332students', 'assignment', 'featuresupported', 'teams', '273students', 'section', 'featuresupported', 'teams', '124students', 'files', 'section', 'feature', 'supportedby', 'teams', '115students', 'class', 'notebook', 'featuresupported', 'teams', '15are', 'students', 'achievetheir', 'learning', 'outcomesthrough', 'learning', 'singlechoice', 'correct', 'achieve', 'requiredlearning', 'outputs', 'these', 'sessions', '412you', 'achieve', 'requiredlearning', 'outputs', 'these', 'sessions', '1what', 'benefits', 'elearning', 'multiple', 'choicecorrect', 'online', 'learning', 'there', 'access', 'online', 'learning', 'schedule', 'flexible', '213with', 'online', 'learning', 'there', 'interactivecontent', '20should', 'features', 'onlinelearning', 'adopted', 'intodaily', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'single', 'choice', 'correct', '1some', 'features', 'online', 'learning', 'should', 'maybe', 'adopted', 'daily', 'classroom', 'teaching', '362some', 'features', 'online', 'learning', 'should', 'beadopted', 'daily', 'classroom', 'teaching', '6avani', 'agarwal', 'effect', 'learning', 'public', 'health', 'environment', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', '113international', 'school', 'mohali', 'india', 'studentssurveyed', 'students', 'males', '42students', 'females', 'studentswere', 'satisfied', 'microsoft', 'teams', 'being', 'usedduring', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'students', 'preferredinteraction', 'personalization', 'studentsfavored', 'option', 'microsoft', 'teamsapplication', 'ofstudents', 'liked', 'assignment', 'section', 'filestab', 'class', 'notebook', 'feature', 'respectively', 'students', 'could', 'achieve', 'their', 'learningoutcomes', 'microsoft', 'teams', 'application', 'being', 'usedduring', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'and39', 'students', 'access', 'flexibilityof', 'schedule', 'interactive', 'sized', 'content', 'thebenefits', 'learning', 'platforms', 'students', 'werein', 'favor', 'adoption', 'online', 'learning', 'tools', 'dailyclassroom', 'teaching', 'table', 'results', 'three', 'studiesfor', 'three', 'institutions', 'majority', 'agreed', 'withadopting', 'learning', 'practices', 'daily', 'classroomeducation', 'students', 'preferencefor', 'leaning', 'recorded', 'lectures', 'youtubelinks', 'students', 'preference', 'topre', 'recorded', 'lectures', 'youtube', 'links', 'apart', 'fromgoogle', 'classroom', 'preferred', 'choice', 'learningtool', 'majority', 'students', 'manav', 'rachna', 'internationalschool', 'found', 'access', 'bestadvantage', 'learning', 'platforms', 'surveys', 'students', 'three', 'educationswould', 'features', 'learning', 'tools', 'beadopted', 'daily', 'classroom', 'education', 'conclusionin', 'paper', 'initially', 'impact', 'covid', '19lockdown', 'discussed', 'environment', 'thereafter', 'impact', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'discussed', 'onthe', 'health', 'students', 'researchers', 'finally', 'elearning', 'environment', 'three', 'educational', 'institutionsduring', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'discussed', 'google', 'classroom', 'microsoft', 'teams', 'notbeing', 'previously', 'manavrachna', 'international', 'school', 'respectively', 'student', 'spreferences', 'choices', 'successfully', 'identified', 'andnoted', 'three', 'institutions', 'conducting', 'surveys', 'surveys', 'studentsof', 'three', 'educations', 'would', 'features', 'learning', 'tools', 'adopted', 'daily', 'dayclassroom', 'teaching', 'manav', 'rachnainternational', 'school', 'successfully', 'identified', 'thatstudents', 'enjoyed', 'access', 'material', 'learning', 'tools', 'tools', 'thought', 'beincorporated', 'daily', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'students', 'already', 'online', 'portals', 'where', 'informationis', 'updated', 'regularly', 'apart', 'students', 'manav', 'rachna', 'international', 'school', 'satisfiedwith', 'learning', 'platforms', 'being', 'during', 'thecovid', 'lockdown', 'survey', 'conducted', 'atthapar', 'institution', 'engineering', 'technology', 'wecame', 'students', 'notsatisfied', 'learning', 'practices', 'being', 'bytheir', 'institution', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'students', 'still', 'willing', 'incorporate', 'learningpractices', 'their', 'daily', 'classroom', 'education', 'fromthe', 'three', 'surveys', 'conducted', 'themajority', 'students', 'eager', 'adopt', 'learningplatform', 'features', 'their', 'regular', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'students', 'studentsfelt', 'learning', 'platforms', 'features', 'should', 'maybe', 'integrated', 'daily', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'themaximum', 'number', 'students', 'boththe', 'universities', 'preferred', 'recorded', 'lectures', 'beingprovided', 'youtube', 'links', 'preferred', 'means', 'learning', 'practice', 'during', 'covid', 'youtube', 'linksallow', 'students', 'access', 'videos', 'making', 'material', 'easily', 'accessible', 'providing', 'theflexibility', 'schedule', 'students', 'whoanswered', 'prefer', 'feature', 'online', 'education', 'supported', 'access', 'supportedthe', 'flexibility', 'schedule', 'students', 'preferredtable', 'students', 'three', 'institutions', 'respond', 'adoption', 'learning', 'practices', 'daily', 'classroom', 'education', 'detail', 'number', 'students', 'number', 'ofmales', 'number', 'offemales', 'modeshould', 'featuresof', 'online', 'learningbe', 'adopted', 'intodaily', 'classroomteaching', 'singlechoice', 'correct', '1some', 'features', 'online', 'learningshould', 'adopted', 'indaily', 'classroom', 'teaching', '71some', 'features', 'ofonline', 'learningshould', 'maybe', 'adopted', 'indaily', 'classroomteaching', '2some', 'features', 'online', 'learningshould', 'adopted', 'dailyclassroom', 'teaching', '17114', 'mining', 'analytics', '115interaction', 'personalization', 'studentsfavored', 'option', 'microsoft', 'teamsapplication', 'manav', 'rachna', 'international', 'school', 'atthe', 'national', 'institute', 'technology', 'hamirpur', 'students', 'satisfied', 'google', 'classroompractices', 'adopted', 'their', 'institution', 'manav', 'rachnainternational', 'school', 'mohali', 'students', 'weresatisfied', 'microsoft', 'teams', 'platform', 'adoptedduring', 'covid', 'platform', 'access', 'these', 'platforms', 'mobile', 'device', 'aninternet', 'connection', 'required', 'necessary', 'forthe', 'student', 'proficient', 'english', 'language', 'which', 'standard', 'default', 'language', 'manye', 'learning', 'platforms', 'there', 'million', 'internetconnections', 'india', 'making', 'second', 'largest', 'onlinemarket', 'world', 'after', 'china', 'during', 'covid19', 'lockdown', 'india', 'institutions', 'adopted', 'manye', 'learning', 'practices', 'world', 'moving', 'towardsdigitization', 'covid', 'catalyst', 'makeeducation', 'online', 'students', 'teachers', 'usingthese', 'services', 'educate', 'themselves', 'masses', 'newproblems', 'solutions', 'discovered', 'which', 'mayhelp', 'popularize', 'online', 'education', 'india', 'futurestudies', 'three', 'studies', 'choices', 'andpreferences', 'students', 'should', 'implemented', 'learning', 'platforms', 'depth', 'analysis', 'studentbehavior', 'their', 'choices', 'regarding', 'interface', 'andflexibility', 'should', 'underscored', 'new_paper']
['proactive', 'practical', 'covid', '19testing', 'strategy', 'songgago', 'beijing', '100870', 'china', 'shiqi', 'jiaogago', 'beijing', '100870', 'china', 'qiang', 'zhugago', 'beijing', '100870', 'china', 'huitao', 'wuzhejiang', 'hangzhou', '311122', 'china', 'corresponding', 'author', '3017648abstract', 'reopen', 'economy', 'safely', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'governments', 'capability', 'proactively', 'identify', 'oftenasymptomatic', 'infections', 'contact', 'tracing', 'policymakers', 'publichealth', 'professionals', 'sampling', 'testing', 'method', 'achieve', 'broadpopulation', 'coverage', 'without', 'overwhelming', 'medical', 'workers', 'observe', 'thatcovid', 'groups', 'located', 'cliques', 'social', 'network', 'formed', 'close', 'encounters', 'people', 'during', 'daily', 'these', 'individuals', 'facto', 'canary', 'propose', 'thatnations', 'offer', 'anonymous', 'testing', 'service', 'sourcecomputer', 'algorithms', 'datasets', 'small', 'fraction', 'populationselected', 'covid', 'testing', 'cover', 'majority', 'exposure', 'riskindividuals', 'sampled', 'testing', 'megacity', 'covers', 'entirepopulation', 'sampled', 'testing', 'rural', 'covers', 'entirepopulation', 'government', 'oversight', 'public', 'consent', 'approach', 'canserve', 'province', 'state', 'township', 'decentralized', 'daily', 'testingplanning', 'however', 'protect', 'privacy', 'recommend', 'constructing', 'social', 'network', 'anonymized', 'cellphones', 'named', 'individuals', 'thisinfrastructure', 'should', 'dismantled', 'pandemic', 'largely', 'thiscan', 'achieved', 'policymakers', 'health', 'workers', 'engineers', 'together', 'insolidarity', 'words', 'covid', 'decisions', 'under', 'uncertainty', 'socialnetworks', 'network', 'theory', 'sampling', 'strategyproblem', 'formulationthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'putsglobal', 'governments', 'dilemma', 'before', 'social', 'distancing', 'orders', 'rapid', 'chain', 'infectionhappened', 'strict', 'orderssave', 'lives', 'economicrecession', 'public', 'opinions', 'aregrowing', 'increasingly', 'polarized', 'andled', 'armed', 'protesting', 'theeconomy', 'collapses', 'nation', 'theensuing', 'unemployment', 'andsocial', 'unrest', 'expose', 'mostfragile', 'families', 'pandemic', 'reopening', 'economy', 'safely', 'necessary', 'public', 'health', 'policy', 'however', 'recklessly', 'looseningstay', 'policies', 'reopeningthe', 'economy', 'nations', 'canbe', 'risky', 'asymptomatic', 'covid', '19patients', 'infect', 'others', 'offices', 'oronboard', 'public', 'transportation', 'droplets', 'aerosols', 'peopletalking', 'carry', 'virus', 'thechain', 'community', 'infection', 'goesundetected', 'wildfire', 'hospitals', 'again', 'overwhelmedand', 'pandemic', 'becomeendemic', 'prerequisite', 'toreopening', 'economy', 'abilityto', 'rapidly', 'identify', 'cases', 'amongthe', 'asymptomatic', 'population', 'thatenables', 'contact', 'tracing', 'communityinfection', 'subsequent', 'containinglocal', 'outbreaks', 'there', 'otherprerequisites', 'decliningnumber', 'patients', 'universalavailability', 'which', 'asimportant', 'discussed', 'inthis', 'study', 'gates', 'prescribed', 'adrastically', 'increase', 'nucleic', 'testingcapability', 'covid', 'engineering', 'management', 'review', 'third', 'quarter', 'september', '63this', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'meanwhile', 'harvard', 'panel', 'reportproposed', 'daily', 'proactive', 'testing', 'million', 'people', 'united', 'statesalone', 'total', 'population', 'study', 'specify', 'howthey', 'estimation', 'howgood', 'estimation', 'thechallenge', 'testing', 'capability', 'liesnot', 'production', 'anddistribution', 'morecrucially', 'logistics', 'actualtests', 'there', 'might', 'enoughmedical', 'workers', 'techniciansin', 'conduct', 'million', 'tests', 'advocate', 'universalweekly', 'random', 'testing', 'population', 'reach', 'coverage', 'translates', 'daily', 'testing', 'entire', 'population', 'logistic', 'challenge', 'forthe', 'similar', 'randomsampling', 'schemes', 'beingdeveloped', 'india', 'however', 'these', 'testing', 'schemesmaterialized', 'since', 'their', 'conception', 'probably', 'becausegovernments', 'impractical', 'logistical', 'challenge', 'bereadily', 'solved', 'selected0', 'sample', 'totalpopulation', 'needed', 'testeddaily', 'weekly', 'megacitiesin', 'united', 'states', 'europe', 'andchina', 'already', 'testingcapacity', 'propose', 'daily', 'testing', 'asmall', 'subset', 'asymptomaticpopulation', 'specifically', 'targeting', 'thehubs', 'cliques', 'socialnetwork', 'anonymous', 'cellphones', 'ifany', 'result', 'comes', 'positive', 'thenthe', 'people', 'around', 'furthertesting', 'contact', 'tracing', 'social', 'network', 'anonymouscellphones', 'given', 'during', 'agiven', 'period', 'consists', 'verticesand', 'links', 'vertices', 'thecellphones', 'carried', 'their', 'ownersactive', 'economy', 'linksamong', 'indicate', 'significant', 'closeencounter', 'working', 'thesame', 'office', 'living', 'house', 'sharing', 'following', 'graph', 'illustrates', 'asimple', 'social', 'network', 'threeyoung', 'working', 'professionals', 'giuseppe', 'smallconsulting', 'shares', 'herhouse', 'partner', 'agroup', 'people', 'theoffice', 'daily', 'giuseppe', 'shares', 'housewith', 'parents', 'siblings', 'anddrives', 'alone', 'office', 'daily', 'leelives', 'alone', 'condo', 'takes', 'metro', 'office', 'dailywith', 'people', 'train', 'social', 'network', 'graph', 'weuse', 'denote', 'family', 'members', 'denote', 'commuters', 'meetdaily', 'simplicity', 'assume', 'thatother', 'family', 'members', 'strictly', 'athome', 'commuters', 'interact', 'noone', 'people', 'thisgraph', 'asymptomatic', 'given', 'social', 'network', 'should', 'administer', 'covid', '19tests', 'three', 'kitsavailable', 'every', 'about', 'twotest', 'meager', 'onetest', 'might', 'toreserve', 'testing', 'people', 'aremost', 'exposed', 'virus', 'whohave', 'highest', 'potential', 'infectothers', 'often', 'peoplemeet', 'criteria', 'naturally', 'wewould', 'choose', 'first', 'giuseppe', 'because', 'theyconnect', 'people', 'others', 'highest', 'exposure', 'riskbecause', 'packed', 'subway', 'ridewith', 'dozens', 'commuters', 'should', 'testkit', 'available', 'opinion', 'eachmunicipality', 'office', 'shouldhave', 'tools', 'automaticallyanalyze', 'social', 'networksand', 'provide', 'testing', 'service', 'theindividuals', 'highest', 'exposurerisks', 'there', 'exists', 'scale', 'study', 'oncovid', 'exposure', 'individuals', 'patients', 'existing', 'medical', 'conditions', 'thehighest', 'death', 'infected', 'butnot', 'necessarily', 'highest', 'exposurechances', 'before', 'getting', 'weobserved', 'types', 'peoplemight', 'exposed', 'tocovid', 'their', 'distinctive', 'social', 'network', 'niches', 'couldfocus', 'limited', 'testing', 'capabilitieson', 'around', 'world', 'senior', 'governmentofficials', 'disproportionatelyhit', 'covid', 'includesprime', 'ministers', 'britain', 'russia', 'first', 'ladies', 'spain', 'canada', 'first', 'family', 'brazil', 'countlessministers', 'around', 'world', 'likely', 'thissituation', 'resulted', 'their', 'dailyschedule', 'large', 'numberof', 'people', 'often', 'internationally', 'inother', 'words', 'social', 'network', 'exposed', 'toinfection', 'risks', 'sense', 'arethe', 'canary', 'timelytesting', 'could', 'fortheir', 'local', 'communities', 'people', 'spending', 'hours', 'inclose', 'quarters', 'horrendouslocal', 'outbreaks', 'covid', 'known', 'cases', 'include', 'thediamond', 'princess', 'theodoreroosevelt', 'manyhospital', 'wards', 'retirement', 'homes', 'factories', 'prisons', 'aroundthe', 'world', 'social', 'network', 'these', 'communities', 'known', 'asclique', 'because', 'member', 'iswithin', 'close', 'vicinity', 'othermembers', 'therefore', 'sociallyinterconnected', 'cliques', 'areoften', 'exposed', 'airborne', 'dropletscarrying', 'virus', 'which', 'leads', 'tounusually', 'percentages', 'localinfection', 'identify', 'eachgeo', 'social', 'network', 'workforceembracing', 'economic', 'reopening', 'thehub', 'clique', 'people', 'dailycovid', 'testing', 'though', 'theyare', 'asymptomatic', 'orclique', 'individual', 'turns', 'positivefor', 'covid', 'social', 'networkof', 'immediate', 'daily', 'interactioncircle', 'needs', 'tested', 'thepatients', 'quarantined', 'argue', 'thatthis', 'efficient', 'sampling', 'strategy64', 'engineering', 'management', 'review', 'third', 'quarter', 'september', '2020for', 'covid', 'testing', 'reopenedeconomy', 'logisticalconstraints', 'testing', 'citiescan', 'afford', 'daily', 'itsworkforce', 'others', 'afford', 'test0', 'which', 'testing', 'percentage', 'issufficient', 'measuresufficiency', 'cityperform', 'rapid', 'assessment', 'daily', 'basis', 'methodology', 'andexperimentto', 'address', 'abovementionedquestions', 'conducted', 'pilot', 'studyusing', 'existing', 'social', 'network', 'tools', 'ontwo', 'world', 'social', 'networkdatasets', 'simplest', 'approach', 'tosingle', 'individuals', 'mostlinks', 'social', 'network', 'fortesting', 'problem', 'thatapproach', 'those', 'individuals', 'areoften', 'local', 'communityand', 'highly', 'overlappedgeo', 'social', 'networks', 'example', 'doctors', 'nurses', 'working', 'thesame', 'congressmembers', 'nation', 'weconcentrate', 'testing', 'resources', 'onthem', 'bigpicture', 'population', 'asocial', 'inequality', 'issue', 'individualswith', 'links', 'socialnetwork', 'while', 'individuals', 'directlylinked', 'cover', 'maximumpercentage', 'population', 'thiscan', 'achieved', 'dividing', 'social', 'network', 'cities', 'likewuhan', 'smallcommunities', 'cliques', 'thenidentify', 'community', 'unfortunately', 'mathematics', 'andcomputer', 'science', 'problem', 'exact', 'optimalsolution', 'takes', 'exponentiallycomputation', 'thepopulation', 'grows', 'there', 'existheuristic', 'solutions', 'produceimperfect', 'useable', 'solutions', 'alimited', 'budget', 'these', 'solutionswere', 'developed', 'twodecades', 'analyze', 'socialnetworks', 'internet', 'traffic', 'these', 'algorithms', 'theworkhorses', 'behind', 'internet', 'searchengines', 'google', 'andmicrosoft', 'heuristic', 'algorithms', 'examinedhere', 'developed', 'academia', 'andopen', 'source', 'share', 'crudeyet', 'simple', 'python', 'snippets', 'these', 'models', 'withreal', 'world', 'datasets', 'thepublic', 'health', 'sector', 'integratethese', 'methods', 'without', 'hiccups', 'ourpilot', 'study', 'algorithms', 'cananalyze', 'social', 'networks', 'withmillions', 'vertices', 'people', 'severalminutes', 'linux', 'workstation', 'thisindicates', 'feasibility', 'ofdecentralized', 'operationsin', 'municipality', 'without', 'additionalcharges', 'louvain', 'algorithm', 'createdby', 'blondel', 'theuniversity', 'louvain', 'belgium', 'abottom', 'clustering', 'algorithm', 'findcommunities', 'large', 'small', 'often', 'verydifferent', 'metis', 'algorithm', 'created', 'karypisand', 'kumar', 'university', 'ofminnesota', 'enables', 'parallel', 'processing', 'partition', 'socialnetworks', 'communities', 'similarfigure', 'selecting', 'sample', 'social', 'network', 'sizes', 'figure', 'sample', 'social', 'network', 'small', 'consulting', 'company', 'proactive', 'practical', 'covid', 'testing', 'strategy', '65the', 'first', 'dataset', 'tested', 'agoogleþ', 'social', 'network', 'dataset', 'including', 'people', '673453', 'links', 'among', 'averageeach', 'person', 'connected', '127others', 'number', 'comparable', 'tothe', 'number', 'people', 'workingprofessional', 'meets', 'daily', 'busymetropolis', 'using', 'publictransportation', 'denselyconnected', 'network', 'second', 'dataset', 'tested', 'internet', 'server', 'topology', 'dataset', 'originally', 'assembled', 'study', 'thetransmission', 'computer', 'viruses', 'ithas', 'vertices', 'machines', 'links', 'among', 'onaverage', 'machine', 'connectedto', 'others', 'number', 'iscomparable', 'number', 'peoplea', 'working', 'professional', 'meets', 'daily', 'small', 'without', 'using', 'publictransportation', 'sparselyconnected', 'network', 'clear', 'assume', 'thatcovid', 'transmits', 'along', 'cyber', 'social', 'networks', 'consider', 'twodatasets', 'previously', 'because', 'theyhave', 'network', 'structures', 'similar', 'togeo', 'social', 'networks', 'workforce', 'which', 'close', 'range', 'physicalinteractions', 'daily', 'reopenedeconomy', 'study', 'designed', 'followingfour', 'steps', 'first', 'partition', 'thenetwork', 'datasets', 'clustersusing', 'metis', 'algorithm', 'thelouvain', 'algorithm', 'eachcluster', 'single', 'individualswho', 'connectionswithin', 'cluster', 'total', 'haveu', 'individuals', 'chosen', 'covid', '19testing', 'simpler', 'baseline', 'choice', 'single', 'individualswith', 'connection', 'links', 'thecomplete', 'social', 'network', 'weadopted', 'value', 'parameter', 'asthe', 'total', 'number', 'individuals', 'sdivided', 'total', 'amount', 'individuals', 'chosen', 'percentage', 'totalpopulation', 'evaluation', 'metric', 'isthe', 'coverage', 'tested', 'individuals', 'defined', 'number', 'individualsimmediately', 'linked', 'testedindividuals', 'divided', 'totalnumber', 'individuals', 'stepsare', 'illustrated', 'figure', 'using', 'thesample', 'described', 'figure', 'findingsthe', 'following', 'tables', 'thecoverage', 'rates', 'three', 'differentalgorithms', 'worlddatasets', 'extenthow', 'social', 'networksampling', 'testing', 'cover', 'thepopulation', 'reopened', 'economy', 'coverage', 'percentages', 'arecalculated', 'percentage', 'ofpeople', 'close', 'contacts', 'withthe', 'covid', 'subjects', 'thegeneral', 'population', 'datasets', 'samplingpercentages', 'metis', 'algorithmsteadily', 'outperforms', 'other', 'algorithmsin', 'terms', 'coverage', 'doesnot', 'indicate', 'louvainalgorithm', 'inferior', 'designedto', 'identify', 'natural', 'lookingsubcommunities', 'large', 'small', 'itsmost', 'suitable', 'would', 'tovisualize', 'trace', 'local', 'communitytransmission', 'densely', 'connected', 'googleþdataset', 'indeed', 'running', 'asimulation', 'urban', 'asthat', 'wuhan', 'results', 'listedin', 'table', 'indicates', 'metisalgorithm', 'sample', 'thepopulation', 'effectively', 'representtable', 'coverage', 'percentage', 'social', 'network', 'samplingtest', 'skitter', 'dataset', 'table', 'coverage', 'percentage', 'social', 'network', 'samplingtest', 'googleþ', 'dataset', 'engineering', 'management', 'review', 'third', 'quarter', 'september', '2020an', 'immediate', 'connection', 'coverage', 'population', 'sampling2', 'population', 'caneffectively', 'represent', 'immediate', 'connection', 'coverage', 'thepopulation', 'beyond', 'sampling', 'extra', 'sampling', 'testing', 'offermarginal', 'benefit', 'sparsely', 'connected', 'skitterdataset', 'indeed', 'running', 'asimulation', 'quiet', 'small', 'lifesuch', 'ithaca', 'upstate', 'orsuifenhe', 'china', 'results', 'listed', 'intable', 'indicates', 'metisalgorithm', 'sample', 'thepopulation', 'effectively', 'representan', 'immediate', 'connection', 'coverage', 'population', 'sampling3', 'population', 'caneffectively', 'represent', 'immediate', 'connection', 'coverage', 'thepopulation', 'beyond', 'sampling', 'extra', 'sampling', 'testing', 'offermarginal', 'benefit', 'discussionsin', 'summary', 'study', 'shows', 'ahighly', 'efficient', 'sampling', 'testing', 'andtracing', 'scheme', 'achieved', 'byconstructing', 'social', 'network', 'township', 'safeguarding', 'theeconomy', 'reopening', 'busier', 'thecity', 'smaller', 'percentage', 'weneed', 'covid', 'weestimate', 'monitorcovid', 'transmission', 'covering', 'themajority', 'population', 'notto', 'sampling', 'keepcovid', 'happening', 'rathera', 'realistic', 'managed', 'occurrencelive', 'covid', 'approach', 'alsoarguably', 'importantas', 'universal', 'wearing', 'masks', 'asppe', 'pilot', 'study', 'assumes', 'social', 'network', 'dataset', 'township', 'constructed', 'everyday', 'indeed', 'publicconsensus', 'governmentoversight', 'cellphones', 'currentlyproduce', 'multiple', 'location', 'trackingdata', 'streams', 'includingtelecommunication', 'tracking', 'operating', 'system', 'tracking', 'mapapi', 'based', 'tracking', 'nation', 'cellphone', 'service', 'providersacquire', 'coarse', 'resolution', 'trackingdata', 'streams', 'triangulation', 'stations', 'operatingsystem', 'tracking', 'stream', 'exists', 'ineach', 'android', 'phone', 'iphone', 'essential', 'service', 'integratinggps', 'signals', 'addition', 'cellphone', 'themarket', 'various', 'precision', 'location', 'service', 'googlemap', 'baidu', 'tencent', 'forlocation', 'trackingcomputes', 'signal', 'alongwith', 'current', 'datarecords', 'location', 'uniquecellphone', 'individualpersons', 'these', 'records', 'arehighly', 'confidential', 'literallyguarded', 'europeangdpr', 'against', 'wanton', 'usage', 'societies', 'already', 'embraced', 'oftheir', 'usages', 'asgoogle', 'traffic', 'alert', 'hence', 'social', 'network', 'anonymouscellphones', 'quickly', 'computedout', 'existing', 'streams', 'theright', 'permission', 'clearance', 'thisstudy', 'advocate', 'collectingcellphone', 'location', 'personalids', 'social', 'network', 'could', 'beconstructed', 'through', 'anotherprocess', 'arguably', 'intrusive', 'google', 'apple', 'developing', 'abluetooth', 'contact', 'alert', 'service', 'whether', 'herphone', 'within', 'bluetoothdistance', 'covid', 'patient', 'sphone', 'recently', 'however', 'thisfeature', 'valid', 'everyoneturns', 'bluetooth', 'maynot', 'eventually', 'effort', 'largely', 'location', 'sitting', 'thetelecommunication', 'service', 'providersand', 'giants', 'general', 'public', 'national', 'governments', 'wantto', 'discuss', 'decide', 'whether', 'notto', 'during', 'pandemic', 'people', 'valid', 'reasonsto', 'worry', 'about', 'privacy', 'theseare', 'normal', 'times', 'andmoral', 'usages', 'requiremandatory', 'erasure', 'allpersonal', 'details', 'dataset', 'andrender', 'anonymous', 'except', 'tooneself', 'example', 'citizenhim', 'herself', 'social', 'network', 'wants', 'withoutendangering', 'coworkers', 'sheneeds', 'covid', 'patient', 'comes', 'backpositive', 'people', 'arecent', 'interaction', 'havethe', 'right', 'notified', 'theirphones', 'automatic', 'contact', 'tracingcan', 'technology', 'insteadof', 'spreading', 'medicalworkforce', 'field', 'thepandemic', 'about', 'fullyeliminated', 'infrastructure', 'should', 'dismantledso', 'abused', 'peacetime', 'logistically', 'feasible', 'forlocal', 'facilities', 'operate', 'dailyroutine', 'first', 'every', 'night', 'locallocational', 'flows', 'eithertelecommunication', 'providers', 'techgiants', 'construct', 'social', 'network', 'previous', 'residents', 'identified0', 'network', 'wakeup', 'morning', 'textmessage', 'notification', 'quick', 'testbefore', 'showing', 'testingcapacities', 'region', 'region', 'developed', 'nations', 'might', 'affordto', 'every', 'developingnations', 'might', 'afford', 'aweek', 'either', 'helps', 'further', 'alleviate', 'pressure', 'onlogistics', 'nations', 'consider', 'arecent', 'practice', 'wuhan', 'china', 'during', 'nasal', 'swabs', 'multiple', 'personsfrom', 'neighborhood', 'aremixed', 'testing', 'isknown', 'pooled', 'testing', 'reduceslogistics', 'pressure', 'testing', 'compared', 'toproactive', 'practical', 'covid', 'testing', 'strategy', '67conducting', 'eachindividual', 'united', 'states', 'theimportance', 'pooled', 'testing', 'justgaining', 'recognition', 'yetimplemented', 'masse', 'pooled', 'testing', 'socialnetwork', 'sampling', 'boost', 'eachother', 'first', 'batchin', 'pooled', 'testing', 'consist', 'ofindividuals', 'clique', 'ofthe', 'social', 'network', 'because', 'theyshare', 'similar', 'risks', 'infection', 'second', 'testing', 'resources', 'arevery', 'scarce', 'pooled', 'testing', 'ofselected', 'socialnetwork', 'highly', 'efficient', 'third', 'tracing', 'infection', 'chains', 'beachieved', 'social', 'networksafter', 'pooled', 'testing', 'another', 'possibility', 'improve', 'thisapproach', 'integrate', 'infectionrate', 'population', 'groups', 'social', 'network', 'vanilla', 'socialnetwork', 'measure', 'chance', 'ofexposure', 'infection', 'whenmultiplied', 'infection', 'agegroups', 'measure', 'chance', 'ofinfection', 'around', 'world', 'pilot', 'experimentson', 'locational', 'tracking', 'fight', 'thepandemic', 'sprouting', 'examplein', 'israel', 'south', 'korea', 'andchina', 'china', 'alibaba', 'andtencent', 'scrambled', 'withgovernment', 'oversight', 'creatinglocation', 'based', 'health', 'checkup', 'appsstarting', 'january', 'theinitial', 'version', 'online', 'february11', 'after', 'weeks', 'intensivedevelopment', 'tracelocation', 'blocks', 'tellthe', 'whether', 'tocovid', 'zones', '14days', 'majority', 'chinesepublic', 'chose', 'adopt', 'thisinfrastructure', 'along', 'othermeasures', 'universal', 'wearing', 'quarantines', 'itcontributed', 'significantly', 'thechinese', 'effort', 'containing', 'andalmost', 'total', 'elimination', 'covid', 'effort', 'released', 'openly', 'itstechnical', 'whitepapers', 'however', 'beingthere', 'reported', 'effort', 'usethat', 'infrastructure', 'proactivenucleic', 'antibody', 'testing', 'thegeneral', 'public', 'april', 'science', 'magazinerecently', 'called', 'utilization', 'ofmobile', 'phone', 'modeling', 'andcontact', 'tracing', 'gradually', 'policymakers', 'scientists', 'andengineers', 'globally', 'coming', 'torealize', 'mobile', 'phonescan', 'combat', 'covid', 'isimportant', 'peoples', 'aware', 'ofthis', 'option', 'debate', 'about', 'andmake', 'decision', 'their', 'nation', 'thispandemic', 'lasts', 'cango', 'therefore', 'options', 'should', 'stayon', 'table', 'epicenters', 'thepandemic', 'government', 'might', 'tointegrate', 'possible', 'measurestogether', 'against', 'thepandemic', 'pilot', 'study', 'tointroduce', 'field', 'public', 'healththe', 'importance', 'social', 'networkanalyses', 'already', 'theuse', 'traditional', 'modeling', 'forinfectious', 'diseases', 'since', 'onset', 'ofthe', 'pandemic', 'modelsassume', 'equal', 'infection', 'allindividuals', 'insufficientalone', 'social', 'network', 'analysesprovide', 'insights', 'exposure', 'risks', 'ofeach', 'individual', 'beintegrated', 'models', 'modeling', 'assume', 'thateveryone', 'equal', 'immunity', 'ourmodel', 'because', 'limited', 'ifpossible', 'collect', 'detailedinformation', 'about', 'individuals', 'wehope', 'improve', 'modelconsidering', 'covariates', 'affectingpersonal', 'immunity', 'battle', 'thepandemic', 'potentially', 'endemiccovid', 'planetary', 'challenge', 'interdisciplinary', 'teamwork', 'amongepidemiologists', 'computer', 'scientistsand', 'scientists', 'lawmakers', 'isneeded', 'modelrevised', 'applied', 'policies', 'andday', 'operations', 'modelingcan', 'politics', 'doesthe', 'bottom', 'againstdystopian', 'location', 'toconstruct', 'social', 'network', 'ofanonymous', 'cellphones', 'peoplewithout', 'privacy', 'serviceinstead', 'surveillance', 'thisservice', 'should', 'temporaryduring', 'pandemic', 'planet', 'afterthe', 'pandemic', 'needgeoslavery', 'contributorsconceptualization', 'programming', 'analysis', 'writing', 'acknowledgmentthe', 'authors', 'would', 'thank', 'jiang', 'rounds', 'fruitfuldiscussions', 'access', 'forthis', 'article', 'provided', 'gagoinc', 'beijing', 'china', 'new_paper']
['received', 'accepted', 'publication', 'current', 'version', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3003810iteratively', 'pruned', 'learning', 'ensemblesfor', 'covid', 'detection', 'chest', 'rayssivaramakrishnan', 'rajaraman', 'member', 'jenifer', 'siegelman2', 'philip', 'alderson3', 'lucas', 'folio4', 'folio6', 'sameer', 'antani', 'senior', 'member', '1lister', 'national', 'center', 'biomedical', 'communications', 'national', 'library', 'medicine', 'bethesda', '20894', 'usa2takeda', 'pharmaceuticals', 'cambridge', '02139', 'usa3school', 'medicine', 'saint', 'louis', 'university', 'louis', '63104', 'usa4functional', 'applied', 'biomechanics', 'section', 'clinical', 'center', 'national', 'institutes', 'health', 'bethesda', '20892', 'usa5walt', 'whitman', 'school', 'bethesda', '20817', 'usa6radiological', 'imaging', 'sciences', 'clinical', 'center', 'national', 'institutes', 'health', 'bethesda', '20894', 'usacorresponding', 'author', 'sivaramakrishnan', 'rajaraman', 'sivaramakrishnan', 'rajaraman', 'supported', 'intramural', 'research', 'program', 'national', 'library', 'medicine', 'national', 'institutesof', 'health', 'abstract', 'demonstrate', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'learning', 'model', 'ensembles', 'detectingpulmonary', 'manifestations', 'covid', 'chest', 'disease', 'caused', 'novel', 'severeacute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'virus', 'known', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'custom', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'selection', 'imagenet', 'pretrained', 'models', 'aretrained', 'evaluated', 'patient', 'level', 'publicly', 'available', 'collections', 'learn', 'modality', 'specificfeature', 'representations', 'learned', 'knowledge', 'transferred', 'tuned', 'improve', 'performanceand', 'generalization', 'related', 'classifying', 'normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'orcovid', 'viral', 'abnormalities', 'performing', 'models', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'reduce', 'complexity', 'andimprove', 'memory', 'efficiency', 'predictions', 'performing', 'pruned', 'models', 'combined', 'throughdifferent', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'improve', 'classification', 'performance', 'empirical', 'evaluations', 'demonstrate', 'thatthe', 'weighted', 'average', 'performing', 'pruned', 'models', 'significantly', 'improves', 'performance', 'resulting', 'accuracy', 'under', 'curve', 'detecting', 'covid', 'findings', 'thecombined', 'modality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'iterative', 'model', 'pruning', 'ensemble', 'learningresulted', 'improved', 'predictions', 'expect', 'model', 'quickly', 'adopted', 'covid', 'screeningusing', 'chest', 'radiographs', 'index', 'terms', 'covid', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'learning', 'ensemble', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'introductionnovel', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'causedby', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndromecoronavirus', 'originated', 'wuhan', 'inthe', 'hubei', 'province', 'china', 'spread', 'worldwide', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'declared', 'break', 'pandemic', 'march', 'disease', 'israpidly', 'affecting', 'worldwide', 'population', 'statistics', 'quicklyfalling', 'april', 'there', 'over1', 'million', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'reported', 'globally', 'over100', 'reported', 'deaths', 'disease', 'causes', 'difficultyin', 'breathing', 'reported', 'early', 'indicator', 'alongwith', 'hyperthermia', 'covid', 'infected', 'population', 'associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript', 'andapproving', 'publication', 'victor', 'albuquerque', 'abnormalities', 'caused', 'virusesare', 'observed', 'peripheral', 'hilar', 'visually', 'similar', 'often', 'distinct', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'other', 'bacterialpathogens', 'reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'tests', 'performed', 'detect', 'presence', 'ofthe', 'virus', 'considered', 'standard', 'diagnosecovid', 'infection', 'however', 'reported', 'havevariable', 'sensitivity', 'geographic', 'regions', 'notbe', 'widely', 'available', 'while', 'currently', 'recommendedas', 'primary', 'diagnostic', 'tools', 'chest', 'puted', 'tomography', 'scans', 'screen', 'forcovid', 'infection', 'evaluate', 'disease', 'progression', 'inhospital', 'admitted', 'cases', 'while', 'chest', 'offers', 'greatersensitivity', 'pulmonary', 'disease', 'there', 'several', 'challengesto', 'these', 'include', 'portability', 'requirementvolume', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '115041s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrsfigure', 'graphical', 'abstract', 'proposed', 'study', 'sanitize', 'equipment', 'between', 'patients', 'followedby', 'delay', 'least', 'exposingthe', 'hospital', 'staff', 'other', 'patients', 'persons', 'underinvestigation', 'virus', 'although', 'sensitive', 'portable', 'considered', 'acceptable', 'alternative', 'since', 'imaged', 'isolated', 'rooms', 'limiting', 'personnel', 'exposure', 'because', 'sanitation', 'muchless', 'complex', 'obtain', 'automated', 'computer', 'aided', 'diagnostic', 'toolsdriven', 'automated', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'methodsdesigned', 'detect', 'differentiate', 'covid', 'related', 'racic', 'abnormalities', 'should', 'highly', 'valuable', 'given', 'heavyburden', 'infected', 'patients', 'especially', 'important', 'inlocations', 'insufficient', 'availability', 'radiologicalexpertise', 'produce', 'throughput', 'triage', 'suchas', 'casualty', 'automated', 'approaches', 'dated', 'shown', 'reduce', 'inter', 'intra', 'observervariability', 'radiological', 'assessments', 'additionally', 'tools', 'gained', 'immense', 'significance', 'clinicalmedicine', 'supplementing', 'medical', 'decision', 'making', 'andimproving', 'screening', 'diagnostic', 'accuracy', 'these', 'toolscombine', 'elements', 'radiological', 'image', 'processing', 'withcomputer', 'vision', 'identifying', 'typical', 'disease', 'manifesta', 'tions', 'localizing', 'suspicious', 'regions', 'interest', 'present', 'recent', 'advances', 'machine', 'learning', 'particularlydata', 'driven', 'learning', 'methods', 'using', 'convolutionalneural', 'networks', 'shown', 'promising', 'performancein', 'identifying', 'classifying', 'quantifying', 'disease', 'patternsin', 'medical', 'images', 'particularly', 'scansand', 'these', 'models', 'learn', 'hierarchical', 'featurerepresentations', 'medical', 'images', 'analyze', 'typicaldisease', 'manifestations', 'localize', 'suspicious', 'densities', 'forroi', 'evaluation', 'study', 'highlight', 'benefits', 'offered', 'through', 'theuse', 'ensemble', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'models', 'towarddistinguishing', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'relatedopacities', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'normals', 'using', 'licly', 'available', 'collections', 'shows', 'graphi', 'abstract', 'proposed', 'study', 'shows', 'instancesof', 'being', 'normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'andcovid', 'related', 'pneumonia', 'custom', 'selection', 'pretrained', 'trained', 'large', 'scale', 'selection', 'learncxr', 'modality', 'specific', 'feature', 'representations', 'learnedknowledge', 'transferred', 'tuned', 'classify', 'thenormal', 'abnormal', 'leverage', 'benefits', 'ofmodality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'andfigure', 'showing', 'clear', 'lungs', 'bacterial', 'pneumoniamanifesting', 'consolidations', 'right', 'upper', 'retro', 'cardiacleft', 'lower', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'infection', 'manifesting', 'asperipheral', 'opacities', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'reduce', 'model', 'complexity', 'improverobustness', 'generalization', 'inference', 'capability', 'dlmodel', 'remainder', 'manuscript', 'organized', 'follows', 'section', 'discusses', 'prior', 'works', 'section', 'discussesthe', 'datasets', 'methods', 'toward', 'modality', 'specificknowledge', 'transfer', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'ensemble', 'learn', 'section', 'elaborates', 'results', 'obtained', 'andsection', 'concludes', 'study', 'discussion', 'meritsand', 'limitations', 'proposed', 'approach', 'future', 'workdirections', 'prior', 'worka', 'covid', 'detectiona', 'study', 'literature', 'reveals', 'several', 'efforts', 'forcovid', 'screening', 'authors', 'distinguishedcovid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'manifestations', 'otherviral', 'pneumonia', 'chest', 'scans', 'specificity', 'observed', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'found', 'beperipherally', 'distributed', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities', 'vascular', 'thickening', 'authors', 'establisheda', 'publicly', 'available', 'collection', 'scans', 'showingcovid', 'pneumonia', 'manifestations', 'trained', 'deepcnn', 'achieve', 'score', 'classifying', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'authors', 'customized', 'pretrainedalexnet', 'model', 'classify', 'normal', 'showingcovid', 'pneumonia', 'accuracy', 'respec', 'tively', 'authors', 'resnet', 'toclassify', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumo', 'manifestations', 'achieved', 'accuracy', 'score', 'commonlyanalyzed', 'diagnose', 'differentiate', 'other', 'types', 'pneumo', 'including', 'bacterial', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'authors', 'proposed', 'custom', 'modelthat', 'designed', 'combining', 'manual', 'design', 'prototyp', 'machine', 'driven', 'designing', 'approach', 'classifycxrs', 'normal', 'showing', 'covid', 'covid', '19pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'accuracy', 'modality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transferwith', 'limited', 'amounts', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'traditional', 'transfer', 'learning', 'strategies', 'offer', 'promise', 'where', 'learned', 'feature', 'representations', 'tuned', 'to115042', 'volume', '2020s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrsimprove', 'performance', 'however', 'unique', 'challenges', 'posedin', 'appearance', 'medical', 'images', 'including', 'highinter', 'class', 'similarity', 'intra', 'class', 'variance', 'tomodel', 'overfitting', 'resulting', 'reduced', 'perfor', 'mance', 'generalization', 'these', 'issues', 'alleviatedthrough', 'modality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'retrainingcnn', 'models', 'large', 'image', 'collection', 'learnmodality', 'specific', 'feature', 'representations', 'modality', 'specificmodel', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'ensembles', 'havedemonstrated', 'superior', 'disease', 'localization', 'compared', 'toindividual', 'constituent', 'models', 'model', 'pruningto', 'alleviate', 'burdens', 'computing', 'resources', 'modelscan', 'pruned', 'reduce', 'inference', 'facilitatedeployment', 'resource', 'conditions', 'evenimprovement', 'performance', 'performed', 'model', 'pruning', 'decrease', 'computational', 'complexity', 'hassibi', 'deleted', 'network', 'parameters', 'leveragingthe', 'second', 'derivative', 'taylor', 'series', 'improvedmodel', 'generalization', 'authors', 'found', 'theearlier', 'layers', 'neural', 'networks', 'activationsthat', 'effectively', 'excluded', 'network', 'withoutaffecting', 'model', 'performance', 'proposed', 'iterativeoptimization', 'method', 'gradually', 'eliminate', 'neurons', 'withthe', 'least', 'activations', 'toward', 'reducing', 'memory', 'powerrequirements', 'promoting', 'faster', 'model', 'inference', 'whenapplied', 'medical', 'imaging', 'authors', 'proposed', 'agenetic', 'algorithm', 'based', 'pathway', 'evolution', 'strategy', 'prunedl', 'models', 'resulted', 'reduction', 'networkparameters', 'improved', 'classification', 'performancein', 'breast', 'mammograms', 'systematic', 'weight', 'pruning', 'strat', 'prune', 'model', 'based', 'monia', 'detector', 'classifying', 'normal', 'showingpneumonia', 'manifestations', 'using', 'radiological', 'north', 'america', 'collection', 'however', 'there', 'further', 'research', 'ensemble', 'classificationcnns', 'linear', 'models', 'learn', 'complex', 'relationshipsfrom', 'through', 'error', 'backpropagation', 'stochasticoptimization', 'making', 'highly', 'sensitive', 'random', 'weightinitializations', 'statistical', 'noise', 'present', 'trainingdata', 'these', 'issues', 'alleviated', 'ensemble', 'learningby', 'training', 'multiple', 'models', 'combining', 'their', 'predictionswhere', 'individual', 'model', 'weaknesses', 'offset', 'thepredictions', 'other', 'models', 'combined', 'predictions', 'shownto', 'superior', 'individual', 'models', 'there', 'severalensemble', 'strategies', 'reported', 'literature', 'including', 'maxvoting', 'simple', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'stacking', 'boosting', 'blending', 'others', 'shown', 'minimize', 'varianceerror', 'improve', 'generalization', 'performance', 'cnnmodels', 'applied', 'authors', 'leveraged', 'ensemble', 'models', 'towardimproving', 'detection', 'averaging', 'ensembleof', 'pretrained', 'authors', 'towardimproving', 'cardiomegaly', 'detection', 'using', 'table', 'dataset', 'characteristics', 'numerator', 'denominator', 'denotesthe', 'number', 'train', 'respectively', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'unknown', 'bacterial', 'proven', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'materials', 'methodsa', 'collection', 'preprocessingtable', 'shows', 'distribution', 'across', 'differentcategories', 'following', 'publicly', 'availablecxr', 'collections', 'retrospective', 'analysis', 'pediatric', 'dataset', 'authors', 'collected', 'guangzhou', 'women', 'andchildren', 'medical', 'center', 'guangzhou', 'china', 'anterior', 'posterior', 'children', 'years', 'ofage', 'showing', 'normal', 'lungs', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'andnon', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'expert', 'radiologists', 'curatedthe', 'collection', 'remove', 'quality', 'chest', 'radiographs', 'dataset', 'multi', 'expert', 'curated', 'dataset', 'includes', 'images', 'thenational', 'institutes', 'health', 'dataset', 'dataset', 'released', 'kaggle', 'pneumonia', 'detec', 'challenge', 'organized', 'jointly', 'thecollection', 'includes', 'normal', 'abnormal', 'images', 'withnon', 'pneumonia', 'pneumonia', 'opacities', 'imagesare', 'available', 'pixel', 'resolution', 'dicomformat', 'twitter', 'covid', 'dataseta', 'cardiothoracic', 'radiologist', 'spain', 'available', 'acollection', 'pixel', 'resolution', 'injfif', 'format', 'twitter', 'positive', 'subjects', 'https', 'twitter', 'chestimaging', 'montreal', 'covid', 'dataset', 'publicly', 'available', 'periodically', 'updated', 'github', 'repositorythat', 'includes', 'covid', 'cases', 'other', 'pulmonaryviral', 'disease', 'manifestations', 'posterior', 'anterior', 'supine', 'views', 'april', 'repository', 'had179', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'performed', 'patient', 'level', 'splits', 'these', 'collectionsto', 'allocate', 'training', 'testing', 'ferent', 'stages', 'learning', 'discussed', 'study', 'domly', 'allocated', 'training', 'validate', 'dlmodels', 'ground', 'truth', 'comprisingof', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacitiesis', 'verification', 'publicly', 'identified', 'cases', 'fromexpert', 'radiologists', 'annotated', 'segmentationwhile', 'covid', 'cases', 'mimic', 'common', 'upperrespiratory', 'viral', 'infections', 'advanced', 'disease', 'results', 'involume', '115043s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrsfigure', 'segmentation', 'approach', 'showing', 'based', 'maskgeneration', 'cropping', 'figure', 'architecture', 'customized', 'model', 'input', 'convolution', 'global', 'average', 'pooling', 'dropout', 'dense', 'softmax', 'activation', 'normal', 'predictions', 'abnormal', 'predictions', 'respiratory', 'dysfunction', 'principal', 'cause', 'fortriggering', 'mortality', 'developing', 'solutions', 'detectingthe', 'disease', 'important', 'guard', 'against', 'irrelevantfeatures', 'could', 'severely', 'affect', 'reliable', 'decision', 'making', 'study', 'performed', 'based', 'semantic', 'segmen', 'tation', 'segment', 'pixels', 'background', 'gaussian', 'dropout', 'layers', 'added', 'tothe', 'encoder', 'dropout', 'ratio', 'empiricallydetermined', 'study', 'illustrates', 'thesegmentation', 'steps', 'performed', 'study', 'collection', 'masks', 'train', 'model', 'generate', 'masks', 'of256', 'pixel', 'resolution', 'aforementioned', 'datasets', 'model', 'checkpoints', 'monitor', 'performance', 'andstored', 'model', 'weights', 'generate', 'final', 'lungmasks', 'these', 'masks', 'superimposed', 'cxrimages', 'bounding', 'containing', 'lungpixels', 'cropped', 'lungs', 'resized', 'pixel', 'lution', 'crops', 'further', 'preprocessed', 'performingpixel', 'rescaling', 'median', 'filtering', 'noise', 'removal', 'edgepreservation', 'normalization', 'standardization', 'foridentical', 'feature', 'distribution', 'preprocessed', 'crops', 'areused', 'model', 'training', 'evaluation', 'different', 'stages', 'oflearning', 'discussed', 'study', 'models', 'computational', 'resourceswe', 'evaluated', 'performance', 'customized', 'selection', 'imagenet', 'pretrained', 'models', 'inception', 'xception', 'inceptionresnet', 'mobilenet', 'densenet', 'nasnet', 'mobile', 'customized', 'linear', 'stack', 'strided', 'separableconvolution', 'layers', 'global', 'average', 'pooling', 'adense', 'layer', 'softmax', 'activation', 'shows', 'archi', 'tecture', 'custom', 'study', 'useddropout', 'reduce', 'issues', 'model', 'overfitting', 'viding', 'restricted', 'regularization', 'improving', 'generalizationby', 'reducing', 'model', 'sensitivity', 'specifics', 'thetraining', 'input', 'strided', 'convolutions', 'wereshown', 'improve', 'performance', 'several', 'visual', 'recognitionbenchmarks', 'compared', 'pooling', 'layers', 'separableconvolutions', 'reduce', 'model', 'parameters', 'andfigure', 'architecture', 'pretrained', 'input', 'truncated', 'model', 'padding', 'convolution', 'global', 'average', 'pooling', 'dropout', 'dense', 'softmaxactivation', 'output', 'improve', 'performance', 'compared', 'conventional', 'convolutionoperations', 'number', 'separable', 'convolutional', 'filters', 'areinitialized', 'increased', 'factor', 'thesuccessive', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'filters', 'stride', 'length', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'added', 'layer', 'average', 'spatial', 'feature', 'dimensions', 'arefed', 'final', 'dense', 'layer', 'softmax', 'activation', 'talos', 'optimization', 'package', 'optimizethe', 'parameters', 'hyperparameters', 'customized', 'cnnthat', 'include', 'dropout', 'ratio', 'optimizer', 'linearactivation', 'function', 'model', 'trained', 'evaluatedwith', 'optimal', 'parameters', 'classify', 'theirrespective', 'categories', 'instantiated', 'pretrained', 'their', 'imagenetweights', 'truncated', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'following', 'layers', 'added', 'truncated', 'model', 'padding', 'strided', 'separable', 'convolutional', 'layerwith', 'filters', 'feature', 'layer', 'dropout', 'layer', 'empirically', 'determined', 'dropoutratio', 'final', 'dense', 'layer', 'softmax', 'activation', 'shows', 'customized', 'architecture', 'pretrainedmodels', 'study', 'optimized', 'following', 'hyperparameters', 'thepretrained', 'using', 'randomized', 'search', 'method', 'momentum', 'regularization', 'initiallearning', 'stochastic', 'gradient', 'descent', 'mizer', 'search', 'ranges', 'initialized', 'momentum', 'regularization', 'initial', 'learning', 'respectively', 'pretrained', 'retrained', 'smaller', 'weightupdates', 'improve', 'generalization', 'categorize', 'cxrsto', 'their', 'respective', 'classes', 'class', 'weights', 'duringmodel', 'training', 'penalize', 'overrepresented', 'classes', 'toprevent', 'overfitting', 'improve', 'performance', 'usedmodel', 'checkpoints', 'store', 'model', 'weights', 'furtheranalysis', 'modality', 'specific', 'transfer', 'learningand', 'tuningwe', 'performed', 'modality', 'specific', 'transfer', 'learning', 'wherethe', 'customized', 'imagenet', 'pretrained', 'models', 'areretrained', 'collection', 'learn', 'cxrmodality', 'specific', 'features', 'classify', 'intonormal', 'abnormal', 'categories', 'collec', 'includes', 'normal', 'abnormal', 'images', 'contain', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'weightlayers', 'specific', 'modality', 'throughlearning', 'features', 'normal', 'abnormal', 'lungs', 'thelearned', 'knowledge', 'transferred', 'tuned', 'relatedtask', 'classifying', 'pooled', 'pediatric', '115044', 'volume', '2020s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrstwitter', 'covid', 'montreal', 'covid', 'collec', 'tions', 'respectively', 'normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumo', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'improveclassification', 'performance', 'performing', 'modality', 'specific', 'areinstantiated', 'truncated', 'their', 'deepest', 'convolutionallayer', 'added', 'following', 'layers', 'padding', 'strided', 'separable', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'feature', 'layer', 'dropoutlayer', 'final', 'dense', 'layer', 'softmax', 'activation', 'themodified', 'models', 'tuned', 'classify', 'beingnormal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'viralpneumonia', 'class', 'weights', 'during', 'model', 'training', 'toaward', 'higher', 'weights', 'under', 'represented', 'class', 'reduceissues', 'class', 'imbalance', 'improve', 'generalizationand', 'performance', 'tuning', 'performed', 'through', 'sgdoptimization', 'model', 'checkpoints', 'store', 'thebest', 'weights', 'further', 'analysis', 'iterative', 'model', 'pruningwe', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'tuned', 'models', 'theoptimal', 'number', 'neurons', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'toreduce', 'model', 'complexity', 'performance', 'gradually', 'eliminated', 'neurons', 'fewer', 'activationsat', 'through', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'model', 'retrain', 'average', 'percentage', 'zeros', 'percentage', 'neuron', 'activations', 'observed', 'thevalidation', 'dataset', 'measure', 'neurons', 'eachconvolutional', 'layer', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'percentage', 'ofneurons', 'highest', 'layer', 'timestep', 'retrained', 'pruned', 'model', 'process', 'repeateduntil', 'maximum', 'percentage', 'pruning', 'achieved', 'thebest', 'pruned', 'model', 'selected', 'collection', 'ofiteratively', 'pruned', 'models', 'based', 'their', 'performance', 'withthe', 'retrained', 'pruned', 'model', 'expected', 'achievesimilar', 'better', 'performance', 'unpruned', 'models', 'withreduced', 'model', 'complexity', 'computational', 'requirements', 'algorithm', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'performed', 'study', 'isdescribed', 'below', 'learning', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensemblesthe', 'performing', 'pruned', 'models', 'selected', 'constructthe', 'ensemble', 'improve', 'prediction', 'performance', 'gener', 'alization', 'compared', 'individual', 'constituent', 'model', 'several', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'including', 'voting', 'averaging', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'stacking', 'combine', 'thepredictions', 'pruned', 'models', 'toward', 'classifying', 'asnormal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'stacking', 'ensemble', 'neuralnetwork', 'based', 'learner', 'learns', 'optimally', 'predictions', 'individual', 'pruned', 'models', 'themeta', 'learner', 'consisting', 'single', 'hidden', 'layer', 'nineneurons', 'trained', 'interpret', 'multi', 'class', 'input', 'fromthe', 'pruned', 'models', 'final', 'dense', 'layer', 'outputsthe', 'predictions', 'categorize', 'their', 'respectiveclasses', 'algorithm', 'iterative', 'pruninginput', 'pruning', 'percentage', 'maximum', 'pruning', 'percentage', 'train', 'evaluate', 'models', 'store', 'thebest', 'model', 'weights2', 'while', 'percent', 'pruned', 'calculate', 'number', 'filters', 'convolu', 'tional', 'layerb', 'identify', 'delete', 'percentage', 'filters', 'eachconvolutional', 'layer', 'highest', 'average', 'centage', 'zerosc', 'retrain', 'evaluate', 'pruned', 'model', 'andstore', 'pruned', 'weightsd', 'incrementally', 'prune', 'network', 'retraining', 'eachtime', 'pruned', 'modelend', 'whilereturn', 'number', 'pruned', 'modelsg', 'visualization', 'studiesvisualizing', 'learned', 'behavior', 'models', 'adebated', 'topic', 'particularly', 'medical', 'visual', 'recognitiontasks', 'there', 'several', 'visualization', 'strategies', 'reported', 'inthe', 'literature', 'include', 'visualizing', 'overall', 'structure', 'gradient', 'based', 'visualization', 'thatperforms', 'gradient', 'manipulation', 'during', 'network', 'training', 'gradient', 'weighted', 'class', 'activation', 'mapping', 'gradient', 'based', 'visualization', 'method', 'computes', 'thescores', 'given', 'image', 'category', 'concerning', 'deepest', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'trainedmodel', 'gradients', 'flowing', 'backward', 'arepooled', 'globally', 'measure', 'importance', 'weightsin', 'decision', 'making', 'process', 'study', 'verifiedthe', 'learned', 'behavior', 'pruned', 'models', 'comparingsalient', 'consensus', 'annotations', 'experiencedradiologists', 'statistical', 'analyseswe', 'analyzed', 'model', 'performance', 'statisticalsignificance', 'different', 'stages', 'learning', 'fidence', 'intervals', 'measure', 'analyze', 'skillof', 'models', 'shorter', 'infers', 'smaller', 'marginof', 'error', 'relatively', 'precise', 'estimate', 'while', 'larger', 'ciallows', 'margin', 'error', 'therefore', 'results', 'reducedprecision', 'computed', 'values', 'theauc', 'different', 'learning', 'stages', 'explain', 'models', 'predictive', 'performance', 'values', 'computed', 'bethe', 'clopper', 'pearson', 'exact', 'interval', 'corresponds', 'theseparate', 'sided', 'interval', 'individual', 'coverage', 'probabil', 'ities', 'statsmodels', 'version', 'tocompute', 'measures', 'codes', 'associated', 'studyare', 'available', 'https', 'github', 'sivaramakrishnan', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'model', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'volume', '115045s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrstable', 'optimal', 'values', 'parameters', 'hyperparameters', 'thecustom', 'pretrained', 'models', 'obtained', 'through', 'optimization', 'tools', 'momentum', 'initial', 'learning', 'weight', 'decay', 'dropout', 'ratio', 'table', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'during', 'modality', 'specific', 'transferlearning', 'using', 'dataset', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'precision', 'score', 'matthews', 'correlation', 'coefficient', 'param', 'trainable', 'parameters', 'values', 'square', 'brackets', 'showthe', 'computed', 'clopper', 'pearson', 'exact', 'intervalcorresponding', 'separate', 'sided', 'interval', 'individual', 'coverageprobabilities', 'results', 'discussionthe', 'optimal', 'values', 'parameters', 'hyperparametersobtained', 'customized', 'pretrained', 'withthe', 'talos', 'optimization', 'randomized', 'search', 'respectively', 'shown', 'table', 'table', 'shows', 'performance', 'achieved', 'throughmodality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'customized', 'andpretrained', 'using', 'dataset', 'observed', 'andinception', 'models', 'accurate', 'other', 'under', 'study', 'aforementioned', 'models', 'demonstratedpromising', 'values', 'shorter', 'hence', 'smallermargin', 'error', 'thereby', 'offering', 'precise', 'estimates', 'comparedto', 'other', 'models', 'because', 'architecture', 'depthsof', 'inception', 'models', 'optimal', 'learnthe', 'hierarchical', 'representations', 'features', 'cxrdata', 'classify', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'classes', 'considering', 'score', 'balancedmeasure', 'precision', 'recall', 'aforementioned', 'modelsdelivered', 'performance', 'superior', 'other', 'models', 'table', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'modality', 'specificknowledge', 'transfer', 'models', 'target', 'tasks', 'performing', 'modality', 'specific', 'knowledgetransfer', 'models', 'inception', 'areinstantiated', 'their', 'modality', 'specific', 'weights', 'cated', 'their', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'appended', 'thetask', 'specific', 'heads', 'table', 'shows', 'performance', 'achievedby', 'specific', 'models', 'toward', 'following', 'classifi', 'cation', 'tasks', 'binary', 'classification', 'classify', 'asnormal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'multi', 'class', 'sification', 'classify', 'normal', 'showing', 'bacterialpneumonia', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'observed', 'binary', 'classification', 'allthe', 'models', 'accurate', 'however', 'leastnumber', 'trainable', 'parameters', 'multi', 'class', 'classifica', 'observed', 'inception', 'model', 'moreaccurate', 'shorter', 'metric', 'signifying', 'thatit', 'least', 'margin', 'error', 'hence', 'provides', 'estimate', 'considering', 'score', 'inception', 'model', 'delivered', 'superior', 'performance', 'compared', 'tovgg', 'models', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'predictionsof', 'specific', 'models', 'andinception', 'combined', 'through', 'several', 'ensemblemethods', 'including', 'voting', 'simple', 'averaging', 'weightedaveraging', 'model', 'stacking', 'perform', 'ensemblelearning', 'binary', 'classification', 'since', 'vidual', 'models', 'accurate', 'classifying', 'asnormal', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'table', 'shows', 'performance', 'achieved', 'multi', 'classclassification', 'different', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'beobserved', 'simple', 'average', 'models', 'predictionsis', 'accurate', 'shorter', 'metric', 'signifying', 'smaller', 'margin', 'error', 'therefore', 'higherprecision', 'compared', 'other', 'ensemble', 'methods', 'consideringthe', 'score', 'averaging', 'ensemble', 'outper', 'formed', 'other', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'classifying', 'asnormal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'covid', '19viral', 'pneumonia', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'iterativelypruned', 'specific', 'models', 'and115046', 'volume', '2020s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrstable', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'unpruned', 'models', 'throughdifferent', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'multiclass', 'classification', 'table', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'iteratively', 'prunedmodels', 'compared', 'baseline', 'unpruned', 'models', 'table', 'unpruned', 'pruned', 'inception', 'removing', 'neurons', 'thehighest', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'given', 'timestep', 'retrained', 'pruned', 'model', 'evaluate', 'perfor', 'mance', 'validation', 'model', 'checkpoints', 'tostore', 'pruned', 'model', 'superior', 'performancewith', 'validation', 'process', 'repeated', 'until', 'themaximum', 'pruning', 'percentage', 'reached', 'thenevaluated', 'performance', 'pruned', 'models', 'testset', 'pruned', 'model', 'achieved', 'superior', 'performancewith', 'further', 'analysis', 'table', 'shows', 'comparison', 'performance', 'achievedby', 'pruned', 'models', 'baseline', 'unprunedtask', 'specific', 'models', 'shown', 'table', 'observedthat', 'pruned', 'models', 'accurate', 'their', 'unprunedcounterparts', 'considering', 'score', 'metrics', 'pruned', 'models', 'found', 'deliver', 'superior', 'perfor', 'mance', 'unpruned', 'models', 'interesting', 'notethat', 'performance', 'improvement', 'achieved', 'nificant', 'reduction', 'number', 'parameters', 'canbe', 'number', 'parameters', 'pruned', 'model', 'reduced', 'compared', 'unprunedcounterpart', 'similarly', 'number', 'trainable', 'parametersreduced', 'pruned', 'andinception', 'models', 'respectively', 'added', 'benefit', 'offigure', 'visualizations', 'showing', 'salient', 'detection', 'bydifferent', 'pruned', 'models', 'showing', 'covid', 'viralpneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'annotations', 'prunedmodel', 'pruned', 'model', 'inception', 'pruned', 'model', 'bright', 'corresponds', 'pixels', 'carrying', 'higher', 'importance', 'andhence', 'weights', 'categorizing', 'sample', 'covid', 'viralpneumonia', 'category', 'performance', 'improvement', 'terms', 'accuracy', 'score', 'andmcc', 'metrics', 'compared', 'their', 'unpruned', 'counterparts', 'shows', 'results', 'performing', 'camvisualizations', 'localize', 'salient', 'ferent', 'pruned', 'models', 'classify', 'sample', 'thecovid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'category', 'visualizations', 'arecompared', 'consensus', 'annotations', 'provided', 'theexpert', 'radiologists', 'predictions', 'pruned', 'models', 'aredecoded', 'sample', 'dimensional', 'aregenerated', 'bright', 'which', 'corresponds', 'pixels', 'rying', 'higher', 'importance', 'hence', 'weights', 'categorizingthe', 'sample', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'infected', 'category', 'distinct', 'color', 'transitions', 'observed', 'varying', 'rangesof', 'pixel', 'importance', 'toward', 'making', 'predictions', 'salientrois', 'localized', 'superimposing', 'theinput', 'sample', 'observed', 'pruned', 'modelsprecisely', 'localize', 'salient', 'underscores', 'factthat', 'pruned', 'models', 'learned', 'implicit', 'rules', 'thatgeneralize', 'conform', 'experts', 'knowledge', 'aboutthe', 'problem', 'table', 'shows', 'comparison', 'performance', 'metricsachieved', 'different', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'theunpruned', 'pruned', 'models', 'toward', 'classifying', 'asnormal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'viralpneumonia', 'while', 'performing', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'ensemble', 'bothunpruned', 'pruned', 'models', 'predictions', 'awarded', 'theimportance', 'based', 'their', 'score', 'measures', 'thatoffer', 'balanced', 'measure', 'precision', 'sensitivity', 'fromtable', 'observed', 'pruned', 'unprunedvolume', '115047s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrstable', 'comparing', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'prunedand', 'unpruned', 'model', 'ensembles', 'table', 'figure', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'obtained', 'weighted', 'average', 'prunedensemble', 'inception', 'model', 'delivered', 'superior', 'performance', 'lowed', 'models', 'regard', 'weassigned', 'weights', 'predictions', 'ofinception', 'models', 'respectively', 'observed', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'ensembleof', 'predictions', 'pruned', 'models', 'delivered', 'superiorperformance', 'aspects', 'shows', 'confu', 'matrix', 'curves', 'respectively', 'obtained', 'theweighted', 'averaging', 'pruned', 'ensemble', 'metric', 'shortest', 'errormargin', 'precise', 'estimate', 'obtained', 'withthe', 'other', 'ensemble', 'methods', 'considering', 'score', 'andmcc', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'ensemble', 'outperformed', 'theother', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'classifying', 'normal', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'figure', 'curves', 'showing', 'micro', 'macro', 'averaged', 'class', 'specificauc', 'obtained', 'weighted', 'average', 'pruned', 'ensemble', 'conclusionthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'enormously', 'negativeimpact', 'population', 'health', 'national', 'economies', 'world', 'early', 'diagnosis', 'often', 'suboptimal', 'serolog', 'tests', 'widely', 'available', 'opportunity', 'toutilize', 'diagnostic', 'approach', 'could', 'animportant', 'nearly', 'universally', 'available', 'battleagainst', 'covid', 'other', 'respiratory', 'viruses', 'mightemerge', 'future', 'current', 'study', 'demonstratethat', 'applying', 'ensemble', 'findingsseen', 'modality', 'specific', 'transfer', 'learning', 'performed', 'alarge', 'scale', 'collection', 'diversified', 'distribu', 'helped', 'learning', 'modality', 'specific', 'features', 'thelearned', 'feature', 'representations', 'served', 'weight', 'tialization', 'improved', 'model', 'adaptation', 'generalizationcompared', 'imagenet', 'pretrained', 'weights', 'transferredand', 'tuned', 'related', 'classification', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'specific', 'models', 'selectionof', 'performing', 'pruned', 'model', 'improvedprediction', 'performance', 'significantlyreduced', 'number', 'trainable', 'parameters', 'becausethere', 'redundant', 'network', 'parameters', 'neurons', 'deepmodel', 'contribute', 'improving', 'predictionperformance', 'these', 'neurons', 'lesser', 'activations', 'beidentified', 'removed', 'results', 'faster', 'smaller', 'modelwith', 'similar', 'improved', 'performance', 'unprunedmodels', 'would', 'facilitate', 'deploying', 'these', 'models', 'onbrowsers', 'mobile', 'devices', 'further', 'improved', 'performance', 'constructingensembles', 'pruned', 'models', 'empirically', 'evaluatingthe', 'performance', 'pruned', 'models', 'awarding', 'weightsbased', 'their', 'predictions', 'observed', 'weightedaveraging', 'ensemble', 'pruned', 'models', 'outperformed', 'theother', 'ensemble', 'methods', 'performed', 'visualization', 'studies', 'validate', 'thepruned', 'model', 'localization', 'performance', 'found', 'thepruned', 'models', 'precisely', 'localized', 'salient', 'incategorizing', 'input', 'their', 'expected', 'categories', '115048', 'volume', '2020s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrswe', 'observe', 'combined', 'modality', 'specificknowledge', 'transfer', 'iterative', 'model', 'pruning', 'ensem', 'learning', 'reduced', 'prediction', 'variance', 'model', 'complexity', 'promoted', 'faster', 'inference', 'performance', 'generalization', 'however', 'success', 'approach', 'controlled', 'twobroad', 'factors', 'dataset', 'inherent', 'variability', 'computational', 'resources', 'needed', 'successful', 'deploy', 'dataset', 'specifically', 'refer', 'theminimum', 'number', 'topically', 'relevant', 'images', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'distinct', 'bacte', 'normal', 'images', 'needed', 'build', 'confidenceinto', 'ensemble', 'computational', 'resources', 'recog', 'training', 'memory', 'constraints', 'required', 'forpracticable', 'deployment', 'however', 'solutions', 'performance', 'computing', 'cloud', 'technologywould', 'address', 'feasibility', 'regard', 'future', 'studiescould', 'explore', 'visualizing', 'interpreting', 'learned', 'behav', 'pruned', 'model', 'ensembles', 'their', 'applicationto', 'other', 'screening', 'situations', 'covid', 'detection', 'andlocalization', 'scans', 'present', 'expect', 'thatthe', 'proposed', 'approach', 'quickly', 'adapted', 'detectionof', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'using', 'digitized', 'chest', 'radiographs', 'new_paper']
['received', 'august', 'accepted', 'august', 'publication', 'september', 'current', 'version', 'september', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3025010dl', 'learning', 'based', 'chest', 'radiographclassification', 'covid', 'detection', 'novelapproachsadman', 'sakib', 'tahrat', 'tazrin', 'mostafa', 'fouda', 'senior', 'member', 'zubair', 'fadlullah', 'senior', 'member', 'mohsen', 'guizani', 'fellow', '1department', 'computer', 'science', 'lakehead', 'university', 'thunder', 'canada2department', 'electrical', 'computer', 'engineering', 'college', 'science', 'engineering', 'idaho', 'state', 'university', 'pocatello', '83209', 'usa3department', 'electrical', 'engineering', 'faculty', 'engineering', 'shoubra', 'benha', 'university', 'cairo', '11629', 'egypt4thunder', 'regional', 'health', 'research', 'institute', 'tbrhri', 'thunder', 'canada5department', 'computer', 'science', 'engineering', 'college', 'engineering', 'qatar', 'university', 'qatarcorresponding', 'author', 'sadman', 'sakib', 'ssak2921', 'lakeheadu', 'supported', 'mitacs', 'accelerate', 'under', 'grant', 'it18879', 'natural', 'sciences', 'engineeringresearch', 'council', 'canada', 'nserc', 'under', 'discovery', 'grant', 'rgpin', '06260', 'abstract', 'exponentially', 'growing', 'covid', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'pandemic', 'clinicianscontinue', 'accurate', 'rapid', 'diagnosis', 'methods', 'addition', 'virus', 'antibody', 'testing', 'modalities', 'because', 'radiographs', 'computed', 'tomography', 'scans', 'effective', 'widelyavailable', 'public', 'health', 'facilities', 'hospital', 'emergency', 'rooms', 'rural', 'clinics', 'could', 'beused', 'rapid', 'detection', 'possible', 'covid', 'induced', 'infections', 'therefore', 'toward', 'automating', 'thecovid', 'detection', 'paper', 'propose', 'viable', 'efficient', 'learning', 'based', 'chest', 'radiographclassification', 'framework', 'distinguish', 'covid', 'cases', 'accuracy', 'otherabnormal', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'cases', 'unique', 'dataset', 'prepared', 'publicly', 'availablesources', 'containing', 'posteroanterior', 'chest', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'normalcases', 'proposed', 'framework', 'leverages', 'augmentation', 'radiograph', 'images', 'algorithm', 'covid', 'adaptively', 'employing', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'network', 'andgeneric', 'augmentation', 'methods', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'covid', 'infected', 'chest', 'images', 'traina', 'robust', 'model', 'training', 'consisting', 'actual', 'synthetic', 'chest', 'images', 'ourcustomized', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'model', 'which', 'achieves', 'covid', 'detectionaccuracy', 'compared', 'scenario', 'without', 'augmentation', 'fewactual', 'covid', 'chest', 'image', 'samples', 'available', 'original', 'dataset', 'furthermore', 'justifyour', 'customized', 'model', 'extensively', 'comparing', 'widely', 'adopted', 'architectures', 'theliterature', 'namely', 'resnet', 'inception', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'represent', 'depth', 'based', 'multi', 'based', 'hybrid', 'paradigms', 'encouragingly', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'proposal', 'implies', 'itcan', 'efficiently', 'automate', 'covid', 'detection', 'radiograph', 'images', 'provide', 'reliable', 'evidenceof', 'covid', 'infection', 'complement', 'existing', 'covid', 'diagnostics', 'modalities', 'index', 'terms', 'covid', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'learning', 'generative', 'adversarialnetwork', 'pneumonia', 'introductionthe', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'first', 'observed', 'wuhan', 'china', 'turned', 'globalthe', 'associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript', 'andapproving', 'publication', 'derek', 'abbott', 'pandemic', 'covid', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'destructive', 'impact', 'being', 'particularly', 'senior', 'citizens', 'patients', 'underlyinghealth', 'conditions', 'compromised', 'immunity', 'levels', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'already', 'contributed', 'toover', 'mortalities', 'million', 'casesvolume', '2020this', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'noncommercial', 'noderivatives', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '171575s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachof', 'covid', 'infection', 'critical', 'combat', 'thepandemic', 'effectively', 'detect', 'covid', 'infected', 'patientsas', 'early', 'possible', 'receive', 'appropriateattention', 'treatment', 'early', 'detection', 'covid', 'isalso', 'important', 'identify', 'which', 'patients', 'should', 'isolate', 'toprevent', 'community', 'spread', 'disease', 'however', 'considering', 'recent', 'spreading', 'trend', 'covid', 'effective', 'detection', 'remains', 'challenging', 'particularlyin', 'communities', 'limited', 'medical', 'resources', 'while', 'thereverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'emerged', 'technique', 'covid', 'nosis', 'chest', 'chest', 'computed', 'tomography', 'scans', 'biomarkers', 'reactive', 'protein', 'procalcitonin', 'lymphocyte', 'counts', 'elevatedinterleukin', 'interleukin', 'beingincreasingly', 'considered', 'nations', 'diagnosisand', 'provide', 'evidence', 'severe', 'disease', 'progres', 'depicted', 'existing', 'system', 'detectingcovid', 'using', 'aforementioned', 'virus', 'antibody', 'modalities', 'consuming', 'requires', 'additionalresources', 'approval', 'which', 'luxury', 'devel', 'oping', 'communities', 'hence', 'medical', 'centers', 'testkits', 'often', 'unavailable', 'shortage', 'andfalse', 'negative', 'virus', 'antibody', 'tests', 'authoritiesin', 'hubei', 'province', 'china', 'momentarily', 'employed', 'radiologi', 'scans', 'clinical', 'investigation', 'covid', 'figure', 'challenges', 'existing', 'system', 'research', 'focus', 'forcovid', 'screening', 'rural', 'areas', 'motivated', 'several', 'researchers', 'sourcesrecommend', 'chest', 'radiograph', 'suspectedcovid', 'detection', 'therefore', 'radiologists', 'canobserve', 'covid', 'infected', 'characteristics', 'groundglass', 'opacities', 'consolidation', 'harnessing', 'invasivetechniques', 'chest', 'however', 'isdifficult', 'differentiate', 'covid', 'inflicted', 'featuresfrom', 'those', 'community', 'acquired', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'therefore', 'patients', 'manual', 'inspection', 'radio', 'graph', 'accurate', 'decision', 'making', 'overwhelm', 'radiologists', 'automated', 'classification', 'nique', 'needs', 'developed', 'addition', 'radiologists', 'getinfected', 'isolate', 'impact', 'rural', 'commu', 'nities', 'limited', 'number', 'hospitals', 'radiologists', 'andcaregivers', 'moreover', 'second', 'covid', 'isanticipated', 'preparedness', 'combat', 'suchscenarios', 'involve', 'increasing', 'portable', 'chest', 'raydevices', 'widespread', 'availability', 'reduced', 'infectioncontrol', 'issues', 'currently', 'limit', 'utilization', 'there', 'depicted', 'paper', 'automate', 'thecovid', 'detection', 'using', 'images', 'developan', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'based', 'smart', 'chest', 'radiographclassification', 'framework', 'distinguish', 'covid', 'caseswith', 'accuracy', 'other', 'abnormal', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'cases', 'contributions', 'thepaper', 'summarized', 'follows', 'learning', 'based', 'predictive', 'analytics', 'approach', 'isemployed', 'propose', 'smart', 'automated', 'classifica', 'framework', 'predicting', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'cases', 'proposed', 'learning', 'basedchest', 'radiograph', 'classification', 'frameworkconsists', 'augmentation', 'radiograph', 'images', 'algorithm', 'customized', 'convolutional', 'network', 'model', 'uniquely', 'compiled', 'dataset', 'multiple', 'publiclyavailable', 'sources', 'prepared', 'radiographs', 'healthy', 'normal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'reported', 'todate', 'limited', 'number', 'covid', 'instances', 'inthe', 'dataset', 'identified', 'prime', 'reason', 'train', 'bottleneck', 'learning', 'algorithms', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'essentially', 'combinesa', 'customized', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'network', 'model', 'several', 'generic', 'augmentation', 'techniquesto', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'radiograph', 'overcome', 'thecovid', 'class', 'imbalance', 'problem', 'limiteddataset', 'availability', 'train', 'customized', 'model', 'based', 'combinedreal', 'synthetic', 'radiograph', 'images', 'contributes', 'tosignificantly', 'improved', 'accuracy', 'contrastwith', 'actual', 'covid', 'instances', 'inpublic', 'datasets', 'training', 'while', 'chest', 'rayis', 'regarded', 'sensitive', 'modality', 'detectingcovid', 'infection', 'lungs', 'compared', 'scansin', 'literature', 'demonstrate', 'formance', 'custom', 'model', 'identifyingcovid', 'cases', 'dataset', 'implying', 'approach', 'nullifies', 'needfor', 'using', 'expensive', 'machines', 'because', 'thecovid', 'detection', 'accuracy', 'using', 'custom', 'cnnmodel', 'higher', 'compared', 'reported', 'rigorously', 'analyze', 'computational', 'complexityof', 'training', 'running', 'inference', 'steps', 'ofour', 'proposed', 'framework', 'analyses', 'corroborated', 'experimental', 'results', 'reveal', 'thatour', 'proposed', 'methodology', 'leads', 'significantly', 'lowertraining', 'particularly', 'improved', 'infer', 'which', 'crucial', 'deploying', 'trainedmodel', 'portable', 'devices', 'reliablecovid', 'feature', 'detection', 'radiographs', '171576', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach', 'performance', 'customized', 'model', 'isextensively', 'compared', 'state', 'cnnarchitectures', 'literature', 'depth', 'based', 'multi', 'based', 'forth', 'proposalis', 'demonstrated', 'substantially', 'outperform', 'contem', 'porary', 'models', 'terms', 'classification', 'efficiency', 'remainder', 'paper', 'organized', 'follows', 'section', 'surveys', 'relevant', 'research', 'regardingcovid', 'relevant', 'problem', 'tradi', 'tional', 'covid', 'detection', 'challenges', 'associated', 'apply', 'developing', 'communities', 'discussed', 'section', 'proposed', 'input', 'representation', 'learning', 'modelare', 'presented', 'section', 'performance', 'proposalis', 'evaluated', 'section', 'extensively', 'compared', 'thoseof', 'known', 'architectures', 'limitations', 'ofthe', 'study', 'briefly', 'explored', 'section', 'finally', 'section', 'viiconcludes', 'paper', 'related', 'workthis', 'section', 'explores', 'relevant', 'research', 'erature', 'perspectives', 'imaging', 'modalities', 'forcovid', 'detection', 'based', 'analysis', 'radiographsamples', 'imaging', 'modalities', 'covid', 'detectionmost', 'nations', 'measures', 'react', 'suddenand', 'rapid', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'within', 'relatively', 'shortperiod', 'according', 'radiology', 'departmentshave', 'started', 'focus', 'preparedness', 'rather', 'nostic', 'capability', 'after', 'sufficient', 'knowledge', 'gatheredregarding', 'covid', 'study', 'stated', 'resemblanceof', 'covid', 'other', 'diseases', 'caused', 'other', 'coron', 'avirus', 'variants', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'middle', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'importance', 'tracking', 'condition', 'recov', 'ering', 'coronavirus', 'patient', 'using', 'scans', 'mentionedin', 'study', 'chest', 'imaging', 'techniques', 'highlighted', 'crucial', 'technique', 'detecting', 'covid', 'capturing', 'thebilateral', 'nodular', 'peripheral', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities', 'thelung', 'radiograph', 'images', 'based', 'radiograph', 'analysisthe', 'application', 'early', 'detection', 'diagnosis', 'toring', 'developing', 'vaccines', 'covid', 'elabo', 'rately', 'discussed', 'several', 'research', 'exist', 'theliterature', 'exploited', 'various', 'learning', 'techniques', 'demonstrate', 'reasonable', 'performance', 'model', 'referred', 'darkcovidnet', 'earlydetection', 'covid', 'proposed', 'which', 'utilized', 'volutional', 'layers', 'perform', 'binary', 'multi', 'class', 'classi', 'fication', 'involving', 'normal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'while', 'model', 'reported', 'overall', 'accuracy', 'binary', 'classification', 'multi', 'class', 'sification', 'reconstruction', 'darkcovidnet', 'usingmultiple', 'datasets', 'indicated', 'overtraining', 'loweraccuracy', 'biased', 'presented', 'themodel', 'several', 'other', 'papers', 'applied', 'learning', 'models', 'images', 'detect', 'monitor', 'covid', 'featuresin', 'radiograph', 'ardakani', 'employed', 'implemented', 'state', 'architec', 'tures', 'alexnet', 'resnet', 'resnet', 'resnet', 'squeezenet', 'mobilenet', 'googlenet', 'xceptionct', 'differentiate', 'between', 'covid', 'andnon', 'covid', 'cases', 'their', 'experiments', 'showed', 'deeplearning', 'could', 'considered', 'feasible', 'technique', 'tifying', 'covid', 'radiograph', 'images', 'avoid', 'poorgeneralization', 'overfitting', 'covid', 'available', 'datasets', 'model', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'which', 'achieved', 'coefficientof', 'applicability', 'covid', 'radiographdata', 'synthesis', 'confirmed', 'broader', 'spectrum', 'ofgan', 'applications', 'various', 'medical', 'according', 'thesurvey', 'survey', 'identified', 'various', 'unique', 'proper', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'augmentation', 'image', 'image', 'translation', 'encouraged', 'researchersto', 'adopt', 'image', 'reconstruction', 'segmentation', 'detection', 'classification', 'cross', 'modality', 'synthesis', 'various', 'applications', 'problem', 'statementwith', 'rapidly', 'surging', 'pandemic', 'demand', 'efficientcovid', 'detection', 'dramatically', 'increased', 'ofavailability', 'covid', 'viral', 'antibody', 'thetime', 'required', 'obtain', 'results', 'order', 'daysto', 'weeks', 'countries', 'posing', 'great', 'challenge', 'indeveloping', 'rural', 'areas', 'equipped', 'hospitals', 'clinics', 'instance', 'developing', 'countries', 'hospitals', 'donot', 'sufficient', 'covid', 'therefore', 'theyrequire', 'assistance', 'advanced', 'medical', 'centers', 'tocollect', 'transport', 'samples', 'creates', 'tleneck', 'testing', 'covid', 'therefore', 'meetthe', 'daily', 'demand', 'enormous', 'amount', 'cases', 'automated', 'reliable', 'complementary', 'covid', 'detec', 'modality', 'necessary', 'particularly', 'confront', 'pandemic', 'radiograph', 'image', 'utilization', 'forinitial', 'covid', 'screening', 'pivotal', 'areaswith', 'inadequate', 'access', 'viral', 'antibody', 'testing', 'severalstudies', 'scans', 'analyzing', 'detecting', 'tures', 'covid', 'higher', 'resolution', 'featuresof', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities', 'consolidation', 'comparedto', 'chest', 'images', 'however', 'infection', 'controlmatters', 'associated', 'patient', 'transport', 'suites', 'tively', 'procurement', 'operation', 'maintenanceof', 'equipment', 'limited', 'number', 'machinesin', 'developing', 'rural', 'areas', 'practical', 'detecting', 'covid', 'other', 'chestx', 'employed', 'identify', 'covid', 'other', 'monia', 'cases', 'practical', 'effective', 'solutionbecause', 'imaging', 'equipment', 'pervasive', 'hospitalers', 'public', 'healthcare', 'facilities', 'rural', 'clinics', 'evenfor', 'trained', 'radiologists', 'detecting', 'chest', 'images', 'posevolume', '171577s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachchallenges', 'distinguish', 'between', 'features', 'covid', 'andcommunity', 'acquired', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'moreover', 'influx', 'patients', 'hospital', 'during', 'pandemic', 'manual', 'inspection', 'radiograph', 'accurate', 'decisionmaking', 'formidable', 'tradeoff', 'between', 'detectiontime', 'accuracy', 'overwhelm', 'radiologist', 'depart', 'therefore', 'automated', 'classification', 'technique', 'needsto', 'designed', 'second', 'covid', 'expectedin', 'countries', 'preparedness', 'combat', 'pandemicwill', 'involve', 'increasing', 'portable', 'chest', 'devicesdue', 'widespread', 'availability', 'reduced', 'infection', 'controlissues', 'currently', 'limit', 'utilization', 'followingsection', 'address', 'aforementioned', 'problem', 'presenta', 'learning', 'based', 'approach', 'effectively', 'solve', 'figure', 'customized', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'network', 'modelfor', 'augmentation', 'proposed', 'learning', 'based', 'chestradiograph', 'classification', 'frameworkdeep', 'learning', 'smart', 'health', 'analytics', 'prominent', 'inter', 'disciplinary', 'field', 'merges', 'computer', 'science', 'biomedi', 'engineering', 'health', 'sciences', 'bioinformatics', 'variousmedical', 'imaging', 'devices', 'dedicated', 'image', 'signalanalysis', 'processing', 'module', 'which', 'learning', 'based', 'models', 'implemented', 'provide', 'accurate', 'inferences', 'motivated', 'conceptualize', 'deeplearning', 'based', 'chest', 'radiograph', 'classification', 'framework', 'which', 'automating', 'covid', 'detec', 'radiograph', 'images', 'proposed', 'framework', 'consists', 'compo', 'nents', 'augmentation', 'radiology', 'images', 'algorithm', 'learning', 'model', 'proposeddari', 'algorithm', 'generates', 'synthetic', 'images', 'tively', 'switching', 'between', 'customized', 'architectureand', 'generic', 'augmentation', 'techniques', 'androtation', 'synthetic', 'images', 'combined', 'theactual', 'radiograph', 'build', 'robust', 'dataset', 'efficientlytraining', 'learning', 'model', 'second', 'componentof', 'framework', 'custom', 'architecture', 'isdesigned', 'construct', 'learning', 'model', 'carry', 'outautomated', 'feature', 'extraction', 'classification', 'radio', 'graph', 'images', 'details', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'andcustom', 'model', 'envisioned', 'frameworkare', 'presented', 'followed', 'rigorous', 'complexity', 'analysis', 'ofthe', 'proposed', 'methodology', 'training', 'inference', 'phases', 'proposed', 'algorithmhere', 'propose', 'adaptive', 'augmentation', 'radio', 'graph', 'images', 'algorithm', 'referred', 'proposeddari', 'algorithm', 'performs', 'demand', 'generation', 'thetic', 'images', 'triggered', 'class', 'imbalance', 'dataset', 'generated', 'synthetic', 'images', 'combinedwith', 'actual', 'radiograph', 'images', 'construct', 'robust', 'trainingdataset', 'essential', 'covid', 'context', 'whereenough', 'representative', 'samples', 'covid', 'chest', 'rayimages', 'sufficient', 'currently', 'available', 'datasets', 'leverages', 'custom', 'model', 'depicted', 'along', 'generic', 'augmentation', 'techniques', 'aszoom', 'rotation', 'model', 'invoked', 'numberof', 'samples', 'class', 'certain', 'defined', 'thresh', 'model', 'generator', 'discrimi', 'nator', 'trained', 'simultaneously', 'until', 'discriminatoris', 'unable', 'separate', 'generated', 'samples', 'theoriginal', 'generator', 'receives', 'random', 'noise', 'inputand', 'produces', 'chest', 'images', 'which', 'receivedby', 'discriminator', 'regarded', 'player', 'minimax', 'between', 'discriminative', 'model', 'generative', 'model', 'exerting', 'noisysample', 'distribution', 'input', 'generative', 'network', 'outputs', 'distributionof', 'which', 'denoted', 'supposed', 'identical', 'thatof', 'distribution', 'original', 'discriminativenetwork', 'employed', 'distinguish', 'sample', 'xwith', 'distribution', 'generated', 'sample', 'witha', 'distribution', 'adversarial', 'training', 'processcan', 'formulated', 'follows', 'maxdv', 'customize', 'model', 'chest', 'imageaugmentation', 'follows', 'generator', 'constructed', 'witha', 'stack', 'hidden', 'layers', 'layer', 'comprises', 'denselayer', 'followed', 'leaky', 'rectified', 'linear', 'leakyrelu', 'activation', 'function', 'successive', 'layer', 'thegenerator', 'number', 'neuron', 'units', 'nodes', 'twicethe', 'number', 'nodes', 'preceding', 'layer', 'otherhand', 'discriminator', 'model', 'receives', 'collections', 'oforiginal', 'generated', 'radiograph', 'withcovid', 'infected', 'images', 'inputs', 'criminator', 'where', 'represents', 'original', 'image', 'while', 'x0idenotes', 'augmented', 'chest', 'image', 'similar', 'the171578', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachgenerator', 'discriminator', 'structure', 'consists', 'ndhidden', 'layers', 'layer', 'contains', 'sequence', 'adense', 'layer', 'leakyrelu', 'activation', 'function', 'dropout', 'layer', 'included', 'denote', 'dropoutrate', 'number', 'nodes', 'layer', 'denoted', 'discriminator', 'optimizethe', 'function', 'distinguishing', 'generated', 'images', 'theoriginal', 'custom', 'model', 'trained', 'ξmaxnumber', 'iterations', 'where', 'detailed', 'steps', 'ofour', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'presented', 'algorithm', 'either', 'invoke', 'generic', 'ofdata', 'augmentation', 'based', 'given', 'condition', 'illustratedin', 'algorithm', 'procedure', 'takes', 'inputs', 'typeof', 'augmentation', 'augmentation', 'onecondition', 'proposed', 'model', 'executed', 'steps2', 'other', 'condition', 'fulfilled', 'generic', 'dataaugmentation', 'performed', 'described', 'steps', 'which', 'includes', 'enlarging', 'image', 'quantity', 'rotatingby', 'amount', 'proposed', 'custom', 'model', 'forcovid', 'detection', 'imagesnext', 'train', 'learning', 'model', 'which', 'takeadvantage', 'robust', 'dataset', 'obtained', 'proposeddari', 'algorithm', 'section', 'since', 'problem', 'canbe', 'regarded', 'classification', 'normal', 'covid', 'other', 'abnormal', 'cases', 'pneumonia', 'investigatethe', 'contemporary', 'learning', 'architectures', 'suited', 'sification', 'contrast', 'other', 'variants', 'learningarchitectures', 'short', 'memory', 'deepbelief', 'networks', 'forth', 'extreme', 'learning', 'machines', 'regarded', 'powerful', 'learningarchitecture', 'image', 'classification', 'therefore', 'explorethe', 'robust', 'models', 'recently', 'employed', 'sonable', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'chest', 'applying', 'contemporary', 'models', 'latestdataset', 'compiled', 'public', 'repositories', 'realize', 'thattheir', 'reported', 'performances', 'constrained', 'overfittingand', 'influenced', 'biased', 'address', 'issue', 'propose', 'dimensional', 'custom', 'modelfor', 'classifying', 'images', 'predict', 'covid', 'cases', 'asdepicted', 'structure', 'utilized', 'learnthe', 'discriminating', 'patterns', 'automatically', 'radiographimages', 'proposed', 'model', 'consists', 'three', 'components', 'first', 'component', 'stack', 'convolution', 'layers', 'whilethe', 'second', 'segment', 'consists', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'final', 'component', 'responsible', 'generating', 'outputprobability', 'first', 'convolution', 'layers', 'first', 'ponent', 'model', 'receive', 'radiograph', 'images', 'input', 'identify', 'discriminative', 'features', 'input', 'examples', 'andpass', 'component', 'classification', 'layer', 'among', 'convolution', 'layers', 'consists', 'afilter', 'initially', 'filter', 'xirin', '1stlayer', 'decreased', 'successive', 'layer', 'thealgorithm', 'augmentation', 'radiograph', 'images', 'input', 'augmentation', 'possible', 'values', 'generic', 'collection', 'datafor', 'augmentation', 'output', 'augmented', 'sample', 'then3', 'initialize', 'maximum', 'number', 'ofepochs', 'batch', 'andnaug', 'number', 'augment', 'construct', 'generator', 'model', 'asdepicted', 'construct', 'discriminator', 'modelas', 'depicted', 'foreach', 'generate', 'samples', 'ofrandom', 'noise', 'initializethe', 'generator9', 'generate', 'image', 'bypassing', 'generator', 'select', 'random', 'ofsamples', 'construct', 'collectionfrom', 'generated', 'andoriginal', 'samples', 'update', 'discriminatormodel', 'batch', 'training', 'usingx', 'end14', 'generate', 'samples', 'ofrandom', 'noise15', 'update', 'generator', 'modelparameters16', 'then17', 'generate', 'collection', 'ofaugmented', 'images', 'using', 'foreach', 'correspondingdirectory20', 'end21', 'end22', 'end23', 'else24', 'augment', 'applyingzooming', 'rotation', 'collection', 'end26', 'return', 'γforward', 'convolution', 'operation', 'performed', 'betweenthe', 'input', 'image', 'filter', 'coefficients', 'using', 'volume', '171579s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachfigure', 'proposed', 'framework', 'consisting', 'envisioneddari', 'algorithm', 'custom', 'model', 'obtained', 'bysplitting', 'original', 'images', 'training', 'darialgorithm', 'adaptively', 'generic', 'augmentationtechniques', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'chest', 'images', 'which', 'combinedwith', 'remaining', 'original', 'radiograph', 'images', 'construct', 'robusttraining', 'dataset', 'training', 'input', 'passed', 'customized', 'cnnmodel', 'which', 'performs', 'automated', 'feature', 'extraction', 'classification', 'denote', 'output', 'filter', 'weights', 'lthlayer', 'respectively', 'hyper', 'parameter', 'tuning', 'conducted', 'select', 'optimalactivation', 'function', 'shown', 'activationfunction', 'considers', 'constant', 'denoted', 'apply', 'dropout', 'regularizationtechnique', 'assist', 'network', 'evading', 'overfit', 'achieve', 'better', 'model', 'generalization', 'randomlydisregarding', 'randomly', 'selected', 'neurons', 'hidden', 'reduce', 'feature', 'computational', 'powerneed', 'introduce', 'pooling', 'layer', 'sizeof', 'hidden', 'layers', 'where', 'afraction', 'initial', 'dimension', 'input', 'pooling', 'layers', 'assist', 'model', 'capturing', 'abstract', 'spatialinformation', 'robustly', 'enhancing', 'model', 'eralization', 'ability', 'model', 'output', 'features', 'ofthe', 'convolution', 'layers', 'converted', 'dimensional', 'vector', 'flattening', 'layer', 'forwarded', 'thestack', 'fully', 'connected', 'dense', 'layers', 'automatedclassification', 'stage', 'number', 'nodes', 'first', 'denselayer', 'equal', 'decreased', 'factor', 'eachsuccessive', 'layer', 'respect', 'number', 'nodes', 'theprevious', 'layer', 'output', 'dense', 'layer', 'propagatedthrough', 'dropout', 'layer', 'finally', 'output', 'layer', 'computes', 'probability', 'theinput', 'belonging', 'class', 'learning', 'aconstant', 'throughout', 'training', 'model', 'sification', 'receives', 'radiograph', 'samples', 'input', 'outputs', 'sequence', 'labels', 'corresponds', 'pixel', 'valuesof', 'input', 'images', 'other', 'denotes', 'adistinct', 'class', 'dimension', 'thiscase', 'denote', 'image', 'height', 'width', 'thenumber', 'channels', 'sample', 'augmented', 'andreal', 'samples', 'passed', 'training', 'during', 'trainingphase', 'samples', 'considered', 'thetest', 'dataset', 'during', 'testing', 'phase', 'training', 'running', 'phases', 'proposeddl', 'crcfrom', 'hereon', 'discuss', 'steps', 'training', 'runningphases', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'steps', 'training', 'phase', 'proposed', 'crcframework', 'presented', 'algorithm', 'training', 'stage', 'commences', 'algorithm', 'which', 'takes', 'inputs', 'custom', 'model', 'descriptionof', 'input', 'parameter', 'provided', 'input', 'section', 'thealgorithm', 'steps', 'algorithm', 'initialize', 'requiredparameters', 'steps', 'loaded', 'location', 'split', 'ratio', 'utilized', 'therunning', 'phase', 'evaluating', 'model', 'initially', 'are171580', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachalgorithm', 'training', 'phase', 'input', 'collection', 'training', 'testing', 'validation', 'datalocation', 'number', 'foldin', 'cross', 'validation', 'number', 'epoch', 'batch', 'testratio', 'threshold', 'value', 'forclass', 'imbalance', 'ratio', 'total', 'number', 'samplesacross', 'classes', 'output', 'trained', 'model', 'train', 'then6', 'generate', 'random', 'values', 'inrange', 'foreach', 'index', 'train', 'end10', 'end11', 'foreach', 'class', 'train', 'then14', 'end16', 'foreach', 'class', 'ido17', 'data18', 'end20', 'end21', 'xtrain', 'ytrain', 'andlabels', 'xtrain', 'generic', 'xtrain', 'generic', 'update', 'model', 'depictedin', 'training', 'using', 'xtrainfor', 'evaluate', 'using', 'yval27', 'end28', 'model', 'parameters', 'return', 'mtstored', 'training', 'directory', 'hence', 'loaded', 'fromthe', 'location', 'training', 'steps', 'responsible', 'forchecking', 'whether', 'augmentation', 'required', 'accordingly', 'preparing', 'training', 'validation', 'datafrom', 'dataset', 'specifically', 'steps', 'check', 'whetherthe', 'training', 'class', 'predefined', 'thresh', 'based', 'condition', 'exploit', 'thealgorithm', 'running', 'phase', 'input', 'testpath', 'location', 'testimages', 'output', 'ypred', 'prediction', 'testingsamples', 'xtest', 'testpath2', 'saved', 'trained', 'model3', 'yprob', 'predict', 'probabilities', 'ofeach', 'xtest4', 'ypred', 'argmax', 'yprob', 'return', 'ypredproposed', 'augmentation', 'radiograph', 'images', 'algorithm', 'described', 'algorithm', 'customized', 'cnnmodel', 'trained', 'steps', 'utilizing', 'model', 'structureillustrated', 'penultimate', 'trainedmodel', 'stored', 'further', 'testing', 'validation', 'finally', 'algorithm', 'returns', 'trained', 'model', 'running', 'phase', 'model', 'proposeddl', 'framework', 'follows', 'algorithm', 'receives', 'thelocation', 'sample', 'inference', 'returns', 'predictedclass', 'labels', 'ypred', 'corresponding', 'after', 'readingthe', 'trained', 'model', 'loaded', 'inthe', 'following', 'model', 'employed', 'topredict', 'probabilities', 'sample', 'ofthe', 'possible', 'classes', 'finally', 'class', 'themaximum', 'probability', 'identified', 'sample', 'andthen', 'returned', 'collection', 'predictions', 'computation', 'overhead', 'analysisin', 'remainder', 'section', 'rigorously', 'analyze', 'thecomputational', 'overhead', 'proposed', 'model', 'terms', 'oftime', 'complexity', 'analyses', 'divided', 'training', 'andrunning', 'phases', 'training', 'phasethe', 'training', 'phase', 'includes', 'proposed', 'rithm', 'augmentation', 'training', 'customizedcnn', 'model', 'algorithm', 'particularly', 'analysisof', 'algorithm', 'consider', 'appropriate', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'model', 'already', 'selected', 'afterhyperparameter', 'tuning', 'partition', 'analysis', 'train', 'phase', 'three', 'segments', 'required', 'datapreparation', 'augmentation', 'execu', 'model', 'therefore', 'total', 'computationalcomplexity', 'expressed', 'follows', 'first', 'three', 'steps', 'algorithm', 'where', 'initial', 'ization', 'conducted', 'complexity', 'denoted', 'asconstant', 'trainpath', 'there', 'number', 'available', 'totrain', 'complexity', 'steps', 'split', 'testdata', 'ratio', 'therefore', 'complexity', 'associated', 'withvolume', '171581s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachthese', 'steps', 'hence', 'computational', 'complexity', 'ofthe', 'preparation', 'phase', 'denoted', 'augmentation', 'complexity', 'analy', 'mainly', 'consists', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'invoked', 'steps', 'algorithm', 'requires', 'loadingdata', 'class', 'results', 'computa', 'tional', 'complexity', 'denotes', 'numberof', 'classes', 'while', 'finrefers', 'number', 'fromith', 'class', 'through', 'steps', 'algorithm', 'isinvoked', 'complexity', 'denoted', 'odari', 'supposethat', 'denote', 'numbers', 'layers', 'genera', 'discriminator', 'respectively', 'computationsrequired', 'generator', 'discriminator', 'models', 'canbe', 'denoted', 'respectively', 'combining', 'previous', 'expressions', 'overall', 'overhead', 'algorithm', 'evaluated', 'asfollows', 'where', 'denote', 'number', 'augment', 'maximum', 'number', 'epochs', 'batch', 'respec', 'tively', 'steps', 'training', 'algorithm', 'assuming', 'thelength', 'computational', 'overhead', 'therefore', 'overall', 'complexity', 'augmentationstage', 'expressed', 'steps', 'training', 'algorithm', 'invokes', 'theadopted', 'structure', 'computational', 'overhead', 'forthis', 'derived', 'cnncl', 'cnndl', 'where', 'cnncl', 'cnndl', 'denote', 'computationaloverheads', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'dense', 'layers', 'respectively', 'consider', 'layer', 'number', 'filtersin', 'layer', 'input', 'image', 'dimension', 'kernel', 'dimension', 'thecomputational', 'complexity', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'beexpressed', 'cnncl', 'after', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'layers', 'assuming', 'wiand', 'biare', 'weight', 'vector', 'layer', 'plexity', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'given', 'cnndl', 'hence', 'combining', 'aforementioned', 'equations', 'final', 'computational', 'complexity', 'proposed', 'write', 'follows', 'finally', 'determine', 'total', 'complexity', 'train', 'phase', 'algorithm', 'substitute', 'thecorresponding', 'values', 'running', 'phasethe', 'running', 'phase', 'conducted', 'infer', 'classes', 'testdata', 'using', 'trained', 'model', 'evaluate', 'model', 'shown', 'algorithm', 'consider', 'number', 'testdata', 'ntest', 'computational', 'overhead', 'testingphase', 'given', 'ntest', 'demonstrates', 'model', 'results', 'linear', 'implies', 'proposeddl', 'framework', 'comprising', 'algorithm', 'thecustomized', 'model', 'deployed', 'clinical', 'gradex', 'machines', 'image', 'processing', 'capability', 'computingresources', 'having', 'access', 'digitized', 'radiograph', 'images', 'fromanalog', 'machines', 'portable', 'machinesin', 'movable', 'booths', 'trucks', 'adequate', 'shielding', 'andpower', 'supply', 'model', 'viable', 'automating', 'theradiograph', 'image', 'classification', 'around', 'forcovid', 'detection', 'performance', 'evaluationto', 'evaluate', 'performance', 'proposed', 'frame', 'section', 'describe', 'collected', 'datasets', 'usedto', 'train', 'customized', 'model', 'followed', 'extensiveexperimental', 'results', 'discussion', 'dataset', 'preparationthe', 'dataset', 'employed', 'supervised', 'radiograph', 'imageclassification', 'using', 'proposed', 'framework', 'sists', 'three', 'classes', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'normalchest', 'images', 'collected', 'dataset', 'using', 'ferent', 'existing', 'datasets', 'posteroanterior', 'chest', 'combined', 'those', 'single', 'dataset', 'utilize', 'theclassification', 'purpose', 'developed', 'dataset', 'githubfor', 'covid', 'collected', 'studyfor', 'cases', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'images', 'chexpert171582', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachtable', 'brief', 'description', 'dataset', 'imageclassification', 'dataset', 'collected', 'stanford', 'group', 'ofthe', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'chest', 'images', 'collectedfrom', 'dataset', 'table', 'lists', 'initial', 'class', 'distri', 'bution', 'collected', 'chest', 'dataset', 'number', 'ofsamples', 'collected', 'covid', 'significantly', 'lower', 'thanthe', 'other', 'classes', 'because', 'novel', 'disease', 'thismoment', 'regarding', 'covid', 'challenging', 'obtain', 'other', 'words', 'number', 'covid', 'class', 'samples', 'inthe', 'merged', 'dataset', 'lower', 'threshold', 'value', 'classimbalance', 'ratio', 'therefore', 'overcome', 'effect', 'thelow', 'amount', 'covid', 'employed', 'proposeddari', 'algorithm', 'increase', 'number', 'samples', 'thenapplied', 'proposal', 'along', 'contemporary', 'modelsto', 'verify', 'which', 'yields', 'covid', 'detectionperformance', 'performance', 'indicatorsto', 'evaluate', 'classification', 'results', 'primarily', 'adoptedthe', 'combination', 'three', 'measurement', 'indicators', 'accuracy', 'weighted', 'precision', 'weighted', 'score', 'accuracy', 'ability', 'correctly', 'differentiate', 'three', 'cases', 'assume', 'denotes', 'number', 'classes', 'consid', 'classification', 'refers', 'number', 'samplesin', 'class', 'indicates', 'total', 'number', 'samplesin', 'classes', 'accuracy', 'represented', 'asfollows', 'accuracy', 'define', 'weighted', 'precision', 'tomeasure', 'precise', 'model', 'terms', 'number', 'ofsamples', 'actually', 'present', 'class', 'those', 'predictedto', 'class', 'number', 'multiplied', 'weight', 'ofthe', 'class', 'obtain', 'weight', 'precision', 'follows', 'weighted', 'precision', 'tpitpi', 'weighted', 'score', 'defined', 'weightedaverage', 'precision', 'recall', 'although', 'userecall', 'directly', 'performance', 'measure', 'because', 'usingthe', 'score', 'implicitly', 'weighted', 'score', 'canbe', 'obtained', 'follows', 'weighted', 'score', 'precision', 'recall', 'class', 'respectively', 'expressed', 'andpi', 'denoted', 'fnidenotes', 'positive', 'false', 'positive', 'false', 'negativefor', 'class', 'respectively', 'tpiindicates', 'number', 'casescorrectly', 'identified', 'class', 'represents', 'thenumber', 'cases', 'incorrectly', 'identified', 'class', 'denotes', 'number', 'cases', 'incorrectly', 'identifiedas', 'class', 'other', 'class', 'addition', 'evaluatingour', 'results', 'comprehensively', 'employed', 'classspecific', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'normal', 'covid', 'andpneumonia', 'detection', 'accuracy', 'three', 'classes', 'results', 'discussionwe', 'followed', 'systematic', 'approach', 'applying', 'differ', 'techniques', 'optimal', 'model', 'classificationtask', 'experiments', 'conducted', 'workstationwith', 'intel', '00ghz', 'poweredby', 'nvidia', 'graphics', 'processing', 'thesimulations', 'implemented', 'employing', 'python', 'kerasand', 'tensorflow', 'library', 'visualization', 'experimentalresults', 'achieved', 'utilizing', 'python', 'matplotlib', 'library', 'during', 'simulations', 'resized', 'image', 'samples', 'bysetting', 'xirand', 'xicto', 'images', 'consistent', 'interms', 'number', 'channels', 'samples', 'wasset', 'input', 'images', 'grayscale', 'nature', 'xirand', 'selected', 'based', 'manual', 'tuning', 'usingour', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'demand', 'augmentationis', 'performed', 'adaptively', 'employing', 'rotation', '5degrees', 'zooming', 'value', 'wasset', 'systematically', 'constructed', 'three', 'experimentalscenarios', 'conduct', 'comprehensive', 'performance', 'compari', 'proposed', 'framework', 'consisting', 'darialgorithm', 'customized', 'models', 'state', 'models', 'which', 'recently', 'reported', 'toprovide', 'reasonable', 'accuracies', 'covid', 'detection', 'thethree', 'scenarios', 'constructed', 'incremental', 'fashion', 'aredescribed', 'below', 'first', 'scenario', 'designed', 'customized', 'deepcnn', 'model', 'architecture', 'depicted', 'param', 'eters', 'model', 'selected', 'based', 'results', 'ofthe', 'search', 'technique', 'second', 'scenario', 'implemented', 'proposeddari', 'algorithm', 'analyze', 'effect', 'generic', 'andgan', 'based', 'augmentation', 'train', 'basedmodel', 'robust', 'fashion', 'significantly', 'improve', 'thecovid', 'detection', 'accuracy', 'third', 'final', 'scenario', 'trained', 'several', 'state', 'models', 'using', 'different', 'learningparadigms', 'compiled', 'dataset', 'unknown', 'chest', 'original', 'images', 'normal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'presented', 'tothe', 'customized', 'model', 'proposed', 'crcframework', 'contemporary', 'models', 'results', 'compare', 'performances', 'ofour', 'proposal', 'these', 'contemporary', 'models', 'termsof', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'efficiency', 'volume', '171583s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachfigure', 'performance', 'terms', 'accuracy', 'different', 'combinations', 'ofactivation', 'functions', 'optimizers', 'figure', 'performance', 'terms', 'precision', 'different', 'combinationsof', 'activation', 'functions', 'optimizers', 'figure', 'performance', 'terms', 'score', 'different', 'combinations', 'ofactivation', 'functions', 'optimizers', 'first', 'scenario', 'implemented', 'customized', 'cnnmodel', 'proposed', 'framework', 'carried', 'search', 'achieve', 'optimal', 'model', 'parameters', 'figure', 'performance', 'comparison', 'diverse', 'ratios', 'thecovid', 'images', 'generated', 'respect', 'existingnumber', 'samples', 'dataset', 'activation', 'functions', 'optimizer', 'worth', 'other', 'customized', 'models', 'revealed', 'perfor', 'mance', 'bottleneck', 'terms', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'wefound', 'model', 'lightweight', 'yetefficient', 'automating', 'chest', 'classification', 'demonstrate', 'results', 'obtained', 'thehyper', 'parameter', 'tuning', 'terms', 'accuracy', 'precision', 'andf1', 'score', 'respectively', 'these', 'performances', 'extensivelyevaluated', 'across', 'optimizers', 'stochastic', 'gradient', 'descent', 'adaptive', 'moment', 'estimation', 'meansquare', 'propagation', 'rmsprop', 'adaptive', 'delta', 'adadelta', 'nesterov', 'nadam', 'adaptive', 'gradient', 'rithm', 'adagrad', 'activation', 'functions', 'scaled', 'exponential', 'linear', 'rectifiedlinear', 'exponential', 'linear', 'asdepicted', 'results', 'these', 'figures', 'demonstratedbetter', 'performances', 'average', 'compared', 'theother', 'activation', 'functions', 'however', 'performancewas', 'exhibited', 'adopted', 'activation', 'functionwith', 'value', 'constant', 'optimizer', 'toadagrad', 'learning', 'first', 'exper', 'imental', 'setting', 'selecting', 'optimal', 'hyper', 'parametersof', 'learning', 'based', 'model', 'batch', 'number', 'epochs', 'configuration', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'precision', 'score', 'found', 'respectively', 'therefore', 'further', 'analysis', 'applied', 'thisconfiguration', 'customized', 'model', 'crcframework', 'furthermore', 'pooling', 'layer', 'ourproposed', 'architecture', 'conducted', 'manual', 'parametertuning', 'assigned', 'where', 'initial', 'input', 'second', 'experimental', 'scenario', 'number', 'ofcovid', 'samples', 'collected', 'dataset', 'lower', 'thanthe', 'defined', 'threshold', 'applied', 'proposed', 'darialgorithm', 'increase', 'number', 'covid', 'samples', 'sothat', 'model', 'trained', 'robust', 'training', 'data171584', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachfigure', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'testing', 'phase', 'employing', 'stratified', 'cross', 'validation', 'eventually', 'predict', 'positive', 'covid', 'cases', 'highaccuracy', 'altered', 'proportions', 'tomized', 'model', 'algorithm', 'respect', 'tothe', 'original', 'sample', 'covid', 'class', 'ratiosof', 'generated', 'samples', 'proposed', 'approach', 'werevaried', 'respect', 'number', 'ofcovid', 'examples', 'original', 'dataset', 'number', 'ofiterations', 'producing', 'augmented', 'samples', 'using', 'thegan', 'based', 'method', 'among', 'proportionsmentioned', 'earlier', 'covid', 'detection', 'performance', 'ofour', 'customized', 'model', 'found', 'highest', 'accuracy', 'number', 'newlygenerated', 'samples', 'originalcovid', 'samples', 'therefore', 'picked', 'configura', 'conducted', 'experiments', 'nextscenario', 'after', 'producing', 'augmented', 'samples', 'covid', '19class', 'analyzed', 'effect', 'combining', 'adaptivegeneric', 'augmentation', 'based', 'algorithmwith', 'architecture', 'fully', 'implement', 'tunethe', 'framework', 'compared', 'performance', 'withthe', 'model', 'without', 'adopting', 'darialgorithm', 'experiment', 'conducted', 'utilizing', 'stratified', 'cross', 'validation', 'using', 'stratification', 'nique', 'samples', 'rearranged', 'astable', 'representation', 'whole', 'dataset', 'maintainingthe', 'percentage', 'samples', 'class', 'thirdexperimental', 'setup', 'number', 'epochs', 'to100', 'batch', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'fully', 'connected', 'dense', 'layers', 'fixed', 'tofive', 'these', 'hyperparameter', 'values', 'manuallytuned', 'analyze', 'results', 'critically', 'terms', 'ofcovid', 'detection', 'efficiency', 'experimental', 'setting', 'investigated', 'normalized', 'normalized', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'customized', 'modeltable', 'performance', 'comparison', 'proposed', 'cnnwith', 'generic', 'based', 'augmentation', 'without', 'model', 'proposed', 'darialgorithm', 'complete', 'framework', '8represents', 'normalized', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'where', 'posed', 'model', 'implemented', 'without', 'applying', 'dataaugmentation', 'depicts', 'combinedcnn', 'algorithm', 'despite', 'similar', 'performances', 'ofboth', 'approaches', 'normalized', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'demon', 'strates', 'proposed', 'framework', 'morerobust', 'classifying', 'positive', 'covid', 'pneumoniacases', 'proposed', 'exhibited', 'accuracies', 'while', 'detecting', 'positive', 'covid', 'monia', 'cases', 'respectively', 'encouraging', 'classificationperformance', 'indicates', 'proposed', 'learning', 'based', 'framework', 'classify', 'radio', 'graph', 'images', 'efficiency', 'specifically', 'covid', '19detection', 'furthermore', 'analyzed', 'impact', 'generic', 'based', 'augmentation', 'separately', 'combined', 'tomized', 'model', 'compared', 'covid', 'detectionaccuracy', 'proposed', 'framework', 'table', '2exhibits', 'simulation', 'results', 'which', 'proves', 'thegeneric', 'based', 'augmentation', 'significantinfluence', 'enhancing', 'covid', 'detection', 'efficiency', 'simulation', 'results', 'table', 'model', 'achieved', 'generic', 'dataaugmentation', 'obtained', 'proposedvolume', '171585s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachtable', 'performance', 'comparison', 'proposed', 'architecturewith', 'existing', 'architectures', 'three', 'classes', 'based', 'augmentation', 'delivered', 'covid', '19detection', 'accuracy', 'other', 'proposed', 'crcframework', 'demonstrated', 'highest', 'covid', 'detectionaccuracy', 'performance', 'attributed', 'tothe', 'combination', 'customized', 'model', 'posed', 'algorithm', 'where', 'generic', 'baseddata', 'augmentation', 'adaptively', 'performed', 'therefore', 'isevident', 'these', 'results', 'proposed', 'frame', 'customized', 'model', 'robustwith', 'algorithm', 'third', 'experimental', 'scenario', 'compared', 'perfor', 'mance', 'customized', 'model', 'performancesof', 'state', 'models', 'inception', 'resnetv2', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'reason', 'behind', 'choosing', 'thesecontemporary', 'models', 'their', 'performances', 'reportedin', 'recent', 'literature', 'covid', 'detection', 'worthnoting', 'inception', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'belong', 'thedepth', 'based', 'multi', 'based', 'paradigms', 'respec', 'tively', 'other', 'resnet', 'combines', 'depth', 'based', 'multi', 'based', 'architectures', 'table', '3demonstrates', 'comparative', 'analysis', 'which', 'indicatesthe', 'efficiency', 'proposed', 'framework', 'interms', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'using', 'chestx', 'images', 'proposed', 'model', 'outperformed', 'resnet', 'inception', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'although', 'densenetachieves', 'prediction', 'performance', 'normal', 'testcases', 'accuracy', 'pneumonia', 'detectionwhile', 'exhibits', 'poorest', 'performance', 'foridentifying', 'covid', 'cases', 'implies', 'multi', 'based', 'structure', 'although', 'reported', 'recent', 'covid', 'detection', 'other', 'inceptionresnet', 'using', 'depth', 'based', 'modeling', 'paradigm', 'achieves', 'improved', 'covid', 'detection', 'accuracy', 'combination', 'these', 'modeling', 'paradigms', 'incor', 'porated', 'resnet', 'which', 'predict', 'cases', 'havingcovid', 'samples', 'slightly', 'elevated', 'accuracy', 'other', 'proposed', 'framework', 'bining', 'envisioned', 'algorithm', 'customized', 'cnnmodel', 'detect', 'covid', 'cases', 'nificantly', 'accuracy', 'pneumo', 'other', 'abnormal', 'present', 'dataset', 'isalso', 'detected', 'higher', 'accuracy', 'comparedto', 'contemporary', 'models', 'though', 'performanceslightly', 'drops', 'normal', 'identification', 'accuracyis', 'still', 'close', 'proposal', 'furthermore', 'final', 'column', 'table', 'under', 'receiver', 'operating', 'characteristic', 'curve', 'values', 'listedfor', 'proposed', 'contemporary', 'models', 'theauc', 'score', 'proposed', 'which', 'demon', 'strates', 'reasonable', 'accuracy', 'identification', 'across', 'allsamples', 'encouraging', 'performanceof', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'prominent', 'cnnmodels', 'clearly', 'demonstrates', 'proposed', 'technique', 'canbe', 'useful', 'detecting', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'witha', 'significantly', 'reliable', 'accuracy', 'furthermore', 'compare', 'performance', 'proposalwith', 'recent', 'custom', 'model', 'referred', 'darkcovidnet', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'covidnet', 'reported', 'which', 'considerablylower', 'proposed', 'model', 'performance', 'which', 'believe', 'ensures', 'effectiveness', 'ourproposed', 'model', 'addition', 'conducted', 'foldexperiments', 'validate', 'compare', 'proposed', 'nique', 'darkcovidnet', 'table', 'demonstratesthe', 'results', 'obtained', 'proposed', 'model', 'tested', 'onboth', 'datasets', 'darkcovidnet', 'model', 'tested', 'onboth', 'datasets', 'models', 'trained', 'employing', 'therespective', 'dataset', 'these', 'experimental', 'results', 'presented', 'table', '4were', 'produced', 'after', 'training', 'models', 'epochs', 'foreach', 'trained', 'models', 'tested', 'bothdatasets', 'proposed', 'technique', 'outperformed', 'darkcovid', 'detection', 'accuracies', 'normal', 'covid', '19cases', 'addition', 'classification', 'efficiency', 'posed', 'framework', 'lightweight', 'ofused', 'darkcovidnet', 'customized', 'model', 'consists', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'while', 'darkcovid', 'model', 'comprises', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'making', 'ourmodel', 'training', 'phase', 'lightweight', 'computationallyless', 'expensive', 'darkcovidnet', 'model', 'moreover', 'while', 'researches', 'reported', 'overall', 'mention', 'covid', 'detection', 'accuracy', 'other', 'researches', 'applying', 'learningtechniques', 'report', 'score', 'which', 'robustrepresentative', 'performance', 'metric', 'practically', 'evaluatingthe', 'covid', 'detection', 'ability', 'model', 'summary', 'applying', 'various', 'contemporary', 'models', 'inceptionwith', 'resenet', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'recent', 'customizedmodel', 'darkcovidnet', 'covid', 'detection', 'latestdataset', 'compiled', 'public', 'repositories', 'realizedthat', 'their', 'reported', 'performances', 'constrained', 'overfit', 'influenced', 'biased', 'accuracybottleneck', 'those', 'existing', 'models', 'justifies', 'requiredto', 'build', 'customized', 'model', 'research', 'algorithm', 'perform', 'robust', 'trainingand', 'avoid', 'overfitting', 'ensure', 'covid', 'detectionaccuracy', 'significantly', 'score', 'limitations', 'studyin', 'section', 'briefly', 'discuss', 'limitations', 'sible', 'future', 'conducted', 'extend', 'study', '171586', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachtable', 'comparison', 'performance', 'proposed', 'model', 'darkcovidnet', 'datasets', 'study', 'experiments', 'conducted', 'avery', 'critical', 'stage', 'sensitive', 'manner', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'proof', 'conceptcovid', 'using', 'radiograph', 'images', 'despite', 'compilingdatasets', 'multiple', 'sources', 'images', 'taining', 'covid', 'samples', 'consid', 'erably', 'small', 'therefore', 'synthetic', 'images', 'weregenerated', 'using', 'customized', 'assisted', 'mentation', 'technique', 'train', 'robustcnn', 'model', 'perform', 'binary', 'normal', 'covid', 'three', 'classification', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'andcovid', 'significantly', 'accuracy', 'tothe', 'datasets', 'consisting', 'other', 'diseases', 'forth', 'which', 'exhibit', 'acuterespiratory', 'distress', 'syndrome', 'pneumonia', 'conditions', 'lungs', 'class', 'labels', 'notconsidered', 'physician', 'perspective', 'important', 'severity', 'covid', 'however', 'lackof', 'labeled', 'model', 'could', 'beused', 'classify', 'various', 'stages', 'covid', 'suchas', 'asymptomatic', 'severe', 'proposed', 'technique', 'performed', 'efficiently', 'weutilized', 'analyze', 'samples', 'however', 'studycan', 'extended', 'evaluate', 'system', 'performancein', 'covid', 'detection', 'while', 'using', 'other', 'radiographtechniques', 'ultrasound', 'lungpet', 'positron', 'emission', 'tomography', 'dataset', 'study', 'limited', 'onlyone', 'modality', 'images', 'containingcovid', 'features', 'further', 'customization', 'cnnmodel', 'required', 'combine', 'multipleimaging', 'modalities', 'ultrasound', 'petalong', 'images', 'other', 'modalities', 'bodytemperature', 'diabetes', 'level', 'renal', 'function', 'forth', 'patient', 'parameters', 'ethnicity', 'travel', 'history', 'contact', 'history', 'depth', 'covid', 'classification', 'therefore', 'multi', 'modal', 'input', 'characterization', 'correspondingai', 'model', 'customization', 'needed', 'future', 'forinterpreting', 'explaining', 'classification', 'results', 'conclusionin', 'paper', 'addressed', 'emerging', 'challenges', 'ofdetecting', 'covid', 'shortage', 'efficient', 'nosis', 'equipment', 'personnel', 'areas', 'particularlyin', 'developing', 'rural', 'zones', 'numerous', 'people', 'remainnon', 'diagnosed', 'results', 'substantial', 'between', 'thenumber', 'confirmed', 'actual', 'cases', 'radiographs', 'aschest', 'images', 'scans', 'demonstratedto', 'potential', 'detecting', 'covid', 'infection', 'inthe', 'lungs', 'complement', 'consuming', 'viraland', 'antibody', 'testing', 'while', 'scans', 'higher', 'resolu', 'grained', 'details', 'compared', 'images', 'raymachines', 'pervasive', 'hospital', 'emergency', 'rooms', 'publichealth', 'facilities', 'rural', 'health', 'centers', 'clinics', 'addition', 'because', 'cheaper', 'alternativeand', 'appealing', 'solution', 'portability', 'mobile', 'trucksand', 'covid', 'screening', 'booths', 'adequate', 'shieldingand', 'power', 'supply', 'identify', 'covid', 'infection', 'ofthe', 'recognizing', 'patterns', 'glass', 'opacities', 'andlung', 'consolidations', 'raised', 'formidable', 'research', 'problem', 'addressed', 'paper', 'discussed', 'whyit', 'necessary', 'automate', 'image', 'classificationto', 'prepared', 'covid', 'demic', 'radiologists', 'caregivers', 'expected', 'beoverwhelmed', 'patient', 'influx', 'isolate', 'themselves', 'become', 'infected', 'meansthere', 'pressing', 'automate', 'classification', 'ofradiographs', 'particularly', 'images', 'minimize', 'around', 'covid', 'detection', 'therefore', 'leveragethe', 'availability', 'efficiency', 'chest', 'imaging', 'paper', 'proposed', 'framework', 'called', 'learning', 'based', 'chest', 'radiograph', 'classification', 'covid', 'detection', 'complement', 'existing', 'viraland', 'antibody', 'testing', 'methods', 'proposed', 'framework', 'consists', 'parts', 'algorithm', 'which', 'adaptively', 'employs', 'customizedgenerative', 'adversarial', 'network', 'generic', 'augmen', 'tation', 'techniques', 'rotation', 'dimensional', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'model', 'weemployed', 'unique', 'dataset', 'multiple', 'publicly', 'availablesources', 'containing', 'radiograph', 'images', 'covid', 'andpneumonia', 'infected', 'lungs', 'along', 'normal', 'imaging', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'significantly', 'increased', 'adopting', 'proposed', 'framework', 'posal', 'compared', 'existing', 'learning', 'models', 'fromdiverse', 'categories', 'depth', 'based', 'inception', 'resnet', 'multi', 'based', 'densenet', 'hybridcnn', 'resnet', 'architectures', 'extensive', 'experimental', 'resultsdemonstrated', 'proposed', 'combination', 'andcustom', 'based', 'framework', 'significantly', 'performed', 'existing', 'architectures', 'incorporating', 'ourproposed', 'model', 'significantly', 'accuracy', 'thevolume', '171587s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachclinical', 'grade', 'portable', 'equipment', 'allowan', 'automated', 'accurate', 'detection', 'covid', 'thescrutinized', 'patients', 'new_paper']
['author', 'articles', 'published', 'access', 'journal', 'distributed', 'under', 'terms', 'thecreative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'international', 'license', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'collaborative', 'digital', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'federated', 'learning', 'solutionjunjie', 'huang', 'zhenzhen', 'jianbo', 'zhipeng', 'caiabstract', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'caused', 'crisis', 'affects', 'segments', 'population', 'theknowledge', 'understanding', 'covid', 'evolve', 'appropriate', 'response', 'pandemic', 'consideredone', 'effective', 'methods', 'controlling', 'spread', 'virus', 'recent', 'studies', 'indicate', 'digitaltwin', 'beneficial', 'tackling', 'health', 'crisis', 'because', 'construct', 'virtual', 'replica', 'simulate', 'factors', 'climate', 'conditions', 'response', 'policies', 'people', 'trajectories', 'efficient', 'inclusive', 'decisions', 'however', 'dtsystem', 'relies', 'quality', 'collection', 'appropriate', 'decisions', 'limitingits', 'advantages', 'facing', 'urgent', 'crises', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'federated', 'learning', 'whichall', 'clients', 'learn', 'shared', 'model', 'while', 'retaining', 'training', 'locally', 'emerges', 'promising', 'solution', 'foraccumulating', 'insights', 'multiple', 'sources', 'efficiently', 'furthermore', 'enhanced', 'privacy', 'protectionsettings', 'removing', 'privacy', 'barriers', 'collaboration', 'propose', 'framework', 'fused', 'citydt', 'achieve', 'novel', 'collaborative', 'paradigm', 'allows', 'multiple', 'share', 'local', 'strategy', 'andstatus', 'quickly', 'particular', 'central', 'server', 'manages', 'local', 'updates', 'multiple', 'collaborators', 'providing', 'global', 'model', 'trained', 'multiple', 'iterations', 'different', 'systems', 'until', 'model', 'gains', 'thecorrelations', 'between', 'various', 'response', 'plans', 'infection', 'trends', 'approach', 'means', 'collaborative', 'dtparadigm', 'fused', 'techniques', 'obtain', 'knowledge', 'patterns', 'multiple', 'eventually', 'establish', 'global', 'crisis', 'management', 'meanwhile', 'helps', 'improve', 'consolidating', 'other', 'sdata', 'without', 'violating', 'privacy', 'rules', 'paper', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'proposedframework', 'experimental', 'results', 'dataset', 'various', 'response', 'plans', 'validate', 'proposed', 'solutionand', 'demonstrate', 'superior', 'performance', 'words', 'covid', 'digital', 'federated', 'learning', 'learning', 'junjie', 'college', 'computer', 'science', 'technology', 'qingdao', 'university', 'qingdao', '266000', 'china', 'withthe', 'business', 'school', 'qingdao', 'university', 'qingdao', '266000', 'china', 'pangjj18', 'huang', 'college', 'computing', 'software', 'engineering', 'kennesaw', 'state', 'university', 'atlanta', '30060', 'yhuang24', 'kennesaw', 'zhenzhen', 'college', 'computer', 'science', 'technology', 'jilin', 'university', 'changchun', '130012', 'china', 'xiezz14', 'mails', 'jianbo', 'college', 'computer', 'science', 'technology', 'qingdao', 'university', 'qingdao', '266000', 'china', 'lijianbo', 'zhipeng', 'department', 'computer', 'science', 'georgia', 'state', 'university', 'atlanta', '30303', 'correspondence', 'should', 'addressed', 'manuscript', 'received', 'accepted', '18760', 'tsinghua', 'science', 'technology', 'october', 'introductioncoronavirus', 'covid', 'infectious', 'diseasecaused', 'recently', 'discovered', 'coronavirus', 'wasidentified', 'december', 'https', 'emergencies', 'diseases', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'thevirus', 'spread', 'worldwide', 'three', 'months', 'infected', 'million', 'people', 'causedover', 'deaths', 'https', 'worldometers', 'coronavirus', 'widespread', 'coronavirus', 'outbreakreceived', 'tremendous', 'attention', 'research', 'andmedical', 'perspective', 'however', 'specific', 'antiviraltreatment', 'covid', 'remains', 'unavailable', 'therefore', 'early', 'radical', 'government', 'response', 'beconsidered', 'effective', 'method', 'facing', 'anovel', 'infectious', 'disease', 'however', 'determining', 'theresponse', 'properly', 'challenging', 'because', 'alack', 'experience', 'efficient', 'sources', 'mathematical', 'model', 'possible', 'solution', 'forthe', 'intervention', 'surveillance', 'infectiousdisease', 'example', 'susceptible', 'infected', 'susceptible', 'epidemic', 'model', 'widely', 'indescribing', 'spreading', 'process', 'virus', 'staticnetwork', 'assumption', 'constant', 'population', 'model', 'combine', 'varyingdynamic', 'network', 'describe', 'complex', 'propagation', 'observe', 'significant', 'proliferation', 'ofmachine', 'learning', 'techniques', 'resulted', 'rapiddevelopment', 'intelligent', 'forecasting', 'models', 'recentworks', 'demonstrate', 'their', 'comparable', 'performance', 'incapturing', 'trivial', 'atypical', 'trends', 'typical', 'patternsfor', 'epidemic', 'control', 'wiener', 'series', 'basedmachine', 'learning', 'model', 'measuring', 'virusspread', 'after', 'intervention', 'representationlearning', 'model', 'generates', 'interpretable', 'epidemicforecasting', 'results', 'seasonal', 'influenza', 'forecasting', 'however', 'these', 'models', 'still', 'several', 'challengesand', 'limitations', 'predicting', 'infection', 'trends', 'novelinfectious', 'disease', 'covid', 'uncertain', 'influence', 'contrast', 'other', 'pandemicpredictions', 'prediction', 'model', 'unknown', 'infectiousdiseases', 'covid', 'learn', 'influenceof', 'various', 'response', 'settings', 'wearing', 'shelter', 'place', 'statewide', 'school', 'closures', 'start', 'problem', 'virus', 'starts', 'tospread', 'local', 'health', 'department', 'always', 'needs', 'longtime', 'properly', 'collect', 'sufficient', 'generate', 'aresponse', 'pandemic', 'responseplan', 'could', 'varied', 'effects', 'different', 'locations', 'aradical', 'response', 'bring', 'economic', 'risksto', 'areas', 'while', 'actions', 'could', 'resultin', 'losing', 'control', 'spreading', 'virus', 'economicdamage', 'severely', 'affected', 'areas', 'privacy', 'protection', 'resources', 'related', 'ahealth', 'crisis', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'unavoidablycontain', 'sensitive', 'information', 'situation', 'means', 'thatwe', 'cannot', 'collaboratively', 'share', 'these', 'unless', 'canprovide', 'strong', 'privacy', 'guarantee', 'however', 'medicalinstitutions', 'local', 'governments', 'expect', 'performance', 'model', 'epidemic', 'control', 'which', 'meansmassive', 'collection', 'required', 'learning', 'based', 'models', 'because', 'privacy', 'confidentialityconcerns', 'these', 'applications', 'possibly', 'prevented', 'silos', 'emerge', 'these', 'silos', 'isolatedislands', 'which', 'health', 'managementdisorganized', 'inefficient', 'moreover', 'itprohibitively', 'costly', 'local', 'agencies', 'extractknowledge', 'share', 'insights', 'realize', 'collaborationswith', 'other', 'regions', 'shown', 'proposes', 'digital', 'enabled', 'collaborative', 'training', 'framework', 'basedon', 'federated', 'learning', 'paradigm', 'resolve', 'theabove', 'problems', 'build', 'virtualreplica', 'state', 'provides', 'digital', 'offederated', 'learning', 'central', 'servercity', 'dtreal', 'worldfig', 'overview', 'collaborative', 'framework', 'multiple', 'junjie', 'collaborative', 'digital', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'federated', 'learning', 'solution', '761city', 'state', 'facilities', 'human', 'activities', 'other', 'typesof', 'information', 'enable', 'information', 'convergence', 'inmultiple', 'aspects', 'infection', 'trend', 'enabling', 'theprediction', 'uncertain', 'influence', 'caused', 'differentevents', 'allows', 'region', 'accumulatehistorical', 'efficiently', 'while', 'demonstrating', 'aremarkable', 'potential', 'offering', 'continuous', 'interactionwith', 'physical', 'world', 'refine', 'prediction', 'specifically', 'convolutional', 'networks', 'isadopted', 'implement', 'ensuring', 'superiorperformance', 'modeling', 'temporal', 'informationdynamics', 'future', 'infection', 'trend', 'prediction', 'undera', 'local', 'response', 'further', 'resolve', 'start', 'problem', 'privacyconcerns', 'introduced', 'collaborativetraining', 'paradigm', 'involves', 'parametersshared', 'among', 'multiple', 'parties', 'training', 'collaborativemachine', 'learning', 'models', 'significantlylower', 'privacy', 'risks', 'collaborative', 'knowledgeexchange', 'these', 'features', 'combined', 'quality', 'contribution', 'local', 'essentialfor', 'establishing', 'prediction', 'model', 'accumulatingknowledge', 'insights', 'unknown', 'virus', 'ascovid', 'short', 'period', 'contributions', 'summarized', 'follows', 'resolve', 'uncertain', 'influence', 'challenge', 'forcovid', 'pandemic', 'management', 'among', 'thefirst', 'propose', 'novel', 'collaborative', 'learning', 'frameworkwith', 'embedding', 'proposed', 'based', 'helps', 'determinethe', 'effects', 'various', 'local', 'response', 'plans', 'eachcity', 'which', 'first', 'attempt', 'utilize', 'trivial', 'learning', 'model', 'epidemic', 'forecastingconsidering', 'granularity', 'pattern', 'features', 'considering', 'start', 'problem', 'privacyconcerns', 'solution', 'which', 'offerscollaborative', 'learning', 'parameter', 'sharing', 'todisturb', 'privacy', 'rules', 'extensive', 'simulations', 'dataset', 'reveal', 'thatour', 'proposed', 'framework', 'significantly', 'outperforms', 'thenon', 'trivial', 'baseline', 'solutionwith', 'strong', 'privacy', 'guarantee', 'remainder', 'paper', 'organized', 'asfollows', 'section', 'introduces', 'related', 'works', 'basicdefinitions', 'problem', 'statements', 'presented', 'insection', 'section', 'explains', 'detailed', 'structureand', 'methodology', 'proposed', 'framework', 'theexperiments', 'results', 'analyzed', 'section', 'finally', 'conclusions', 'future', 'presented', 'insection', 'related', 'workin', 'section', 'start', 'brief', 'review', 'traditionalmethods', 'epidemic', 'prediction', 'discuss', 'therelated', 'techniques', 'collaborativetraining', 'framework', 'learning', 'based', 'epidemic', 'control', 'historicalinsights', 'temporal', 'infection', 'beencrucial', 'epidemic', 'control', 'prevention', 'couldbenefit', 'other', 'problems', 'smart', 'systems', 'orenhanced', 'social', 'network', 'analysis', 'learning', 'based', 'techniques', 'demonstrated', 'remarkableperformance', 'model', 'temporal', 'correlations', 'andrecognize', 'multiple', 'patterns', 'including', 'deepneural', 'network', 'based', 'short', 'resolutionepidemic', 'forecasting', 'influenza', 'illness', 'thesemi', 'supervised', 'learning', 'framework', 'integratescomputational', 'epidemiology', 'social', 'media', 'miningtechniques', 'epidemic', 'simulation', 'called', 'simnest', 'epirp', 'which', 'representational', 'learningmethods', 'capture', 'dynamic', 'characteristics', 'ofepidemic', 'spreading', 'social', 'networks', 'epidemics', 'oriented', 'clustering', 'classification', 'moreover', 'recent', 'breakthroughs', 'infectious', 'diseasemodeling', 'forecasting', 'disease', 'surveillancehave', 'further', 'convinced', 'these', 'activities', 'mitigatethe', 'effects', 'disease', 'outbreaks', 'addition', 'withthe', 'rapid', 'growth', 'cloud', 'computing', 'wirelessdata', 'communication', 'architectures', 'learning', 'models', 'demonstrate', 'constantly', 'improving', 'efficiency', 'given', 'various', 'application', 'scenarios', 'objectives', 'learning', 'based', 'models', 'different', 'typicalsolution', 'localized', 'nowcasting', 'activityinferring', 'argonet', 'which', 'network', 'basedapproach', 'leveraging', 'spatio', 'temporal', 'correlations', 'acrossdifferent', 'states', 'improve', 'prediction', 'accuracy', 'argonet', 'spatial', 'network', 'capture', 'thespatio', 'temporal', 'correlations', 'across', 'different', 'states', 'andproduces', 'precise', 'retrospective', 'estimates', 'based', 'onthe', 'information', 'influenza', 'related', 'google', 'searchfrequencies', 'electronic', 'health', 'records', 'historicalinfluenza', 'trends', 'instead', 'leveraging', 'multiple', 'datasource', 'argonet', 'studies', 'proposed', 'multi', 'learning', 'based', 'model', 'onlyuses', 'generated', 'content', 'search', 'theyinvestigate', 'linear', 'nonlinear', 'model', 'capabilities', 'andfind', 'disease', 'estimates', 'significantly762', 'tsinghua', 'science', 'technology', 'october', '771improved', 'study', 'influenza', 'illness', 'however', 'these', 'successful', 'attempts', 'based', 'large', 'scale', 'sources', 'massive', 'historical', 'informationof', 'disease', 'similar', 'spreading', 'patterns', 'whichmeans', 'dimensionality', 'irregularity', 'forms', 'noise', 'privacy', 'concerns', 'sparsity', 'problems', 'mayaffect', 'these', 'learning', 'based', 'models', 'performance', 'especially', 'unexpected', 'infectious', 'diseaseoutbreaks', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'filling', 'proposed', 'promising', 'solution', 'virtual', 'representation', 'adevice', 'specific', 'application', 'scenario', 'interactwith', 'target', 'environment', 'collect', 'continuouslyfor', 'decision', 'making', 'several', 'successfulresearch', 'attempts', 'include', 'disaster', 'energy', 'management', 'scale', 'light', 'detectionand', 'ranging', 'lidar', 'point', 'clouds', 'furthermore', 'singapore', 'germany', 'launched', 'scale', 'monitor', 'improve', 'utilities', 'which', 'enhancethe', 'transparency', 'sustainability', 'availability', 'offers', 'quality', 'andreal', 'resource', 'describe', 'spread', 'anepidemic', 'whereas', 'silos', 'naturally', 'emerge', 'becauseof', 'privacy', 'barriers', 'maintain', 'advantages', 'tolerate', 'sparsity', 'challenge', 'whichallows', 'multiple', 'stack', 'holders', 'share', 'train', 'aglobal', 'model', 'become', 'preferred', 'scheme', 'intypical', 'scheme', 'settings', 'owner', 'client', 'engages', 'collaborative', 'training', 'process', 'withouttransferring', 'others', 'through', 'central', 'server', 'manages', 'client', 'local', 'trainingupdates', 'aggregates', 'their', 'contributions', 'enhance', 'theglobal', 'model', 'performance', 'several', 'concrete', 'scenarios', 'including', 'google', 'gboard', 'health', 'smartbanking', 'advantages', 'handlingcollaborative', 'training', 'issues', 'difficulties', 'amongdiverse', 'owners', 'therefore', 'motivatedto', 'utilize', 'techniques', 'resolve', 'sparsitychallenges', 'design', 'collaborative', 'forcovid', 'pandemic', 'control', 'preliminary', 'system', 'modelin', 'section', 'first', 'explain', 'preliminaries', 'ofthe', 'proposed', 'framework', 'structural', 'design', 'whichcombines', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'control', 'explained', 'mathematical', 'definition', 'ofthe', 'problem', 'objective', 'detailed', 'methodology', 'andproposed', 'solution', 'illustrated', 'section', 'preliminariestcn', 'given', 'these', 'advantages', 'delicate', 'designedconvolutional', 'architecture', 'handle', 'variablelength', 'inputs', 'those', 'recurrent', 'neural', 'network', 'based', 'methods', 'convincingly', 'outperformbaseline', 'recurrent', 'architectures', 'across', 'various', 'sequencemodeling', 'tasks', 'leveraging', 'simpler', 'dfully', 'convolutional', 'network', 'build', 'verylong', 'sufficient', 'history', 'variable', 'length', 'ainput', 'sequence', 'avoiding', 'large', 'memory', 'requirementsand', 'intricate', 'network', 'architecture', 'those', 'ofgated', 'model', 'pipeline', 'distinguishingfeatures', 'causal', 'convolution', 'dilated', 'convolution', 'causal', 'convolutions', 'consider', 'output', 'timet', 'convoluted', 'elements', 'occurred', 'before', 'which', 'suggests', 'current', 'spatial', 'temporal', 'informationdepends', 'future', 'inputs', 'further', 'achieve', 'longer', 'history', 'withoutintroducing', 'extremely', 'network', 'largefilters', 'dilated', 'convolution', 'enlargethe', 'sequence', 'maximum', 'length', 'receptive', 'field', 'notably', 'receptive', 'field', 'changed', 'stackingmore', 'dilated', 'convolution', 'layers', 'increasing', 'filtersizes', 'which', 'fully', 'explain', 'robustness', 'flexibility', 'privacy', 'enhanced', 'distributed', 'learningframework', 'emphasis', 'using', 'mobile', 'edgedevices', 'collecting', 'scaling', 'computationresources', 'unlike', 'previous', 'research', 'handling', 'withtraining', 'centralized', 'manner', 'essentialproperty', 'parameter', 'collaborative', 'trainingto', 'avoid', 'disturbing', 'clients', 'privacy', 'rules', 'various', 'participating', 'clients', 'solve', 'learning', 'taskthrough', 'spoke', 'topology', 'model', 'aggregationwhile', 'maintaining', 'their', 'devices', 'inparticular', 'training', 'flcentral', 'server', 'trains', 'global', 'model', 'initialization', 'distributes', 'model', 'existing', 'collaborators', 'clients', 'after', 'receiving', 'global', 'model', 'eachcollaborator', 'local', 'dataset', 'update', 'localparameters', 'generates', 'local', 'updates', 'basedon', 'specified', 'synchronization', 'settings', 'these', 'updatesare', 'central', 'server', 'aggregation', 'theglobal', 'model', 'improved', 'these', 'distributed', 'updateiterations', 'repeated', 'until', 'global', 'model', 'convergesor', 'achieves', 'expected', 'performance', 'digital', 'representation', 'physicalasset', 'environment', 'system', 'initiallydeveloped', 'automatically', 'aggregate', 'analyze', 'andjunjie', 'collaborative', 'digital', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'federated', 'learning', 'solution', '763visualize', 'complex', 'information', 'through', 'continuousinteractions', 'physical', 'world', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'controlfrom', 'above', 'facts', 'observe', 'explicit', 'advantagesof', 'using', 'establish', 'collaborative', 'trainingframework', 'multiple', 'first', 'separatinglocal', 'model', 'training', 'global', 'model', 'updates', 'floffers', 'strong', 'capability', 'isolated', 'dataisland', 'problem', 'between', 'multiple', 'secondly', 'withenhanced', 'privacy', 'settings', 'obtain', 'thecollaboration', 'achievements', 'without', 'violating', 'privacyrules', 'these', 'properties', 'essential', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'control', 'because', 'different', 'regions', 'acollaboration', 'paradigm', 'lower', 'privacy', 'risks', 'toquickly', 'realize', 'effective', 'response', 'furthermore', 'using', 'series', 'datamodeling', 'method', 'shared', 'global', 'model', 'providemore', 'temporal', 'correlation', 'perspectives', 'which', 'acomplementary', 'approach', 'quicklyconverge', 'robust', 'performance', 'proposed', 'three', 'primarycomponents', 'physical', 'environment', 'virtual', 'replica', 'describing', 'architecture', 'functions', 'behaviors', 'active', 'communicationsbetween', 'obtain', 'spatiotemporaldata', 'various', 'infrastructure', 'human', 'systems', 'according', 'three', 'components', 'compose', 'citydt', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'control', 'using', 'followingmetrics', 'covid', 'number', 'covid', 'casenumber', 'number', 'identified', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'direct', 'evidence', 'describe', 'characteristics', 'ofhuman', 'human', 'transmission', 'daily', 'updates', 'casenumbers', 'represent', 'infection', 'trend', 'changes', 'showwhether', 'response', 'operated', 'efficiently', 'ourframework', 'model', 'specific', 'sothat', 'number', 'bounded', 'timeinformation', 'covid', 'testing', 'number', 'metric', 'measureshow', 'individuals', 'tested', 'covid', 'theaffected', 'regions', 'actual', 'total', 'number', 'peopleinfected', 'covid', 'cannot', 'obtained', 'thissituation', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'depends', 'thetesting', 'number', 'because', 'further', 'interpretand', 'revise', 'covid', 'number', 'meanwhile', 'positive', 'computed', 'testing', 'number', 'particular', 'window', 'essential', 'metric', 'fordescribing', 'target', 'controls', 'spread', 'properly', 'therefore', 'numbers', 'estimate', 'thecurrent', 'infection', 'status', 'mitigate', 'risks', 'under', 'reporting', 'cases', 'deaths', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'death', 'number', 'theconfirmed', 'death', 'number', 'describes', 'ability', 'ofcovid', 'cause', 'death', 'which', 'another', 'direct', 'pieceof', 'evidence', 'region', 'affected', 'furthermore', 'important', 'metric', 'identifying', 'populationsand', 'guiding', 'response', 'adjust', 'medicalresource', 'allocations', 'confirmed', 'death', 'number', 'andcase', 'number', 'different', 'trends', 'because', 'thesame', 'response', 'affect', 'these', 'metrics', 'differently', 'example', 'several', 'infected', 'regions', 'bring', 'thenumber', 'deaths', 'response', 'butother', 'areas', 'lower', 'number', 'thedeath', 'helps', 'understand', 'severity', 'virusand', 'evaluate', 'response', 'grained', 'function', 'response', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'control', 'various', 'organizations', 'governments', 'develop', 'severallocal', 'level', 'response', 'plans', 'country', 'levelresponse', 'prepare', 'respond', 'covid', 'model', 'representa', 'response', 'where', 'location', 'andtend', 'denoting', 'starting', 'weinclude', 'following', 'response', 'plans', 'proposedmodel', 'quarantine', 'domestic', 'travel', 'limitations', 'gathering', 'limits', 'orders', 'nonessentialbusiness', 'closures', 'reopening', 'plans', 'policy', 'effectiveness', 'different', 'response', 'plans', 'varybecause', 'affected', 'several', 'external', 'factors', 'sudden', 'emergency', 'adverse', 'weather', 'conditions', 'vaccinations', 'temporal', 'effects', 'types', 'temporaleffects', 'considered', 'primary', 'factors', 'citydt', 'model', 'temporal', 'effects', 'historical', 'infection', 'status', 'historical', 'numbers', 'historical', 'deaths', 'andexternal', 'factors', 'selected', 'response', 'plans', 'events', 'gatherings', 'proposed', 'dtmodel', 'primary', 'determine', 'whether', 'specificresponse', 'flatten', 'infection', 'curve', 'evaluatethe', 'period', 'validity', 'robustepidemic', 'forecasting', 'model', 'consider', 'multipletemporal', 'factors', 'hidden', 'periodicity', 'historical', 'infection', 'status', 'evolvingpandemic', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'thehistorical', 'numbers', 'direct', 'evidence', 'thecorrelation', 'between', 'conditions', 'currentinfection', 'status', 'historical', 'dailycase', 'information', 'three', 'states', 'nevada', 'tsinghua', 'science', 'technology', 'october', '771fig', 'correlation', 'between', 'current', 'infection', 'trend', 'andthe', 'historical', 'infection', 'numbers', 'wisconsin', 'examples', 'these', 'temporaleffects', 'early', 'march', 'three', 'states', 'weobserve', 'immediate', 'effect', 'historical', 'infectionnumbers', 'because', 'continuously', 'increasingnumber', 'infections', 'until', 'april', 'which', 'indicatesthat', 'temporal', 'correlations', 'essential', 'rolein', 'explaining', 'predicting', 'future', 'infection', 'trends', 'external', 'factors', 'determine', 'whether', 'externalfactors', 'immediate', 'delayed', 'effect', 'futureinfection', 'trends', 'observe', 'correlation', 'betweeneach', 'specific', 'factor', 'infection', 'status', 'nextfew', 'response', 'plans', 'consideredthe', 'primary', 'external', 'factor', 'because', 'choice', 'aspecified', 'response', 'significantly', 'affectthe', 'number', 'infections', 'effect', 'various', 'depending', 'strictness', 'policy', 'people', 'sacceptance', 'other', 'factors', 'asvarious', 'climate', 'conditions', 'population', 'density', 'example', 'observe', 'after', 'takinga', 'specified', 'response', 'domestic', 'travellimitations', 'gathering', 'limits', 'infection', 'trend', 'ofall', 'three', 'states', 'significantly', 'decreased', 'however', 'different', 'reasons', 'validity', 'period', 'responseplan', 'three', 'states', 'exhibit', 'increasinginfection', 'trend', 'temporal', 'effect', 'specific', 'response', 'complicated', 'becauseexternal', 'factors', 'window', 'theindeterminate', 'period', 'response', 'starts', 'totake', 'effect', 'paroxysmal', 'public', 'crisis', 'alsolead', 'infection', 'trend', 'changes', 'which', 'suggests', 'thatit', 'challenge', 'estimate', 'temporal', 'effects', 'aspecific', 'response', 'complicated', 'physicalenvironment', 'problem', 'statementto', 'place', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'under', 'control', 'different', 'local', 'agencies', 'region', 'choosetheir', 'strategy', 'local', 'requirements', 'thisdivergence', 'occurs', 'mainly', 'because', 'different', 'regionsshould', 'consider', 'local', 'intrinsic', 'properties', 'forinstance', 'which', 'thinly', 'populated', 'districtwith', 'infection', 'rates', 'would', 'prefer', 'choosea', 'radical', 'response', 'while', 'another', 'areab', 'where', 'severe', 'infection', 'conditions', 'verylikely', 'choose', 'radical', 'response', 'likerestricting', 'activities', 'closing', 'facilities', 'situation', 'means', 'region', 'obtainknowledge', 'trial', 'error', 'operation', 'schemes', 'forseeking', 'effective', 'response', 'increasingtime', 'could', 'delayed', 'response', 'withpoor', 'performance', 'moreover', 'train', 'modelto', 'predict', 'future', 'infection', 'trends', 'after', 'response', 'enough', 'features', 'construct', 'temporalcorrelations', 'which', 'suggests', 'collaborative', 'citydt', 'training', 'framework', 'considered', 'instead', 'coping', 'these', 'challenges', 'limitations', 'protocol', 'collaborative', 'dtframework', 'paper', 'study', 'problem', 'offorecasting', 'future', 'infection', 'trends', 'specific', 'responseplans', 'formally', 'problem', 'stated', 'follows', 'given', 'multiple', 'eachexpects', 'collaborations', 'bounded', 'local', 'datasensing', 'method', 'generate', 'individualize', 'sourcesi', 'federated', 'training', 'problem', 'tooptimize', 'following', 'function', 'xnid1pifi', 'junjie', 'collaborative', 'digital', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'federated', 'learning', 'solution', '765where', 'number', 'represents', 'theparameter', 'global', 'model', 'where', 'number', 'points', 'sourceand', 'number', 'points', 'forcity', 'function', 'point', 'sothat', 'local', 'objective', 'defined', '1mixmijd1fnew_paper']
['received', 'november', 'accepted', 'december', 'publication', 'december', 'current', 'version', 'december', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3044858artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'rayimages', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', 'thoughtful', 'evaluation', 'approachjulián', 'arias', 'londoño', 'senior', 'member', 'jorge', 'gómez', 'garcía', 'laureano', 'velázquez3', 'member', 'andjuan', 'godino', 'llorente', 'senior', 'member', '1department', 'systems', 'engineering', 'universidad', 'antioquia', 'medellín', '050010', 'colombia2bioengineering', 'optoelectronics', 'laboratory', 'universidad', 'politécnica', 'madrid', '28031', 'madrid', 'spain3department', 'electrical', 'computer', 'engineering', 'johns', 'hopkins', 'university', 'baltimore', '21218', 'usacorresponding', 'author', 'godino', 'llorente', 'ignacio', 'godino', 'supported', 'ministry', 'economy', 'competitiveness', 'spain', 'under', 'grant', 'dpi2017', '83405', 'partby', 'universidad', 'antioquia', 'medellín', 'colombia', 'abstract', 'current', 'standard', 'protocols', 'clinic', 'diagnosing', 'covid', 'include', 'molecular', 'orantigen', 'tests', 'generally', 'complemented', 'plain', 'chest', 'combined', 'analysis', 'reduce', 'thesignificant', 'number', 'false', 'negatives', 'these', 'tests', 'provide', 'complementary', 'evidence', 'about', 'presenceand', 'severity', 'disease', 'however', 'procedure', 'errors', 'interpretation', 'chestx', 'restricted', 'radiologists', 'complexity', 'provide', 'evidencefor', 'diagnosis', 'paper', 'presents', 'evaluation', 'different', 'methods', 'based', 'neural', 'network', 'these', 'first', 'steps', 'develop', 'automatic', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'using', 'chest', 'images', 'todifferentiate', 'between', 'controls', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'groups', 'paper', 'describes', 'process', 'followedto', 'train', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'dataset', 'images', 'compiled', 'fromdifferent', 'sources', 'including', 'covid', 'examples', 'three', 'different', 'experiments', 'followingthree', 'preprocessing', 'schemes', 'carried', 'evaluate', 'compare', 'developed', 'models', 'toevaluate', 'preprocessing', 'affects', 'results', 'improves', 'explainability', 'likewise', 'criticalanalysis', 'different', 'variability', 'issues', 'might', 'compromise', 'system', 'effects', 'performed', 'withthe', 'employed', 'methodology', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'obtained', 'average', 'recall', 'forthe', 'worst', 'explainable', 'experiment', 'which', 'requires', 'previous', 'automatic', 'segmentation', 'lungregion', 'index', 'terms', 'covid', 'learning', 'pneumonia', 'radiological', 'imaging', 'chest', 'introductioncovid', 'pandemic', 'rapidly', 'become', 'biggesthealth', 'world', 'challenges', 'recent', 'years', 'disease', 'spreadsat', 'reproduction', 'number', 'covid', 'rangedfrom', 'during', 'first', 'months', 'pandemic', 'meaning', 'average', 'infected', 'person', 'transmittedthe', 'disease', 'people', 'result', 'numberof', 'covid', 'infections', 'dramatically', 'increased', 'justa', 'hundred', 'cases', 'january', 'concentrated', 'inthe', 'associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript', 'andapproving', 'publication', 'wenming', 'china', 'million', 'november', 'spread', 'allaround', 'world', 'covid', 'caused', 'coronavirus', 'avirus', 'belongs', 'family', 'other', 'respiratorydisorders', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'middle', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'symptomatology', 'covid', 'diverse', 'arisesafter', 'incubation', 'around', 'symptoms', 'mightinclude', 'fever', 'cough', 'fatigue', 'although', 'headache', 'hemoptysis', 'diarrhea', 'dyspnoea', 'lymphopenia', 'alsoreported', 'severe', 'cases', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'tress', 'syndrome', 'might', 'developed', 'underlyingpneumonia', 'associated', 'covid', 'severevolume', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '226811j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19cases', 'estimated', 'period', 'onset', 'disease', 'todeath', 'ranges', 'median', 'being', 'dependent', 'patient', 'patient', 'immunesystem', 'status', 'reaches', 'getsinto', 'cells', 'through', 'protein', 'called', 'which', 'servesas', 'opening', 'after', 'virus', 'geneticmaterial', 'multiplied', 'infected', 'produces', 'proteinsthat', 'complement', 'viral', 'structure', 'produce', 'viruses', 'virus', 'destroys', 'infected', 'leaves', 'andinfects', 'cells', 'destroyed', 'cells', 'produce', 'radiologicallesions', 'consolidations', 'nodules', 'thelungs', 'observable', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacityregions', 'images', 'these', 'lesionsare', 'noticeable', 'patients', 'assessed', 'afterthe', 'onset', 'disease', 'especially', 'those', 'older', 'than50', 'findings', 'suggest', 'patients', 'recovered', 'fromcovid', 'developed', 'pulmonary', 'fibrosis', 'whichthe', 'connective', 'tissue', 'inflamed', 'leading', 'apathological', 'proliferation', 'connective', 'tissue', 'betweenthe', 'alveoli', 'surrounding', 'blood', 'vessels', 'given', 'thesesigns', 'radiological', 'imaging', 'techniques', 'using', 'plain', 'chestxr', 'thorax', 'computer', 'tomography', 'becomecrucial', 'diagnosis', 'evaluation', 'tools', 'identify', 'assessthe', 'severity', 'infection', 'since', 'declaration', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'theworld', 'health', 'organization', 'identified', 'major', 'areasto', 'reduce', 'impact', 'disease', 'world', 'prepareand', 'ready', 'detect', 'protect', 'treat', 'reduce', 'transmission', 'innovate', 'learn', 'concerning', 'detec', 'significant', 'efforts', 'undertaken', 'improve', 'thediagnostic', 'procedures', 'covid', 'clinic', 'still', 'molecular', 'diagnostic', 'based', 'apolymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'which', 'precise', 'consuming', 'requires', 'specialized', 'personnel', 'laboratories', 'general', 'limited', 'capacities', 'resourcesof', 'health', 'systems', 'alternative', 'rapidtests', 'those', 'based', 'reverse', 'transcriptase', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'morerapidly', 'deployed', 'decrease', 'specialized', 'labora', 'tories', 'personnel', 'provide', 'faster', 'diagnosis', 'comparedto', 'traditional', 'other', 'tests', 'those', 'based', 'antigens', 'nowavailable', 'mainly', 'massive', 'testings', 'fornon', 'clinical', 'applications', 'higher', 'chance', 'missingan', 'active', 'infection', 'contrast', 'which', 'detectsthe', 'virus', 'genetic', 'material', 'antigen', 'tests', 'identify', 'specificproteins', 'virus', 'surface', 'requiring', 'higher', 'viral', 'which', 'significantly', 'shortens', 'sensitivity', 'period', 'clinical', 'practice', 'usually', 'comple', 'mented', 'chest', 'manner', 'bined', 'analysis', 'reduces', 'significant', 'number', 'false', 'atives', 'brings', 'additional', 'informationabout', 'extent', 'severity', 'disease', 'addition', 'tothat', 'thorax', 'second', 'method', 'forevaluation', 'although', 'evaluation', 'provides', 'moreaccurate', 'results', 'early', 'stages', 'shown', 'tohave', 'greater', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'imaging', 'hasbecome', 'standard', 'screening', 'protocols', 'since', 'minimally', 'invasive', 'requires', 'simpler', 'logisticsfor', 'implementation', 'search', 'rapid', 'objective', 'accurate', 'sensi', 'procedures', 'which', 'could', 'complement', 'diagnosis', 'andassessment', 'disorder', 'trend', 'research', 'emergedto', 'employ', 'clinical', 'features', 'extracted', 'thorax', 'chestxr', 'automatic', 'detection', 'purposes', 'potential', 'benefit', 'ofstudying', 'radiological', 'images', 'these', 'character', 'pneumonic', 'states', 'asymptomatic', 'population', 'however', 'research', 'needed', 'field', 'lackof', 'findings', 'infected', 'patients', 'reported', 'theconsolidation', 'technology', 'permit', 'speedy', 'andaccurate', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'decreasing', 'pressureon', 'microbiological', 'laboratories', 'charge', 'testsand', 'providing', 'objective', 'means', 'assessing', 'severity', 'techniques', 'based', 'learn', 'employed', 'leverage', 'information', 'withpromising', 'results', 'although', 'would', 'desirable', 'employct', 'detection', 'purposes', 'significant', 'drawbacks', 'areoften', 'present', 'including', 'higher', 'costs', 'consumingprocedure', 'thorough', 'hygienic', 'protocols', 'avoid', 'infectionspread', 'requirement', 'specialized', 'equipment', 'thatmight', 'readily', 'available', 'hospitals', 'health', 'centers', 'contrast', 'imaging', 'procedures', 'available', 'firstscreening', 'tests', 'hospitals', 'health', 'centers', 'lowerexpenses', 'several', 'approaches', 'covid', 'detection', 'based', 'onchest', 'images', 'different', 'learning', 'architectureshave', 'published', 'months', 'reporting', 'classifi', 'cation', 'accuracies', 'around', 'higher', 'however', 'centralanalysis', 'those', 'works', 'focused', 'variationsof', 'network', 'architectures', 'whereas', 'there', 'attention', 'tothe', 'variability', 'factors', 'solution', 'should', 'tackle', 'beforeit', 'deployed', 'medical', 'setting', 'sense', 'noanalysis', 'provided', 'demonstrate', 'reliability', 'ofthe', 'networks', 'predictions', 'which', 'context', 'medicalsolutions', 'acquires', 'particular', 'relevance', 'moreover', 'ofthe', 'works', 'state', 'validated', 'their', 'results', 'withdata', 'containing', 'dozens', 'hundreds', 'covid', '19samples', 'limiting', 'proposed', 'solutions', 'impact', 'these', 'antecedents', 'paper', 'deeplearning', 'algorithm', 'based', 'augmentation', 'andregularization', 'techniques', 'handle', 'imbalance', 'thediscrimination', 'between', 'covid', 'controls', 'other', 'typesof', 'pneumonia', 'methods', 'tested', 'extensivecorpus', 'authors', 'knowledge', 'three', 'differentsets', 'experiments', 'carried', 'search', 'themost', 'suitable', 'coherent', 'approach', 'paperalso', 'explainability', 'techniques', 'insight', 'about', 'themanners', 'neural', 'network', 'learns', 'interpretabil', 'terms', 'overlapping', 'among', 'regions', 'interestselected', 'network', 'those', 'likely', 'affectedby', 'covid', 'critical', 'analysis', 'factors', 'affect', 'the226812', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19figure', 'experiments', 'considered', 'paper', 'first', 'chest', 'images', 'belonging', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'andcovid', 'classes', 'second', 'activation', 'mapping', 'images', 'despite', 'accuracy', 'modelfocuses', 'attention', 'areas', 'different', 'lungs', 'cases', 'third', 'activation', 'mapping', 'afterzooming', 'cropping', 'squared', 'region', 'interest', 'resizing', 'zooming', 'region', 'interest', 'forces', 'model', 'tofocus', 'attention', 'lungs', 'errors', 'still', 'present', 'fourth', 'activation', 'mapping', 'after', 'zooming', 'andsegmentation', 'procedure', 'zooming', 'segmenting', 'force', 'model', 'focus', 'attention', 'lungs', 'black', 'backgroundrepresents', 'introduced', 'segmentation', 'procedure', 'volume', '226813j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19performance', 'automatic', 'systems', 'based', 'learning', 'isalso', 'carried', 'paper', 'organized', 'follows', 'section', 'presents', 'somebackground', 'antecedents', 'learning', 'forcovid', 'detection', 'section', 'presents', 'methodology', 'section', 'presents', 'results', 'obtained', 'whereas', 'presentsthe', 'discussions', 'conclusions', 'paper', 'backgrounda', 'large', 'research', 'emerged', 'artificialintelligence', 'detect', 'different', 'respiratory', 'diseases', 'usingplain', 'images', 'instance', 'authors', 'developeda', 'layer', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'architec', 'called', 'chexnet', 'which', 'trained', 'dataset', 'of100', 'images', 'detection', 'different', 'types', 'ofpneumonia', 'study', 'reports', 'under', 'receivingoperating', 'characteristic', 'curve', 'multiclassscenario', 'composed', 'classes', 'directly', 'related', 'covid', 'detection', 'three', 'cnnarchitectures', 'resnet50', 'inceptionv3', 'inceptionres', 'netv2', 'considered', 'using', 'database', 'just50', 'controls', 'covid', 'patients', 'accuracy', 'obtained', 'resnet50', 'seven', 'differentdeep', 'models', 'tested', 'using', 'corpus', 'controlsand', 'covid', 'patients', 'results', 'attainedwith', 'vgg19', 'densenet', 'models', 'obtaining', 'scoresof', 'controls', 'patients', 'covid', 'netarchitecture', 'proposed', 'trained', 'withan', 'repository', 'called', 'covidx', 'composed', 'xrimages', 'although', 'patients', 'belonged', 'tothe', 'covid', 'class', 'attained', 'accuracy', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'algorithm', 'employed', 'forthe', 'detection', 'covid', 'corpus', 'covid', '19images', 'taken', 'patients', 'control', 'images', 'taken', 'patients', 'sensitivity', 'ofspecificity', 'obtained', 'combination', 'forfeature', 'extraction', 'short', 'memory', 'network', 'classification', 'automatic', 'detectionpurposes', 'model', 'trained', 'corpus', 'gathered', 'fromdifferent', 'sources', 'consisting', 'images', 'ofcovid', 'although', 'repository', 'applyingdata', 'augmentation', 'pneumonia', 'trols', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation', 'scheme', 'accuracywas', 'reported', 'vgg16', 'network', 'forclassification', 'employing', 'database', 'covid', '132controls', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'following', 'outvalidation', 'about', 'accuracy', 'obtained', 'identifyingcovid', 'being', 'lower', 'other', 'classes', 'authors', 'adapted', 'model', 'classification', 'ofcovid', 'using', 'transfer', 'learning', 'based', 'xceptionnetwork', 'experiments', 'carried', 'database', '127covid', 'controls', 'patients', 'pneumo', 'gathered', 'different', 'sources', 'attaining', 'about', 'accuracy', 'similar', 'approach', 'followed', 'thesame', 'corpus', 'binary', 'classification', 'covid', 'andcontrols', 'multiclass', 'classification', 'covid', 'controls', 'pneumonia', 'modification', 'darknetmodel', 'transfer', 'learning', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'binary', 'classification', 'multiclass', 'sification', 'obtained', 'another', 'xception', 'transfer', 'learning', 'based', 'approach', 'presented', 'considering', 'twomulti', 'class', 'classification', 'tasks', 'controls', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'controlsvs', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'imbalanceof', 'corpus', 'undersampling', 'technique', 'torandomly', 'discard', 'registers', 'larger', 'classes', 'obtain', 'covid', 'controls', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'chest', 'images', 'reportedaccuracy', 'class', 'problem', 'class', 'scenario', 'moreover', 'class', 'cross', 'database', 'exper', 'iment', 'accuracy', 'networks', 'resnet18', 'resnet50', 'squeezenet', 'densenet', 'wereused', 'transfer', 'learning', 'experiments', 'performed', 'database', 'covid', 'finding', 'andpneumonia', 'images', 'reported', 'results', 'indicate', 'sensitivity', 'ofabout', 'specificity', 'state', 'systems', 'vgg19', 'mobilenetv2', 'inception', 'inceptionresnetv2', 'tested', 'transfer', 'learningsetting', 'identify', 'covid', 'control', 'pneumoniaimages', 'experiments', 'carried', 'partitions', 'oneof', 'covid', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'controlimages', 'another', 'considered', 'previous', 'normal', 'andcovid', 'included', 'cases', 'bacterial', 'viralpneumonia', 'mobilenetv2', 'attained', 'resultswith', 'accuracy', 'classes', 'sification', 'mobilenetv2', 'trained', 'fromscratch', 'compared', 'based', 'transfer', 'learningand', 'another', 'based', 'hybrid', 'feature', 'extraction', 'tuning', 'experiments', 'performed', 'dataset', 'xrimages', 'diseases', 'indicated', 'training', 'scratchoutperforms', 'other', 'approaches', 'attaining', 'accuracyin', 'multiclass', 'classification', 'detectionof', 'covid', 'system', 'grounded', 'inception', 'transfer', 'learning', 'presented', 'experi', 'ments', 'performed', 'partitions', 'images', 'withcovid', 'pneumonia', 'tuberculosis', 'controls', 'reportedresults', 'indicate', 'accuracy', 'folds', 'cross', 'validationscheme', 'classification', 'covid', 'other', 'classes', 'fuzzy', 'color', 'techniques', 'processing', 'stage', 'remove', 'noise', 'enhance', 'imagesin', 'class', 'classification', 'setting', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'controls', 'processed', 'images', 'originalones', 'stacked', 'models', 'toextract', 'features', 'mobilenetv2', 'squeezenet', 'featureselection', 'technique', 'based', 'social', 'mimic', 'optimization', 'asupport', 'vector', 'machine', 'experiments', 'wereperformed', 'corpus', 'covid', 'controls', '98pneumonia', 'images', 'attaining', 'about', 'accuracy', 'given', 'limited', 'amount', 'covid', 'images', 'someapproaches', 'focused', 'generating', 'artificial', 'trainbetter', 'models', 'auxiliary', 'generative', 'adversarialnetwork', 'produce', 'artificial', 'covid', '19226814', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', 'images', 'database', 'covid', '124controls', 'results', 'indicated', 'augmentation', 'increasedaccuracy', 'vgg16', 'similarly', 'augment', 'database', '307images', 'belonging', 'classes', 'controls', 'covid', 'terial', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'different', 'models', 'weretested', 'transfer', 'learning', 'based', 'setting', 'including', 'alexnet', 'googlenet', 'restnet18', 'results', 'obtainedwith', 'googlenet', 'achieving', 'multiclass', 'classifica', 'approach', 'based', 'capsule', 'networks', 'capsnet', 'binary', 'covid', 'controls', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'covid', 'pneumoniavs', 'controls', 'experiments', 'performed', 'dataset', 'of231', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'controls', 'xrimages', 'augmentation', 'increase', 'covid', 'images', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation', 'scheme', 'accuracy', 'binary', 'classification', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'achieved', 'architecture', 'based', 'depth', 'dilated', 'convolutionnetworks', 'proposed', 'first', 'stage', 'pneumo', 'viral', 'bacterial', 'control', 'images', 'employedfor', 'pretraining', 'refined', 'model', 'covid', 'isobtained', 'using', 'transfer', 'learning', 'experiments', 'using', 'databases', 'accuracy', 'achieved', 'covid', 'controls', 'covid', 'controls', 'bacte', 'viral', 'cases', 'pneumonia', 'trainneural', 'network', 'limited', 'number', 'training', 'parame', 'presented', 'patch', 'phenomena', 'found', 'images', 'studied', 'bilateral', 'involvement', 'peripheraldistribution', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacification', 'develop', 'alung', 'segmentation', 'patch', 'based', 'neural', 'network', 'thatdistinguished', 'covid', 'controls', 'basis', 'thesystem', 'resnet18', 'network', 'saliency', 'alsoused', 'produce', 'interpretable', 'results', 'experiments', 'formed', 'database', 'controls', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'tuberculosis', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'about', 'accuracy', 'obtained', 'likewise', 'interpretable', 'results', 'werereported', 'terms', 'large', 'correlations', 'between', 'saliencymaps', 'activation', 'zones', 'radiological', 'findings', 'foundin', 'images', 'authors', 'indicate', 'thelung', 'segmentation', 'approach', 'considered', 'system', 'saccuracy', 'decreased', 'about', 'curvelets', 'trans', 'formations', 'extract', 'features', 'images', 'afeature', 'selection', 'algorithm', 'based', 'heuristic', 'usedto', 'relevant', 'characteristics', 'while', 'modelbased', 'efficientnet', 'classification', 'exper', 'iments', 'carried', 'database', 'controls', '219covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'achieved', 'proposedapproach', 'multiclass', 'hierarchical', 'classification', 'differ', 'types', 'diseases', 'producing', 'pneumonia', 'labels', 'and14', 'label', 'paths', 'including', 'covid', 'explored', 'since', 'database', 'images', 'heavily', 'imbal', 'anced', 'different', 'resampling', 'techniques', 'considered', 'byfollowing', 'transfer', 'learning', 'approach', 'based', 'archi', 'tecture', 'extract', 'features', 'validation', 'with5', 'different', 'classification', 'techniques', 'macro', 'score', 'score', 'obtained', 'multiclassand', 'hierarchical', 'classification', 'scenarios', 'respectively', 'three', 'phases', 'approach', 'presented', 'detect', 'presenceof', 'pneumonia', 'classify', 'between', 'covid', 'monia', 'highlight', 'regions', 'interest', 'images', 'proposed', 'system', 'utilized', 'database', 'images', 'ofcovid', 'patients', 'other', 'pulmonary', 'diseases', 'controls', 'using', 'transfer', 'learning', 'systembased', 'vgg16', 'about', 'accuracy', 'reported', 'hierarchical', 'approach', 'using', 'decision', 'trees', 'based', 'onresnet18', 'presented', 'which', 'first', 'sified', 'images', 'normal', 'pathological', 'classes', 'second', 'identified', 'tuberculosis', 'third', 'covid', 'experiments', 'carried', 'partitions', 'obtained', 'afterhaving', 'gathered', 'images', 'different', 'sources', 'mentation', 'accuracy', 'decision', 'starting', 'fromthe', 'first', 'about', 'respectively', 'issues', 'affecting', 'results', 'literaturetable', 'presents', 'summary', 'state', 'matic', 'detection', 'covid', 'based', 'images', 'deeplearning', 'despite', 'excellent', 'results', 'reported', 'reviewreveals', 'proposed', 'systems', 'suffer', 'certainshortcomings', 'affect', 'conclusions', 'extracted', 'theirrespective', 'studies', 'limiting', 'translational', 'possibilities', 'tothe', 'clinical', 'environment', 'likewise', 'variability', 'factors', 'havenot', 'deeply', 'studied', 'these', 'papers', 'their', 'study', 'canbe', 'regarded', 'necessary', 'instance', 'issues', 'affect', 'thereviewed', 'systems', 'detect', 'covid', 'plain', 'chest', 'xrimages', 'limited', 'datasets', 'which', 'compromisestheir', 'generalization', 'capabilities', 'indeed', 'authors', 'knowledge', 'thepaper', 'employing', 'largest', 'database', 'covid', 'considers1', 'images', 'gathered', 'different', 'sources', 'however', 'images', 'belong', 'augmented', 'repository', 'whichdoes', 'include', 'additional', 'information', 'about', 'initial', 'files', 'number', 'augmented', 'images', 'generalterms', 'works', 'employ', 'covid', 'images', 'having', 'systems', 'images', 'however', 'understandable', 'given', 'theseworks', 'published', 'during', 'onset', 'pandemics', 'whenthe', 'number', 'available', 'registers', 'limited', 'other', 'balance', 'patients', 'isconsidered', 'essential', 'avoid', 'model', 'learn', 'specificfeatures', 'however', 'several', 'previous', 'works', 'xrimages', 'children', 'populate', 'pneumonia', 'class', 'thismight', 'biasing', 'results', 'given', 'differences', 'ofcovid', 'patients', 'despite', 'works', 'literature', 'report', 'perfor', 'mance', 'detecting', 'covid', 'approaches', 'follow1first', 'efforts', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'challenge', 'dataset', 'which', 'focused', 'detection', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'children', 'https', 'kaggle', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'challenge', 'overviewvolume', '226815j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19table', 'summary', 'literature', 'field', 'brute', 'force', 'approach', 'exploiting', 'learning', 'potentialityto', 'correlate', 'outputs', 'class', 'labels', 'providelow', 'interpretability', 'explainability', 'process', 'isunclear', 'results', 'system', 'actualcapability', 'extract', 'information', 'related', 'pathology', 'orbecause', 'leart', 'other', 'aspects', 'during', 'training', 'biasingand', 'compromising', 'results', 'matter', 'example', 'justone', 'studies', 'reported', 'literature', 'follows', 'strat', 'forces', 'network', 'focus', 'significantareas', 'interest', 'covid', 'detection', 'byproposing', 'methodology', 'based', 'semantic', 'segmentation', 'ofthe', 'lungs', 'remaining', 'cases', 'unclear', 'modelsare', 'analyzing', 'lungs', 'categorizing', 'givenany', 'other', 'information', 'available', 'which', 'might', 'interestingfor', 'classification', 'purposes', 'might', 'diagnostic', 'inter', 'relevant', 'analyzed', 'works', 'liter', 'ature', 'pneumonia', 'controls', 'classes', 'certainrepository', 'whereas', 'others', 'covid', 'comes', 'froma', 'combination', 'sources', 'repositories', 'having', 'classesgenerated', 'different', 'conditions', 'might', 'undoubtedly', 'affectthe', 'results', 'critical', 'study', 'about', 'aspect', 'isneeded', 'other', 'variability', 'issues', 'thesensor', 'technology', 'employed', 'projection', 'thesex', 'patients', 'require', 'thorough', 'study', 'finally', 'literature', 'review', 'revealed', 'thepublished', 'papers', 'showed', 'excellent', 'correlation', 'interpretability', 'explainability', 'table', 'indeed', 'often', 'desirable', 'clinical', 'practice', 'toobtain', 'interpretable', 'results', 'correlate', 'pathologicalconditions', 'particular', 'demographic', 'physiological', 'black', 'system', 'yields', 'binary', 'multi', 'class', 'decision', 'revision', 'literature', 'partially', 'addressed', 'aspect', 'further', 'research', 'onthis', 'topic', 'needed', 'these', 'ideas', 'paper', 'addresses', 'these', 'aspectsby', 'training', 'testing', 'corpus', 'images', 'proposing', 'comparing', 'strategies', 'preprocess', 'theimages', 'analyze', 'effect', 'variability', 'factors', 'andprovide', 'insights', 'explainable', 'interpretableresults', 'primary', 'present', 'critical', 'overviewof', 'these', 'aspects', 'since', 'might', 'affecting', 'modelingcapabilities', 'learning', 'systems', 'detection', 'ofcovid', 'methodologythe', 'design', 'methodology', 'presented', 'followingsection', 'procedure', 'followed', 'train', 'neural', 'networkis', 'described', 'first', 'along', 'process', 'followed', 'tocreate', 'dataset', 'network', 'source', 'trainit', 'available', 'https', 'github', 'jdariasl', 'covidnet', 'soresults', 'readily', 'reproduced', 'other', 'researchers', 'networkthe', 'system', 'based', 'thecovid', 'proposed', 'modifications', 'were2following', 'pytorch', 'implementation', 'available', 'athttps', 'github', 'iliaspap', 'covidnet226816', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19made', 'include', 'regularization', 'components', 'twodense', 'layers', 'weighted', 'categorical', 'cross', 'entropy', 'lossfunction', 'compensate', 'class', 'imbalance', 'networkstructure', 'refactored', 'allow', 'gradient', 'based', 'local', 'ization', 'estimations', 'which', 'after', 'training', 'thesearch', 'explainable', 'model', 'network', 'trained', 'corpus', 'described', 'busing', 'optimizer', 'learning', 'policy', 'thelearning', 'decreases', 'learning', 'stagnates', 'patience', 'following', 'hyperparameters', 'usedfor', 'training', 'learning', 'number', 'epochs', 'batch', 'factor', 'patience', 'furthermore', 'augmentation', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'classes', 'wasleveraged', 'following', 'augmentation', 'types', 'horizontalflip', 'gaussian', 'noise', 'variance', 'rotation', 'elasticdeformation', 'scaling', 'variant', 'covid', 'netwas', 'built', 'evaluated', 'using', 'pytorch', 'library', 'thecnn', 'features', 'image', 'concatenated', 'flattenoperation', 'resulting', 'feature', 'three', 'fullyconnected', 'layers', 'generate', 'probability', 'score', 'eachclass', 'first', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'include', 'dropoutregularization', 'activation', 'functions', 'dropoutwas', 'necessary', 'because', 'original', 'network', 'tended', 'overfitsince', 'beginning', 'training', 'phase', 'network', 'input', 'layer', 'rescales', 'images', 'keeping', 'theaspect', 'ratio', 'shortest', 'dimension', 'scaled', 'pixels', 'input', 'image', 'cropped', 'square', '224pixels', 'located', 'center', 'image', 'images', 'malized', 'using', 'score', 'function', 'parameters', 'foreach', 'three', 'channels', 'respectively', 'though', 'weare', 'working', 'grayscale', 'images', 'network', 'architecturewas', 'designed', 'trained', 'general', 'purpose', 'databaseincluding', 'colored', 'images', 'characteristic', 'caseit', 'would', 'necessary', 'transfer', 'learning', 'strategyin', 'future', 'network', 'output', 'layer', 'provides', 'score', 'ofthe', 'three', 'classes', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'which', 'converted', 'three', 'probability', 'estimates', 'therange', 'using', 'softmax', 'activation', 'function', 'classmembership', 'final', 'decision', 'according', 'highestof', 'three', 'probability', 'estimates', 'obtained', 'corpusthe', 'corpora', 'paper', 'compiled', 'setof', 'posterior', 'anterior', 'anterior', 'posterior', 'xrimages', 'different', 'public', 'sources', 'compilation', 'tains', 'images', 'participants', 'without', 'observable', 'pathol', 'controls', 'findings', 'pneumonia', 'covid', '19cases', 'after', 'compilation', 'subsets', 'images', 'weregenerated', 'training', 'testing', 'table', 'contains', 'thenumber', 'images', 'subset', 'class', 'overall', 'corpuscontains', 'images', 'including', 'than8', 'images', 'belonging', 'covid', 'patients', 'repositories', 'images', 'employed', 'create', 'paper', 'presented', 'these', 'table', 'number', 'images', 'class', 'training', 'testing', 'subsets', 'solely', 'registers', 'controls', 'pneumonia', 'patients', 'onlythe', 'recent', 'repositories', 'include', 'samples', 'covid', 'images', 'cases', 'annotations', 'aspecialist', 'indicated', 'authors', 'repositories', 'covid', 'class', 'modelled', 'compiling', 'images', 'three', 'collection', 'initiatives', 'hospi', 'tales', 'covid', 'bimcv', 'covid19', 'actualmedcovid', 'chest', 'datasets', 'final', 'result', 'thecompilation', 'process', 'subset', 'images', 'morethan', 'patients', 'different', 'stages', 'disease', '3table', 'summarizes', 'significant', 'characteristics', 'ofthe', 'datasets', 'create', 'corpus', 'which', 'presented', 'hospitales', 'covid', 'datasetthis', 'dataset', 'compiled', 'hospitals', 'tains', 'available', 'clinical', 'information', 'about', 'anonymouspatients', 'virus', 'treated', 'different', 'belonging', 'company', 'since', 'beginning', 'thepandemic', 'madrid', 'spain', 'corpus', 'contains', 'anonymized', 'records', '310patients', 'includes', 'several', 'radiological', 'studies', 'eachpatient', 'corresponding', 'different', 'stages', 'disease', 'atotal', 'images', 'available', 'dataset', 'withan', 'average', 'image', 'studies', 'subject', 'often', 'taken', 'inintervals', 'histogram', 'patients', 'highly', 'coherent', 'demographics', 'covid', 'spain', 'table', 'details', 'patients', 'least', 'positive', 'positiveimmunological', 'tests', 'included', 'thestudy', 'science', 'commission', 'research', 'ethicscommittee', 'hospitales', 'approved', 'current', 'researchstudy', 'purpose', 'bimcv', 'covid19', 'datasetbimcv', 'covid19', 'dataset', 'large', 'dataset', 'chestradiological', 'studies', 'covid', 'patientsalong', 'their', 'pathologies', 'results', 'immuno', 'logical', 'tests', 'radiological', 'reports', 'recorded', 'thevalencian', 'region', 'medical', 'image', 'bimcv', 'spain', 'dataset', 'contains', 'anonymized', 'studies', 'patients', 'withat', 'least', 'positive', 'positive', 'immunological', 'testsfor', 'between', 'february', 'april', 'corpus', 'composed', 'images', 'anaverage', 'image', 'studies', 'subject', 'taken', 'intervalsof', 'approximately', 'histogram', 'thepatients', 'highly', 'coherent', 'demographics', 'of3figures', 'datasets', 'downloaded', 'datasets', 'stillopen', 'might', 'available', 'future', 'volume', '226817j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19table', 'demographic', 'datasets', 'those', 'labels', 'confirmed', 'reported', 'covid', 'spain', 'table', 'patients', 'leastone', 'positive', 'positive', 'immunological', 'tests', 'forsars', 'included', 'study', 'actualmed', 'actualmed', 'covid', 'chest', 'dataset', 'initiative', 'contains', 'series', 'images', 'compiled', 'actualmed', 'anduniversitat', 'jaume', 'spain', 'dataset', 'contains', 'covid', '19and', 'control', 'images', 'information', 'given', 'about', 'theplace', 'recording', 'demographics', 'however', 'ametadata', 'included', 'contains', 'anonymized', 'descrip', 'distinguish', 'among', 'patients', 'information', 'about', 'thexr', 'modality', 'class', 'which', 'imagebelongs', 'china', 'shenzhen', 'setthe', 'created', 'national', 'library', 'medicine', 'maryland', 'collaboration', 'shenzhen', '3people', 'hospital', 'guangdong', 'medical', 'college', 'china', 'dataset', 'contains', 'normal', 'abnormal', 'chest', 'withmanifestations', 'tuberculosis', 'includes', 'associated', 'ologist', 'readings', 'montgomery', 'setthe', 'national', 'library', 'medicine', 'created', 'dataset', 'incollaboration', 'department', 'health', 'humanservices', 'montgomery', 'county', 'maryland', 'containsdata', 'images', 'collected', 'under', 'montgomery', 'county', 'stuberculosis', 'screening', 'program', 'chestx', 'dataset', 'chestx', 'dataset', 'contains', 'images', 'from14', 'common', 'thorax', 'disease', 'categories', 'uniquepatients', 'compiled', 'national', 'institute', 'health', 'study', 'images', 'labeled', 'radiological', 'control', 'class', 'whereas', 'theimages', 'annotated', 'pneumonia', 'pneumo', 'class', 'chexpert', 'datasetchexpert', 'dataset', 'images', 'created', 'anautomated', 'evaluation', 'medical', 'imaging', 'competitions', 'andcontains', 'chest', 'examinations', 'carried', 'stanford', 'pital', 'during', 'years', 'study', 'selected', 'monia', 'images', 'using', 'those', 'annotated', 'pneumonia', 'withand', 'without', 'additional', 'comorbidity', 'covid', 'never', 'causedthese', 'comorbidities', 'motivation', 'include', 'pneumoniawith', 'comorbidities', 'increase', 'number', 'pneumoniaexamples', 'final', 'compilation', 'study', 'increasingthis', 'cluster', 'variability', 'mimic', 'databasemimic', 'dataset', 'complied', 'to2016', 'comprising', 'identified', 'chest', 'patientsadmitted', 'israel', 'deaconess', 'medical', 'center', 'inour', 'study', 'employed', 'images', 'pneumonia', 'class', 'labels', 'obtained', 'agreement', 'twomethods', 'indicated', 'dataset', 'reports', 'informationabout', 'gender', 'assume', 'demograph', 'similar', 'those', 'chexpert', 'dataset', 'those', 'ofpneumonia', 'image', 'processingxr', 'images', 'converted', 'uncompressed', 'grayscale', 'files', 'encoded', 'preprocessed', 'using', 'thedicom', 'windowcenter', 'windowwidth', 'details', 'whenneeded', 'images', 'converted', 'monochrome', '2photometric', 'interpretation', 'initially', 'images', 'scaled', 'avoid', 'resolution', 'later', 'processing', 'stages', 'views', 'selected', 'differentiationwas', 'between', 'erect', 'either', 'standing', 'sitting', 'bitus', 'information', 'inferred', 'careful', 'analysis', 'ofthe', 'dicom', 'required', 'manual', 'checking', 'certainlabeling', 'errors', 'experimentsthe', 'corpus', 'collected', 'aforementioned', 'databases', 'wasprocessed', 'compile', 'three', 'different', 'datasets', 'equal', 'sizeto', 'initial', 'these', 'datasets', 'adifferent', 'experiments', 'experiment', 'datathe', 'first', 'experiment', 'using', 'extractedfrom', 'different', 'datasets', 'image', 'aspect', 'ratio', 'histogram', 'equalization', 'applied', '226818', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', 'experiment', 'cropped', 'imagethe', 'second', 'experiment', 'consists', 'preprocessing', 'imagesby', 'zooming', 'cropping', 'squared', 'region', 'interest', 'andresizing', 'squared', 'image', 'aspect', 'ratio', 'processis', 'summarized', 'following', 'steps', 'lungs', 'segmented', 'original', 'image', 'usinga', 'semantic', 'segmentation', 'algorithm', 'rithm', 'reports', 'intersection', 'union', 'anddice', 'similarity', 'coefficient', 'scores', '985respectively', 'black', 'extracted', 'identify', 'externalboundaries', 'lungs', 'create', 'sequences', 'addingthe', 'levels', 'columns', 'respectively', 'these', 'sequences', 'provide', 'boundary', 'points', 'which', 'define', 'segments', 'different', 'lengths', 'thehorizontal', 'vertical', 'dimensions', 'sequences', 'added', 'levels', 'vertical', 'andhorizontal', 'dimensions', 'identifya', 'squared', 'region', 'interest', 'associated', 'lungs', 'taking', 'advantage', 'higher', 'added', 'values', 'outside', 'thelungs', 'process', 'obtain', 'squared', 'regionrequires', 'identifying', 'middle', 'point', 'theidentified', 'segments', 'cropping', 'dimensionsusing', 'length', 'longest', 'these', 'segments', 'original', 'image', 'cropped', 'squared', 'templateplaced', 'centre', 'matrix', 'using', 'informationobtained', 'previous', 'placed', 'overthe', 'image', 'histogram', 'equalization', 'image', 'obtained', 'process', 'carried', 'decrease', 'variability', 'thedata', 'training', 'process', 'network', 'simpler', 'andto', 'ensure', 'region', 'significant', 'interest', 'centreof', 'image', 'areas', 'experiment', 'segmentationthe', 'third', 'experiment', 'consists', 'preprocessing', 'images', 'bymasking', 'zooming', 'cropping', 'squared', 'region', 'interest', 'resizing', 'squared', 'image', 'aspect', 'ratio', 'theprocess', 'summarized', 'following', 'steps', 'lungs', 'segmented', 'original', 'image', 'usingthe', 'semantic', 'segmentation', 'algorithm', 'inexperiment', 'external', 'black', 'extracted', 'identify', 'theexternal', 'boundaries', 'lungs', 'create', 'sequences', 'adding', 'thegrey', 'levels', 'columns', 'respectively', 'sequences', 'added', 'levels', 'vertical', 'andhorizontal', 'dimensions', 'identifya', 'squared', 'region', 'interest', 'associated', 'lungs', 'taking', 'advantage', 'higher', 'added', 'values', 'outsidethem', '4following', 'keras', 'implementation', 'available', 'https', 'github', 'imlab', 'segmentation', '2dfigure', 'identification', 'squared', 'region', 'interest', 'plots', 'topand', 'represent', 'normalized', 'accumulated', 'level', 'verticaland', 'horizontal', 'dimension', 'respectively', 'original', 'image', 'cropped', 'squared', 'templateplaced', 'center', 'image', 'dilated', 'pixels', 'kernel', 'issuperimposed', 'image', 'histogram', 'equalization', 'applied', 'mented', 'corresponding', 'lungs', 'preprocessing', 'makes', 'training', 'network', 'muchsimpler', 'forces', 'network', 'focus', 'attention', 'onthe', 'lungs', 'region', 'removing', 'external', 'characteristics', 'thesternum', 'might', 'influence', 'obtained', 'results', 'identification', 'areas', 'significantinterest', 'classificationthe', 'areas', 'significant', 'interest', 'fordiscrimination', 'purposes', 'identified', 'using', 'qualitativeanalysis', 'based', 'gradient', 'weighted', 'class', 'activationmapping', 'explainability', 'methodthat', 'serves', 'provide', 'insights', 'about', 'manners', 'howdeep', 'neural', 'networks', 'learn', 'pointing', 'significantareas', 'interest', 'decision', 'making', 'purposes', 'methoduses', 'gradients', 'target', 'class', 'until', 'finalconvolutional', 'layer', 'produce', 'coarse', 'localization', 'mapwhich', 'highlights', 'important', 'regions', 'imageidentifying', 'class', 'result', 'method', 'maplike', 'those', 'presented', 'which', 'colour', 'encodes', 'theimportance', 'pixel', 'differentiating', 'among', 'classes', 'resultsthe', 'model', 'quantitatively', 'evaluated', 'computingthe', 'positive', 'predictive', 'value', 'recall', 'score', 'accuracy', 'balanced', 'accuracy', 'geometricmean', 'recall', 'under', 'curve', 'three', 'classes', 'corpus', 'previously', 'describedin', 'section', 'performance', 'models', 'assessedusing', 'independent', 'testing', 'which', 'usedvolume', '226819j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19table', 'performance', 'measures', 'three', 'experiments', 'considered', 'paper', 'figure', 'curves', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'experiments', 'considering', 'classes', 'separately', 'curves', 'bottom', 'normalized', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'original', 'images', 'experiment', 'center', 'cropped', 'images', 'experiment', 'right', 'segmented', 'images', 'experiment', 'during', 'development', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation', 'procedurehas', 'evaluate', 'obtained', 'results', 'training', 'testbalance', 'performance', 'network', 'onthe', 'three', 'experiments', 'considered', 'paper', 'summarizedin', 'table', 'likewise', 'curves', 'class', 'theexperiments', 'corresponding', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'arepresented', 'global', 'curve', 'displayed', 'experiment', 'summarizes', 'global', 'performance', 'ofthe', 'experiments', 'considering', 'experiment', 'although', 'slightly', 'higher', 'forcontrols', 'detection', 'performance', 'remains', 'almost', 'similarfor', 'classes', 'ranges', 'table', 'theremaining', 'measures', 'class', 'follow', 'trend', 'withsimilar', 'figures', 'better', 'numbers', 'controls', 'roccurves', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'point', 'outthat', 'largest', 'source', 'confusion', 'covid', 'monia', 'class', 'curves', 'classes', 'reachin', 'cases', 'values', 'larger', 'which', 'principleis', 'considered', 'excellent', 'terms', 'global', 'performance', 'thesystem', 'achieves', 'table', 'supported', 'average', 'curve', 'which', 'reveals', 'excellent', 'performance', 'network', 'and226820', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19figure', 'average', 'curves', 'experiment', 'including', 'values', 'almost', 'perfect', 'behaviour', 'curve', 'deviationsare', 'small', 'three', 'classes', 'experiment', 'considered', 'decrease', 'perfor', 'mance', 'class', 'observed', 'comparison', 'experiment', 'ranges', 'table', 'asimilar', 'trend', 'remaining', 'figures', 'merit', 'curvesand', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'report', 'aucvalues', 'range', 'overlapping', 'thecovid', 'class', 'mostly', 'pneumonia', 'global', 'perfor', 'mance', 'system', 'presented', 'curve', 'table', 'yields', 'abacc', 'finally', 'experiment', 'ranges', 'table', 'results', 'slightly', 'worse', 'thoseof', 'experiment', 'covid', 'class', 'presenting', 'theworse', 'performance', 'among', 'tests', 'according', 'range', 'confusion', 'matrix', '3freports', 'large', 'level', 'confusion', 'covid', 'classbeing', 'labelled', 'pneumonia', 'times', 'terms', 'ofglobal', 'performance', 'system', 'reaches', 'abacc', 'table', 'these', 'results', 'consistent', 'theaverage', 'shown', 'explainability', 'interpretability', 'themodelsthe', 'regions', 'interest', 'identified', 'network', 'lyzed', 'qualitatively', 'using', 'activation', 'results', 'shown', 'activation', 'permit', 'identifica', 'significant', 'areas', 'image', 'highlightingthe', 'zones', 'interest', 'network', 'using', 'discriminate', 'regard', 'presents', 'examples', 'camof', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'patient', 'eachof', 'three', 'experiments', 'considered', 'paper', 'impor', 'activation', 'providing', 'overallinformation', 'about', 'behaviour', 'network', 'pointing', 'tothe', 'significant', 'areas', 'interest', 'whole', 'image', 'issupposed', 'contributing', 'classification', 'process', 'acertain', 'extent', 'second', 'shows', 'several', 'prototypical', 'resultsapplying', 'techniques', 'experiment', 'theexamples', 'areas', 'significant', 'interest', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'patient', 'results', 'suggest', 'detection', 'pneumonia', 'orcovid', 'often', 'carried', 'based', 'information', 'isoutside', 'expected', 'interest', 'theexamples', 'provided', 'network', 'focuses', 'corners', 'thexr', 'image', 'areas', 'around', 'diaphragm', 'islikely', 'metadata', 'which', 'frequently', 'stamped', 'onthe', 'corners', 'images', 'plots', 'corre', 'sponding', 'experiment', 'third', 'indicatesthat', 'model', 'still', 'points', 'towards', 'areas', 'which', 'differentfrom', 'lungs', 'lesser', 'extent', 'finally', 'camof', 'experiment', 'fourth', 'presents', 'areas', 'ofinterest', 'where', 'segmentation', 'procedure', 'carried', 'inthis', 'network', 'forced', 'lungs', 'andtherefore', 'scenario', 'supposed', 'realistic', 'andmore', 'prone', 'generalizing', 'artifacts', 'might', 'theresults', 'somehow', 'discarded', 'other', 'visualization', 'purposes', 'orderto', 'interpret', 'separability', 'capabilities', 'system', 'sneembedding', 'project', 'dimensional', 'thelayer', 'adjacent', 'output', 'network', 'dimensionalspace', 'results', 'presented', 'threeexperiments', 'considered', 'paper', 'indicates', 'separability', 'exists', 'allthe', 'classes', 'training', 'testing', 'allexperiments', 'boundaries', 'normal', 'cluster', 'verywell', 'defined', 'three', 'experiments', 'whereas', 'pneumoniaand', 'covid', 'spread', 'overlapping', 'adjacentclasses', 'general', 'terms', 'plots', 'demonstrate', 'abilityof', 'network', 'learn', 'mapping', 'input', 'thedesired', 'labels', 'however', 'despite', 'shape', 'differences', 'foundfor', 'three', 'experiments', 'additional', 'conclusions', 'beextracted', 'potential', 'variability', 'factors', 'affecting', 'thesystemthere', 'several', 'variability', 'factors', 'which', 'might', 'biasingthe', 'results', 'namely', 'projection', 'nology', 'detector', 'computed', 'radiography', 'digital', 'radiography', 'gender', 'patients', 'theage', 'potential', 'specificities', 'dataset', 'having', 'trainedwith', 'several', 'images', 'patient', 'several', 'images', 'patient', 'represents', 'certainrisk', 'covid', 'class', 'underlyingimbalance', 'however', 'initial', 'hypothesis', 'using', 'images', 'covid', 'patient', 'obtained', 'differentinstants', 'difference', 'would', 'increase', 'thevariability', 'dataset', 'source', 'wouldbe', 'disregarded', 'indeed', 'evolution', 'associated', 'lesionsoften', 'found', 'covid', 'considered', 'mannerthat', 'different', 'images', 'obtained', 'intervalas', 'short', 'evolution', 'sincevolume', '226821j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19figure', 'mapping', 'dimensional', 'layer', 'adjacent', 'output', 'dimensional', 'output', 'network', 'embeddingusing', 'training', 'bottom', 'output', 'network', 'embedding', 'using', 'testing', 'original', 'images', 'experiment', 'center', 'cropped', 'images', 'experiment', 'right', 'segmented', 'images', 'experiment', 'table', 'performance', 'measures', 'considering', 'projection', 'every', 'single', 'exploration', 'framed', 'differently', 'sometimeseven', 'taken', 'different', 'machines', 'projections', 'thepotential', 'expected', 'minimized', 'concerning', 'projection', 'evaluate', 'itseffectiveness', 'system', 'studied', 'taking', 'intoaccount', 'potential', 'variability', 'factor', 'which', 'consid', 'significant', 'particular', 'table', 'presents', 'outcomes', 'after', 'accounting', 'theinfluence', 'projection', 'perfor', 'mance', 'system', 'general', 'terms', 'system', 'demon', 'strates', 'consistency', 'respect', 'projection', 'differences', 'mainly', 'attributable', 'smaller', 'train', 'testing', 'however', 'significant', 'differences', 'areshown', 'projection', 'class', 'covid', 'experiment', 'decreasing', 'reason', 'theunexpected', 'performance', 'unknown', 'likely226822', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19figure', 'mapping', 'dimensional', 'layer', 'adjacent', 'output', 'dimensional', 'output', 'network', 'embeddingusing', 'training', 'bottom', 'output', 'network', 'embedding', 'using', 'testing', 'original', 'images', 'experiment', 'center', 'cropped', 'images', 'experiment', 'right', 'segmented', 'images', 'experiment', 'labels', 'correspond', 'classes', 'attributable', 'underrepresented', 'class', 'corpus', 'seetable', 'besides', 'table', 'shows', 'three', 'experiments', 'underevaluation', 'covid', 'class', 'error', 'distribu', 'respect', 'patient', 'technology', 'ofthe', 'detector', 'dataset', 'projection', 'variabilityfactors', 'enumerated', 'results', 'error', 'distributioncommitted', 'system', 'follows', 'minor', 'deviations', 'theexisting', 'proportion', 'samples', 'corpus', 'these', 'resultssuggest', 'there', 'clear', 'respect', 'these', 'poten', 'variability', 'factors', 'least', 'covid', 'class', 'whichis', 'considered', 'worst', 'underrepresentation', 'similar', 'results', 'would', 'expected', 'control', 'pneumoniaclasses', 'these', 'results', 'provided', 'ofcertain', 'labels', 'datasets', 'table', 'concerning', 'datasets', 'reasonably', 'wellbalanced', 'table', 'certain', 'normal', 'class', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'classes', 'similar', 'averageages', 'controls', 'lower', 'assumptionhas', 'differences', 'significantly', 'affectingthe', 'results', 'mentioned', 'difference', 'might', 'explain', 'whythe', 'normal', 'cluster', 'spread', 'other', 'specific', 'biases', 'found', 'theerrors', 'committed', 'system', 'additional', 'study', 'carried', 'evaluate', 'theinfluence', 'potential', 'specificities', 'different', 'datasetsused', 'compile', 'corpus', 'variability', 'resultswith', 'respect', 'datasets', 'merged', 'build', 'corpus', 'thisvariability', 'factor', 'evaluated', 'using', 'different', 'sneplots', 'experiment', 'similar', 'differentiating', 'corresponding', 'cluster', 'datasetand', 'class', 'results', 'different', 'datasets', 'classes', 'clearlymerged', 'adjacent', 'cluster', 'however', 'datasets', 'report', 'lower', 'variability', 'certain', 'classes', 'variability', 'terms', 'scattering', 'especiallyclear', 'chexpert', 'pneumonia', 'which', 'cessfully', 'merged', 'corresponding', 'class', 'appearvolume', '226823j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19table', 'percentage', 'testing', 'samples', 'error', 'distribution', 'withrespect', 'several', 'potential', 'variability', 'factors', 'covid', 'class', 'represents', 'percentage', 'samples', 'every', 'factor', 'underanalysis', 'correctly', 'predicted', 'clearly', 'clustered', 'suggesting', 'these', 'datasets', 'certainunknown', 'specific', 'characteristics', 'different', 'those', 'thecomplementary', 'datasets', 'model', 'managethis', 'aspect', 'factor', 'analyzed', 'further', 'studies', 'discussion', 'conclusionthis', 'study', 'evaluates', 'learning', 'model', 'detectionof', 'covid', 'images', 'paper', 'provides', 'tional', 'evidence', 'state', 'supporting', 'poten', 'learning', 'techniques', 'accurately', 'categorize', 'xrimages', 'corresponding', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'covid', '19patients', 'these', 'three', 'classes', 'chosen', 'under', 'theassumption', 'support', 'clinicians', 'making', 'betterdecisions', 'establishing', 'potential', 'differential', 'strategies', 'patients', 'depending', 'their', 'cause', 'infection', 'paper', 'demonstrate', 'thesuitability', 'learning', 'categorizing', 'images', 'tomake', 'thoughtful', 'evaluation', 'results', 'differentpreprocessing', 'approaches', 'searching', 'better', 'explainabilityand', 'interpretability', 'results', 'while', 'providing', 'evidence', 'ofpotential', 'effects', 'might', 'results', 'model', 'relies', 'covid', 'network', 'which', 'hasserved', 'basis', 'developing', 'refined', 'archi', 'tecture', 'network', 'chosen', 'tailoredcharacteristics', 'given', 'previous', 'results', 'reportedby', 'other', 'researchers', 'covid', 'trained', 'acorpus', 'compiled', 'using', 'gathered', 'different', 'sources', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'classes', '114samples', 'respectively', 'collected', 'naset', 'montgomery', 'chexpert', 'mimic', 'datasets', 'covid', 'class', 'collected', 'informationavailable', 'bimcv', 'hospitales', 'datasets', 'although', 'covid', 'class', 'contains', 'chestrx', 'images', 'developers', 'sources', 'continu', 'ously', 'adding', 'cases', 'respective', 'repositories', 'thenumber', 'samples', 'expected', 'future', 'despitethe', 'unbalance', 'covid', 'class', 'theauthors', 'knowledge', 'extensive', 'compilation', 'ofcovid', 'images', 'based', 'repositories', 'despite', 'number', 'covid', 'images', 'still', 'considered', 'smallcompared', 'other', 'classes', 'therefore', 'necessaryto', 'compensate', 'class', 'imbalance', 'modifying', 'thenetwork', 'architecture', 'including', 'regularization', 'components', 'inthe', 'dense', 'layers', 'weighted', 'categoricalcross', 'entropy', 'function', 'compensate', 'thiseffect', 'likewise', 'augmentation', 'techniques', 'forpneumonia', 'covid', 'classes', 'generate', 'samplesfor', 'these', 'underrepresented', 'classes', 'automatically', 'stand', 'automatic', 'diagnosis', 'aclassification', 'exercise', 'meaning', 'factors', 'beconsidered', 'bring', 'these', 'techniques', 'clinical', 'practice', 'inthis', 'respect', 'there', 'classic', 'assumption', 'literaturethat', 'associated', 'calculated', 'camtechniques', 'provide', 'clinical', 'interpretation', 'results', 'which', 'unclear', 'practice', 'light', 'results', 'shown', 'inthe', 'depicted', 'experiment', '1must', 'carefully', 'interpreted', 'despite', 'performancemetrics', 'obtained', 'experiment', 'significant', 'areas', 'identi', 'network', 'pointing', 'towards', 'certain', 'areas', 'withno', 'clear', 'interest', 'diagnosis', 'corners', 'theimages', 'sternum', 'clavicles', 'clinical', 'point', 'ofview', 'biasing', 'results', 'means', 'other', 'approachesare', 'necessary', 'force', 'network', 'focus', 'lungarea', 'respect', 'developed', 'compared', 'theresults', 'preprocessing', 'approaches', 'based', 'croppingthe', 'images', 'segmenting', 'experiment', 'andexperiment', 'again', 'given', 'correspondingto', 'experiment', 'similar', 'explainability', 'those', 'enumerated', 'experiment', 'image', 'areareduction', 'proposed', 'experiment', 'significantly', 'decreasesthe', 'system', 'performance', 'removing', 'metadata', 'thatusually', 'appears', 'right', 'corner', 'techniqueremoves', 'areas', 'categorize', 'images', 'haveno', 'interest', 'diagnosis', 'point', 'however', 'whilecomparing', 'experiments', 'performance', 'results', 'improvein', 'third', 'approach', 'which', 'focuses', 'regionof', 'interest', 'forces', 'network', 'seeonly', 'lungs', 'results', 'obtained', 'experiments', 'suggest', 'eliminating', 'needless', 'features', 'extractedfrom', 'background', 'related', 'regions', 'improves', 'theresults', 'besides', 'third', 'approach', 'experiment', 'providesmore', 'explainable', 'interpretative', 'results', 'networkfocusing', 'attention', 'interest', 'thedisease', 'explainability', 'method', 'stillat', 'lower', 'accuracy', 'respect', 'experiment1', 'improvement', 'explainability', 'interpretabilityis', 'considered', 'critical', 'translating', 'these', 'techniques', 'theclinical', 'setting', 'despite', 'decrease', 'performance', 'theproposed', 'method', 'experiment', 'provided', 'promisingresults', 'performance', 'results', 'obtained', 'those', 'sented', 'which', 'reports', 'sensitivities', '91for', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'classes', 'respectively', 'modeling', 'covid', 'similar', 'conditions', 'asour', 'experiment', 'training', 'smaller', 'corpusof', 'images', 'covid', 'patients', '066226824', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19controls', 'images', 'belonging', 'patients', 'withdifferent', 'types', 'pneumonia', 'paper', 'critically', 'evaluates', 'effect', 'severalvariability', 'factors', 'might', 'compromise', 'network', 'formance', 'instance', 'projection', 'effect', 'wasevaluated', 'retraining', 'network', 'checking', 'comes', 'effect', 'important', 'given', 'projections', 'areoften', 'practiced', 'erect', 'positions', 'observe', 'pulmonary', 'waysbetter', 'expected', 'examined', 'healthy', 'slightlyaffected', 'patients', 'contrast', 'projections', 'often', 'ferred', 'patients', 'confined', 'expectedto', 'practised', 'severe', 'cases', 'since', 'projectionsare', 'common', 'covid', 'patients', 'these', 'cases', 'moreblood', 'lungs', 'apices', 'standing', 'considering', 'variability', 'factor', 'result', 'misdiagnosis', 'pulmonary', 'congestion', 'indeed', 'theobtained', 'results', 'highlighted', 'importance', 'takinginto', 'account', 'factor', 'designing', 'training', 'corpus', 'decreases', 'projections', 'experiments', 'withcovid', 'images', 'issue', 'probably', 'under', 'representation', 'class', 'table', 'which', 'would', 'require', 'afurther', 'specific', 'analysis', 'designing', 'future', 'corpora', 'other', 'results', 'shown', 'error', 'distri', 'bution', 'covid', 'class', 'follows', 'similar', 'proportion', 'tothe', 'percentage', 'images', 'available', 'corpus', 'while', 'gorizing', 'gender', 'detector', 'technology', 'projection', 'dataset', 'these', 'results', 'suggest', 'significant', 'withrespect', 'these', 'potential', 'variability', 'factors', 'least', 'thecovid', 'class', 'which', 'represented', 'analysis', 'clusters', 'classes', 'distributedis', 'presented', 'demonstrating', 'classis', 'differentiated', 'these', 'plots', 'identify', 'existing', 'overlapamong', 'classes', 'especially', 'present', 'between', 'pneumoniaand', 'covid', 'lesser', 'extent', 'between', 'controls', 'andpneumonia', 'similarly', 'since', 'corpus', 'train', 'thenetwork', 'built', 'around', 'several', 'datasets', 'sneplots', 'produced', 'differentiating', 'according', 'eachof', 'subsets', 'training', 'servedto', 'evaluate', 'influence', 'dataset', 'potential', 'specificcharacteristics', 'training', 'procedure', 'hence', 'possiblesources', 'confusion', 'arise', 'particularities', 'thecorpora', 'tested', 'plots', 'suggest', 'differentdatasets', 'correctly', 'merged', 'general', 'terms', 'someexceptions', 'these', 'exceptions', 'suggest', 'there', 'might', 'becertain', 'unknown', 'characteristics', 'datasets', 'whichcluster', 'images', 'belonging', 'dataset', 'together', 'covid', 'demonstrated', 'being', 'start', 'point', 'characterization', 'disease', 'employing', 'xrimages', 'indeed', 'paper', 'outcomes', 'suggest', 'possibilityto', 'automatically', 'identify', 'lesions', 'associated', 'witha', 'covid', 'infection', 'analyzing', 'mappings', 'experiment', 'providing', 'explainablejustification', 'about', 'network', 'works', 'however', 'interpretation', 'obtained', 'controlclass', 'carried', 'carefully', 'whereas', 'areas', 'ofsignificant', 'interest', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'classes', 'aresupposed', 'point', 'potential', 'lesions', 'higher', 'densityor', 'different', 'textures', 'contrast', 'controls', 'areas', 'ofsignificant', 'interest', 'classification', 'control', 'groupare', 'supposed', 'correspond', 'something', 'complementary', 'potentially', 'highlighting', 'dense', 'areas', 'controlclass', 'these', 'areas', 'point', 'towards', 'lesion', 'inthe', 'lungs', 'likewise', 'system', 'developed', 'experiment', 'attainscomparable', 'results', 'those', 'achieved', 'human', 'evaluatordifferentiating', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'respect', 'ability', 'seven', 'radiologists', 'correctly', 'differentiatepneumonia', 'covid', 'images', 'tested', 'results', 'indicated', 'radiologists', 'achieved', 'sitivities', 'ranging', 'speci', 'ficities', 'ranging', 'these', 'resultssuggest', 'systems', 'potential', 'supervisedclinical', 'environment', 'covid', 'still', 'disease', 'remainsto', 'studied', 'learning', 'techniqueswould', 'potentially', 'understand', 'mechanisms', 'onhow', 'attacks', 'lungs', 'alveoli', 'andhow', 'evolves', 'during', 'different', 'stages', 'despite', 'there', 'empirical', 'evidence', 'theevolution', 'covid', 'based', 'observations', 'byradiologists', 'employment', 'automatic', 'techniquesbased', 'machine', 'learning', 'would', 'analyze', 'sively', 'guide', 'research', 'certain', 'paths', 'extract', 'conclu', 'sions', 'faster', 'nevertheless', 'interpretable', 'explainablemethods', 'required', 'forward', 'inline', 'previous', 'comment', 'based', 'empir', 'evidence', 'respecting', 'evolution', 'disease', 'hasbeen', 'stated', 'during', 'early', 'stages', 'disease', 'ground', 'glass', 'shadows', 'pulmonary', 'consolidation', 'nodules', 'andlocal', 'consolidation', 'centre', 'peripheral', 'ground', 'glass', 'density', 'often', 'observed', 'however', 'diseaseevolves', 'consolidations', 'reduce', 'their', 'density', 'resemblinga', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacity', 'derive', 'white', 'ifthe', 'disease', 'worsens', 'minimization', 'opacitiesif', 'course', 'disease', 'improves', 'manner', 'these', 'characteristic', 'behaviours', 'automaticallyidentified', 'would', 'possible', 'stratify', 'disorder', 'stageaccording', 'severity', 'computing', 'extent', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities', 'densities', 'would', 'useful', 'assess', 'theseverity', 'infection', 'evaluate', 'evolution', 'thedisease', 'regard', 'infection', 'extent', 'assessment', 'hasbeen', 'previously', 'tested', 'other', 'studies', 'covid', 'using', 'manual', 'procedures', 'based', 'observation', 'images', 'solutions', 'discussed', 'paper', 'intendedto', 'support', 'faster', 'diagnosis', 'alleviate', 'radiolo', 'gists', 'specialists', 'workload', 'substitute', 'theirassessment', 'rigorous', 'validation', 'would', 'tointegrating', 'these', 'algorithms', 'desktop', 'applications', 'cloudservers', 'clinic', 'environment', 'maintenance', 'update', 'would', 'effective', 'straight', 'forward', 'would', 'reduce', 'healthcare', 'costs', 'improvediagnosis', 'response', 'accuracy', 'volume', '226825j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19the', 'deployment', 'these', 'algorithms', 'exempt', 'fromcontroversies', 'hosting', 'models', 'cloud', 'servicewould', 'entail', 'uploading', 'images', 'might', 'subjectto', 'national', 'international', 'regulations', 'constraints', 'toensure', 'privacy', 'new_paper']
['received', 'october', 'accepted', 'november', 'publication', 'november', 'current', 'version', 'december', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3040245a', 'dimensional', 'sparse', 'matrix', 'profiledensenet', 'covid', 'diagnosisusing', 'chest', 'imagesqian', 'carson', 'leung', 'senior', 'member', 'pingzhao', '31department', 'biochemistry', 'medical', 'genetics', 'university', 'manitoba', 'winnipeg', 'canada2department', 'computer', 'science', 'university', 'manitoba', 'winnipeg', 'canada3research', 'institute', 'oncology', 'hematology', 'cancercare', 'manitoba', 'winnipeg', 'canadacorresponding', 'author', 'pingzhao', 'pingzhao', 'umanitoba', 'supported', 'natural', 'sciences', 'engineering', 'research', 'council', 'canada', 'nserc', 'abstract', 'covid', 'newly', 'identified', 'disease', 'which', 'contagious', 'rapidlyspreading', 'across', 'different', 'countries', 'around', 'world', 'calling', 'rapid', 'accurate', 'diagnosis', 'tools', 'chestct', 'imaging', 'widely', 'clinical', 'practice', 'disease', 'diagnosis', 'image', 'reading', 'still', 'atime', 'consuming', 'integrate', 'image', 'preprocessing', 'technology', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'withsupervised', 'learning', 'chest', 'imaging', 'based', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'study', 'matrix', 'profiletechnique', 'introduced', 'image', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'levels', 'dimensional', 'level', 'imageswere', 'simply', 'flatted', 'transformed', 'dimensional', 'vector', 'matrix', 'profile', 'algorithm', 'could', 'beimplemented', 'directly', 'dimensional', 'level', 'matrix', 'profile', 'calculated', 'sliding', 'windowway', 'every', 'segment', 'image', 'anomaly', 'severity', 'score', 'calculated', 'differenceof', 'between', 'covid', 'images', 'covid', 'images', 'tested', 'sparseanomaly', 'calculated', 'applied', 'penalize', 'pixel', 'values', 'image', 'anomaly', 'weightedimages', 'train', 'standard', 'densenet', 'learning', 'models', 'distinguish', 'covid', 'ctfrom', 'covid', 'images', 'vgg19', 'model', 'baseline', 'model', 'comparison', 'althoughextra', 'finetuning', 'needs', 'manually', 'dimensional', 'matrix', 'profile', 'method', 'could', 'identify', 'theanomalies', 'successfully', 'using', 'dimensional', 'matrix', 'profiling', 'method', 'anomaly', 'weightedimage', 'successfully', 'generated', 'image', 'significantly', 'differed', 'among', 'covid', 'images', 'covid', 'images', 'value', 'furthermore', 'identified', 'potentialcausal', 'association', 'between', 'number', 'underlying', 'diseases', 'covid', 'patient', 'severityof', 'disease', 'through', 'statistical', 'mediation', 'analysis', 'compared', 'images', 'anomaly', 'weightedimages', 'showed', 'generally', 'better', 'performance', 'training', 'densenet', 'models', 'different', 'architectures', 'fordiagnosing', 'covid', 'which', 'validated', 'using', 'publicly', 'available', 'covid', 'image', 'datasets', 'metric', 'under', 'curve', 'dataset', 'weighted', 'unweighted', 'weighted', 'unweighted', 'weighted', 'unweighted', 'weighted', 'unweighted', 'densenet121', 'densenet169', 'densenet201', 'baseline', 'model', 'vgg19', 'respectively', 'trend', 'observed', 'using', 'another', 'independent', 'dataset', 'significant', 'results', 'revealedthe', 'critical', 'value', 'using', 'existing', 'state', 'algorithm', 'image', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'furthermore', 'model', 'structure', 'potential', 'rapid', 'clinical', 'imaging', 'based', 'diagnosis', 'index', 'terms', 'pattern', 'mining', 'matrix', 'profile', 'covid', 'images', 'score', 'densenet', 'mediationanalysis', 'introductionunsupervised', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'using', 'pattern', 'miningis', 'intuitive', 'medical', 'imaging', 'based', 'diseasethe', 'associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript', 'andapproving', 'publication', 'yudong', 'zhang', 'diagnosis', 'methods', 'people', 'without', 'medical', 'expertisecould', 'obvious', 'lesion', 'medical', 'image', 'lesionis', 'extremely', 'different', 'other', 'parts', 'image', 'actually', 'radiologists', 'images', 'themost', 'obvious', 'lesion', 'conspicuous', 'noticedimmediately', 'radiologists', 'their', 'first', 'glance', 'image', '213718', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'volume', '2020q', 'dimensional', 'sparse', 'matrix', 'profile', 'densenet', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'using', 'chest', 'imagesthis', 'unsupervised', 'depends', 'intrinsicinformation', 'image', 'itself', 'using', 'normal', 'humansectional', 'anatomy', 'knowledge', 'radiologists', 'could', 'further', 'tellwhether', 'lesion', 'critical', 'covid', 'newly', 'identified', 'disease', 'verycontagious', 'rapidly', 'spreading', 'across', 'differentcountries', 'around', 'world', 'common', 'symptoms', 'fromcovid', 'fever', 'cough', 'serious', 'cases', 'patients', 'experience', 'difficulty', 'breathing', 'present', 'nucleic', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'testing', 'considered', 'effective', 'cheap', 'rapiddetection', 'method', 'covid', 'however', 'bottleneck', 'usethis', 'technique', 'there', 'short', 'supplies', 'pcrin', 'countries', 'several', 'alternative', 'methods', 'beenconsidered', 'individuals', 'positive', 'covid', 'including', 'computed', 'tomography', 'scans', 'lungs', 'scanning', 'detect', 'covid', 'number', 'infected', 'patients', 'increases', 'exponentially', 'provide', 'testing', 'scans', 'patients', 'because', 'ofthe', 'limited', 'number', 'doctors', 'recommended', 'artifi', 'intelligence', 'systems', 'developed', 'analyse', 'thelung', 'scans', 'patients', 'determine', 'covid', 'status', 'build', 'system', 'strategy', 'detec', 'enhancement', 'image', 'anomaly', 'modellingof', 'anomaly', 'enhanced', 'images', 'first', 'naïve', 'dimensional', 'sliding', 'window', 'approachto', 'calculate', 'matrix', 'profile', 'image', 'summing', 'upthis', 'matrix', 'profile', 'could', 'image', 'specific', 'severityscore', 'indicating', 'severity', 'image', 'anomalous', 'computed', 'automatically', 'compared', 'tothe', 'manually', 'calculated', 'potentialto', 'rapidly', 'identify', 'covid', 'patients', 'matrix', 'profile', 'could', 'easily', 'generate', 'saliencemap', 'image', 'detect', 'anomaly', 'saliencymap', 'topographic', 'represents', 'visual', 'saliency', 'image', 'overlapping', 'image', 'salience', 'mapcould', 'further', 'weighted', 'image', 'enhance', 'theanomaly', 'second', 'weighted', 'images', 'couldbe', 'input', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'furtherclassification', 'regression', 'tasks', 'naïve', 'dimensionalmethod', 'apply', 'benefits', 'those', 'ultra', 'fastfourier', 'algorithms', 'developed', 'keogh', 'lostin', 'situation', 'speed', 'calculation', 'imageswere', 'pooled', 'lower', 'resolution', 'stride', 'slidingwindow', 'length', 'imagesegment', 'nearest', 'neighbour', 'matrix', 'profile', 'learning', 'technologies', 'effectively', 'integratedtogether', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'tested', 'using', 'licly', 'available', 'covid', 'covid', 'imagesets', 'respectively', 'please', 'noted', 'covid', 'group', 'contains', 'images', 'healthycontrols', 'other', 'types', 'disease', 'cases', 'contribution', 'study', 'could', 'divided', 'intotwo', 'parts', 'first', 'innovative', 'application', 'aclassic', 'dimensional', 'series', 'pattern', 'mining', 'nique', 'unsupervised', 'dimensional', 'medical', 'imaginganomaly', 'detection', 'another', 'contribution', 'application', 'ofdense', 'learning', 'networks', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'usingthe', 'anomaly', 'enhanced', 'images', 'related', 'workunsupervised', 'pattern', 'mining', 'medical', 'imaging', 'hasbeen', 'proved', 'beneficial', 'pattern', 'mining', 'techniques', 'apriori', 'basedand', 'growth', 'based', 'cannot', 'directly', 'applied', 'toimage', 'dimensional', 'space', 'relatedinformation', 'there', 'several', 'methods', 'developedfor', 'unsupervised', 'image', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'according', 'toehret', 'these', 'unsupervised', 'methods', 'could', 'classifiedas', 'nearest', 'neighbour', 'based', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'clustering', 'based', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'statistical', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'information', 'theoretic', 'anomalydetection', 'applied', 'static', 'image', 'situation', 'belong', 'first', 'category', 'extent', 'since', 'measure', 'certain', 'distances', 'identifythe', 'discord', 'distances', 'instances', 'assumption', 'ofthe', 'nearest', 'neighbour', 'based', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'staticimage', 'normal', 'pixel', 'segments', 'always', 'similar', 'toeach', 'other', 'therefore', 'close', 'distance', 'theirnearest', 'neighbours', 'while', 'anomalies', 'dislike', 'their', 'closestneighbours', 'aforementioned', 'assumption', 'nearest', 'neighbour', 'based', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'holds', 'problem', 'imageanomaly', 'detection', 'transformed', 'problem', 'given', 'segment', 'window', 'images', 'theretrieval', 'nearest', 'neighbours', 'scanned', 'segments', 'exactly', 'definition', 'similarityjoin', 'problem', 'defined', 'given', 'collectionof', 'objects', 'retrieve', 'nearest', 'neighbours', 'everyobject', 'solve', 'problem', 'keogh', 'proposed', 'newdata', 'structure', 'called', 'matrix', 'profile', 'developed', 'series', 'ofmatrix', 'profile', 'based', 'algorithms', 'solve', 'similarity', 'joinproblem', 'series', 'matrix', 'profileconsists', 'components', 'distance', 'profile', 'profileindex', 'distance', 'profile', 'vector', 'minimum', 'euclideandistances', 'among', 'subsequences', 'within', 'series', 'theprofile', 'index', 'contains', 'index', 'subsequences', 'first', 'nearestneighbours', 'other', 'words', 'profile', 'index', 'locationof', 'subsequence', 'similar', 'subsequence', 'order', 'toapply', 'matrix', 'profile', 'technique', 'large', 'databases', 'fastfourier', 'transform', 'introduced', 'matrix', 'profilealgorithm', 'ultra', 'therefore', 'applied', 'series', 'without', 'sacrificing', 'efficacy', 'these', 'algorithms', 'proved', 'efficient', 'dimensional', 'series', 'however', 'matrix', 'profile', 'nique', 'introduced', 'dimensional', 'suchas', 'dimensional', 'image', 'besides', 'limitation', 'matrix', 'profile', 'dimensional', 'there', 'studies', 'exploringits', 'integration', 'advanced', 'machine', 'learning', 'techniques', 'although', 'nearest', 'neighbour', 'successful', 'standingtechnique', 'matrix', 'profile', 'provides', 'strategy', 'usingvolume', '213719q', 'dimensional', 'sparse', 'matrix', 'profile', 'densenet', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'using', 'chest', 'imagesfigure', 'workflow', 'proposed', 'study', 'refers', 'severity', 'score', 'nearest', 'neighbour', 'technique', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'hasnot', 'integrated', 'current', 'advanced', 'learningtechniques', 'recent', 'designed', 'model', 'nearestneighbour', 'identifying', 'anomaly', 'image', 'level', 'their', 'model', 'normal', 'images', 'input', 'deeplearning', 'based', 'feature', 'extractor', 'building', 'feature', 'library', 'image', 'arrived', 'would', 'undergo', 'samefeature', 'extractor', 'nearest', 'distances', 'these', 'featuresextracted', 'image', 'those', 'features', 'stored', 'thefeature', 'library', 'computed', 'verifying', 'distanceis', 'larger', 'predefined', 'threshold', 'could', 'determine', 'ifthe', 'image', 'normal', 'anomalous', 'however', 'mentioned', 'design', 'image', 'level', 'whichcould', 'detect', 'segment', 'level', 'anomalies', 'moreover', 'isactually', 'supervised', 'approach', 'needs', 'labelinformation', 'build', 'feature', 'library', 'severity', 'score', 'proposed', 'study', 'forcovid', 'rapid', 'diagnosis', 'order', 'obtain', 'authors', 'manually', 'measure', 'access', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacity', 'interstitial', 'opacity', 'trapping', 'ratio', 'ofthe', 'lungs', 'images', 'these', 'three', 'features', 'pneumonia', 'symptoms', 'different', 'doctors', 'obtaindifferent', 'values', 'using', 'image', 'there', 'although', 'proved', 'signif', 'icantly', 'associated', 'covid', 'severity', 'extramanual', 'measurement', 'burden', 'added', 'radiologists', 'andthe', 'potential', 'their', 'expertise', 'limits', 'application', 'inclinic', 'practice', 'another', 'consideration', 'theoret', 'analysis', 'associated', 'covid', '19severity', 'reported', 'medical', 'image', 'phenotypes', 'could', 'mediators', 'geneticvariations', 'other', 'basic', 'clinical', 'characteristics', 'effects', 'ondisease', 'outcomes', 'therefore', 'mediation', 'analysiscould', 'significance', 'indirect', 'causalrelationship', 'among', 'patient', 'clinical', 'characteristics', 'covid', 'severity', 'although', 'there', 'studies', 'learning', 'neighbour', 'based', 'image', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'superviseddeep', 'learning', 'widely', 'involved', 'covid', 'nosis', 'there', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'networks', 'proposed', 'different', 'studies', 'covid', 'diagno', 'study', 'propose', 'state', 'matrix', 'profile', 'based', 'densenet', 'model', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'compare', 'perfor', 'mance', 'different', 'densenet', 'architectures', 'basic', 'volutional', 'architecture', 'called', 'visual', 'geometry', 'groupnetwork', 'methodsthe', 'whole', 'workflow', 'summarized', 'proposedanomaly', 'detection', 'algorithm', 'first', 'preprocesses', 'ctimages', 'using', 'matrix', 'profile', 'technique', 'the213720', 'volume', '2020q', 'dimensional', 'sparse', 'matrix', 'profile', 'densenet', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'using', 'chest', 'imagesanomaly', 'weighted', 'images', 'calculated', 'differential', 'analysis', 'mediation', 'analysis', 'performed', 'toexplore', 'potential', 'application', 'diagnosis', 'covid', '19and', 'clinical', 'interpretability', 'anomaly', 'weighted', 'imagesare', 'finally', 'applied', 'build', 'densenet', 'based', 'learningmodels', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'anomaly', 'detectionassume', 'chest', 'image', 'defined', 'matrix', 'ofpixel', 'values', 'p1mp21', 'where', 'width', 'height', 'rangesfrom', 'ranges', 'principle', 'there', 'aretwo', 'approaches', 'detect', 'anomalies', 'chest', 'image', 'first', 'method', 'flatten', 'image', 'matrix', 'longvector', 'vector', 'could', 'treated', 'series', 'thosewell', 'developed', 'algorithms', 'series', 'analysis', 'couldbe', 'applied', 'easily', 'flattened', 'operation', 'could', 'alongthe', 'shown', 'equation', 'column', 'asshown', 'equation', 'image', 'pflat', 'apply', 'theultra', 'fourier', 'transform', 'algorithms', 'speed', 'calcu', 'lation', 'matrix', 'profile', 'detect', 'anomalies', 'detaileddescription', 'algorithms', 'found', 'originalpapers', 'after', 'anomalies', 'detected', 'could', 'trace', 'anomalies', 'position', 'matrixp', 'joining', 'across', 'columns', 'dimensional', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'problem', 'trans', 'ferred', 'dimensional', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'problems', 'could', 'think', 'scanning', 'image', 'along', 'twodirections', 'greedy', 'snake', 'theoverlapped', 'anomalies', 'detected', 'these', 'greedy', 'snakes', 'proposed', 'dimensional', 'method', 'calculate', 'thematrix', 'profile', 'image', 'second', 'method', 'local', 'anomalyregions', 'dimensional', 'segments', 'image', 'directly', 'define', 'segment', 'matrix', 'which', 'sizeof', 'starts', 'shown', 'equation', 'define', 'sparse', 'segment', 'shown', 'equation', 'ordered', 'sparsely', 'selected', 'segments', 'obtained', 'sliding', 'window', 'stride', 'sacross', 'where', 'could', 'denote', 'define', 'sparse', 'dimensional', 'matrix', 'profile', 'matrix', 'euclidean', 'distances', 'between', 'segmentpij', 'sparse', 'segments', 'nearest', 'neighboursin', 'elementsin', 'matrices', 'while', 'elements', 'numbers', 'calculate', 'pairwise', 'euclidean', 'distance', 'betweenone', 'element', 'every', 'other', 'element', 'becalculated', 'minimum', 'these', 'distances', 'storedin', 'position', 'element', 'accord', 'assumption', 'nearest', 'neighbour', 'based', 'anomalydetection', 'static', 'image', 'segment', 'smallernearest', 'distance', 'probably', 'normal', 'segment', 'while', 'asegment', 'larger', 'nearest', 'distance', 'probably', 'anomaly', 'therefore', 'value', 'could', 'represent', 'theanomaly', 'level', 'segments', 'algorithm', 'buildingthe', 'shown', 'algorithm', 'algorithm', 'calculate', '2dminput', 'image', 'window', 'stride', 'soutput', 'matrix', 'profile', 'slidingwindow', 'si0j0', 'slidingwindow', 'distance', 'euclideandistance', 'si0j0', 'distance', '2dmij', 'then6', '2dmij', 'distance7', 'else8', 'pass9', 'for11', 'forafter', 'calculated', 'values', 'matrixare', 'summed', 'scaled', 'range', 'image', 'difference', 'between', 'thepatient', 'groups', 'tested', 'using', 'student', 'statisticmediation', 'analysis', 'performed', 'identify', 'indirecteffects', 'gender', 'underlying', 'diseases', 'covid', '19severity', 'through', 'dimensional', 'matrix', 'profile', 'basedct', 'using', 'package', 'mediation', 'mediationanalysis', 'model', 'covid', 'severity', 'treatedas', 'dependent', 'variable', 'mediator', 'separately', 'while', 'theage', 'gender', 'number', 'underlying', 'diseases', 'howmany', 'underlying', 'diseases', 'patient', 'treated', 'asindependent', 'variable', 'separately', 'there', 'three', 'steps', 'forconducting', 'mediation', 'analysis', 'first', 'threesimple', 'regression', 'analyses', 'dependent', 'variable', 'ofcovid', 'severity', 'independent', 'variable', 'volume', '213721q', 'dimensional', 'sparse', 'matrix', 'profile', 'densenet', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'using', 'chest', 'imagestable', 'densenet', 'architectures', 'study', 'gender', 'underlying', 'diseases', 'respectively', 'secondstep', 'three', 'simple', 'regression', 'analyses', 'predicting', 'themediator', 'which', 'dimensional', 'matrix', 'profile', 'basedct', 'gender', 'underlying', 'diseases', 'respectively', 'third', 'three', 'multiple', 'regression', 'predicting', 'dependent', 'variable', 'covid', 'severityfrom', 'gender', 'theunderlying', 'diseases', 'respectively', 'sampling', 'performed', 'impute', 'thesame', 'image', 'anomaly', 'ismade', 'actually', 'salience', 'plotit', 'image', 'anomaly', 'usedas', 'weight', 'matrix', 'simple', 'linear', 'model', 'formaking', 'weighted', 'image', 'which', 'potentially', 'enhancethe', 'anomaly', 'image', 'matrix', 'dimension', 'ofthe', 'image', 'calculate', 'product', 'these', 'twomatrices', 'product', 'isthen', 'passed', 'classification', 'based', 'learning', 'model', 'formodel', 'training', 'testing', 'densenetwe', 'treat', 'imaging', 'based', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'binary', 'classification', 'problem', 'covid', 'covid', 'densenet', 'model', 'applied', 'classification', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'large', 'scale', 'visualrecognition', 'challenge', 'model', 'deeperarchitecture', 'increasing', 'number', 'convolutional', 'layersand', 'reducing', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'densenet', 'relatively', 'framework', 'convolutionaldeep', 'learning', 'densenet', 'build', 'deeper', 'archi', 'tecture', 'which', 'connections', 'between', 'convolutionallayer', 'every', 'other', 'layer', 'within', 'dense', 'block', 'afeed', 'forward', 'fashion', 'unlike', 'resnet', 'connec', 'tions', 'densenet', 'feature', 'level', 'instead', 'weight', 'level', 'parameters', 'layer', 'trained', 'andthe', 'resulted', 'feature', 'concatenated', 'together', 'theinput', 'layer', 'connect', 'weightscould', 'efficient', 'gradients', 'would', 'bevanished', 'performance', 'densenet', 'estimatedon', 'several', 'benchmark', 'datasets', 'different', 'numberof', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'dense', 'block', 'densenet', 'couldhave', 'different', 'settings', 'three', 'architectures', 'densenet', 'densenet121', 'densenet169', 'densenet201', 'thisstudy', 'listed', 'table', 'anomaly', 'weighted', 'images', 'thetraining', 'validation', 'testing', 'above', 'mentioned', 'vggand', 'densenet', 'models', 'chest', 'datasetsthis', 'proposed', 'workflow', 'learning', 'models', 'wereapplied', 'analyse', 'weighted', 'unweighted', 'rawlung', 'images', 'respectively', 'studycame', 'publicly', 'available', 'datasets', 'loaded', 'github', 'repository', 'published', 'university213722', 'volume', '2020q', 'dimensional', 'sparse', 'matrix', 'profile', 'densenet', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'using', 'chest', 'imagestable', 'splits', 'study', 'california', 'diego', 'contains', 'covid', 'lungct', 'images', 'covid', 'images', 'thisdataset', 'built', 'reading', 'captions', 'publishedpapers', 'about', 'covid', 'author', 'dataset', 'searched', 'quite', 'number', 'covid', 'imagingpapers', 'copied', 'images', 'contained', 'those', 'papersas', 'figures', 'label', 'information', 'these', 'images', 'aswhether', 'obtained', 'covid', 'patients', 'covid', 'patients', 'collected', 'reading', 'captions', 'ofthe', 'figures', 'those', 'papers', 'split', 'training', 'testing', 'validation', 'dataset', 'followed', 'authors', 'suggestion', 'table', 'borrow', 'augmentation', 'transferlearning', 'steps', 'authors', 'dataset', 'ourtraining', 'strategy', 'relatively', 'simple', 'terms', 'trainingepochs', 'model', 'structure', 'because', 'workis', 'effect', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'based', 'imagepreprocessing', 'other', 'dataset', 'published', 'wuhanhuazhong', 'university', 'science', 'technology', 'thisone', 'covid', 'images', 'covid', 'images', 'quality', 'dataset', 'isbetter', 'first', 'since', 'directly', 'obtained', 'fromwuhan', 'hospitals', 'images', 'dicom', 'digitalimaging', 'communications', 'medicine', 'format', 'thesimilar', 'field', 'resolution', 'rowed', 'parenchyma', 'splitting', 'algorithm', 'theauthor', 'dataset', 'split', 'regions', 'otherbody', 'parts', 'after', 'randomly', 'selected', 'ofthe', 'images', 'train', 'validation', 'detailed', 'number', 'images', 'listed', 'intable', 'choose', 'split', 'strategy', 'consistentwith', 'split', 'strategy', 'first', 'images', 'bothdatasets', 'resized', 'uniform', 'resolution', 'training', 'parameters', 'anomalydetection', 'based', 'framework', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'removedframework', 'performance', 'evaluationto', 'evaluate', 'model', 'performance', 'below', 'perfor', 'mance', 'measures', 'accuracy', 'ratio', 'correctly', 'predictedobservations', 'total', 'observations', 'precision', 'ratio', 'ofcorrectly', 'predicted', 'positive', 'observations', 'total', 'predictedpositive', 'observations', 'recall', 'called', 'sensitivity', 'ratioof', 'correctly', 'predicted', 'positive', 'observations', 'obser', 'vations', 'actual', 'class', 'under', 'curve', 'andf1', 'weighted', 'average', 'precision', 'recall', 'allperformance', 'metrics', 'anomaly', 'weighted', 'images', 'werestored', 'vector', 'while', 'performance', 'metrices', 'ofraw', 'images', 'stored', 'another', 'vector', 'significance', 'between', 'these', 'twovectors', 'implementation', 'algorithmwe', 'splits', 'publicly', 'availablefor', 'reproducing', 'results', 'https', 'github', 'qianliu1219', 'study', 'could', 'downloadedfrom', 'https', 'github', 'covid', 'ictcf', 'ictcf', 'biocuckoo', 'index', 'posed', 'dimensional', 'matrix', 'profile', 'algorithm', 'train', 'model', 'three', 'densenet', 'models', 'thetwo', 'datasets', 'around', 'hours', 'nvidia', 'geforce', 'gtx1080', 'machine', 'resultsa', 'sparse', 'matrix', 'profile', 'ssafter', 'applying', 'ultra', 'matrix', 'profile', 'algorithm', 'theone', 'dimensional', 'flattened', 'images', 'could', 'obtain', 'ingful', 'patches', 'which', 'indicate', 'potential', 'anomaly', 'chest', 'images', 'showed', 'theexamples', 'figure', 'examples', 'sparse', 'matrix', 'profile', 'flattened', 'image', 'column', 'flattened', 'image', 'dimensional', 'matrixprofiles', 'plotted', 'black', 'lines', 'meaningful', 'rarepatterns', 'highlighted', 'using', 'colours', 'their', 'overlap', 'tracedback', 'image', 'meaningful', 'anomaly', 'patch', 'observed', 'however', 'discords', 'smallest', 'distances', 'requireto', 'carefully', 'defined', 'order', 'meaningful', 'patchusing', 'dimensional', 'matrix', 'profile', 'algorithm', 'wevolume', '213723q', 'dimensional', 'sparse', 'matrix', 'profile', 'densenet', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'using', 'chest', 'imagesfigure', 'results', 'differential', 'analysis', 'mediationanalysis', 'panel', 'density', 'distributions', 'dimensionalmatrix', 'profile', 'algorithm', 'based', 'severity', 'scores', 'covid', '19and', 'covid', 'groups', 'respectively', 'bottom', 'panel', 'causalassociation', 'analysis', 'among', 'underlying', 'diseases', 'covid', '19diagnosis', 'total', 'effect', 'significance', 'underlying', 'diseases', 'oncovid', 'diagnosis', 'direct', 'component', 'total', 'effect', 'indirecteffect', 'through', 'showing', 'paths', 'select', 'discord', 'highlighted', 'patch', 'sometimeswould', 'present', 'corner', 'along', 'theimage', 'parts', 'image', 'those', 'meaninglessdiscords', 'manually', 'filtered', 'which', 'incon', 'venient', 'therefore', 'approach', 'practical', 'clinicalreality', 'using', 'dimensional', 'matrix', 'profile', 'algorithm', 'anomaly', 'severity', 'score', 'image', 'density', 'distribution', 'shown', 'these', 'significantly', 'different', 'between', 'thecovid', 'group', 'covid', 'group', 'value', 'mediation', 'analysis', 'identified', 'significant', 'causal', 'tionship', 'among', 'number', 'underlying', 'diseases', 'covid', 'severity', 'shown', 'number', 'ofunderlying', 'diseases', 'total', 'effect', 'value', 'covid', 'severity', 'percentage', 'effect', 'which', 'could', 'explained', 'bythe', 'dimensional', 'matrix', 'profile', 'based', 'rest95', 'direct', 'effect', 'needs', 'explained', 'othermechanisms', 'based', 'dimensional', 'matrix', 'profile', 'could', 'salience', 'pasted', 'image', 'press', 'meaningless', 'pixel', 'values', 'without', 'losing', 'informationin', 'meaningful', 'regions', 'region', 'lesionregion', 'figure', 'examples', 'generation', 'salience', 'image', 'regions', 'identified', 'dimensional', 'matrix', 'profileheatmap', 'anomaly', 'weighted', 'image', 'weighted', 'image', 'valuable', 'pixels', 'regions', 'lesion', 'regions', 'highlighted', 'while', 'meaningless', 'regions', 'suppressed', 'anomaly', 'weighted', 'imagesimproved', 'covid', 'diagnosiswe', 'trained', 'densnet', 'models', 'table', 'usingboth', 'training', 'images', 'anomalyweighted', 'images', 'datasets', 'table', 'respectively', 'which', 'evaluated', 'using', 'their', 'validation', 'table', 'shown', 'small', 'samplesize', 'dataset', 'performance', 'densenet121', 'rawimages', 'anomaly', 'weighted', 'images', 'inconsistent', 'fordifferent', 'performance', 'measures', 'quality', 'terms', 'format', 'normal', 'image', 'format', 'image', 'format', 'various', 'image', 'resolutions', 'from9k', 'small', 'sample', 'models', 'trained', 'ondataset', 'training', 'epochs', 'converge', 'modelstrained', 'dataset', 'except', 'accuracy', 'anomaly', 'weightedimages', 'better', 'performance', 'images', 'forall', 'other', 'performance', 'measures', 'densenet121', 'fordataset', 'anomaly', 'weighted', 'images', 'shown', 'betterperformance', 'images', 'performancemeasures', 'bottom', 'other', 'densenet', 'architecturesas', 'network', 'shown', 'table', 'showedthe', 'similar', 'trend', 'results', 'shown', 'overall', 'perfor', 'mance', 'winner', 'always', 'model', 'trained', 'anomaly213724', 'volume', '2020q', 'dimensional', 'sparse', 'matrix', 'profile', 'densenet', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'using', 'chest', 'imagestable', 'classification', 'performance', 'testing', 'figure', 'validation', 'performances', 'densenet121', 'models', 'onthe', 'datasets', 'weighted', 'images', 'instead', 'model', 'trained', 'rawimages', 'value', 'shown', 'table', 'trained', 'densenet', 'models', 'model', 'wereapplied', 'testing', 'datasets', 'respectively', 'showed', 'model', 'performance', 'testing', 'intable', 'showed', 'performance', 'densenet121', 'onthe', 'validation', 'example', 'performance', 'onvalidation', 'relatively', 'higher', 'testingset', 'table', 'dataset', 'which', 'means', 'there', 'apotential', 'fitting', 'matter', 'whether', 'rawdata', 'anomaly', 'weighted', 'surprisingsince', 'sample', 'small', 'image', 'quality', 'inthe', 'dataset', 'various', 'expecting', 'sparsityintroduced', 'anomaly', 'could', 'avoiding', 'fitting', 'however', 'turns', 'anomaly', 'haslimited', 'effect', 'preventing', 'fitting', 'might', 'becausethe', 'content', 'weighted', 'images', 'still', 'theraw', 'images', 'small', 'proportion', 'comes', 'theanomaly', 'sparsity', 'introduced', 'might', 'benot', 'enough', 'avoiding', 'fitting', 'second', 'dataset', 'fitting', 'observed', 'performance', 'stableduring', 'validation', 'testing', 'shown', 'table', 'alsoobserved', 'densenet', 'models', 'under', 'different', 'networkarchitectures', 'table', 'better', 'performance', 'vggmodel', 'table', 'generally', 'speaking', 'densenet', 'thevgg', 'models', 'showed', 'improved', 'performance', 'usingthe', 'anomaly', 'weighted', 'images', 'images', 'using', 'thetesting', 'datasets', 'table', 'discussionmatrix', 'profile', 'successful', 'technique', 'unsupervisedrare', 'pattern', 'based', 'series', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'wasdeveloped', 'based', 'nearest', 'neighbour', 'algorithm', 'thisstudy', 'matrix', 'profile', 'introduced', 'static', 'image', 'anomalydetection', 'dimensional', 'level', 'dimensionallevel', 'separately', 'dimensional', 'level', 'image', 'matrixwas', 'flattened', 'vector', 'which', 'could', 'consideredas', 'series', 'transformation', 'entiresubsequences', 'could', 'scanned', 'efficiently', 'using', 'fourieralgorithms', 'method', 'works', 'identifying', 'anomalieswithin', 'image', 'however', 'extra', 'manual', 'operations', 'bedone', 'choosing', 'suitable', 'discord', 'unnecessary', 'tovisit', 'image', 'pixel', 'pixel', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'instead', 'volume', '213725q', 'dimensional', 'sparse', 'matrix', 'profile', 'densenet', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'using', 'chest', 'imagesit', 'reasonable', 'directly', 'calculate', 'image', 'matrixprofile', 'dimensional', 'level', 'dimensionalmatrix', 'profile', 'method', 'predefined', 'segmentis', 'scanned', 'nearest', 'distance', 'other', 'segments', 'iscalculated', 'combination', 'these', 'nearest', 'distances', 'ismapped', 'coordinates', 'corresponding', 'segments', 'original', 'images', 'generated', 'anomalymask', 'ability', 'indicate', 'meaningful', 'lesion', 'pixelsin', 'original', 'images', 'further', 'transformed', 'theimages', 'severity', 'score', 'indicate', 'thenormality', 'images', 'severity', 'score', 'showed', 'signifi', 'difference', 'between', 'covid', 'group', 'covid', 'group', 'which', 'means', 'could', 'automatic', 'andeasy', 'calculated', 'clinical', 'support', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'understand', 'potential', 'causal', 'effect', 'severity', 'scoreon', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'performed', 'statistical', 'media', 'analysis', 'examine', 'association', 'between', 'covid', '19diagnosis', 'number', 'underlying', 'diseases', 'through', 'thescore', 'identified', 'significant', 'indirect', 'effect', 'underlying', 'diseases', 'covid', 'severity', 'through', 'thisseverity', 'score', 'anomaly', 'weight', 'originalimage', 'completing', 'further', 'tasks', 'study', 'evaluatedthe', 'performance', 'anomaly', 'weighted', 'images', 'classifythe', 'covid', 'covid', 'images', 'usinga', 'learning', 'model', 'anomaly', 'weighted', 'images', 'wereshown', 'better', 'training', 'classification', 'modelthan', 'images', 'likely', 'enhanced', 'infor', 'mation', 'introduced', 'preprocessing', 'wholeworking', 'connected', 'could', 'implementedeasily', 'unsupervised', 'anomaly', 'detectionand', 'supervised', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'could', 'becombined', 'together', 'manner', 'control', 'runtime', 'algorithm', 'downsized', 'theraw', 'images', 'smaller', 'resolution', 'although', 'obtain', 'thebest', 'classification', 'performance', 'learning', 'model', 'isnot', 'study', 'realized', 'degradationin', 'resolution', 'might', 'decrease', 'performance', 'deepconvolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'based', 'image', 'classifier', 'inthis', 'study', 'might', 'better', 'original', 'lution', 'runtime', 'consideration', 'computerconfiguration', 'could', 'improved', 'another', 'potential', 'futuredirection', 'study', 'develop', 'ultra', 'algorithmsfor', 'dimensional', 'matrix', 'profile', 'calculation', 'using', 'dimensional', 'fourier', 'transformation', 'theone', 'dimensional', 'method', 'currently', 'dimensional', 'fastfourier', 'transformation', 'involved', 'rithm', 'consider', 'sparsity', 'medical', 'image', 'could', 'introduce', 'sparse', 'fourier', 'transform', 'intothe', 'calculation', 'dimensional', 'matrix', 'profile', 'rithm', 'application', 'level', 'technique', 'limitedto', 'analysis', 'covid', 'images', 'could', 'extendedto', 'other', 'diseases', 'other', 'image', 'types', 'although', 'studyfocuses', 'dimensional', 'image', 'anomaly', 'detectionproblem', 'matrix', 'profile', 'technique', 'could', 'potentiallyfurther', 'extended', 'analyze', 'three', 'dimensional', 'volume', 'dered', 'scans', 'which', 'commonly', 'medicalpractice', 'potential', 'application', 'could', 'beexplored', 'clinical', 'information', 'provided', 'clinical', 'outcomes', 'prognosis', 'treatment', 'response', 'patients', 'available', 'associations', 'sswith', 'these', 'clinical', 'outcomes', 'could', 'further', 'analysed', 'although', 'study', 'intended', 'compete', 'moststate', 'completing', 'classification', 'couldintegrate', 'sparse', 'matrix', 'profile', 'method', 'enhancinganomalies', 'images', 'other', 'advanced', 'learning', 'augmentation', 'techniques', 'toachieve', 'classification', 'performance', 'conclusioninspired', 'success', 'matrix', 'profile', 'series', 'dataanomaly', 'detection', 'attempted', 'extent', 'applicationto', 'image', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'possible', 'clinical', 'utilitieshave', 'tested', 'which', 'anomalyweighted', 'images', 'could', 'significantly', 'distinguishthe', 'covid', 'covid', 'patients', 'abilitymight', 'mechanism', 'mediation', 'effect', 'thenumber', 'underlying', 'diseases', 'association', 'covid', '19severity', 'anomaly', 'weighted', 'images', 'performed', 'better', 'intraining', 'different', 'settings', 'densnet', 'models', 'rawimages', 'these', 'significant', 'results', 'revealed', 'potential', 'forthe', 'imaging', 'based', 'covid', 'rapid', 'diagnosis', 'thiswork', 'opened', 'window', 'raising', 'dimensionalrare', 'pattern', 'mining', 'algorithm', 'solve', 'dimensional', 'rarepattern', 'detection', 'problem', 'unsupervised', 'anomaly', 'detec', 'advanced', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'wereutilized', 'unbroken', 'connected', 'manner', 'posed', 'algorithm', 'dimension', 'extendible', 'explain', 'terms', 'nearest', 'neighbour', 'theory', 'furthermore', 'implemented', 'algorithm', 'package', 'might', 'become', 'clinicaltool', 'covid', 'rapid', 'diagnosis', 'assessment', 'new_paper']
['technologydetecting', 'regions', 'spreadingcovid', 'using', 'existing', 'cellular', 'wirelessnetwork', 'functionalitiesalaa', 'alsaeedy', 'edwin', 'chong', 'fellow', 'ieeeabstract', 'purpose', 'article', 'intro', 'strategy', 'identify', 'areas', 'human', 'mobility', 'which', 'spreading', 'covid', 'crowded', 'regions', 'actively', 'moving', 'people', 'called', 'riskregions', 'susceptible', 'spreading', 'disease', 'cially', 'contain', 'asymptomatic', 'infected', 'people', 'togetherwith', 'healthy', 'people', 'methods', 'scheme', 'identifies', 'riskregions', 'using', 'existing', 'cellular', 'network', 'functionalities', 'handover', 'selection', 'maintain', 'coverage', 'mobile', 'equipment', 'quency', 'handover', 'selection', 'events', 'highlyreflective', 'density', 'mobile', 'people', 'cause', 'virtually', 'everyone', 'carries', 'results', 'these', 'surements', 'which', 'accumulated', 'allow', 'identify', 'regions', 'without', 'compromis', 'privacy', 'anonymity', 'individuals', 'conclusions', 'inferred', 'regions', 'subjected', 'furthermonitoring', 'mitigation', 'index', 'terms', 'covid', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'tracking', 'impact', 'statement', 'method', 'identify', 'crowded', 'regionswith', 'actively', 'moving', 'individuals', 'spreadingcovid', 'exploiting', 'existing', 'cellular', 'network', 'function', 'alities', 'requires', 'active', 'participation', 'individuals', 'andintroduces', 'privacy', 'concerns', 'introductiont', 'global', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'easily', 'spread', 'close', 'proximity', 'especially', 'crowds', 'mobileindividuals', 'centers', 'widely', 'accepted', 'strategy', 'igate', 'spread', 'social', 'distancing', 'avoiding', 'crowded', 'areas', 'there', 'urgent', 'different', 'mitigation', 'strategies', 'slowthe', 'spread', 'disease', 'spreading', 'silent', 'carriers', 'mostlydepends', 'gather', 'viral', 'spreadingrisk', 'factors', 'motivating', 'mitigation', 'strategy', 'manuscript', 'received', 'revised', 'accepted', 'publication', 'ofcurrent', 'version', 'alsaeedy', 'supported', 'ascholarship', 'iraqi', 'ministry', 'higher', 'education', 'scientific', 'search', 'under', 'grant', 'edwin', 'chong', 'supportedin', 'national', 'science', 'foundation', 'under', 'grant', '1638284', 'corresponding', 'author', 'alsaeedy', 'authors', 'department', 'electrical', 'computerengineering', 'colorado', 'state', 'university', 'collins', '80523', 'alsaeedy', 'colostate', 'outlook', 'edwin', 'chong', 'colostate', 'article', 'supplementary', 'downloadable', 'material', 'available', 'athttps', 'ieeexplore', 'provided', 'authors', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'ojemb', '3002447our', 'strategy', 'track', 'individuals', 'unlike', 'isting', 'contact', 'tracing', 'mobile', 'phone', 'which', 'requirewidespread', 'adoption', 'obvious', 'privacy', 'concerns', 'instead', 'anonymously', 'measure', 'aggregate', 'density', 'bility', 'mobile', 'devices', 'without', 'individual', 'identities', 'detailedbelow', 'moreover', 'these', 'measurements', 'require', 'installationof', 'other', 'action', 'mobile', 'users', 'materials', 'methodswe', 'exploit', 'already', 'existing', 'cellular', 'network', 'functionalitiesintended', 'manage', 'users', 'mobility', 'ensure', 'seamlesscoverage', 'because', 'practically', 'everyone', 'carries', 'cellular', 'devices', 'called', 'equipment', 'these', 'serve', 'always', 'human', 'trackers', 'specifically', 'higher', 'number', 'andmobility', 'higher', 'number', 'mobility', 'people', 'according', 'recent', 'study', 'theair', 'three', 'hours', 'remaining', 'viable', 'aerosols', 'exhaledby', 'infected', 'people', 'while', 'speaking', 'coughing', 'breathing', 'whether', 'symptomatic', 'particularly', 'concernedwith', 'scenario', 'where', 'contagious', 'people', 'present', 'areaswith', 'other', 'continuously', 'mobile', 'people', 'areas', 'whichwe', 'naturally', 'local', 'basic', 'reproductionnumber', 'conversely', 'sparse', 'areas', 'mostly', 'stationarypeople', 'considered', 'residential', 'areas', 'withpeople', 'remaining', 'detect', 'riskareas', 'allowing', 'prioritization', 'further', 'monitoring', 'riskmanagement', 'strategy', 'based', 'inferring', 'crowdednessand', 'mobility', 'using', 'measurements', 'quantities', 'already', 'accessi', 'cellular', 'wireless', 'network', 'mobility', 'managementprotocols', 'mobility', 'managementour', 'scheme', 'detects', 'regions', 'measuring', 'mobilityand', 'density', 'capture', 'behaviorrather', 'short', 'transients', 'specifically', 'exploit', 'exist', 'network', 'functionalities', 'required', 'connectedwhile', 'moving', 'exchanging', 'specific', 'information', 'thenetwork', 'detailed', 'below', 'handover', 'selectionlong', 'evolution', 'networks', 'their', 'succes', 'shifted', 'toward', 'ultra', 'dense', 'small', 'deployment', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'volume', '187188', 'journal', 'engineering', 'medicine', 'biology', '2020table', 'icell', 'types', 'cellular', 'networks', 'adapted', 'called', 'heterogeneous', 'networks', 'hetnets', 'comprising', 'multiplelayers', 'different', 'sizes', 'microcell', 'picocell', 'femtocell', 'table', 'hetnets', 'accommodate', 'increasingdensity', 'highly', 'mobile', 'power', 'consumption', 'lowin', 'battery', 'limited', 'hence', 'small', 'cells', 'deployed', 'indense', 'areas', 'mobility', 'handled', 'essential', 'protocols', 'handover', 'selection', 'themeasurements', 'conventional', 'events', 'intendedto', 'handle', 'moving', 'pedestrians', 'cross', 'boundaries', 'exclude', 'events', 'triggered', 'moving', 'vehicles', 'handled', 'different', 'procedures', 'called', 'donot', 'contribute', 'significantly', 'spreading', 'covid', '1triggers', 'these', 'procedures', 'while', 'moving', 'another', 'femtocell', 'picocell', 'maintain', 'connectivity', 'density', 'mobility', 'increases', 'csevents', 'measuring', 'rates', 'identifyregions', 'density', 'mobility', 'thereby', 'identifyingat', 'regions', 'higher', 'rates', 'higher', 'riskof', 'spreading', 'covid', 'because', 'crowded', 'areas', 'likely', 'tohave', 'small', 'sizes', 'spatial', 'resolution', 'surements', 'relatively', 'meters', 'femtocells', 'continuously', 'measuring', 'rates', 'gives', 'updates', 'ofregional', 'status', 'resultsfig', 'depicts', 'example', 'multiple', 'sizes', 'deployed', 'according', 'predefined', 'network', 'where', 'these', 'cells', 'needed', 'accommodate', 'connectivityin', 'density', 'areas', 'while', 'actively', 'moving', 'frequentlyinitiate', 'events', 'typically', 'labeled', 'records', 'these', 'events', 'network', 'askey', 'performance', 'indicators', 'primary', 'indicators', 'usedto', 'evaluate', 'measure', 'network', 'performance', 'handoversuccess', 'failure', 'rates', 'certain', 'relatively', 'should', 'classified', 'warranting', 'further', 'riskmitigation', 'example', 'network', 'might', 'broadcast', 'advisorymessages', 'affected', 'covid', 'actively', 'moving', 'people', 'illustration', 'shows', 'rates', 'higherin', 'areas', 'areas', 'density', 'mobility', 'thisexample', 'following', 'cells', 'labeled', 'people', 'tostay', 'period', 'corresponding', 'rates1while', 'moving', 'triggers', 'connected', 'state', 'andcs', 'state', 'illustration', 'hetnet', 'deployment', 'areas', 'healthy', 'andinfected', 'people', 'illustration', 'rates', 'regions', 'varying', 'density', 'andmobility', 'lower', 'crowded', 'areas', 'mobility', 'f8and', 'discussiona', 'natural', 'deciding', 'whether', 'classify', 'compare', 'measured', 'thresholdvalue', 'prespecified', 'according', 'desired', 'false', 'alarm', 'proba', 'bility', 'false', 'alarms', 'particularly', 'problematic', 'becauseof', 'conservative', 'consequences', 'result', 'fromthe', 'presence', 'single', 'carrier', 'activelymoving', 'people', 'while', 'strategy', 'identify', 'areas', 'withpotentially', 'viral', 'transmission', 'rates', 'beused', 'estimate', 'example', 'percentage', 'people', 'stayingat', 'conclusionwe', 'introduced', 'strategy', 'identifying', 'areas', 'thatpotentially', 'contribute', 'spread', 'covid', 'strategyalsaeedy', 'chong', 'detecting', 'regions', 'spreading', 'covid', '189exploits', 'existing', 'cellular', 'network', 'procedures', 'quired', 'maintain', 'connectivity', 'mobile', 'frequencyof', 'events', 'reflects', 'gather', 'withinthe', 'coverage', 'rates', 'imply', 'areas', 'thosewith', 'density', 'mobility', 'measuring', 'csrates', 'allows', 'distinguishing', 'areas', 'enablingprioritization', 'further', 'mitigation', 'new_paper']
['received', 'december', 'accepted', 'january', 'publication', 'january', 'current', 'version', 'january', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3050852a', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machinelearning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectionfrom', 'inpatient', 'facility', 'datamd', 'abdul', 'mehedi', 'masud', 'senior', 'member', 'shahadat', 'hossain', 'abdullah', 'mamun', 'bulbul', 'hasan', 'mahmud', 'anupam', 'kumar', 'bairagi', 'member', '1electronics', 'communication', 'engineering', 'discipline', 'khulna', 'university', 'khulna', 'bangladesh2department', 'computer', 'science', 'college', 'computers', 'information', 'technology', 'university', '21944', 'saudi', 'arabia3department', 'quantitative', 'sciences', 'international', 'university', 'business', 'agriculture', 'technology', 'dhaka', 'bangladesh4school', 'computer', 'science', 'engineering', 'university', 'electronic', 'science', 'technology', 'china', 'chengdu', '611731', 'china5computer', 'science', 'engineering', 'discipline', 'khulna', 'university', 'khulna', 'bangladeshcorresponding', 'author', 'abdul', 'supported', 'university', 'researchers', 'supporting', 'project', 'number', 'tursp', 'university', 'saudi', 'arabia', 'abstract', 'whole', 'world', 'faces', 'pandemic', 'situation', 'deadly', 'virus', 'namely', 'covid', 'takesconsiderable', 'virus', 'matured', 'traced', 'during', 'transmittedamong', 'other', 'people', 'unexpected', 'situation', 'quick', 'identification', 'covid', 'patients', 'isrequired', 'designed', 'optimized', 'machine', 'learning', 'based', 'framework', 'using', 'inpatient', 'facilitydata', 'friendly', 'effective', 'efficient', 'solution', 'pandemic', 'proposedframework', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'optimize', 'hyperparameters', 'classifier', 'adaptivesynthetic', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'balance', 'covid', 'covid', 'classes', 'dataset', 'althoughthe', 'proposed', 'technique', 'applied', 'state', 'classifiers', 'efficacy', 'beused', 'classifiers', 'classification', 'problems', 'evident', 'study', 'extreme', 'gradientboosting', 'provides', 'highest', 'kappa', 'index', 'compared', 'without', 'adasyn', 'proposedapproach', 'yields', 'improvement', 'kappa', 'index', 'besides', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'beencompared', 'search', 'random', 'search', 'efficiency', 'furthermore', 'dominating', 'features', 'havebeen', 'identified', 'using', 'shapely', 'adaptive', 'explanations', 'analysis', 'comparison', 'madeamong', 'other', 'related', 'works', 'proposed', 'method', 'capable', 'enough', 'tracing', 'covid', 'patients', 'spendingless', 'conventional', 'techniques', 'finally', 'potential', 'applications', 'namely', 'clinicallyoperable', 'decision', 'decision', 'support', 'system', 'demonstrated', 'support', 'clinical', 'staff', 'andbuild', 'recommender', 'system', 'index', 'terms', 'covid', 'adasyn', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'classification', 'inpatient', 'facility', 'introductionthe', 'world', 'currently', 'experiencing', 'pandemic', 'situationdue', 'extensive', 'spreading', 'novel', 'coronavirusdisease', 'namely', 'covid', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'drome', 'triggered', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndromecoronavirus', 'which', 'primarily', 'detectedin', 'wuhan', 'under', 'hubei', 'province', 'china', 'associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript', 'andapproving', 'publication', 'bilal', 'alatas', 'considering', 'alarming', 'infection', 'death', 'thecovid', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'announcedthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'disease', 'march', 'report', 'covid', 'onaugust', 'about', 'people', 'infecteddue', 'covid', 'among', 'about', 'peopledied', 'contagious', 'nature', 'thecovid', 'infection', 'death', 'rapidly', 'increasing', 'cases', 'disease', 'spreads', 'manvia', 'respiratory', 'droplets', 'transmitted', 'individual', 'tovolume', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '10263m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectionindividual', 'other', 'surfaces', 'virus', 'livesmultiple', 'hours', 'multiple', 'suitable', 'surface', 'atroom', 'temperature', 'suggested', 'thecovid', 'patient', 'should', 'himself', 'isolated', 'others', 'asearly', 'possible', 'resist', 'transmission', 'covid', '19should', 'detected', 'early', 'possible', 'reducing', 'liveli', 'economy', 'critical', 'issue', 'broadmaturation', 'period', 'covid', 'varies', 'usual', 'symptoms', 'disease', 'include', 'fever', 'cough', 'dyspnea', 'smell', 'taste', 'diarrhoea', 'people', 'affected', 'covid', 'should', 'througha', 'fruitful', 'accurate', 'screening', 'scheme', 'toensure', 'timely', 'treatment', 'isolation', 'safety', 'patient', 'pieces', 'research', 'going', 'efficientand', 'speedy', 'covid', 'detection', 'schemes', 'different', 'dimen', 'sions', 'reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'covid', 'detection', 'scheme', 'shown', 'itsefficiency', 'practised', 'worldwide', 'using', 'sampleslike', 'nasal', 'pharyngeal', 'method', 'petently', 'detect', 'coronavirus', 'attained', 'standardbanner', 'however', 'these', 'testing', 'mountingdemand', 'limited', 'supply', 'especially', 'developingcountries', 'another', 'drawback', 'method', 'itrequires', 'extended', 'period', 'ranging', 'moreover', 'situation', 'worse', 'rural', 'areas', 'becausepeople', 'remote', 'areas', 'results', 'after', 'moredays', 'after', 'extended', 'period', 'increasesthe', 'vulnerability', 'spreading', 'covid', 'patientdoes', 'usually', 'himself', 'isolated', 'others', 'beforegetting', 'result', 'optimize', 'these', 'limitations', 'potentiality', 'artificialintelligence', 'machine', 'learning', 'algorithmsin', 'analysis', 'characterization', 'classification', 'ferent', 'diseases', 'motivated', 'researchers', 'introduceai', 'covid', 'detection', 'numerous', 'researcheshave', 'already', 'carried', 'design', 'covid', 'detec', 'model', 'based', 'furthermore', 'rajaraman', 'antani', 'proposed', 'covid', 'detec', 'model', 'based', 'learning', 'algorithms', 'usingconvolutional', 'neural', 'networks', 'chest', 'patients', 'analyzed', 'model', 'evaluate', 'thepresence', 'virus', 'model', 'showed', 'about93', 'accuracy', 'employing', 'vgg16', 'classifier', 'anotherdl', 'based', 'automatic', 'covid', 'detection', 'modelwas', 'proposed', 'makris', 'diagnosing', 'cxrdata', 'model', 'exhibited', 'about', 'engaging', 'vgg16', 'vgg19', 'classifiers', 'respec', 'tively', 'transfer', 'learning', 'based', 'model', 'presented', 'byabbas', 'trace', 'covid', 'basedmodel', 'diagnosed', 'images', 'patients', 'check', 'thecovid', 'presence', 'model', 'attained', 'about', 'accuracy', 'presented', 'model', 'automaticdetection', 'covid', 'model', 'employed', 'chestcomputed', 'tomography', 'images', 'patients', 'detectcovid', 'anticipated', 'model', 'mnas3dnet41', 'revealed', 'about', 'accuracy', 'presented', 'anautomatic', 'covid', 'detection', 'model', 'based', 'sequen', 'model', 'images', 'input', 'detectcovid', 'model', 'attained', 'almost', 'accuracy', 'alongwith', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'moreautomatic', 'covid', 'detection', 'models', 'proposedso', 'based', 'computer', 'based', 'diagnosis', 'andcxr', 'images', 'hence', 'anticipated', 'models', 'require', 'cxrdata', 'patients', 'input', 'parameter', 'availablefrom', 'diagnostic', 'centres', 'patient', 'suspected', 'patienthas', 'visit', 'diagnostic', 'centre', 'person', 'check', 'thepresence', 'covid', 'families', 'indeveloping', 'countries', 'private', 'transport', 'besides', 'patients', 'rural', 'areas', 'travel', 'distance', 'toreach', 'diagnostic', 'centre', 'therefore', 'publictransport', 'visit', 'diagnostic', 'centre', 'check', 'covid', 'create', 'vulnerability', 'covid', 'spreading', 'among', 'others', 'another', 'point', 'percentageof', 'people', 'tested', 'covid', 'covid', 'positive', 'resultsin', 'countries', 'example', 'positive', 'about', 'france', 'inbangladesh', 'italy', 'inthe', 'india', 'russia', 'theuk', 'visiting', 'diagnostic', 'centre', 'large', 'percent', 'covid', 'negative', 'people', 'covid', '19positive', 'patients', 'which', 'enhance', 'getting', 'taminated', 'covid', 'disease', 'inpatient', 'basedcovid', 'detection', 'option', 'avoid', 'these', 'typesof', 'risks', 'besides', 'detection', 'userfriendly', 'effective', 'efficient', 'considering', 'above', 'issues', 'proposed', 'fastand', 'friendly', 'model', 'detect', 'covid', 'based', 'onmachine', 'learning', 'large', 'volume', 'covid', 'isavailable', 'different', 'laboratories', 'centres', 'datasetcomprises', 'other', 'features', 'temperature', 'pulse', 'systolic', 'diastolic', 'pressure', 'fever', 'cough', 'smell', 'runny', 'diabetics', 'taste', 'asthma', 'which', 'areanalyzed', 'design', 'automatic', 'covid', 'detection', 'model', 'promising', 'advantage', 'model', 'iscapable', 'detecting', 'covid', 'within', 'minutes', 'aswell', 'doctors', 'adequate', 'precautionary', 'sures', 'while', 'treating', 'covid', 'patients', 'different', 'classi', 'fication', 'algorithms', 'linear', 'discriminant', 'analysis', 'quadratic', 'naive', 'bayes', 'nearestneighbors', 'decision', 'random', 'forest', 'extreme', 'gradient', 'boosting', 'gradient', 'boosting', 'support', 'vector', 'machine', 'characterizethe', 'model', 'these', 'classifiers', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'andproper', 'tuning', 'these', 'hyper', 'parameter', 'improves', 'perfor', 'mance', 'classification', 'using', 'state', 'global', 'mizers', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'gradient', 'basedoptimizer', 'slime', 'mould', 'algorithm', 'harris', 'hawks', 'optimization', 'uation', 'different', 'performance', 'metrics', 'specificity', 'sensitivity', 'anticipated', 'modeldemonstrates', 'higher', 'efficiency', 'detecting', 'covid', '10264', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectionthe', 'contribution', 'topics', 'covered', 'study', 'asfollows', 'proposed', 'model', 'easily', 'tested', 'inpatientsor', 'inhouse', 'facilities', 'discussed', 'section', 'therefore', 'patient', 'needs', 'visit', 'clinic', 'thecovid', 'designed', 'machine', 'learning', 'frameworkusing', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'adapted', 'adasynalgorithm', 'detect', 'covid', 'which', 'presented', 'insection', 'state', 'machine', 'learning', 'technique', 'mized', 'using', 'method', 'compared', 'other', 'monly', 'search', 'random', 'search', 'techniques', 'section', 'proposed', 'method', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'tobalance', 'model', 'effect', 'adasyn', 'alsobeen', 'demonstrated', 'using', 'shapely', 'adaptive', 'explanations', 'analysis', 'important', 'features', 'calculated', 'valuesare', 'explained', 'interpret', 'model', 'section', 'clinically', 'operable', 'decision', 'built', 'willbe', 'helpful', 'clinical', 'staff', 'stated', 'section', 'decision', 'support', 'system', 'devel', 'assist', 'recommender', 'system', 'illustratedin', 'section', 'remainder', 'paper', 'organized', 'follows', 'section', 'discuss', 'materials', 'methods', 'inthis', 'present', 'experimental', 'results', 'section', 'section', 'present', 'systematic', 'discussion', 'parison', 'other', 'approaches', 'finally', 'drawsome', 'conclusions', 'section', 'materials', 'methodsa', 'sourcethe', 'clinically', 'driven', 'information', 'individuals', 'haveundergone', 'through', 'collected', 'dataset', 'containing', '11169', 'person', 'ofpatients', 'covid', 'positive', 'covid', 'negative', 'testsfrom', 'united', 'states', 'prepared', 'carbon', 'health', 'braid', 'health', 'started', 'testing', 'coronavirus', 'early', 'april', 'dataset', 'compli', 'health', 'insurance', 'portability', 'accountabilityact', 'hipaa', 'privacy', 'identification', 'standard', 'fiveclinical', 'teams', 'worked', 'under', 'dataset', 'prepared', 'bythe', 'covered', 'multiple', 'physiognomies', 'patients', 'includ', 'epidemiological', 'factors', 'comorbidity', 'vital', 'signs', 'technician', 'assessed', 'symptoms', 'patient', 'stated', 'symptoms', 'whereas', 'clinical', 'teams', 'gathered', 'dataset', 'underthe', 'which', 'assembled', 'radiological', 'information', 'taining', 'verdicts', 'impressions', 'labels', 'cxrlink', 'haven', 'radiological', 'information', 'thepatient', 'doesn', 'radiological', 'details', 'integration', 'ofradiological', 'information', 'beyond', 'scope', 'study', 'hence', 'excluded', 'analysis', 'dataset', 'consisted', 'ofboth', 'positive', 'negative', 'results', 'patients', 'having', 'bothone', 'symptoms', 'symptoms', 'addition', 'tocovid', 'results', 'complete', 'dataset', 'available', 'onthe', 'github', 'website', 'contains', 'multiple', 'features', 'patientssuch', 'pulse', 'temperature', 'higher', 'danger', 'introduceroccupation', 'higher', 'danger', 'contacts', 'diabetics', 'cancer', 'asthma', 'smoker', 'systole', 'diastole', 'diarrhoea', 'fatigue', 'fever', 'losingsmell', 'losing', 'taste', 'runny', 'headache', 'muscle', 'painin', 'throat', 'cough', 'shortness', 'breath', 'vignette', 'ofthe', 'entire', 'illustrated', 'through', 'tabular', 'sketchshown', 'figure', 'pictorial', 'depiction', 'figure', 'clearerthat', 'there', 'types', 'numeric', 'boolean', 'where', 'boolean', 'variables', 'three', 'times', 'ofthe', 'numeric', 'moreover', 'highest', 'patientsin', 'years', 'extreme', 'valuesof', 'systolic', 'diastolic', 'pressures', 'dramaticallyhigher', 'natural', 'further', 'added', 'thatdays_since_symptom_onset', 'about', 'missing', 'while', 'percentage', 'missing', 'entire', 'isaround', 'besides', 'tabular', 'display', 'shown', 'figure', 'graphical', 'example', 'green', 'figure', 'efficientlyreveals', 'variables', 'cough', 'diabetes', 'cancer', 'asthma', 'autoimmune_dis', 'smoker', 'contrast', 'variable', 'days_since_symptom_onsethas', 'highest', 'missing', 'values', 'compared', 'others', 'processingthe', 'overall', 'workflow', 'study', 'presented', 'figure', 'processing', 'dataset', 'imputed', 'usingmultivariate', 'imputation', 'chained', 'equations', 'rithm', 'after', 'completing', 'scaling', 'adasynalgorithm', 'balance', 'covid', 'covid', 'datasets', 'adaptive', 'synthetic', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'sampling', 'method', 'where', 'covid', 'positive', 'instance', 'helped', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'solving', 'fittingproblem', 'contrast', 'under', 'sampling', 'process', 'notthe', 'right', 'choice', 'covid', 'classification', 'majorityclass', 'covid', 'class', 'downsampled', 'amountminority', 'class', 'covid', 'process', 'reducethe', 'amount', 'drastically', 'cause', 'inefficiency', 'loses', 'vital', 'information', 'covid', 'class', 'ourcovid', 'dataset', 'downsamplingcould', 'mislead', 'diagnosis', 'detection', 'compared', 'toother', 'correlated', 'sampling', 'methods', 'adaboostin', 'conjunction', 'under', 'sampling', 'jittering', 'ofthe', 'boost', 'synthetic', 'minority', 'samplingtechnique', 'smote', 'smote', 'boost', 'databoost', 'databoost', 'imbalanced', 'algorithm', 'adasyn', 'balancethe', 'imbalanced', 'dataset', 'example', 'covid', 'dataset', 'byreducing', 'introduced', 'imbalanced', 'distri', 'bution', 'besides', 'adasyn', 'shifts', 'decision', 'boundaryto', 'harder', 'learn', 'examples', 'which', 'ultimately', 'improves', 'theclassification', 'accuracy', 'these', 'objectives', 'biasreduction', 'introducing', 'harder', 'learn', 'neighbourhoodsexamples', 'accomplished', 'through', 'dynamic', 'weightadjustment', 'adaptive', 'learning', 'procedure', 'volume', '10265m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectionfigure', 'characteristics', 'sample', 'mathematical', 'explanation', 'behind', 'adasyn', 'rithm', 'given', 'below', 'illustration', 'represent', 'majority', 'andminority', 'classes', 'respectively', 'degree', 'imbalanceof', 'classes', 'figured', 'follows', 'where', 'preset', 'threshold', 'maximumtolerated', 'imbalance', 'total', 'number', 'syntheticminority', 'estimated', 'follows', 'means', 'there', 'total', 'balance', 'between', 'twoclasses', 'where', 'number', 'neighbours', 'ofeach', 'minority', 'pririsuch', 'theamount', 'synthetic', 'generate', 'neighbourhoodcan', 'calculated', 'minority', 'examples', 'within', 'sameneighbourhood', 'where', 'randomly', 'selected', 'newsynthetic', 'example', 'enumerated', 'using', 'followings', '10266', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectionfigure', 'variables', 'where', 'difference', 'vector', 'dimensional', 'spaces', 'random', 'number', 'classification', 'modelsthese', 'classifiers', 'linear', 'discriminant', 'analysis', 'quadratic', 'linear', 'discriminant', 'analysis', 'naive', 'bayes', 'utilized', 'proposed', 'machine', 'learning', 'frame', 'among', 'classifiers', 'common', 'classifiers', 'incovid', 'classification', 'recentstate', 'classifiers', 'example', 'recentlyapplied', 'interpret', 'mortality', 'prediction', 'covid', '19patient', 'proposed', 'clinically', 'operable', 'simple', 'basedtool', 'which', 'suitable', 'right', 'decision', 'anexpert', 'point', 'considering', 'above', 'rationale', 'commonly', 'classifiers', 'asrecently', 'updated', 'classifiers', 'study', 'allowus', 'compare', 'classification', 'performance', 'differentclassifiers', 'moreover', 'classifiers', 'beexplained', 'through', 'analysis', 'which', 'useful', 'toclinical', 'engineers', 'finally', 'resultsthat', 'performed', 'better', 'classificationmetrics', 'explain', 'interpretthe', 'covid', 'detection', 'linear', 'discriminant', 'analysis', 'introduced', 'ronald', 'aylmer', 'fisher', 'productive', 'classification', 'technique', 'sorts', 'dimensional', 'spaces', 'dimensional', 'spaces', 'split', 'hyper', 'plane', 'objective', 'trace', 'themean', 'function', 'class', 'function', 'projectedon', 'directions', 'optimize', 'between', 'groups', 'variance', 'andreduces', 'within', 'group', 'variance', 'generated', 'fromthe', 'conditional', 'distribution', 'foreach', 'class', 'optimizes', 'taking', 'class', 'whenthe', 'measurements', 'standalone', 'variables', 'eachobservation', 'continuous', 'quantities', 'quadratic', 'linear', 'discriminant', 'analysis', 'extension', 'exploited', 'machine', 'learn', 'statistical', 'analysis', 'classify', 'groupsby', 'quadratic', 'discernible', 'using', 'distance', 'based', 'classificationtechniques', 'there', 'hypothesis', 'covari', 'matrix', 'every', 'class', 'identical', 'regularityhypothesis', 'prospective', 'hypothesisthat', 'assumed', 'measurement', 'given', 'class', 'thelikelihood', 'ratio', 'found', 'conditionaldistribution', 'itmaximizes', 'selecting', 'class', 'precisely', 'resulting', 'multivariategaussian', 'distribution', 'following', 'equation', 'where', 'number', 'features', 'needs', 'estimatethe', 'class', 'priors', 'using', 'model', 'asclassifiers', 'proportion', 'instances', 'class', 'thetraining', 'means', 'covariance', 'matrix', 'naive', 'bayes', 'classifier', 'authoritative', 'mainly', 'useful', 'largedataset', 'machine', 'learning', 'medicalscience', 'especially', 'diagnosis', 'different', 'diseases', 'likecovid', 'bayes', 'theorem', 'based', 'probabilisticclassifier', 'objects', 'strong', 'independent', 'suppositionbetween', 'features', 'generates', 'conditional', 'probabilitymodels', 'allocate', 'class', 'labels', 'given', 'problem', 'patient', 'covid', 'positive', 'covid', 'positive', 'patient', 'patient', 'covid', 'positive', 'where', 'patient', 'covid', 'positive', 'conditional', 'probability', 'isthe', 'likelihood', 'patient', 'occurring', 'affectedvolume', '10267m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectionfigure', 'overall', 'workflow', 'classification', 'covid', 'first', 'phase', 'collecting', 'followed', 'processing', 'where', 'imputed', 'scaled', 'importantly', 'imbalanced', 'balanced', 'using', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'secondly', 'processed', 'split', 'train', 'different', 'classifiers', 'measure', 'classification', 'performance', 'thenext', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'implemented', 'hyperparameters', 'classifiers', 'optimized', 'classificationmodel', 'tested', 'different', 'performance', 'metrics', 'accuracy', 'precision', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'cross', 'validation', 'anova', 'andmulti', 'comparison', 'evaluation', 'finally', 'important', 'features', 'efficiently', 'traced', 'using', 'analysis', 'covid', 'covid', 'positive', 'patient', 'conditionalprobability', 'likelihood', 'positive', 'covid', 'occurringthat', 'truly', 'patient', 'patient', 'prior', 'probability', 'apatient', 'covid', 'positive', 'overall', 'probability', 'observ', 'covid', 'positive', 'nearest', 'neighbours', 'straightforward', 'simplest', 'algorithms', 'supervisedmachine', 'learning', 'technique', 'classify', 'newdata', 'points', 'based', 'similarity', 'measures', 'distancefunction', 'apply', 'solve', 'classification', 'andregression', 'difficulty', 'integer', 'number', 'symbolizing', 'productivity', 'labels', 'classificationalgorithm', 'outputs', 'memory', 'based', 'classifier', 'forexample', 'remembers', 'training', 'points', 'computing', 'similarity', 'between', 'inputsample', 'training', 'instance', 'given', 'datapoint', 'finds', 'training', 'points', 'kclosest', 'distance', 'classify', 'using', 'majority', 'voteamong', 'neighbors', 'selecting', 'conducts', 'theknn', 'algorithm', 'respective', 'times', 'various', 'values', 'andopts', 'reduces', 'number', 'errors', 'accurately', 'decision', 'hierarchical', 'chart', 'structure', 'generatesome', 'decision', 'rules', 'creates', 'model', 'predictsthe', 'target', 'variable', 'learning', 'decision', 'datafeature', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'criterion', 'max_depth', 'max_features', 'entropy', 'isused', 'criterion', 'contrast', 'max_depth', 'utilized', 'tolimit', 'number', 'nodes', 'max_featuresrepresents', 'number', 'features', 'consider', 'while', 'searchingfor', 'optimal', 'split', 'properly', 'tuning', 'hyper', 'parametersof', 'criterion', 'max_depth', 'max_features', 'applied', 'onthe', 'covid', 'training', 'dataset', 'classification', 'performancewill', 'efficiently', 'magnified', 'random', 'forest', 'ensemble', 'learning', 'technique', 'classificationthat', 'several', 'different', 'samples', 'thedataset', 'improve', 'classification', 'performance', 'tocontrol', 'fitting', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'criterion', 'max_depth', 'max_features', 'n_estimators', 'criterion', 'max_depth', 'max_features', 'alreadybeen', 'discussed', 'besides', 'n_estimators', 'represent', 'thenumber', 'forest', 'performance', 'canbe', 'increased', 'properly', 'tuning', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'through', 'optimization', 'gradient', 'boosting', 'classifier', 'ensemble', 'classifier', 'combines', 'ferent', 'learners', 'typically', 'single', 'stronglearner', 'forward', 'stage', 'fashion', 'optimizing', 'thedifferentiable', 'function', 'generally', 'deviance', 'exponential', 'function', 'where', 'deviance', 'refers', 'deviance', 'logistic', 'regression', 'classification', 'withprobabilistic', 'outputs', 'thrashing', 'exponential', 'gradientboosting', 'recaptures', 'adaboost', 'algorithm', 'other', 'trolling', 'parameters', 'contained', 'different', 'parameterssuch', 'estimators', 'learning', 'depth', 'wheren', 'estimators', 'indicate', 'individual', 'boosting', 'stages', 'accom', 'plish', 'learning', 'reduces', 'performance', '10268', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectiontable', 'classifiers', 'their', 'controlling', 'parameters', 'hyperparameters', 'extreme', 'gradient', 'boosting', 'designed', 'based', 'principles', 'gradient', 'boostingframework', 'supervised', 'learning', 'tasks', 'suchas', 'regression', 'classification', 'ranking', 'similarly', 'erates', 'prediction', 'model', 'ensemble', 'ofweak', 'prediction', 'models', 'model', 'stage', 'approachis', 'compassed', 'other', 'boosting', 'methods', 'itgeneralizes', 'approving', 'optimization', 'randomdifferentiable', 'function', 'gradient', 'descent', 'usedby', 'gradient', 'boosting', 'generate', 'trees', 'based', 'allprevious', 'trees', 'supervises', 'objective', 'function', 'towardthe', 'minimum', 'direction', 'objective', 'function', 'aform', 'divides', 'training', 'regularization', 'themathematical', 'equation', 'added', 'follows', 'where', 'denotes', 'parameters', 'symbolizes', 'ularization', 'training', 'mainhyper', 'parameters', 'n_estimators', 'learning_rate', 'n_jobs', 'max_depth', 'gamma', 'min_child_weight', 'colsample_by_tree', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'asn_estimators', 'learning_rate', 'max_depth', 'already', 'beendiscussed', 'besides', 'n_jobs', 'relevant', 'number', 'ofparallel', 'threads', 'gamma', 'represents', 'theloss', 'required', 'further', 'partition', 'thetree', 'min_child_weight', 'denotes', 'minimum', 'offeature', 'example', 'instance', 'weight', 'needed', 'child', 'andcolsample_by_tree', 'subsampling', 'columns', 'support', 'vector', 'machine', 'classifier', 'powerful', 'supervised', 'classi', 'fiers', 'mostly', 'classification', 'medicaldiagnosis', 'build', 'decision', 'boundaryin', 'possible', 'points', 'classes', 'which', 'knownas', 'support', 'vectors', 'linear', 'problems', 'coviddetection', 'radial', 'basis', 'function', 'kernel', 'controlling', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'gamma', 'represents', 'regularizationparameter', 'controls', 'misclassification', 'traininginstances', 'gamma', 'controls', 'spread', 'therefore', 'decision', 'region', 'lower', 'value', 'ofgamma', 'broaden', 'decision', 'region', 'versa', 'proper', 'value', 'increase', 'classificationperformance', 'which', 'achieved', 'optimization', 'requirement', 'optimizationmost', 'classifiers', 'entire', 'study', 'somehyperparameters', 'classifier', 'itself', 'function', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'these', 'parameters', 'control', 'hyper', 'plane', 'exemplification', 'requires', 'hyperparameters', 'while', 'parameter', 'table', 'classifier', 'performance', 'indices', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'error', 'specificity', 'sensitivity', 'depend', 'proper', 'choiceof', 'these', 'parameters', 'optimization', 'problem', 'whosegeneral', 'framework', 'written', 'where', 'denotes', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'znbelongs', 'denotes', 'classifiers', 'represents', 'objective', 'function', 'thisobjective', 'function', 'defined', 'function', 'where', 'userscan', 'different', 'classifier', 'metrics', 'classificationerror', 'accuracy', 'other', 'metrics', 'described', 'followingsection', 'statistical', 'evaluation', 'classification', 'measures', 'general', 'framework', 'optimization', 'problem', 'beinterpreted', 'minimizing', 'classification', 'objective', 'function', 'classifier', 'hyperparameters', 'thisstudy', 'cross', 'validation', 'error', 'usedas', 'objective', 'function', 'chose', 'state', 'artoptimization', 'algorithms', 'named', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'thisalgorithm', 'stochastic', 'process', 'namely', 'bayesianprocess', 'tried', 'optimal', 'parameters', 'smallernumber', 'iterations', 'saving', 'memory', 'although', 'various', 'heuristic', 'algorithms', 'successfully', 'integrated', 'intomany', 'applications', 'hyper', 'parameter', 'optimizationin', 'expensive', 'evaluate', 'objective', 'function', 'foldcross', 'validation', 'study', 'makes', 'morecomplicated', 'besides', 'heuristic', 'algorithms', 'requirea', 'input', 'parameters', 'found', 'toobtain', 'improved', 'performance', 'performance', 'ofthe', 'heuristic', 'algorithms', 'sensitive', 'thevolume', '10269m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectioninput', 'parameters', 'furthermore', 'comparison', 'among', 'heuristic', 'algorithms', 'valid', 'properinput', 'parameters', 'which', 'requires', 'domainknowledge', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'theparameters', 'heuristic', 'algorithm', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'algorithm', 'global', 'mization', 'method', 'specially', 'designed', 'withsuch', 'expensive', 'evaluate', 'objective', 'function', 'which', 'thepopulation', 'genetic', 'operator', 'mutation', 'cross', 'andselection', 'algorithm', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'utilizes', 'agaussian', 'process', 'compute', 'acquisition', 'function', 'thatevaluates', 'objective', 'function', 'besides', 'bayesian', 'optimiza', 'memorizes', 'previous', 'evolution', 'utilize', 'these', 'statis', 'towards', 'solutions', 'recently', 'incovid', 'detection', 'using', 'images', 'consideringthe', 'above', 'rationale', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'appliedin', 'study', 'justify', 'further', 'proposed', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'iscompared', 'recently', 'proposed', 'harris', 'misation', 'algorithm', 'popular', 'swarm', 'based', 'andgradient', 'optimization', 'algorithm', 'based', 'cooper', 'ative', 'behaviour', 'chasing', 'styles', 'harris', 'hawks', 'naturecalled', 'surprise', 'pounce', 'chosen', 'algorithmfor', 'comparison', 'recent', 'outperformed', 'manypopular', 'heuristic', 'algorithms', 'multi', 'verseoptimizer', 'flame', 'optimization', 'whale', 'optimiza', 'algorithm', 'algorithm', 'cuckoo', 'search', 'fireflyalgorithm', 'bayesian', 'optimizationbayesian', 'optimization', 'superior', 'search', 'search', 'manual', 'tuning', 'therefore', 'thisstudy', 'algorithm', 'keeps', 'track', 'evalu', 'ation', 'results', 'probabilistic', 'model', 'objective', 'function', 'tofind', 'optimal', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'algorithm', 'selects', 'whichobjective', 'function', 'rbfsvm', 'provides', 'value', 'classification', 'error', 'usedas', 'objective', 'function', 'algorithm', 'givenbelow', 'build', 'gaussian', 'probability', 'model', 'objec', 'function', 'study', 'classification', 'error', 'theobjective', 'function', 'controlling', 'parameters', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'perform', 'gaussian', 'process', 'apply', 'these', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'objec', 'function', 'update', 'gaussian', 'model', 'incorporating', 'thenew', 'results', 'repeat', 'until', 'maximum', 'iteration', 'isreached', 'mathematics', 'behind', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'independent', 'features', 'target', 'variableis', 'given', 'below', 'since', 'variables', 'except', 'target', 'variable', 'pendent', 'constant', 'canbe', 'simplified', 'probability', 'given', 'ofinputs', 'possible', 'values', 'target', 'variable', 'pickup', 'output', 'maximum', 'probability', 'argmaxyp', 'statistical', 'evaluation', 'classification', 'metricswe', 'several', 'performance', 'evaluation', 'metrics', 'performance', 'proposed', 'framework', 'error', 'false', 'positive', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'positive', 'predictive', 'value', 'matthew', 'scorrelation', 'coefficient', 'f1_score', 'kappa', 'indexcan', 'calculated', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'lowervalue', 'error', 'higher', 'value', 'f1_score', 'kappa', 'index', 'indicate', 'bettermodel', 'besides', 'cross', 'validation', 'overall', 'dataset', 'significant', 'point', 'shouldbe', 'mentioned', 'analysis', 'anova', 'typically', 'executed', 'relying', 'the10', 'cross', 'validation', 'result', 'statistical', 'significanceis', 'determined', 'value', 'derived', 'anovatest', 'furthermore', 'receiver', 'operating', 'character', 'istic', 'curve', 'under', 'curve', 'evaluate', 'performance', 'classi', 'recall', 'decision', 'boundary', 'curve', 'beenused', 'examine', 'performance', 'study', 'usedthe', 'value', 'decision', 'boundary', 'threshold', 'providethe', 'importance', 'covid', 'covid', 'classes', 'feature', 'importance', 'using', 'valuesthe', 'shapely', 'adaptive', 'explanations', 'shortly', 'known', 'asshap', 'proposed', 'recent', 'papers', 'lundberg', 'calculated', 'based', 'model', 'theory', 'attribute', 'value', 'mathematically', 'ascertained', 'using', 'following10270', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectionformula', 'where', 'total', 'input', 'features', 'inputfeatures', 'subset', 'input', 'features', 'variables', 'ranked', 'descendingorder', 'horizontal', 'quantifies', 'thevalue', 'associated', 'higher', 'lower', 'prediction', 'allthe', 'sided', 'points', 'represent', 'observations', 'shiftingthe', 'predicted', 'value', 'negative', 'direction', 'contrast', 'points', 'right', 'contribute', 'shifting', 'predic', 'positive', 'direction', 'features', 'theleft', 'color', 'shows', 'whether', 'variable', 'orlow', 'observation', 'experimental', 'resultsin', 'paper', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'alongwith', 'without', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'ofadasyn', 'sufficient', 'adaptive', 'synthetic', 'eliminate', 'imbalanced', 'nature', 'among', 'majorityand', 'minority', 'classes', 'firstly', 'effect', 'adasyn', 'hasbeen', 'evaluated', 'along', 'shown', 'section', 'thebalanced', 'model', 'tested', 'original', 'testdata', 'section', 'anova', 'presented', 'insection', 'using', 'cross', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'evaluate', 'thestatistical', 'significance', 'recall', 'decision', 'boundarycurve', 'bootstrap', 'adasyn', 'discussed', 'insections', 'respectively', 'evaluation', 'offeature', 'importance', 'using', 'analysis', 'shapvalues', 'presented', 'sections', 'respec', 'tively', 'finally', 'performance', 'bayesian', 'optimizationhas', 'compared', 'search', 'random', 'searchin', 'section', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'withoutadasynthe', 'newly', 'obtained', 'balanced', 'dataset', 'utilized', 'total', 'dataset', 'training', 'validation', 'and33', 'testing', 'after', 'multiple', 'classifiers', 'areused', 'various', 'statistical', 'measurements', 'presented', 'theeffect', 'adasyn', 'experimented', 'validated', 'inthis', 'subsection', 'begin', 'upper', 'portion', 'table', 'perfor', 'mance', 'analysis', 'covid', 'dataset', 'utilizationof', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'demonstrated', 'canbe', 'provides', 'highest', 'classification', 'perfor', 'mance', 'however', 'performance', 'veryclose', 'worst', 'classificationperformance', 'among', 'various', 'classifiers', 'presented', 'table', 'value', 'observed', 'among', 'thesethree', 'classifiers', 'shown', 'figure', 'demonstrate', 'theeffect', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'original', 'unbalanceddataset', 'dataset', 'divided', 'manner', 'figure', 'curve', 'adasyn', 'total', 'dataset', 'training', 'validation', 'testing', 'rerun', 'optimized', 'codeon', 'dataset', 'results', 'dataset', 'withoutadasyn', 'presented', 'lower', 'portion', 'table', 'canbe', 'observed', 'highest', 'accuracy', 'obtainedby', 'which', 'close', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'using', 'rfwith', 'adasyn', 'could', 'happen', 'imbalance', 'dataset', 'therefore', 'accuracy', 'performance', 'indicator', 'thekappa', 'index', 'robust', 'reliableindicators', 'highest', 'kappa', 'aucvalues', 'using', 'using', 'figure', 'respectively', 'obtained', 'compared', 'upperportion', 'table', 'results', 'adasyn', 'kappa', 'figure', 'curve', 'without', 'adasyn', 'optimized', 'modelhas', 'created', 'using', 'balanced', 'dataset', 'volume', '10271m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectiontable', 'classification', 'performance', 'covid', 'dataset', 'without', 'adasyn', 'table', 'classification', 'performance', 'original', 'covid', 'values', 'times', 'lower', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'applied', 'respectively', 'happened', 'imbalanced', 'model', 'thissignificant', 'improvement', 'using', 'adasyn', 'concludes', 'sification', 'performance', 'significantly', 'improved', 'throughdirectly', 'applying', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'results', 'using', 'original', 'onlyso', 'effect', 'adasyn', 'classificationperformance', 'adasyn', 'oversampling', 'method', 'andthe', 'synthetic', 'mixed', 'original', 'during', 'databalancing', 'therefore', 'could', 'argued', 'theresults', 'balanced', 'model', 'original', 'onlywhere', 'synthetic', 'mixed', 'answer', 'question', 'balanced', 'bayesian', 'optimizedmodels', 'applied', 'original', 'ferent', 'performance', 'measures', 'accuracy', 'sensitiv', 'specificity', 'presented', 'table', 'andfigure', 'provides', 'highestaccuracy', 'error', 'f1_score', 'kappa', 'sensitiv', 'and99', 'respectively', 'contrast', 'provides', 'highestppv', 'specificity', 'respectively', 'performs', 'bestin', 'classification', 'metrics', 'presented', 'table', '10272', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectiontable', 'accuracy', 'score', 'different', 'optimized', 'classifiers', 'using', 'cross', 'validation', 'figure', 'curve', 'covid', 'original', 'using', 'eachmodel', 'optimized', 'model', 'created', 'using', 'balanceddataset', 'applied', 'original', 'dataset', 'furthermore', 'these', 'results', 'mostly', 'inclined', 'withadasyn', 'results', 'upper', 'portion', 'table', 'results', 'aresignificantly', 'better', 'without', 'adasyn', 'classifica', 'measures', 'curve', 'shown', 'figure', 'alsovisually', 'close', 'figure', 'datasethas', 'without', 'adasyn', 'lower', 'portion', 'oftable', 'table', 'comparison', 'finally', 'canbe', 'concluded', 'balanced', 'model', 'significantly', 'improvethe', 'performance', 'covid', 'dataset', 'shows', 'thebest', 'classifiers', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'performingbalanced', 'model', 'adasyn', 'original', 'datahave', 'presented', 'figure', 'covidand', 'covid', 'patients', 'correctly', 'classified', 'cross', 'validationin', 'standard', 'train', 'split', 'method', 'generally', 'small', 'taken', 'total', 'dataset', 'isnot', 'tested', 'overcome', 'issue', 'cross', 'validation', 'helpful', 'techniques', 'exploited', 'testthe', 'effectiveness', 'machine', 'learning', 'models', 'sampling', 'procedure', 'evaluate', 'inthis', 'study', 'first', 'testing', 'remainingfolds', 'training', 'repeated', 'times', 'thetotal', 'dataset', 'basis', 'cross', 'validationresult', 'presented', 'table', 'where', 'classification', 'result', 'ofeach', 'shown', 'final', 'provides', 'average', 'classi', 'fication', 'accuracy', 'results', 'table', 'isobserved', 'least', 'score', 'obtained', 'using', 'whereas', 'touched', 'mountain', 'point', 'grabbing', 'ascore', 'attained', 'average', 'accuracyof', 'other', 'classification', 'performanceusing', 'decision', 'xgband', 'above', 'processed', 'byadasyn', 'train', 'classifier', 'originaltest', 'during', 'testing', 'performance', 'comparison', 'figure', 'showed', 'accuracy', 'different', 'classifiersusing', 'covid', 'original', 'dataset', 'using', 'hereone', 'anova', 'provided', 'value', 'forthe', 'original', 'covid', 'dataset', 'which', 'statistically', 'nificant', 'provided', 'interactive', 'ofmultiple', 'comparisons', 'means', 'figure', 'showedthe', 'highest', 'accuracy', 'statisticallysignificant', 'seven', 'classifiers', 'contrast', 'statistically', 'significantfrom', 'because', 'almost', 'identical', 'notethat', 'figure', 'interactive', 'where', 'significanceof', 'different', 'classifiers', 'visualized', 'clicking', 'thespecific', 'classifier', 'level', 'instance', 'blurred', 'shownin', 'defining', 'insignificance', 'selected', 'larly', 'exhibit', 'statistical', 'insignificanceif', 'selected', 'recall', 'decision', 'boundary', 'curvethe', 'recall', 'general', 'depends', 'decision', 'boundaryusing', 'certain', 'threshold', 'exemplify', 'recall', 'decision', 'boundary', 'curve', 'displayed', 'figure', 'wherevolume', '10273m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectionfigure', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'balanced', 'model', 'applied', 'covidtest', 'dataset', 'adasyn', 'original', 'covid', 'dataset', 'figure', 'depicts', 'percentage', 'correct', 'classification', 'first', 'twodiagonal', 'cells', 'generated', 'trained', 'network', 'numbers', 'patientswho', 'correctly', 'classified', 'covid', 'covid', 'and3233', 'corresponding', 'group', 'patients', 'respectively', 'likewise', 'numbers', 'patients', 'incorrectlyclassified', 'covid', 'covid', 'correspondingly', 'among', 'patients', 'group', 'similarly', 'overall99', 'correctly', 'incorrectly', 'classified', 'covid', 'andnon', 'covid', 'overall', 'correctly', 'incorrectlyclassified', 'accordingly', 'prediction', 'correct', 'overallpredictions', 'covid', 'covid', 'respectively', 'other', 'incorrect', 'results', 'covid', 'covid', 'were2', 'similarly', 'interpret', 'figure', 'decision', 'boundary', 'threshold', 'covid', 'class', 'recall', 'about0', 'default', 'threshold', 'meaning', 'about98', 'times', 'optimized', 'classifier', 'truly', 'classify', 'thefigure', 'covid', 'dataset', 'multi', 'comparison', 'graphical', 'interface', 'which', 'thestatistical', 'significance', 'classifiers', 'effectof', 'effect', 'other', 'classifiers', 'interpreted', 'sameway', 'covid', 'provided', 'erate', 'performance', 'around', 'default', 'thresholdt', 'defining', 'covid', 'class', 'showsthe', 'third', 'highest', 'performance', 'around', 'contrast', 'recall', 'threshold', 'meaningthat', 'times', 'truly', 'classify', 'covid', 'class', 'similar', 'scenario', 'observed', 'thelda', 'classifier', 'other', 'looking', 'figure', 'recall', 'ofqlda', 'drastically', 'falling', 'value', 'revealing', 'times', 'classify', 'covid19', 'class', 'recall', 'andrf', 'about', 'threshold', 'whereas', 'recall', 'rateof', 'finally', 'considering', 'covid19', 'covid', 'classification', 'using', 'recall', 'decision', 'threshold', 'measure', 'concluded', 'thatsvc', 'provide', 'satisfactory', 'recallrate', 'among', 'different', 'optimized', 'classifiers', 'predicting', 'bothclasses', '10274', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectionfigure', 'recall', 'decision', 'boundary', 'curve', 'covid', 'positive', 'covid', 'negative', 'bootstrap', 'adasynto', 'determine', 'whether', 'optimized', 'model', 'highly', 'sensitiveto', 'training', 'bootstrapping', 'performed', 'thexgb', 'model', 'performing', 'model', 'givesnboot', 'having', 'slightly', 'different', 'discriminative', 'abilities', 'error', 'three', 'curves', 'plotted', 'figure', 'middle', 'represents', 'average', 'where', 'upperand', 'lower', 'curves', 'represent', 'confidence', 'interval', 'obtain', 'bootstrap', 'nboot', 'trained', 'upper', 'andlower', 'confidence', 'interval', 'respectively', 'areobtained', 'indicates', 'training', 'highly', 'sensitive', 'tothe', 'training', 'dataset', 'feature', 'importance', 'using', 'shapin', 'variable', 'importance', 'significant', 'ables', 'sorted', 'descending', 'order', 'variablescontribute', 'model', 'bottom', 'onesand', 'predictive', 'power', 'fever', 'cough', 'high_risk_exposure_occupation', 'high_risk_interactions', 'wheezes', 'importantfeatures', 'where', 'fever', 'touched', 'mountain', 'point', 'thiscase', 'shown', 'figure', 'simultaneously', 'pulse', 'sore_throat', 'received', 'least', 'importance', 'classifyingthe', 'covid', 'contaminated', 'patients', 'value', 'analysisfrom', 'pictorial', 'example', 'analysis', 'figure', 'fortraining', 'summarized', 'three', 'features', 'fever', 'cough', 'high_risk_exposure_occupation', 'loss_of', '_smell', 'massive', 'positive', 'impact', 'thetarget', 'variable', 'comes', 'colour', 'andthe', 'positive', 'impact', 'shown', 'whereas', 'conclude', 'mentioning', 'features', 'wheeze', 'highly', 'negatively', 'correlated', 'targetvariable', 'variables', 'efficientlyexplained', 'should', 'mentioned', 'behaviour', 'thefigure', 'bootstrap', 'curve', 'covid', 'dataset', 'using', 'xgbwith', 'model', 'defined', 'necessarilycausal', 'world', 'other', 'values', 'notprovide', 'causality', 'describes', 'model', 'behaviourand', 'behaviour', 'build', 'model', 'model', 'predict', 'covid', 'patients', 'rately', 'plausible', 'false', 'positives', 'falsenegatives', 'however', 'value', 'explain', 'suchresults', 'summary', 'helpful', 'explain', 'thoseresults', 'performance', 'search', 'randomsearch', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'harrishawks', 'optimizationwe', 'propose', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'techniques', 'inour', 'framework', 'therefore', 'logical', 'comparevolume', '10275m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectiontable', 'comparative', 'search', 'techniques', 'figure', 'feature', 'importance', 'using', 'figure', 'variable', 'importance', 'training', 'using', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'algorithm', 'commonly', 'usedparameter', 'search', 'algorithms', 'popular', 'widely', 'usedalgorithms', 'namely', 'search', 'random', 'search', 'comparewith', 'proposed', 'techniques', 'table', 'presents', 'parison', 'different', 'search', 'algorithms', 'terms', 'severalparameters', 'evaluated', 'overall', 'taken', 'tocomplete', 'program', 'cross', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'score', 'testscore', 'simulations', 'intel', 'computerhaving', 'model', 'seenthat', 'takes', '10473', 'complete', 'simulation', 'usinggrid', 'search', 'whereas', 'random', 'search', 'proposed', 'bayesianoptimization', 'respec', 'tively', 'furthermore', 'random', 'search', 'bayesian', 'rithm', 'parameters', 'while', 'search', 'requiresmore', 'parameters', 'which', 'times', 'others', 'thetest', 'score', 'using', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'which', 'isbetter', 'search', 'random', 'search', 'pictorial', 'depiction', 'comparative', 'search', 'given', 'figure', 'where', 'canbe', 'added', 'initial', 'stage', 'accuracy', 'randomsearch', 'nearly', 'which', 'almost', 'stable', 'iterations', 'single', 'iteration', 'takes', 'asharp', 'change', 'accuracy', 'touching', 'closely', 'scoreof', 'which', 'followed', 'unchanged', 'condition', 'until30', 'iterations', 'contrast', 'score', 'proposed', 'bayesianoptimization', 'technique', 'commenced', 'before', 'which', 'wasalmost', 'steep', 'iterations', 'touching', 'accuracyfigure', 'comparative', 'optimization', 'techniques', 'applied', 'xgbmodel', '10276', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectionabove', 'exciting', 'information', 'should', 'tioned', 'score', 'proposed', 'method', 'remainsunchanged', 'except', 'slight', 'change', 'after', 'iterations', 'before', 'finishing', 'iterations', 'accuracy', 'touched', 'point', 'proposed', 'bayesian', 'optimisation', 'framework', 'hasalso', 'applied', 'recent', 'harris', 'hawks', 'mization', 'algorithm', 'calculated', 'evolutions', 'with20', 'populations', 'train', 'settings', 'provides98', 'cross', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'whereas', 'testing', 'result', 'similar', 'bayesian', 'misation', 'framework', 'however', 'takes', 'which', 'times', 'slower', 'proposed', 'framework', 'requiresmore', 'evaluations', 'optimization', 'calculations', 'table', 'further', 'justify', 'statistical', 'significance', 'betweenbayesian', 'optimization', 'harris', 'hawks', 'optimization', 'rithm', 'performed', 'cross', 'validation', 'using', 'after', 'value', 'calculated', 'isplotted', 'value', 'found', 'which', 'suggests', 'thatthere', 'statistically', 'significant', 'difference', 'between', 'thesetwo', 'optimizations', 'illustrated', 'figure', 'alsojustifies', 'statements', 'figure', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'harris', 'hawksoptimization', 'discussion', 'comparisonin', 'research', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machinelearning', 'framework', 'class', 'balancing', 'strategy', 'usingthe', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'proposed', 'identify', 'covidpatients', 'their', 'inpatient', 'facility', 'state', 'classifiers', 'utilized', 'proposed', 'frame', 'identify', 'covid', 'patients', 'different', 'classificationmeasures', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'kappaindex', 'matthews', 'correlation', 'coefficient', 'theefficacy', 'different', 'classifiers', 'study', 'performed10', 'cross', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'achieve', 'statistical', 'nificance', 'using', 'anova', 'recall', 'decision', 'boundarythreshold', 'analysis', 'bootstrap', 'finally', 'shapanalysis', 'performed', 'interpret', 'feature', 'importance', 'andinterpret', 'model', 'these', 'different', 'classification', 'indicatorsdescribe', 'model', 'performance', 'another', 'point', 'primary', 'intention', 'these', 'indicators', 'describethe', 'classification', 'performance', 'different', 'perspective', 'table', 'yielded', 'highestclassification', 'performance', 'terms', 'accuracy', 'kappa', 'index', 'however', 'classification', 'performance', 'ofxgb', 'close', 'anova', 'andmulti', 'comparison', 'tests', 'average', 'accuracy', 'close', 'statisticallysignificant', 'however', 'cross', 'validation', 'accuracyof', 'provides', 'highest', 'value', 'table', 'balanced', 'model', 'offers', 'highest', 'classifica', 'performance', 'applied', 'original', 'seetable', 'recall', 'decision', 'threshold', 'bound', 'indicates', 'superior', 'performance', 'figure', 'concludes', 'balanced', 'mized', 'model', 'would', 'choice', 'detectingcovid', 'patients', 'using', 'their', 'inpatient', 'facility', 'therefore', 'further', 'analyses', 'bootstrap', 'analysisand', 'features', 'importance', 'analysis', 'balanced', 'andoptimized', 'model', 'regarding', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'should', 'mentionedthat', 'adasyn', 'adaptively', 'generates', 'synthetic', 'samplesfor', 'covid', 'class', 'since', 'minority', 'class', 'reducebias', 'introduced', 'imbalanced', 'distribution', 'adasynmoves', 'classifier', 'decision', 'boundary', 'towards', 'harder', 'learn', 'examples', 'improving', 'learning', 'performance', 'therefore', 'applying', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'enhances', 'thelearning', 'process', 'eventually', 'improves', 'covid', 'classi', 'fication', 'performance', 'table', 'understand', 'effect', 'ofadasyn', 'detail', 'regarding', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'unlike', 'search', 'random', 'search', 'mentionedthat', 'takes', 'previous', 'objective', 'function', 'evaluationinto', 'account', 'function', 'optimal', 'solution', 'therefore', 'hyperparameter', 'using', 'provides', 'tuningparameters', 'which', 'ultimately', 'builds', 'optimized', 'model', 'andconsequently', 'increases', 'classification', 'performance', 'shapis', 'determine', 'feature', 'importance', 'model', 'interpre', 'tation', 'mentioned', 'theoreticapproach', 'which', 'excellent', 'mathematical', 'backgroundand', 'current', 'state', 'approach', 'salient', 'features', 'mentioned', 'above', 'benoted', 'proposed', 'framework', 'applied', 'tocovid', 'detection', 'applied', 'other', 'classificationproblems', 'diabetic', 'prediction', 'asthma', 'prediction', 'while', 'describing', 'significance', 'strength', 'study', 'logical', 'explain', 'weaknesses', 'study', 'thedatabase', 'study', 'moderately', 'large', 'dataset', 'useful', 'apply', 'proposed', 'framework', 'largerdataset', 'validate', 'proposed', 'approach', 'completelyindependent', 'dataset', 'before', 'clinical', 'clinical', 'blood', 'sampledata', 'integration', 'enhance', 'thedetection', 'validity', 'beyond', 'scope', 'thisstudy', 'volume', '10277m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectiontable', 'description', 'clinically', 'operable', 'decision', 'algorithm', 'figure', 'decision', 'using', 'features', 'their', 'thresholdsin', 'absolute', 'value', 'development', 'clinically', 'operabledecision', 'treea', 'clinically', 'operable', 'decision', 'would', 'benefit', 'clinical', 'staffas', 'straightforward', 'understand', 'underlying', 'simple', 'classifiers', 'consisting', 'sequences', 'ofbinary', 'decisions', 'organized', 'hierarchically', 'builta', 'simple', 'using', 'important', 'features', 'cough', 'smell', 'exposure', 'occupation', 'continuous', 'value', 'oxygen', 'satura', 'feature', 'feature', 'discretized', 'three', 'differentlevels', 'denote', 'severe', 'moderate', 'normallevel', 'respectively', 'feature', 'value', 'between', 'treated', 'severe', 'moderate', 'normal', 'level', 'figure', 'repre', 'sents', 'corresponding', 'description', 'treealgorithm', 'given', 'table', 'development', 'decision', 'supportsystem', 'could', 'beneficial', 'support', 'clinical', 'staff', 'screen', 'covid', 'patients', 'their', 'inpatient', 'facility', 'usually', 'graphical', 'representation', 'decision', 'figure', 'probabilistic', 'output', 'upper', 'figure', 'hasrepresented', 'subject', 'covid', 'negative', 'whereas', 'represented', 'asubject', 'covid', 'positive', 'lower', 'figure', 'represents', 'probabilisticoutcome', 'subject', 'affected', 'covid', 'where', 'dotted', 'linedefines', 'threshold', 'level', 'patient', 'level', 'exceeds', 'thisthreshold', 'level', 'subject', 'considered', 'covid', 'positive', 'whereas', 'subject', 'probability', 'thethreshold', 'value', 'regarded', 'covid', 'negative', 'either', 'cansay', 'chance', 'person', 'affected', 'covid', 'covid', 'visualize', 'probable', 'state', 'thepatient', 'possible', 'outcome', 'covid', 'suspected', 'patient', 'sinhouse', 'facility', 'presented', 'figure', 'terms', 'theposterior', 'probability', 'probabilistic', 'result', 'intuitiveto', 'clinical', 'staff', 'therefore', 'notethat', 'patients', 'database', 'illus', 'tration', 'purposes', 'patient', 'sorted', 'ascending', 'order', 'sothat', 'patients', 'covid', 'labelled', 'appears', 'first', 'andpatients', 'covid', 'appear', 'comparisons', 'other', 'methods', 'studiesto', 'delineate', 'superiority', 'proposed', 'research', 'illustrative', 'comparison', 'accom', 'plished', 'other', 'covid', 'studies', 'tabular', 'illustration', 'table', 'mentioned', 'andozturk', 'obtain', 'accuracy', 'respec', 'tively', 'furthermore', 'multiples', 'researchworks', 'carried', 'direct10278', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectiontable', 'comparison', 'performance', 'other', 'methods', 'implementation', 'using', 'mostly', 'clinical', 'wherethe', 'average', 'accuracy', 'obtained', 'wasless', 'toget', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'approximately', 'whichoutperformed', 'brinati', 'utilized', 'andrf', 'addition', 'lowest', 'performance', 'obtained', 'sunet', 'classifier', 'clinical', 'anddemographic', 'importantly', 'although', 'accuracyof', 'slightly', 'higher', 'proposedmethod', 'specificity', 'outweighthe', 'other', 'methodologies', 'mentioned', 'conclusionthis', 'paper', 'presents', 'optimal', 'different', 'machinelearning', 'techniques', 'including', 'state', 'classifiers', 'predict', 'covid', 'proposed', 'approach', 'aimed', 'handlethe', 'dataset', 'detecting', 'covid', 'effec', 'tively', 'proposed', 'technique', 'provides', 'friendlyand', 'covid', 'detection', 'designing', 'themethod', 'covid', 'dataset', 'collected', 'hasbeen', 'assess', 'performance', 'using', 'different', 'sification', 'metrics', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'kappa', 'index', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'different', 'classifiershave', 'optimized', 'using', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'theadasyn', 'balance', 'dataset', 'comparedto', 'studies', 'presented', 'study', 'evidenced', 'thatboth', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'proposedframework', 'attained', 'highest', 'values', 'and99', 'using', 'respectively', 'proposed', 'approachhas', 'applied', 'moderately', 'large', 'dataset', 'should', 'beused', 'dataset', 'before', 'clinical', 'trials', 'however', 'ourprimary', 'intention', 'feasibility', 'settings', 'similar', 'approach', 'applied', 'design', 'other', 'classifi', 'cation', 'problems', 'finally', 'potential', 'applications', 'ourproposed', 'technique', 'namely', 'clinically', 'operable', 'decision', 'treeand', 'decision', 'support', 'system', 'would', 'beneficial', 'clinicalstaff', 'building', 'efficient', 'recommender', 'system', 'couldeasily', 'integrated', 'mobile', 'devices', 'which', 'would', 'veryuseful', 'users', 'availabilitythe', 'dataset', 'accessed', 'through', 'github', 'https', 'github', 'mdcollab', 'covidclinicaldata', 'cessed', 'obtained', 'first', 'author', 'abdulawal', 'paper', 'new_paper']
['received', 'august', 'accepted', 'september', 'publication', 'september', 'current', 'version', 'september', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3025971balancing', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safetyduring', 'covid', 'south', 'koreana', 'young', 'park2', 'member', 'hong41institute', 'cyber', 'security', 'privacy', 'korea', 'university', 'seoul', '02841', 'south', 'korea2department', 'pediatrics', 'korea', 'university', 'college', 'medicine', 'seoul', '02842', 'south', 'korea3institute', 'cyber', 'security', 'privacy', 'graduate', 'school', 'information', 'security', 'korea', 'university', 'seoul', '02841', 'south', 'korea4information', 'operations', 'technology', 'management', 'college', 'business', 'innovation', 'university', 'toledo', 'toledo', '43606', 'usacorresponding', 'authors', 'donghlee', 'korea', 'utoledo', 'abstract', 'there', 'vigorous', 'debate', 'different', 'countries', 'responded', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'secure', 'public', 'safety', 'south', 'korea', 'actively', 'personal', 'information', 'personalprivacy', 'whereas', 'france', 'encouraged', 'voluntary', 'cooperation', 'public', 'safety', 'article', 'after', 'brief', 'comparison', 'contextual', 'differences', 'france', 'focus', 'south', 'korea', 'approachesto', 'epidemiological', 'investigations', 'evaluate', 'issues', 'pertaining', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'health', 'examine', 'usage', 'patterns', 'original', 'identification', 'encrypted', 'specificproposal', 'discusses', 'covid', 'index', 'which', 'considers', 'collective', 'infection', 'outbreak', 'intensity', 'availability', 'ofmedical', 'infrastructure', 'death', 'finally', 'summarize', 'findings', 'lessons', 'future', 'researchand', 'policy', 'implications', 'index', 'terms', 'covid', 'covid', 'index', 'identification', 'epidemiological', 'investigation', 'infectiousdiseases', 'pandemic', 'personal', 'information', 'personal', 'privacy', 'policy', 'public', 'safety', 'south', 'korea', 'introductionincreasingly', 'integration', 'information', 'andcommunications', 'technology', 'promises', 'enormous', 'socialvalue', 'creation', 'pandemic', 'crisis', 'public', 'safety', 'toppriority', 'simultaneously', 'cannot', 'ignore', 'potential', 'privacybreaches', 'debate', 'personal', 'privacy', 'publicsecurity', 'still', 'relevant', 'since', 'personal', 'information', 'crucialto', 'curtail', 'spread', 'pandemic', 'policymakers', 'officialscan', 'likely', 'expect', 'implicit', 'consent', 'however', 'thecourse', 'pursuing', 'compelling', 'public', 'purpose', 'privacy', 'rightsmay', 'general', 'epidemiological', 'study', 'subject', 'ethicsreview', 'ensure', 'privacy', 'investiga', 'investigators', 'respect', 'confidentiality', 'requirements', 'increasing', 'social', 'costs', 'associated', 'theprevention', 'treatment', 'serious', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'thereis', 'growing', 'demand', 'gather', 'accurate', 'personal', 'informationin', 'example', 'gilbert', 'beebe', 'suggested', 'incertain', 'disastrous', 'circumstances', 'public', 'interest', 'might', 'ahigher', 'priority', 'privacy', 'issues', 'widespread', 'fluthe', 'associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript', 'andapproving', 'publication', 'epidemic', 'provided', 'additional', 'support', 'ofreasoning', 'while', 'conducting', 'epidemiological', 'investigations', 'researchers', 'always', 'obtain', 'individual', 'explicitconsent', 'united', 'states', 'health', 'insurance', 'portabilityand', 'accountability', 'hipaa', 'established', 'privacy', 'rulesthat', 'limits', 'disclosure', 'personal', 'healthinformation', 'though', 'aggregating', 'personal', 'information', 'forpublic', 'health', 'purposes', 'somewhat', 'different', 'matter', 'covid', 'extraordinary', 'circumstance', 'posesenormous', 'public', 'health', 'risks', 'potentially', 'affecting', 'millionsof', 'people', 'worldwide', 'nations', 'thecoronavirus', 'context', 'balancepersonal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safety', 'bound', 'aries', 'acceptable', 'norms', 'study', 'considers', 'these', 'tions', 'examines', 'actual', 'cases', 'countries', 'southkorea', 'france', 'subsequent', 'sections', 'study', 'follows', 'section', 'discuss', 'characteristicsof', 'virus', 'causes', 'covid', 'introduce', 'ananti', 'displacement', 'alternative', 'covid', 'further', 'results', 'french', 'korean', 'governments', 'antine', 'measures', 'against', 'covid', 'apply', 'stridethreat', 'model', 'perform', 'analysis', 'korean', 'ernment', 'quarantine', 'system', 'specific', 'proposal', 'considersvolume', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '171325n', 'balancing', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safety', 'during', 'covid', 'south', 'koreacollective', 'infection', 'outbreak', 'intensity', 'availability', 'infrastructure', 'death', 'based', 'findings', 'present', 'lessons', 'implications', 'future', 'epidemiologi', 'investigations', 'covid', 'responsesa', 'coronavirus', 'first', 'reportedin', 'wuhan', 'china', 'december', 'since', 'respi', 'ratory', 'infection', 'epidemic', 'designated', 'covid', 'spreadthroughout', 'china', 'worldwide', 'infection', 'after', 'incubation', 'period', 'patients', 'experience', 'respira', 'symptoms', 'including', 'fever', 'about', 'degrees', 'andcough', 'dyspnea', 'however', 'seems', 'thereare', 'several', 'cases', 'asymptomatic', 'infections', 'january', 'chinese', 'government', 'officially', 'reported', 'firmed', 'cases', 'covid', 'medical', 'staffinvolved', 'incident', 'became', 'credible', 'evidence', 'human', 'human', 'transmission', 'january', 'worldhealth', 'organization', 'declared', 'continual', 'spreadof', 'infection', 'international', 'public', 'health', 'gency', 'pheic', 'accelerating', 'confirmedpatients', 'worldwide', 'march', 'declaredthe', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'pandemic', 'covid', 'respiratory', 'virus', 'spreads', 'primarilythrough', 'droplets', 'generated', 'infected', 'person', 'coughsor', 'sneezes', 'through', 'droplets', 'saliva', 'discharge', 'fromthe', 'infected', 'patient', 'saliva', 'transmitteddirectly', 'another', 'person', 'person', 'theireyes', 'virus', 'contaminated', 'rapid', 'spreadof', 'covid', 'expected', 'overwhelm', 'limited', 'medicalequipment', 'facilities', 'sudden', 'increase', 'theexplosive', 'number', 'patients', 'consequently', 'fightagainst', 'covid', 'requires', 'contact', 'tracing', 'close', 'contactsof', 'laboratory', 'confirmed', 'probable', 'patients', 'tries', 'these', 'responses', 'compulsory', 'while', 'others', 'imple', 'mented', 'voluntary', 'system', 'study', 'compares', 'casesof', 'france', 'south', 'korea', 'special', 'focus', 'southkorean', 'government', 'approaches', 'seeking', 'participationof', 'citizens', 'korean', 'government', 'approachat', 'first', 'south', 'korean', 'government', 'respondappropriately', 'knowing', 'precise', 'nature', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'initial', 'optimism', 'based', 'onconfidence', 'korea', 'medical', 'capabilities', 'could', 'handle', 'anymajor', 'public', 'health', 'challenges', 'additionally', 'assessasymptomatic', 'patients', 'determined', 'somewhat', 'later', 'forexample', 'chinese', 'woman', 'arrived', 'wuhan', 'onjanuary', 'identified', 'first', 'confirmed', 'until', 'foreign', 'tourists', 'without', 'fever', 'enterkorea', 'there', 'serious', 'effort', 'trackasymptomatic', 'patients', 'however', 'understanding', 'significance', 'asymp', 'tomatic', 'patients', 'nature', 'droplet', 'infection', 'nexttask', 'identify', 'pathogens', 'confirmed', 'patients', 'describes', 'essential', 'elements', 'disease', 'healthfigure', 'disease', 'health', 'integrated', 'management', 'system', 'covid', 'integration', 'system', 'dhims', 'which', 'collects', 'demiological', 'survey', 'local', 'governments', 'conduct', 'testsfor', 'epidemiologic', 'investigation', 'medical', 'staff', 'public', 'healthcenters', 'diagnostic', 'screening', 'centers', 'follow', 'theconfirmed', 'patients', 'local', 'governments', 'responsible', 'foroperating', 'screening', 'clinics', 'through', 'large', 'scale', 'drive', 'throughor', 'through', 'testing', 'sites', 'without', 'harvesting', 'virustransmission', 'person', 'tests', 'positive', 'health', 'diagnosticcenter', 'immediately', 'uploads', 'relevant', 'personal', 'informa', 'patient', 'dhims', 'health', 'diagnosticcenter', 'immediately', 'submits', 'incident', 'reports', 'koreancenters', 'disease', 'control', 'local', 'governmenthealth', 'center', 'conducts', 'additional', 'epidemiologicalinvestigation', 'public', 'safety', 'requires', 'confirmedpatients', 'disclose', 'their', 'recent', 'movements', 'identify', 'tacted', 'persons', 'local', 'government', 'examines', 'confirmedpatient', 'recent', 'usage', 'information', 'mobile', 'phones', 'andcredit', 'cards', 'uploads', 'information', 'about', 'contactedpersons', 'including', 'their', 'address', 'contact', 'information', 'birth', 'gender', 'disease', 'diagnosis', 'occupation', 'place', 'residence', 'telephone', 'number', 'healthstatus', 'dhims', 'national', 'database', 'demiological', 'investigations', 'maintains', 'relevant', 'infor', 'mation', 'confirmed', 'patient', 'contacts', 'diagnostic', 'performed', 'immediately', 'personswith', 'symptoms', 'according', 'severity', 'covid', '19symptoms', 'individuals', 'either', 'quarantines', 'pitalized', 'recent', 'contacts', 'symptoms', 'antined', 'contact', 'confirmedpatient', 'quarantined', 'individuals', 'monitored', 'daily', 'atlocal', 'government', 'centers', 'additional', 'diagnostic', 'testafter', 'shows', 'individual', 'negative', 'shehas', 'symptoms', 'individual', 'released', 'korean', 'government', 'implemented', 'covid', 'ponse', 'system', 'preemptive', 'prompt', 'precise', 'trace', 'treat', 'participate', 'quarantineresponse', 'model', 'innovative', 'systems', 'asself', 'isolation', 'diagnostic', 'drive', 'through', 'through', 'clinics', 'mobile', 'phone', 'location', 'information', 'korean', 'government', 'counted', 'voluntary171326', 'volume', '2020n', 'balancing', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safety', 'during', 'covid', 'south', 'koreaparticipation', 'citizens', 'develop', 'additional', 'capabil', 'ities', 'example', 'using', 'these', 'aggregated', 'epidemiologicalsurvey', 'databases', 'covid', 'monitoringapps', 'developed', 'benefit', 'society', 'large', 'french', 'government', 'approachfrance', 'established', 'public', 'health', 'france', 'onjanuary', 'monitor', 'respond', 'covid', '19epidemic', 'crisis', 'center', 'monitors', 'epidemio', 'logical', 'prevention', 'mobilizes', 'health', 'protection', 'organizations', 'manages', 'strategic', 'resources', 'medical', 'facilities', 'andoffers', 'support', 'services', 'conducts', 'daily', 'epidemi', 'ological', 'investigations', 'releases', 'aggregate', 'detailsincluding', 'gender', 'group', 'covid', '19patients', 'surveillance', 'system', 'monitor', 'demiological', 'clinical', 'aspects', 'covid', 'using', 'urbanmedicine', 'measure', 'severity', 'epidemic', 'impacton', 'medical', 'system', 'report', 'fatality', 'phftook', 'active', 'preventative', 'measures', 'control', 'spread', 'ofcovid', 'reducing', 'transmissionby', 'providing', 'warning', 'messages', 'people', 'affected', 'areas', 'addition', 'precautionary', 'measures', 'aimed', 'peoplemaintain', 'better', 'quality', 'social', 'isolation', 'supported', 'active', 'health', 'related', 'servicesby', 'operating', 'remote', 'support', 'system', 'allowshealthcare', 'professionals', 'doctors', 'nurses', 'pharmacists', 'physical', 'therapists', 'midwives', 'health', 'professionals', 'managers', 'supervisors', 'health', 'facility', 'personnel', 'neers', 'prepared', 'request', 'healthcenter', 'french', 'government', 'implemented', 'quarantine', 'sures', 'since', 'march', 'monitors', 'behav', 'ioral', 'responses', 'mental', 'health', 'practices', 'response', 'tothese', 'changes', 'assesses', 'social', 'anxiety', 'levels', 'certainly', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'disrupted', 'french', 'lifeand', 'restricted', 'vital', 'economic', 'social', 'activities', 'theearly', 'outbreak', 'challenge', 'hasbeen', 'mobilize', 'citizen', 'participation', 'fight', 'againstcovid', 'comparisons', 'france', 'south', 'koreaaccording', 'first', 'confirmed', 'southkorea', 'january', 'france', 'first', 'reported', 'caseappeared', 'january', 'however', 'after', 'little', 'thantwo', 'months', 'these', 'countries', 'showed', 'marked', 'differencein', 'terms', 'cumulative', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'totaldeaths', 'table', 'reports', 'lative', 'total', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'korea', '634in', 'france', 'cumulative', 'deaths', 'forkorea', 'france', 'respectively', 'korea', 'population', 'france', 'populationis', 'france', 'population', 'while', 'about', 'korea', 'indicating', 'france', 'elderly', 'people', 'addition', 'number', 'people', 'infrance', 'korea', 'general', 'mortality', 'closelytable', 'comparison', 'covid', 'korea', 'france', 'related', 'number', 'hospital', 'elderly', 'ulation', 'therefore', 'comparing', 'hospitalbed', 'proportion', 'elderly', 'population', 'deathsshould', 'likely', 'korea', 'france', 'countriesencouraged', 'their', 'citizens', 'fight', 'against', 'covid', 'france', 'relatively', 'fatalities', 'korea', 'these', 'differences', 'deserve', 'careful', 'analysis', 'other', 'preventivemeasures', 'section', 'examine', 'impact', 'theepidemiological', 'investigation', 'database', 'technol', 'usage', 'korea', 'security', 'korean', 'response', 'systemit', 'beyond', 'scope', 'study', 'describe', 'devel', 'opment', 'korean', 'government', 'quarantine', 'system', 'cesses', 'operational', 'mechanisms', 'fully', 'purposeof', 'research', 'applied', 'available', 'response', 'guidelinesreleased', 'korean', 'government', 'explored', 'other', 'ments', 'about', 'quarantine', 'system', 'threat', 'analysis', 'using', 'stride', 'threat', 'modelwe', 'evaluated', 'security', 'applying', 'stride', 'threat', 'modeland', 'examined', 'dynamic', 'investigation', 'input', 'outputof', 'dhims', 'figure', 'potential', 'vulnerabilities', 'system', 'shows', 'sequence', 'datacollection', 'dhims', 'storage', 'third', 'party', 'access', 'poten', 'vulnerability', 'spots', 'noted', 'processlinkage', 'sequences', 'threats', 'integrity', 'occur', 'severalways', 'despite', 'korea', 'effective', 'response', 'covid', 'usingepidemiological', 'survey', 'entire', 'process', 'containspotential', 'privacy', 'violations', 'identity', 'spoofing', 'appropriate', 'security', 'level', 'thedhims', 'system', 'requires', 'identity', 'safeguarding', 'restrictingaccess', 'epidemiological', 'investigation', 'after', 'perform', 'basic', 'authentication', 'operation', 'procedures', 'relevantvolume', '171327n', 'balancing', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safety', 'during', 'covid', 'south', 'koreamedical', 'personnel', 'epidemiologists', 'government', 'agencies', 'civilians', 'third', 'parties', 'allowed', 'access', 'theepidemiological', 'investigation', 'database', 'identity', 'spoofing', 'misusing', 'stolen', 'identity', 'prevalentsecurity', 'attack', 'tampering', 'epidemiologicaldata', 'collection', 'methods', 'involve', 'extensive', 'personal', 'informa', 'address', 'contact', 'information', 'gender', 'andphone', 'number', 'confirmed', 'patient', 'contacted', 'thedhims', 'automatically', 'identify', 'epidemio', 'logical', 'survey', 'during', 'entry', 'process', 'medicalpersonnel', 'epidemiologists', 'mistakes', 'arbitrar', 'change', 'personal', 'information', 'content', 'repudiation', 'because', 'legitimate', 'access', 'theinput', 'output', 'epidemiological', 'survey', 'thedhims', 'there', 'sufficient', 'correcting', 'checkingprocedures', 'processing', 'operation', 'example', 'epidemiological', 'investigation', 'results', 'offlinestate', 'always', 'exactly', 'match', 'epidemiological', 'dataentered', 'online', 'state', 'therefore', 'repudiation', 'optionis', 'necessary', 'ensure', 'integrity', 'epidemiologicalinvestigation', 'information', 'disclosure', 'retention', 'period', 'demiological', 'dhims', 'permanent', 'permanent', 'dhims', 'solid', 'system', 'security', 'wecan', 'assume', 'personal', 'information', 'however', 'third', 'party', 'requests', 'particular', 'epidemiologi', 'investigation', 'dhims', 'supposed', 'conduct', 'identification', 'process', 'offer', 'specific', 'numbers', 'insteadof', 'names', 'however', 'course', 'various', 'informa', 'disclosures', 'individual', 'privacy', 'might', 'always', 'bewell', 'respected', 'denial', 'service', 'elevation', 'privilege', 'mightbe', 'problematic', 'these', 'epidemiological', 'inves', 'tigation', 'legally', 'permanent', 'permanentretention', 'period', 'dhims', 'quality', 'control', 'measuresrequire', 'application', 'relevant', 'parameters', 'properauthorization', 'examination', 'usage', 'patterns', 'without', 'thefull', 'operation', 'strict', 'safeguarding', 'measures', 'issuingpermission', 'denial', 'personal', 'information', 'access', 'serousprivacy', 'concerns', 'remain', 'table', 'summarizes', 'various', 'types', 'threat', 'risklevels', 'according', 'dhims', 'system', 'access', 'level', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safetythe', 'korean', 'government', 'disclosed', 'covid', 'confir', 'matory', 'movement', 'paths', 'addresses', 'quarantinedbuildings', 'enforced', 'weeks', 'containment', 'allconfirmed', 'patients', 'their', 'contacts', 'early', 'theepidemic', 'covid', 'tracked', 'movements', 'theseindividuals', 'raising', 'awareness', 'people', 'affectedareas', 'digital', 'balancing', 'public', 'safety', 'personal', 'still', 'enormously', 'challenging', 'rapidspread', 'covid', 'unidentified', 'aggregate', 'information', 'haslittle', 'value', 'public', 'safety', 'requires', 'right', 'abouttable', 'threat', 'threat', 'level', 'status', 'infection', 'individuals', 'waive', 'their', 'privacyrights', 'public', 'safety', 'requires', 'informing', 'peopleabout', 'relevant', 'covid', 'infection', 'information', 'legitimate', 'public', 'safety', 'purposes', 'ernment', 'authorities', 'rightfully', 'personal', 'information', 'example', 'thecovid', 'pandemicfrom', 'early', 'stage', 'outbreak', 'korean', 'governmentcollected', 'detailed', 'personal', 'information', 'about', 'confirmedpatients', 'using', 'these', 'credit', 'cards', 'phone', 'address', 'investigators', 'could', 'specify', 'paths', 'ofinfection', 'conduct', 'disaster', 'prevention', 'implement', 'containment', 'measures', 'contacts', 'active', 'follow', 'upmethods', 'considerable', 'success', 'february', 'korea', 'confirmedpatient', 'shincheonji', 'church', 'daegu', 'sudden', 'increase', 'confirmed', 'patients', 'among', 'cheonji', 'church', 'members', 'korean', 'government', 'changed', 'itsapproach', 'implemented', 'aggressive', 'follow', 'sures', 'shincheonji', 'church', 'religious', 'movement', 'employ', 'somewhat', 'controversial', 'elements', 'their', 'recruitmentof', 'members', 'education', 'existing', 'members', 'particular', 'their', 'regular', 'meeting', 'often', 'occurs', 'anenormous', 'enclosed', 'hundreds', 'church', 'leadersattended', 'their', 'international', 'missionary', 'outreach', 'gatheringin', 'wuhan', 'china', 'returned', 'korea', 'january', 'meantime', 'number', 'confirmed', 'patients', 'increasedexplosively', 'march', 'considering', 'rapid', 'virus', 'transmission', 'among', 'churchmembers', 'korean', 'government', 'aggressive', 'action', 'government', 'request', 'shincheonji', 'church', 'vided', 'social', 'security', 'phone', 'numbers', 'members', 'local', 'governments', 'called', 'church', 'members', 'their', 'region', 'looked', 'symptoms', 'conducted', 'covid', 'tests', 'theshincheonji', 'church', 'ledger', 'people', 'nearly', 'church', 'members', 'about', 'werecontacted', 'examined', 'korean', 'government', 'thisset', 'prevent', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'theuse', 'follow', 'testing', 'government', 'effec', 'tively', 'contained', 'sources', 'widespreadoutbreak', '171328', 'volume', '2020n', 'balancing', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safety', 'during', 'covid', 'south', 'koreafigure', 'comparison', 'cumulative', 'deaths', 'south', 'korea', 'andfrance', 'shows', 'comparison', 'cumulative', 'deaths', 'inkorea', 'france', 'number', 'deaths', 'before', 'afterthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'declared', 'march', 'shows', 'asharp', 'difference', 'discussed', 'shincheonjichurch', 'korea', 'aggressive', 'extensive', 'personalinformation', 'significant', 'difference', 'question', 'proper', 'personal', 'information', 'evenin', 'pandemic', 'consider', 'value', 'usingde', 'identified', 'information', 'identification', 'epidemiologicalinvestigationsas', 'proactive', 'measure', 'contain', 'prevent', 'demic', 'korean', 'government', 'epidemiological', 'datathrough', 'medical', 'testing', 'equipment', 'expedited', 'covid', 'testing', 'which', 'instrumental', 'reducingmortality', 'public', 'safety', 'imperative', 'personal', 'infor', 'mation', 'control', 'prevent', 'spread', 'pandemic', 'aging', 'personal', 'information', 'stored', 'requiresappropriate', 'privacy', 'protection', 'measures', 'privacy', 'violation', 'isrelated', 'identifiable', 'personal', 'information', 'there', 'effective', 'safeguard', 'personal', 'privacy', 'requires', 'theuse', 'identifiable', 'personal', 'information', 'right', 'typeof', 'technological', 'support', 'essential', 'identificationoptions', 'united', 'states', 'hippa', 'national', 'standards', 'forthe', 'protection', 'individual', 'medical', 'records', 'personalhealth', 'information', 'applies', 'health', 'plans', 'health', 'careinformation', 'centers', 'health', 'providers', 'transmitany', 'health', 'transactions', 'electronically', 'requiresappropriate', 'safeguards', 'protect', 'privacy', 'personalhealth', 'information', 'limits', 'specifies', 'conditionsfor', 'disclosure', 'information', 'without', 'patientconsent', 'approval', 'however', 'korean', 'government', 'identifiable', 'sonal', 'information', 'limited', 'restrictions', 'potentially', 'serious', 'violations', 'privacy', 'patients', 'theircontacts', 'securing', 'personal', 'information', 'quarantine', 'sures', 'appropriate', 'respect', 'personal', 'privacy', 'isimportant', 'information', 'gathered', 'specificintended', 'purpose', 'using', 'identifiable', 'personal', 'informa', 'other', 'purpose', 'breach', 'confidence', 'trust', 'moreover', 'legal', 'provision', 'keeping', 'quarantine', 'inves', 'tigation', 'either', 'permanently', 'permanently', 'notreasonable', 'requiring', 'identification', 'personalinformation', 'rapid', 'deployment', 'relevant', 'technology', 'anurgent', 'adaptive', 'epidemiological', 'investigationsthe', 'purpose', 'conducting', 'epidemiological', 'investigations', 'understand', 'nature', 'epidemic', 'determine', 'tocontrol', 'spread', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'public', 'safety', 'however', 'public', 'safety', 'justify', 'privacy', 'infringement', 'section', 'discuss', 'practical', 'steps', 'epidemiologicalinvestigations', 'achieve', 'balance', 'between', 'privacyand', 'public', 'health', 'classical', 'trade', 'between', 'personal', 'privacyand', 'public', 'safetythe', 'hipaa', 'privacy', 'rules', 'propose', 'approaches', 'thede', 'identification', 'personal', 'health', 'information', 'safeharbor', 'method', 'expert', 'determination', 'method', 'harbor', 'method', 'deletes', 'personal', 'identificationvariables', 'social', 'security', 'number', 'contact', 'infor', 'mation', 'address', 'fingerprints', 'photographs', 'detailedaddress', 'method', 'using', 'experts', 'process', 'personalinformation', 'using', 'identifying', 'algorithms', 'release', 'forget', 'model', 'agree', 'model', 'enclave', 'model', 'useful', 'toachieve', 'effective', 'control', 'storage', 'usage', 'processes', 'general', 'model', 'release', 'unidentified', 'personalinformation', 'public', 'posting', 'online', 'duaestablishes', 'sharing', 'rules', 'between', 'research', 'collaborators', 'whoare', 'covered', 'entities', 'under', 'hipaa', 'privacy', 'onlyintended', 'recipients', 'certain', 'information', 'limiteddata', 'closed', 'model', 'maintains', 'analyticenvironment', 'restricts', 'unauthorized', 'access', 'exportof', 'personal', 'information', 'original', 'physicaland', 'technical', 'control', 'method', 'respond', 'export', 'often', 'challenging', 'enhance', 'scientific', 'utilizationvalue', 'collected', 'identified', 'personal', 'informa', 'increasing', 'level', 'identification', 'negativelyrelated', 'quality', 'precision', 'theresearch', 'results', 'conversely', 'higher', 'quality', 'outcomeprecision', 'require', 'lower', 'levels', 'identification', 'greaterlevel', 'personal', 'identification', 'related', 'higher', 'possibil', 'privacy', 'infringement', 'therefore', 'individual', 'researchers', 'aiming', 'achieve', 'moreprecise', 'analysis', 'results', 'prefer', 'original', 'which', 'contains', 'identifiable', 'personal', 'information', 'theother', 'reputable', 'institutions', 'satisfy', 'personal', 'privacyrequirements', 'ensuring', 'anonymity', 'balancing', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safetythere', 'diverse', 'approaches', 'identification', 'methods', 'determine', 'level', 'identification', 'ofvolume', '171329n', 'balancing', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safety', 'during', 'covid', 'south', 'koreapersonal', 'information', 'known', 'national', 'instituteof', 'standards', 'technology', 'proposes', 'methoddetermined', 'expert', 'hopper', 'method', 'remov', 'multiple', 'identifiers', 'recent', 'years', 'differentialprivacy', 'technology', 'noise', 'personal', 'informationhas', 'attracting', 'attention', 'increase', 'privacy', 'inbig', 'analysis', 'differential', 'privacy', 'nique', 'identification', 'method', 'performs', 'ofpseudonymization', 'process', 'widely', 'available', 'identification', 'technologies', 'isdifficult', 'prevent', 'individuals', 'being', 'identified', 'fromde', 'identification', 'measures', 'researchers', 'imperial', 'london', 'conducted', 'experiments', 'publisheddata', 'united', 'states', 'turkey', 'other', 'countries', 'andfound', 'certain', 'attributes', 'accurately', 'using', 'identifieddata', 'their', 'machine', 'learning', 'model', 'could', 'identify', 'viduals', 'accuracy', 'anonymized', 'usingonly', 'demographic', 'attributes', 'gender', 'marital', 'research', 'suggests', 'paradigm', 'shift', 'identify', 'anonymity', 'property', 'depends', 'personwho', 'writes', 'other', 'words', 'matters', 'notanonymizing', 'designing', 'organizing', 'usefuland', 'meaningful', 'alternatives', 'fromthe', 'identification', 'application', 'appropriatetechnologies', 'strike', 'balance', 'between', 'personal', 'privacy', 'technologiessuch', 'secure', 'multi', 'party', 'computation', 'homomorphicencryption', 'emerging', 'innovations', 'certainly', 'inprogress', 'covid', 'world', 'nologies', 'applications', 'development', 'these', 'technologies', 'increaseour', 'options', 'dealing', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'imper', 'ative', 'balance', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safety', 'thecontext', 'covid', 'personal', 'information', 'individualconsent', 'specific', 'research', 'purposes', 'index', 'balance', 'personalprivacy', 'public', 'safetythere', 'serious', 'debate', 'value', 'priorities', 'theepidemiological', 'investigation', 'healthcare', 'policymakers', 'aremore', 'likely', 'toward', 'public', 'safety', 'goals', 'otherhand', 'safeguarding', 'personal', 'privacy', 'important', 'theindividual', 'rights', 'perspective', 'context', 'developing', 'aneffective', 'mechanism', 'balancing', 'public', 'safety', 'personalprivacy', 'important', 'timely', 'present', 'index', 'measurefor', 'balancing', 'criteria', 'study', 'provides', 'helpful', 'practicaltool', 'epidemiological', 'investigations', 'covid', 'index', 'epidemiological', 'investigationby', 'applying', 'concept', 'dread', 'modeling', 'securityengineering', 'propose', 'covid', 'index', 'method', 'tobalance', 'public', 'health', 'privacy', 'epidemiological', 'investi', 'gations', 'covid', 'model', 'parameters', 'lective', 'infection', 'outbreak', 'intensity', 'viral', 'tiler', 'infrastructureof', 'medical', 'faculties', 'number', 'medical', 'millionpeople', 'death', 'rates', 'fatality', 'table', 'covid', 'index', 'intelligent', 'epidemiological', 'investigations', 'table', 'illustrates', 'adaptive', 'epidemiological', 'investiga', 'tions', 'covid', 'index', 'represents', 'collectiveinfection', 'represents', 'outbreak', 'intensity', 'repre', 'sents', 'viral', 'propagation', 'power', 'value', 'indicatesthe', 'minimum', 'concentration', 'which', 'virus', 'infects', 'represents', 'level', 'medical', 'infrastructure', 'representsthe', 'mortality', 'virus', 'covid', 'index', 'becalculated', 'follows', 'covid', 'index', 'values', 'assigned', 'values', 'summed', 'according', 'equation', 'covid', 'index', 'determined', 'average', 'valueof', 'results', 'value', 'andthe', 'covid', 'index', 'therefore', 'value', 'covid', 'index', 'suggests', 'significant', 'thevirus', 'propagation', 'power', 'public', 'health', 'urgentneed', 'investigate', 'epidemiology', 'aggressiveepidemiological', 'investigations', 'should', 'conducted', 'lecting', 'original', 'aggressive', 'epidemiological', 'investiga', 'tions', 'minimize', 'incidence', 'additional', 'confirmed', 'patientsfrom', 'contact', 'suspected', 'patients', 'quarantinemeasures', 'rapidly', 'contain', 'virus', 'deploying', 'theavailable', 'medical', 'resources', 'maximum', 'preventioneffect', 'covid', 'index', 'greater', 'equal', 'theepidemiological', 'investigation', 'should', 'focus', 'collecting', 'andusing', 'identified', 'other', 'covidindex', 'either', 'researchers', 'should', 'collect', 'useencrypted', 'instead', 'suggestions', 'strengthen', 'privacy', 'inepidemiological', 'investigationsthe', 'primary', 'purpose', 'epidemiological', 'investigation', 'minimize', 'contact', 'confirmed', 'patient', 'isolatingindividuals', 'positive', 'disease', 'imperative', 'toprevent', 'occurrence', 'spread', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'suggest', 'several', 'practical', 'suggestions', 'enhancesecurity', 'epidemiological', 'investigations', 'first', 'investigators', 'should', 'required', 'obtain', 'personalconsent', 'forms', 'personal', 'information', 'within', 'specificperiod', 'early', 'breakout', 'period', 'covid', 'personalinformation', 'often', 'collected', 'without', 'proper', 'personalconsent', 'process', 'later', 'mandatory', 'requirement', 'specify171330', 'volume', '2020n', 'balancing', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safety', 'during', 'covid', 'south', 'koreathe', 'storage', 'period', 'usage', 'patterns', 'personal', 'infor', 'mation', 'place', 'proper', 'consent', 'forms', 'notobtained', 'personal', 'information', 'collection', 'processshould', 'personal', 'information', 'stored', 'databaseshould', 'include', 'entry', 'expiration', 'inves', 'tigation', 'system', 'should', 'automatically', 'delete', 'epidemiologicalsurvey', 'after', 'expiration', 'further', 'steps', 'betaken', 'remove', 'personal', 'information', 'completely', 'otherdatabases', 'guarantee', 'personal', 'privacy', 'second', 'should', 'explore', 'other', 'options', 'identifiablepersonal', 'information', 'identification', 'practi', 'research', 'purposes', 'personal', 'information', 'regarded', 'assimilar', 'copyright', 'concept', 'productswith', 'copyright', 'certain', 'amount', 'money', 'aside', 'tocompensate', 'copyright', 'holder', 'similarly', 'plausibleto', 'compensate', 'individual', 'their', 'personalinformation', 'specific', 'research', 'purposes', 'third', 'should', 'address', 'identification', 'technology', 'individual', 'medical', 'field', 'epidemiologistmay', 'apply', 'identification', 'technology', 'storing', 'sonal', 'information', 'required', 'information', 'collectedthrough', 'systems', 'uploaded', 'database', 'individual', 'under', 'investigation', 'should', 'notifiedto', 'check', 'accuracy', 'provide', 'consent', 'afterward', 'offline', 'information', 'should', 'destroyed', 'immediately', 'andthe', 'individual', 'should', 'notified', 'destruction', 'epidemi', 'ologists', 'should', 'apply', 'identificationtechnology', 'store', 'personal', 'information', 'collected', 'online', 'fourth', 'researchers', 'should', 'establish', 'conditions', 'thirdparty', 'access', 'personal', 'information', 'provided', 'thirdparty', 'should', 'available', 'identifyingnumbers', 'symbols', 'third', 'party', 'useidentified', 'personal', 'information', 'should', 'require', 'personalconsent', 'fifth', 'researchers', 'should', 'design', 'operating', 'system', 'forpersonal', 'privacy', 'google', 'apple', 'recently', 'released', 'track', 'system', 'privacy', 'features', 'other', 'scholarsalso', 'introduced', 'systems', 'encrypt', 'ensure', 'privacy', 'inapplications', 'these', 'options', 'offer', 'additional', 'guards', 'ensuring', 'personal', 'privacy', 'adaptive', 'epidemiological', 'surveys', 'still', 'contain', 'humanerrors', 'course', 'using', 'different', 'types', 'technologies', 'including', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'based', 'epidemiologicalinvestigation', 'systems', 'implementing', 'suggestions', 'aboveshould', 'improve', 'personal', 'privacy', 'epidemiologicalinvestigations', 'addition', 'proposed', 'covid', 'index', 'canprovide', 'basis', 'epidemiological', 'investigations', 'supportefforts', 'balance', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safety', 'improving', 'integrity', 'offline', 'inepidemiological', 'investigationspeople', 'issues', 'often', 'related', 'integrity', 'andinformation', 'quality', 'epidemiological', 'investigations', 'offlineinformation', 'gathering', 'raises', 'questions', 'about', 'reliabil', 'incorrect', 'information', 'obtained', 'interviews', 'withpatients', 'wrong', 'assessment', 'evaluation', 'aboutquarantine', 'decisions', 'therefore', 'important', 'check', 'thequality', 'assure', 'integrity', 'offline', 'epidemiologicalinvestigations', 'specific', 'security', 'measures', 'propose', 'tostrengthen', 'epidemiological', 'investigation', 'system', 'tocross', 'check', 'accuracy', 'offline', 'information', 'timeusing', 'other', 'online', 'information', 'sources', 'usage', 'historyof', 'credit', 'cards', 'subway', 'transportation', 'cards', 'thiswill', 'enhance', 'integrity', 'gathering', 'process', 'willalso', 'prevent', 'rapid', 'spread', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'throughmonitoring', 'history', 'patients', 'contacts', 'takingadditional', 'preventive', 'measures', 'those', 'affected', 'conclusionin', 'covid', 'context', 'korean', 'government', 'activelyused', 'personal', 'information', 'achieved', 'fairly', 'successful', 'safety', 'outcomes', 'however', 'wholestory', 'extensive', 'personal', 'information', 'alsonegatively', 'impact', 'personal', 'privacy', 'therefore', 'practical', 'guard', 'measures', 'including', 'clear', 'communication', 'scopeof', 'public', 'disclosure', 'identification', 'personalinformation', 'required', 'paper', 'examined', 'imple', 'personal', 'consent', 'procedures', 'appropriate', 'ofbig', 'devastating', 'pandemic', 'covid', 'balancing', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safety', 'still', 'veryimportant', 'future', 'research', 'explore', 'prepare', 'forother', 'pandemic', 'outbreaks', 'combining', 'capabilities', 'ofgovernmental', 'leadership', 'technological', 'innovation', 'datause', 'societal', 'cooperation', 'however', 'aggressive', 'demic', 'control', 'measures', 'involve', 'personal', 'privacy', 'concerns', 'further', 'investigations', 'should', 'consider', 'cultural', 'issues', 'relatedto', 'privacy', 'public', 'safety', 'different', 'national', 'contexts', 'appreciationauthors', 'article', 'express', 'deepest', 'gratitude', 'toall', 'dedicated', 'medical', 'practitioners', 'numerous', 'patientsworldwide', 'frontline', 'battle', 'againstcovid', 'new_paper']
['received', 'february', 'accepted', 'march', 'publication', 'march', 'current', 'version', 'march', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3065456bias', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasetsof', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'patientsomar', 'catalá', 'ismael', 'salvador', 'igual', 'francisco', 'javier', 'pérez', 'benito', 'david', 'millán', 'escrivá', 'vicent', 'ortiz', 'castelló', 'rafael', 'llobet', 'carlos', 'peréz', 'cortés', '31instituto', 'tecnológico', 'informática', 'universitat', 'politècnica', 'valència', '46022', 'valencia', 'spain2department', 'computer', 'systems', 'computation', 'universitat', 'politècnica', 'valència', '46022', 'valencia', 'spain3department', 'computing', 'engineering', 'disca', 'universitat', 'politècnica', 'valència', '46022', 'valencia', 'spaincorresponding', 'author', 'ismael', 'salvador', 'igual', 'issalig', 'supported', 'generalitat', 'valenciana', 'through', 'instituto', 'valenciano', 'competitividad', 'empresarial', 'ivace', 'undergrant', 'imdeea', 'abstract', 'chest', 'images', 'useful', 'early', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'advantage', 'thatx', 'devices', 'already', 'available', 'health', 'centers', 'images', 'obtained', 'immediately', 'datasetscontaining', 'images', 'cases', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'controls', 'availableto', 'develop', 'machine', 'learning', 'based', 'methods', 'diagnosing', 'disease', 'however', 'these', 'datasetsare', 'mainly', 'composed', 'different', 'sources', 'coming', 'covid', 'datasets', 'covid', 'datasets', 'particularly', 'detected', 'significant', 'released', 'datasets', 'train', 'testdiagnostic', 'systems', 'which', 'might', 'imply', 'results', 'published', 'optimistic', 'overestimate', 'theactual', 'predictive', 'capacity', 'techniques', 'proposed', 'article', 'analyze', 'existing', 'somecommonly', 'datasets', 'propose', 'series', 'preliminary', 'steps', 'carry', 'before', 'classic', 'machinelearning', 'pipeline', 'order', 'detect', 'possible', 'biases', 'avoid', 'possible', 'report', 'results', 'aremore', 'representative', 'actual', 'predictive', 'power', 'methods', 'under', 'analysis', 'index', 'termsdeep', 'learning', 'covid', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'networks', 'chest', 'segmentation', 'saliency', 'introductionchest', 'radiography', 'widely', 'acceptedimaging', 'modality', 'detecting', 'pneumonia', 'becom', 'crucial', 'tracking', 'clinical', 'evolution', 'covid', '19patients', 'covid', 'disease', 'caused', 'severeacute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'become', 'global', 'pandemic', 'months', 'earlydiagnosis', 'factor', 'stealthy', 'contagious', 'natureof', 'virus', 'vaccines', 'effective', 'treatmentsand', 'helps', 'prevent', 'further', 'spreading', 'controlit', 'under', 'existing', 'healthcare', 'facilities', 'small', 'ofthe', 'acquisition', 'devices', 'their', 'operation', 'their', 'lowcost', 'widely', 'available', 'computertomography', 'equipment', 'despite', 'image', 'quality', 'thediagnostic', 'performance', 'superior', 'associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript', 'andapproving', 'publication', 'derek', 'abbott', 'response', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'scientificcommunity', 'rapidly', 'reacted', 'works', 'using', 'cxrimages', 'covid', 'detection', 'published', 'themajority', 'known', 'architec', 'tures', 'resnet', 'squeezenet', 'densenet', 'combine', 'decision', 'trees', 'support', 'vector', 'machines', 'given', 'difficultyof', 'obtaining', 'covid', 'samples', 'networks', 'beenused', 'order', 'enhance', 'performance', 'other', 'approaches', 'based', 'multi', 'resolutionmethods', 'report', 'results', 'comparable', 'those', 'obtainedby', 'machine', 'learning', 'models', 'large', 'amounts', 'datawhich', 'difficult', 'acquire', 'being', 'existingcollections', 'already', 'known', 'datasets', 'newcovid', 'image', 'datasets', 'heterogeneous', 'mixture', 'ofobservations', 'provides', 'variety', 'usually', 'reduces', 'temic', 'uncertainty', 'however', 'these', 'datasets', 'instance', 'are42370', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'volume', '2021o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasetsfigure', 'workflow', 'different', 'experiments', 'right', 'network', 'activations', 'image', 'features', 'evaluation', 'andbackground', 'expansion', 'exclusion', 'equally', 'balanced', 'label', 'induce', 'certainamount', 'dataset', 'training', 'phase', 'happenswhen', 'images', 'easily', 'discriminated', 'features', 'notrelevant', 'dataset', 'inadvertently', 'containssome', 'distinctive', 'features', 'which', 'related', 'diseaseand', 'shared', 'among', 'source', 'datasets', 'instance', 'assume', 'extreme', 'image', 'datasets', 'formedby', 'different', 'classes', 'dataset', 'class', 'asamples', 'dataset', 'class', 'samples', 'assume', 'inmost', 'dataset', 'samples', 'there', 'white', 'rectangle', 'topright', 'corner', 'class', 'features', 'trivial', 'classifiers', 'focus', 'easiest', 'feature', 'discriminatebetween', 'classes', 'class', 'features', 'therefore', 'leads', 'generalization', 'given', 'dataset', 'cfull', 'class', 'samples', 'white', 'rectangle', 'bemisclassified', 'detected', 'significant', 'biases', 'themost', 'commonly', 'datasets', 'intended', 'pneumonia', 'andcovid', 'detection', 'suspect', 'accuracyreported', 'studies', 'might', 'thusnot', 'directly', 'related', 'image', 'features', 'could', 'character', 'disease', 'these', 'biases', 'could', 'arise', 'example', 'whenusing', 'specific', 'devices', 'acquire', 'images', 'patients', 'witha', 'probability', 'suffering', 'disease', 'mainly', 'controls', 'different', 'those', 'patients', 'probability', 'ofsuffering', 'mainly', 'cases', 'could', 'happen', 'example', 'patients', 'screened', 'certain', 'health', 'vices', 'highly', 'suspicious', 'patients', 'derived', 'differentarea', 'worse', 'aiming', 'increase', 'numberof', 'controls', 'cases', 'dataset', 'expanded', 'samplescoming', 'significantly', 'different', 'origins', 'labeled', 'withunbalanced', 'class', 'identifiers', 'these', 'cases', 'trainedto', 'discriminate', 'between', 'cases', 'controls', 'could', 'learn', 'todifferentiate', 'images', 'different', 'origins', 'rather', 'findingfeatures', 'actually', 'related', 'disease', 'therefore', 'effectively', 'assess', 'performance', 'theclassifier', 'there', 'exist', 'previous', 'study', 'dataset', 'results', 'validated', 'present', 'severalstudies', 'assess', 'validity', 'results', 'followingdatasets', 'perform', 'experiments', 'bimcvpadchest', 'chexpert', 'covid', 'image', 'datacollection', 'refer', 'covidcxr', 'which', 'befurther', 'described', 'section', 'contributions', 'propose', 'analysis', 'methodology', 'assert', 'thevalidity', 'results', 'achieved', 'dataset', 'study', 'possible', 'existence', 'three', 'broadlyused', 'pneumonia', 'classification', 'datasets', 'study', 'effect', 'mixing', 'several', 'datasets', 'structured', 'follows', 'section', 'outlines', 'theproblem', 'datasets', 'after', 'datasetsand', 'networks', 'along', 'proposed', 'methodology', 'aredescribed', 'section', 'workflow', 'related', 'sectioncan', 'figure', 'section', 'shows', 'results', 'achievedusing', 'article', 'methodology', 'proposed', 'datasetsand', 'section', 'gives', 'analysis', 'results', 'finally', 'clusions', 'presented', 'section', 'methodsa', 'datasetsseveral', 'public', 'datasets', 'article', 'padchest1', 'dataset', 'includesmore', 'images', '67625', 'patients', 'werereported', 'radiologists', 'hospital', 'spain', '1http', 'bimcv', 'bimcv', 'projects', 'padchest', 'volume', '42371o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasetsfrom', 'reports', 'labeled', 'with174', 'different', 'radiographic', 'findings', 'differential', 'noses', 'anatomic', 'locations', 'reportswere', 'manually', 'annotated', 'trained', 'physicians', 'theremaining', 'labeled', 'using', 'supervised', 'methodbased', 'recurrent', 'neural', 'network', 'attentionmechanisms', 'generated', 'labels', 'validated', 'achievinga', 'micro', 'score', 'using', 'independent', 'experiments', 'posterior', 'anterior', 'images', 'areconsidered', 'therefore', 'there', 'images', 'theremaining', 'dataset', 'control', 'pneumoniaimages', 'pneumonia', 'dataset2is', 'images', 'fromthe', 'national', 'institutes', 'health', 'labeled', 'bythe', 'radiological', 'society', 'north', 'america', 'along', 'withthe', 'society', 'thoracic', 'radiology', 'goalof', 'dataset', 'develop', 'classifier', 'capable', 'ofdistinguishing', 'between', 'pneumonia', 'control', 'images', 'released', 'kaggle', 'competition', 'consists', '26684', 'images', 'which', '20672', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'chexpert', 'dataset3', 'provided', 'stanforduniversity', 'contains', '224316', 'chest', 'radiographsof', '65240', 'patients', 'labels', 'categories', 'theexams', 'performed', 'stanford', 'hospital', 'betweenoctober', 'structured', 'labels', 'theimages', 'created', 'automated', 'based', 'labeler', 'which', 'researchers', 'developed', 'extract', 'observationsfrom', 'radiology', 'reports', '224316', 'chestradiographs', 'article', 'takes', 'related', 'topneumonia', 'control', 'cases', 'therefore', 'imagesare', 'remaining', 'dataset', 'control', 'monia', 'images', 'covid', 'image', 'collection', 'covidcxr', 'project', 'collect', 'images', 'presentcovid', 'onlinesources', 'these', 'sources', 'varied', 'scientific', 'publica', 'tions', 'websites', 'covidcxr', 'hasaround', 'covid', 'images', 'largestcovid', 'datasets', 'publicly', 'available', 'ourknowledge', 'motivationthe', 'motivation', 'study', 'comes', 'analyzing', 'theresults', 'neural', 'network', 'trained', 'classify', 'betweenradiographic', 'images', 'patients', 'pneumonia', 'healthycontrol', 'patients', 'order', 'determine', 'validity', 'theclassification', 'interesting', 'first', 'validation', 'byvisualizing', 'network', 'activation', 'heatmaps', 'formed', 'these', 'checks', 'against', 'networks', 'trained', 'pneumo', 'datasets', 'observed', 'suspicious', 'patterns', 'theseheatmaps', 'often', 'highlighted', 'areas', 'image', 'which', 'not2https', 'kaggle', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'challenge3https', 'healthimaging', 'topics', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'stanford', 'researchers', 'release', 'chest', 'dataset', 'train', 'ai4https', 'github', 'ieee8023', 'covid', 'chestxray', 'datasetcontain', 'tissue', 'figure', 'suspect', 'thatthe', 'networks', 'learning', 'classify', 'achieving', 'large', 'valuesof', 'using', 'features', 'unrelated', 'datasets', 'might', 'biased', 'figure', 'heatmaps', 'bimcv', 'dataset', 'allows', 'visualize', 'gradient', 'thelabel', 'final', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'produce', 'heatmapdepicting', 'regions', 'image', 'relevant', 'diction', 'pixels', 'pixels', 'correspond', 'andhigh', 'values', 'gradient', 'final', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'respectively', 'observed', 'figure', 'there', 'highly', 'activated', 'regionsin', 'areas', 'without', 'presence', 'expected', 'activationshould', 'inside', 'known', 'pixelsinside', 'lungs', 'should', 'activation', 'detectionmask', 'available', 'however', 'assume', 'activationmap', 'control', 'patient', 'should', 'exceed', 'given', 'threshold', 'whilst', 'positive', 'should', 'widespread', 'activa', 'tions', 'within', 'lungs', 'nonetheless', 'activated', 'outsidethe', 'lungs', 'should', 'minimal', 'cases', 'reason', 'measure', 'inform', 'about', 'distribution', 'activatedpixels', 'could', 'useful', 'given', 'heatmap', 'image', 'wheren', 'number', 'number', 'columns', 'andpij', 'represents', 'pixel', 'value', 'column', 'region', 'interest', 'complement', 'theactivation', 'threshold', 'number', 'ofpixels', 'activation', 'value', 'higher', 'respectively', 'calculate', 'percentage', 'pixels', 'activationvalue', 'threshold', 'outside', 'expected', 'region', 'asthe', 'quotient', 'between', 'figure', 'theequations', 'below', 'where', 'considering', 'activated', 'pixels', 'region', 'false', 'tives', 'activated', 'pixels', 'region', 'positives', 'above', 'quotient', 'corresponds', 'false', 'discovery42372', 'volume', '2021o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasetsfigure', 'activation', 'regions', 'diagram', 'which', 'complement', 'positive', 'predic', 'value', 'tpfdr', 'ppvfor', 'instance', 'activated', 'pixel', 'fallsoutside', 'lungs', 'marked', 'wrong', 'informationshould', 'found', 'there', 'lower', 'value', 'better', 'thisscore', 'designed', 'measure', 'validity', 'trained', 'cnnclassifier', 'based', 'activation', 'allows', 'selectionof', 'different', 'operation', 'points', 'depending', 'threshold', 'applied', 'heatmaps', 'themaximum', 'heatmap', 'value', 'table', 'shows', 'computed', 'activation', 'mapsunder', 'three', 'different', 'datasets', 'worth', 'noting', 'someimage', 'findings', 'usually', 'located', 'border', 'lungs', 'highlighted', 'border', 'pixelsmight', 'easily', 'outside', 'region', 'considered', 'aswrong', 'grounds', 'information', 'provided', 'bythe', 'further', 'experiments', 'would', 'required', 'measurethe', 'extent', 'which', 'phenomenon', 'affects', 'datasets', 'table', 'false', 'discovery', 'activation', 'three', 'differentdatasets', 'additionally', 'suspicious', 'patterns', 'appeared', 'whenvisualizing', 'grayscale', 'histograms', 'images', 'ideally', 'levels', 'images', 'different', 'sources', 'shouldbe', 'equally', 'distributed', 'practice', 'happenand', 'inaccurate', 'conclusions', 'histogramsof', 'images', 'considered', 'probability', 'densityfunctions', 'serve', 'measure', 'variabilityamong', 'level', 'distributions', 'using', 'methodology', 'basedon', 'information', 'geometry', 'methodology', 'beensuccessfully', 'applied', 'characterize', 'electronic', 'healthrecord', 'assess', 'variability', 'amongpatients', 'different', 'headache', 'intensity', 'todetect', 'pixel', 'distribution', 'differences', 'among', 'images', 'acquiredfrom', 'different', 'mammographs', 'given', 'approach', 'based', 'putation', 'distance', 'between', 'usingthe', 'jensen', 'shannon', 'distance', 'simplex', 'where', 'pointrepresents', 'distance', 'between', 'points', 'isthe', 'jensen', 'shannon', 'distance', 'between', 'theyrepresent', 'known', 'statistical', 'manifold', 'which', 'turnis', 'riemannian', 'manifold', 'visualization', 'purposes', 'thissimplex', 'embedded', 'euclidean', 'space', 'usingmultidimensional', 'scaling', 'finally', 'projected', 'twodimensions', 'using', 'dimension', 'reduction', 'algorithm', 'asprincipal', 'component', 'analysis', 'methodology', 'applied', 'three', 'times', 'randombalanced', 'sample', 'individuals', 'pneumonia', 'casesand', 'controls', 'dataset', 'mentioned', 'which', 'willbe', 'described', 'section', 'firstly', 'applied', 'thehistograms', 'complete', 'images', 'after', 'segmenta', 'which', 'described', 'detail', 'section', 'variability', 'analysis', 'applied', 'histogramsof', 'backgrounds', 'histograms', 'lungs', 'figure', 'variability', 'three', 'datasets', 'shownin', 'figure', 'center', 'figure', 'which', 'depicts', 'distribu', 'tions', 'backgrounds', 'different', 'datasets', 'seethat', 'first', 'columns', 'distinct', 'clusters', 'composedpredominantly', 'cases', 'controls', 'allow', 'certain', 'degreeof', 'discrimination', 'without', 'taking', 'account', 'tissue', 'which', 'represents', 'shows', 'fewerdifferences', 'between', 'cases', 'control', 'patient', 'histograms', 'column', 'corresponding', 'chexpert', 'dataset', 'thesedifferences', 'evident', 'could', 'imply', 'datasets', 'bimcv', 'andrsna', 'machine', 'learning', 'algorithm', 'classify', 'pneumo', 'control', 'cases', 'using', 'features', 'outside', 'lungs', 'networkin', 'article', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'networks', 'areused', 'classify', 'images', 'these', 'machine', 'learn', 'models', 'widely', 'employed', 'yearsfor', 'image', 'classification', 'particularly', 'field', 'medicalimaging', 'topology', 'vgg16', 'whichis', 'broadly', 'reported', 'classifier', 'chest', 'imageanalysis', 'scenario', 'common', 'practice', 'withthis', 'networks', 'layers', 'usuallydense', 'layers', 'lighter', 'classifier', 'which', 'thisvolume', '42373o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasetsfigure', 'example', 'control', 'patient', 'histograms', 'first', 'shows', 'histogram', 'whole', 'image', 'example', 'acontrol', 'patient', 'second', 'shows', 'histogram', 'background', 'image', 'subtracted', 'shows', 'thehistogram', 'lungs', 'global', 'average', 'pooling', 'followed', 'multilayerperceptron', 'which', 'projects', 'pooled', 'features', 'slast', 'convolution', 'dimensions', 'before', 'performing', 'theclassification', 'transfer', 'learning', 'technique', 'common', 'practice', 'withindeep', 'learning', 'models', 'proven', 'pretrained', 'works', 'particular', 'their', 'first', 'layers', 'generic', 'andcan', 'transferred', 'domains', 'without', 'requiringspecial', 'training', 'facilitates', 'training', 'fordomains', 'scarce', 'amount', 'training', 'samples', 'there', 'vgg16', 'network', 'pretrained', 'genet', 'dataset', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'alongwith', 'classification', 'layers', 'unfrozen', 'domaintraining', 'noteworthy', 'network', 'structure', 'apoint', 'critical', 'conclusions', 'drawn', 'article', 'trying', 'present', 'advancement', 'state', 'classification', 'datasets', 'focus', 'ratheron', 'comparing', 'results', 'obtained', 'images', 'coming', 'fromdifferent', 'datasets', 'whether', 'those', 'results', 'suggest', 'classification', 'biases', 'within', 'nonetheless', 'least', 'achieve', 'acceptable', 'accuracy', 'order', 'toensure', 'extracted', 'features', 'enough', 'close', 'tothe', 'extracted', 'other', 'articles', 'segmentationby', 'segmenting', 'lungs', 'possible', 'remove', 'parts', 'ofthe', 'image', 'contain', 'relevant', 'information', 'thatcan', 'source', 'noise', 'presence', 'textannotations', 'identify', 'machine', 'hospital', 'theappearance', 'images', 'coming', 'specific', 'medical', 'devicesthat', 'cases', 'control', 'patients', 'viceversa', 'segmentation', 'images', 'successfullytackled', 'different', 'approaches', 'during', 'years', 'network', 'trained', 'themontgomery', 'dataset', 'moreover', 'manuallylabeled', 'total', 'images', 'coming', 'bimcv', 's42374', 'volume', '2021o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasetsfigure', 'image', 'histogram', 'variability', 'first', 'represents', 'variability', 'histograms', 'complete', 'images', 'second', 'variability', 'ofthe', 'background', 'histograms', 'images', 'subtracted', 'third', 'histograms', 'lungs', 'first', 'column', 'represents', 'asample', 'bimcv', 'dataset', 'second', 'column', 'sample', 'sample', 'chexpert', 'padchest', 'dataset', 'increase', 'number', 'training', 'images', 'figure', 'shows', 'segmentation', 'results', 'networkachieves', 'scores', 'gomery', 'partition', 'where', 'defined', 'asfollows', 'being', 'predicted', 'segmentation', 'andthe', 'segmentation', 'bvolume', '42375o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasetse', 'analysisthis', 'proposes', 'methodology', 'measure', 'degree', 'ofbias', 'dataset', 'focus', 'classification', 'monia', 'covid', 'against', 'control', 'samples', 'methodscan', 'generalized', 'other', 'classification', 'tasks', 'where', 'priorknowledge', 'region', 'interest', 'available', 'stated', 'before', 'areas', 'should', 'contain', 'informa', 'about', 'problem', 'possibly', 'discriminatebetween', 'classes', 'example', 'annotations', 'image', 'tures', 'related', 'medical', 'devices', 'employed', 'order', 'tosolve', 'problem', 'segmentation', 'algorithmto', 'extract', 'relevant', 'regions', 'which', 'lungs', 'figure', 'these', 'regions', 'referred', 'masks', 'image', 'considered', 'background', 'figure', 'figure', 'segmentation', 'after', 'process', 'right', 'check', 'previous', 'hypothesis', 'presented', 'experiments', 'carried', 'training', 'modelwith', 'different', 'image', 'areas', 'according', 'followingideas', 'study', 'background', 'affects', 'results', 'starting', 'image', 'contains', 'lungs', 'background', 'erased', 'visible', 'region', 'gressively', 'expanded', 'include', 'background', 'bymeans', 'sequential', 'dilation', 'operations', 'figure', 'unbiased', 'dataset', 'should', 'increasethe', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'along', 'process', 'analyze', 'affectsthe', 'results', 'starting', 'whole', 'image', 'andprogressively', 'removing', 'lungs', 'figure', 'theclassification', 'accuracy', 'unbiased', 'dataset', 'shouldprogressively', 'maximum', 'value', 'wholeimage', 'adjusting', 'expansion', 'exclusion', 'regionwill', 'allow', 'trace', 'variation', 'accuracy', 'metric', 'images', 'scaled', 'pixels', 'backgroundexpansion', 'segmentation', 'masks', 'dilated', 'pixels', 'exclusion', 'masks', 'wereeroded', 'pixels', 'right', 'leftin', 'figure', 'figure', 'shows', 'segmented', 'andthe', 'background', 'expansion', 'green', 'figure', 'showsthe', 'exclusion', 'yellow', 'additionally', 'detailedworkflow', 'experiment', 'shown', 'figure', 'combination', 'analysiscombining', 'datasets', 'useful', 'enlarge', 'sample', 'increase', 'variability', 'explained', 'reduce', 'theepistemic', 'uncertainty', 'classifiers', 'latter', 'relatedto', 'problem', 'domain', 'knowledge', 'model', 'being', 'theuncertainty', 'knowledge', 'bound', 'limited', 'amountof', 'however', 'combination', 'balance', 'amongthe', 'classes', 'carefully', 'controlled', 'classifier', 'learnto', 'discriminate', 'between', 'features', 'different', 'datasets', 'check', 'hypothesis', 'mixed', 'chexpertdatasets', 'achieve', 'balanced', 'combination', 'adding', 'positivepneumonia', 'observations', 'dataset', 'latter', 'highly', 'unbalanced', 'dataset', 'ative', 'positive', 'observations', 'after', 'processand', 'segmentation', 'validity', 'filters', 'could', 'considereda', 'positive', 'samples', 'another', 'dataset', 'needless', 'images', 'distinctfeatures', 'allow', 'classifier', 'apart', 'fromchexpert', 'example', 'including', 'large', 'proportion', 'imagesfrom', 'particular', 'equipment', 'brand', 'model', 'system', 'willlearn', 'classify', 'images', 'equipment', 'positive', 'regardless', 'image', 'content', 'could', 'related', 'thedisease', 'additionally', 'simulated', 'combination', 'ofcovid', 'control', 'datasets', 'evaluated', 'their', 'biaswith', 'proposed', 'method', 'particular', 'datasets', 'bined', 'positive', 'covid', 'cases', 'covidcxr', 'withchexpert', 'negative', 'control', 'samples', 'covidcxr', 'built', 'withdatasets', 'different', 'origins', 'hence', 'experiment', 'illus', 'trates', 'likely', 'problematic', 'effects', 'heterogeneous', 'datacombinations', 'based', 'methodology', 'probes', 'discriminationinduced', 'outside', 'lungs', 'expectations', 'about', 'resultsof', 'experiment', 'there', 'dataset', 'thebackground', 'expansion', 'could', 'increase', 'accuracy', 'accuracy', 'occluding', 'lungs', 'should', 'differsignificantly', 'results', 'followthese', 'predictions', 'hypothesis', 'would', 'confirmed', 'resultsa', 'background', 'expansion', 'exclusionstudyin', 'previous', 'section', 'proposed', 'examine', 'perfor', 'mance', 'classification', 'experiments', 'varying', 'addition', 'ofbackground', 'reduction', 'expectedresults', 'first', 'biased', 'dataset', 'where', 'thebackground', 'added', 'initial', 'images', 'classification', 'stays', 'constant', 'almost', 'stant', 'possible', 'imprecise', 'segmentation', 'other', 'perturbations', 'disease', 'information', 'alreadypresent', 'beginning', 'second', 'scenario', 'accuracy', 'should', 'potentiallydrop', 'value', 'achieved', 'network', 'thecomplete', 'image', 'value', 'close', 'thelungs', 'completely', 'removed', 'necessarily42376', 'volume', '2021o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasetsfigure', 'background', 'expansion', 'exclusion', 'original', 'contour', 'shown', 'expanded', 'contour', 'green', 'thecontour', 'removed', 'shown', 'yellow', 'figure', 'analysis', 'workflow', 'linear', 'shown', 'graphs', 'straight', 'right', 'figure', 'offer', 'simplifiedgraphical', 'representation', 'expected', 'behavior', 'leftpart', 'figure', 'green', 'represents', 'classificationrate', 'obtained', 'using', 'analysis', 'performed', 'three', 'datasets', 'first', 'figure', 'bimcv', 'clearly', 'showsa', 'significant', 'within', 'classificationrate', 'steadily', 'increases', 'background', 'expansion', 'second', 'graph', 'shows', 'removing', 'isnot', 'associated', 'significant', 'decrease', 'accuracy', 'should', 'complete', 'exclusion', 'thelungs', 'classifier', 'achieves', 'almost', 'second', 'figure', 'displays', 'aslightly', 'lower', 'still', 'consistent', 'within', 'datain', 'graphs', 'however', 'dataset', 'harderto', 'segment', 'other', 'thevariability', 'shown', 'could', 'arise', 'poorly', 'segmentedimages', 'nonetheless', 'achieved', 'withthe', 'lungs', 'completely', 'occluded', 'which', 'theexpected', 'third', 'figure', 'chexpert', 'conveys', 'inter', 'esting', 'results', 'graph', 'trend', 'expectedfor', 'unbiased', 'dataset', 'doesn', 'along', 'withthe', 'background', 'expansion', 'nevertheless', 'precisionachieved', 'completely', 'occluded', 'isaround', 'implies', 'notlocated', 'specifically', 'background', 'inthe', 'whole', 'image', 'combination', 'studyas', 'mentioned', 'before', 'combination', 'study', 'seeks', 'evaluatehow', 'combination', 'datasets', 'might', 'provoke', 'creationof', 'biased', 'methodology', 'proposed', 'detectthese', 'weaknesses', 'final', 'collection', 'experiments', 'section', 'reproducedusing', 'combined', 'dataset', 'figure', 'shows', 'effectof', 'varying', 'background', 'expansion', 'exclusion', 'whenthe', 'combination', 'designed', 'balance', 'chexpert', 'rsnacases', 'control', 'positive', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'fromchexpert', 'positive', 'images', 'giving', 'abalanced', 'dataset', 'observations', 'class', 'experiment', 'explored', 'combination', 'imagesof', 'control', 'patients', 'chexpert', 'whole', 'setof', 'covid', 'images', 'covidcxr', 'datasetcombination', 'typical', 'recent', 'crisis', 'scenario', 'where', 'fewimages', 'disease', 'available', 'obtainedfrom', 'different', 'locations', 'under', 'uncontrolled', 'conditions', 'withdifferent', 'equipment', 'acquisition', 'protocols', 'theworst', 'scenario', 'results', 'accordance', 'figure', 'results', 'these', 'experiments', 'similar', 'fashionto', 'chexpert', 'ubiquitous', 'thevolume', '42377o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasetsfigure', 'accuracy', 'function', 'background', 'expansion', 'reduction', 'green', 'dotted', 'linesmark', 'correct', 'behavior', 'biased', 'dataset', 'background', 'included', 'thered', 'dotted', 'lines', 'indicate', 'expected', 'reduction', 'classification', 'lungs', 'removed', 'theanalysis', 'lines', 'accuracy', 'given', 'expansion', 'reduction', 'vertical', 'indicating', 'thestandard', 'deviation', 'image', 'despite', 'increasing', 'amount', 'background', 'insidethe', 'images', 'doesn', 'affect', 'accuracy', 'effect', 'lungocclusion', 'remarkable', 'within', 'results', 'discussiondeep', 'learning', 'receiving', 'attentionas', 'powerful', 'methodology', 'analyzing', 'medicalimages', 'ability', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'works', 'obtain', 'excellent', 'results', 'usedas', 'blackbox', 'opposed', 'classical', 'design', 'hocalgorithms', 'attracted', 'researchers', 'works', 'using', 'covid', 'detection', 'oncxr', 'images', 'report', 'accuracies', 'variety', 'networkarchitectures', 'particular', 'studies', 'using', 'vgg16', 'report', 'accuracy', 'dataset', 'built', 'covid', 'and200', 'control', 'samples', 'accuracy', 'obtained', 'adataset', 'composed', 'covid', 'images', 'pneumo', 'negative', 'accuracy', 'achievedusing', 'dataset', 'contains', 'covid', 'images', 'ofpneumonia', 'negative', 'vgg16', 'achievesgood', 'results', 'detecting', 'pulmonary', 'diseases', 'strengthensthe', 'hypothesis', 'features', 'extracted', 'networkare', 'relevant', 'therefore', 'detected', 'ourexperiments', 'related', 'within', 'images', 'drawbacks', 'often', 'needlarge', 'amounts', 'learn', 'while', 'generic', 'cxrdatabases', 'available', 'public', 'existing', 'covid', 'datasetsare', 'composed', 'images', 'collected', 'byvolunteers', 'consequence', 'these', 'datasets', 'showunbalanced', 'labels', 'different', 'sources', 'that42378', 'volume', '2021o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasetsfigure', 'addition', 'positive', 'samples', 'covidcxr', 'chexpert', 'dataset', 'green', 'dottedlines', 'correct', 'behavior', 'biased', 'dataset', 'background', 'included', 'andthe', 'dotted', 'lines', 'indicate', 'expected', 'reduction', 'classification', 'lungs', 'removed', 'fromthe', 'analysis', 'lines', 'accuracy', 'given', 'expansion', 'reduction', 'vertical', 'lineindicating', 'standard', 'deviation', 'makes', 'getting', 'robust', 'model', 'reliable', 'performancemeasures', 'difficult', 'regard', 'articles', 'report', 'theproblem', 'small', 'unbalanced', 'datasets', 'covid', '19detection', 'propose', 'solutions', 'mitigate', 'theproblem', 'analysis', 'tackled', 'other', 'authors', 'forinstance', 'authors', 'proposed', 'train', 'testpartitions', 'should', 'different', 'datasets', 'related', 'thesame', 'classifier', 'trying', 'achieve', 'maximumperformance', 'certain', 'dataset', 'thismay', 'assert', 'generalization', 'capacity', 'classi', 'other', 'sought', 'minimize', 'effectsof', 'different', 'biased', 'datasets', 'converting', 'differentdataset', 'observations', 'prototypes', 'greatly', 'reducing', 'possibleintra', 'dataset', 'specific', 'features', 'recently', 'addresses', 'issue', 'covid', 'detectionand', 'reports', 'problem', 'mixing', 'different', 'datasets', 'maylead', 'network', 'learn', 'background', 'information', 'studyperforms', 'similar', 'approach', 'presented', 'thisar', 'ticle', 'study', 'possible', 'biases', 'within', 'lungs', 'occludes', 'lungs', 'rectangular', 'fixed', 'black', 'boxesand', 'measures', 'accuracy', 'achieved', 'however', 'proposedmethodology', 'extends', 'concept', 'proposed', 'precisemasks', 'progressive', 'inclusion', 'exclusion', 'informationto', 'learning', 'process', 'allows', 'ability', 'detectwhere', 'approximately', 'enables', 'precise', 'biasestimation', 'furthermore', 'studies', 'within', 'ncov2019', 'datasetusing', 'information', 'about', 'patients', 'symptoms', 'comorbidities', 'dataset', 'collects', 'clinical', 'differ', 'sources', 'rather', 'images', 'found', 'significant', 'biasrelated', 'origin', 'exposed', 'several', 'issuesrelated', 'multisource', 'variability', 'article', 'focused', 'detecting', 'biases', 'withinwidely', 'datasets', 'glimpse', 'degree', 'whichthese', 'biases', 'affect', 'results', 'proposes', 'detectionmethodology', 'assert', 'validity', 'results', 'methodol', 'makes', 'techniques', 'heatmap', 'visualization', 'histogram', 'analysis', 'selective', 'image', 'occlusion', 'which', 'arecombined', 'evaluate', 'which', 'parts', 'images', 'beingused', 'discriminative', 'features', 'classification', 'thiswork', 'methodology', 'applied', 'scenar', 'existence', 'individual', 'pneumoniadatasets', 'another', 'detect', 'existence', 'mixof', 'datasets', 'limitations', 'studyregarding', 'possible', 'limitations', 'there', 'could', 'problem', 'withthe', 'methodology', 'proposed', 'since', 'segmentation', 'masksused', 'expansion', 'reduction', 'biased', 'themselves', 'segmentation', 'process', 'might', 'prone', 'inimages', 'pneumonia', 'since', 'borders', 'lungs', 'aremore', 'diffuse', 'whereas', 'could', 'happen', 'images', 'ofcontrol', 'patients', 'could', 'significant', 'differencevolume', '42379o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasetsfigure', 'occlusion', 'fixed', 'rectangular', 'boxes', 'between', 'cases', 'controls', 'masks', 'therefore', 'mightbe', 'introducing', 'would', 'imply', 'problem', 'withthe', 'proposed', 'methodology', 'however', 'designed', 'experiment', 'wherethe', 'occlusion', 'masks', 'substituted', 'rectangles', 'sizeof', 'lungs', 'experiment', 'similar', 'presentedin', 'ensure', 'lungs', 'completelyremoved', 'using', 'segmentation', 'shape', 'whereas', 'theaforementioned', 'place', 'fixed', 'black', 'angle', 'central', 'leaving', 'uncovered', 'examples', 'method', 'figure', 'results', 'achieved', 'bimcv', 'dataset', 'seenin', 'figure', 'where', 'differences', 'found', 'significant', 'suggesting', 'shape', 'masks', 'influencingthe', 'detection', 'algorithm', 'proposed', 'furthermore', 'increase', 'confidence', 'conclusions', 'processed', 'images', 'means', 'clahe', 'togram', 'normalization', 'assert', 'process', 'affectedthe', 'results', 'figure', 'there', 'differencein', 'results', 'achieved', 'between', 'normalized', 'plainimages', 'talking', 'about', 'strengths', 'results', 'experimentsdescribed', 'section', 'demonstrated', 'classificationrate', 'improve', 'background', 'includedin', 'images', 'which', 'means', 'either', 'there', 'biasspecifically', 'background', 'significant', 'biasis', 'already', 'within', 'lungs', 'however', 'areais', 'progressively', 'removed', 'image', 'bothexperiments', 'accuracy', 'decrease', 'suggestingfigure', 'comparison', 'between', 'grain', 'squared', 'masks', 'bimcv', 'dataset', '42380', 'volume', '2021o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasetsfigure', 'comparison', 'between', 'normalized', 'plain', 'bimcv', 'dataset', 'system', 'classifying', 'images', 'according', 'someelements', 'present', 'whole', 'image', 'inside', 'thelungs', 'result', 'confirms', 'hypothesis', 'powerful', 'convolutional', 'networks', 'subtle', 'featuresin', 'images', 'optimistic', 'classification', 'results', 'nomeasures', 'taken', 'avoid', 'biases', 'summarize', 'further', 'research', 'should', 'conducted', 'toreduce', 'impact', 'intrinsic', 'datasets', 'whoseimages', 'collected', 'several', 'sources', 'recent', 'literaturehas', 'demonstrated', 'emergence', 'methodologies', 'usefulto', 'reduce', 'impact', 'image', 'preprocess', 'methods', 'learning', 'architectures', 'designedto', 'biased', 'datasets', 'startingpoint', 'conclusionin', 'novel', 'methodology', 'assess', 'existence', 'ofbias', 'image', 'datasets', 'presented', 'techniques', 'suchas', 'activation', 'heatmap', 'visualization', 'histogram', 'analysis', 'andselective', 'image', 'occlusion', 'combined', 'evaluate', 'whichpart', 'images', 'being', 'discriminative', 'featuresfor', 'classification', 'regions', 'interestwere', 'lungs', 'datasets', 'different', 'levels', 'ofbias', 'these', 'comprising', 'datasets', 'informa', 'quickly', 'available', 'urgent', 'scenario', 'currentcovid', 'crisis', 'examples', 'bimcv', 'collection', 'orthe', 'combination', 'datasets', 'created', 'purpose', 'whichare', 'problems', 'results', 'confirmedwith', 'other', 'methodologies', 'theactivation', 'histogram', 'analysis', 'study', 'effects', 'combining', 'datasets', 'differ', 'sources', 'especially', 'interesting', 'because', 'shows', 'strictly', 'controlled', 'important', 'biases', 'induced', 'inthe', 'final', 'dataset', 'typical', 'solution', 'samplesof', 'given', 'class', 'compile', 'different', 'datasets', 'thatcollects', 'categories', 'study', 'recent', 'covid', '19datasets', 'particular', 'widely', 'covidcxr', 'dataset', 'built', 'different', 'sources', 'might', 'includedsignificant', 'biases', 'inadvertently', 'affected', 'results', 'lished', 'heterogeneous', 'dataset', 'often', 'observa', 'tions', 'coming', 'diverse', 'equipment', 'acquisition', 'proto', 'processing', 'software', 'context', 'features', 'foundby', 'convolutional', 'networks', 'images', 'including', 'thebackground', 'areas', 'enough', 'classification', 'whilst', 'actual', 'performance', 'classifier', 'clinicaltask', 'attempted', 'lower', 'acknowledgmentsthe', 'authors', 'would', 'thanks', 'gratitude', 'bimcvand', 'other', 'teams', 'compiled', 'available', 'thedatasets', 'experiments', 'ducted', 'employing', 'instituto', 'tecnológico', 'informática', 'performance', 'computing', 'platform', 'which', 'fundedby', 'ivace', 'implemented', 'within', 'dataspace', 'being', 'these', 'experiments', 'tech4cv', 'project', 'usecase', 'volume', '42381o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasetsnew_paper']
['mining', 'analyticsissn', '01107', '75volume', 'number', '2021dol', '26599', '9020013analysis', 'predictions', 'spread', 'recovery', 'death', 'caused', 'bycovid', 'indiarajani', 'kumari', 'sandeep', 'kumar', 'ramesh', 'chandra', 'paonia', 'vijander', 'singh', 'linesh', 'vaibhav', 'bhatnagar', 'pankaj', 'agarwalabstract', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'outbreak', 'first', 'reported', 'december', 'million', 'peoplewere', 'infected', 'disease', 'million', 'worldwide', 'their', 'lives', 'first', 'diagnosed', 'january', 'india', 'figure', 'crossed', 'million', 'paper', 'presents', 'detailedstudy', 'recently', 'developed', 'forecasting', 'models', 'predicts', 'number', 'confirmed', 'recovered', 'death', 'casesin', 'india', 'caused', 'covid', 'correlation', 'coefficients', 'multiple', 'linear', 'regression', 'applied', 'prediction', 'andautocorrelation', 'autoregression', 'improve', 'accuracy', 'predicted', 'number', 'cases', 'showsa', 'agreement', 'squared', 'score', 'actual', 'values', 'finding', 'suggests', 'lockdown', 'socialdistancing', 'important', 'factors', 'suppress', 'increasing', 'spread', 'covid', 'words', 'covid', 'regression', 'correlation', 'machine', 'learning', 'prediction1', 'introductionthe', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'spreads', 'through', 'getting', 'touchwith', 'infected', 'person', 'touching', 'thing', 'object', 'thathas', 'virus', 'surface', 'touching', 'theirmouth', 'first', 'covid', 'detected', 'january', 'indiaand', 'cases', 'diagnosed', 'month', 'total', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'inindia', '247857', '119293', 'recovered', 'cases', 'and6954', 'deaths', 'there', 'current', 'situation', 'rajani', 'kumari', 'department', 'information', 'technologyand', 'computer', 'application', 'jecrc', 'university', 'jaipur', 'rajasthan', '303905', 'india', 'rajanikpoonia', 'gmail', 'sandeep', 'kumar', 'christ', 'deemed', 'university', 'bangalore', 'karnataka', '560029', 'india', 'sandpoonia', 'gmail', 'ramesh', 'chandra', 'poonia', 'pankaj', 'agarwal', 'amityuniversity', 'rajasthan', 'jaipur', 'rajasthan', '303002', 'india', 'rameshcpoonia', 'gmail', 'pankajagarwal', 'gmail', 'vijander', 'singh', 'linesh', 'vaibhav', 'bhatnagarare', 'manipal', 'university', 'jaipur', 'rajasthan', '303007', 'india', 'vijan2005', 'gmail', 'lineshraja', 'gmail', 'vaibhav', 'bhatnagari5', 'gmail', 'correspondence', 'should', 'addressed', 'manuscript', 'received', 'revised', 'accepted', 'predict', 'possible', 'infected', 'death', 'cases', 'using', 'acomputational', 'model', 'arrange', 'necessary', 'resources', 'virus', 'ofcovid', 'shows', 'great', 'resemblance', 'withthe', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'andmiddle', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirusas', 'investigated', 'pathologists', 'seventhmember', 'coronavirus', 'family', 'spreadamong', 'humans', 'easily', 'transmit', 'human', 'humanthrough', 'droplets', 'coughs', 'sneezing', 'infectedperson', 'major', 'symptoms', 'covid', 'fever', 'cough', 'shortness', 'breath', 'patients', 'showsymptoms', 'diarrhea', 'major', 'problem', 'ofthis', 'disease', 'symptoms', 'generally', 'appear', 'after', 'individual', 'infected', 'period', 'isknown', 'incubation', 'period', 'incubationperiod', 'approximately', 'infected', 'personmay', 'infect', 'number', 'healthy', 'persons', 'during', 'theincubation', 'period', 'these', 'patients', 'asymptomatic', 'andmajor', 'challenge', 'identify', 'whichone', 'infected', 'person', 'transmits', 'disease', 'othersis', 'termed', 'transmission', 'recent', 'studiesby', 'leading', 'research', 'organizations', 'estimated', 'isbetween', 'transmission', 'veryhigh', 'comparison', 'common', 'dangerous', 'early', 'stage', 'author', 'articles', 'published', 'access', 'journal', 'distributed', 'under', 'terms', 'thecreative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'international', 'license', 'creativecommons', 'orgllicenseslby', '66fatality', 'coronavirus', 'estimated', 'while', 'fatality', 'wasapproximately', 'respectivelyw', 'highestcfr', 'reported', 'france', 'followed', 'belgium', 'italy', 'almost', 'total', 'infected', 'persons', 'their', 'lives', 'around', 'theworld', 'while', 'india', 'actualcfr', 'computed', 'based', 'identificationof', 'correct', 'number', 'infected', 'individuals', 'majorcontributions', 'research', 'follows', 'paper', 'performs', 'descriptive', 'analysis', 'thecovid', 'outbreak', 'different', 'states', 'india', 'propose', 'model', 'predicting', 'number', 'ofconfirmed', 'recovered', 'death', 'cases', 'covid', 'proposed', 'model', 'deploys', 'multiple', 'linearregression', 'analyze', 'existing', 'paper', 'employs', 'autoregression', 'topredict', 'cases', 'organization', 'paper', 'follows', 'section', '2discusses', 'recent', 'studies', 'carried', 'researchers', 'medical', 'practitioners', 'scientists', 'field', 'ofinfectious', 'disease', 'section', 'detailed', 'analysisis', 'carried', 'considered', 'dataset', 'covid', '19for', 'india', 'section', 'introduces', 'proposed', 'predictionmodel', 'estimate', 'count', 'infection', 'recovery', 'anddeath', 'covid', 'section', 'concludes', 'study', 'recent', 'study', 'covid', '19many', 'researchers', 'involved', 'study', 'novelcoronavirus', 'after', 'outbreak', 'wuhan', 'china', 'latedecember', 'developed', 'various', 'types', 'modelsfor', 'prediction', 'spread', 'transmission', 'deathcaused', 'studies', 'researches', 'related', 'tothe', 'development', 'medicine', 'diagnostic', 'thispandemic', 'these', 'recent', 'studies', 'discussed', 'zhong', 'developed', 'mathematical', 'model', 'forthe', 'timely', 'prediction', 'coronavirus', 'outbreak', 'inchina', 'harnzah', 'developed', 'online', 'platformto', 'provide', 'information', 'related', 'covid', '19and', 'statistical', 'analysis', 'susceptible', 'exposed', 'infectious', 'recovered', 'predictive', 'modeling', 'wasused', 'forecasting', 'daily', 'basis', 'developedtheir', 'micro', 'services', 'fetch', 'differentsources', 'morawska', 'discussed', 'covid', '19spreads', 'especially', 'through', 'investigated', 'genetic', 'evolution', 'thevirus', 'responsible', 'covid', 'studyidentified', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'genetic', 'similaritywith', 'coronavirus', 'derived', 'rhinolophus', 'sinicus', 'mining', 'analytics', '75paradoxurus', 'hermaphroditus', 'paguma', 'larvata', 'aselliscusstoliczkanus', 'civet', 'while', 'homology', 'analysis', 'showsthat', 'close', 'resemblance', 'coronavirus', 'analyzed', 'effect', 'humidity', 'andchanges', 'temperature', 'covid', 'patients', 'butthe', 'study', 'limited', 'wuhan', 'studyestablished', 'correlation', 'variation', 'temperatureand', 'humidity', 'daily', 'death', 'virus', 'singhet', 'studied', 'compared', 'andcovid', 'viruses', 'based', 'transmission', 'cycle', 'etiology', 'genetics', 'hosts', 'diagnosis', 'reproductive', 'rates', 'laboratorydiagnosis', 'clinical', 'features', 'radiological', 'features', 'palet', 'illustrated', 'classification', 'ribonucleic', 'acidgroup', 'viruses', 'origin', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratorysyndrome', 'coronavirus', 'along', 'virion', 'structure', 'andgenetic', 'characteristics', 'covid', 'dutheil', 'investigated', 'covid', 'decreasing', 'airpollution', 'industries', 'andtraffic', 'significantly', 'vellingiri', 'discussed', 'cause', 'infection', 'symptoms', 'structure', 'virus', 'detailand', 'compared', 'common', 'mersat', 'various', 'parameters', 'discussed', 'ongoingtreatment', 'infected', 'people', 'suggested', 'someindian', 'plants', 'medical', 'henry', 'lippi', 'suggested', 'extracorporeal', 'membrane', 'oxygenation', 'options', 'survival', 'therapy', 'tocovid', 'patients', 'limitations', 'werealso', 'discussed', 'discussed', 'majorsymptoms', 'ongoing', 'methods', 'covid', 'raised', 'unresolved', 'issues', 'presenceof', 'patient', 'stool', 'efficiency', 'ofdisinfection', 'agents', 'sanitization', 'ghosal', 'developed', 'model', 'predict', 'weekwise', 'death', 'india', 'covid', 'usedlinear', 'regression', 'multiple', 'regression', 'predictionand', 'deployed', 'autoregression', 'enhance', 'predictioncapability', 'proposed', 'model', 'projected', 'modelis', 'based', 'analysis', 'highly', 'infected', 'countries', 'liang', 'compared', 'spread', 'characteristics', 'novelcoronavirus', 'characteristics', 'mathematical', 'model', 'proposed', 'identifythe', 'symptoms', 'coronavirus', 'diseases', 'nicola', 'suggested', 'veterinary', 'medicine', 'helpful', 'thecure', 'covid', 'discussed', 'importance', 'computedtomography', 'images', 'diagnosis', 'covid', '19infected', 'individuals', 'technology', 'growing', 'there', 'aremany', 'applications', 'tools', 'being', 'produced', 'utilizerajani', 'kumari', 'analysis', 'predictions', 'ofspread', 'recovery', 'death', 'cansed', 'covid', 'india', '67various', 'algorithms', 'fields', 'computer', 'assistedtools', 'being', 'designed', 'employed', 'successfully', 'theefficient', 'computer', 'aided', 'systems', 'medicineis', 'exception', 'medical', 'images', 'useful', 'forthe', 'doctor', 'their', 'detailing', 'decisiveinfluence', 'correctness', 'diagnosis', 'oneof', 'branches', 'healthcare', 'system', 'tightlyworks', 'images', 'radiology', 'there', 'havebeen', 'generated', 'several', 'datasets', 'containing', 'scans', 'magnetic', 'resonance', 'imaging', 'detectnovel', 'coronavirus', 'pneumonia', 'diseases', 'illustrated', 'changes', 'covid', 'patientsduring', 'recovery', 'process', 'images', 'singh', 'classified', 'covid', 'patients', 'based', 'ontheir', 'chest', 'images', 'classification', 'theyimplemented', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'basedon', 'differential', 'evolution', 'algorithm', 'jaiswal', 'deployed', 'densenet20l', 'classification', 'proposedapproaches', 'achieved', 'higher', 'accuracy', 'andprecision', 'singh', 'analyzed', 'series', 'predictedthe', 'registered', 'deceased', 'death', 'numbers', 'reportedcase', 'mortality', 'based', 'covid', 'world', 'healthdata', 'world', 'population', 'study', 'concluded', 'thatcovid', 'regular', 'mortality', 'positively', 'correlatedwith', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'bedependent', 'population', 'dietary', 'routine', 'androbustness', 'immune', 'system', 'study', 'suggestedthat', 'emergency', 'awaken', 'before', 'proper', 'vaccineis', 'invented', 'critical', 'issues', 'measured', 'byseveral', 'researchers', 'considering', 'individual', 'countries', 'provinces', 'derived', 'conclusions', 'bhatnagaret', 'presented', 'detailed', 'analysis', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'boxplot', 'ivanov', 'analyzed', 'predicted', 'effect', 'ofthe', 'ongoing', 'pandemic', 'global', 'supply', 'chains', 'theyalso', 'performed', 'simulation', 'based', 'analysis', 'caseof', 'supply', 'chains', 'impact', 'covid', 'onsupply', 'chains', 'along', 'associated', 'risks', 'performed', 'model', 'analysis', 'examine', 'theeffectiveness', 'quarantine', 'especially', 'wuhan', 'cityand', 'developed', 'variant', 'model', 'theyconcluded', 'quarantine', 'isolation', 'powerfuland', 'unique', 'tools', 'reduce', 'infection', 'roosa', 'developed', 'system', 'forecasting', 'covid', 'china', 'specific', 'period', 'tuliet', 'employed', 'latest', 'technologies', 'machinelearning', 'cloud', 'computing', 'predicting', 'growthrate', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'weibullmodel', 'explained', 'pathological', 'characteristicsof', 'covid', 'compared', 'andmers', 'these', 'pathological', 'features', 'highly', 'similarto', 'study', 'provided', 'somerecommendations', 'physicians', 'timelyplan', 'therapeutic', 'strategy', 'patient', 'kucharskiet', 'developed', 'mathematical', 'model', 'analyzedfour', 'datasets', 'study', 'revealed', 'transmissionrate', 'between', 'classified', 'patientsinto', 'different', 'classes', 'susceptible', 'exposed', 'notyet', 'infectious', 'infectious', 'removed', 'isolated', 'recovered', 'otherwise', 'longer', 'infectious', 'yuvarajet', 'neural', 'network', 'analysis', 'ofinteractions', 'protein', 'ligand', 'againstselective', 'drugs', 'studies', 'focused', 'psychologicalhealth', 'farmers', 'engaged', 'business', 'poultry', 'researchers', 'working', 'procedures', 'andtrying', 'reduce', 'testing', 'sequence', 'assad', 'etalps', 'suggested', 'sample', 'pooling', 'option', 'toreduce', 'testing', 'leads', 'reduce', 'fatality', 'butwith', 'limitation', 'positive', 'cases', 'positive', 'casesare', 'binary', 'elimination', 'algorithms', 'betteroption', 'these', 'studies', 'revealed', 'symptoms', 'covid', 'similar', 'covid', 'ismore', 'infectious', 'fatality', 'virus', 'cause', 'still', 'unclear', 'virologists', 'activelyworking', 'establish', 'antidote', 'however', 'physiciansare', 'continuously', 'trying', 'patients', 'using', 'antiviraltherapy', 'antibiotic', 'treatment', 'systematic', 'corticosteroids', 'table', 'summarises', 'recently', 'developedprediction', 'forecasting', 'models', 'modelsare', 'based', 'model', 'extendedversion', 'symptomatic', 'infectious', 'asymptomaticinfectious', 'quarantined', 'hospitalized', 'recovered', 'deadmodel', 'seidiuqhrd', 'machine', 'learning', 'anddeep', 'learning', 'models', 'prediction', 'andforecasting', 'analysis', 'covid', 'dataanalysis', 'covid', 'dataset', 'coronavirusdisease', 'performed', 'basis', 'reported', 'cases', 'confirmed', 'recovered', 'death', 'india', 'havecollected', 'february', 'hereafter', 'termed', 'weeki', 'weekls', 'somestates', 'india', 'worst', 'virus', 'thedataset', 'taken', 'kaggle', 'shown', 'intable', 'attributes', 'which', 'considered', 'dataset68', 'mining', 'analytics', '75table', 'comparative', 'study', 'recent', 'prediction', 'forecasting', 'models', 'covid', 'author', 'activity', 'performed', 'methodology', 'strength', 'drawbackghosal', 'singh', 'prediction', 'linear', 'regression', 'analysis', 'statistical', 'analysis', 'results', 'prove', 'results', 'estimated', 'andreliability', 'significance', 'predictor', 'prediction', 'gaussian', 'mixture', 'model', 'predicted', 'values', 'predicted', 'dates', 'confidence', 'intervalschakraborty', 'forecasts', 'riskand', 'ghosh', 'assessmenttiwari', 'predictionmaheshwari', 'forecastinget', 'bhattacharjee', 'predictionet', 'predictionresults', 'consistent', 'throughout', 'thestudy', 'tested', 'onlyaccuracy', 'reliability', 'modeldepend', 'assumption', 'parametervalues', 'initial', 'population', 'accuracy', 'reliability', 'modeldepend', 'assumption', 'parametervalues', 'considered', 'march', 'april', 'achieved', 'accuracy', 'issignificantly', 'predicted', 'number', 'infected', 'personsonlyresults', 'improved', 'deeplearning', 'considered', 'weather', 'conditions', 'thatless', 'significantdata', 'taken', 'march', 'proposed', 'model', 'april2020', 'onlyachieved', 'accuracy', 'confirmed', 'recovered', 'death', 'death', 'respectively', 'significantly', 'study', 'restricted', 'april', 'different', 'models', 'different', 'statesonly', 'testingpurposeconsidered', 'small', 'march2020', 'error', 'model', 'highly', 'reliabler', 'statistical', 'package', 'forforecasting', 'dayspredicted', 'results', 'higher', 'accuracypredicted', 'timeof', 'pandemic', 'model', 'alsoanalyzed', 'effect', 'lockdown', 'considered', 'impact', 'temperatureand', 'humiditymaximum', 'likelihood', 'bootstrapstrategy', 'analyze', 'roand', 'sampling', 'respectively', 'convolutional', 'directional', 'deployedfor', 'accurate', 'prediction', 'fbprophet', 'model', 'deployed', 'forforecasting', 'various', 'countriesdeployed', 'multilayered', 'perceptron', 'linear', 'regression', 'vectorautoregression', 'better', 'resultsperformed', 'prediction', 'monthpredicted', 'effect', 'socialdistancing', 'lockdownalso', 'analyzedanalyzed', 'indiacases', 'based', 'cumulativeconfirmed', 'cases', 'recovery', 'rateare', 'prediction', 'hybrid', 'linear', 'cellular', 'automatadeployed', 'predictionconsidered', 'components', 'susceptible', 'asymptomatic', 'recovered', 'infected', 'isolated', 'infected', 'andquarantined', 'susceptible', 'developed', 'reliable', 'model', 'using', 'trust', 'region', 'reflective', 'algorithmmachine', 'learninglstm', 'curve', 'fittingcellular', 'automata', 'classifierdaily', 'temperature', 'relativehumidity', 'weighted', 'against', 'casesmathematical', 'modelnew', 'mathematical', 'modelproposedseirmodelanalyzed', 'reproduction', 'number', 'andsensitivity', 'analysis', 'decide', 'thepreventive', 'measurehybrid', 'wavelet', 'based', 'assessment', 'performed', 'using', 'forecasts', 'onlyforecasting', 'arima', 'regression', 'treemodelgeneralized', 'additive', 'model', 'slope', 'kendalltest', 'verhulst', 'logistic', 'population', 'modelgene', 'expression', 'programmingpredictive', 'error', 'minimization', 'based', 'approachmathematical', 'model', 'developedfor', 'predicationlogistic', 'model', 'machinelearning', 'techniquemachine', 'learningdeep', 'learningarimamodelsariiqsq', 'modeldeveloped', 'model', 'seidiuqhrd', 'predictionpredictionpredictionprediction', 'andanalysisforecastingforecastingprediction', 'analysisof', 'meteorologicalfactorsevaluation', 'andpredictionpredictionpredicted', 'based', 'onweather', 'conditionspredictionmodeling', 'andforecastingforecastingkanagarathinamand', 'sekar', 'mandai', 'sarkar', 'arora', 'rafiq', 'sahoo', 'andsapra', 'salgotraet', 'tomar', 'andgupta', 'gupta', 'goswamiet', 'sujath', 'mainly', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'concerningstates', 'after', 'collecting', 'required', 'refinedand', 'analyzed', 'tables', 'illustrate', 'mathematical', 'descriptionof', 'considered', 'dataset', 'correlation', 'among', 'those', 'respectively', 'table', 'notations', 'count', 'rajani', 'kumari', 'analysis', 'predictions', 'ofspread', 'recovery', 'death', 'cansed', 'covid', 'india', '69table', 'dataset', 'weeki', 'weeki5', 'including', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'different', 'states', 'india', 'chandigarh', 'karnataka', 'madhya', 'pradesh', 'maharashtra', 'telengana', 'week123456789101112131415kerala38225218230636439645349950558779412081807gujarat271318581223081272284849487404993113', '2681595318584ch1235818182137495966172289301delhi1472949503903170725014068626188951231917', '41525004kr13626761442143714826117501056174327284329ladakh123121314151819324243447490mp12343016544313551974283834334595617076728762mh123267186490157433237029118231910129100445826235777793tl1132266269504791988106211431454176123783147table', 'mathematical', 'description', 'datasets', 'week123456789101112131415count232323232218999999999mean2', '04104', '44482', '561028', '221814', '562881', '114299', '786191', '898983', '6712230', '4415535', '22std2', '83126', '74239', '93490', '041049', '762220', '683806', '506188', '599382', '1314291', '0219916', '7924897', '31min111361415181932424344749025', '1131022', '52143714534995055877941208180750', '1272657', '517136479198810621143145417612728432975', '52150', '5163401', '2550413552501406862618895123191595318584max141880190485911157433237029118231910129100445826235777793std', 'todenote', 'number', 'values', 'values', 'standard', 'deviation', 'values', 'minimum', 'value', 'maximum', 'value', 'first', 'quartile', 'second', 'quartile', 'andthird', 'quartile', 'respectively', 'these', 'notations', 'alsoused', 'table', 'statistical', 'description', 'theconsidered', 'dataset', 'objective', 'analysis', 'correlation', 'between', 'weeki', 'weeki5', 'forall', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'different', 'states', 'through', 'thisanalysis', 'observed', 'there', 'strong', 'correlationbetween', 'complete', 'datasets', 'table', 'represents', 'thecorrelation', 'analysis', 'which', 'determines', 'relationshipamong', 'weeki', 'weeki5', 'according', 'descriptiveanalysis', 'concerning', 'spread', 'coronavirus', 'diseasein', 'different', 'states', 'observed', 'first', 'tofive', 'weeks', 'spread', 'virus', 'inindia', 'after', 'spread', 'ofthe', 'states', 'india', 'social', 'gathering', 'singlesource', 'refer', 'table', 'observed', 'spread', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'isvery', 'week5', 'onwards', 'spread', 'figure', 'illustrates', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'consideredstates', 'shows', 'exponential', 'growth', 'confirmedcases', 'occurs', 'after', 'fourth', 'similarly', 'illustrate', 'exponential', 'growth', 'pattern', 'forconfirmed', 'cases', 'considered', 'states', 'indicates', 'thatin', 'future', 'situation', 'tough', 'isnot', 'controlled', 'mining', 'analytics', '75table', 'correlation', 'analysis', 'determining', 'relationship', 'between', 'datasets', 'week1', '00table', 'statistical', 'description', 'datasets', 'dataset', 'count', 'maxconfirmed', 'cases', '69595', '70086', '12599', '41102', '110639', '246622', '00recovered', 'cases', '27765', '34180', '11297', '44643', '118695', '00death', 'cases', '00fig', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'covid', 'india', 'weelc1', 'week2', 'week3', 'week4', 'weeks', 'week6', '7weekprediction', 'using', 'proposed', 'model', 'performed', 'fordata', 'march', 'daterange', 'different', 'range', 'considered', 'foranalysis', 'because', 'initially', 'number', 'cases', 'verylow', 'affect', 'accuracyof', 'model', 'after', 'march', 'consideredwhen', 'number', 'covid', 'patients', 'significantlyhigher', 'collected', 'fromwww', 'kaggle', 'imported', 'jupyter', 'notebookthrough', 'anaconda', 'navigator', 'analyzed', 'python4', 'proposed', 'modelpredictions3', 'software', 'attributes', 'considered', 'thisdataset', 'mainly', 'confirmed', 'recovered', 'deathcases', 'figure', 'shows', 'graphical', 'representationof', 'dataset', 'assumed', 'coronavirus', 'infected', 'persons', 'available', 'india', 'comeinto', 'contact', 'other', 'healthy', 'persons', 'since', 'aninfectious', 'disease', 'going', 'spread', 'others', 'consequently', 'number', 'cases', 'growing', 'rapidly', 'during', 'development', 'model', 'collecteddata', 'analyzed', 'using', 'functions', 'pythonsoftware', 'understanding', 'dataset', 'properly', 'astatistical', 'description', 'performed', 'completedataset', 'description', 'statistical', 'shown', 'intable', 'proposed', 'model', 'summarised', 'important', 'discover', 'compute', 'degree', 'ofvariables', 'dataset', 'information', 'helpfulfor', 'better', 'preparation', 'dataset', 'expectationsof', 'machine', 'learning', 'algorithms', 'recovery', 'strategy', 'andcorrelation', 'analysis', 'performed', 'using', 'pythonsoftware', 'reveals', 'statistical', 'summary', 'confirmed', 'recovered', 'death', 'cases', 'finds', 'strongrelationship', 'among', 'current', 'consequentialcorrelation', 'analysis', 'shown', 'table', 'multiple', 'regression', 'analysis', 'predictingfor', 'covid', 'kerala', 'gujarat', 'chandigarh', 'delhi', 'karnataka', 'ladakh', 'madhya', 'pradesh', 'maharashtratelengana', '8008b', '400z1600o200rajani', 'kumari', 'analysis', 'predictions', 'ofspread', 'recovery', 'death', 'cansed', 'covid', 'india', '7180000', 'o70000o', '60000', '50000eg40000u', '30000', '2000010000o', 'weeks', 'week6', 'week7', 'weeks', 'weekg', 'week10', 'week12', 'week13', 'week14weekfig', 'boxplot', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'covid', 'india', 'parameter', 'valuetable', 'summary', 'output', 'multiple', 'linear', 'regressionanalysis', 'death', 'cases', 'confirmed', 'recoveredcases', 'regression', 'technique', 'onevariables', 'predict', 'output', 'helpful', 'predictinga', 'target', 'variable', 'using', 'independentvariables', 'predictive', 'analysis', 'multiple', 'linearregression', 'techniques', 'explain', 'relationshipbetween', 'independent', 'variables', 'confirmed', 'andrecovered', 'cases', 'dependent', 'variable', 'deathcases', 'dataset', 'divided', 'training', 'andtest', 'datasets', 'training', 'testing', 'model', 'strong', 'predictive', 'capacity', 'aftertraining', 'dataset', 'found', 'squareerror', 'score', 'summary', 'output', 'multiple', 'linear', 'regressionanalysis', 'shown', 'table', 'decision', 'learning', 'techniques', 'tocontinuously', 'split', 'training', 'according', 'certain', 'parameter', 'widely', 'accepted', 'supervisedlearning', 'approach', 'split', 'dataset', 'based', 'onconditions', 'equally', 'useful', 'regression', 'andclassification', 'approach', 'assigns', 'feasibleclass', 'record', 'classification', 'oftesting', 'different', 'input', 'values', 'observedthat', 'predicted', 'output', 'close', 'actual', 'values', 'during', 'analysis', 'complete', 'dataset', '70number', 'dayso', '10find', 'cofficienl', 'andpredicted', 'values50', '_____t', 'recovered', 'cases200', 'slope', 'intercept', 'anda2', 'ljre150000h', 'h100000h', 'iiiii', 'confirmed', 'recovered', 'death', 'cases', 'india', 'proposed', 'model', 'predictions', 'confirmed', 'recovered', 'death', 'cases', 'covid', 'india', 'table', 'correlation', 'analysis', 'determining', 'relationshipbetween', 'datasets', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'recovered', 'cases', 'death', 'casesconfirmed', 'casesrecovered', 'casesdeath', 'cases10', '993734200', '9981392510', '98584439slopeinterceptrmser2', 'score', '50733085', '43050', '9992lag', 'world', 'healthy', 'organization', 'statement', 'secondmeeting', 'international', 'health', 'regulations', 'emergency', 'committee', 'regarding', 'outbreak', 'novelcoronavirus', 'https', 'statement', 'second', 'meeting', 'international', 'health', 'regulations', 'emergency', 'committee', 'regarding', 'outbreak', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'insight', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'mining', 'analytics', '75table', 'prediction', '6july', 'predicted', 'predicted', 'predicteddate', 'confirmed', 'recovered', 'deathcases', 'cases', 'cases07', '256972', '132398', '723008', '268021', '146535', '752909', '279935', '154647', '7834io', '162747', '8156ll', '304886', '169880', '850012', '318185', '175762', '885113', '331964', '921514', '346329', '958915', '193564', '997116', '37317', '393235', '236021', '78918', '256198', '1122319', '427679', '271631', '67620', '445982', '285667', '1214221', '465005', '295537', '1262622', '484898', '300267', '12823', '505477', '64824', '526898', '1419125', '549246', '332608', '1475326', '370832', '1533727', '596690', '412622', '1594328', '447115', '1657129', '648083', '476246', '1722330', '675324', '1789901', '504343', '1860202', '733247', '501616', '1933103', '763961', '501854', '2008804', '795938', '521520', '2087305', '829215', '2168806', '863836', '645885', '22534in', 'resource', 'management', 'health', 'services', 'timelyaction', 'taken', 'prior', 'preparation', 'reduce', 'theloss', 'human', 'proposed', 'model', 'extended', 'predictthe', 'pandemic', 'particular', 'region', 'totalcausality', 'total', 'economic', 'losses', 'predictedwith', 'model', 'referencesi1', 'confi', 'recovered', 'cases', 'death', 'cases', 'predicted', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'predicted', 'recovered', 'cases', 'predicted', 'death', 'cases', 'i100000150000o200000250000300000fig', 'autocorrelation', '50000', '70observed', 'model', 'regression', 'againstitself', 'autocorrelation', 'tocheck', 'randonmess', 'within', 'figure', 'showsthe', 'autocorrelation', 'create', 'autoregressionmodel', 'observation', 'previous', 'steps', 'asinput', 'series', 'model', 'predict', 'valuesat', 'results', 'prove', 'forecastedrange', 'series', 'accurate', 'model', 'usingthe', 'existing', 'dataset', 'coefficients', 'based', 'value', 'separate', 'analysis', 'performedfor', 'confirmed', 'recovered', 'death', 'cases', 'observedfrom', 'table', 'testing', 'existing', 'closeto', 'actual', 'dataset', 'predicted', 'values', 'veryrelevant', 'existing', 'dataset', 'actual', 'predicted', 'confirmed', 'recovered', 'anddeath', 'cases', 'india', 'number', 'days5', 'conclusion', 'future', 'scopethis', 'study', 'discussed', 'spread', 'covid', 'indifferent', 'states', 'india', 'proposed', 'model', 'forpredicting', 'number', 'confirmed', 'recovered', 'death', 'cases', 'multiple', 'linear', 'regression', 'andautoregression', 'predict', 'possible', 'numberof', 'cases', 'future', 'predicted', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'ofindia', 'recorded', 'table', 'thepredicted', 'values', 'actual', 'values', 'together', 'goodagreement', 'prediction', 'helpfulrajani', 'kumari', 'analysis', 'predictions', 'ofspread', 'recovery', 'death', 'cansed', 'covid', 'india', 'updated', 'intrim', 'review', 'lessons', 'andmers', 'international', 'journal', 'ofinfectious', 'diseasesnew_paper']
['received', 'accepted', 'publication', 'current', 'version', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '2993967invited', 'paperquantifying', 'covid', 'content', 'onlinehealth', 'opinion', 'using', 'machine', 'learningrichard', 'nicolás', 'velásquez', 'leahy', 'nicholas', 'johnson', 'restrepo', 'nicholas', 'gabriel5', 'yonatan', 'johnson', '51department', 'computer', 'science', 'george', 'washington', 'university', 'washington', '20052', 'usa2institute', 'democracy', 'politics', 'george', 'washington', 'university', 'washington', '20052', 'usa3elliott', 'school', 'international', 'affairs', 'george', 'washington', 'university', 'washington', '20052', 'usa4clustrx', 'washington', '20007', 'usa5department', 'physics', 'george', 'washington', 'university', 'washington', '20052', 'usa6department', 'political', 'science', 'george', 'washington', 'university', 'washington', '20052', 'usacorresponding', 'author', 'johnson', 'neiljohnson', 'abstract', 'amount', 'potentially', 'dangerous', 'covid', 'misinformation', 'appearing', 'online', 'herewe', 'machine', 'learning', 'quantify', 'covid', 'content', 'among', 'online', 'opponents', 'establishment', 'healthguidance', 'particular', 'vaccinations', 'community', 'developing', 'aless', 'focused', 'debate', 'around', 'covid', 'counterpart', 'vaccination', 'community', 'however', 'community', 'exhibits', 'broader', 'range', 'flavors', 'covid', 'topics', 'hence', 'canappeal', 'broader', 'cross', 'section', 'individuals', 'seeking', 'covid', 'guidance', 'online', 'individuals', 'waryof', 'mandatory', 'tracked', 'covid', 'vaccine', 'those', 'seeking', 'alternative', 'remedies', 'hence', 'vaxcommunity', 'looks', 'better', 'positioned', 'attract', 'fresh', 'support', 'going', 'forward', 'community', 'thisis', 'concerning', 'since', 'widespread', 'adoption', 'covid', 'vaccine', 'world', 'falls', 'short', 'ofproviding', 'immunity', 'leaving', 'countries', 'future', 'covid', 'resurgences', 'provide', 'mechanisticmodel', 'interprets', 'these', 'results', 'could', 'assessing', 'likely', 'efficacy', 'intervention', 'strategies', 'approach', 'scalable', 'hence', 'tackles', 'urgent', 'problem', 'facing', 'social', 'media', 'platforms', 'having', 'toanalyze', 'volumes', 'online', 'health', 'misinformation', 'disinformation', 'index', 'terms', 'covid', 'machine', 'learning', 'topic', 'modeling', 'mechanistic', 'model', 'social', 'computing', 'introductionscientific', 'experts', 'agree', 'defeating', 'covid', 'dependon', 'developing', 'vaccine', 'however', 'assumes', 'suffi', 'ciently', 'large', 'proportion', 'people', 'would', 'receive', 'vaccineso', 'immunity', 'achieved', 'because', 'vaccines', 'effective', 'older', 'people', 'require', 'youngergenerations', 'covid', 'vaccination', 'ratesin', 'order', 'guarantee', 'immunity', 'there', 'alreadysignificant', 'opposition', 'existing', 'vaccinations', 'againstmeasles', 'parents', 'already', 'refusing', 'vaccinatetheir', 'children', 'vaccine', 'opposition', 'increased', 'numberthe', 'associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript', 'andapproving', 'publication', 'derek', 'abbott', 'cases', 'measles', 'outbreak', 'andbeyond', 'future', 'covid', 'vaccine', 'likely', 'facesimilar', 'opposition', 'mandatory', 'covid', 'vaccina', 'tions', 'schoolchildren', 'could', 'trigger', 'global', 'public', 'healthconflict', 'better', 'understanding', 'opposition', 'ahead', 'covid', 'vaccine', 'therefore', 'critical', 'scientists', 'publichealth', 'practitioners', 'governments', 'online', 'social', 'media', 'platforms', 'particular', 'built', 'communities', 'platforms', 'facebook', 'feature', 'become', 'popular', 'vaccine', 'opponents', 'congregate', 'share', 'health', 'information', 'information', 'endanger', 'public', 'health', 'individual', 'safety', 'likewise', 'vaccine', 'supporters', 'congre', 'online', 'communities', 'discuss', 'advocate', 'for91886', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'volume', '2020r', 'quantifying', 'covid', 'content', 'online', 'health', 'opinion', 'using', 'machine', 'learningprofessional', 'public', 'health', 'guidance', 'before', 'covid', 'there', 'already', 'intense', 'online', 'conflict', 'featuring', 'communities', 'communities', 'within', 'vaxcommunities', 'narratives', 'typically', 'generatemisinformation', 'about', 'establishment', 'medical', 'guidance', 'anddistrust', 'government', 'pharmaceutical', 'industry', 'newtechnologies', 'communications', 'addingfuel', 'january', 'birth', 'covid', 'infodemic', 'plethora', 'misinformation', 'insocial', 'media', 'surrounding', 'covid', 'directly', 'threatenslives', 'example', 'harmful', 'cures', 'being', 'proposedsuch', 'drinking', 'additives', 'bleach', 'urine', 'along', 'coordinated', 'threats', 'against', 'public', 'health', 'officialslike', 'anthony', 'fauci', 'director', 'national', 'insti', 'allergic', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'moreover', 'falserumors', 'circulating', 'individuals', 'skinare', 'immune', 'covid', 'these', 'contributed', 'tomore', 'relaxed', 'social', 'distancing', 'among', 'minorities', 'andhence', 'their', 'representation', 'victims', 'chicago', 'andlouisiana', 'early', 'april', 'fatalities', 'wereafrican', 'americans', 'though', 'demographic', 'makesup', 'population', 'addition', 'worldhas', 'witnessed', 'alarming', 'covid', 'weaponizationagainst', 'asian', 'community', 'clear', 'thatsuch', 'misinformation', 'fringe', 'phenomenon', 'caninstead', 'widely', 'within', 'general', 'ulation', 'indeed', 'recent', 'study', 'found', 'americans', 'believe', 'covid', 'virus', 'likely', 'createdin', 'laboratory', 'despite', 'statements', 'infectious', 'diseaseexperts', 'contrary', 'unfortunately', 'sheer', 'volume', 'online', 'content', 'andthe', 'speed', 'which', 'spreads', 'means', 'social', 'mediacompanies', 'struggling', 'contain', 'health', 'misinfor', 'mation', 'making', 'matters', 'worse', 'people', 'around', 'theworld', 'spending', 'social', 'media', 'socialdistancing', 'imposed', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'thisincreases', 'likelihood', 'become', 'exposed', 'suchmisinformation', 'result', 'themselves', 'andtheir', 'contacts', 'dangerous', 'covid', 'remedies', 'cures', 'falsehoods', 'present', 'study', 'motivated', 'these', 'needs', 'theneed', 'deeper', 'understanding', 'intersection', 'betweenonline', 'vaccination', 'opposition', 'online', 'conversationsurrounding', 'covid', 'automatedapproach', 'since', 'sheer', 'volume', 'online', 'material', 'everyday', 'makes', 'manual', 'analysis', 'viable', 'option', 'going', 'pursue', 'automated', 'machine', 'learning', 'approachthat', 'avoids', 'scalability', 'limitations', 'manual', 'content', 'while', 'present', 'paper', 'first', 'lenging', 'longer', 'automated', 'approach', 'wepresent', 'allows', 'following', 'questions', 'addressed', 'howdid', 'covid', 'change', 'online', 'conversation', 'within', 'vaccination', 'vaccination', 'communities', 'twomonth', 'period', 'early', 'disease', 'became', 'globalthreat', 'topical', 'changes', 'observe', 'theanti', 'online', 'communities', 'narratives', 'implyabout', 'their', 'relative', 'abilities', 'attract', 'supporters', 'goingforward', 'unlike', 'existing', 'works', 'study', 'twitterdata', 'since', 'known', 'twitter', 'abroadcast', 'medium', 'individual', 'shout', 'whereas', 'discus', 'sions', 'narratives', 'nurtured', 'built', 'onlinecommunity', 'spaces', 'specific', 'feature', 'platformslike', 'facebook', 'twitter', 'havesuch', 'built', 'community', 'spaces', 'present', 'methodology', 'generalized', 'collected', 'theseonline', 'communities', 'specifically', 'facebook', 'pages', 'either', 'vaccination', 'vaccination', 'views', 'thisinformation', 'publicly', 'available', 'require', 'anyindividual', 'details', 'thereby', 'avoiding', 'privacy', 'concerns', 'understanding', 'content', 'conversation', 'amonga', 'crowd', 'people', 'world', 'public', 'space', 'doesnot', 'require', 'knowledge', 'personal', 'details', 'about', 'viduals', 'within', 'crowd', 'details', 'approach', 'givenin', 'appendix', 'third', 'difference', 'between', 'thisstudy', 'previous', 'machine', 'learning', 'findingshere', 'interpreted', 'terms', 'mechanistic', 'model', 'captures', 'general', 'trend', 'coherence', 'onlineconversations', 'though', 'still', 'needs', 'bedone', 'study', 'therefore', 'provides', 'first', 'toward', 'fullyautomated', 'interpretable', 'understanding', 'growingpublic', 'health', 'debate', 'concerning', 'vaccines', 'covid', 'machine', 'learning', 'analysisthe', 'terms', 'facebook', 'cluster', 'inter', 'changeably', 'since', 'facebook', 'cluster', 'ofpeople', 'facebook', 'pages', 'known', 'pages', 'publicpages', 'accounts', 'represent', 'organizations', 'causes', 'munities', 'public', 'figures', 'according', 'facebook', 'policies', 'content', 'posted', 'public', 'viewed', 'byeveryone', 'facebookpage', 'different', 'facebook', 'personal', 'account', 'personalaccounts', 'represent', 'private', 'individuals', 'their', 'posts', 'andinteractions', 'considered', 'private', 'targeted', 'theirimmediate', 'contacts', 'paper', 'analyze', 'frompersonal', 'accounts', 'methodology', 'follows', 'byanalyzing', 'public', 'content', 'facebook', 'pages', 'vaccination', 'vaccination', 'communities', 'publicly', 'available', 'content', 'these', 'onlinecommunities', 'obtained', 'using', 'snowball', 'approach', 'startingwith', 'manually', 'identified', 'pages', 'discussing', 'eithervaccines', 'public', 'policies', 'about', 'vaccination', 'antivaccination', 'debate', 'their', 'connections', 'other', 'pagesare', 'indexed', 'clusters', 'evaluated', 'througha', 'combination', 'human', 'coding', 'computer', 'assisted', 'filters', 'classify', 'cluster', 'being', 'including', 'covid', 'content', 'reviewed', 'itsposts', 'about', 'section', 'vaxclassifications', 'required', 'either', 'least', 'mostrecent', 'posts', 'dealt', 'debate', 'title', 'about', 'section', 'described', 'aspro', 'least', 'researchers', 'classified', 'eachvolume', '91887r', 'quantifying', 'covid', 'content', 'online', 'health', 'opinion', 'using', 'machine', 'learningcluster', 'independently', 'disagreed', 'their', 'suggestedclassification', 'third', 'researcher', 'reviewed', 'posts', 'thenall', 'three', 'reviewers', 'discussed', 'these', 'cases', 'agreement', 'wasreached', 'enabled', 'distinguishbetween', 'content', 'intended', 'serious', 'versus', 'merelysatirical', 'weeding', 'tendency', 'within', 'facebook', 'pagestends', 'reduce', 'material', 'profiles', 'keptthe', 'present', 'study', 'focused', 'english', 'though', 'beeasily', 'generalized', 'using', 'procedure', 'beyond', 'study', 'global', 'limited', 'particular', 'region', 'content', 'these', 'clusters', 'bundled', 'togetherseparately', 'community', 'munity', 'resulting', 'content', 'analyzedusing', 'machine', 'learning', 'specifically', 'unsuper', 'vised', 'machine', 'learning', 'technique', 'called', 'latent', 'dirichletallocation', 'analyze', 'emergence', 'evolu', 'topics', 'around', 'covid', 'method', 'modelsdocuments', 'distributions', 'topics', 'topics', 'distribu', 'tions', 'words', 'during', 'training', 'process', 'these', 'distributionsare', 'adjusted', 'dataset', 'method', 'describedcorrectly', 'wikipedia', 'quote', 'generative', 'statisti', 'model', 'allows', 'observations', 'explained', 'byunobserved', 'groups', 'explain', 'parts', 'dataare', 'similar', 'example', 'observations', 'words', 'collectedinto', 'documents', 'posits', 'document', 'mixtureof', 'small', 'number', 'topics', 'presenceis', 'attributable', 'document', 'topics', 'anexample', 'topic', 'model', 'belongs', 'machine', 'learn', 'toolbox', 'wider', 'sense', 'artificial', 'intelligencetoolbox', 'coherence', 'score', 'provides', 'quantitative', 'method', 'formeasuring', 'alignment', 'words', 'within', 'identifiedtopic', 'generated', 'separate', 'algorithmwhich', 'trained', 'model', 'overall', 'coherencescore', 'single', 'model', 'arithmetic', 'topic', 'coherences', 'there', 'different', 'coherence', 'metricsto', 'evaluate', 'topic', 'coherence', 'which', 'basedon', 'sliding', 'window', 'segmentation', 'wordsand', 'indirect', 'confirmation', 'measure', 'normalizedpoint', 'mutual', 'information', 'cosine', 'similarity', 'itcomprises', 'collections', 'probability', 'measures', 'oftentop', 'words', 'topics', 'occur', 'other', 'examplesof', 'topics', 'refer', 'explanation', 'anddiscussion', 'machine', 'learning', 'automation', 'principle', 'helpaddress', 'significant', 'issues', 'facing', 'social', 'media', 'platformsby', 'mechanically', 'picking', 'material', 'requires', 'atten', 'haystack', 'online', 'content', 'while', 'thiscould', 'better', 'curtail', 'online', 'misinformation', 'mightrightly', 'about', 'accuracy', 'reliability', 'compared', 'tohuman', 'analysts', 'recently', 'addressed', 'weuse', 'coherence', 'metric', 'these', 'authors', 'theyaddressed', 'problem', 'topic', 'models', 'previously', 'givenno', 'guarantee', 'interpretability', 'their', 'output', 'specifi', 'cally', 'produced', 'several', 'benchmark', 'datasets', 'humanjudgements', 'interpretability', 'topics', 'foundresults', 'outperformed', 'existing', 'measures', 'respect', 'tocorrelation', 'human', 'ratings', 'achieved', 'evaluat', 'coherence', 'measures', 'different', 'benchmarksfor', 'topic', 'coherence', 'making', 'biggest', 'study', 'topiccoherences', 'separately', 'owncomparison', 'general', 'online', 'foundcomparable', 'consistency', 'summary', 'machine', 'learning', 'approach', 'identifies', 'online', 'narratives', 'coherence', 'meaning', 'theword', 'groupings', 'identified', 'strongly', 'related', 'according', 'tothe', 'coherence', 'scoring', 'approach', 'discussed', 'earlier', 'humaninspection', 'distribution', 'making', 'groupingshowed', 'indeed', 'correspond', 'reasonably', 'distinctconversation', 'topics', 'details', 'examples', 'given', 'theappendix', 'resultsthe', 'focus', 'endogenous', 'development', 'ofcovid', 'conversation', 'beginning', 'global', 'demic', 'prior', 'first', 'officially', 'reported', 'covid', '19death', 'february', 'hence', 'collected', 'public', 'period', '2020inclusive', 'assess', 'change', 'period', 'wasdivided', 'intervals', 'since', 'having', 'intervalswould', 'smaller', 'amounts', 'within', 'hencemore', 'fluctuations', 'since', 'interested', 'thechange', 'intervals', 'chosen', 'equal', 'first', 'interval', 'contains', 'total', 'posts', 'replies', '3630total', 'posts', 'replies', 'second', 'interval2', 'contains', 'total', 'posts', 'andreplies', 'total', 'posts', 'replies', 'hence', 'ourtwo', 'equal', 'windows', 'contains', 'similar', 'amounts', 'wechecked', 'results', 'relatively', 'robust', 'other', 'choicesof', 'interval', 'interestingly', 'roughly', 'corresponds', 'tothe', 'covid', 'largely', 'problemin', 'while', 'roughly', 'corresponds', 'duringwhich', 'became', 'serious', 'problem', 'europe', 'furtherreassurance', 'representative', 'covid', '19conversation', 'during', 'these', 'intervals', 'checked', 'thedata', 'split', 'similar', 'mentions', 'covid', 'inarticle', 'counts', 'worldwide', 'anglophone', 'newspapers', 'andworldwide', 'google', 'trends', 'models', 'trained', 'posts', 'followingdistinct', 'groups', 'vaccination', 'posts', 'vaccinationposts', 'vaccination', 'posts', 'vaccinationposts', 'these', 'separate', 'modelswere', 'trained', 'number', 'topics', 'parameter', 'rangingfrom', 'total', 'models', 'groups', 'fuller', 'details', 'given', 'appendix', 'coherencealgorithm', 'these', 'models', 'thecoherence', 'scores', 'averaged', 'number', 'topics', 'these', 'averaged', 'scores', 'plotted', 'figures', 'figure', 'shows', 'result', 'procedure', 'applied', 'toall', 'posts', 'dataset', 'vaccination', 'posts', 'andto', 'vaccination', 'posts', '91888', 'volume', '2020r', 'quantifying', 'covid', 'content', 'online', 'health', 'opinion', 'using', 'machine', 'learningfigure', 'coherence', 'scores', 'cvfor', 'dashed', 'vaxcontent', 'dotted', 'combined', 'dashed', 'dottedline', 'calculated', 'entire', 'period', 'study', 'vaxcontent', 'separate', 'periods', 'orange', 'number', 'topics', 'which', 'coherence', 'score', 'maximum', 'isindicated', 'optimal', 'number', 'topics', 'optimal', 'number', 'topicsfor', 'moves', 'content', 'theseparate', 'periods', 'orange', 'optimalnumber', 'topics', 'moves', 'coherence', 'score', 'entire', 'period', 'study', 'consistently', 'larger', 'across', 'numberof', 'topics', 'suggesting', 'thepro', 'community', 'overall', 'focused', 'discussionaround', 'covid', 'consistent', 'withthe', 'community', 'featuring', 'monolithic', 'discus', 'around', 'public', 'health', 'namely', 'focused', 'advisingpeople', 'follow', 'professional', 'medical', 'guidance', 'community', 'higheroverall', 'coherence', 'positioned', 'engagewith', 'variety', 'blurry', 'often', 'extreme', 'covid', 'narratives', 'circulating', 'online', 'thisrepresents', 'significant', 'potential', 'disadvantage', 'vaxcommunity', 'therefore', 'attract', 'theattention', 'different', 'types', 'users', 'nowentering', 'online', 'space', 'search', 'particular', 'nuanced', 'flavor', 'covid', 'narrative', 'appeals', 'theseusers', 'could', 'consequently', 'pulled', 'toward', 'cause', 'figures', 'indicate', 'change', 'paring', 'curves', 'coherence', 'score', 'across', 'number', 'oftopics', 'periods', 'curve', 'movesup', 'community', 'andthe', 'optimal', 'number', 'topics', 'shows', 'dramatic', 'decreasefrom', 'consistent', 'notion', 'community', 'working', 'toward', 'common', 'covid', '19interpretation', 'narrative', 'fewer', 'flavors', 'discussionand', 'interpretation', 'community', 'again', 'whilethis', 'sound', 'strength', 'suggests', 'vaxcommunity', 'overall', 'actually', 'becoming', 'appealing', 'overtime', 'different', 'types', 'users', 'insearch', 'their', 'covid', 'narrative', 'flavor', 'contrast', 'curves', 'community', 'smaller', 'reduction', 'optimal', 'number', 'topics', 'curves', 'opposite', 'direc', 'hence', 'compensates', 'smallincrease', 'focus', 'reduction', 'optimal', 'number', 'topics', 'overall', 'reduction', 'coherence', 'these', 'topicsfor', 'effectively', 'blurry', 'original', 'hence', 'overall', 'community', 'becoming', 'moreaccommodating', 'diverse', 'population', 'additionscoming', 'online', 'health', 'space', 'figure', 'shows', 'visualization', 'detail', 'about', 'theinformation', 'structure', 'individual', 'topics', 'farthese', 'topics', 'another', 'terms', 'informationaldistance', 'obtained', 'using', 'pyldavis', 'package', 'which', 'provides', 'global', 'topics', 'howthey', 'differ', 'other', 'while', 'allowingfor', 'deeper', 'inspection', 'terms', 'highly', 'associatedwith', 'individual', 'topic', 'provides', 'novel', 'method', 'forimplying', 'relevance', 'topic', 'study', 'showed', 'ranking', 'terms', 'purely', 'their', 'probability', 'under', 'atopic', 'contrast', 'suboptimal', 'topic', 'interpretation', 'werefer', 'details', 'ldavis', 'change', 'community', 'periodt1', 'optimal', 'numberof', 'topics', 'decreases', 'number', 'circles', 'decreasesfrom', 'following', 'topics', 'evolve', 'tobecome', 'located', 'mostly', 'portion', 'space', 'toward', 'right', 'following', 'change', 'community', 'period', 'optimal', 'numberof', 'topics', 'starts', 'slightly', 'smaller', 'butalthough', 'decreases', 'number', 'ofcircles', 'decreases', 'there', 'topics', 'circlesvolume', '91889r', 'quantifying', 'covid', 'content', 'online', 'health', 'opinion', 'using', 'machine', 'learningfigure', 'visualization', 'informational', 'structure', 'individualtopics', 'relate', 'other', 'obtained', 'usingpyldavis', 'circles', 'topics', 'which', 'theaverage', 'coherence', 'score', 'highest', 'optimal', 'number', 'topics', 'their', 'indicates', 'marginal', 'topic', 'distribution', 'discussed', 'detailin', 'while', 'principal', 'components', 'distributionanalysis', 'period', 'topics', 'spread', 'across', 'space', 'infig', 'compared', 'these', 'observations', 'areconsistent', 'earlier', 'interpretations', 'vaxcommunity', 'focused', 'equivalently', 'narrower', 'theanti', 'community', 'terms', 'covid', 'narratives', 'andthat', 'community', 'evolving', 'toward', 'commoncovid', 'interpretation', 'narrative', 'lower', 'diversityon', 'offer', 'community', 'toward', 'mechanistic', 'model', 'interpretationwe', 'created', 'mechanistic', 'model', 'further', 'supports', 'theseempirical', 'findings', 'provides', 'microscopic', 'interpretationof', 'machine', 'learning', 'output', 'specifically', 'generated', 'acomputer', 'simulation', 'ecology', 'online', 'components', 'ofthe', 'overall', 'community', 'content', 'which', 'characterizedby', 'vector', 'which', 'component', 'xisignifies', 'strength', 'given', 'factor', 'surrounding', 'onlinehealth', 'debate', 'government', 'control', 'exact', 'nature', 'ofthese', 'components', 'specified', 'whetherthey', 'words', 'short', 'phrases', 'matters', 'there', 'diverse', 'ecology', 'building', 'blocks', 'mechanisticmodel', 'setup', 'while', 'seemingly', 'simplistic', 'indeedreflect', 'empirical', 'observations', 'literature', 'surroundingthe', 'themes', 'online', 'discussions', 'vaccination', 'opposition', 'aslisted', 'studied', 'detail', 'carry', 'asimulation', 'whereby', 'these', 'components', 'selected', 'randomlyto', 'build', 'content', 'components', 'cluster', 'together', 'theirclusters', 'cluster', 'together', 'already', 'cluster', 'theirfigure', 'output', 'mechanistic', 'model', 'which', 'clusters', 'ifthe', 'component', 'values', 'sufficiently', 'similar', 'homophily', 'inpanel', 'different', 'heterophily', 'panel', 'values', 'sufficiently', 'similar', 'homophily', 'ordifferent', 'heterophily', 'illustrate', 'outputof', 'model', 'shows', 'dimensional', 'version', 'wechecked', 'dimensional', 'version', 'gives', 'similar', 'results', 'though', 'visually', 'complicated', 'because', 'having', 'thetime', 'component', 'along', 'third', 'dimension', 'importantly', 'produces', 'plots', 'visually', 'similar', 'those', 'homophily', 'whichis', 'building', 'monolithic', 'topic', 'discussion', 'withfew', 'flavors', 'community', 'convergencethat', 'quicker', 'observed', 'vaxcommunity', 'contrast', 'heterophily', 'which', 'isakin', 'building', 'diverse', 'topic', 'discussions', 'flavors', 'community', 'slower', 'which', 'sistent', 'community', 'reddotted', 'horizontal', 'gives', 'indicationof', 'stage', 'simulation', 'broadly', 'consistent', 'withfigs', 'communitiesrespectively', 'delay', 'gelation', 'observed', 'forheterophily', 'compared', 'homophily', 'derived', 'analytically', 'using', 'mathematicalanalysis', 'statistical', 'physics', 'details', 'particular', 'atwhich', 'gelation', 'emerges', 'depends', 'inversely', 'averageprobability', 'randomly', 'picked', 'components', 'thesame', 'cluster', 'which', 'smaller', 'heterophily', 'homophilyand', 'hence', 'gelation', 'later', 'heterophily', 'thanhomophily', 'exactly', 'observed', 'similarly', 'canbe', 'shown', 'mathematically', 'gelation', 'sizes', 'thesizes', 'circles', 'smaller', 'heterophilythan', 'homophily', 'observed', 'again', 'instead', 'being', 'vaxcommunity', 'simulation', 'mechanistic', 'model', 'showsthat', 'homophily', 'absorb', 'aninflux', 'users', 'range', 'values', 'compared', 'tothe', 'heterophily', 'consistent', 'theidea', 'stated', 'earlier', 'community', 'appears', 'moreengaging', 'users', 'parents', 'children', 'school', 'school', 'vaccine', 'requirements', 'feargovernment', 'control', 'hence', 'ableto', 'supporters', '91890', 'volume', '2020r', 'quantifying', 'covid', 'content', 'online', 'health', 'opinion', 'using', 'machine', 'learningv', 'limitations', 'studythere', 'course', 'limitations', 'study', 'thereare', 'other', 'social', 'media', 'platforms', 'apart', 'facebook', 'thatshould', 'explored', 'facebook', 'largest', 'similarbehaviors', 'should', 'arise', 'platform', 'where', 'communitiescan', 'interesting', 'example', 'compareour', 'findings', 'other', 'studies', 'focused', 'twitter', 'where', 'saging', 'short', 'individual', 'statements', 'there', 'question', 'influence', 'external', 'agents', 'orentities', 'however', 'these', 'social', 'media', 'communities', 'tendto', 'police', 'themselves', 'troll', 'behavior', 'furtheranalysis', 'required', 'details', 'content', 'willrequire', 'going', 'beyond', 'perhaps', 'beyond', 'since', 'memes', 'images', 'shared', 'generativemodel', 'output', 'needs', 'compared', 'detail', 'evolution', 'topics', 'further', 'research', 'required', 'formu', 'results', 'across', 'platforms', 'detailed', 'actionableconsequences', 'policy', 'makers', 'these', 'limitations', 'beaddressed', 'future', 'conclusionthese', 'findings', 'suggest', 'online', 'community', 'isdeveloping', 'diverse', 'hence', 'broadly', 'accommo', 'dating', 'discussion', 'around', 'covid', 'munity', 'result', 'community', 'ofmaking', 'itself', 'engaging', 'heterogeneous', 'ecology', 'ofpotential', 'users', 'online', 'covid', 'discus', 'arrive', 'online', 'broad', 'concerns', 'questions', 'possibly', 'preconceived', 'notions', 'misinforma', 'falsehoods', 'analysis', 'paper', 'provides', 'first', 'towardeventually', 'either', 'replacing', 'least', 'supplementing', 'thenon', 'scalable', 'efforts', 'human', 'moderators', 'tasked', 'tifying', 'online', 'misinformation', 'addition', 'mechanisticmodel', 'could', 'scenario', 'testing', 'ofhow', 'quickly', 'coherence', 'develops', 'impact', 'wouldbe', 'breaking', 'coherence', 'around', 'certain', 'topics', 'counter', 'messaging', 'against', 'individuals', 'ingesting', 'bleach', 'orthe', 'newer', 'covid', 'organics', 'circulating', 'acure', 'madagscar', 'africa', 'beyond', 'achievedby', 'using', 'empirical', 'analysis', 'repeated', 'overmultiple', 'consecutive', 'intervals', 'identify', 'growthof', 'topics', 'around', 'words', 'which', 'gaining', 'larity', 'bleach', 'facebook', 'forexample', 'could', 'specifically', 'target', 'these', 'specificnew', 'words', 'topics', 'rather', 'blanket', 'vanilla', 'messagingpromoting', 'establishment', 'medical', 'science', 'narratives', 'overall', 'approach', 'shows', 'machine', 'learning', 'rithm', 'algorithm', 'identifies', 'plausible', 'topics', 'withincollections', 'posts', 'online', 'communities', 'surroundingthe', 'vaccine', 'covid', 'debate', 'addition', 'beingable', 'handle', 'large', 'quantities', 'results', 'emergequickly', 'using', 'statistical', 'grouping', 'techniques', 'instead', 'potentially', 'biased', 'costly', 'humanlabeling', 'appendixas', 'mentioned', 'methodology', 'starts', 'aseed', 'manually', 'identified', 'facebook', 'pages', 'discussing', 'eithervaccines', 'public', 'policies', 'about', 'vaccination', 'antivaccination', 'debate', 'their', 'connections', 'other', 'pagesare', 'indexed', 'findings', 'vetted', 'through', 'acombination', 'human', 'coding', 'computer', 'assisted', 'filters', 'snowball', 'process', 'continued', 'noting', 'links', 'canoften', 'members', 'already', 'hence', 'someform', 'closure', 'principle', 'achieved', 'processleads', 'containing', 'hundreds', 'pages', 'theanti', 'communities', 'before', 'training', 'ldamodels', 'several', 'steps', 'employed', 'clean', 'content', 'ofthese', 'pages', 'similar', 'other', 'analyses', 'theliterature', 'mentions', 'shorteners', 'removed', 'suchas', 'since', 'these', 'fragments', 'output', 'facebook', 'scrowdtangle', 'posts', 'external', 'websites', 'factthat', 'these', 'specific', 'websites', 'mentioned', 'could', 'itself', 'aninteresting', 'component', 'covid', 'conversation', 'henceinstead', 'removing', 'completely', 'pieces', 'replaced', '__gov', '__com', '__org', 'respectively', 'operation', 'effectively', 'catenates', 'domains', 'filtered', 'bythe', 'later', 'preprocessing', 'steps', 'posts', 'through', 'gensim', 'ple_preprocess', 'function', 'which', 'tokenizes', 'spacesand', 'removes', 'tokens', 'characters', 'thisstep', 'removes', 'numeric', 'punctuation', 'characters', 'tokens', 'gensim', 'stopwords', 'areremoved', 'example', 'indication', 'atopic', 'tokens', 'lemmatized', 'using', 'wordnetlem', 'matizer', 'natural', 'language', 'toolkit', 'whichconverts', 'words', 'singular', 'present', 'tense', 'tokens', 'stemmed', 'using', 'snowballstemmerfrom', 'which', 'removes', 'affixes', 'words', 'remaining', 'fragments', 'other', 'thandomain', 'after', 'stemming', 'removed', 'steps', 'ensure', 'words', 'compared', 'fairlyduring', 'training', 'process', 'particular', 'wordis', 'strong', 'indicator', 'topic', 'signal', 'justbecause', 'different', 'forms', 'these', 'steps', 'relyon', 'words', 'existing', 'pretrained', 'vocabulary', 'anyword', 'vocabulary', 'unchanged', 'after', 'thispreprocessing', 'train', 'models', 'cleaneddata', 'specifically', 'separate', 'models', 'trained', 'withthe', 'number', 'topics', 'parameter', 'ranging', 'atotal', 'models', 'intervals', 'andt2', 'coherence', 'algorithm', 'ofthese', 'models', 'coherence', 'scores', 'averagedfor', 'number', 'topics', 'produce', 'results', 'multipletrials', 'number', 'topics', 'ensure', 'thevolume', '91891r', 'quantifying', 'covid', 'content', 'online', 'health', 'opinion', 'using', 'machine', 'learningcoherence', 'particular', 'number', 'topics', 'representativeof', 'models', 'extension', 'betterfit', 'result', 'unaccounted', 'noiseswaying', 'model', 'overfit', 'another', 'thesetrials', 'independent', 'because', 'random', 'number', 'generatorfor', 'model', 'initialized', 'different', 'ensuring', 'statistical', 'inferences', 'repeated', 'thegithub', 'https', 'github', 'searri', 'social', 'clustering', 'research', 'coronavirus', 'following', 'illustrates', 'topic', 'output', 'focusing', 'interval', 'topicshad', 'coronavirus', 'among', 'highest', 'weightedwords', 'topic', 'focused', 'around', 'coronavirus', 'vaccine', 'occuring', 'together', 'others', 'vitamin', 'relation', 'alternative', 'treatments', 'weapon', 'related', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'covid', 'origin', 'withinone', 'topics', 'which', 'focused', 'around', 'alternative', 'healthexplanations', 'cures', 'words', 'vitamin', 'illus', 'trative', 'posts', 'include', 'following', 'oneof', 'coalition', 'vaccine', 'choice', 'pages', 'spellingmistakes', 'story', 'epidemic', 'corona', 'virus', 'china', 'cover', 'story', 'forthe', 'reality', 'health', 'problems', 'technologyexposure', 'coroborated', 'other', 'factors', 'vaccination', 'alimentation', 'vitamins', 'water', 'pollution', 'ofsleep', 'scientists', 'shown', 'level', 'microwaveemf', 'exposure', 'result', 'activation', 'elevatedintracellular', 'calcium', 'meanwhile', 'topic', 'focused', 'onconspiracy', 'theories', 'words', 'weapon', 'example', 'phrase', 'posting', 'keeping', 'worldunder', 'thumb', 'tyrants', 'soldiers', 'meansthat', 'expendable', 'trained', 'nature', 'arebeing', 'micro', 'managed', 'people', 'caringthought', 'thousand', 'miles', 'littleof', 'nature', 'battle', 'illustrates', 'ofdetailed', 'analyses', 'carried', 'check', 'automatedapproach', 'which', 'underlie', 'claim', 'groupings', 'docorrespond', 'reasonably', 'distinct', 'conversation', 'topics', 'acknowledgmentcrowdtangle', 'available', 'institute', 'democracy', 'politics', 'new_paper']
['special', 'section', 'emerging', 'learning', 'theories', 'andmethods', 'biomedical', 'engineeringreceived', 'accepted', 'publication', 'current', 'version', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3005510weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'forcovid', 'infection', 'detection', 'andclassification', 'imagesshaoping', 'member', 'zhangming', 'yinghui', 'jiang4', 'xianglu', 'xiao3', 'minhao', 'wang4', 'evandro', 'fang6', 'menpes', 'smith3', 'guang', 'member', '1radiology', 'department', 'hospital', 'wuhan', 'cross', 'society', 'wuhan', '430015', 'china2institute', 'biomedical', 'engineering', 'university', 'oxford', 'oxford', '3aladdin', 'healthcare', 'technologies', 'london', '4hangzhou', 'ocean', 'smart', 'company', 'hangzhou', '310016', 'china5mind', 'admiralty', 'kong6department', 'clinical', 'molecular', 'biology', 'university', 'norway7radiology', 'department', 'shenzhen', 'second', 'people', 'hospital', 'shenzhen', '518035', 'china8pet', 'center', 'hunan', 'cancer', 'hospital', 'changsha', '410013', 'china9nhli', 'imperial', 'college', 'london', 'london', '10royal', 'brompton', 'hospital', 'london', 'corresponding', 'authors', 'yuxin75831', 'guang', 'imperial', 'supported', 'european', 'research', 'council', 'innovative', 'medicines', 'initiative', 'development', 'therapeutics', 'anddiagnostics', 'combatting', 'coronavirus', 'infections', 'award', 'dragon', 'rapid', 'secure', 'imaging', 'based', 'diagnosis', 'stratification', 'follow', 'preparedness', 'coronavirus', 'pandemics', 'under', 'grant', 'h2020', '101005122', 'hangzhou', 'abstract', 'outbreak', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'recorded', 'wuhan', 'china', 'since', 'december', 'which', 'subsequently', 'became', 'pandemic', 'around', 'world', 'althoughcovid', 'acutely', 'treated', 'disease', 'fatal', 'fatality', 'chinaand', 'highest', 'algeria', 'italy', 'april', 'onset', 'seriousillness', 'result', 'death', 'consequence', 'substantial', 'alveolar', 'damage', 'progressive', 'respiratoryfailure', 'although', 'laboratory', 'testing', 'using', 'reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'golden', 'standard', 'clinical', 'diagnosis', 'tests', 'produce', 'false', 'negatives', 'moreover', 'under', 'thepandemic', 'situation', 'shortage', 'testing', 'resources', 'delay', 'following', 'clinical', 'decisionand', 'treatment', 'under', 'circumstances', 'chest', 'imaging', 'become', 'valuable', 'diagnosisand', 'prognosis', 'covid', 'patients', 'study', 'propose', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'strategyfor', 'detecting', 'classifying', 'covid', 'infection', 'images', 'proposed', 'method', 'minimise', 'therequirements', 'manual', 'labelling', 'images', 'still', 'obtain', 'accurate', 'infection', 'detection', 'anddistinguish', 'covid', 'covid', 'cases', 'based', 'promising', 'results', 'obtained', 'qualitatively', 'andquantitatively', 'envisage', 'deployment', 'developed', 'technique', 'large', 'scale', 'clinical', 'studies', 'index', 'terms', 'covid', 'learning', 'weakly', 'supervision', 'images', 'classification', 'convolutionalneural', 'network', 'introductioncoronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'widespreadworldwide', 'since', 'december', 'highly', 'conta', 'gious', 'severe', 'cases', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'distressor', 'multiple', 'organ', 'failure', 'march', 'whohas', 'assessment', 'covid', 'characterisedas', 'pandemic', 'april', 'total', 'casesthe', 'associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript', 'andapproving', 'publication', 'shuihua', 'covid', 'recorded', 'death', 'hasreached', 'rapid', 'increase', 'cases', 'europe', 'andnorth', 'america', 'disease', 'confirmed', 'using', 'reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'while', 'being', 'standard', 'diagnosis', 'confirmingcovid', 'patients', 'using', 'consuming', 'andboth', 'false', 'negative', 'rates', 'sensitivities', 'puthurdles', 'presumptive', 'patients', 'identified', 'andtreated', 'early', 'volume', '20202020', 'article', 'access', 'download', 'along', 'rights', 'mining', 'analysis', '118869s', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'detection', 'classification', 'imagesas', 'invasive', 'imaging', 'technique', 'computed', 'tomog', 'raphy', 'detect', 'those', 'characteristics', 'bilateralpatchy', 'shadows', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacity', 'manifestedin', 'covid', 'infected', 'hence', 'serveas', 'important', 'covid', 'patients', 'screenedand', 'diagnosed', 'early', 'despite', 'advantages', 'sharesome', 'common', 'imagery', 'characteristics', 'between', 'covid', '19and', 'other', 'types', 'pneumonia', 'making', 'automated', 'distinc', 'difficult', 'recently', 'learning', 'based', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'technology', 'demonstrated', 'tremendous', 'success', 'fieldof', 'medical', 'analysis', 'capacity', 'extracting', 'richfeatures', 'multimodal', 'clinical', 'datasets', 'previously', 'learning', 'developed', 'diagnosing', 'distinguish', 'bacterial', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'thoracic', 'imagingdata', 'addition', 'attempts', 'detect', 'chest', 'imaging', 'features', 'current', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'learning', 'based', 'methods', 'devel', 'efficiently', 'chest', 'analysis', 'classifi', 'cation', 'besides', 'learning', 'algorithms', 'havebeen', 'proposed', 'covid', 'monitoring', 'screening', 'prediction', 'hospital', 'currentai', 'applications', 'covid', 'related', 'research', 'foundelsewhere', 'study', 'focus', 'chest', 'ctimage', 'based', 'localisation', 'infected', 'areas', 'diseaseclassification', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'patients', 'although', 'initial', 'studies', 'demonstrated', 'promisingresults', 'using', 'chest', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'anddetection', 'infected', 'regions', 'existing', 'methods', 'arebased', 'commonly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'scheme', 'thisrequires', 'considerable', 'amount', 'manual', 'labellingof', 'however', 'outbreak', 'situation', 'clinicianshave', 'limited', 'perform', 'tedious', 'manual', 'which', 'implementation', 'superviseddeep', 'learning', 'methods', 'study', 'propose', 'weaklysupervised', 'learning', 'framework', 'detect', 'covid', '19infected', 'regions', 'fully', 'automatically', 'using', 'chest', 'dataacquired', 'multiple', 'centres', 'multiple', 'scanners', 'basedon', 'detection', 'results', 'achieve', 'diagnosisfor', 'covid', 'patients', 'addition', 'thehypothesis', 'based', 'radiological', 'features', 'canclassify', 'covid', 'cases', 'community', 'acquired', 'monia', 'pneumonia', 'scans', 'using', 'deepneural', 'networks', 'developed', 'materials', 'methodsa', 'patients', 'datathis', 'retrospective', 'study', 'approved', 'institutionalreview', 'board', 'participating', 'hospitals', 'accordance', 'withlocal', 'ethics', 'procedures', 'further', 'consent', 'waived', 'withapproval', 'study', 'included', 'volumetric', 'chest', 'ctexams', 'covid', 'patients', 'respectively', 'total', 'patient', 'scans', 'acquired', 'participatinghospitals', 'between', 'september', 'march', 'wereincluded', 'further', 'analysis', 'table', 'summary', 'patient', 'demographic', 'statistics', 'covid', 'patients', 'confirmed', 'positive', 'bythe', 'rtpcr', 'testing', 'scanned', 'december', '2019to', 'march', 'according', 'diagnosis', 'treatmentprogram', 'covid', 'trial', 'version', 'sixth', 'issued', 'thenational', 'health', 'commission', 'china', 'clinical', 'sification', 'covid', 'patients', 'categorised', 'moderate', 'severe', 'critical', 'covid', 'patientswere', 'severe', 'critical', 'stage', 'scans', 'beenperformed', 'within', 'hospitalisation', 'other', 'disease', 'nodules', 'chronic', 'inflammation', 'chronic', 'obstructive', 'pulmonary', 'patients', 'randomly', 'chosen', 'participatinghospitals', 'between', 'september', 'january', 'theinclusion', 'criteria', 'patients', 'accordance', 'theguidelines', 'management', 'community', 'acquired', 'monia', 'adults', 'published', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'societyof', 'america', 'american', 'thoracic', 'society', 'diagnosisis', 'focused', 'existence', 'identified', 'clinical', 'character', 'istics', 'cough', 'fever', 'sputum', 'development', 'pleuriticchest', 'accompanied', 'pulmonary', 'examination', 'typically', 'chest', 'using', 'examination', 'patients', 'suspected', 'chest', 'radiograph', 'needed', 'determine', 'diagnosis', 'andto', 'better', 'distinguish', 'other', 'specific', 'causes', 'coughand', 'fever', 'acute', 'bronchitis', 'although', 'various', 'ctmanifestations', 'might', 'observed', 'different', 'pathogens', 'patients', 'laboratory', 'confirmed', 'bacterial', 'positive', 'cases', 'negative', 'cases', 'mycoplasmaand', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'assumption', 'proposedweakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'method', 'sense', 'subtlediscrepancies', 'images', 'acquired', 'covid', '19patients', 'patients', 'diagnosed', 'diseaseor', 'disease', 'nodules', 'chronic', 'inflammation', 'chronic', 'obstructive', 'pulmonary', 'disease', 'others', 'notethat', 'criterion', 'normal', 'context', 'ctexaminations', 'shown', 'obvious', 'lesions', 'lungs', 'demographic', 'statistics', 'patients', 'reportedin', 'table', 'anova', 'analysis', 'variance', 'wereconducted', 'gender', 'distribution', 'threepatient', 'groups', 'values', 'obtained', 'suggest', 'therewere', 'significant', 'differences', 'found', 'among', 'three', 'groups', 'interms', 'gender', 'distribution', 'covid', 'patients', 'admitted', 'hospi', 'china', 'including', 'patients', 'hospital', 'ofwuhan', 'cross', 'society', 'whrch', 'patientsfrom', 'shenzhen', 'second', 'hospital', 'capand', 'patients', 'recruited', 'covid', '19118870', 'volume', '2020s', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'detection', 'classification', 'imagestable', 'imaging', 'parameters', 'systems', 'covid', 'patients', 'patients', 'obtained', 'either', 'siemens', 'siemenssomatom', 'now16', 'whrch', 'revolution', 'systems', 'siemens', 'somatomgo', 'now16', 'system', 'scanning', 'parameters', 'asfollows', 'voltage', 'automatic', 'modulation', 'pitch', 'matrix', 'slice', 'thickness', 'field', 'reconstructed', 'slice', 'thickness', 'forthe', 'revolution', 'system', 'scanning', 'parameterswere', 'voltage', 'automatic', 'modulation', 'pitch', 'matrix', 'slice', 'thickness', 'field', 'ofview', 'reconstructed', 'slice', 'thick', 'patients', 'scannedusing', 'siemens', 'somatom', 'emotion', 'system', 'themain', 'imaging', 'parameters', 'voltage', 'matic', 'current', 'modulation', 'pitch', 'matrix', 'slice', 'thickness', 'field', 'ofview', 'reconstructed', 'slice', 'thick', 'details', 'shown', 'table', 'dataset', 'segmentationin', 'order', 'achieve', 'highly', 'accurate', 'segmentation', 'thatcan', 'facilitate', 'following', 'infection', 'detection', 'classi', 'fication', 'utilised', 'dataset', 'dataset', 'training', 'neural', 'network', 'delin', 'eation', 'accessed', 'cancer', 'imagingarchive', 'public', 'access', 'total', 'lungscans', 'retrieved', 'manual', 'delineations', 'lunganatomy', 'these', 'datasets', 'publicly', 'accessiblefrom', 'scans', 'obtained', 'three', 'different', 'institutions', 'mdanderson', 'cancer', 'centre', 'memorial', 'sloan', 'kettering', 'cancercentre', 'maastro', 'clinic', 'cases', 'eachinstitution', 'scanned', 'matrix', 'field', 'reconstructedslice', 'thickness', 'varies', 'either', 'processing', 'forlung', 'segmentationdata', 'processing', 'steps', 'performed', 'standardisedata', 'acquired', 'multiple', 'centres', 'multiple', 'scanners', '1http', '3r3fvz08instead', 'normalising', 'input', 'slices', 'definedhounsfield', 'window', 'designed', 'flexiblescheme', 'based', 'previously', 'proposed', 'image', 'enhancementmethods', 'rather', 'clipping', 'based', 'proposed', 'fixed', 'sized', 'sliding', 'window', 'where', 'denotes', 'window', 'denotesthe', 'length', 'sliding', 'procedure', 'rangewhere', 'covers', 'pixel', 'values', 'reduce', 'thebias', 'acquired', 'different', 'centres', 'differentscanners', 'loosely', 'inspired', 'proposed', 'multi', 'viewu', 'based', 'segmentation', 'network', 'segmen', 'tation', 'multi', 'based', 'segmentation', 'networkconsisted', 'multi', 'window', 'voting', 'processing', 'proce', 'sequential', 'information', 'attention', 'module', 'orderto', 'utilise', 'information', 'volumeand', 'reinforce', 'integrity', 'structure', 'thedelineation', 'results', 'segmentation', 'model', 'trained', 'cross', 'validated', 'tested', 'dataset', 'manualground', 'truth', 'trained', 'segmentation', 'model', 'thenused', 'inferencing', 'delineation', 'anatomy', 'ofthe', 'covid', 'patients', 'included', 'study', 'detection', 'classification', 'networkinspired', 'architecture', 'adopted', 'figuration', 'increased', 'depth', 'using', 'small', 'convolu', 'filters', 'stacked', 'linearity', 'injected', 'between', 'depicted', 'figure', 'convolution', 'layers', 'consisted', 'kernels', 'batch', 'normalisation', 'rectified', 'linear', 'units', 'proposed', 'fully', 'convolutional', 'consisting', 'fiveconvolutional', 'blocks', 'conv1', 'conv2', 'conv3', 'conv4', 'andconv5', 'backbone', 'architecture', 'architecture', 'using', 'shorthand', 'notation', 'where', 'indicates', 'aconvolution', 'layer', 'filters', 'spatial', 'appliedto', 'input', 'stride', 'represents', 'overlappingmax', 'pooling', 'operation', 'kernel', 'multi', 'scale', 'learningfrom', 'previous', 'findings', 'using', 'knownthat', 'infections', 'covid', 'share', 'similar', 'commonradiographic', 'features', 'airspacevolume', '118871s', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'detection', 'classification', 'imagesfigure', 'network', 'architecture', 'proposed', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'multi', 'scale', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'classification', 'lesionsdetection', 'consolidation', 'frequently', 'distribute', 'bilaterally', 'periph', 'erally', 'lower', 'predominant', 'infectious', 'areascan', 'significantly', 'depending', 'condition', 'ofthe', 'patients', 'example', 'cases', 'lesions', 'appearto', 'small', 'severe', 'cases', 'appear', 'scattered', 'andspread', 'around', 'large', 'therefore', 'proposed', 'amulti', 'scale', 'learning', 'scheme', 'variations', 'thesize', 'location', 'lesions', 'implement', 'fedthe', 'intermediate', 'representations', 'feature', 'conv3', 'conv4', 'conv5', 'respectively', 'weaklysupervised', 'classification', 'layers', 'which', 'convolutionwas', 'applied', 'mapping', 'feature', 'classscore', 'class', 'activation', 'applieda', 'spatial', 'aggregation', 'global', 'pooling', 'operation', 'obtain', 'categorical', 'scores', 'scores', 'vectors', 'atconv3', 'conv4', 'conv5', 'level', 'aggregated', 'tomake', 'final', 'prediction', 'softmax', 'function', 'thentrained', 'proposed', 'model', 'minimising', 'thefollowing', 'objective', 'functionl', '1nxni', '1wifi', 'logxkk', 'where', 'there', 'training', 'images', 'training', 'classes', 'component', 'score', 'vector', 'class', 'encountered', 'imbalancedclassification', 'added', 'class', 'balanced', 'weighting', 'factorwito', 'cross', 'entropy', 'which', 'inverse', 'classfrequency', '1freq', 'while', 'emphasised', 'theimportance', 'class', 'during', 'training', 'showed', 'nodifference', 'between', 'examples', 'instance', 'covid', 'slices', 'infectious', 'diseased', 'regions', 'areoften', 'small', 'prominent', 'prone', 'bemisclassified', 'examples', 'address', 'introducedanother', 'modulating', 'factor', 'weight', 'therefore', 'focused', 'training', 'examples', 'where', 'class', 'posterior', 'probabilityof', 'intuitively', 'modulating', 'factor', 'reduce', 'losscontribution', 'examples', 'increases', 'theimportance', 'correcting', 'misclassified', 'examples', 'anexample', 'misclassified', 'small', 'factor', 'wasnear', 'unaffected', 'factorwent', 'classified', 'examples', 'weighted', 'parameter', 'positive', 'integer', 'which', 'cansmoothly', 'adjust', 'which', 'examples', 'weighted', 'increased', 'modulating', 'effect', 'factorf', 'likely', 'increased', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'lesions', 'localisationafter', 'determining', 'class', 'score', 'image', 'forward', 'through', 'network', 'discriminativepatterns', 'corresponding', 'category', 'localised118872', 'volume', '2020s', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'detection', 'classification', 'imagesfigure', 'examples', 'saliency', 'covid', 'lesions', 'localisation', 'shows', 'example', 'input', 'image', 'shows', 'saliency', 'obtained', 'atconv3', 'shows', 'saliency', 'obtained', 'conv4', 'shows', 'saliency', 'obtained', 'conv5', 'shows', 'overlay', 'joint', 'saliency', 'pixel', 'multiplication', 'conv3', 'conv4', 'conv5', 'saliency', 'input', 'image', 'shows', 'resulting', 'bounding', 'boxes', 'image', 'coarse', 'localisation', 'could', 'already', 'achievedby', 'directly', 'relating', 'neurons', 'class', 'score', 'mapsto', 'receptive', 'field', 'original', 'image', 'however', 'alsopossible', 'obtain', 'pixel', 'containing', 'informationabout', 'location', 'class', 'specific', 'target', 'structures', 'theresolution', 'original', 'input', 'images', 'achievedby', 'calculating', 'pixel', 'influences', 'activationof', 'neurons', 'target', 'score', 'usedto', 'obtain', 'accurate', 'localisation', 'examplesshown', 'figure', 'following', 'categorical', 'specificsaliency', 'obtained', 'through', 'integrated', 'dients', 'besides', 'process', 'thesaliency', 'which', 'extract', 'bounding', 'boxesaround', 'detected', 'lesions', 'category', 'specific', 'saliencygenerally', 'suppose', 'flattened', 'input', 'image', 'denotedas', 'number', 'pixels', 'category', 'specific', 'saliency', 'obtained', 'calculating', 'thegradient', 'predicted', 'class', 'score', 'input', 'where', 'represents', 'tribution', 'individual', 'pixel', 'prediction', 'addition', 'gradient', 'estimated', 'propagating', 'finalprediction', 'score', 'through', 'layer', 'network', 'thereare', 'state', 'propagation', 'approaches', 'including', 'guided', 'backpropagation', 'deeplift', 'andlayer', 'relevance', 'propagation', 'however', 'guided', 'backpropagation', 'method', 'break', 'gradient', 'sensi', 'tivity', 'because', 'propagates', 'through', 'onlyif', 'turned', 'input', 'particular', 'lackof', 'sensitivity', 'causes', 'gradients', 'focus', 'irrelevant', 'featuresand', 'results', 'undesired', 'saliency', 'localisation', 'deeplift', 'andlrp', 'methods', 'tackle', 'sensitivity', 'issue', 'computing', 'crete', 'gradients', 'instead', 'instantaneous', 'gradients', 'input', 'however', 'satisfy', 'implementation', 'invariancebecause', 'chain', 'discrete', 'gradientsin', 'general', 'doing', 'propagated', 'gradients', 'arepotentially', 'sensitive', 'unimportant', 'features', 'models', 'these', 'limitations', 'employ', 'feature', 'attributionmethod', 'named', 'integrated', 'gradients', 'assigns', 'animportance', 'score', 'similar', 'pixel', 'gradients', 'pixel', 'representing', 'pixel', 'value', 'orsubtracts', 'network', 'output', 'large', 'positive', 'score', 'cates', 'pixel', 'strongly', 'increases', 'prediction', 'score', 'while', 'importance', 'score', 'closes', 'indicates', 'pixeldoes', 'influence', 'compute', 'importance', 'score', 'needs', 'introduce', 'baseline', 'input', 'representing', 'absence', 'feature', 'input', 'denoted', 'whichin', 'study', 'image', 'filled', 'zeros', 'sameshape', 'input', 'image', 'considered', 'straight', 'point', 'point', 'baseline', 'input', 'andcomputed', 'gradients', 'points', 'along', 'integratedgradients', 'defined', 'where', 'intuitively', 'integrated', 'gradients', 'obtainimportance', 'scores', 'accumulating', 'gradients', 'images', 'inter', 'polated', 'between', 'baseline', 'value', 'current', 'input', 'integral', 'efficiently', 'approximated', 'asummation', 'gradients', 'where', 'number', 'steps', 'riemann', 'approximationof', 'integral', 'compute', 'approximation', 'overthe', 'inputs', 'integratedgradients', 'computed', 'different', 'feature', 'levels', 'ourexperiments', 'which', 'conv3', 'conv4', 'conv5', 'respec', 'tively', 'shown', 'figure', 'figure', 'figure', 'joint', 'saliency', 'obtained', 'depictedin', 'figure', 'pixel', 'multiplication', 'between', 'themulti', 'scale', 'integrated', 'gradients', 'bounding', 'extractionnext', 'processed', 'joint', 'saliency', 'whicha', 'bounding', 'extracted', 'firstly', 'value', 'joint', 'saliency', 'blurred', 'gaussian', 'kernel', 'thresholded', 'blurredsaliency', 'using', 'isodata', 'thresholding', 'method', 'iteratively', 'decided', 'threshold', 'segmenting', 'imagevolume', '118873s', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'detection', 'classification', 'imagesfigure', 'scores', 'segmentation', 'using', 'different', 'processing', 'processing', 'methods', 'dataset', 'panel', 'without', 'anypre', 'processing', 'middle', 'panel', 'normalising', 'using', 'defined', 'hounsfield', 'window', 'right', 'panel', 'normalising', 'using', 'proposed', 'fixed', 'sizedsliding', 'window', 'without', 'multi', 'learning', 'based', 'processing', 'multi', 'learning', 'based', 'processing', 'foreground', 'background', 'where', 'threshold', 'wasmidway', 'between', 'intensities', 'sampled', 'foregroundand', 'background', 'pixels', 'doing', 'obtained', 'binarymask', 'which', 'applied', 'morphological', 'operations', 'followed', 'erosion', 'close', 'small', 'holes', 'theforeground', 'finally', 'connected', 'components', 'withareas', 'above', 'certain', 'threshold', 'minimum', 'rectan', 'gular', 'bounding', 'boxes', 'around', 'example', 'shownin', 'figure', 'implementation', 'details1', 'experiments', 'setupwe', 'trained', 'proposed', 'model', 'three', 'classi', 'fication', 'covid', 'threebinary', 'classification', 'tasks', 'covid', 'covid19', 'respectively', 'thethree', 'classification', 'settings', 'first', 'trained', 'individualclassifiers', 'different', 'convolution', 'blocks', 'experiment', 'chose', 'conv3', 'conv4', 'conv5', 'respectively', 'trained', 'joint', 'classifier', 'aggregated', 'predictionscores', 'described', 'multi', 'scale', 'learning', 'section', 'classifiers', 'trained', 'finally', 'conducted', 'cross', 'validation', 'tasks', 'ineach', 'category', 'split', 'datasets', 'training', 'valida', 'ensure', 'samples', 'images', 'originating', 'validation', 'patients', 'fortraining', 'samplesfor', 'validation', 'remaining', 'fortraining', 'training', 'configurationswe', 'implemented', 'proposed', 'model', 'depictedin', 'figure', 'using', 'tensorflow', 'models', 'trainedfrom', 'scratch', 'nividia', 'geforce', 'gpuswith', 'optimiser', 'learning', 'focalmodulator', 'total', 'number', 'training', 'iterations', 'setto', 'early', 'stopping', 'enabled', 'terminate', 'trainingautomatically', 'validation', 'stopped', 'decreasing', 'iterations', 'validation', 'every', 'iterationsof', 'training', 'checkpoint', 'saved', 'automatically', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'exceeded', 'previous', 'validationaccuracy', 'training', 'terminated', 'generateda', 'frozen', 'graph', 'latest', 'checkpoint', 'saved', 'pbformat', 'testing', 'simply', 'loaded', 'frozen', 'graphsand', 'retrieved', 'required', 'nodes', 'empirically', 'foundthat', 'steps', 'enough', 'approximate', 'theintegral', 'computing', 'integrated', 'gradients', 'augmentationwe', 'applied', 'several', 'random', 'augmentationstrategies', 'during', 'training', 'including', 'cropping', 'squarepatches', 'centre', 'input', 'frames', 'scaling', 'factorrandomly', 'chosen', 'between', 'resized', 'crops', 'tothe', 'input', 'resolution', 'rotation', 'anangle', 'randomly', 'selected', 'within', '25oto', 'randomhorizontal', 'reflection', 'flipped', 'images', 'rightdirection', 'probability', 'adjust', 'contrast118874', 'volume', '2020s', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'detection', 'classification', 'imagesfigure', 'results', 'multi', 'scale', 'covid', 'class', 'activation', 'mapping', 'randomly', 'darkening', 'brightening', 'factor', 'rangingbetween', 'evaluation', 'metricsusing', 'positive', 'results', 'rtpcr', 'testing', 'groundtruth', 'labelling', 'covid', 'group', 'diagnosis', 'resultsof', 'patients', 'accuracy', 'precision', 'sensitivity', 'andspecificity', 'classification', 'framework', 'werecalculated', 'carried', 'under', 'receiveroperating', 'characteristic', 'curve', 'analysis', 'tification', 'classification', 'performance', 'mentation', 'score', 'evaluate', 'accuracy', 'experiments', 'resultsa', 'segmentationin', 'order', 'evaluate', 'segmentation', 'network', 'domly', 'split', 'ground', 'truth', 'into40', 'training', 'validation', 'independent', 'testing', 'datasets', 'ablation', 'study', 'results', 'different', 'processing', 'processing', 'methods', 'using', 'scores', 'shown', 'figure', 'infection', 'detection1', 'class', 'activation', 'mappingas', 'result', 'multi', 'scale', 'learning', 'figure', 'illustratessome', 'examples', 'covid', 'class', 'activation', 'obtained', 'different', 'feature', 'levels', 'conv3', 'conv4and', 'conv5', 'depict', 'spatial', 'distribution', 'sification', 'probability', 'which', 'areas', 'indicate', 'whereinfected', 'areas', 'hotter', 'areas', 'likely', 'theyare', 'infected', 'multi', 'scale', 'posed', 'model', 'learns', 'capture', 'distributions', 'lesions', 'withdifferent', 'scale', 'instance', 'large', 'patchy', 'lesions', 'crazy', 'paving', 'consolidation', 'smallnodule', 'lesions', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities', 'bronchovascular', 'thickening', 'although', 'canindicate', 'where', 'diseased', 'regions', 'still', 'toocoarse', 'localise', 'estimate', 'extent', 'lesions', 'precisely', 'saliency', 'shown', 'figure', 'other', 'provide', 'pixel', 'level', 'information', 'delineates', 'exactextent', 'lesions', 'therefore', 'deduce', 'preciselocalisation', 'lesions', 'notably', 'saliency', 'volume', '118875s', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'detection', 'classification', 'imagesfigure', 'multi', 'scale', 'detection', 'covid', 'lesions', 'varied', 'green', 'small', 'lesions', 'yellow', 'small', 'large', 'patchy', 'strip', 'likelesions', 'large', 'lesions', 'level', 'layer', 'conv3', 'learn', 'detect', 'smalllesions', 'frequently', 'especially', 'those', 'distributedperipherally', 'subpleurally', 'however', 'conv3', 'tocapture', 'larger', 'patchy', 'lesions', 'because', 'ofthe', 'limited', 'receptive', 'field', 'layer', 'contrary', 'higher', 'level', 'layers', 'conv4', 'conv5', 'having', 'suffi', 'ciently', 'large', 'receptive', 'filed', 'detect', 'diffuse', 'patchy', 'lesions', 'crazy', 'paving', 'consolidation', 'which', 'often', 'distributed', 'centrally', 'peribronchially', 'however', 'conv4', 'conv5', 'overestimate', 'extentof', 'small', 'lesions', 'multi', 'scale', 'features', 'complement', 'eachother', 'result', 'precise', 'localisation', 'estima', 'lesions', 'extent', 'shown', 'joint', 'saliencymaps', 'categorical', 'specific', 'saliencyfigure', 'shows', 'examples', 'categorical', 'specific', 'jointsaliency', 'computed', 'integrated', 'gradients', 'shows', 'inputs', 'overlaid', 'saliency', 'right', 'showed', 'figure', 'depict', 'spatial', 'distributionof', 'infection', 'however', 'precise', 'locali', 'sation', 'lesions', 'saliency', 'other', 'provide', 'pixel', 'level', 'information', 'delineates', 'exactextent', 'lesions', 'providing', 'precise', 'localisation', 'thelesions', 'saliency', 'useful', 'diagnosis', 'thepercentage', 'infection', 'areas', 'estimated', 'matically', 'these', 'saliency', 'highlight', 'pixels', 'tribute', 'increasing', 'categorical', 'specific', 'scores', 'brighterthe', 'pixels', 'significant', 'contribution', 'intuitively', 'interpret', 'brighter', 'pixels', 'critical', 'features', 'network', 'decision', 'prediction', 'figure', 'figure', 'thereis', 'inter', 'class', 'contrast', 'variation', 'dataare', 'collected', 'multi', 'institutions', 'intra', 'classcontrast', 'variation', 'especially', 'covid', 'group', 'ourexperiments', 'found', 'histogram', 'matching', 'press', 'lesions', 'especially', 'covid', 'images', 'instance', 'disappears', 'become', 'apparent', 'besides', 'thisleads', 'inferior', 'performance', 'detection', 'therefore', 'insteadof', 'directly', 'applying', 'histogram', 'matching', 'applied', 'contrast', 'adjustment', 'augmentation', 'attraining', 'turns', 'effective', 'demon', 'strated', 'figure', 'proposed', 'model', 'learns', 'invariantto', 'image', 'contrast', 'precisely', 'capture', 'lesions', 'particular', 'figure', 'randomly', 'selected', 'typicalexample', 'images', 'illustrate', 'variations', 'image', 'trast', 'covid', 'cases', 'compared', 'saliency', 'mapsobtained', 'models', 'trained', 'without', 'contrastaugmentation', 'found', 'without', 'trast', 'augmentation', 'saliency', 'noisy', 'andpoor', 'localisation', 'detection', 'observed', 'oftenin', 'cases', 'either', 'partial', 'instances', 'infec', 'being', 'captured', 'regions', 'without', 'infection', 'beingcaptured', 'whereas', 'contrast', 'augmentation', 'learnedmodels', 'generate', 'discriminative', 'saliency', 'andlocalisation', 'infected', 'areas', 'robust', 'accurateagainst', 'contrast', 'variation', 'enclosed', 'bygreen', 'model', 'contrast', 'augmentation', 'capableof', 'capturing', 'diseased', 'regions', 'highlighting', 'theirextent', 'precisely', 'regardless', 'single', 'multiple', 'instances', 'ofinfection', '118876', 'volume', '2020s', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'detection', 'classification', 'imagesfigure', 'results', 'categorical', 'specific', 'joint', 'saliency', 'addition', 'covid', 'saliency', 'found', 'lesions', 'generally', 'smaller', 'andmore', 'constrained', 'locally', 'compare', 'covid', 'cases', 'thatoften', 'multiple', 'infected', 'regions', 'lesions', 'scattered', 'should', 'noted', 'covid', '19and', 'lesions', 'share', 'similar', 'radiographic', 'features', 'space', 'consolidation', 'besides', 'ggosappear', 'frequently', 'subpleural', 'regions', 'cases', 'interestingly', 'saliency', 'cases', 'found', 'network', 'takes', 'pulmonary', 'arteries', 'asthe', 'salient', 'feature', 'finally', 'figure', 'shows', 'bound', 'boxes', 'extracted', 'covid', 'saliencymaps', 'corresponding', 'examples', 'figure', 'found', 'results', 'agree', 'primary', 'findings', 'thatcap', 'cases', 'infected', 'areas', 'often', 'there', 'issingle', 'instance', 'infection', 'contrast', 'covid', 'casesoften', 'infected', 'areas', 'multi', 'instances', 'infection', 'covid', 'lesions', 'terms', 'extent', 'overall', 'infection', 'areas', 'smaller', 'compare', 'those', 'ofcovid', 'classification', 'performanceperformance', 'proposed', 'model', 'specific', 'taskwas', 'evaluated', 'cross', 'validation', 'results', 'onthe', 'reported', 'summarised', 'table', 'usefive', 'evaluation', 'metrics', 'which', 'accuracy', 'precision', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'underthe', 'curve', 'report', 'cross', 'validation', 'results', 'metric', 'confidenceinterval', 'compared', 'proposed', 'method', 'avolume', '118877s', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'detection', 'classification', 'imagesfigure', 'bounding', 'boxes', 'extracted', 'saliency', 'covid', 'examples', 'corresponding', 'examples', 'figure', 'figure', 'effect', 'applying', 'random', 'contrast', 'augmentation', 'augmentation', 'contrast', 'adjustment', 'leads', 'better', 'saliency', 'quality', 'noisy', 'andmore', 'precise', 'contrast', 'invariant', 'detection', 'infected', 'areas', 'arrows', 'false', 'positives', 'saliency', 'arrows', 'false', 'negatives', 'thesaliency', 'contrast', 'adjustment', 'contrast', 'adjustment', 'reimplementation', 'navigator', 'teacher', 'scrutinizernetwork', 'described', 'earlier', 'experimental', 'settings', 'basicallywe', 'groups', 'tasks', 'three', 'classification', 'tasks', 'indicated', 'binary', 'classification', 'tasks', 'indicatedby', 'learning', 'configurations', 'single', 'scale', 'learn', 'indicated', 'assigns', 'auxiliary', 'classifier', 'specific', 'feature', 'level', 'multi', 'scale', 'learning', 'indicatedby', 'aggregates', 'multi', 'level', 'prediction', 'scores', 'thentrained', 'joint', 'classifier', 'binary', 'tasks', 'listed', 'weretrained', 'multi', 'scale', 'learning', 'terms', 'three', 'wayclassification', 'found', 'multi', 'scale', 'learning', 'jointclassifier', 'achieves', 'superior', 'overall', 'performance', 'ofthe', 'single', 'scale', 'learning', 'tasks', 'among', 'thesingle', 'scale', 'learning', 'tasks', 'classification', 'conv4', 'andconv5', 'features', 'achieve', 'similar', 'performance', 'everymetric', 'which', 'significantly', 'better', 'classification', 'withmid', 'level', 'conv3', 'features', 'possible', 'explanation', 'isthe', 'level', 'features', 'sufficiently', 'semantic', 'compareto', 'higher', 'level', 'features', 'conv4', 'conv5', '118878', 'volume', '2020s', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'detection', 'classification', 'imagestable', 'overall', 'classification', 'performance', 'comparison', 'between', 'different', 'tasks', 'values', 'brackets', 'confidence', 'intervals', 'under', 'receiver', 'operating', 'characteristic', 'curve', 'covid', 'coronovirus', 'disease', 'community', 'acquired', 'pneumonia', 'pneumonia', 'three', 'classification', 'tasks', 'covid', 'binary', 'classification', 'tasks', 'single', 'scale', 'learning', 'multi', 'scale', 'learning', 'contrast', 'adjustment', 'augmentation', 'table', 'performance', 'breakdown', 'individual', 'class', 'three', 'classification', 'values', 'brackets', 'confidenceintervals', 'under', 'receiver', 'operating', 'characteristic', 'curve', 'covid', 'coronovirus', 'disease', 'community', 'acquired', 'pneumonia', 'pneumonia', 'random', 'contrast', 'adjustment', 'random', 'contrast', 'adjustment', 'level', 'representations', 'semantically', 'strong', 'butpoorly', 'preserving', 'spatial', 'details', 'whereas', 'lower', 'levelcnn', 'representations', 'preserve', 'local', 'features', 'lackof', 'semantic', 'information', 'furthermore', 'overall', 'binary', 'classificationtasks', 'achieve', 'significantly', 'better', 'performance', 'three', 'wayclassification', 'especially', 'tasks', 'covid', '19and', 'proposed', 'model', 'reasonablygood', 'distinguishing', 'covid', 'cases', 'cases', 'assuggested', 'results', 'showing', 'achieves', 'accof', 'andauc', 'respectively', 'explain', 'becausebinary', 'classification', 'complicated', 'there', 'alsoless', 'uncertainty', 'three', 'classification', 'alsobecause', 'covid', 'image', 'features', 'intrinsicallydiscriminative', 'compare', 'cases', 'instance', 'thecovid', 'cases', 'demonstrated', 'earlier', 'there', 'often', 'combi', 'nation', 'various', 'diseased', 'patterns', 'large', 'areas', 'infectionon', 'scans', 'least', 'found', 'performance', 'ofcovid', 'classification', 'least', 'superior', 'amongall', 'binary', 'classification', 'tasks', 'possible', 'reason', 'iscovid', 'shares', 'similar', 'radiographic', 'features', 'withcap', 'airspace', 'consolidation', 'capacity', 'enough', 'learn', 'disease', 'specificrepresentations', 'nevertheless', 'results', 'obtained', 'usingour', 'proposed', 'method', 'outperformed', 'obtained', 'bythe', 'break', 'overall', 'performance', 'thejoint', 'classifier', 'classes', 'classification', 'metrics', 'arereported', 'class', 'shown', 'table', 'figure', 'wefound', 'models', 'learned', 'without', 'contrast', 'augmentationare', 'biased', 'classification', 'performance', 'covid', 'significantly', 'better', 'other', 'classes', 'maybecause', 'models', 'learn', 'discriminate', 'classes', 'based', 'onimage', 'style', 'contrast', 'rather', 'content', 'normal', 'ordisease', 'patterns', 'covid', 'class', 'hasthe', 'discriminative', 'contrast', 'style', 'variability', 'inbrightness', 'among', 'three', 'classes', 'comparison', 'learningwith', 'contrast', 'augmentation', 'results', 'superior', 'overall', 'classi', 'fication', 'performance', 'table', 'class', 'table', 'inaddition', 'covid', 'classes', 'achieve', 'thecomparable', 'performance', 'metric', 'classhas', 'higher', 'sensitivity', 'covid', 'besides', 'found', 'overall', 'covid', 'remains', 'performed', 'discriminative', 'classwith', 'compared', 'noted', 'overallresults', 'class', 'moderately', 'lower', 'thoseof', 'covid', 'could', 'correlatedvolume', '118879s', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'detection', 'classification', 'imagesfigure', 'receiver', 'operating', 'characteristic', 'individual', 'categories', 'three', 'classification', 'cross', 'validated', 'aucof', 'standard', 'deviation', 'covid', 'green', 'region', 'indicates', 'the95', 'covid', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'community', 'acquired', 'pneumonia', 'pneumonia', 'confidence', 'interval', 'finding', 'covid', 'classification', 'thatbecause', 'similar', 'appearance', 'class', 'likely', 'bemisclassified', 'covid', 'sometimes', 'anotherpossible', 'reason', 'network', 'could', 'learned', 'andbe', 'distracted', 'noises', 'there', 'might', 'afractional', 'number', 'infected', 'slices', 'between', 'captraining', 'samples', 'because', 'sampled', 'availableslices', 'subject', 'there', 'might', 'sliceshaving', 'infections', 'discussionsin', 'presented', 'novel', 'weakly', 'superviseddeep', 'learning', 'framework', 'capable', 'learning', 'detectand', 'localise', 'lesions', 'covid', 'scans', 'fromimage', 'level', 'label', 'different', 'other', 'works', 'lever', 'representation', 'learning', 'multiple', 'feature', 'levels', 'andhave', 'explained', 'features', 'learned', 'level', 'instance', 'level', 'representation', 'conv5', 'tures', 'patch', 'lesions', 'generally', 'large', 'extent', 'however', 'tends', 'discard', 'small', 'local', 'lesions', 'wellcomplemented', 'level', 'representations', 'figure', 'conv4', 'conv5', 'which', 'lesions', 'detected', 'alsocorrespond', 'clinical', 'findings', 'infections', 'usuallylocated', 'peripheral', 'mainly', 'inferiorlobe', 'lungs', 'especially', 'posterior', 'segment', 'speculate', 'mainly', 'because', 'there', 'morewell', 'developed', 'bronchioles', 'alveoli', 'blood', 'flows', 'andimmune', 'cells', 'lymphatic', 'cells', 'periphery', 'theseimmune', 'cells', 'played', 'vital', 'inflammation', 'causedby', 'virus', 'demonstrated', 'combing', 'multi', 'scale', 'saliency', 'generated', 'integrated', 'gradients', 'thekey', 'achieve', 'precise', 'localisation', 'multi', 'instance', 'lesions', 'furthermore', 'clinical', 'perspective', 'joint', 'saliencyis', 'useful', 'provides', 'reasonable', 'estimation', 'the118880', 'volume', '2020s', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'detection', 'classification', 'imagespercentage', 'infected', 'areas', 'which', 'crucial', 'factorthat', 'clinicians', 'account', 'evaluating', 'severity', 'acovid', 'patient', 'besides', 'classification', 'performanceof', 'proposed', 'network', 'studied', 'extensively', 'thatwe', 'conducted', 'three', 'classification', 'alsobinary', 'classification', 'combining', 'classes', 'found', 'limitation', 'proposed', 'network', 'thatit', 'discriminative', 'enough', 'comes', 'separate', 'thecap', 'covid', 'suspect', 'limitedcapacity', 'backbone', 'straightforward', 'ofboosting', 'capacity', 'increase', 'number', 'featurechannels', 'level', 'another', 'attempt', 'future', 'wouldbe', 'employing', 'advanced', 'backbone', 'architecture', 'asresnet', 'inception', 'another', 'limitation', 'thatwe', 'trained', 'networks', 'individual', 'slices', 'images', 'available', 'samples', 'subject', 'however', 'covid', 'subjects', 'there', 'might', 'fractionalnon', 'infection', 'slices', 'between', 'which', 'could', 'introduce', 'noisesin', 'training', 'which', 'confirmed', 'scrutinisation', 'byour', 'clinicians', 'future', 'address', 'limitationby', 'attention', 'based', 'multiple', 'instances', 'learning', 'insteadof', 'training', 'individual', 'slices', 'patient', 'specificslices', 'train', 'network', 'learnto', 'assign', 'weights', 'individual', 'slices', 'covdi', 'cappositive', 'automatically', 'sample', 'those', 'weightedslices', 'infection', 'detection', 'further', 'supervision', 'labellednon', 'infection', 'slices', 'boost', 'performance', 'ourproposed', 'model', 'consuming', 'manuallabelling', 'procedure', 'conclusionin', 'study', 'designed', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learn', 'framework', 'fully', 'automated', 'detection', 'andclassification', 'covid', 'infection', 'using', 'retrospectivelyextracted', 'images', 'multi', 'scanners', 'multi', 'centres', 'framework', 'distinguish', 'covid', 'cases', 'accuratelyfrom', 'patients', 'pinpoint', 'exact', 'lesions', 'inflammations', 'caused', 'covid', 'therefore', 'potentially', 'provide', 'advice', 'onpatient', 'severity', 'order', 'guide', 'following', 'triage', 'andtreatment', 'experimental', 'findings', 'indicated', 'posed', 'model', 'achieves', 'accuracy', 'precision', 'aucfor', 'classification', 'promising', 'qualitative', 'alisation', 'lesion', 'detections', 'based', 'these', 'findingswe', 'envisage', 'large', 'scale', 'deployment', 'developedframework', 'acknowledgment', 'shaoping', 'zhangming', 'contributedequally', 'new_paper']
['received', 'accepted', 'publication', 'current', 'version', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3010287can', 'screening', 'viral', 'covid', '19pneumonia', 'muhammad', 'chowdhury', 'member', 'tawsifur', 'rahman', 'amith', 'khandakar', 'senior', 'member', 'rashid', 'mazhar2', 'muhammad', 'abdul', 'kadir', 'mahbub4', 'khandakar', 'reajul', 'islam5', 'muhammad', 'salman', 'member', 'iqbal', 'senior', 'member', 'nasser', 'emadi1', 'mamun', 'senior', 'member', 'mohammad', 'tariqul', 'islam', 'senior', 'member', '1department', 'electrical', 'engineering', 'qatar', 'university', 'qatar2thoracic', 'surgery', 'hamad', 'general', 'hospital', 'qatar3department', 'biomedical', 'physics', 'technology', 'university', 'dhaka', 'dhaka', 'bangladesh4department', 'mathematics', 'physics', 'north', 'south', 'university', 'dhaka', 'bangladesh5department', 'orthodontics', 'bangabandhu', 'sheikh', 'mujib', 'medical', 'university', 'dhaka', 'bangladesh6department', 'electrical', 'engineering', 'university', 'engineering', 'technology', 'peshawar', '25120', 'pakistan7department', 'electrical', 'electronic', 'systems', 'engineering', 'universiti', 'kebangsaan', 'malaysia', 'bangi', '43600', 'malaysia8artificial', 'intelligence', 'healthcare', 'intelligent', 'information', 'processing', 'laboratory', 'national', 'center', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'university', 'engineering', 'andtechnology', 'peshawar', '48550', 'pakistancorresponding', 'author', 'muhammad', 'chowdhury', 'mchowdhury', 'supported', 'qatar', 'national', 'research', 'member', 'qatar', 'foundation', 'qatar', 'under', 'grantnprp12s', '190164', 'statements', 'herein', 'solely', 'responsibility', 'authors', 'abstract', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'disease', 'which', 'already', 'causedthousands', 'causalities', 'infected', 'several', 'millions', 'people', 'worldwide', 'technological', 'toolenabling', 'rapid', 'screening', 'covid', 'infection', 'accuracy', 'crucially', 'helpful', 'thehealthcare', 'professionals', 'clinical', 'currently', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'thereverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'which', 'expensive', 'sensitive', 'requiresspecialized', 'medical', 'personnel', 'imaging', 'easily', 'accessible', 'excellent', 'alternativein', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'research', 'taken', 'investigate', 'utility', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'rapid', 'accurate', 'detection', 'covid', 'chest', 'images', 'paper', 'topropose', 'robust', 'technique', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'digital', 'chest', 'rayimages', 'applying', 'trained', 'learning', 'algorithms', 'while', 'maximizing', 'detection', 'accuracy', 'publicdatabase', 'created', 'authors', 'combining', 'several', 'public', 'databases', 'collecting', 'images', 'fromrecently', 'published', 'articles', 'database', 'contains', 'mixture', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'and1579', 'normal', 'chest', 'images', 'transfer', 'learning', 'technique', 'image', 'augmentationto', 'train', 'validate', 'several', 'trained', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'networks', 'networkswere', 'trained', 'classify', 'different', 'schemes', 'normal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'viraland', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'without', 'image', 'augmentation', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'precision', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'schemes', 'respectively', 'accuracy', 'computer', 'aided', 'diagnostic', 'significantlyimprove', 'speed', 'accuracy', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'would', 'extremely', 'useful', 'pandemicwhere', 'disease', 'burden', 'preventive', 'measures', 'available', 'resources', 'index', 'terms', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'machine', 'learning', 'transfer', 'learning', 'viralpneumonia', 'computer', 'aided', 'diagnostic', 'associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript', 'andapproving', 'publication', 'zhang', 'introductioncoronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'extremely', 'contagiousdisease', 'declared', 'pandemic', 'worldvolume', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '132665m', 'chowdhury', 'screening', 'viral', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'health', 'organization', 'march', 'consid', 'ering', 'extent', 'spread', 'throughout', 'world', 'pandemic', 'declaration', 'stressed', 'concernsof', 'alarming', 'spread', 'severity', 'covid', 'first', 'recorded', 'pandemic', 'caused', 'coronavirus', 'defined', 'global', 'health', 'crisis', 'which', 'hasspread', 'world', 'governments', 'different', 'countrieshave', 'imposed', 'border', 'restrictions', 'flight', 'restrictions', 'socialdistancing', 'increasing', 'awareness', 'hygiene', 'however', 'virus', 'still', 'spreading', 'rapid', 'while', 'ofthe', 'people', 'infected', 'covid', 'experienced', 'mildto', 'moderate', 'respiratory', 'illness', 'developed', 'deadlypneumonia', 'there', 'assumptions', 'elderly', 'people', 'withunderlying', 'medical', 'problems', 'cardiovascular', 'disease', 'diabetes', 'chronic', 'respiratory', 'disease', 'renal', 'hepatic', 'diseasesand', 'cancer', 'likely', 'develop', 'serious', 'illness', 'until', 'specific', 'vaccine', 'treatment', 'covid', '19has', 'invented', 'however', 'there', 'ongoing', 'clinicaltrials', 'evaluating', 'potential', 'treatments', 'millioninfected', 'cases', 'found', 'countries', 'until11th', 'among', 'which', 'around', 'thousand', 'deaths', 'million', 'recovery', 'million', 'cases', 'thousandcritical', 'cases', 'reported', 'order', 'combat', 'spreading', 'covid', 'effective', 'screening', 'immediate', 'medical', 'response', 'theinfected', 'patients', 'crying', 'reverse', 'transcriptionpolymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'clinicalscreening', 'method', 'covid', 'patients', 'which', 'usesrespiratory', 'specimens', 'testing', 'areference', 'method', 'detection', 'covid', 'patients', 'however', 'technique', 'manual', 'complicated', 'laboriousand', 'consuming', 'positivity', 'moreover', 'there', 'significant', 'shortage', 'supply', 'which', 'leads', 'delay', 'disease', 'prevention', 'efforts', 'countries', 'facing', 'difficulties', 'incorrect', 'numberof', 'covid', 'positive', 'cases', 'because', 'tothe', 'delay', 'thetest', 'results', 'these', 'delays', 'infected', 'patientsinteracting', 'healthy', 'patients', 'infecting', 'inthe', 'process', 'reported', 'costs', 'aboutusd', 'requires', 'specialized', 'biosafety', 'labto', 'house', 'machine', 'which', 'usd15', 'expensive', 'screeningtool', 'delayed', 'results', 'leading', 'spread', 'thedisease', 'making', 'scenario', 'worst', 'issuefor', 'income', 'countries', 'certain', 'developedcountries', 'struggling', 'tackle', 'theother', 'diagnosis', 'methods', 'covid', 'include', 'clinicalsymptoms', 'analysis', 'epidemiological', 'history', 'positiveradiographic', 'images', 'computed', 'tomography', 'chestradiograph', 'positive', 'pathogenic', 'testing', 'clinical', 'characteristics', 'severe', 'covid', 'infection', 'isthat', 'bronchopneumonia', 'causing', 'fever', 'cough', 'dyspnea', 'andrespiratory', 'failure', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'distress', 'syndrome', 'readily', 'available', 'radiological', 'imagingis', 'important', 'diagnostic', 'covid', 'majorityof', 'covid', 'cases', 'similar', 'features', 'radiographicimages', 'including', 'bilateral', 'multi', 'focal', 'ground', 'glass', 'opaci', 'peripheral', 'posterior', 'distribution', 'mainly', 'thelower', 'lobes', 'early', 'stage', 'pulmonary', 'consolidationin', 'stage', 'although', 'typical', 'imagesmay', 'early', 'screening', 'suspected', 'cases', 'images', 'ofvarious', 'viral', 'pneumonias', 'similar', 'overlap', 'withother', 'infectious', 'inflammatory', 'diseases', 'therefore', 'difficult', 'radiologists', 'distinguish', 'covid', 'fromother', 'viral', 'pneumonias', 'symptoms', 'covid', 'beingsimilar', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'sometimes', 'towrong', 'diagnosis', 'current', 'situation', 'while', 'hospitals', 'areoverloaded', 'working', 'round', 'clock', 'incorrectdiagnosis', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'beingfalsely', 'labelled', 'highly', 'suspicious', 'having', 'covid', 'andthus', 'delaying', 'treatment', 'consequent', 'costs', 'effort', 'andrisk', 'exposure', 'positive', 'covid', 'patients', 'currently', 'biomedical', 'health', 'problems', 'plications', 'brain', 'tumor', 'detection', 'breast', 'cancer', 'detec', 'using', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'basedsolutions', 'learning', 'techniques', 'revealimage', 'features', 'which', 'apparent', 'originalimages', 'specifically', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'proven', 'extremely', 'beneficial', 'feature', 'extractionand', 'learning', 'therefore', 'widely', 'adopted', 'researchcommunity', 'enhance', 'image', 'qualityin', 'light', 'images', 'speed', 'video', 'endoscopy', 'applied', 'identify', 'nature', 'pulmonarynodules', 'images', 'diagnosis', 'pediatric', 'pneumoniavia', 'chest', 'images', 'automated', 'labelling', 'polypsduring', 'colonoscopic', 'videos', 'cystoscopic', 'image', 'analysisfrom', 'videos', 'learning', 'techniques', 'chestx', 'getting', 'popularity', 'availability', 'thedeep', 'promising', 'results', 'shown', 'indifferent', 'applications', 'moreover', 'there', 'abundanceof', 'available', 'training', 'different', 'machine', 'learningmodels', 'transfer', 'learning', 'technique', 'significantly', 'easedthe', 'process', 'allowing', 'quickly', 'retrain', 'cnnnetwork', 'comparatively', 'number', 'images', 'concept', 'transfer', 'learning', 'learning', 'frameworkwas', 'vikash', 'detection', 'ofpneumonia', 'using', 'trained', 'imagenet', 'models', 'andtheir', 'ensembles', 'customized', 'vgg16', 'model', 'usedby', 'xianghong', 'regions', 'identification', 'anddifferent', 'types', 'pneumonia', 'classification', 'large', 'hospital', 'scale', 'dataset', 'classification', 'andlocalization', 'common', 'thoracic', 'diseases', 'ronneburgeret', 'image', 'augmentation', 'small', 'imagesto', 'train', 'image', 'segmentation', 'problem', 'achievebetter', 'performance', 'rajpurkar', 'reported', 'layer', 'chexnet', 'chest', 'detect', 'differentpathologies', 'including', 'pneumonia', 'using', 'ensemble', 'ofdifferent', 'networks', 'trained', 'densenet', 'featureextraction', 'techniques', 'accurate', 'identificationof', 'thoracic', 'diseases', 'sundaram', 'usedalexnet', 'googlenet', 'image', 'augmentation', 'obtain132666', 'volume', '2020m', 'chowdhury', 'screening', 'viral', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'under', 'curve', 'pneumoniadetection', 'recently', 'several', 'groups', 'reported', 'machinelearning', 'techniques', 'using', 'images', 'detectingcovid', 'pneumonia', 'however', 'thesegroups', 'rather', 'small', 'dataset', 'containing', 'fewcovid', 'samples', 'makes', 'difficult', 'generalizetheir', 'results', 'reported', 'these', 'articles', 'cannot', 'guaran', 'reported', 'performance', 'retain', 'thesemodels', 'tested', 'larger', 'dataset', 'ioannis', 'reported', 'transfer', 'learning', 'approach', 'classifying', 'datasetof', 'images', 'containing', 'covid', 'terial', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'images', 'withaccuracy', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'respectively', 'different', 'trained', 'models', 'werecompared', 'however', 'reported', 'results', 'based', 'smalldataset', 'ashfar', 'proposed', 'capsule', 'networks', 'called', 'covid', 'rather', 'conventional', 'dealwith', 'smaller', 'dataset', 'covid', 'reported', 'achievean', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'specificityof', 'abbas', 'worked', 'smalldatabase', 'covid', 'normal', 'rayimages', 'detect', 'covid', 'images', 'using', 'modifiedpre', 'trained', 'model', 'detrac', 'decompose', 'transfer', 'andcompose', 'project', 'dimension', 'feature', 'space', 'intoa', 'lower', 'would', 'produce', 'homogenousclasses', 'lessen', 'memory', 'requirements', 'achievedaccuracy', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'and91', 'respectively', 'introduced', 'adeep', 'called', 'covid', 'detection', 'covid', '19cases', 'around', 'chest', 'images', 'howeverthe', 'achieved', 'accuracy', 'hasfine', 'tuned', 'squeezenet', 'trained', 'network', 'bayesianoptimization', 'classify', 'covid', 'images', 'which', 'showedpromising', 'result', 'small', 'dataset', 'approach', 'shouldbe', 'evaluated', 'large', 'covid', 'covid', 'dataset', 'applied', 'transfer', 'learning', 'approach', 'on310', 'normal', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'viral', 'pneumoniaand', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'however', 'differentmachine', 'learning', 'algorithms', 'evaluated', 'studyand', 'experimental', 'protocol', 'clear', 'summary', 'several', 'recent', 'works', 'reported', 'transferlearning', 'approach', 'detection', 'covid', 'rayimages', 'small', 'dataset', 'promising', 'results', 'howeverthese', 'needed', 'verified', 'large', 'dataset', 'grouphave', 'modified', 'tuned', 'trained', 'networks', 'toachieve', 'better', 'performance', 'while', 'groups', 'capsulenetworks', 'rigorous', 'experiment', 'large', 'database', 'ofcovid', 'covid', 'classes', 'missingin', 'transfer', 'learning', 'approach', 'authors', 'thispaper', 'prepared', 'large', 'database', 'imagesof', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'covid', '19positive', 'pneumonia', 'publicly', 'available', 'thatother', 'researchers', 'benefit', 'moreover', 'eightdifferent', 'trained', 'learning', 'networks', 'trained', 'validated', 'tested', 'different', 'classification', 'schemes', 'classification', 'model', 'trained', 'classify', 'covid', '19and', 'normal', 'images', 'while', 'other', 'trained', 'classifynormal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'experiments', 'evaluated', 'withoutimage', 'augmentation', 'technique', 'study', 'effect', 'imageaugmentation', 'particular', 'problem', 'methodologydeep', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'networks', 'typically', 'perform', 'betterwith', 'larger', 'dataset', 'smaller', 'transfer', 'learningcan', 'training', 'where', 'datasetis', 'large', 'concept', 'transfer', 'learning', 'thetrained', 'model', 'large', 'dataset', 'imagenet', 'andmodify', 'softmax', 'classification', 'layer', 'trainednetworks', 'trained', 'weights', 'fastertraining', 'network', 'application', 'comparativelysmaller', 'dataset', 'removes', 'requirement', 'havinglarge', 'dataset', 'reduces', 'training', 'period', 'isrequired', 'learning', 'algorithm', 'developed', 'fromscratch', 'although', 'there', 'large', 'number', 'covid', 'patientsinfected', 'worldwide', 'number', 'chest', 'imagespublicly', 'available', 'online', 'small', 'scattered', 'therefore', 'authors', 'reported', 'comparatively', 'largedataset', 'covid', 'positive', 'chest', 'images', 'whilenormal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'readily', 'availablepublicly', 'study', 'kaggle', 'database', 'wascreated', 'authors', 'database', 'publicly', 'availableto', 'researchers', 'worldwide', 'trained', 'models', 'weremade', 'available', 'others', 'benefit', 'study', 'database', 'descriptionin', 'study', 'posterior', 'anterior', 'anterior', 'posterior', 'image', 'chest', 'radio', 'graphy', 'widely', 'radiologist', 'clinical', 'diagnosis', 'different', 'databases', 'create', 'database', 'among', 'these', 'databases', 'covid', 'database', 'devel', 'authors', 'collected', 'publicly', 'availabledatabases', 'while', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'databases', 'werecreated', 'publicly', 'available', 'kaggle', 'databases', 'thefollowing', 'section', 'authors', 'summarized', 'datasetis', 'created', 'covid', 'database', 'comprising', 'paimages', 'created', 'following', 'major', 'datasources', 'italian', 'society', 'medical', 'interventionalradiology', 'covid', 'database', 'covid', 'database', 'reports', 'covid', '19positive', 'radiographic', 'images', 'varyingresolution', 'radiographic', 'images', 'images', 'arechest', 'images', 'images', 'images', 'database', 'updated', 'random', 'manner', 'until', '10thmay', 'there', 'confirmed', 'covid', 'cases', 'werereported', 'database', 'novel', 'corona', 'virus', 'dataset', 'volume', '132667m', 'chowdhury', 'screening', 'viral', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'joseph', 'cohen', 'morrison', 'daohave', 'created', 'public', 'database', 'github', 'lecting', 'radiographic', 'images', 'covid', 'middleeast', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'severe', 'acute', 'respi', 'ratory', 'syndrome', 'publishedarticles', 'online', 'resources', 'database', 'havecollected', 'covid', 'positive', 'chest', 'images', 'and25', 'covid', 'positive', 'images', 'varying', 'imageresolutions', 'however', 'study', 'authors', 'considered134', 'covid', 'positive', 'chest', 'images', 'which', 'aredifferent', 'images', 'database', 'authorscreated', 'different', 'articles', 'covid', 'positive', 'chest', 'images', 'differentarticles', 'github', 'database', 'encouraged', 'authors', 'intothe', 'literature', 'interestingly', 'articles', 'werepublished', 'months', 'period', 'authors', 'haveobserved', 'github', 'database', 'collected', 'mostof', 'images', 'rather', 'small', 'number', 'ofimages', 'database', 'moreover', 'images', 'sirmand', 'github', 'database', 'random', 'depending', 'machine', 'resolution', 'articles', 'which', 'wastaken', 'therefore', 'authors', 'carried', 'tedious', 'ofcollecting', 'indexing', 'images', 'therecently', 'publicly', 'available', 'articles', 'online', 'sources', 'thesearticles', 'radiographic', 'images', 'compared', 'withthe', 'github', 'database', 'avoid', 'duplication', 'authors', 'managedto', 'collect', 'covid', 'positive', 'chest', 'images', 'from43', 'recently', 'published', 'articles', 'which', 'listedin', 'github', 'database', 'positive', 'chest', 'imagesfrom', 'radiopaedia', 'which', 'listed', 'githubdatabase', 'covid', 'chest', 'imaging', 'thread', 'reader', 'physician', 'shared', 'images', 'different', 'caseswith', 'varying', 'resolution', 'hospital', 'spain', 'thechest', 'imaging', 'thread', 'reader', 'images', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'challenge', 'database', 'along', 'thechest', 'images', 'database', 'kaggle', 'usedto', 'create', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'databasesof', 'images', 'respectively', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'challengein', 'radiology', 'society', 'north', 'america', 'organized', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'challenge', 'detectpneumonia', 'chest', 'images', 'database', 'normal', 'chest', 'infection', 'covidpneumonia', 'images', 'available', 'chest', 'images', 'pneumonia', 'kaggle', 'chest', 'database', 'popular', 'database', 'which', 'chest', 'images', 'normal', 'viral', 'andbacterial', 'pneumonia', 'resolution', 'varying', 'to2000p', 'chest', 'images', 'images', 'arefrom', 'different', 'subjects', 'affected', 'pneumonia', 'imagesfor', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'viral', 'pneumo', 'images', 'normal', 'subjects', 'chest', 'rayimages', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'thisfigure', 'sample', 'image', 'dataset', 'covid', 'image', 'normal', 'image', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'image', 'database', 'create', 'database', 'figure', 'shows', 'sampleimages', 'database', 'normal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'chest', 'images', 'model', 'selectioneight', 'different', 'trained', 'models', 'trained', 'dated', 'tested', 'study', 'experimental', 'evaluation', 'ofmobilenetv2', 'squeezenet', 'resnet18', 'resnet101and', 'densenet201', 'performed', 'utilizing', 'matlab', '2020arunning', 'computer', 'inteli7', 'cessor', 'nvidia', 'geforcegtx', 'graphics', 'processing', 'bitwindows', 'operating', 'system', 'other', 'chexnet', 'inceptionv3', 'vgg19', 'implemented', 'using', 'pytorchlibrary', 'python', 'intelr', 'xeonr', '30ghz', 'nvidia', 'geforcegtx', 'three', 'comparatively', 'shallow', 'networks', 'mobilenetv2', 'squeezenet', 'resnet18', 'deepnetworks', 'inceptionv3', 'resnet101', 'chexnet', 'vgg19', 'anddensenet201', 'evaluated', 'study', 'investigatewhether', 'shallow', 'networks', 'suitable', 'thisapplication', 'different', 'variants', 'resnet', 'usedto', 'compare', 'specifically', 'impact', 'shallow', 'deepnetworks', 'similar', 'structure', 'performance', 'difference', 'dueto', 'initially', 'trained', 'different', 'image', 'classes', 'other', 'thanx', 'images', 'compared', 'chexnet', 'which', 'layer', 'densenet', 'variant', 'network', 'trainedon', 'images', 'several', 'researchers', 'showed', 'reliability', 'ofusing', 'network', 'covid', 'classification', 'therefore', 'itwas', 'important', 'investigate', 'whether', 'chexnet', 'outperformsother', 'networks', 'eight', 'trained', 'modelswere', 'trained', 'using', 'stochastic', 'gradient', 'descent', 'momentum', 'optimizer', 'learning', 'momentum', 'update', 'batch', 'imageswith', 'propagation', 'epochs', 'fivefold', 'cross', 'validationresult', 'averaged', 'produce', 'final', 'receiver', 'operatingcharacteristic', 'curve', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'evaluationmatrices', 'different', 'experiments', 'carried', 'study', 'class', 'image', 'classification', 'using', 'models', 'trainedwithout', 'images', 'augmentation', 'three', 'classimage', 'classification', 'using', 'models', 'trained', 'without', 'andwith', 'image', 'augmentation', 'figure', 'illustrates', 'overallsystem', 'diagram', 'three', 'class', 'image', 'classificationproblem', '132668', 'volume', '2020m', 'chowdhury', 'screening', 'viral', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'figure', 'block', 'diagram', 'overall', 'system', 'table', 'number', 'images', 'class', 'before', 'after', 'augmentation', 'preprocessingchest', 'images', 'resized', 'before', 'applying', 'asinput', 'networks', 'input', 'requirements', 'different', 'cnnsare', 'different', 'squeezenet', 'images', 'resizedto', 'pixels', 'whereas', 'mobilenetv2', 'resnet18', 'resnet101', 'vgg19', 'densenet201', 'images', 'wereresized', 'pixels', 'inceptionv3', 'imageswere', 'resized', 'pixels', 'images', 'normalizedaccording', 'trained', 'model', 'standards', 'study1', 'image', 'augmentation', 'technique', 'notapplied', 'training', 'since', 'covid', 'positive', 'chestx', 'images', 'number', 'imageswere', 'randomly', 'selected', 'normal', 'viralpneumonia', 'images', 'match', 'covid', '19images', 'balance', 'database', 'study2', 'entire', 'database', 'covid', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumoniaimages', 'experiments', 'evaluated', 'usinga', 'stratified', 'cross', 'validation', 'scheme', 'ratioof', 'training', 'unseen', 'folds', 'splits', 'where', 'training', 'validation', 'avoidoverfitting', 'however', 'study2', 'covid', 'images', 'muchsmaller', 'number', 'other', 'image', 'classes', 'moreover', 'overall', 'image', 'number', 'class', 'severalthousand', 'therefore', 'image', 'augmentation', 'techniques', 'wereapplied', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'covid', 'rayimages', 'training', 'create', 'balanced', 'training', 'however', 'covid', 'images', 'augmented', 'times', 'while', 'normaland', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'augmented', 'figure', 'original', 'chest', 'image', 'image', 'after', 'rotation', 'degree', 'clockwise', 'image', 'after', 'rotation', 'degree', 'counterclockwise', 'image', 'after', 'horizontal', 'translation', 'after', 'verticaltranslation', 'after', 'horizontal', 'vertical', 'translation', 'image', 'augmentationin', 'study', 'different', 'image', 'augmentation', 'niques', 'rotation', 'translation', 'utilized', 'gener', 'covid', 'training', 'images', 'shown', 'figure', 'rotation', 'operation', 'image', 'augmentation', 'doneby', 'rotating', 'images', 'clockwise', 'counter', 'clockwisedirection', 'angle', 'degrees', 'imagetranslation', 'translating', 'image', 'horizontally', 'andvertically', 'however', 'image', 'translationwas', 'applied', 'viral', 'normal', 'training', 'images', 'table', 'summarizes', 'number', 'images', 'class', 'usedfor', 'training', 'validation', 'testing', 'study1', 'wascarried', 'covid', 'normal', 'images', 'whilestudy2', 'carried', 'covid', 'normal', 'viralpneumonia', 'images', 'investigation', 'layer', 'featuresthe', 'layers', 'features', 'image', 'investigated', 'bycomparing', 'activated', 'areas', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'withvolume', '132669m', 'chowdhury', 'screening', 'viral', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'figure', 'activation', 'sample', 'network', 'models', 'firstconvolutional', 'layer', 'strongest', 'activation', 'channel', 'first', 'convolutionallayer', 'layer', 'images', 'corresponding', 'strongestactivation', 'channel', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'specific', 'rayimage', 'input', 'matching', 'regions', 'original', 'images', 'activationmap', 'different', 'range', 'values', 'thereforenormalized', 'between', 'strongest', 'activationchannels', 'covid', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumoniax', 'images', 'identified', 'compared', 'originalimages', 'noticed', 'strongest', 'channel', 'activates', 'onedges', 'positive', 'activation', 'light', 'right', 'edges', 'negative', 'activation', 'light', 'right', 'edges', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'networks', 'learn', 'detect', 'featureslike', 'color', 'edges', 'their', 'first', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'deeper', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'network', 'learns', 'detectfeatures', 'complicated', 'later', 'layers', 'buildup', 'their', 'features', 'combining', 'features', 'earlier', 'layers', 'figure', 'shows', 'activation', 'early', 'convolutionallayers', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'their', 'correspondingstrongest', 'activation', 'channel', 'models', 'mightbe', 'difficult', 'distinguish', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumoniafrom', 'original', 'images', 'reported', 'different', 'researchgroups', 'however', 'layer', 'features', 'explain', 'better', 'thereason', 'learning', 'network', 'failure', 'success', 'aparticular', 'decision', 'provides', 'visual', 'explanation', 'theprediction', 'highlights', 'regions', 'imageswhich', 'contributing', 'classification', 'techniquewill', 'result', 'discussion', 'section', 'illustratehow', 'activation', 'mapping', 'distinguishing', 'featureof', 'covid', 'images', 'other', 'class', 'ofimages', 'performance', 'evaluation', 'matrixin', 'order', 'evaluate', 'performance', 'different', 'deeplearning', 'algorithms', 'classifying', 'images', 'incase', 'different', 'classification', 'schemes', 'trainedalgorithms', 'validated', 'using', 'cross', 'validation', 'performance', 'different', 'networks', 'evaluated', 'usingfive', 'performances', 'metrics', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'orrecall', 'specificity', 'precision', 'score', 'classvalues', 'computed', 'overall', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'thataccumulates', 'results', 'cross', 'validation', 'accuracyclass_i', 'tpclass_i', 'tnclass_itpclass_i', 'tnclass_i', 'fpclass_i', 'fnclass_i', 'precisionclass_i', 'tpclass_itpclass_i', 'fpclass_i', 'sensitivityclassi', 'tpclassitpclassi', 'fnclassi', 'f1_scoreclassi', '2precisionclassi', 'sensitivityclassiprecisionclassi', 'sensitivityclassi', 'specificityclass_i', 'tnclass_itnclass_i', 'fpclass_i', 'where', 'classi', 'covid', 'normal', 'classproblem', 'covid', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'threeclass', 'problem', 'results', 'discussiontwo', 'different', 'schemes', 'studied', 'study', 'sification', 'covid', 'normal', 'images', 'using', 'eightdifferent', 'trained', 'models', 'while', 'training', 'donewith', 'without', 'image', 'augmentation', 'covid', 'normaland', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'classified', 'using', 'eightpre', 'trained', 'models', 'training', 'carried', 'andwithout', 'image', 'augmentation', 'experimental', 'results', 'class', 'problemthe', 'comparative', 'performance', 'different', 'class', 'classification', 'problem', 'without', 'augmentationis', 'shown', 'table', 'comparative', 'curves', 'areshown', 'figure', 'apparent', 'table', 'theevaluated', 'trained', 'models', 'perform', 'classifyingcovid', 'normal', 'images', 'class', 'problem', 'theweighted', 'average', 'performance', 'matrix', 'eight', 'differentnetworks', 'similar', 'whereas', 'small', 'observedwhen', 'training', 'using', 'image', 'augmentation', 'amongthe', 'networks', 'trained', 'images', 'classproblem', 'resnet18', 'chexnet', 'equally', 'performingfor', 'classifying', 'images', 'while', 'chexnet', 'densenet201', 'areperforming', 'better', 'others', 'training', 'mented', 'images', 'although', 'difference', 'marginal', 'chexnetis', 'producing', 'highest', 'accuracy', 'fortwo', 'class', 'classification', 'without', 'image', 'augmentationrespectively', 'interestingly', 'chexnet', 'performing', 'inboth', 'cases', 'without', 'augmentation', 'canbe', 'explained', 'chexnet', 'networkwhich', 'trained', 'large', 'image', 'database', 'network', 'supposed', 'toperform', 'better', 'image', 'classification', 'without', 'therequirement', 'training', 'again', 'larger', 'dataset', 'however', 'classification', 'problem', 'covid', 'images', 'aresignificantly', 'different', 'normal', 'images', 'testednetworks', 'performing', 'apparent', 'roccurves', 'figure', 'cases', 'without', 'andwith', 'augmentation', 'class', 'problem', 'curves', 'areshowing', 'comparable', 'performance', 'networks', '132670', 'volume', '2020m', 'chowdhury', 'screening', 'viral', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'figure', 'comparison', 'curve', 'normal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'classification', 'using', 'based', 'models', 'without', 'image', 'augmentation', 'table', 'weighted', 'average', 'performance', 'metrics', 'different', 'learning', 'networks', 'class', 'classification', 'problem', 'without', 'imageaugmentation', 'experimental', 'results', 'three', 'class', 'problemtable', 'summarizes', 'performance', 'matrix', 'differentpre', 'trained', 'algorithms', 'tested', 'differentclassification', 'schemes', 'without', 'image', 'augmentation', 'noticed', 'trained', 'networks', 'shallowor', 'showing', 'similar', 'performance', 'apart', 'fromchexnet', 'training', 'without', 'image', 'augmentation', 'trained', 'networks', 'trained', 'small', 'imagedataset', 'reported', 'research', 'groups', 'inthe', 'literature', 'performance', 'difference', 'marginaland', 'overall', 'performance', 'reduced', 'three', 'class', 'problemin', 'comparison', 'class', 'problem', 'expected', 'asnetworks', 'confused', 'between', 'covid', 'viralpneumonia', 'however', 'chexnet', 'still', 'performing', 'whiletrained', 'small', 'dataset', 'chexnet', 'originally', 'trainedone', 'large', 'image', 'dataset', 'other', 'while', 'image', 'augmentation', 'applied', 'trainingimage', 'trained', 'networks', 'performingbased', 'their', 'capability', 'distinguish', 'three', 'classimages', 'typically', 'deeper', 'network', 'better', 'theperformance', 'distinguishing', 'image', 'classes', 'however', 'important', 'resnet18', 'andresnet101', 'support', 'statement', 'rather', 'resnet18being', 'shallow', 'network', 'resnet101', 'resnet18', 'isstill', 'outperforming', 'resnet101', 'interestingly', 'chexnet', 'which', 'layer', 'variant', 'ofdensenet', 'trained', 'images', 'outperforming', 'adeeper', 'variant', 'densenet', 'layers', 'therefore', 'canbe', 'summarized', 'though', 'chexnet', 'trained', 'inally', 'images', 'training', 'deeper', 'networkwith', 'larger', 'image', 'better', 'chance', 'training', 'fromthe', 'image', 'which', 'training', 'deepnetwork', 'learn', 'better', 'perform', 'better', 'trainingis', 'carried', 'larger', 'dataset', 'densenet201', 'outperformsvolume', '132671m', 'chowdhury', 'screening', 'viral', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'table', 'weighted', 'average', 'performance', 'metrics', 'different', 'learning', 'networks', 'three', 'class', 'classification', 'problem', 'without', 'imageaugmentation', 'other', 'models', 'three', 'class', 'classification', 'scheme', 'terms', 'ofdifferent', 'performance', 'indices', 'image', 'augmentationwas', 'employed', 'performance', 'matrix', 'significantlyimproved', 'image', 'augmentation', 'obvious', 'fromfigure', 'densenet201with', 'image', 'augmentation', 'cansignificantly', 'increase', 'overall', 'network', 'performance', 'figure', 'shows', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'densenet201', 'fortwo', 'class', 'three', 'class', 'problems', 'image', 'augmentation', 'clear', 'figure', 'three', 'covid', 'imagesout', 'images', 'classified', 'normal', 'falsenegative', 'three', 'images', 'images', 'weremiss', 'classified', 'covid', 'false', 'positive', 'reflectsthat', 'learning', 'technique', 'extremely', 'robust', 'indistinguishing', 'covid', 'images', 'normal', 'images', 'three', 'class', 'problem', 'covid', 'imagewas', 'classified', 'normal', 'which', 'threeimages', 'classified', 'class', 'classifier', 'othercovid', 'images', 'classified', 'viral', 'pneumoniaimages', 'normal', 'images', 'classified', 'tocovid', 'three', 'class', 'classifier', 'although', 'severalnormal', 'images', 'classified', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'image', 'classified', 'normal', 'conse', 'quences', 'classified', 'other', 'disease', 'category', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'similarly', 'normal', 'images', 'classifiedto', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'severe', 'consequence', 'bemiss', 'classified', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'viralpneumonia', 'images', 'classified', 'covid', 'outof', 'images', 'while', 'images', 'classified', 'normal', 'noted', 'network', 'confusing', 'betweencovid', 'other', 'image', 'classes', 'rather', 'network', 'ismore', 'confused', 'between', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'images', 'however', 'precision', 'score', 'thenetwork', 'still', 'performing', 'excellent', 'classifying', 'theimages', 'reliably', 'important', 'computer', 'aidedsystem', 'should', 'classify', 'covid', 'patients', 'tonormal', 'versa', 'however', 'important', 'reasonof', 'classifier', 'being', 'failed', 'three', 'covid', 'patients', 'images', 'classified', 'normal', 'difference', 'between', 'normal', 'covid', 'rayimages', 'observed', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'ofpre', 'trained', 'model', 'notable', 'figure', 'the14th', 'layer', 'densenet201', 'detect', 'features', 'candistinguish', 'normal', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'shows', 'reason', 'success', 'network', 'indetecting', 'covid', 'images', 'distinguishing', 'fromnormal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'which', 'several', 'groupsof', 'researchers', 'reported', 'earlier', 'reliably', 'possible', 'byplain', 'images', 'really', 'difficult', 'thepracticing', 'radiologist', 'abnormality', 'early', 'stage', 'ofcovid', 'however', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'images', 'identify', 'layerfeatures', 'which', 'visible', 'human', 'thedeep', 'layers', 'enhance', 'distinctive', 'features', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'patients', 'images', 'therebyenhancing', 'chance', 'identifying', 'abnormality', 'thelungs', 'patients', 'figure', 'shows', 'three', 'images', 'covid', '19miss', 'classified', 'normal', 'image', 'classifiedby', 'class', 'classifier', 'image', 'classified', 'bythree', 'class', 'classifier', 'reason', 'behind', 'missingof', 'these', 'covid', 'images', 'opacity', 'leftand', 'right', 'upper', 'suprahilar', 'posterior', 'anterior132672', 'volume', '2020m', 'chowdhury', 'screening', 'viral', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'figure', 'comparison', 'curve', 'normal', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'classification', 'using', 'based', 'models', 'without', 'andwith', 'image', 'augmentation', 'figure', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'classification', 'normal', 'covid', 'normal', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'using', 'densenet201', 'figure', 'images', 'channel', 'first', 'convolutional', 'layer', '14thconvolutional', 'layer', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'images', 'fromdensenet201', 'different', 'subject', 'groups', 'normal', 'covid', 'viralpneumonia', 'arrows', 'covid', 'image', 'shows', 'regions', 'lightfocus', 'distinctive', 'feature', 'covid', 'patients', 'images', 'whichare', 'present', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'patients', 'images', 'which', 'similar', 'normal', 'images', 'figure', 'algorithm', 'fails', 'evident', 'light', 'focusedge', 'feature', 'appeared', 'layer', 'offigure', 'three', 'covid', 'images', 'which', 'classified', 'tonormal', 'images', 'three', 'class', 'classifier', 'image', 'aremiss', 'classified', 'class', 'classifier', 'image', 'classified', 'bythree', 'class', 'classifier', 'covid', 'cases', 'confirmed', 'other', 'techniques', 'these', 'three', 'images', 'evaluated', 'three', 'practicingradiologists', 'identify', 'their', 'evaluations', 'thesethree', 'images', 'first', 'third', 'images', 'identified', 'nosign', 'little', 'covid', 'radiologists', 'whileimage', 'identified', 'stage', 'infections', 'summarized', 'proposed', 'technique', 'classifymost', 'covid', 'images', 'reliably', 'volume', '132673m', 'chowdhury', 'screening', 'viral', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'conclusionthis', 'presents', 'based', 'transfer', 'learningapproach', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'eight', 'different', 'popular', 'previously', 'reported', 'efficient', 'cnnbased', 'learning', 'algorithms', 'trained', 'validated', 'andtested', 'classifying', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'patients', 'usingchest', 'images', 'observed', 'densenet201', 'performs', 'other', 'different', 'networks', 'while', 'imageaugmentation', 'training', 'models', 'chexnet', 'which', 'variant', 'densenet', 'outperformingother', 'networks', 'while', 'image', 'augmentation', 'obvious', 'chexnet', 'trained', 'largex', 'database', 'showing', 'better', 'performance', 'thisstudy', 'while', 'trained', 'small', 'augmented', 'image', 'dataset', 'however', 'deeper', 'version', 'densenet', 'trained', 'alarge', 'augmented', 'dataset', 'dense201', 'outperforms', 'chexnet', 'clearly', 'reveals', 'performance', 'reportedon', 'smaller', 'database', 'literature', 'should', 'evaluated', 'alarge', 'dataset', 'otherwise', 'findings', 'these', 'studies', 'cannot', 'begeneralized', 'applications', 'authors', 'havereported', 'findings', 'large', 'database', 'along', 'theimage', 'augmentation', 'train', 'shallow', 'networks', 'andit', 'observed', 'networks', 'perform', 'better', 'theshallow', 'networks', 'particularly', 'classifying', 'normal', 'viralimages', 'networks', 'identify', 'covid', 'withvery', 'sensitivity', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'precision', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'normal', 'covid', 'images', 'normal', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'respectively', 'covid', 'already', 'becomea', 'threat', 'world', 'healthcare', 'system', 'economyand', 'thousands', 'people', 'already', 'deaths', 'wereinitiated', 'respiratory', 'failure', 'which', 'leads', 'failureof', 'other', 'organs', 'since', 'large', 'number', 'patients', 'attendingout', 'emergency', 'doctor', 'limited', 'computer', 'aided', 'diagnosis', 'lives', 'early', 'screening', 'proper', 'moreover', 'there', 'large', 'degree', 'variability', 'theinput', 'images', 'machines', 'variations', 'ofexpertise', 'radiologist', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'exhibits', 'anexcellent', 'performance', 'classifying', 'covid', 'pneumoniaprovided', 'network', 'effectively', 'trained', 'largedataset', 'believe', 'computer', 'aided', 'diagnostic', 'toolcan', 'significantly', 'improve', 'speed', 'accuracy', 'thescreening', 'covid', 'positive', 'cases', 'method', 'would', 'behighly', 'useful', 'pandemic', 'where', 'disease', 'burden', 'needfor', 'preventive', 'measures', 'available', 'resources', 'authors', 'contributionmuhammad', 'chowdhury', 'conceptualization', 'writing', 'review', 'editing', 'supervision', 'project', 'administration', 'tawsifur', 'rahman', 'curation', 'methodology', 'software', 'validation', 'formal', 'analysis', 'writing', 'review', 'editing', 'amith', 'khandakar', 'curation', 'investigation', 'resources', 'writing', 'original', 'draft', 'writing', 'review', 'editing', 'rashidmazhar', 'writing', 'original', 'draft', 'writing', 'review', 'muhammad', 'abdul', 'kadir', 'methodology', 'visualization', 'editing', 'mahbub', 'methodology', 'visualization', 'khandakar', 'islam', 'curation', 'writing', 'original', 'draft', 'muhammad', 'salman', 'visualization', 'writing', 'originaldraft', 'iqbal', 'writing', 'review', 'editing', 'nasseral', 'emadi', 'writing', 'review', 'editing', 'supervision', 'mamunbin', 'writing', 'review', 'editing', 'supervision', 'conceptualization', 'islam', 'writing', 'review', 'editing', 'supervision', 'acknowledgmentsthis', 'possible', 'nprp12s', '190164from', 'qatar', 'national', 'research', 'member', 'qatarfoundation', 'qatar', 'statements', 'herein', 'aresolely', 'responsibility', 'authors', 'publication', 'thisarticle', 'funded', 'qatar', 'national', 'library', 'authorswould', 'thank', 'italian', 'society', 'medical', 'radiology', 'andinterventional', 'sharing', 'images', 'covid', '19patients', 'publicly', 'would', 'thank', 'cohen', 'fortaking', 'initiative', 'gather', 'images', 'articles', 'onlineresources', 'least', 'authors', 'would', 'toacknowledge', 'chest', 'images', 'pneumonia', 'databaseand', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'challenge', 'kaggle', 'whichhelped', 'significantly', 'possible', 'otherwise', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'accessible', 'tothe', 'conflicts', 'interestthe', 'authors', 'declare', 'conflict', 'interest', 'new_paper']
['received', 'april', 'accepted', 'publication', 'current', 'version', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3085682covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolset', 'forautomatically', 'scraping', 'processing', 'globalmulti', 'scale', 'spatiotemporal', 'covid', 'recordshai', 'dexuan', 'anusha', 'srirenganathan', 'malarvizhi1', 'nadine', 'meister4', 'wang1', 'jingchao', 'yang1', 'chaowei', 'member', 'spatiotemporal', 'innovation', 'center', 'george', 'mason', 'university', 'fairfax', '22030', 'usa2department', 'geography', 'geoinformation', 'science', 'george', 'mason', 'university', 'fairfax', '22030', 'usa3department', 'aerospace', 'mechanical', 'engineering', 'university', 'notre', 'notre', '46556', 'usa4department', 'physics', 'harvard', 'university', 'cambridge', '02138', 'usacorresponding', 'author', 'chaowei', 'cyang3', 'supported', 'national', 'science', 'foundation', 'under', 'award', '2027521', 'award', '1841520', 'abstract', 'covid', 'quickly', 'spread', 'across', 'world', 'infecting', 'billions', 'people', 'disruptingthe', 'normal', 'lives', 'citizens', 'every', 'country', 'governments', 'organizations', 'research', 'institutions', 'overthe', 'world', 'dedicating', 'resources', 'research', 'effective', 'strategies', 'fight', 'rapidly', 'propagatingvirus', 'virus', 'testing', 'countries', 'publish', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'cases', 'recoveredcases', 'locations', 'routinely', 'through', 'various', 'channels', 'forms', 'important', 'source', 'enabledresearchers', 'worldwide', 'perform', 'different', 'covid', 'scientific', 'studies', 'modeling', 'virus', 'sspreading', 'patterns', 'developing', 'prevention', 'strategies', 'studying', 'impact', 'covid', 'other', 'aspectsof', 'society', 'however', 'major', 'challenge', 'there', 'standardized', 'updated', 'quality', 'dataproduct', 'covers', 'covid', 'cases', 'internationally', 'because', 'different', 'countries', 'publishtheir', 'unique', 'channels', 'formats', 'intervals', 'which', 'hinders', 'researchers', 'fetching', 'necessarycovid', 'datasets', 'effectively', 'especially', 'scale', 'studies', 'although', 'existing', 'solutions', 'shopkins', 'covid', 'dashboard', '1point3acres', 'covid', 'tracker', 'widely', 'difficult', 'usersto', 'access', 'their', 'original', 'dataset', 'customize', 'those', 'specific', 'requirements', 'categories', 'datastructure', 'source', 'selection', 'address', 'challenge', 'developed', 'toolset', 'using', 'cloud', 'based', 'webscraping', 'extract', 'refine', 'unify', 'store', 'covid', 'cases', 'multiple', 'scales', 'available', 'countriesaround', 'world', 'automatically', 'toolset', 'publishes', 'public', 'access', 'effective', 'manner', 'which', 'could', 'offer', 'users', 'covid', 'dynamic', 'dataset', 'global', 'studies', 'arepresented', 'about', 'utilize', 'datasets', 'toolset', 'easily', 'extended', 'fulfill', 'other', 'purposeswith', 'source', 'nature', 'index', 'terms', 'scraper', 'covid', 'spatiotemporal', 'multiple', 'scale', 'introductionthe', 'worldwide', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'infected', 'billionsof', 'people', 'global', 'crisis', 'triggeredlockdowns', 'countries', 'around', 'world', 'months', 'inhopes', 'spread', 'novel', 'virus', 'lives', 'inevitably', 'normal', 'lives', 'citizens', 'heavily', 'turbed', 'impacted', 'scientists', 'world', 'studyingthis', 'pandemic', 'analyze', 'spreading', 'dynamics', 'designthe', 'associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript', 'andapproving', 'publication', 'ahmed', 'farouk', 'effective', 'control', 'policies', 'predict', 'possible', 'outbreakcenters', 'develop', 'vaccines', 'optimize', 'vaccination', 'strate', 'covid', 'virus', 'samples', 'statistics', 'positive', 'cases', 'existing', 'policies', 'environmental', 'factors', 'becomeimportant', 'covid', 'related', 'research', 'anotherexample', 'spatiotemporal', 'covid', 'records', 'which', 'mostcountries', 'gradually', 'published', 'through', 'virus', 'testingsince', 'early', 'collecting', 'organizing', 'distributingspatiotemporal', 'covid', 'records', 'provide', 'avenues', 'datasources', 'support', 'covid', 'studies', 'different', 'fieldssuch', 'public', 'health', 'economics', 'environmental', 'science', 'volume', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '84783h', 'covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolsetgovernments', 'organizations', 'country', 'recognize', 'theneed', 'public', 'records', 'example', 'covid', '19cases', 'comes', 'international', 'agencies', 'worldhealth', 'organization', 'global', 'health', 'council', 'individual', 'national', 'organizations', 'centersfor', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention', 'nationalhealth', 'commission', 'people', 'republic', 'china', 'these', 'organizations', 'subcommittees', 'collect', 'andproduce', 'datasets', 'published', 'public', 'however', 'forresearchers', 'difficulty', 'obtaining', 'these', 'datasets', 'thatinformation', 'published', 'various', 'sources', 'formats', 'types', 'scales', 'channels', 'intervals', 'different', 'countries', 'makes', 'consuming', 'acquire', 'latest', 'fusedstructured', 'country', 'routinely', 'hindering', 'theresponse', 'progress', 'fight', 'covid', 'address', 'developed', 'covid', 'scraper', 'toolset', 'matically', 'aggregating', 'multiple', 'sources', 'spatiotemporalcovid', 'dataset', 'different', 'scales', 'spatiotem', 'poral', 'framework', 'tailored', 'structures', 'benefitrelated', 'studies', 'actors', 'large', 'institutions', 'hasbeen', 'undertaken', 'since', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'prime', 'example', 'provides', 'daily', 'updatedcovid', 'dashboard', 'pulling', 'eight', 'differentnon', 'governmental', 'sources', 'including', 'european', 'centre', 'disease', 'prevention', 'control', 'numerous', 'countries', 'repositories', 'andorganizes', 'dataset', 'public', 'sharing', 'however', 'process', 'collecting', 'organizing', 'andstructuring', 'their', 'covid', 'dashboard', 'centerfor', 'systems', 'science', 'engineering', 'johns', 'university', 'transparent', 'which', 'leads', 'toanother', 'challenge', 'users', 'cannot', 'toolto', 'acquire', 'datasets', 'preferred', 'sources', 'tomized', 'structures', 'setup', 'defined', 'acquisitionfrequency', 'another', 'widely', 'known', 'system', '1point3acrescovid', 'dashboard', 'which', 'gained', 'billionvisits', 'similar', 'covid', 'dashboard', 'userscannot', 'customize', 'sources', 'countries', 'anotherissue', 'display', 'dashboard', 'difficultto', 'access', 'public', 'claims', 'could', 'bedistributed', 'permission', 'hence', 'impossible', 'usersto', 'define', 'granularity', 'filter', 'content', 'dataand', 'select', 'categories', 'customized', 'scholarresearch', 'other', 'words', 'existing', 'solutions', 'flexi', 'enough', 'users', 'especially', 'those', 'which', 'specificrequirements', 'obtain', 'targeted', 'datasets', 'developed', 'covid', 'scraper', 'sourcedcovid', 'scraping', 'toolset', 'adopting', 'technology', 'ofweb', 'crawlers', 'collect', 'filter', 'organize', 'process', 'andstore', 'multi', 'scale', 'spatiotemporal', 'covid', 'records', 'eachnation', 'world', 'generate', 'comprehensive', 'single', 'highly', 'flexible', 'allows', 'usersto', 'customize', 'sources', 'structures', 'filter', 'criteria', 'database', 'setup', 'visualization', 'formats', 'minoradjustments', 'those', 'parameters', 'toolsetcan', 'easily', 'deployed', 'cloud', 'platform', 'fetch', 'requiredcovid', 'spatiotemporal', 'datasets', 'automatically', 'covid', 'scraper', 'process', 'dataeffectively', 'example', 'finish', 'acquiring', 'availablecovid', 'datasets', 'countries', 'world', 'withinabout', 'minutes', 'furthermore', 'covid', 'scraper', 'worksexceptionally', 'countries', 'provide', 'structured', 'their', 'official', 'reports', 'about', 'theircurrent', 'situation', 'covid', 'other', 'portable', 'documentformat', 'pictures', 'their', 'reports', 'usedas', 'powerful', 'toolset', 'building', 'historical', 'spatiotemporalcovid', 'records', 'countries', 'providethe', 'latest', 'covid', 'reports', 'paper', 'different', 'types', 'spatiotemporalcovid', 'sources', 'different', 'countries', 'consumedby', 'covid', 'scraper', 'discussed', 'section', 'thecomponents', 'mechanism', 'implementation', 'toolsetare', 'detailed', 'section', 'include', 'workflow', 'ofhow', 'covid', 'scraper', 'functions', 'designed', 'tocater', 'different', 'types', 'sources', 'processingof', 'automation', 'configurations', 'section', 'details', 'casestudies', 'scraper', 'functioned', 'produced', 'forcountries', 'especially', 'those', 'documentedinformation', 'access', 'performance', 'tests', 'conductedto', 'demonstrate', 'overall', 'performance', 'single', 'plete', 'scraping', 'process', 'processing', 'different', 'datatypes', 'introduce', 'cases', 'utilized', 'finaldata', 'product', 'generated', 'covid', 'scraper', 'monitorthe', 'medical', 'resource', 'deficiency', 'dynamics', 'impact', 'ofsocial', 'distancing', 'measures', 'covid', 'cases', 'mortality', 'paper', 'concluded', 'discussions', 'implicationsof', 'scraper', 'future', 'directions', 'covid', 'scraper', 'major', 'contributions', 'sourced', 'covid', 'scraping', 'toolset', 'withweb', 'crawlers', 'collect', 'filter', 'organize', 'process', 'andstore', 'multi', 'scale', 'spatiotemporal', 'covid', 'records', 'eachnation', 'world', 'scraping', 'scripts', 'accommodatecovid', 'spatiotemporal', 'scraping', 'tasks', 'varioustypes', 'source', 'published', 'various', 'countries', 'workflow', 'could', 'automatically', 'drive', 'scrap', 'toolset', 'generate', 'comprehensive', 'product', 'asingle', 'multi', 'scale', 'covid', 'records', 'provided', 'github', 'repository', 'cloud', 'baseddatabase', 'public', 'operational', 'dashboard', 'maintained', 'visualize', 'thedata', 'product', 'quick', 'query', 'access', 'literature', 'reviewweb', 'scraping', 'mining', 'technology', 'commonlyused', 'extracting', 'unstructured', 'different', 'onlinesources', 'restructuring', 'converting', 'acquired', 'intoa', 'structured', 'further', 'stored', 'analyzed', 'database', 'benefit', 'designed', 'scraperis', 'automatically', 'sifts', 'through', 'targeted', 'sources84784', 'volume', '2021h', 'covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolsetand', 'valuable', 'information', 'comprehensive', 'dataset', 'there', 'different', 'forms', 'scraping', 'including', 'andpasting', 'grabbing', 'parsing', 'others', 'scraping', 'simulates', 'human', 'interactionwith', 'obtain', 'attribute', 'webpage', 'itself', 'beneficial', 'because', 'brings', 'inpertinent', 'information', 'relevant', 'topic', 'assignedto', 'scraping', 'erroneous', 'information', 'forexample', 'colleagues', 'applied', 'scraper', 'niques', 'collect', 'large', 'scale', 'datasets', 'horticultural', 'information', 'predict', 'trend', 'price', 'fluctuationwith', 'regressive', 'integrated', 'moving', 'average', 'arima', 'integrated', 'recurrent', 'neural', 'network', 'model', 'pawar', 'colleagues', 'implemented', 'scraper', 'searchmedicinal', 'plants', 'relevant', 'diseases', 'india', 'ayurvedicsystem', 'scraping', 'widely', 'epidemiological', 'researchand', 'public', 'health', 'studies', 'scraping', 'analyzingtext', 'based', 'internet', 'researchers', 'success', 'fully', 'detect', 'diseases', 'hazards', 'predictpotential', 'pandemics', 'example', 'pollett', 'colleaguesused', 'scraper', 'scrape', 'unstructured', 'inter', 'newswire', 'timely', 'detect', 'outbreaks', 'epidemicsfrom', 'vector', 'borne', 'diseases', 'walid', 'scrapedworldwide', 'twitter', 'years', 'applying', 'timent', 'analysis', 'natural', 'language', 'processing', 'walid', 'sdata', 'built', 'model', 'detect', 'predict', 'cancer', 'diseases', 'detection', 'scraping', 'adopted', 'infood', 'hazards', 'detection', 'dissemination', 'scraping', 'theevents', 'related', 'hazards', 'social', 'media', 'colleagues', 'built', 'system', 'prevent', 'controlfood', 'hazards', 'korea', 'addition', 'majumder', 'utilized', 'scraped', 'collected', 'healthmap', 'coupledwith', 'google', 'trend', 'series', 'calculate', 'andpredict', 'outbreak', 'level', 'virus', 'beyondscraping', 'based', 'internet', 'resources', 'images', 'havebeen', 'scraped', 'valuable', 'dataset', 'support', 'public', 'healthresearch', 'example', 'scraped', 'illicit', 'dealer', 'related', 'photos', 'posts', 'instagram', 'differentdeep', 'learning', 'models', 'applied', 'detected', 'successfully', 'technique', 'applied', 'covid', 'relateddata', 'collection', 'adopted', 'crawler', 'collectemotion', 'experience', 'online', 'education', 'platformsfor', 'users', 'assess', 'satisfaction', 'quality', 'online', 'educa', 'under', 'pandemic', 'scanned', 'collectedofficial', 'media', 'related', 'covid', 'vietnam', 'response', 'policymaking', 'social', 'media', 'journalism', 'regarding', 'outbreak', 'scrapedweibo', 'posts', 'wuhan', 'china', 'early', 'stage', 'thecovid', 'outbreak', 'analyze', 'public', 'reaction', 'knowledge', 'attitude', 'their', 'findings', 'potentially', 'support', 'futurepolicy', 'making', 'possible', 'future', 'outbreak', 'responses', 'however', 'worthwhile', 'point', 'expressedconcern', 'field', 'scraping', 'thatscrapers', 'obtain', 'personal', 'information', 'publish', 'anopen', 'database', 'becomes', 'sensitivewhen', 'medical', 'records', 'retrieved', 'scraper', 'ourstudy', 'covid', 'scraper', 'aimed', 'collecting', 'finescale', 'spatiotemporal', 'covid', 'records', 'countries', 'arereleasing', 'numerical', 'globally', 'aggregating', 'intoa', 'central', 'database', 'without', 'directly', 'working', 'personalmedical', 'records', 'types', 'availability', 'thecovid', 'scraperthe', 'covid', 'scraper', 'developed', 'automatically', 'androutinely', 'collect', 'spatiotemporal', 'covid', 'records', 'releasedby', 'countries', 'world', 'however', 'there', 'varyingdegrees', 'which', 'these', 'records', 'available', 'differ', 'countries', 'figure', 'countries', 'china', 'provide', 'trustable', 'comprehensive', 'fully', 'processed', 'ready', 'datasets', 'through', 'official', 'portals', 'these', 'datasetsare', 'usually', 'comma', 'separated', 'values', 'tabular', 'orjavascript', 'object', 'notation', 'structured', 'format', 'thatstored', 'standalone', 'cloud', 'shared', 'documents', 'asgoogle', 'spreadsheet', 'other', 'countries', 'turkeyand', 'chile', 'provide', 'information', 'covid', 'isnot', 'organized', 'example', 'publishedon', 'dynamic', 'website', 'inside', 'embedded', 'animage', 'based', 'these', 'contexts', 'datasets', 'cannot', 'beread', 'parsed', 'based', 'processing', 'algorithms', 'directlyand', 'automatically', 'hence', 'advanced', 'technologies', 'should', 'bedeveloped', 'integrated', 'expected', 'dataset', 'extractrequired', 'information', 'those', 'unstructured', 'sources', 'convert', 'defined', 'structures', 'storageand', 'sharing', 'currently', 'covid', 'scraper', 'scans', 'scrapesall', 'countries', 'available', 'sources', 'daily', 'figure', 'those', 'countries', 'without', 'available', 'source', 'countries', 'listed', 'table', 'major', 'focus', 'ofthe', 'covid', 'scraper', 'which', 'provides', 'covid', 'records', 'inunstructured', 'organized', 'formats', 'table', 'ourtoolset', 'checks', 'sources', 'confirm', 'availability', 'beforeevery', 'reports', 'exceptions', 'source', 'longervalid', 'format', 'changed', 'computing', 'perspective', 'types', 'covid', '19records', 'published', 'different', 'countries', 'structured', 'orunstructured', 'formats', 'commonly', 'usedformats', 'structured', 'however', 'other', 'formats', 'alsoadopted', 'official', 'sources', 'releasing', 'tabular', 'cases', 'example', 'cases', 'brazil', 'microsoftexcel', 'format', 'which', 'required', 'convertedinto', 'before', 'further', 'processing', 'another', 'formatfor', 'structured', 'typically', 'provided', 'standalone', 'jsonfiles', 'sources', 'addition', 'struc', 'tured', 'formats', 'unstructured', 'formats', 'include', 'originalhtml', 'images', 'covid', 'scraper', 'developed', 'accommodate', 'types', 'covid', 'datasets', 'structured', 'orunstructured', 'formats', 'study', 'sourced', 'packagesand', 'browser', 'rendering', 'tools', 'applied', 'tosupport', 'scraping', 'parsing', 'analyzing', 'differentvolume', '84785h', 'covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolsetfigure', 'global', 'scale', 'availability', 'covid', 'scraper', 'coverage', 'figure', 'overall', 'workflow', 'formats', 'required', 'spatiotemporal', 'covid', 'recordsare', 'extracted', 'sources', 'covid', 'scraper', 'willfilter', 'organize', 'store', 'single', 'databaseunder', 'framework', 'section', 'covid', 'scraper', 'automation', 'methodologies', 'structures', 'detailedimplementation', 'discussed', 'fromdifferent', 'countries', 'methodthe', 'overall', 'workflow', 'covid', 'scraper', 'toolset', 'containsseven', 'steps', 'figure', 'detecting', 'official', 'trust', 'worthy', 'websites', 'forcovid', 'spatiotemporal', 'records', 'individualcountry', 'choose', 'preferred', 'source', 'targetcountry', 'scanning', 'targeted', 'sources', 'analyzingwhat', 'should', 'collected', 'extracted', 'adjusting', 'template', 'crawler', 'accommodate', 'cific', 'needs', 'unique', 'source', 'testing', 'verify', 'expected', 'collected', 'targetdata', 'source', 'assembling', 'crawlers', 'toolset', 'hostingit', 'platform', 'automation', 'operational', 'github', 'actions', 'adopted', 'purpose', 'utilizing', 'github', 'actions', 'workflow', 'developedand', 'configured', 'including', 'managing', 'scraping', 'tasks', 'handling84786', 'volume', '2021h', 'covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolsettable', 'major', 'countries', 'sources', 'scraped', 'covid', 'scraper', 'volume', '84787h', 'covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolsetfigure', 'methodology', 'covid', 'scraper', 'exceptions', 'processing', 'frequency', 'automatically', 'thecovid', 'scraper', 'demand', 'fetching', 'collected', 'results', 'configured', 'tempo', 'store', 'paths', 'merging', 'matching', 'those', 'basedon', 'unique', 'geographical', 'unifying', 'structure', 'based', 'onuser', 'settings', 'verifying', 'quality', 'pushing', 'databaseas', 'product', 'visualizing', 'generated', 'product', 'publishing', 'service', 'sharing', 'interactively', 'viewing', 'querying', 'perspective', 'algorithm', 'implementation', 'httprequests', 'initialization', 'stage', 'thecovid', 'scraper', 'selected', 'sources', 'figure', 'parsing', 'acquired', 'dataset', 'different', 'formats', 'viaopen', 'source', 'packages', 'spatiotemporal', 'covid', 'recordsfrom', 'country', 'extracted', 'after', 'required', 'datasetsare', 'collected', 'parsed', 'matched', 'merged', 'automatically', 'whole', 'dataset', 'pushed', 'database', 'finaldata', 'product', 'successfully', 'accommodate', 'various', 'types', 'datasources', 'toolset', 'designed', 'handle', 'structureddatasets', 'unstructured', 'datasets', 'minor', 'parame', 'adjustments', 'structured', 'scrapingit', 'straightforward', 'handle', 'structured', 'datasetsbecause', 'usually', 'stored', 'formats', 'format', 'tables', 'contain', 'columns', 'corresponding', 'location', 'numbers', 'confirmed', 'death', 'recovered', 'cases', 'since', 'format', 'consistent', 'daily', 'reportused', 'database', 'expeditiously', 'processedby', 'identifying', 'columns', 'matching', 'location', 'nameswith', 'hierarchical', 'administrative', 'subdivision', 'local', 'geographical', 'conversely', 'formattables', 'usually', 'include', 'multiple', 'columns', 'corresponding', 'todifferent', 'locations', 'dates', 'which', 'converted', 'longformat', 'before', 'processing', 'microsoft', 'excel', 'three', 'major', 'struc', 'tured', 'types', 'covid', 'cases', 'sources', 'therecords', 'provided', 'format', 'directlydownloaded', 'further', 'processing', 'however', 'thesedatasets', 'microsoft', 'excel', 'beconverted', 'first', 'before', 'entering', 'processingstage', 'microsoft', 'excel', 'format', 'easily', 'converted', 'tocsv', 'using', 'pandas', 'package', 'python', 'dataset', 'which', 'typically', 'provided', 'standalone', 'files', 'viaapi', 'sources', 'require', 'identifying', 'corre', 'sponding', 'locations', 'numbers', 'jsonobjects', 'convert', 'tabular', 'format', 'occasionally', 'although', 'structured', 'format', 'cannot', 'directly', 'obtained', 'needs', 'click', 'button', 'download', 'frombrazil', 'dashboard', 'where', 'hardcoded', 'thesource', 'dynamically', 'generated', 'cases', 'niques', 'handle', 'dynamic', 'pages', 'adopted', 'obtainthe', 'download', 'acquire', 'expected', 'dataset', 'thedetailed', 'implementation', 'handling', 'dynamic', 'pageswill', 'elaborated', 'following', 'section', 'unstructured', 'scrapingalthough', 'structured', 'formats', 'jsonare', 'preferred', 'sources', 'always', 'available', 'sometimes', 'scraped', 'pages', 'additionto', 'provided', 'links', 'pages', 'developedin', 'static', 'dynamic', 'depends', 'frameworks', 'ofwebsites', 'technology', 'selection', 'security', 'concerns', 'ourtoolset', 'static', 'dynamic', 'pages', 'scrapedautomatically', 'static', 'pages', 'scrapingstatic', 'pages', 'pages', 'fixed', 'content', 'whenhtml', 'loaded', 'client', 'browser', 'directlydisplays', 'contents', 'stored', 'serverside', 'static', 'pages', 'request', 'performed', 'toretrieve', 'however', 'getrequired', 'pages', 'content', 'effectively', 'shouldbe', 'carefully', 'considered', 'challenge', 'verytime', 'consuming', 'design', 'parser', 'acquire', 'valuable', 'datawhen', 'encounters', 'multiple', 'layer', 'nested', 'structurein', 'pages', 'hence', 'recommended', 'apply', 'anoptimized', 'approach', 'design', 'parsers', 'subsequently', 'varioustools', 'harvest', 'content', 'example', 'toolset', 'python', 'packages', 'requests', 'beautifulsoup', 'method', 'requests84788', 'volume', '2021h', 'covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolsetpackage', 'request', 'selected', 'datasource', 'after', 'beautifulsoup', 'adopted', 'parsehtml', 'filter', 'relevant', 'elements', 'extract', 'informa', 'those', 'elements', 'beautifulsoup', 'provides', 'objectthat', 'represents', 'documents', 'nested', 'structure', 'searching', 'filtering', 'required', 'object', 'users', 'parse', 'required', 'information', 'straightforward', 'which', 'saves', 'significant', 'amounts', 'hence', 'desiredtag', 'could', 'extracted', 'using', 'selectmethod', 'beautifulsoup', 'package', 'afterwards', 'information', 'stored', 'files', 'proper', 'settings', 'dynamic', 'pages', 'scrapingunlike', 'static', 'pages', 'fixed', 'structure', 'webcontents', 'pages', 'dynamically', 'loadedwith', 'javascript', 'therefore', 'accessible', 'therequested', 'target', 'results', 'problem', 'simply', 'sending', 'request', 'webcontent', 'cannot', 'fetched', 'expected', 'scrapedata', 'dynamic', 'pages', 'apply', 'reverse', 'engineering', 'identifying', 'manually', 'analyzing', 'javascript', 'codesresponsible', 'retrieving', 'relevant', 'tified', 'could', 'directly', 'fetched', 'through', 'instance', 'arcgis', 'commonly', 'technology', 'tocreate', 'online', 'covid', 'dashboards', 'covid', 'datapublished', 'those', 'channels', 'normally', 'hosted', 'througharcgis', 'feature', 'server', 'queried', 'through', 'those', 'share', 'format', 'relevant', 'infor', 'mation', 'catalog', 'instance', 'service', 'arepinpointed', 'inspecting', 'network', 'activity', 'corresponding', 'arcgis', 'query', 'obtained', 'general', 'reverse', 'engineering', 'based', 'monitoring', 'networkactivity', 'various', 'other', 'however', 'technique', 'smoothly', 'times', 'especially', 'relevant', 'webpage', 'minifiedand', 'generated', 'using', 'higher', 'level', 'framework', 'asreact', 'which', 'makes', 'codes', 'readable', 'those', 'cases', 'javascript', 'codes', 'manually', 'inspectedto', 'reverse', 'engineer', 'relevant', 'information', 'conquer', 'thisproblem', 'headless', 'browser', 'rendering', 'tools', 'adopted', 'inour', 'toolset', 'generate', 'static', 'content', 'dynamicweb', 'pages', 'covid', 'scraper', 'selenium', 'drivers', 'areexploited', 'obtain', 'rendered', 'content', 'dynamicpages', 'selenium', 'python', 'package', 'which', 'launchweb', 'driver', 'remote', 'machine', 'driver', 'methodfrom', 'selenium', 'package', 'utilized', 'navigate', 'selecteddata', 'source', 'drivers', 'chromedriver', 'firefox', 'driver', 'direct', 'commands', 'corresponding', 'webbrowser', 'retrieve', 'response', 'occasionally', 'inputsuch', 'clicking', 'buttons', 'selecting', 'relevant', 'optionsfrom', 'dropdown', 'menus', 'necessary', 'obtain', 'correct', 'infor', 'mation', 'which', 'nicely', 'supported', 'selenium', 'betterintegrate', 'github', 'actions', 'workflows', 'mentionedbefore', 'remote', 'drivers', 'utilized', 'creating', 'servers', 'through', 'docker', 'containers', 'docker', 'containersconnecting', 'services', 'natively', 'supported', 'githubactions', 'making', 'workflows', 'smoother', 'gener', 'content', 'scraped', 'static', 'pagesby', 'using', 'methods', 'described', 'section', 'thedesired', 'source', 'located', 'using', 'thefind', 'element', 'element', 'selector', 'methodsin', 'selenium', 'package', 'processingin', 'addition', 'common', 'official', 'covid', 'dailyreports', 'distributed', 'documents', 'governments', 'which', 'typically', 'contains', 'tables', 'records', 'challengeis', 'parse', 'directly', 'online', 'documents', 'aftergetting', 'required', 'documents', 'local', 'server', 'extracting', 'based', 'information', 'alsonecessary', 'order', 'retrieve', 'documents', 'stepsare', 'applied', 'covid', 'scraper', 'covid', 'scraper', 'first', 'links', 'daily', 'situationreports', 'usually', 'there', 'official', 'containinglinks', 'reports', 'techniqueused', 'scraping', 'static', 'pages', 'toacquire', 'links', 'occasion', 'documents', 'differentdates', 'share', 'except', 'string', 'easily', 'substitute', 'target', 'filename', 'obtain', 'corresponding', 'after', 'retrieving', 'links', 'documents', 'severaltools', 'could', 'utilized', 'scrape', 'ments', 'tabula', 'python', 'wrapper', 'fortabula', 'which', 'table', 'extraction', 'engine', 'normally', 'relevant', 'table', 'contents', 'located', 'thesame', 'locations', 'inside', 'documents', 'differentdates', 'coordinates', 'areas', 'containing', 'thosetables', 'specified', 'tabula', 'obtain', 'betterresults', 'extracted', 'converted', 'csvfiles', 'further', 'processing', 'however', 'extra', 'needsto', 'taken', 'check', 'format', 'verify', 'datasince', 'sometimes', 'extraction', 'output', 'format', 'notbe', 'consistent', 'image', 'processinganother', 'common', 'format', 'distributing', 'covid', 'recordsis', 'picture', 'usually', 'understanding', 'sharethrough', 'social', 'media', 'however', 'challenge', 'forautomatic', 'scrapers', 'directly', 'kindof', 'python', 'beautifulsoup', 'package', 'toscrape', 'those', 'pictures', 'specific', 'group', 'tofit', 'users', 'needs', 'static', 'dynamic', 'websites', 'first', 'getrequest', 'source', 'using', 'methodin', 'requests', 'package', 'response', 'requestwill', 'parsed', 'beautifulsoup', 'lastly', 'select', 'method', 'isapplied', 'extract', 'image', 'source', 'tosetup', 'download', 'tasks', 'after', 'collecting', 'pictures', 'every', 'volunteers', 'manually', 'record', 'picture', 'regardless', 'format', 'typically', 'accessed', 'viadirectly', 'request', 'reverse', 'engineering', 'however', 'volume', '84789h', 'covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolsetoccasionally', 'distributed', 'platform', 'thatrequires', 'authenticated', 'requests', 'instance', 'philippines', 'daily', 'released', 'google', 'drive', 'access', 'client', 'credentials', 'created', 'connecting', 'thegoogle', 'drive', 'before', 'access', 'those', 'specific', 'resources', 'addition', 'source', 'websites', 'additional', 'protec', 'built', 'avoid', 'attacks', 'which', 'breakthe', 'scrapers', 'instance', 'croatia', 'official', 'covid', '19website', 'utilizes', 'cloudflare', 'protection', 'andtherefore', 'requesting', 'source', 'directly', 'viaselenium', 'script', 'denied', 'flaresolverrto', 'bypass', 'protection', 'which', 'starts', 'proxy', 'server', 'andopens', 'requested', 'chrome', 'browser', 'sends', 'therequested', 'after', 'cloudflare', 'challenge', 'solved', 'collection', 'automationonce', 'crawler', 'units', 'tuned', 'properly', 'beassembled', 'processed', 'automatically', 'automation', 'thecovid', 'scraper', 'implemented', 'differentways', 'simple', 'script', 'hosted', 'server', 'automa', 'toolkits', 'workflows', 'supported', 'cloud', 'platforms', 'operational', 'version', 'github', 'actions', 'applied', 'toset', 'automated', 'scraping', 'processes', 'covid', 'scraper', 'hosting', 'toolset', 'github', 'actions', 'using', 'theworkflow', 'files', 'customized', 'virtual', 'ronment', 'covid', 'scraper', 'built', 'deployed', 'andperformed', 'under', 'manual', 'control', 'operation', 'scheduledtime', 'period', 'figure', 'figure', 'workflow', 'collect', 'automatically', 'routinely', 'event', 'driven', 'github', 'action', 'definethe', 'parameters', 'including', 'event', 'triggers', 'parameter', 'event', 'runthe', 'workflow', 'parameter', 'schedule', 'which', 'dailyat', 'current', 'operation', 'thejobs', 'workflow', 'parameter', 'which', 'usedto', 'group', 'together', 'steps', 'parameters', 'specifythe', 'configuration', 'environment', 'parameters', 'toubuntu', 'linux', 'runner', 'group', 'stepsthat', 'needs', 'workflow', 'parameters', 'steps', 'isset', 'python', 'environment', 'runner', 'runthe', 'country', 'crawler', 'scripts', 'toexecute', 'command', 'runner', 'parameter', 'togithub', 'configuration', 'settings', 'latest', 'thesteps', 'parameter', 'expanded', 'additional', 'crawlerscripts', 'which', 'increases', 'total', 'crawling', 'however', 'ensure', 'quality', 'dataset', 'collectedand', 'saved', 'locally', 'before', 'pushing', 'database', 'configuration', 'processing', 'performed', 'solvethree', 'possible', 'issues', 'inconsistent', 'location', 'names', 'sources', 'inconsistent', 'spatial', 'scale', 'temporal', 'gapthose', 'issues', 'nearly', 'inevitable', 'practical', 'operations', 'mismatches', 'inconsistent', 'names', 'administrative', 'sions', 'regions', 'locations', 'fixed', 'before', 'collectingdata', 'instance', 'bogra', 'district', 'bangladesh', 'officiallychanged', 'english', 'spelling', 'bogura', 'district', 'butdata', 'scraped', 'bangladesh', 'covid', 'dashboard', 'contains', 'spellings', 'ignoring', 'issue', 'result', 'inmissing', 'inaccurate', 'cases', 'count', 'regions', 'inthose', 'countries', 'inconsistent', 'spatial', 'scale', 'temporal', 'handled', 'processing', 'truth', 'dailycases', 'countries', 'reported', 'adminis', 'trative', 'divisions', 'health', 'boards', 'other', 'statistical', 'regions', 'other', 'words', 'after', 'obtaining', 'those', 'datasets', 'regionnames', 'those', 'needed', 'match', 'orlocal', 'geographical', 'consistent', 'scales', 'example', 'sometimes', 'reported', 'admin', 'county', 'levelwhile', 'required', 'scale', 'admin', 'province', 'state', 'level', 'cases', 'mapping', 'table', 'convert', 'admin', 'level', 'dataset', 'admin', 'level', 'meantime', 'cases', 'records', 'based', 'admin', '2level', 'aggregated', 'matched', 'based', 'admin', '1regions', 'addition', 'missing', 'certain', 'datesin', 'cases', 'example', 'denmark', 'report', 'dailycases', 'weekends', 'output', 'reportsare', 'consistent', 'format', 'missing', 'filled', 'using', 'dataof', 'closest', 'previous', 'available', 'afterthe', 'global', 'dataset', 'cleaned', 'formatted', 'followingeach', 'scraping', 'cases', 'dataset', 'exported', 'region', 'corresponding', 'record', 'includes', 'regionname', 'country', 'local', 'numbersof', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'deaths', 'cases', 'recovered', 'cases', 'whenavailable', 'however', 'quality', 'verification', 'validationwill', 'before', 'pushing', 'database', 'effec', 'inquires', 'quality', 'controlbecause', 'various', 'formats', 'datasets', 'collectedglobally', 'dealing', 'instability', 'quality', 'a84790', 'volume', '2021h', 'covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolsetfigure', 'operational', 'dashboard', 'global', 'covid', 'records', 'challenge', 'automatically', 'processed', 'crawlers', 'example', 'structure', 'content', 'sources', 'updated', 'quently', 'which', 'usually', 'results', 'unexpected', 'scraping', 'errors', 'therefore', 'detecting', 'errors', 'anomalies', 'essential', 'thistoolset', 'addition', 'quickly', 'respond', 'errors', 'during', 'thetoolset', 'running', 'important', 'validate', 'collected', 'dataafter', 'scraping', 'process', 'datasets', 'correctand', 'accurate', 'three', 'dimensions', 'quality', 'evalu', 'automatic', 'detection', 'script', 'including', 'integrity', 'consistency', 'validity', 'completion', 'check', 'continu', 'series', 'availability', 'required', 'integrity', 'consistency', 'scraped', 'should', 'consistent', 'withthe', 'sources', 'several', 'numeric', 'rules', 'datavalidity', 'evaluation', 'example', 'accumulated', 'viralcase', 'value', 'should', 'unabated', 'change', 'marized', 'cases', 'value', 'certain', 'region', 'should', 'change', 'amongcontinuous', 'surge', 'increase', 'cases', 'beidentified', 'abnormal', 'growth', 'accumulated', 'casevalue', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'should', 'larger', 'casesof', 'death', 'recovered', 'implement', 'quality', 'evaluation', 'inthis', 'toolset', 'validation', 'scripts', 'developed', 'compo', 'covid', 'scraper', 'compare', 'record', 'fromscraped', 'sources', 'corresponding', 'validationdata', 'sources', 'automatically', 'process', 'started', 'afterthe', 'crawling', 'process', 'quality', 'report', 'producedto', 'verify', 'there', 'inconstancies', 'mistakes', 'inthe', 'collected', 'dataset', 'instance', 'nigeria', 'isscraped', 'public', 'dataset', 'provides', 'admin1', 'levelrecords', 'meantime', 'another', 'dataset', 'provided', 'nigeriacentre', 'disease', 'control', 'applied', 'validation', 'datasource', 'ensure', 'accuracy', 'scraped', 'dataset', 'dailycomparison', 'records', 'datasets', 'thecovid', 'scraper', 'validation', 'process', 'mismatching', 'datagaps', 'found', 'before', 'finalization', 'crawler', 'forthis', 'specific', 'country', 'adjusted', 'scrapeddata', 'source', 'replaced', 'problems', 'detectedduring', 'validation', 'current', 'validation', 'approach', 'accurately', 'supportdata', 'formatted', 'tabular', 'format', 'however', 'datasets', 'extracted', 'types', 'recogni', 'applied', 'recognition', 'accuracy', 'cannot', 'fullyguaranteed', 'those', 'cases', 'group', 'volunteers', 'helpingmanually', 'check', 'image', 'daily', 'surethe', 'published', 'quality', 'standard', 'final', 'product', 'generated', 'scrapertoolsetonce', 'scraped', 'datasets', 'daily', 'quality', 'checkprocess', 'converted', 'standard', 'table', 'formatjoint', 'basemap', 'which', 'serves', 'spatial', 'supplementattribute', 'datasets', 'organized', 'region', 'areas', 'scalingfrom', 'country', 'level', 'globally', 'admin', 'level', 'country', 'underneath', 'region', 'daily', 'reports', 'seriessummary', 'tables', 'confirmed', 'death', 'recovered', 'casesare', 'produced', 'presented', 'after', 'covid', 'datacollection', 'pushed', 'shared', 'github', 'repository', 'final', 'product', 'daily', 'updates', 'addition', 'obtained', 'being', 'loaded', 'designedrelational', 'database', 'backup', 'public', 'representation', 'poses', 'operational', 'dashboard', 'developedand', 'published', 'online', 'represent', 'share', 'timeglobal', 'scale', 'covid', 'records', 'visual', 'manner', 'fiveminutes', 'updating', 'intervals', 'using', 'dataset', 'thedatabase', 'figure', 'volume', '84791h', 'covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolsetv', 'experiments', 'discussionto', 'verify', 'covid', 'scraper', 'designed', 'toscrape', 'covid', 'dataset', 'different', 'countries', 'formats', 'study', 'cases', 'selected', 'sectionto', 'represent', 'capability', 'toolset', 'collect', 'struc', 'tured', 'unstructured', 'dataset', 'static', 'dynamicweb', 'based', 'sources', 'furthermore', 'performance', 'tested', 'tocheck', 'covid', 'scraper', 'applied', 'scrape', 'globaldatasets', 'reasonable', 'support', 'timeupdating', 'product', 'after', 'study', 'cases', 'usingthe', 'product', 'introduced', 'collecting', 'chile', 'offcial', 'covid', 'websitethe', 'covid', 'dashboard', 'chile', 'example', 'astatic', 'website', 'figure', 'website', 'updates', 'daily', 'thenewest', 'information', 'about', 'covid', 'chile', 'which', 'isshown', 'table', 'webpage', 'figure', 'operational', 'dashboard', 'global', 'covid', 'records', 'accommodate', 'static', 'websites', 'parsethe', 'elements', 'required', 'nested', 'webstructures', 'three', 'steps', 'applied', 'utilize', 'beautifulsoup', 'package', 'python', 'therequired', 'which', 'table', 'elements', 'apply', 'pandas', 'package', 'extract', 'required', 'informa', 'parsed', 'element', 'concatenate', 'single', 'aresult', 'created', 'saved', 'temporaryresult', 'passed', 'folder', 'which', 'named', 'timeof', 'crawling', 'process', 'started', 'experiment', 'demonstratessuccessful', 'functionality', 'covid', 'scraper', 'namely', 'locat', 'scraping', 'datasets', 'published', 'static', 'websites', 'scraped', 'stored', 'database', 'githubrepository', 'after', 'scraping', 'process', 'finished', 'collecting', 'pakistan', 'covid', 'dashboardpakistan', 'covid', 'dashboard', 'example', 'ofdynamic', 'figure', 'website', 'daily', 'cases', 'datafrom', 'seven', 'level', 'regions', 'pakistan', 'displayed', 'atable', 'located', 'bottom', 'dashboard', 'however', 'table', 'generated', 'dynamically', 'using', 'google', 'studio', 'hence', 'cannot', 'scraped', 'directly', 'shtml', 'source', 'figure', 'pakistan', 'covid', 'dashboard', 'solve', 'problem', 'steps', 'needed', 'before', 'scrap', 'analyze', 'network', 'activity', 'direct', 'thedashboard', 'google', 'studio', 'https', 'datastudio', 'google', 'embed', 'reporting', '1plvi5amcc_r5gh928gte8', 'flxjqf', 'r24ib', 'should', 'detected', 'byusing', 'browser', 'tools', 'google', 'chrome', 'developertools', 'render', 'dashboard', 'using', 'selenium', 'driver', 'whichconnects', 'retrieves', 'browser', 'asdiscussed', 'section', 'start', 'standalone', 'selenium', 'service', 'tolisten', 'incoming', 'requests', 'adopting', 'github', 'actions', 'service', 'container', 'capability', 'connect', 'driver', 'localhost', 'service', 'established', 'until', 'rendered', 'returned', 'theselenium', 'driver', 'elements', 'rendered', 'htmldocument', 'located', 'using', 'various', 'methods', 'provided', 'bythe', 'driver', 'using', 'those', 'methods', 'identifyingelements', 'selectors', 'elements', 'table', 'thatcontain', 'region', 'names', 'cases', 'identified', 'daily', 'cases', 'scraped', 'saved', 'filein', 'format', 'update', 'extracted', 'fromrendered', 'highlighted', 'figure', 'tempo', 'information', 'experiment', 'shows', 'covid', 'scrapercan', 'successfully', 'scrape', 'dynamic', 'website', 'differ', 'static', 'websites', 'drive', 'technologies', 'beenadopted', 'targeted', 'recognized', 'accessed', 'scraped', 'performance', 'testto', 'covid', 'scraper', 'process', 'scrapingtasks', 'reasonable', 'supporting', 'covid', 'relatedresearch', 'comprehensive', 'performance', 'tests', 'conducted', '84792', 'volume', '2021h', 'covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolsetfor', 'overall', 'performance', 'automatic', 'scraping', 'allavailable', 'countries', 'world', 'average', 'spentfor', 'whole', 'github', 'action', 'around', 'minutes', 'fifty', 'seconds', 'averaging', 'times', 'tests', 'figure', 'foreach', 'processing', 'varies', 'mainly', 'because', 'theinternet', 'speed', 'unstable', 'covid', 'scraper', 'starting', 'process', 'setup', 'setup', 'python', 'commit', 'pushresult', 'takes', 'around', 'seconds', 'finish', 'which', 'quick', 'major', 'consuming', 'steps', 'processing', 'checkoutrepositories', 'installing', 'python', 'dependencies', 'generatingnew', 'which', 'heavily', 'impacted', 'internet', 'speedduring', 'processes', 'addition', 'noticed', 'after', 'thesource', 'websites', 'content', 'change', 'layout', 'oftheir', 'websites', 'spent', 'crawling', 'website', 'takeslonger', 'worst', 'stops', 'working', 'scraperdetects', 'those', 'abnormal', 'statuses', 'notification', 'alarmedautomatically', 'operators', 'support', 'action', 'inreal', 'continue', 'maintain', 'support', 'projectin', 'working', 'normally', 'andeffectively', 'figure', 'overall', 'performance', 'covid', 'scraper', 'understand', 'detailed', 'performance', 'covid', 'scraper', 'different', 'countries', 'countries', 'havebeen', 'selected', 'including', 'austria', 'chile', 'jamaica', 'panama', 'bosnia', 'hungary', 'lanka', 'turkey', 'slovenia', 'switzer', 'every', 'those', 'countries', 'share', 'hence', 'types', 'scraping', 'performance', 'couldbe', 'tested', 'every', 'country', 'times', 'averagetime', 'calculated', 'reduce', 'randomness', 'austria', 'chilepublish', 'table', 'format', 'average', 'processing', 'timeis', 'seconds', 'respectively', 'though', 'thesame', 'format', 'reason', 'difference', 'processing', 'timeis', 'primarily', 'difference', 'crawling', 'austria', 'whereas', 'chilethe', 'reason', 'takesmore', 'process', 'chile', 'comparison', 'austria', 'sdata', 'addition', 'downloading', 'speed', 'during', 'processingtime', 'contributes', 'difference', 'jamaica', 'andpanama', 'average', 'seconds', 'respectively', 'similar', 'austria', 'andchile', 'those', 'countries', 'majorreason', 'difference', 'jamaica', 'andpanama', 'respectively', 'bosnia', 'andhungary', 'publish', 'image', 'format', 'averagetime', 'seconds', 'hungary', 'greaterthan', 'bosnia', 'which', 'contributes', 'processing', 'forhungary', 'source', 'lanka', 'turkey', 'inpdf', 'format', 'difference', 'processing', 'between', 'thosetwo', 'countries', 'primarily', 'reasons', 'first', 'srilanka', 'crawling', 'script', 'directly', 'scrapes', 'thecurrent', 'turkey', 'script', 'first', 'crawlsthe', 'retrieve', 'latest', 'whichthen', 'scraps', 'desired', 'which', 'takes', 'moretime', 'process', 'second', 'required', 'lanka', 'onthe', 'first', 'published', 'whereas', 'turkey', 'desired', 'third', 'during', 'performancetesting', 'which', 'results', 'crawling', 'pages', 'thansri', 'lanka', 'slovenia', 'switzerland', 'source', 'inxlsx', 'format', 'respectively', 'processing', 'slovenia', 'switzerlandbecause', 'larger', 'hence', 'downloading', 'timeincreases', 'causing', 'increase', 'processing', 'sumup', 'processing', 'countries', 'mainly', 'depends', 'thecomplexity', 'published', 'website', 'files', 'datasources', 'internet', 'speed', 'figure', 'performance', 'tests', 'single', 'countries', 'different', 'datatypes', 'cases', 'scraped', 'productthe', 'generated', 'covid', 'scraper', 'tosupport', 'scientific', 'research', 'within', 'academic', 'munity', 'studies', 'introduced', 'applying', 'thedata', 'generated', 'covid', 'scraper', 'major', 'datasources', 'medical', 'resource', 'deficiency', 'dynamicssince', 'march', 'million', 'lation', 'tested', 'positive', 'result', 'covid', 'whether', 'medical', 'resources', 'enough', 'handle', 'worstscenario', 'crisis', 'discussed', 'evaluated', 'publicgood', 'three', 'elements', 'including', 'ventilators', 'andcritical', 'medical', 'staff', 'reported', 'fundamentalvolume', '84793h', 'covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolsetmedical', 'resources', 'support', 'critically', 'patients', 'thisstudy', 'authors', 'created', 'medical', 'resource', 'deficiencyindex', 'using', 'covid', 'scraper', 'product', 'andrelated', 'covid', 'medical', 'measure', 'reality', 'ofthe', 'medical', 'burden', 'using', 'crawled', 'confirmed', 'death', 'recovered', 'hospitalized', 'viral', 'cases', 'county', 'levelin', 'defined', 'division', 'daily', 'active', 'cases', 'andmedical', 'resources', 'county', 'scale', 'while', 'daily', 'activecases', 'refer', 'difference', 'accumulated', 'number', 'firmed', 'positive', 'tested', 'patients', 'accumulated', 'numberof', 'deaths', 'medical', 'resources', 'calculated', 'thenumber', 'licensed', 'multiplied', 'total', 'number', 'ofcritical', 'staff', 'specifically', 'covid', 'response', 'thehigher', 'value', 'medical', 'source', 'certainarea', 'pressed', 'harder', 'accumulated', 'viral', 'numbersof', 'positive', 'confirmed', 'deaths', 'extracted', 'usafacts', 'cross', 'validated', 'sources', 'hopkinsuniversity', 'hospital', 'licensed', 'number', 'critical', 'staff', 'comprehensive', 'specialty', 'accessedfrom', 'definitive', 'healthcare', 'consulting', 'services', 'nationalprovider', 'identifier', 'registry', 'database', 'respectively', 'alldata', 'collected', 'study', 'converted', 'county', 'scalewith', 'unique', 'identifier', 'county', 'census', 'standard', 'monitor', 'share', 'dynamic', 'heterogeneity', 'infor', 'mation', 'medical', 'resource', 'distribution', 'medical', 'resourcedeficiency', 'dashboard', 'created', 'based', 'arcgis', 'board', 'analyzing', 'visualizing', 'generated', 'results', 'figure', 'bubble', 'center', 'dashboardrepresents', 'spatial', 'distribution', 'where', 'ofcircle', 'refers', 'index', 'value', 'lists', 'counties', 'aredisplayed', 'right', 'statistics', 'andinfection', 'which', 'interactively', 'generated', 'basedon', 'selected', 'extend', 'indicator', 'twopie', 'charts', 'fraction', 'hospital', 'types', 'medical', 'carestaff', 'applied', 'display', 'county', 'thedashboard', 'track', 'temporal', 'pattern', 'index', 'linechart', 'built', 'bottom', 'demonstrate', 'seriesanalysis', 'result', 'selected', 'figure', 'scraped', 'product', 'monitor', 'medical', 'resourcedeficiency', 'dynamics', 'covid', 'impact', 'social', 'distancing', 'measures', 'oncovid', 'cases', 'mortalityanother', 'study', 'impact', 'control', 'policies', 'usingthe', 'covid', 'scraper', 'corresponding', 'policies', 'dataset', 'study', 'authors', 'analyzed', 'series', 'social', 'distancingpolicies', 'including', 'school', 'closure', 'workplace', 'closure', 'cancel', 'lation', 'public', 'events', 'public', 'information', 'campaigns', 'cancelpublic', 'transport', 'internal', 'movement', 'restriction', 'travelcontrol', 'implemented', 'combat', 'world', 'pandemic', 'previous', 'studies', 'found', 'social', 'distancingpolicies', 'effective', 'mitigating', 'covid', 'however', 'these', 'policies', 'negative', 'impacts', 'economicdevelopment', 'normal', 'limited', 'understanding', 'ofthe', 'effectiveness', 'individual', 'policy', 'posed', 'grandchallenges', 'reopening', 'process', 'which', 'stringencyof', 'social', 'distancing', 'reduced', 'balance', 'health', 'develop', 'study', 'investigating', 'effectiveness', 'seven', 'majorsocial', 'distancing', 'policies', 'covid', 'andmortality', 'growth', 'conducted', 'using', 'datacollected', 'policy', 'shared', 'oxford', 'policy', 'trackerproject', 'estimate', 'temporal', 'dynamic', 'impact', 'ofpolicies', 'covid', 'cases', 'policy', 'transformedto', 'variables', 'which', 'represent', 'policy', 'implementationperiods', 'including', 'weeks', 'three', 'weeks', 'onemonth', 'months', 'months', 'scrapeddaily', 'cumulative', 'converted', 'daily', 'casegrowth', 'which', 'difference', 'between', 'logarithmsof', 'cumulative', 'numbers', 'successive', 'these', 'siximplementation', 'indicators', 'regressed', 'growth', 'rateusing', 'panel', 'regression', 'analysis', 'panel', 'regression', 'widelyused', 'analyze', 'dimensional', 'panel', 'which', 'typicallycross', 'sectional', 'states', 'countries', 'longitudinal', 'month', 'dimensions', 'specifically', 'fixed', 'effectspanel', 'regression', 'model', 'adopted', 'study', 'couldmodel', 'unobserved', 'heterogeneity', 'through', 'state', 'specific', 'fixedeffects', 'addition', 'growth', 'multiplied', 'by100', 'regression', 'regression', 'coefficient', 'policycould', 'interpreted', 'percentage', 'point', 'changes', 'growthrate', 'figure', 'figure', 'scraped', 'product', 'support', 'covid', 'policyanalysis', 'study', 'demonstrated', 'orders', 'workplace', 'closures', 'public', 'information', 'campaigns', 'candrastically', 'decrease', 'confirmed', 'growth', 'orders', 'workplace', 'closure', 'decrease', 'growth', 'ratethrough', 'changes', 'mobility', 'while', 'public', 'information', 'paign', 'impact', 'confirmed', 'growth', 'through', 'channelsother', 'mobility', 'addition', 'regarding', 'death', 'growthrate', 'orders', 'international', 'travel', 'controlshad', 'limited', 'mitigation', 'effect', 'relation', 'between', 'policies84794', 'volume', '2021h', 'covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolsetand', 'growth', 'rates', 'learned', 'study', 'could', 'providepolicymakers', 'better', 'understanding', 'effectiveness', 'ofeach', 'policy', 'support', 'decision', 'making', 'conclusionthe', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'impacted', 'billions', 'people', 'overthe', 'world', 'governments', 'organizations', 'research', 'insti', 'tutions', 'conducting', 'rapid', 'research', 'covid', 'relatedproblems', 'bring', 'people', 'every', 'country', 'tonormalcy', 'detailed', 'spatiotemporal', 'covid', 'records', 'datais', 'proved', 'important', 'evidence', 'support', 'covid', '19related', 'research', 'however', 'collect', 'aggregate', 'storeand', 'share', 'published', 'country', 'world', 'tothe', 'community', 'effectively', 'challenge', 'solve', 'covid', 'scraper', 'developed', 'sourcedtoolset', 'automatically', 'extract', 'collect', 'filter', 'refine', 'unify', 'store', 'public', 'spatiotemporal', 'covid', '19records', 'fifty', 'eight', 'countries', 'around', 'world', 'whichprovide', 'available', 'covid', 'sources', 'minorcode', 'adjustments', 'toolset', 'accommodate', 'various', 'typesof', 'published', 'country', 'various', 'formats', 'scales', 'channels', 'publish', 'frequencies', 'importantly', 'countries', 'provide', 'access', 'historicalcovid', 'automatically', 'build', 'historical', 'lections', 'support', 'research', 'repeatedly', 'certain', 'frequency', 'covid', 'scraper', 'processes', 'effective', 'manner', 'bycollecting', 'countries', 'world', 'within', 'singlerun', 'about', 'minutes', 'after', 'processing', 'datacleaning', 'fetched', 'unified', 'saved', 'databasefor', 'sharing', 'daily', 'quality', 'checking', 'productproduction', 'global', 'covid', 'github', 'repository', 'hasbeen', 'maintained', 'since', 'march', 'addition', 'visual', 'ization', 'component', 'developed', 'covid', 'scraper', 'topublish', 'product', 'service', 'public', 'andaccess', 'covid', 'scraper', 'utilized', 'scraping', 'technolo', 'science', 'related', 'fields', 'integrating', 'source', 'packages', 'tools', 'dataextracting', 'network', 'simulation', 'image', 'parsing', 'automation', 'covid', 'scraper', 'highly', 'flexible', 'andautomatic', 'toolset', 'process', 'tasks', 'unsupervised', 'underusers', 'settings', 'nature', 'source', 'users', 'caneasily', 'customize', 'sources', 'structure', 'theoutput', 'product', 'execution', 'logic', 'processing', 'frequency', 'exception', 'handling', 'addition', 'users', 'modify', 'thesource', 'extend', 'collecting', 'datasets', 'otherpurposes', 'support', 'wider', 'studies', 'tasks', 'gency', 'response', 'natural', 'disaster', 'detection', 'savinglives', 'currently', 'limitation', 'quality', 'control', 'andvalidation', 'cannot', 'fully', 'automated', 'because', 'accuracyof', 'parsing', 'extracting', 'cannot', 'always', 'guaranteedby', 'using', 'current', 'packages', 'hence', 'users', 'intervenein', 'quality', 'control', 'process', 'image', 'typedata', 'product', 'quality', 'therapid', 'development', 'parsing', 'images', 'keepupdating', 'component', 'minimize', 'human', 'interventionin', 'automation', 'process', 'new_paper']
['received', 'december', 'accepted', 'january', 'publication', 'january', 'current', 'version', 'january', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3050852a', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machinelearning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectionfrom', 'inpatient', 'facility', 'datamd', 'abdul', 'mehedi', 'masud', 'senior', 'member', 'shahadat', 'hossain', 'abdullah', 'mamun', 'bulbul', 'hasan', 'mahmud', 'anupam', 'kumar', 'bairagi', 'member', '1electronics', 'communication', 'engineering', 'discipline', 'khulna', 'university', 'khulna', 'bangladesh2department', 'computer', 'science', 'college', 'computers', 'information', 'technology', 'university', '21944', 'saudi', 'arabia3department', 'quantitative', 'sciences', 'international', 'university', 'business', 'agriculture', 'technology', 'dhaka', 'bangladesh4school', 'computer', 'science', 'engineering', 'university', 'electronic', 'science', 'technology', 'china', 'chengdu', '611731', 'china5computer', 'science', 'engineering', 'discipline', 'khulna', 'university', 'khulna', 'bangladeshcorresponding', 'author', 'abdul', 'supported', 'university', 'researchers', 'supporting', 'project', 'number', 'tursp', 'university', 'saudi', 'arabia', 'abstract', 'whole', 'world', 'faces', 'pandemic', 'situation', 'deadly', 'virus', 'namely', 'covid', 'takesconsiderable', 'virus', 'matured', 'traced', 'during', 'transmittedamong', 'other', 'people', 'unexpected', 'situation', 'quick', 'identification', 'covid', 'patients', 'isrequired', 'designed', 'optimized', 'machine', 'learning', 'based', 'framework', 'using', 'inpatient', 'facilitydata', 'friendly', 'effective', 'efficient', 'solution', 'pandemic', 'proposedframework', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'optimize', 'hyperparameters', 'classifier', 'adaptivesynthetic', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'balance', 'covid', 'covid', 'classes', 'dataset', 'althoughthe', 'proposed', 'technique', 'applied', 'state', 'classifiers', 'efficacy', 'beused', 'classifiers', 'classification', 'problems', 'evident', 'study', 'extreme', 'gradientboosting', 'provides', 'highest', 'kappa', 'index', 'compared', 'without', 'adasyn', 'proposedapproach', 'yields', 'improvement', 'kappa', 'index', 'besides', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'beencompared', 'search', 'random', 'search', 'efficiency', 'furthermore', 'dominating', 'features', 'havebeen', 'identified', 'using', 'shapely', 'adaptive', 'explanations', 'analysis', 'comparison', 'madeamong', 'other', 'related', 'works', 'proposed', 'method', 'capable', 'enough', 'tracing', 'covid', 'patients', 'spendingless', 'conventional', 'techniques', 'finally', 'potential', 'applications', 'namely', 'clinicallyoperable', 'decision', 'decision', 'support', 'system', 'demonstrated', 'support', 'clinical', 'staff', 'andbuild', 'recommender', 'system', 'index', 'terms', 'covid', 'adasyn', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'classification', 'inpatient', 'facility', 'introductionthe', 'world', 'currently', 'experiencing', 'pandemic', 'situationdue', 'extensive', 'spreading', 'novel', 'coronavirusdisease', 'namely', 'covid', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'drome', 'triggered', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndromecoronavirus', 'which', 'primarily', 'detectedin', 'wuhan', 'under', 'hubei', 'province', 'china', 'associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript', 'andapproving', 'publication', 'bilal', 'alatas', 'considering', 'alarming', 'infection', 'death', 'thecovid', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'announcedthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'disease', 'march', 'report', 'covid', 'onaugust', 'about', 'people', 'infecteddue', 'covid', 'among', 'about', 'peopledied', 'contagious', 'nature', 'thecovid', 'infection', 'death', 'rapidly', 'increasing', 'cases', 'disease', 'spreads', 'manvia', 'respiratory', 'droplets', 'transmitted', 'individual', 'tovolume', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '10263m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectionindividual', 'other', 'surfaces', 'virus', 'livesmultiple', 'hours', 'multiple', 'suitable', 'surface', 'atroom', 'temperature', 'suggested', 'thecovid', 'patient', 'should', 'himself', 'isolated', 'others', 'asearly', 'possible', 'resist', 'transmission', 'covid', '19should', 'detected', 'early', 'possible', 'reducing', 'liveli', 'economy', 'critical', 'issue', 'broadmaturation', 'period', 'covid', 'varies', 'usual', 'symptoms', 'disease', 'include', 'fever', 'cough', 'dyspnea', 'smell', 'taste', 'diarrhoea', 'people', 'affected', 'covid', 'should', 'througha', 'fruitful', 'accurate', 'screening', 'scheme', 'toensure', 'timely', 'treatment', 'isolation', 'safety', 'patient', 'pieces', 'research', 'going', 'efficientand', 'speedy', 'covid', 'detection', 'schemes', 'different', 'dimen', 'sions', 'reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'covid', 'detection', 'scheme', 'shown', 'itsefficiency', 'practised', 'worldwide', 'using', 'sampleslike', 'nasal', 'pharyngeal', 'method', 'petently', 'detect', 'coronavirus', 'attained', 'standardbanner', 'however', 'these', 'testing', 'mountingdemand', 'limited', 'supply', 'especially', 'developingcountries', 'another', 'drawback', 'method', 'itrequires', 'extended', 'period', 'ranging', 'moreover', 'situation', 'worse', 'rural', 'areas', 'becausepeople', 'remote', 'areas', 'results', 'after', 'moredays', 'after', 'extended', 'period', 'increasesthe', 'vulnerability', 'spreading', 'covid', 'patientdoes', 'usually', 'himself', 'isolated', 'others', 'beforegetting', 'result', 'optimize', 'these', 'limitations', 'potentiality', 'artificialintelligence', 'machine', 'learning', 'algorithmsin', 'analysis', 'characterization', 'classification', 'ferent', 'diseases', 'motivated', 'researchers', 'introduceai', 'covid', 'detection', 'numerous', 'researcheshave', 'already', 'carried', 'design', 'covid', 'detec', 'model', 'based', 'furthermore', 'rajaraman', 'antani', 'proposed', 'covid', 'detec', 'model', 'based', 'learning', 'algorithms', 'usingconvolutional', 'neural', 'networks', 'chest', 'patients', 'analyzed', 'model', 'evaluate', 'thepresence', 'virus', 'model', 'showed', 'about93', 'accuracy', 'employing', 'vgg16', 'classifier', 'anotherdl', 'based', 'automatic', 'covid', 'detection', 'modelwas', 'proposed', 'makris', 'diagnosing', 'cxrdata', 'model', 'exhibited', 'about', 'engaging', 'vgg16', 'vgg19', 'classifiers', 'respec', 'tively', 'transfer', 'learning', 'based', 'model', 'presented', 'byabbas', 'trace', 'covid', 'basedmodel', 'diagnosed', 'images', 'patients', 'check', 'thecovid', 'presence', 'model', 'attained', 'about', 'accuracy', 'presented', 'model', 'automaticdetection', 'covid', 'model', 'employed', 'chestcomputed', 'tomography', 'images', 'patients', 'detectcovid', 'anticipated', 'model', 'mnas3dnet41', 'revealed', 'about', 'accuracy', 'presented', 'anautomatic', 'covid', 'detection', 'model', 'based', 'sequen', 'model', 'images', 'input', 'detectcovid', 'model', 'attained', 'almost', 'accuracy', 'alongwith', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'moreautomatic', 'covid', 'detection', 'models', 'proposedso', 'based', 'computer', 'based', 'diagnosis', 'andcxr', 'images', 'hence', 'anticipated', 'models', 'require', 'cxrdata', 'patients', 'input', 'parameter', 'availablefrom', 'diagnostic', 'centres', 'patient', 'suspected', 'patienthas', 'visit', 'diagnostic', 'centre', 'person', 'check', 'thepresence', 'covid', 'families', 'indeveloping', 'countries', 'private', 'transport', 'besides', 'patients', 'rural', 'areas', 'travel', 'distance', 'toreach', 'diagnostic', 'centre', 'therefore', 'publictransport', 'visit', 'diagnostic', 'centre', 'check', 'covid', 'create', 'vulnerability', 'covid', 'spreading', 'among', 'others', 'another', 'point', 'percentageof', 'people', 'tested', 'covid', 'covid', 'positive', 'resultsin', 'countries', 'example', 'positive', 'about', 'france', 'inbangladesh', 'italy', 'inthe', 'india', 'russia', 'theuk', 'visiting', 'diagnostic', 'centre', 'large', 'percent', 'covid', 'negative', 'people', 'covid', '19positive', 'patients', 'which', 'enhance', 'getting', 'taminated', 'covid', 'disease', 'inpatient', 'basedcovid', 'detection', 'option', 'avoid', 'these', 'typesof', 'risks', 'besides', 'detection', 'userfriendly', 'effective', 'efficient', 'considering', 'above', 'issues', 'proposed', 'fastand', 'friendly', 'model', 'detect', 'covid', 'based', 'onmachine', 'learning', 'large', 'volume', 'covid', 'isavailable', 'different', 'laboratories', 'centres', 'datasetcomprises', 'other', 'features', 'temperature', 'pulse', 'systolic', 'diastolic', 'pressure', 'fever', 'cough', 'smell', 'runny', 'diabetics', 'taste', 'asthma', 'which', 'areanalyzed', 'design', 'automatic', 'covid', 'detection', 'model', 'promising', 'advantage', 'model', 'iscapable', 'detecting', 'covid', 'within', 'minutes', 'aswell', 'doctors', 'adequate', 'precautionary', 'sures', 'while', 'treating', 'covid', 'patients', 'different', 'classi', 'fication', 'algorithms', 'linear', 'discriminant', 'analysis', 'quadratic', 'naive', 'bayes', 'nearestneighbors', 'decision', 'random', 'forest', 'extreme', 'gradient', 'boosting', 'gradient', 'boosting', 'support', 'vector', 'machine', 'characterizethe', 'model', 'these', 'classifiers', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'andproper', 'tuning', 'these', 'hyper', 'parameter', 'improves', 'perfor', 'mance', 'classification', 'using', 'state', 'global', 'mizers', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'gradient', 'basedoptimizer', 'slime', 'mould', 'algorithm', 'harris', 'hawks', 'optimization', 'uation', 'different', 'performance', 'metrics', 'specificity', 'sensitivity', 'anticipated', 'modeldemonstrates', 'higher', 'efficiency', 'detecting', 'covid', '10264', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectionthe', 'contribution', 'topics', 'covered', 'study', 'asfollows', 'proposed', 'model', 'easily', 'tested', 'inpatientsor', 'inhouse', 'facilities', 'discussed', 'section', 'therefore', 'patient', 'needs', 'visit', 'clinic', 'thecovid', 'designed', 'machine', 'learning', 'frameworkusing', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'adapted', 'adasynalgorithm', 'detect', 'covid', 'which', 'presented', 'insection', 'state', 'machine', 'learning', 'technique', 'mized', 'using', 'method', 'compared', 'other', 'monly', 'search', 'random', 'search', 'techniques', 'section', 'proposed', 'method', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'tobalance', 'model', 'effect', 'adasyn', 'alsobeen', 'demonstrated', 'using', 'shapely', 'adaptive', 'explanations', 'analysis', 'important', 'features', 'calculated', 'valuesare', 'explained', 'interpret', 'model', 'section', 'clinically', 'operable', 'decision', 'built', 'willbe', 'helpful', 'clinical', 'staff', 'stated', 'section', 'decision', 'support', 'system', 'devel', 'assist', 'recommender', 'system', 'illustratedin', 'section', 'remainder', 'paper', 'organized', 'follows', 'section', 'discuss', 'materials', 'methods', 'inthis', 'present', 'experimental', 'results', 'section', 'section', 'present', 'systematic', 'discussion', 'parison', 'other', 'approaches', 'finally', 'drawsome', 'conclusions', 'section', 'materials', 'methodsa', 'sourcethe', 'clinically', 'driven', 'information', 'individuals', 'haveundergone', 'through', 'collected', 'dataset', 'containing', '11169', 'person', 'ofpatients', 'covid', 'positive', 'covid', 'negative', 'testsfrom', 'united', 'states', 'prepared', 'carbon', 'health', 'braid', 'health', 'started', 'testing', 'coronavirus', 'early', 'april', 'dataset', 'compli', 'health', 'insurance', 'portability', 'accountabilityact', 'hipaa', 'privacy', 'identification', 'standard', 'fiveclinical', 'teams', 'worked', 'under', 'dataset', 'prepared', 'bythe', 'covered', 'multiple', 'physiognomies', 'patients', 'includ', 'epidemiological', 'factors', 'comorbidity', 'vital', 'signs', 'technician', 'assessed', 'symptoms', 'patient', 'stated', 'symptoms', 'whereas', 'clinical', 'teams', 'gathered', 'dataset', 'underthe', 'which', 'assembled', 'radiological', 'information', 'taining', 'verdicts', 'impressions', 'labels', 'cxrlink', 'haven', 'radiological', 'information', 'thepatient', 'doesn', 'radiological', 'details', 'integration', 'ofradiological', 'information', 'beyond', 'scope', 'study', 'hence', 'excluded', 'analysis', 'dataset', 'consisted', 'ofboth', 'positive', 'negative', 'results', 'patients', 'having', 'bothone', 'symptoms', 'symptoms', 'addition', 'tocovid', 'results', 'complete', 'dataset', 'available', 'onthe', 'github', 'website', 'contains', 'multiple', 'features', 'patientssuch', 'pulse', 'temperature', 'higher', 'danger', 'introduceroccupation', 'higher', 'danger', 'contacts', 'diabetics', 'cancer', 'asthma', 'smoker', 'systole', 'diastole', 'diarrhoea', 'fatigue', 'fever', 'losingsmell', 'losing', 'taste', 'runny', 'headache', 'muscle', 'painin', 'throat', 'cough', 'shortness', 'breath', 'vignette', 'ofthe', 'entire', 'illustrated', 'through', 'tabular', 'sketchshown', 'figure', 'pictorial', 'depiction', 'figure', 'clearerthat', 'there', 'types', 'numeric', 'boolean', 'where', 'boolean', 'variables', 'three', 'times', 'ofthe', 'numeric', 'moreover', 'highest', 'patientsin', 'years', 'extreme', 'valuesof', 'systolic', 'diastolic', 'pressures', 'dramaticallyhigher', 'natural', 'further', 'added', 'thatdays_since_symptom_onset', 'about', 'missing', 'while', 'percentage', 'missing', 'entire', 'isaround', 'besides', 'tabular', 'display', 'shown', 'figure', 'graphical', 'example', 'green', 'figure', 'efficientlyreveals', 'variables', 'cough', 'diabetes', 'cancer', 'asthma', 'autoimmune_dis', 'smoker', 'contrast', 'variable', 'days_since_symptom_onsethas', 'highest', 'missing', 'values', 'compared', 'others', 'processingthe', 'overall', 'workflow', 'study', 'presented', 'figure', 'processing', 'dataset', 'imputed', 'usingmultivariate', 'imputation', 'chained', 'equations', 'rithm', 'after', 'completing', 'scaling', 'adasynalgorithm', 'balance', 'covid', 'covid', 'datasets', 'adaptive', 'synthetic', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'sampling', 'method', 'where', 'covid', 'positive', 'instance', 'helped', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'solving', 'fittingproblem', 'contrast', 'under', 'sampling', 'process', 'notthe', 'right', 'choice', 'covid', 'classification', 'majorityclass', 'covid', 'class', 'downsampled', 'amountminority', 'class', 'covid', 'process', 'reducethe', 'amount', 'drastically', 'cause', 'inefficiency', 'loses', 'vital', 'information', 'covid', 'class', 'ourcovid', 'dataset', 'downsamplingcould', 'mislead', 'diagnosis', 'detection', 'compared', 'toother', 'correlated', 'sampling', 'methods', 'adaboostin', 'conjunction', 'under', 'sampling', 'jittering', 'ofthe', 'boost', 'synthetic', 'minority', 'samplingtechnique', 'smote', 'smote', 'boost', 'databoost', 'databoost', 'imbalanced', 'algorithm', 'adasyn', 'balancethe', 'imbalanced', 'dataset', 'example', 'covid', 'dataset', 'byreducing', 'introduced', 'imbalanced', 'distri', 'bution', 'besides', 'adasyn', 'shifts', 'decision', 'boundaryto', 'harder', 'learn', 'examples', 'which', 'ultimately', 'improves', 'theclassification', 'accuracy', 'these', 'objectives', 'biasreduction', 'introducing', 'harder', 'learn', 'neighbourhoodsexamples', 'accomplished', 'through', 'dynamic', 'weightadjustment', 'adaptive', 'learning', 'procedure', 'volume', '10265m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectionfigure', 'characteristics', 'sample', 'mathematical', 'explanation', 'behind', 'adasyn', 'rithm', 'given', 'below', 'illustration', 'represent', 'majority', 'andminority', 'classes', 'respectively', 'degree', 'imbalanceof', 'classes', 'figured', 'follows', 'where', 'preset', 'threshold', 'maximumtolerated', 'imbalance', 'total', 'number', 'syntheticminority', 'estimated', 'follows', 'means', 'there', 'total', 'balance', 'between', 'twoclasses', 'where', 'number', 'neighbours', 'ofeach', 'minority', 'pririsuch', 'theamount', 'synthetic', 'generate', 'neighbourhoodcan', 'calculated', 'minority', 'examples', 'within', 'sameneighbourhood', 'where', 'randomly', 'selected', 'newsynthetic', 'example', 'enumerated', 'using', 'followings', '10266', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectionfigure', 'variables', 'where', 'difference', 'vector', 'dimensional', 'spaces', 'random', 'number', 'classification', 'modelsthese', 'classifiers', 'linear', 'discriminant', 'analysis', 'quadratic', 'linear', 'discriminant', 'analysis', 'naive', 'bayes', 'utilized', 'proposed', 'machine', 'learning', 'frame', 'among', 'classifiers', 'common', 'classifiers', 'incovid', 'classification', 'recentstate', 'classifiers', 'example', 'recentlyapplied', 'interpret', 'mortality', 'prediction', 'covid', '19patient', 'proposed', 'clinically', 'operable', 'simple', 'basedtool', 'which', 'suitable', 'right', 'decision', 'anexpert', 'point', 'considering', 'above', 'rationale', 'commonly', 'classifiers', 'asrecently', 'updated', 'classifiers', 'study', 'allowus', 'compare', 'classification', 'performance', 'differentclassifiers', 'moreover', 'classifiers', 'beexplained', 'through', 'analysis', 'which', 'useful', 'toclinical', 'engineers', 'finally', 'resultsthat', 'performed', 'better', 'classificationmetrics', 'explain', 'interpretthe', 'covid', 'detection', 'linear', 'discriminant', 'analysis', 'introduced', 'ronald', 'aylmer', 'fisher', 'productive', 'classification', 'technique', 'sorts', 'dimensional', 'spaces', 'dimensional', 'spaces', 'split', 'hyper', 'plane', 'objective', 'trace', 'themean', 'function', 'class', 'function', 'projectedon', 'directions', 'optimize', 'between', 'groups', 'variance', 'andreduces', 'within', 'group', 'variance', 'generated', 'fromthe', 'conditional', 'distribution', 'foreach', 'class', 'optimizes', 'taking', 'class', 'whenthe', 'measurements', 'standalone', 'variables', 'eachobservation', 'continuous', 'quantities', 'quadratic', 'linear', 'discriminant', 'analysis', 'extension', 'exploited', 'machine', 'learn', 'statistical', 'analysis', 'classify', 'groupsby', 'quadratic', 'discernible', 'using', 'distance', 'based', 'classificationtechniques', 'there', 'hypothesis', 'covari', 'matrix', 'every', 'class', 'identical', 'regularityhypothesis', 'prospective', 'hypothesisthat', 'assumed', 'measurement', 'given', 'class', 'thelikelihood', 'ratio', 'found', 'conditionaldistribution', 'itmaximizes', 'selecting', 'class', 'precisely', 'resulting', 'multivariategaussian', 'distribution', 'following', 'equation', 'where', 'number', 'features', 'needs', 'estimatethe', 'class', 'priors', 'using', 'model', 'asclassifiers', 'proportion', 'instances', 'class', 'thetraining', 'means', 'covariance', 'matrix', 'naive', 'bayes', 'classifier', 'authoritative', 'mainly', 'useful', 'largedataset', 'machine', 'learning', 'medicalscience', 'especially', 'diagnosis', 'different', 'diseases', 'likecovid', 'bayes', 'theorem', 'based', 'probabilisticclassifier', 'objects', 'strong', 'independent', 'suppositionbetween', 'features', 'generates', 'conditional', 'probabilitymodels', 'allocate', 'class', 'labels', 'given', 'problem', 'patient', 'covid', 'positive', 'covid', 'positive', 'patient', 'patient', 'covid', 'positive', 'where', 'patient', 'covid', 'positive', 'conditional', 'probability', 'isthe', 'likelihood', 'patient', 'occurring', 'affectedvolume', '10267m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectionfigure', 'overall', 'workflow', 'classification', 'covid', 'first', 'phase', 'collecting', 'followed', 'processing', 'where', 'imputed', 'scaled', 'importantly', 'imbalanced', 'balanced', 'using', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'secondly', 'processed', 'split', 'train', 'different', 'classifiers', 'measure', 'classification', 'performance', 'thenext', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'implemented', 'hyperparameters', 'classifiers', 'optimized', 'classificationmodel', 'tested', 'different', 'performance', 'metrics', 'accuracy', 'precision', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'cross', 'validation', 'anova', 'andmulti', 'comparison', 'evaluation', 'finally', 'important', 'features', 'efficiently', 'traced', 'using', 'analysis', 'covid', 'covid', 'positive', 'patient', 'conditionalprobability', 'likelihood', 'positive', 'covid', 'occurringthat', 'truly', 'patient', 'patient', 'prior', 'probability', 'apatient', 'covid', 'positive', 'overall', 'probability', 'observ', 'covid', 'positive', 'nearest', 'neighbours', 'straightforward', 'simplest', 'algorithms', 'supervisedmachine', 'learning', 'technique', 'classify', 'newdata', 'points', 'based', 'similarity', 'measures', 'distancefunction', 'apply', 'solve', 'classification', 'andregression', 'difficulty', 'integer', 'number', 'symbolizing', 'productivity', 'labels', 'classificationalgorithm', 'outputs', 'memory', 'based', 'classifier', 'forexample', 'remembers', 'training', 'points', 'computing', 'similarity', 'between', 'inputsample', 'training', 'instance', 'given', 'datapoint', 'finds', 'training', 'points', 'kclosest', 'distance', 'classify', 'using', 'majority', 'voteamong', 'neighbors', 'selecting', 'conducts', 'theknn', 'algorithm', 'respective', 'times', 'various', 'values', 'andopts', 'reduces', 'number', 'errors', 'accurately', 'decision', 'hierarchical', 'chart', 'structure', 'generatesome', 'decision', 'rules', 'creates', 'model', 'predictsthe', 'target', 'variable', 'learning', 'decision', 'datafeature', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'criterion', 'max_depth', 'max_features', 'entropy', 'isused', 'criterion', 'contrast', 'max_depth', 'utilized', 'tolimit', 'number', 'nodes', 'max_featuresrepresents', 'number', 'features', 'consider', 'while', 'searchingfor', 'optimal', 'split', 'properly', 'tuning', 'hyper', 'parametersof', 'criterion', 'max_depth', 'max_features', 'applied', 'onthe', 'covid', 'training', 'dataset', 'classification', 'performancewill', 'efficiently', 'magnified', 'random', 'forest', 'ensemble', 'learning', 'technique', 'classificationthat', 'several', 'different', 'samples', 'thedataset', 'improve', 'classification', 'performance', 'tocontrol', 'fitting', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'criterion', 'max_depth', 'max_features', 'n_estimators', 'criterion', 'max_depth', 'max_features', 'alreadybeen', 'discussed', 'besides', 'n_estimators', 'represent', 'thenumber', 'forest', 'performance', 'canbe', 'increased', 'properly', 'tuning', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'through', 'optimization', 'gradient', 'boosting', 'classifier', 'ensemble', 'classifier', 'combines', 'ferent', 'learners', 'typically', 'single', 'stronglearner', 'forward', 'stage', 'fashion', 'optimizing', 'thedifferentiable', 'function', 'generally', 'deviance', 'exponential', 'function', 'where', 'deviance', 'refers', 'deviance', 'logistic', 'regression', 'classification', 'withprobabilistic', 'outputs', 'thrashing', 'exponential', 'gradientboosting', 'recaptures', 'adaboost', 'algorithm', 'other', 'trolling', 'parameters', 'contained', 'different', 'parameterssuch', 'estimators', 'learning', 'depth', 'wheren', 'estimators', 'indicate', 'individual', 'boosting', 'stages', 'accom', 'plish', 'learning', 'reduces', 'performance', '10268', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectiontable', 'classifiers', 'their', 'controlling', 'parameters', 'hyperparameters', 'extreme', 'gradient', 'boosting', 'designed', 'based', 'principles', 'gradient', 'boostingframework', 'supervised', 'learning', 'tasks', 'suchas', 'regression', 'classification', 'ranking', 'similarly', 'erates', 'prediction', 'model', 'ensemble', 'ofweak', 'prediction', 'models', 'model', 'stage', 'approachis', 'compassed', 'other', 'boosting', 'methods', 'itgeneralizes', 'approving', 'optimization', 'randomdifferentiable', 'function', 'gradient', 'descent', 'usedby', 'gradient', 'boosting', 'generate', 'trees', 'based', 'allprevious', 'trees', 'supervises', 'objective', 'function', 'towardthe', 'minimum', 'direction', 'objective', 'function', 'aform', 'divides', 'training', 'regularization', 'themathematical', 'equation', 'added', 'follows', 'where', 'denotes', 'parameters', 'symbolizes', 'ularization', 'training', 'mainhyper', 'parameters', 'n_estimators', 'learning_rate', 'n_jobs', 'max_depth', 'gamma', 'min_child_weight', 'colsample_by_tree', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'asn_estimators', 'learning_rate', 'max_depth', 'already', 'beendiscussed', 'besides', 'n_jobs', 'relevant', 'number', 'ofparallel', 'threads', 'gamma', 'represents', 'theloss', 'required', 'further', 'partition', 'thetree', 'min_child_weight', 'denotes', 'minimum', 'offeature', 'example', 'instance', 'weight', 'needed', 'child', 'andcolsample_by_tree', 'subsampling', 'columns', 'support', 'vector', 'machine', 'classifier', 'powerful', 'supervised', 'classi', 'fiers', 'mostly', 'classification', 'medicaldiagnosis', 'build', 'decision', 'boundaryin', 'possible', 'points', 'classes', 'which', 'knownas', 'support', 'vectors', 'linear', 'problems', 'coviddetection', 'radial', 'basis', 'function', 'kernel', 'controlling', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'gamma', 'represents', 'regularizationparameter', 'controls', 'misclassification', 'traininginstances', 'gamma', 'controls', 'spread', 'therefore', 'decision', 'region', 'lower', 'value', 'ofgamma', 'broaden', 'decision', 'region', 'versa', 'proper', 'value', 'increase', 'classificationperformance', 'which', 'achieved', 'optimization', 'requirement', 'optimizationmost', 'classifiers', 'entire', 'study', 'somehyperparameters', 'classifier', 'itself', 'function', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'these', 'parameters', 'control', 'hyper', 'plane', 'exemplification', 'requires', 'hyperparameters', 'while', 'parameter', 'table', 'classifier', 'performance', 'indices', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'error', 'specificity', 'sensitivity', 'depend', 'proper', 'choiceof', 'these', 'parameters', 'optimization', 'problem', 'whosegeneral', 'framework', 'written', 'where', 'denotes', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'znbelongs', 'denotes', 'classifiers', 'represents', 'objective', 'function', 'thisobjective', 'function', 'defined', 'function', 'where', 'userscan', 'different', 'classifier', 'metrics', 'classificationerror', 'accuracy', 'other', 'metrics', 'described', 'followingsection', 'statistical', 'evaluation', 'classification', 'measures', 'general', 'framework', 'optimization', 'problem', 'beinterpreted', 'minimizing', 'classification', 'objective', 'function', 'classifier', 'hyperparameters', 'thisstudy', 'cross', 'validation', 'error', 'usedas', 'objective', 'function', 'chose', 'state', 'artoptimization', 'algorithms', 'named', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'thisalgorithm', 'stochastic', 'process', 'namely', 'bayesianprocess', 'tried', 'optimal', 'parameters', 'smallernumber', 'iterations', 'saving', 'memory', 'although', 'various', 'heuristic', 'algorithms', 'successfully', 'integrated', 'intomany', 'applications', 'hyper', 'parameter', 'optimizationin', 'expensive', 'evaluate', 'objective', 'function', 'foldcross', 'validation', 'study', 'makes', 'morecomplicated', 'besides', 'heuristic', 'algorithms', 'requirea', 'input', 'parameters', 'found', 'toobtain', 'improved', 'performance', 'performance', 'ofthe', 'heuristic', 'algorithms', 'sensitive', 'thevolume', '10269m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectioninput', 'parameters', 'furthermore', 'comparison', 'among', 'heuristic', 'algorithms', 'valid', 'properinput', 'parameters', 'which', 'requires', 'domainknowledge', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'theparameters', 'heuristic', 'algorithm', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'algorithm', 'global', 'mization', 'method', 'specially', 'designed', 'withsuch', 'expensive', 'evaluate', 'objective', 'function', 'which', 'thepopulation', 'genetic', 'operator', 'mutation', 'cross', 'andselection', 'algorithm', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'utilizes', 'agaussian', 'process', 'compute', 'acquisition', 'function', 'thatevaluates', 'objective', 'function', 'besides', 'bayesian', 'optimiza', 'memorizes', 'previous', 'evolution', 'utilize', 'these', 'statis', 'towards', 'solutions', 'recently', 'incovid', 'detection', 'using', 'images', 'consideringthe', 'above', 'rationale', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'appliedin', 'study', 'justify', 'further', 'proposed', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'iscompared', 'recently', 'proposed', 'harris', 'misation', 'algorithm', 'popular', 'swarm', 'based', 'andgradient', 'optimization', 'algorithm', 'based', 'cooper', 'ative', 'behaviour', 'chasing', 'styles', 'harris', 'hawks', 'naturecalled', 'surprise', 'pounce', 'chosen', 'algorithmfor', 'comparison', 'recent', 'outperformed', 'manypopular', 'heuristic', 'algorithms', 'multi', 'verseoptimizer', 'flame', 'optimization', 'whale', 'optimiza', 'algorithm', 'algorithm', 'cuckoo', 'search', 'fireflyalgorithm', 'bayesian', 'optimizationbayesian', 'optimization', 'superior', 'search', 'search', 'manual', 'tuning', 'therefore', 'thisstudy', 'algorithm', 'keeps', 'track', 'evalu', 'ation', 'results', 'probabilistic', 'model', 'objective', 'function', 'tofind', 'optimal', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'algorithm', 'selects', 'whichobjective', 'function', 'rbfsvm', 'provides', 'value', 'classification', 'error', 'usedas', 'objective', 'function', 'algorithm', 'givenbelow', 'build', 'gaussian', 'probability', 'model', 'objec', 'function', 'study', 'classification', 'error', 'theobjective', 'function', 'controlling', 'parameters', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'perform', 'gaussian', 'process', 'apply', 'these', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'objec', 'function', 'update', 'gaussian', 'model', 'incorporating', 'thenew', 'results', 'repeat', 'until', 'maximum', 'iteration', 'isreached', 'mathematics', 'behind', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'independent', 'features', 'target', 'variableis', 'given', 'below', 'since', 'variables', 'except', 'target', 'variable', 'pendent', 'constant', 'canbe', 'simplified', 'probability', 'given', 'ofinputs', 'possible', 'values', 'target', 'variable', 'pickup', 'output', 'maximum', 'probability', 'argmaxyp', 'statistical', 'evaluation', 'classification', 'metricswe', 'several', 'performance', 'evaluation', 'metrics', 'performance', 'proposed', 'framework', 'error', 'false', 'positive', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'positive', 'predictive', 'value', 'matthew', 'scorrelation', 'coefficient', 'f1_score', 'kappa', 'indexcan', 'calculated', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'lowervalue', 'error', 'higher', 'value', 'f1_score', 'kappa', 'index', 'indicate', 'bettermodel', 'besides', 'cross', 'validation', 'overall', 'dataset', 'significant', 'point', 'shouldbe', 'mentioned', 'analysis', 'anova', 'typically', 'executed', 'relying', 'the10', 'cross', 'validation', 'result', 'statistical', 'significanceis', 'determined', 'value', 'derived', 'anovatest', 'furthermore', 'receiver', 'operating', 'character', 'istic', 'curve', 'under', 'curve', 'evaluate', 'performance', 'classi', 'recall', 'decision', 'boundary', 'curve', 'beenused', 'examine', 'performance', 'study', 'usedthe', 'value', 'decision', 'boundary', 'threshold', 'providethe', 'importance', 'covid', 'covid', 'classes', 'feature', 'importance', 'using', 'valuesthe', 'shapely', 'adaptive', 'explanations', 'shortly', 'known', 'asshap', 'proposed', 'recent', 'papers', 'lundberg', 'calculated', 'based', 'model', 'theory', 'attribute', 'value', 'mathematically', 'ascertained', 'using', 'following10270', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectionformula', 'where', 'total', 'input', 'features', 'inputfeatures', 'subset', 'input', 'features', 'variables', 'ranked', 'descendingorder', 'horizontal', 'quantifies', 'thevalue', 'associated', 'higher', 'lower', 'prediction', 'allthe', 'sided', 'points', 'represent', 'observations', 'shiftingthe', 'predicted', 'value', 'negative', 'direction', 'contrast', 'points', 'right', 'contribute', 'shifting', 'predic', 'positive', 'direction', 'features', 'theleft', 'color', 'shows', 'whether', 'variable', 'orlow', 'observation', 'experimental', 'resultsin', 'paper', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'alongwith', 'without', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'ofadasyn', 'sufficient', 'adaptive', 'synthetic', 'eliminate', 'imbalanced', 'nature', 'among', 'majorityand', 'minority', 'classes', 'firstly', 'effect', 'adasyn', 'hasbeen', 'evaluated', 'along', 'shown', 'section', 'thebalanced', 'model', 'tested', 'original', 'testdata', 'section', 'anova', 'presented', 'insection', 'using', 'cross', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'evaluate', 'thestatistical', 'significance', 'recall', 'decision', 'boundarycurve', 'bootstrap', 'adasyn', 'discussed', 'insections', 'respectively', 'evaluation', 'offeature', 'importance', 'using', 'analysis', 'shapvalues', 'presented', 'sections', 'respec', 'tively', 'finally', 'performance', 'bayesian', 'optimizationhas', 'compared', 'search', 'random', 'searchin', 'section', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'withoutadasynthe', 'newly', 'obtained', 'balanced', 'dataset', 'utilized', 'total', 'dataset', 'training', 'validation', 'and33', 'testing', 'after', 'multiple', 'classifiers', 'areused', 'various', 'statistical', 'measurements', 'presented', 'theeffect', 'adasyn', 'experimented', 'validated', 'inthis', 'subsection', 'begin', 'upper', 'portion', 'table', 'perfor', 'mance', 'analysis', 'covid', 'dataset', 'utilizationof', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'demonstrated', 'canbe', 'provides', 'highest', 'classification', 'perfor', 'mance', 'however', 'performance', 'veryclose', 'worst', 'classificationperformance', 'among', 'various', 'classifiers', 'presented', 'table', 'value', 'observed', 'among', 'thesethree', 'classifiers', 'shown', 'figure', 'demonstrate', 'theeffect', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'original', 'unbalanceddataset', 'dataset', 'divided', 'manner', 'figure', 'curve', 'adasyn', 'total', 'dataset', 'training', 'validation', 'testing', 'rerun', 'optimized', 'codeon', 'dataset', 'results', 'dataset', 'withoutadasyn', 'presented', 'lower', 'portion', 'table', 'canbe', 'observed', 'highest', 'accuracy', 'obtainedby', 'which', 'close', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'using', 'rfwith', 'adasyn', 'could', 'happen', 'imbalance', 'dataset', 'therefore', 'accuracy', 'performance', 'indicator', 'thekappa', 'index', 'robust', 'reliableindicators', 'highest', 'kappa', 'aucvalues', 'using', 'using', 'figure', 'respectively', 'obtained', 'compared', 'upperportion', 'table', 'results', 'adasyn', 'kappa', 'figure', 'curve', 'without', 'adasyn', 'optimized', 'modelhas', 'created', 'using', 'balanced', 'dataset', 'volume', '10271m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectiontable', 'classification', 'performance', 'covid', 'dataset', 'without', 'adasyn', 'table', 'classification', 'performance', 'original', 'covid', 'values', 'times', 'lower', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'applied', 'respectively', 'happened', 'imbalanced', 'model', 'thissignificant', 'improvement', 'using', 'adasyn', 'concludes', 'sification', 'performance', 'significantly', 'improved', 'throughdirectly', 'applying', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'results', 'using', 'original', 'onlyso', 'effect', 'adasyn', 'classificationperformance', 'adasyn', 'oversampling', 'method', 'andthe', 'synthetic', 'mixed', 'original', 'during', 'databalancing', 'therefore', 'could', 'argued', 'theresults', 'balanced', 'model', 'original', 'onlywhere', 'synthetic', 'mixed', 'answer', 'question', 'balanced', 'bayesian', 'optimizedmodels', 'applied', 'original', 'ferent', 'performance', 'measures', 'accuracy', 'sensitiv', 'specificity', 'presented', 'table', 'andfigure', 'provides', 'highestaccuracy', 'error', 'f1_score', 'kappa', 'sensitiv', 'and99', 'respectively', 'contrast', 'provides', 'highestppv', 'specificity', 'respectively', 'performs', 'bestin', 'classification', 'metrics', 'presented', 'table', '10272', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectiontable', 'accuracy', 'score', 'different', 'optimized', 'classifiers', 'using', 'cross', 'validation', 'figure', 'curve', 'covid', 'original', 'using', 'eachmodel', 'optimized', 'model', 'created', 'using', 'balanceddataset', 'applied', 'original', 'dataset', 'furthermore', 'these', 'results', 'mostly', 'inclined', 'withadasyn', 'results', 'upper', 'portion', 'table', 'results', 'aresignificantly', 'better', 'without', 'adasyn', 'classifica', 'measures', 'curve', 'shown', 'figure', 'alsovisually', 'close', 'figure', 'datasethas', 'without', 'adasyn', 'lower', 'portion', 'oftable', 'table', 'comparison', 'finally', 'canbe', 'concluded', 'balanced', 'model', 'significantly', 'improvethe', 'performance', 'covid', 'dataset', 'shows', 'thebest', 'classifiers', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'performingbalanced', 'model', 'adasyn', 'original', 'datahave', 'presented', 'figure', 'covidand', 'covid', 'patients', 'correctly', 'classified', 'cross', 'validationin', 'standard', 'train', 'split', 'method', 'generally', 'small', 'taken', 'total', 'dataset', 'isnot', 'tested', 'overcome', 'issue', 'cross', 'validation', 'helpful', 'techniques', 'exploited', 'testthe', 'effectiveness', 'machine', 'learning', 'models', 'sampling', 'procedure', 'evaluate', 'inthis', 'study', 'first', 'testing', 'remainingfolds', 'training', 'repeated', 'times', 'thetotal', 'dataset', 'basis', 'cross', 'validationresult', 'presented', 'table', 'where', 'classification', 'result', 'ofeach', 'shown', 'final', 'provides', 'average', 'classi', 'fication', 'accuracy', 'results', 'table', 'isobserved', 'least', 'score', 'obtained', 'using', 'whereas', 'touched', 'mountain', 'point', 'grabbing', 'ascore', 'attained', 'average', 'accuracyof', 'other', 'classification', 'performanceusing', 'decision', 'xgband', 'above', 'processed', 'byadasyn', 'train', 'classifier', 'originaltest', 'during', 'testing', 'performance', 'comparison', 'figure', 'showed', 'accuracy', 'different', 'classifiersusing', 'covid', 'original', 'dataset', 'using', 'hereone', 'anova', 'provided', 'value', 'forthe', 'original', 'covid', 'dataset', 'which', 'statistically', 'nificant', 'provided', 'interactive', 'ofmultiple', 'comparisons', 'means', 'figure', 'showedthe', 'highest', 'accuracy', 'statisticallysignificant', 'seven', 'classifiers', 'contrast', 'statistically', 'significantfrom', 'because', 'almost', 'identical', 'notethat', 'figure', 'interactive', 'where', 'significanceof', 'different', 'classifiers', 'visualized', 'clicking', 'thespecific', 'classifier', 'level', 'instance', 'blurred', 'shownin', 'defining', 'insignificance', 'selected', 'larly', 'exhibit', 'statistical', 'insignificanceif', 'selected', 'recall', 'decision', 'boundary', 'curvethe', 'recall', 'general', 'depends', 'decision', 'boundaryusing', 'certain', 'threshold', 'exemplify', 'recall', 'decision', 'boundary', 'curve', 'displayed', 'figure', 'wherevolume', '10273m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectionfigure', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'balanced', 'model', 'applied', 'covidtest', 'dataset', 'adasyn', 'original', 'covid', 'dataset', 'figure', 'depicts', 'percentage', 'correct', 'classification', 'first', 'twodiagonal', 'cells', 'generated', 'trained', 'network', 'numbers', 'patientswho', 'correctly', 'classified', 'covid', 'covid', 'and3233', 'corresponding', 'group', 'patients', 'respectively', 'likewise', 'numbers', 'patients', 'incorrectlyclassified', 'covid', 'covid', 'correspondingly', 'among', 'patients', 'group', 'similarly', 'overall99', 'correctly', 'incorrectly', 'classified', 'covid', 'andnon', 'covid', 'overall', 'correctly', 'incorrectlyclassified', 'accordingly', 'prediction', 'correct', 'overallpredictions', 'covid', 'covid', 'respectively', 'other', 'incorrect', 'results', 'covid', 'covid', 'were2', 'similarly', 'interpret', 'figure', 'decision', 'boundary', 'threshold', 'covid', 'class', 'recall', 'about0', 'default', 'threshold', 'meaning', 'about98', 'times', 'optimized', 'classifier', 'truly', 'classify', 'thefigure', 'covid', 'dataset', 'multi', 'comparison', 'graphical', 'interface', 'which', 'thestatistical', 'significance', 'classifiers', 'effectof', 'effect', 'other', 'classifiers', 'interpreted', 'sameway', 'covid', 'provided', 'erate', 'performance', 'around', 'default', 'thresholdt', 'defining', 'covid', 'class', 'showsthe', 'third', 'highest', 'performance', 'around', 'contrast', 'recall', 'threshold', 'meaningthat', 'times', 'truly', 'classify', 'covid', 'class', 'similar', 'scenario', 'observed', 'thelda', 'classifier', 'other', 'looking', 'figure', 'recall', 'ofqlda', 'drastically', 'falling', 'value', 'revealing', 'times', 'classify', 'covid19', 'class', 'recall', 'andrf', 'about', 'threshold', 'whereas', 'recall', 'rateof', 'finally', 'considering', 'covid19', 'covid', 'classification', 'using', 'recall', 'decision', 'threshold', 'measure', 'concluded', 'thatsvc', 'provide', 'satisfactory', 'recallrate', 'among', 'different', 'optimized', 'classifiers', 'predicting', 'bothclasses', '10274', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectionfigure', 'recall', 'decision', 'boundary', 'curve', 'covid', 'positive', 'covid', 'negative', 'bootstrap', 'adasynto', 'determine', 'whether', 'optimized', 'model', 'highly', 'sensitiveto', 'training', 'bootstrapping', 'performed', 'thexgb', 'model', 'performing', 'model', 'givesnboot', 'having', 'slightly', 'different', 'discriminative', 'abilities', 'error', 'three', 'curves', 'plotted', 'figure', 'middle', 'represents', 'average', 'where', 'upperand', 'lower', 'curves', 'represent', 'confidence', 'interval', 'obtain', 'bootstrap', 'nboot', 'trained', 'upper', 'andlower', 'confidence', 'interval', 'respectively', 'areobtained', 'indicates', 'training', 'highly', 'sensitive', 'tothe', 'training', 'dataset', 'feature', 'importance', 'using', 'shapin', 'variable', 'importance', 'significant', 'ables', 'sorted', 'descending', 'order', 'variablescontribute', 'model', 'bottom', 'onesand', 'predictive', 'power', 'fever', 'cough', 'high_risk_exposure_occupation', 'high_risk_interactions', 'wheezes', 'importantfeatures', 'where', 'fever', 'touched', 'mountain', 'point', 'thiscase', 'shown', 'figure', 'simultaneously', 'pulse', 'sore_throat', 'received', 'least', 'importance', 'classifyingthe', 'covid', 'contaminated', 'patients', 'value', 'analysisfrom', 'pictorial', 'example', 'analysis', 'figure', 'fortraining', 'summarized', 'three', 'features', 'fever', 'cough', 'high_risk_exposure_occupation', 'loss_of', '_smell', 'massive', 'positive', 'impact', 'thetarget', 'variable', 'comes', 'colour', 'andthe', 'positive', 'impact', 'shown', 'whereas', 'conclude', 'mentioning', 'features', 'wheeze', 'highly', 'negatively', 'correlated', 'targetvariable', 'variables', 'efficientlyexplained', 'should', 'mentioned', 'behaviour', 'thefigure', 'bootstrap', 'curve', 'covid', 'dataset', 'using', 'xgbwith', 'model', 'defined', 'necessarilycausal', 'world', 'other', 'values', 'notprovide', 'causality', 'describes', 'model', 'behaviourand', 'behaviour', 'build', 'model', 'model', 'predict', 'covid', 'patients', 'rately', 'plausible', 'false', 'positives', 'falsenegatives', 'however', 'value', 'explain', 'suchresults', 'summary', 'helpful', 'explain', 'thoseresults', 'performance', 'search', 'randomsearch', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'harrishawks', 'optimizationwe', 'propose', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'techniques', 'inour', 'framework', 'therefore', 'logical', 'comparevolume', '10275m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectiontable', 'comparative', 'search', 'techniques', 'figure', 'feature', 'importance', 'using', 'figure', 'variable', 'importance', 'training', 'using', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'algorithm', 'commonly', 'usedparameter', 'search', 'algorithms', 'popular', 'widely', 'usedalgorithms', 'namely', 'search', 'random', 'search', 'comparewith', 'proposed', 'techniques', 'table', 'presents', 'parison', 'different', 'search', 'algorithms', 'terms', 'severalparameters', 'evaluated', 'overall', 'taken', 'tocomplete', 'program', 'cross', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'score', 'testscore', 'simulations', 'intel', 'computerhaving', 'model', 'seenthat', 'takes', '10473', 'complete', 'simulation', 'usinggrid', 'search', 'whereas', 'random', 'search', 'proposed', 'bayesianoptimization', 'respec', 'tively', 'furthermore', 'random', 'search', 'bayesian', 'rithm', 'parameters', 'while', 'search', 'requiresmore', 'parameters', 'which', 'times', 'others', 'thetest', 'score', 'using', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'which', 'isbetter', 'search', 'random', 'search', 'pictorial', 'depiction', 'comparative', 'search', 'given', 'figure', 'where', 'canbe', 'added', 'initial', 'stage', 'accuracy', 'randomsearch', 'nearly', 'which', 'almost', 'stable', 'iterations', 'single', 'iteration', 'takes', 'asharp', 'change', 'accuracy', 'touching', 'closely', 'scoreof', 'which', 'followed', 'unchanged', 'condition', 'until30', 'iterations', 'contrast', 'score', 'proposed', 'bayesianoptimization', 'technique', 'commenced', 'before', 'which', 'wasalmost', 'steep', 'iterations', 'touching', 'accuracyfigure', 'comparative', 'optimization', 'techniques', 'applied', 'xgbmodel', '10276', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectionabove', 'exciting', 'information', 'should', 'tioned', 'score', 'proposed', 'method', 'remainsunchanged', 'except', 'slight', 'change', 'after', 'iterations', 'before', 'finishing', 'iterations', 'accuracy', 'touched', 'point', 'proposed', 'bayesian', 'optimisation', 'framework', 'hasalso', 'applied', 'recent', 'harris', 'hawks', 'mization', 'algorithm', 'calculated', 'evolutions', 'with20', 'populations', 'train', 'settings', 'provides98', 'cross', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'whereas', 'testing', 'result', 'similar', 'bayesian', 'misation', 'framework', 'however', 'takes', 'which', 'times', 'slower', 'proposed', 'framework', 'requiresmore', 'evaluations', 'optimization', 'calculations', 'table', 'further', 'justify', 'statistical', 'significance', 'betweenbayesian', 'optimization', 'harris', 'hawks', 'optimization', 'rithm', 'performed', 'cross', 'validation', 'using', 'after', 'value', 'calculated', 'isplotted', 'value', 'found', 'which', 'suggests', 'thatthere', 'statistically', 'significant', 'difference', 'between', 'thesetwo', 'optimizations', 'illustrated', 'figure', 'alsojustifies', 'statements', 'figure', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'harris', 'hawksoptimization', 'discussion', 'comparisonin', 'research', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machinelearning', 'framework', 'class', 'balancing', 'strategy', 'usingthe', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'proposed', 'identify', 'covidpatients', 'their', 'inpatient', 'facility', 'state', 'classifiers', 'utilized', 'proposed', 'frame', 'identify', 'covid', 'patients', 'different', 'classificationmeasures', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'kappaindex', 'matthews', 'correlation', 'coefficient', 'theefficacy', 'different', 'classifiers', 'study', 'performed10', 'cross', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'achieve', 'statistical', 'nificance', 'using', 'anova', 'recall', 'decision', 'boundarythreshold', 'analysis', 'bootstrap', 'finally', 'shapanalysis', 'performed', 'interpret', 'feature', 'importance', 'andinterpret', 'model', 'these', 'different', 'classification', 'indicatorsdescribe', 'model', 'performance', 'another', 'point', 'primary', 'intention', 'these', 'indicators', 'describethe', 'classification', 'performance', 'different', 'perspective', 'table', 'yielded', 'highestclassification', 'performance', 'terms', 'accuracy', 'kappa', 'index', 'however', 'classification', 'performance', 'ofxgb', 'close', 'anova', 'andmulti', 'comparison', 'tests', 'average', 'accuracy', 'close', 'statisticallysignificant', 'however', 'cross', 'validation', 'accuracyof', 'provides', 'highest', 'value', 'table', 'balanced', 'model', 'offers', 'highest', 'classifica', 'performance', 'applied', 'original', 'seetable', 'recall', 'decision', 'threshold', 'bound', 'indicates', 'superior', 'performance', 'figure', 'concludes', 'balanced', 'mized', 'model', 'would', 'choice', 'detectingcovid', 'patients', 'using', 'their', 'inpatient', 'facility', 'therefore', 'further', 'analyses', 'bootstrap', 'analysisand', 'features', 'importance', 'analysis', 'balanced', 'andoptimized', 'model', 'regarding', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'should', 'mentionedthat', 'adasyn', 'adaptively', 'generates', 'synthetic', 'samplesfor', 'covid', 'class', 'since', 'minority', 'class', 'reducebias', 'introduced', 'imbalanced', 'distribution', 'adasynmoves', 'classifier', 'decision', 'boundary', 'towards', 'harder', 'learn', 'examples', 'improving', 'learning', 'performance', 'therefore', 'applying', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'enhances', 'thelearning', 'process', 'eventually', 'improves', 'covid', 'classi', 'fication', 'performance', 'table', 'understand', 'effect', 'ofadasyn', 'detail', 'regarding', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'unlike', 'search', 'random', 'search', 'mentionedthat', 'takes', 'previous', 'objective', 'function', 'evaluationinto', 'account', 'function', 'optimal', 'solution', 'therefore', 'hyperparameter', 'using', 'provides', 'tuningparameters', 'which', 'ultimately', 'builds', 'optimized', 'model', 'andconsequently', 'increases', 'classification', 'performance', 'shapis', 'determine', 'feature', 'importance', 'model', 'interpre', 'tation', 'mentioned', 'theoreticapproach', 'which', 'excellent', 'mathematical', 'backgroundand', 'current', 'state', 'approach', 'salient', 'features', 'mentioned', 'above', 'benoted', 'proposed', 'framework', 'applied', 'tocovid', 'detection', 'applied', 'other', 'classificationproblems', 'diabetic', 'prediction', 'asthma', 'prediction', 'while', 'describing', 'significance', 'strength', 'study', 'logical', 'explain', 'weaknesses', 'study', 'thedatabase', 'study', 'moderately', 'large', 'dataset', 'useful', 'apply', 'proposed', 'framework', 'largerdataset', 'validate', 'proposed', 'approach', 'completelyindependent', 'dataset', 'before', 'clinical', 'clinical', 'blood', 'sampledata', 'integration', 'enhance', 'thedetection', 'validity', 'beyond', 'scope', 'thisstudy', 'volume', '10277m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectiontable', 'description', 'clinically', 'operable', 'decision', 'algorithm', 'figure', 'decision', 'using', 'features', 'their', 'thresholdsin', 'absolute', 'value', 'development', 'clinically', 'operabledecision', 'treea', 'clinically', 'operable', 'decision', 'would', 'benefit', 'clinical', 'staffas', 'straightforward', 'understand', 'underlying', 'simple', 'classifiers', 'consisting', 'sequences', 'ofbinary', 'decisions', 'organized', 'hierarchically', 'builta', 'simple', 'using', 'important', 'features', 'cough', 'smell', 'exposure', 'occupation', 'continuous', 'value', 'oxygen', 'satura', 'feature', 'feature', 'discretized', 'three', 'differentlevels', 'denote', 'severe', 'moderate', 'normallevel', 'respectively', 'feature', 'value', 'between', 'treated', 'severe', 'moderate', 'normal', 'level', 'figure', 'repre', 'sents', 'corresponding', 'description', 'treealgorithm', 'given', 'table', 'development', 'decision', 'supportsystem', 'could', 'beneficial', 'support', 'clinical', 'staff', 'screen', 'covid', 'patients', 'their', 'inpatient', 'facility', 'usually', 'graphical', 'representation', 'decision', 'figure', 'probabilistic', 'output', 'upper', 'figure', 'hasrepresented', 'subject', 'covid', 'negative', 'whereas', 'represented', 'asubject', 'covid', 'positive', 'lower', 'figure', 'represents', 'probabilisticoutcome', 'subject', 'affected', 'covid', 'where', 'dotted', 'linedefines', 'threshold', 'level', 'patient', 'level', 'exceeds', 'thisthreshold', 'level', 'subject', 'considered', 'covid', 'positive', 'whereas', 'subject', 'probability', 'thethreshold', 'value', 'regarded', 'covid', 'negative', 'either', 'cansay', 'chance', 'person', 'affected', 'covid', 'covid', 'visualize', 'probable', 'state', 'thepatient', 'possible', 'outcome', 'covid', 'suspected', 'patient', 'sinhouse', 'facility', 'presented', 'figure', 'terms', 'theposterior', 'probability', 'probabilistic', 'result', 'intuitiveto', 'clinical', 'staff', 'therefore', 'notethat', 'patients', 'database', 'illus', 'tration', 'purposes', 'patient', 'sorted', 'ascending', 'order', 'sothat', 'patients', 'covid', 'labelled', 'appears', 'first', 'andpatients', 'covid', 'appear', 'comparisons', 'other', 'methods', 'studiesto', 'delineate', 'superiority', 'proposed', 'research', 'illustrative', 'comparison', 'accom', 'plished', 'other', 'covid', 'studies', 'tabular', 'illustration', 'table', 'mentioned', 'andozturk', 'obtain', 'accuracy', 'respec', 'tively', 'furthermore', 'multiples', 'researchworks', 'carried', 'direct10278', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detectiontable', 'comparison', 'performance', 'other', 'methods', 'implementation', 'using', 'mostly', 'clinical', 'wherethe', 'average', 'accuracy', 'obtained', 'wasless', 'toget', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'approximately', 'whichoutperformed', 'brinati', 'utilized', 'andrf', 'addition', 'lowest', 'performance', 'obtained', 'sunet', 'classifier', 'clinical', 'anddemographic', 'importantly', 'although', 'accuracyof', 'slightly', 'higher', 'proposedmethod', 'specificity', 'outweighthe', 'other', 'methodologies', 'mentioned', 'conclusionthis', 'paper', 'presents', 'optimal', 'different', 'machinelearning', 'techniques', 'including', 'state', 'classifiers', 'predict', 'covid', 'proposed', 'approach', 'aimed', 'handlethe', 'dataset', 'detecting', 'covid', 'effec', 'tively', 'proposed', 'technique', 'provides', 'friendlyand', 'covid', 'detection', 'designing', 'themethod', 'covid', 'dataset', 'collected', 'hasbeen', 'assess', 'performance', 'using', 'different', 'sification', 'metrics', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'kappa', 'index', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'different', 'classifiershave', 'optimized', 'using', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'theadasyn', 'balance', 'dataset', 'comparedto', 'studies', 'presented', 'study', 'evidenced', 'thatboth', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'proposedframework', 'attained', 'highest', 'values', 'and99', 'using', 'respectively', 'proposed', 'approachhas', 'applied', 'moderately', 'large', 'dataset', 'should', 'beused', 'dataset', 'before', 'clinical', 'trials', 'however', 'ourprimary', 'intention', 'feasibility', 'settings', 'similar', 'approach', 'applied', 'design', 'other', 'classifi', 'cation', 'problems', 'finally', 'potential', 'applications', 'ourproposed', 'technique', 'namely', 'clinically', 'operable', 'decision', 'treeand', 'decision', 'support', 'system', 'would', 'beneficial', 'clinicalstaff', 'building', 'efficient', 'recommender', 'system', 'couldeasily', 'integrated', 'mobile', 'devices', 'which', 'would', 'veryuseful', 'users', 'availabilitythe', 'dataset', 'accessed', 'through', 'github', 'https', 'github', 'mdcollab', 'covidclinicaldata', 'cessed', 'obtained', 'first', 'author', 'abdulnew_paper']
['proactive', 'practical', 'covid', '19testing', 'strategy', 'songgago', 'beijing', '100870', 'china', 'shiqi', 'jiaogago', 'beijing', '100870', 'china', 'qiang', 'zhugago', 'beijing', '100870', 'china', 'huitao', 'wuzhejiang', 'hangzhou', '311122', 'china', 'corresponding', 'author', '3017648abstract', 'reopen', 'economy', 'safely', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'governments', 'capability', 'proactively', 'identify', 'oftenasymptomatic', 'infections', 'contact', 'tracing', 'policymakers', 'publichealth', 'professionals', 'sampling', 'testing', 'method', 'achieve', 'broadpopulation', 'coverage', 'without', 'overwhelming', 'medical', 'workers', 'observe', 'thatcovid', 'groups', 'located', 'cliques', 'social', 'network', 'formed', 'close', 'encounters', 'people', 'during', 'daily', 'these', 'individuals', 'facto', 'canary', 'propose', 'thatnations', 'offer', 'anonymous', 'testing', 'service', 'sourcecomputer', 'algorithms', 'datasets', 'small', 'fraction', 'populationselected', 'covid', 'testing', 'cover', 'majority', 'exposure', 'riskindividuals', 'sampled', 'testing', 'megacity', 'covers', 'entirepopulation', 'sampled', 'testing', 'rural', 'covers', 'entirepopulation', 'government', 'oversight', 'public', 'consent', 'approach', 'canserve', 'province', 'state', 'township', 'decentralized', 'daily', 'testingplanning', 'however', 'protect', 'privacy', 'recommend', 'constructing', 'social', 'network', 'anonymized', 'cellphones', 'named', 'individuals', 'thisinfrastructure', 'should', 'dismantled', 'pandemic', 'largely', 'thiscan', 'achieved', 'policymakers', 'health', 'workers', 'engineers', 'together', 'insolidarity', 'words', 'covid', 'decisions', 'under', 'uncertainty', 'socialnetworks', 'network', 'theory', 'sampling', 'strategyproblem', 'formulationthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'putsglobal', 'governments', 'dilemma', 'before', 'social', 'distancing', 'orders', 'rapid', 'chain', 'infectionhappened', 'strict', 'orderssave', 'lives', 'economicrecession', 'public', 'opinions', 'aregrowing', 'increasingly', 'polarized', 'andled', 'armed', 'protesting', 'theeconomy', 'collapses', 'nation', 'theensuing', 'unemployment', 'andsocial', 'unrest', 'expose', 'mostfragile', 'families', 'pandemic', 'reopening', 'economy', 'safely', 'necessary', 'public', 'health', 'policy', 'however', 'recklessly', 'looseningstay', 'policies', 'reopeningthe', 'economy', 'nations', 'canbe', 'risky', 'asymptomatic', 'covid', '19patients', 'infect', 'others', 'offices', 'oronboard', 'public', 'transportation', 'droplets', 'aerosols', 'peopletalking', 'carry', 'virus', 'thechain', 'community', 'infection', 'goesundetected', 'wildfire', 'hospitals', 'again', 'overwhelmedand', 'pandemic', 'becomeendemic', 'prerequisite', 'toreopening', 'economy', 'abilityto', 'rapidly', 'identify', 'cases', 'amongthe', 'asymptomatic', 'population', 'thatenables', 'contact', 'tracing', 'communityinfection', 'subsequent', 'containinglocal', 'outbreaks', 'there', 'otherprerequisites', 'decliningnumber', 'patients', 'universalavailability', 'which', 'asimportant', 'discussed', 'inthis', 'study', 'gates', 'prescribed', 'adrastically', 'increase', 'nucleic', 'testingcapability', 'covid', 'engineering', 'management', 'review', 'third', 'quarter', 'september', '63this', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'meanwhile', 'harvard', 'panel', 'reportproposed', 'daily', 'proactive', 'testing', 'million', 'people', 'united', 'statesalone', 'total', 'population', 'study', 'specify', 'howthey', 'estimation', 'howgood', 'estimation', 'thechallenge', 'testing', 'capability', 'liesnot', 'production', 'anddistribution', 'morecrucially', 'logistics', 'actualtests', 'there', 'might', 'enoughmedical', 'workers', 'techniciansin', 'conduct', 'million', 'tests', 'advocate', 'universalweekly', 'random', 'testing', 'population', 'reach', 'coverage', 'translates', 'daily', 'testing', 'entire', 'population', 'logistic', 'challenge', 'forthe', 'similar', 'randomsampling', 'schemes', 'beingdeveloped', 'india', 'however', 'these', 'testing', 'schemesmaterialized', 'since', 'their', 'conception', 'probably', 'becausegovernments', 'impractical', 'logistical', 'challenge', 'bereadily', 'solved', 'selected0', 'sample', 'totalpopulation', 'needed', 'testeddaily', 'weekly', 'megacitiesin', 'united', 'states', 'europe', 'andchina', 'already', 'testingcapacity', 'propose', 'daily', 'testing', 'asmall', 'subset', 'asymptomaticpopulation', 'specifically', 'targeting', 'thehubs', 'cliques', 'socialnetwork', 'anonymous', 'cellphones', 'ifany', 'result', 'comes', 'positive', 'thenthe', 'people', 'around', 'furthertesting', 'contact', 'tracing', 'social', 'network', 'anonymouscellphones', 'given', 'during', 'agiven', 'period', 'consists', 'verticesand', 'links', 'vertices', 'thecellphones', 'carried', 'their', 'ownersactive', 'economy', 'linksamong', 'indicate', 'significant', 'closeencounter', 'working', 'thesame', 'office', 'living', 'house', 'sharing', 'following', 'graph', 'illustrates', 'asimple', 'social', 'network', 'threeyoung', 'working', 'professionals', 'giuseppe', 'smallconsulting', 'shares', 'herhouse', 'partner', 'agroup', 'people', 'theoffice', 'daily', 'giuseppe', 'shares', 'housewith', 'parents', 'siblings', 'anddrives', 'alone', 'office', 'daily', 'leelives', 'alone', 'condo', 'takes', 'metro', 'office', 'dailywith', 'people', 'train', 'social', 'network', 'graph', 'weuse', 'denote', 'family', 'members', 'denote', 'commuters', 'meetdaily', 'simplicity', 'assume', 'thatother', 'family', 'members', 'strictly', 'athome', 'commuters', 'interact', 'noone', 'people', 'thisgraph', 'asymptomatic', 'given', 'social', 'network', 'should', 'administer', 'covid', '19tests', 'three', 'kitsavailable', 'every', 'about', 'twotest', 'meager', 'onetest', 'might', 'toreserve', 'testing', 'people', 'aremost', 'exposed', 'virus', 'whohave', 'highest', 'potential', 'infectothers', 'often', 'peoplemeet', 'criteria', 'naturally', 'wewould', 'choose', 'first', 'giuseppe', 'because', 'theyconnect', 'people', 'others', 'highest', 'exposure', 'riskbecause', 'packed', 'subway', 'ridewith', 'dozens', 'commuters', 'should', 'testkit', 'available', 'opinion', 'eachmunicipality', 'office', 'shouldhave', 'tools', 'automaticallyanalyze', 'social', 'networksand', 'provide', 'testing', 'service', 'theindividuals', 'highest', 'exposurerisks', 'there', 'exists', 'scale', 'study', 'oncovid', 'exposure', 'individuals', 'patients', 'existing', 'medical', 'conditions', 'thehighest', 'death', 'infected', 'butnot', 'necessarily', 'highest', 'exposurechances', 'before', 'getting', 'weobserved', 'types', 'peoplemight', 'exposed', 'tocovid', 'their', 'distinctive', 'social', 'network', 'niches', 'couldfocus', 'limited', 'testing', 'capabilitieson', 'around', 'world', 'senior', 'governmentofficials', 'disproportionatelyhit', 'covid', 'includesprime', 'ministers', 'britain', 'russia', 'first', 'ladies', 'spain', 'canada', 'first', 'family', 'brazil', 'countlessministers', 'around', 'world', 'likely', 'thissituation', 'resulted', 'their', 'dailyschedule', 'large', 'numberof', 'people', 'often', 'internationally', 'inother', 'words', 'social', 'network', 'exposed', 'toinfection', 'risks', 'sense', 'arethe', 'canary', 'timelytesting', 'could', 'fortheir', 'local', 'communities', 'people', 'spending', 'hours', 'inclose', 'quarters', 'horrendouslocal', 'outbreaks', 'covid', 'known', 'cases', 'include', 'thediamond', 'princess', 'theodoreroosevelt', 'manyhospital', 'wards', 'retirement', 'homes', 'factories', 'prisons', 'aroundthe', 'world', 'social', 'network', 'these', 'communities', 'known', 'asclique', 'because', 'member', 'iswithin', 'close', 'vicinity', 'othermembers', 'therefore', 'sociallyinterconnected', 'cliques', 'areoften', 'exposed', 'airborne', 'dropletscarrying', 'virus', 'which', 'leads', 'tounusually', 'percentages', 'localinfection', 'identify', 'eachgeo', 'social', 'network', 'workforceembracing', 'economic', 'reopening', 'thehub', 'clique', 'people', 'dailycovid', 'testing', 'though', 'theyare', 'asymptomatic', 'orclique', 'individual', 'turns', 'positivefor', 'covid', 'social', 'networkof', 'immediate', 'daily', 'interactioncircle', 'needs', 'tested', 'thepatients', 'quarantined', 'argue', 'thatthis', 'efficient', 'sampling', 'strategy64', 'engineering', 'management', 'review', 'third', 'quarter', 'september', '2020for', 'covid', 'testing', 'reopenedeconomy', 'logisticalconstraints', 'testing', 'citiescan', 'afford', 'daily', 'itsworkforce', 'others', 'afford', 'test0', 'which', 'testing', 'percentage', 'issufficient', 'measuresufficiency', 'cityperform', 'rapid', 'assessment', 'daily', 'basis', 'methodology', 'andexperimentto', 'address', 'abovementionedquestions', 'conducted', 'pilot', 'studyusing', 'existing', 'social', 'network', 'tools', 'ontwo', 'world', 'social', 'networkdatasets', 'simplest', 'approach', 'tosingle', 'individuals', 'mostlinks', 'social', 'network', 'fortesting', 'problem', 'thatapproach', 'those', 'individuals', 'areoften', 'local', 'communityand', 'highly', 'overlappedgeo', 'social', 'networks', 'example', 'doctors', 'nurses', 'working', 'thesame', 'congressmembers', 'nation', 'weconcentrate', 'testing', 'resources', 'onthem', 'bigpicture', 'population', 'asocial', 'inequality', 'issue', 'individualswith', 'links', 'socialnetwork', 'while', 'individuals', 'directlylinked', 'cover', 'maximumpercentage', 'population', 'thiscan', 'achieved', 'dividing', 'social', 'network', 'cities', 'likewuhan', 'smallcommunities', 'cliques', 'thenidentify', 'community', 'unfortunately', 'mathematics', 'andcomputer', 'science', 'problem', 'exact', 'optimalsolution', 'takes', 'exponentiallycomputation', 'thepopulation', 'grows', 'there', 'existheuristic', 'solutions', 'produceimperfect', 'useable', 'solutions', 'alimited', 'budget', 'these', 'solutionswere', 'developed', 'twodecades', 'analyze', 'socialnetworks', 'internet', 'traffic', 'these', 'algorithms', 'theworkhorses', 'behind', 'internet', 'searchengines', 'google', 'andmicrosoft', 'heuristic', 'algorithms', 'examinedhere', 'developed', 'academia', 'andopen', 'source', 'share', 'crudeyet', 'simple', 'python', 'snippets', 'these', 'models', 'withreal', 'world', 'datasets', 'thepublic', 'health', 'sector', 'integratethese', 'methods', 'without', 'hiccups', 'ourpilot', 'study', 'algorithms', 'cananalyze', 'social', 'networks', 'withmillions', 'vertices', 'people', 'severalminutes', 'linux', 'workstation', 'thisindicates', 'feasibility', 'ofdecentralized', 'operationsin', 'municipality', 'without', 'additionalcharges', 'louvain', 'algorithm', 'createdby', 'blondel', 'theuniversity', 'louvain', 'belgium', 'abottom', 'clustering', 'algorithm', 'findcommunities', 'large', 'small', 'often', 'verydifferent', 'metis', 'algorithm', 'created', 'karypisand', 'kumar', 'university', 'ofminnesota', 'enables', 'parallel', 'processing', 'partition', 'socialnetworks', 'communities', 'similarfigure', 'selecting', 'sample', 'social', 'network', 'sizes', 'figure', 'sample', 'social', 'network', 'small', 'consulting', 'company', 'proactive', 'practical', 'covid', 'testing', 'strategy', '65the', 'first', 'dataset', 'tested', 'agoogleþ', 'social', 'network', 'dataset', 'including', 'people', '673453', 'links', 'among', 'averageeach', 'person', 'connected', '127others', 'number', 'comparable', 'tothe', 'number', 'people', 'workingprofessional', 'meets', 'daily', 'busymetropolis', 'using', 'publictransportation', 'denselyconnected', 'network', 'second', 'dataset', 'tested', 'internet', 'server', 'topology', 'dataset', 'originally', 'assembled', 'study', 'thetransmission', 'computer', 'viruses', 'ithas', 'vertices', 'machines', 'links', 'among', 'onaverage', 'machine', 'connectedto', 'others', 'number', 'iscomparable', 'number', 'peoplea', 'working', 'professional', 'meets', 'daily', 'small', 'without', 'using', 'publictransportation', 'sparselyconnected', 'network', 'clear', 'assume', 'thatcovid', 'transmits', 'along', 'cyber', 'social', 'networks', 'consider', 'twodatasets', 'previously', 'because', 'theyhave', 'network', 'structures', 'similar', 'togeo', 'social', 'networks', 'workforce', 'which', 'close', 'range', 'physicalinteractions', 'daily', 'reopenedeconomy', 'study', 'designed', 'followingfour', 'steps', 'first', 'partition', 'thenetwork', 'datasets', 'clustersusing', 'metis', 'algorithm', 'thelouvain', 'algorithm', 'eachcluster', 'single', 'individualswho', 'connectionswithin', 'cluster', 'total', 'haveu', 'individuals', 'chosen', 'covid', '19testing', 'simpler', 'baseline', 'choice', 'single', 'individualswith', 'connection', 'links', 'thecomplete', 'social', 'network', 'weadopted', 'value', 'parameter', 'asthe', 'total', 'number', 'individuals', 'sdivided', 'total', 'amount', 'individuals', 'chosen', 'percentage', 'totalpopulation', 'evaluation', 'metric', 'isthe', 'coverage', 'tested', 'individuals', 'defined', 'number', 'individualsimmediately', 'linked', 'testedindividuals', 'divided', 'totalnumber', 'individuals', 'stepsare', 'illustrated', 'figure', 'using', 'thesample', 'described', 'figure', 'findingsthe', 'following', 'tables', 'thecoverage', 'rates', 'three', 'differentalgorithms', 'worlddatasets', 'extenthow', 'social', 'networksampling', 'testing', 'cover', 'thepopulation', 'reopened', 'economy', 'coverage', 'percentages', 'arecalculated', 'percentage', 'ofpeople', 'close', 'contacts', 'withthe', 'covid', 'subjects', 'thegeneral', 'population', 'datasets', 'samplingpercentages', 'metis', 'algorithmsteadily', 'outperforms', 'other', 'algorithmsin', 'terms', 'coverage', 'doesnot', 'indicate', 'louvainalgorithm', 'inferior', 'designedto', 'identify', 'natural', 'lookingsubcommunities', 'large', 'small', 'itsmost', 'suitable', 'would', 'tovisualize', 'trace', 'local', 'communitytransmission', 'densely', 'connected', 'googleþdataset', 'indeed', 'running', 'asimulation', 'urban', 'asthat', 'wuhan', 'results', 'listedin', 'table', 'indicates', 'metisalgorithm', 'sample', 'thepopulation', 'effectively', 'representtable', 'coverage', 'percentage', 'social', 'network', 'samplingtest', 'skitter', 'dataset', 'table', 'coverage', 'percentage', 'social', 'network', 'samplingtest', 'googleþ', 'dataset', 'engineering', 'management', 'review', 'third', 'quarter', 'september', '2020an', 'immediate', 'connection', 'coverage', 'population', 'sampling2', 'population', 'caneffectively', 'represent', 'immediate', 'connection', 'coverage', 'thepopulation', 'beyond', 'sampling', 'extra', 'sampling', 'testing', 'offermarginal', 'benefit', 'sparsely', 'connected', 'skitterdataset', 'indeed', 'running', 'asimulation', 'quiet', 'small', 'lifesuch', 'ithaca', 'upstate', 'orsuifenhe', 'china', 'results', 'listed', 'intable', 'indicates', 'metisalgorithm', 'sample', 'thepopulation', 'effectively', 'representan', 'immediate', 'connection', 'coverage', 'population', 'sampling3', 'population', 'caneffectively', 'represent', 'immediate', 'connection', 'coverage', 'thepopulation', 'beyond', 'sampling', 'extra', 'sampling', 'testing', 'offermarginal', 'benefit', 'discussionsin', 'summary', 'study', 'shows', 'ahighly', 'efficient', 'sampling', 'testing', 'andtracing', 'scheme', 'achieved', 'byconstructing', 'social', 'network', 'township', 'safeguarding', 'theeconomy', 'reopening', 'busier', 'thecity', 'smaller', 'percentage', 'weneed', 'covid', 'weestimate', 'monitorcovid', 'transmission', 'covering', 'themajority', 'population', 'notto', 'sampling', 'keepcovid', 'happening', 'rathera', 'realistic', 'managed', 'occurrencelive', 'covid', 'approach', 'alsoarguably', 'importantas', 'universal', 'wearing', 'masks', 'asppe', 'pilot', 'study', 'assumes', 'social', 'network', 'dataset', 'township', 'constructed', 'everyday', 'indeed', 'publicconsensus', 'governmentoversight', 'cellphones', 'currentlyproduce', 'multiple', 'location', 'trackingdata', 'streams', 'includingtelecommunication', 'tracking', 'operating', 'system', 'tracking', 'mapapi', 'based', 'tracking', 'nation', 'cellphone', 'service', 'providersacquire', 'coarse', 'resolution', 'trackingdata', 'streams', 'triangulation', 'stations', 'operatingsystem', 'tracking', 'stream', 'exists', 'ineach', 'android', 'phone', 'iphone', 'essential', 'service', 'integratinggps', 'signals', 'addition', 'cellphone', 'themarket', 'various', 'precision', 'location', 'service', 'googlemap', 'baidu', 'tencent', 'forlocation', 'trackingcomputes', 'signal', 'alongwith', 'current', 'datarecords', 'location', 'uniquecellphone', 'individualpersons', 'these', 'records', 'arehighly', 'confidential', 'literallyguarded', 'europeangdpr', 'against', 'wanton', 'usage', 'societies', 'already', 'embraced', 'oftheir', 'usages', 'asgoogle', 'traffic', 'alert', 'hence', 'social', 'network', 'anonymouscellphones', 'quickly', 'computedout', 'existing', 'streams', 'theright', 'permission', 'clearance', 'thisstudy', 'advocate', 'collectingcellphone', 'location', 'personalids', 'social', 'network', 'could', 'beconstructed', 'through', 'anotherprocess', 'arguably', 'intrusive', 'google', 'apple', 'developing', 'abluetooth', 'contact', 'alert', 'service', 'whether', 'herphone', 'within', 'bluetoothdistance', 'covid', 'patient', 'sphone', 'recently', 'however', 'thisfeature', 'valid', 'everyoneturns', 'bluetooth', 'maynot', 'eventually', 'effort', 'largely', 'location', 'sitting', 'thetelecommunication', 'service', 'providersand', 'giants', 'general', 'public', 'national', 'governments', 'wantto', 'discuss', 'decide', 'whether', 'notto', 'during', 'pandemic', 'people', 'valid', 'reasonsto', 'worry', 'about', 'privacy', 'theseare', 'normal', 'times', 'andmoral', 'usages', 'requiremandatory', 'erasure', 'allpersonal', 'details', 'dataset', 'andrender', 'anonymous', 'except', 'tooneself', 'example', 'citizenhim', 'herself', 'social', 'network', 'wants', 'withoutendangering', 'coworkers', 'sheneeds', 'covid', 'patient', 'comes', 'backpositive', 'people', 'arecent', 'interaction', 'havethe', 'right', 'notified', 'theirphones', 'automatic', 'contact', 'tracingcan', 'technology', 'insteadof', 'spreading', 'medicalworkforce', 'field', 'thepandemic', 'about', 'fullyeliminated', 'infrastructure', 'should', 'dismantledso', 'abused', 'peacetime', 'logistically', 'feasible', 'forlocal', 'facilities', 'operate', 'dailyroutine', 'first', 'every', 'night', 'locallocational', 'flows', 'eithertelecommunication', 'providers', 'techgiants', 'construct', 'social', 'network', 'previous', 'residents', 'identified0', 'network', 'wakeup', 'morning', 'textmessage', 'notification', 'quick', 'testbefore', 'showing', 'testingcapacities', 'region', 'region', 'developed', 'nations', 'might', 'affordto', 'every', 'developingnations', 'might', 'afford', 'aweek', 'either', 'helps', 'further', 'alleviate', 'pressure', 'onlogistics', 'nations', 'consider', 'arecent', 'practice', 'wuhan', 'china', 'during', 'nasal', 'swabs', 'multiple', 'personsfrom', 'neighborhood', 'aremixed', 'testing', 'isknown', 'pooled', 'testing', 'reduceslogistics', 'pressure', 'testing', 'compared', 'toproactive', 'practical', 'covid', 'testing', 'strategy', '67conducting', 'eachindividual', 'united', 'states', 'theimportance', 'pooled', 'testing', 'justgaining', 'recognition', 'yetimplemented', 'masse', 'pooled', 'testing', 'socialnetwork', 'sampling', 'boost', 'eachother', 'first', 'batchin', 'pooled', 'testing', 'consist', 'ofindividuals', 'clique', 'ofthe', 'social', 'network', 'because', 'theyshare', 'similar', 'risks', 'infection', 'second', 'testing', 'resources', 'arevery', 'scarce', 'pooled', 'testing', 'ofselected', 'socialnetwork', 'highly', 'efficient', 'third', 'tracing', 'infection', 'chains', 'beachieved', 'social', 'networksafter', 'pooled', 'testing', 'another', 'possibility', 'improve', 'thisapproach', 'integrate', 'infectionrate', 'population', 'groups', 'social', 'network', 'vanilla', 'socialnetwork', 'measure', 'chance', 'ofexposure', 'infection', 'whenmultiplied', 'infection', 'agegroups', 'measure', 'chance', 'ofinfection', 'around', 'world', 'pilot', 'experimentson', 'locational', 'tracking', 'fight', 'thepandemic', 'sprouting', 'examplein', 'israel', 'south', 'korea', 'andchina', 'china', 'alibaba', 'andtencent', 'scrambled', 'withgovernment', 'oversight', 'creatinglocation', 'based', 'health', 'checkup', 'appsstarting', 'january', 'theinitial', 'version', 'online', 'february11', 'after', 'weeks', 'intensivedevelopment', 'tracelocation', 'blocks', 'tellthe', 'whether', 'tocovid', 'zones', '14days', 'majority', 'chinesepublic', 'chose', 'adopt', 'thisinfrastructure', 'along', 'othermeasures', 'universal', 'wearing', 'quarantines', 'itcontributed', 'significantly', 'thechinese', 'effort', 'containing', 'andalmost', 'total', 'elimination', 'covid', 'effort', 'released', 'openly', 'itstechnical', 'whitepapers', 'however', 'beingthere', 'reported', 'effort', 'usethat', 'infrastructure', 'proactivenucleic', 'antibody', 'testing', 'thegeneral', 'public', 'april', 'science', 'magazinerecently', 'called', 'utilization', 'ofmobile', 'phone', 'modeling', 'andcontact', 'tracing', 'gradually', 'policymakers', 'scientists', 'andengineers', 'globally', 'coming', 'torealize', 'mobile', 'phonescan', 'combat', 'covid', 'isimportant', 'peoples', 'aware', 'ofthis', 'option', 'debate', 'about', 'andmake', 'decision', 'their', 'nation', 'thispandemic', 'lasts', 'cango', 'therefore', 'options', 'should', 'stayon', 'table', 'epicenters', 'thepandemic', 'government', 'might', 'tointegrate', 'possible', 'measurestogether', 'against', 'thepandemic', 'pilot', 'study', 'tointroduce', 'field', 'public', 'healththe', 'importance', 'social', 'networkanalyses', 'already', 'theuse', 'traditional', 'modeling', 'forinfectious', 'diseases', 'since', 'onset', 'ofthe', 'pandemic', 'modelsassume', 'equal', 'infection', 'allindividuals', 'insufficientalone', 'social', 'network', 'analysesprovide', 'insights', 'exposure', 'risks', 'ofeach', 'individual', 'beintegrated', 'models', 'modeling', 'assume', 'thateveryone', 'equal', 'immunity', 'ourmodel', 'because', 'limited', 'ifpossible', 'collect', 'detailedinformation', 'about', 'individuals', 'wehope', 'improve', 'modelconsidering', 'covariates', 'affectingpersonal', 'immunity', 'battle', 'thepandemic', 'potentially', 'endemiccovid', 'planetary', 'challenge', 'interdisciplinary', 'teamwork', 'amongepidemiologists', 'computer', 'scientistsand', 'scientists', 'lawmakers', 'isneeded', 'modelrevised', 'applied', 'policies', 'andday', 'operations', 'modelingcan', 'politics', 'doesthe', 'bottom', 'againstdystopian', 'location', 'toconstruct', 'social', 'network', 'ofanonymous', 'cellphones', 'peoplewithout', 'privacy', 'serviceinstead', 'surveillance', 'thisservice', 'should', 'temporaryduring', 'pandemic', 'planet', 'afterthe', 'pandemic', 'needgeoslavery', 'contributorsconceptualization', 'programming', 'analysis', 'writing', 'acknowledgmentthe', 'authors', 'would', 'thank', 'jiang', 'rounds', 'fruitfuldiscussions', 'access', 'forthis', 'article', 'provided', 'gagoinc', 'beijing', 'china', 'new_paper']
['received', 'november', 'accepted', 'december', 'publication', 'december', 'current', 'version', 'december', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3044858artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'rayimages', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', 'thoughtful', 'evaluation', 'approachjulián', 'arias', 'londoño', 'senior', 'member', 'jorge', 'gómez', 'garcía', 'laureano', 'velázquez3', 'member', 'andjuan', 'godino', 'llorente', 'senior', 'member', '1department', 'systems', 'engineering', 'universidad', 'antioquia', 'medellín', '050010', 'colombia2bioengineering', 'optoelectronics', 'laboratory', 'universidad', 'politécnica', 'madrid', '28031', 'madrid', 'spain3department', 'electrical', 'computer', 'engineering', 'johns', 'hopkins', 'university', 'baltimore', '21218', 'usacorresponding', 'author', 'godino', 'llorente', 'ignacio', 'godino', 'supported', 'ministry', 'economy', 'competitiveness', 'spain', 'under', 'grant', 'dpi2017', '83405', 'partby', 'universidad', 'antioquia', 'medellín', 'colombia', 'abstract', 'current', 'standard', 'protocols', 'clinic', 'diagnosing', 'covid', 'include', 'molecular', 'orantigen', 'tests', 'generally', 'complemented', 'plain', 'chest', 'combined', 'analysis', 'reduce', 'thesignificant', 'number', 'false', 'negatives', 'these', 'tests', 'provide', 'complementary', 'evidence', 'about', 'presenceand', 'severity', 'disease', 'however', 'procedure', 'errors', 'interpretation', 'chestx', 'restricted', 'radiologists', 'complexity', 'provide', 'evidencefor', 'diagnosis', 'paper', 'presents', 'evaluation', 'different', 'methods', 'based', 'neural', 'network', 'these', 'first', 'steps', 'develop', 'automatic', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'using', 'chest', 'images', 'todifferentiate', 'between', 'controls', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'groups', 'paper', 'describes', 'process', 'followedto', 'train', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'dataset', 'images', 'compiled', 'fromdifferent', 'sources', 'including', 'covid', 'examples', 'three', 'different', 'experiments', 'followingthree', 'preprocessing', 'schemes', 'carried', 'evaluate', 'compare', 'developed', 'models', 'toevaluate', 'preprocessing', 'affects', 'results', 'improves', 'explainability', 'likewise', 'criticalanalysis', 'different', 'variability', 'issues', 'might', 'compromise', 'system', 'effects', 'performed', 'withthe', 'employed', 'methodology', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'obtained', 'average', 'recall', 'forthe', 'worst', 'explainable', 'experiment', 'which', 'requires', 'previous', 'automatic', 'segmentation', 'lungregion', 'index', 'terms', 'covid', 'learning', 'pneumonia', 'radiological', 'imaging', 'chest', 'introductioncovid', 'pandemic', 'rapidly', 'become', 'biggesthealth', 'world', 'challenges', 'recent', 'years', 'disease', 'spreadsat', 'reproduction', 'number', 'covid', 'rangedfrom', 'during', 'first', 'months', 'pandemic', 'meaning', 'average', 'infected', 'person', 'transmittedthe', 'disease', 'people', 'result', 'numberof', 'covid', 'infections', 'dramatically', 'increased', 'justa', 'hundred', 'cases', 'january', 'concentrated', 'inthe', 'associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript', 'andapproving', 'publication', 'wenming', 'china', 'million', 'november', 'spread', 'allaround', 'world', 'covid', 'caused', 'coronavirus', 'avirus', 'belongs', 'family', 'other', 'respiratorydisorders', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'middle', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'symptomatology', 'covid', 'diverse', 'arisesafter', 'incubation', 'around', 'symptoms', 'mightinclude', 'fever', 'cough', 'fatigue', 'although', 'headache', 'hemoptysis', 'diarrhea', 'dyspnoea', 'lymphopenia', 'alsoreported', 'severe', 'cases', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'tress', 'syndrome', 'might', 'developed', 'underlyingpneumonia', 'associated', 'covid', 'severevolume', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '226811j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19cases', 'estimated', 'period', 'onset', 'disease', 'todeath', 'ranges', 'median', 'being', 'dependent', 'patient', 'patient', 'immunesystem', 'status', 'reaches', 'getsinto', 'cells', 'through', 'protein', 'called', 'which', 'servesas', 'opening', 'after', 'virus', 'geneticmaterial', 'multiplied', 'infected', 'produces', 'proteinsthat', 'complement', 'viral', 'structure', 'produce', 'viruses', 'virus', 'destroys', 'infected', 'leaves', 'andinfects', 'cells', 'destroyed', 'cells', 'produce', 'radiologicallesions', 'consolidations', 'nodules', 'thelungs', 'observable', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacityregions', 'images', 'these', 'lesionsare', 'noticeable', 'patients', 'assessed', 'afterthe', 'onset', 'disease', 'especially', 'those', 'older', 'than50', 'findings', 'suggest', 'patients', 'recovered', 'fromcovid', 'developed', 'pulmonary', 'fibrosis', 'whichthe', 'connective', 'tissue', 'inflamed', 'leading', 'apathological', 'proliferation', 'connective', 'tissue', 'betweenthe', 'alveoli', 'surrounding', 'blood', 'vessels', 'given', 'thesesigns', 'radiological', 'imaging', 'techniques', 'using', 'plain', 'chestxr', 'thorax', 'computer', 'tomography', 'becomecrucial', 'diagnosis', 'evaluation', 'tools', 'identify', 'assessthe', 'severity', 'infection', 'since', 'declaration', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'theworld', 'health', 'organization', 'identified', 'major', 'areasto', 'reduce', 'impact', 'disease', 'world', 'prepareand', 'ready', 'detect', 'protect', 'treat', 'reduce', 'transmission', 'innovate', 'learn', 'concerning', 'detec', 'significant', 'efforts', 'undertaken', 'improve', 'thediagnostic', 'procedures', 'covid', 'clinic', 'still', 'molecular', 'diagnostic', 'based', 'apolymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'which', 'precise', 'consuming', 'requires', 'specialized', 'personnel', 'laboratories', 'general', 'limited', 'capacities', 'resourcesof', 'health', 'systems', 'alternative', 'rapidtests', 'those', 'based', 'reverse', 'transcriptase', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'morerapidly', 'deployed', 'decrease', 'specialized', 'labora', 'tories', 'personnel', 'provide', 'faster', 'diagnosis', 'comparedto', 'traditional', 'other', 'tests', 'those', 'based', 'antigens', 'nowavailable', 'mainly', 'massive', 'testings', 'fornon', 'clinical', 'applications', 'higher', 'chance', 'missingan', 'active', 'infection', 'contrast', 'which', 'detectsthe', 'virus', 'genetic', 'material', 'antigen', 'tests', 'identify', 'specificproteins', 'virus', 'surface', 'requiring', 'higher', 'viral', 'which', 'significantly', 'shortens', 'sensitivity', 'period', 'clinical', 'practice', 'usually', 'comple', 'mented', 'chest', 'manner', 'bined', 'analysis', 'reduces', 'significant', 'number', 'false', 'atives', 'brings', 'additional', 'informationabout', 'extent', 'severity', 'disease', 'addition', 'tothat', 'thorax', 'second', 'method', 'forevaluation', 'although', 'evaluation', 'provides', 'moreaccurate', 'results', 'early', 'stages', 'shown', 'tohave', 'greater', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'imaging', 'hasbecome', 'standard', 'screening', 'protocols', 'since', 'minimally', 'invasive', 'requires', 'simpler', 'logisticsfor', 'implementation', 'search', 'rapid', 'objective', 'accurate', 'sensi', 'procedures', 'which', 'could', 'complement', 'diagnosis', 'andassessment', 'disorder', 'trend', 'research', 'emergedto', 'employ', 'clinical', 'features', 'extracted', 'thorax', 'chestxr', 'automatic', 'detection', 'purposes', 'potential', 'benefit', 'ofstudying', 'radiological', 'images', 'these', 'character', 'pneumonic', 'states', 'asymptomatic', 'population', 'however', 'research', 'needed', 'field', 'lackof', 'findings', 'infected', 'patients', 'reported', 'theconsolidation', 'technology', 'permit', 'speedy', 'andaccurate', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'decreasing', 'pressureon', 'microbiological', 'laboratories', 'charge', 'testsand', 'providing', 'objective', 'means', 'assessing', 'severity', 'techniques', 'based', 'learn', 'employed', 'leverage', 'information', 'withpromising', 'results', 'although', 'would', 'desirable', 'employct', 'detection', 'purposes', 'significant', 'drawbacks', 'areoften', 'present', 'including', 'higher', 'costs', 'consumingprocedure', 'thorough', 'hygienic', 'protocols', 'avoid', 'infectionspread', 'requirement', 'specialized', 'equipment', 'thatmight', 'readily', 'available', 'hospitals', 'health', 'centers', 'contrast', 'imaging', 'procedures', 'available', 'firstscreening', 'tests', 'hospitals', 'health', 'centers', 'lowerexpenses', 'several', 'approaches', 'covid', 'detection', 'based', 'onchest', 'images', 'different', 'learning', 'architectureshave', 'published', 'months', 'reporting', 'classifi', 'cation', 'accuracies', 'around', 'higher', 'however', 'centralanalysis', 'those', 'works', 'focused', 'variationsof', 'network', 'architectures', 'whereas', 'there', 'attention', 'tothe', 'variability', 'factors', 'solution', 'should', 'tackle', 'beforeit', 'deployed', 'medical', 'setting', 'sense', 'noanalysis', 'provided', 'demonstrate', 'reliability', 'ofthe', 'networks', 'predictions', 'which', 'context', 'medicalsolutions', 'acquires', 'particular', 'relevance', 'moreover', 'ofthe', 'works', 'state', 'validated', 'their', 'results', 'withdata', 'containing', 'dozens', 'hundreds', 'covid', '19samples', 'limiting', 'proposed', 'solutions', 'impact', 'these', 'antecedents', 'paper', 'deeplearning', 'algorithm', 'based', 'augmentation', 'andregularization', 'techniques', 'handle', 'imbalance', 'thediscrimination', 'between', 'covid', 'controls', 'other', 'typesof', 'pneumonia', 'methods', 'tested', 'extensivecorpus', 'authors', 'knowledge', 'three', 'differentsets', 'experiments', 'carried', 'search', 'themost', 'suitable', 'coherent', 'approach', 'paperalso', 'explainability', 'techniques', 'insight', 'about', 'themanners', 'neural', 'network', 'learns', 'interpretabil', 'terms', 'overlapping', 'among', 'regions', 'interestselected', 'network', 'those', 'likely', 'affectedby', 'covid', 'critical', 'analysis', 'factors', 'affect', 'the226812', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19figure', 'experiments', 'considered', 'paper', 'first', 'chest', 'images', 'belonging', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'andcovid', 'classes', 'second', 'activation', 'mapping', 'images', 'despite', 'accuracy', 'modelfocuses', 'attention', 'areas', 'different', 'lungs', 'cases', 'third', 'activation', 'mapping', 'afterzooming', 'cropping', 'squared', 'region', 'interest', 'resizing', 'zooming', 'region', 'interest', 'forces', 'model', 'tofocus', 'attention', 'lungs', 'errors', 'still', 'present', 'fourth', 'activation', 'mapping', 'after', 'zooming', 'andsegmentation', 'procedure', 'zooming', 'segmenting', 'force', 'model', 'focus', 'attention', 'lungs', 'black', 'backgroundrepresents', 'introduced', 'segmentation', 'procedure', 'volume', '226813j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19performance', 'automatic', 'systems', 'based', 'learning', 'isalso', 'carried', 'paper', 'organized', 'follows', 'section', 'presents', 'somebackground', 'antecedents', 'learning', 'forcovid', 'detection', 'section', 'presents', 'methodology', 'section', 'presents', 'results', 'obtained', 'whereas', 'presentsthe', 'discussions', 'conclusions', 'paper', 'backgrounda', 'large', 'research', 'emerged', 'artificialintelligence', 'detect', 'different', 'respiratory', 'diseases', 'usingplain', 'images', 'instance', 'authors', 'developeda', 'layer', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'architec', 'called', 'chexnet', 'which', 'trained', 'dataset', 'of100', 'images', 'detection', 'different', 'types', 'ofpneumonia', 'study', 'reports', 'under', 'receivingoperating', 'characteristic', 'curve', 'multiclassscenario', 'composed', 'classes', 'directly', 'related', 'covid', 'detection', 'three', 'cnnarchitectures', 'resnet50', 'inceptionv3', 'inceptionres', 'netv2', 'considered', 'using', 'database', 'just50', 'controls', 'covid', 'patients', 'accuracy', 'obtained', 'resnet50', 'seven', 'differentdeep', 'models', 'tested', 'using', 'corpus', 'controlsand', 'covid', 'patients', 'results', 'attainedwith', 'vgg19', 'densenet', 'models', 'obtaining', 'scoresof', 'controls', 'patients', 'covid', 'netarchitecture', 'proposed', 'trained', 'withan', 'repository', 'called', 'covidx', 'composed', 'xrimages', 'although', 'patients', 'belonged', 'tothe', 'covid', 'class', 'attained', 'accuracy', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'algorithm', 'employed', 'forthe', 'detection', 'covid', 'corpus', 'covid', '19images', 'taken', 'patients', 'control', 'images', 'taken', 'patients', 'sensitivity', 'ofspecificity', 'obtained', 'combination', 'forfeature', 'extraction', 'short', 'memory', 'network', 'classification', 'automatic', 'detectionpurposes', 'model', 'trained', 'corpus', 'gathered', 'fromdifferent', 'sources', 'consisting', 'images', 'ofcovid', 'although', 'repository', 'applyingdata', 'augmentation', 'pneumonia', 'trols', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation', 'scheme', 'accuracywas', 'reported', 'vgg16', 'network', 'forclassification', 'employing', 'database', 'covid', '132controls', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'following', 'outvalidation', 'about', 'accuracy', 'obtained', 'identifyingcovid', 'being', 'lower', 'other', 'classes', 'authors', 'adapted', 'model', 'classification', 'ofcovid', 'using', 'transfer', 'learning', 'based', 'xceptionnetwork', 'experiments', 'carried', 'database', '127covid', 'controls', 'patients', 'pneumo', 'gathered', 'different', 'sources', 'attaining', 'about', 'accuracy', 'similar', 'approach', 'followed', 'thesame', 'corpus', 'binary', 'classification', 'covid', 'andcontrols', 'multiclass', 'classification', 'covid', 'controls', 'pneumonia', 'modification', 'darknetmodel', 'transfer', 'learning', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'binary', 'classification', 'multiclass', 'sification', 'obtained', 'another', 'xception', 'transfer', 'learning', 'based', 'approach', 'presented', 'considering', 'twomulti', 'class', 'classification', 'tasks', 'controls', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'controlsvs', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'imbalanceof', 'corpus', 'undersampling', 'technique', 'torandomly', 'discard', 'registers', 'larger', 'classes', 'obtain', 'covid', 'controls', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'chest', 'images', 'reportedaccuracy', 'class', 'problem', 'class', 'scenario', 'moreover', 'class', 'cross', 'database', 'exper', 'iment', 'accuracy', 'networks', 'resnet18', 'resnet50', 'squeezenet', 'densenet', 'wereused', 'transfer', 'learning', 'experiments', 'performed', 'database', 'covid', 'finding', 'andpneumonia', 'images', 'reported', 'results', 'indicate', 'sensitivity', 'ofabout', 'specificity', 'state', 'systems', 'vgg19', 'mobilenetv2', 'inception', 'inceptionresnetv2', 'tested', 'transfer', 'learningsetting', 'identify', 'covid', 'control', 'pneumoniaimages', 'experiments', 'carried', 'partitions', 'oneof', 'covid', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'controlimages', 'another', 'considered', 'previous', 'normal', 'andcovid', 'included', 'cases', 'bacterial', 'viralpneumonia', 'mobilenetv2', 'attained', 'resultswith', 'accuracy', 'classes', 'sification', 'mobilenetv2', 'trained', 'fromscratch', 'compared', 'based', 'transfer', 'learningand', 'another', 'based', 'hybrid', 'feature', 'extraction', 'tuning', 'experiments', 'performed', 'dataset', 'xrimages', 'diseases', 'indicated', 'training', 'scratchoutperforms', 'other', 'approaches', 'attaining', 'accuracyin', 'multiclass', 'classification', 'detectionof', 'covid', 'system', 'grounded', 'inception', 'transfer', 'learning', 'presented', 'experi', 'ments', 'performed', 'partitions', 'images', 'withcovid', 'pneumonia', 'tuberculosis', 'controls', 'reportedresults', 'indicate', 'accuracy', 'folds', 'cross', 'validationscheme', 'classification', 'covid', 'other', 'classes', 'fuzzy', 'color', 'techniques', 'processing', 'stage', 'remove', 'noise', 'enhance', 'imagesin', 'class', 'classification', 'setting', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'controls', 'processed', 'images', 'originalones', 'stacked', 'models', 'toextract', 'features', 'mobilenetv2', 'squeezenet', 'featureselection', 'technique', 'based', 'social', 'mimic', 'optimization', 'asupport', 'vector', 'machine', 'experiments', 'wereperformed', 'corpus', 'covid', 'controls', '98pneumonia', 'images', 'attaining', 'about', 'accuracy', 'given', 'limited', 'amount', 'covid', 'images', 'someapproaches', 'focused', 'generating', 'artificial', 'trainbetter', 'models', 'auxiliary', 'generative', 'adversarialnetwork', 'produce', 'artificial', 'covid', '19226814', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', 'images', 'database', 'covid', '124controls', 'results', 'indicated', 'augmentation', 'increasedaccuracy', 'vgg16', 'similarly', 'augment', 'database', '307images', 'belonging', 'classes', 'controls', 'covid', 'terial', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'different', 'models', 'weretested', 'transfer', 'learning', 'based', 'setting', 'including', 'alexnet', 'googlenet', 'restnet18', 'results', 'obtainedwith', 'googlenet', 'achieving', 'multiclass', 'classifica', 'approach', 'based', 'capsule', 'networks', 'capsnet', 'binary', 'covid', 'controls', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'covid', 'pneumoniavs', 'controls', 'experiments', 'performed', 'dataset', 'of231', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'controls', 'xrimages', 'augmentation', 'increase', 'covid', 'images', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation', 'scheme', 'accuracy', 'binary', 'classification', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'achieved', 'architecture', 'based', 'depth', 'dilated', 'convolutionnetworks', 'proposed', 'first', 'stage', 'pneumo', 'viral', 'bacterial', 'control', 'images', 'employedfor', 'pretraining', 'refined', 'model', 'covid', 'isobtained', 'using', 'transfer', 'learning', 'experiments', 'using', 'databases', 'accuracy', 'achieved', 'covid', 'controls', 'covid', 'controls', 'bacte', 'viral', 'cases', 'pneumonia', 'trainneural', 'network', 'limited', 'number', 'training', 'parame', 'presented', 'patch', 'phenomena', 'found', 'images', 'studied', 'bilateral', 'involvement', 'peripheraldistribution', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacification', 'develop', 'alung', 'segmentation', 'patch', 'based', 'neural', 'network', 'thatdistinguished', 'covid', 'controls', 'basis', 'thesystem', 'resnet18', 'network', 'saliency', 'alsoused', 'produce', 'interpretable', 'results', 'experiments', 'formed', 'database', 'controls', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'tuberculosis', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'about', 'accuracy', 'obtained', 'likewise', 'interpretable', 'results', 'werereported', 'terms', 'large', 'correlations', 'between', 'saliencymaps', 'activation', 'zones', 'radiological', 'findings', 'foundin', 'images', 'authors', 'indicate', 'thelung', 'segmentation', 'approach', 'considered', 'system', 'saccuracy', 'decreased', 'about', 'curvelets', 'trans', 'formations', 'extract', 'features', 'images', 'afeature', 'selection', 'algorithm', 'based', 'heuristic', 'usedto', 'relevant', 'characteristics', 'while', 'modelbased', 'efficientnet', 'classification', 'exper', 'iments', 'carried', 'database', 'controls', '219covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'achieved', 'proposedapproach', 'multiclass', 'hierarchical', 'classification', 'differ', 'types', 'diseases', 'producing', 'pneumonia', 'labels', 'and14', 'label', 'paths', 'including', 'covid', 'explored', 'since', 'database', 'images', 'heavily', 'imbal', 'anced', 'different', 'resampling', 'techniques', 'considered', 'byfollowing', 'transfer', 'learning', 'approach', 'based', 'archi', 'tecture', 'extract', 'features', 'validation', 'with5', 'different', 'classification', 'techniques', 'macro', 'score', 'score', 'obtained', 'multiclassand', 'hierarchical', 'classification', 'scenarios', 'respectively', 'three', 'phases', 'approach', 'presented', 'detect', 'presenceof', 'pneumonia', 'classify', 'between', 'covid', 'monia', 'highlight', 'regions', 'interest', 'images', 'proposed', 'system', 'utilized', 'database', 'images', 'ofcovid', 'patients', 'other', 'pulmonary', 'diseases', 'controls', 'using', 'transfer', 'learning', 'systembased', 'vgg16', 'about', 'accuracy', 'reported', 'hierarchical', 'approach', 'using', 'decision', 'trees', 'based', 'onresnet18', 'presented', 'which', 'first', 'sified', 'images', 'normal', 'pathological', 'classes', 'second', 'identified', 'tuberculosis', 'third', 'covid', 'experiments', 'carried', 'partitions', 'obtained', 'afterhaving', 'gathered', 'images', 'different', 'sources', 'mentation', 'accuracy', 'decision', 'starting', 'fromthe', 'first', 'about', 'respectively', 'issues', 'affecting', 'results', 'literaturetable', 'presents', 'summary', 'state', 'matic', 'detection', 'covid', 'based', 'images', 'deeplearning', 'despite', 'excellent', 'results', 'reported', 'reviewreveals', 'proposed', 'systems', 'suffer', 'certainshortcomings', 'affect', 'conclusions', 'extracted', 'theirrespective', 'studies', 'limiting', 'translational', 'possibilities', 'tothe', 'clinical', 'environment', 'likewise', 'variability', 'factors', 'havenot', 'deeply', 'studied', 'these', 'papers', 'their', 'study', 'canbe', 'regarded', 'necessary', 'instance', 'issues', 'affect', 'thereviewed', 'systems', 'detect', 'covid', 'plain', 'chest', 'xrimages', 'limited', 'datasets', 'which', 'compromisestheir', 'generalization', 'capabilities', 'indeed', 'authors', 'knowledge', 'thepaper', 'employing', 'largest', 'database', 'covid', 'considers1', 'images', 'gathered', 'different', 'sources', 'however', 'images', 'belong', 'augmented', 'repository', 'whichdoes', 'include', 'additional', 'information', 'about', 'initial', 'files', 'number', 'augmented', 'images', 'generalterms', 'works', 'employ', 'covid', 'images', 'having', 'systems', 'images', 'however', 'understandable', 'given', 'theseworks', 'published', 'during', 'onset', 'pandemics', 'whenthe', 'number', 'available', 'registers', 'limited', 'other', 'balance', 'patients', 'isconsidered', 'essential', 'avoid', 'model', 'learn', 'specificfeatures', 'however', 'several', 'previous', 'works', 'xrimages', 'children', 'populate', 'pneumonia', 'class', 'thismight', 'biasing', 'results', 'given', 'differences', 'ofcovid', 'patients', 'despite', 'works', 'literature', 'report', 'perfor', 'mance', 'detecting', 'covid', 'approaches', 'follow1first', 'efforts', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'challenge', 'dataset', 'which', 'focused', 'detection', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'children', 'https', 'kaggle', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'challenge', 'overviewvolume', '226815j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19table', 'summary', 'literature', 'field', 'brute', 'force', 'approach', 'exploiting', 'learning', 'potentialityto', 'correlate', 'outputs', 'class', 'labels', 'providelow', 'interpretability', 'explainability', 'process', 'isunclear', 'results', 'system', 'actualcapability', 'extract', 'information', 'related', 'pathology', 'orbecause', 'leart', 'other', 'aspects', 'during', 'training', 'biasingand', 'compromising', 'results', 'matter', 'example', 'justone', 'studies', 'reported', 'literature', 'follows', 'strat', 'forces', 'network', 'focus', 'significantareas', 'interest', 'covid', 'detection', 'byproposing', 'methodology', 'based', 'semantic', 'segmentation', 'ofthe', 'lungs', 'remaining', 'cases', 'unclear', 'modelsare', 'analyzing', 'lungs', 'categorizing', 'givenany', 'other', 'information', 'available', 'which', 'might', 'interestingfor', 'classification', 'purposes', 'might', 'diagnostic', 'inter', 'relevant', 'analyzed', 'works', 'liter', 'ature', 'pneumonia', 'controls', 'classes', 'certainrepository', 'whereas', 'others', 'covid', 'comes', 'froma', 'combination', 'sources', 'repositories', 'having', 'classesgenerated', 'different', 'conditions', 'might', 'undoubtedly', 'affectthe', 'results', 'critical', 'study', 'about', 'aspect', 'isneeded', 'other', 'variability', 'issues', 'thesensor', 'technology', 'employed', 'projection', 'thesex', 'patients', 'require', 'thorough', 'study', 'finally', 'literature', 'review', 'revealed', 'thepublished', 'papers', 'showed', 'excellent', 'correlation', 'interpretability', 'explainability', 'table', 'indeed', 'often', 'desirable', 'clinical', 'practice', 'toobtain', 'interpretable', 'results', 'correlate', 'pathologicalconditions', 'particular', 'demographic', 'physiological', 'black', 'system', 'yields', 'binary', 'multi', 'class', 'decision', 'revision', 'literature', 'partially', 'addressed', 'aspect', 'further', 'research', 'onthis', 'topic', 'needed', 'these', 'ideas', 'paper', 'addresses', 'these', 'aspectsby', 'training', 'testing', 'corpus', 'images', 'proposing', 'comparing', 'strategies', 'preprocess', 'theimages', 'analyze', 'effect', 'variability', 'factors', 'andprovide', 'insights', 'explainable', 'interpretableresults', 'primary', 'present', 'critical', 'overviewof', 'these', 'aspects', 'since', 'might', 'affecting', 'modelingcapabilities', 'learning', 'systems', 'detection', 'ofcovid', 'methodologythe', 'design', 'methodology', 'presented', 'followingsection', 'procedure', 'followed', 'train', 'neural', 'networkis', 'described', 'first', 'along', 'process', 'followed', 'tocreate', 'dataset', 'network', 'source', 'trainit', 'available', 'https', 'github', 'jdariasl', 'covidnet', 'soresults', 'readily', 'reproduced', 'other', 'researchers', 'networkthe', 'system', 'based', 'thecovid', 'proposed', 'modifications', 'were2following', 'pytorch', 'implementation', 'available', 'athttps', 'github', 'iliaspap', 'covidnet226816', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19made', 'include', 'regularization', 'components', 'twodense', 'layers', 'weighted', 'categorical', 'cross', 'entropy', 'lossfunction', 'compensate', 'class', 'imbalance', 'networkstructure', 'refactored', 'allow', 'gradient', 'based', 'local', 'ization', 'estimations', 'which', 'after', 'training', 'thesearch', 'explainable', 'model', 'network', 'trained', 'corpus', 'described', 'busing', 'optimizer', 'learning', 'policy', 'thelearning', 'decreases', 'learning', 'stagnates', 'patience', 'following', 'hyperparameters', 'usedfor', 'training', 'learning', 'number', 'epochs', 'batch', 'factor', 'patience', 'furthermore', 'augmentation', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'classes', 'wasleveraged', 'following', 'augmentation', 'types', 'horizontalflip', 'gaussian', 'noise', 'variance', 'rotation', 'elasticdeformation', 'scaling', 'variant', 'covid', 'netwas', 'built', 'evaluated', 'using', 'pytorch', 'library', 'thecnn', 'features', 'image', 'concatenated', 'flattenoperation', 'resulting', 'feature', 'three', 'fullyconnected', 'layers', 'generate', 'probability', 'score', 'eachclass', 'first', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'include', 'dropoutregularization', 'activation', 'functions', 'dropoutwas', 'necessary', 'because', 'original', 'network', 'tended', 'overfitsince', 'beginning', 'training', 'phase', 'network', 'input', 'layer', 'rescales', 'images', 'keeping', 'theaspect', 'ratio', 'shortest', 'dimension', 'scaled', 'pixels', 'input', 'image', 'cropped', 'square', '224pixels', 'located', 'center', 'image', 'images', 'malized', 'using', 'score', 'function', 'parameters', 'foreach', 'three', 'channels', 'respectively', 'though', 'weare', 'working', 'grayscale', 'images', 'network', 'architecturewas', 'designed', 'trained', 'general', 'purpose', 'databaseincluding', 'colored', 'images', 'characteristic', 'caseit', 'would', 'necessary', 'transfer', 'learning', 'strategyin', 'future', 'network', 'output', 'layer', 'provides', 'score', 'ofthe', 'three', 'classes', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'which', 'converted', 'three', 'probability', 'estimates', 'therange', 'using', 'softmax', 'activation', 'function', 'classmembership', 'final', 'decision', 'according', 'highestof', 'three', 'probability', 'estimates', 'obtained', 'corpusthe', 'corpora', 'paper', 'compiled', 'setof', 'posterior', 'anterior', 'anterior', 'posterior', 'xrimages', 'different', 'public', 'sources', 'compilation', 'tains', 'images', 'participants', 'without', 'observable', 'pathol', 'controls', 'findings', 'pneumonia', 'covid', '19cases', 'after', 'compilation', 'subsets', 'images', 'weregenerated', 'training', 'testing', 'table', 'contains', 'thenumber', 'images', 'subset', 'class', 'overall', 'corpuscontains', 'images', 'including', 'than8', 'images', 'belonging', 'covid', 'patients', 'repositories', 'images', 'employed', 'create', 'paper', 'presented', 'these', 'table', 'number', 'images', 'class', 'training', 'testing', 'subsets', 'solely', 'registers', 'controls', 'pneumonia', 'patients', 'onlythe', 'recent', 'repositories', 'include', 'samples', 'covid', 'images', 'cases', 'annotations', 'aspecialist', 'indicated', 'authors', 'repositories', 'covid', 'class', 'modelled', 'compiling', 'images', 'three', 'collection', 'initiatives', 'hospi', 'tales', 'covid', 'bimcv', 'covid19', 'actualmedcovid', 'chest', 'datasets', 'final', 'result', 'thecompilation', 'process', 'subset', 'images', 'morethan', 'patients', 'different', 'stages', 'disease', '3table', 'summarizes', 'significant', 'characteristics', 'ofthe', 'datasets', 'create', 'corpus', 'which', 'presented', 'hospitales', 'covid', 'datasetthis', 'dataset', 'compiled', 'hospitals', 'tains', 'available', 'clinical', 'information', 'about', 'anonymouspatients', 'virus', 'treated', 'different', 'belonging', 'company', 'since', 'beginning', 'thepandemic', 'madrid', 'spain', 'corpus', 'contains', 'anonymized', 'records', '310patients', 'includes', 'several', 'radiological', 'studies', 'eachpatient', 'corresponding', 'different', 'stages', 'disease', 'atotal', 'images', 'available', 'dataset', 'withan', 'average', 'image', 'studies', 'subject', 'often', 'taken', 'inintervals', 'histogram', 'patients', 'highly', 'coherent', 'demographics', 'covid', 'spain', 'table', 'details', 'patients', 'least', 'positive', 'positiveimmunological', 'tests', 'included', 'thestudy', 'science', 'commission', 'research', 'ethicscommittee', 'hospitales', 'approved', 'current', 'researchstudy', 'purpose', 'bimcv', 'covid19', 'datasetbimcv', 'covid19', 'dataset', 'large', 'dataset', 'chestradiological', 'studies', 'covid', 'patientsalong', 'their', 'pathologies', 'results', 'immuno', 'logical', 'tests', 'radiological', 'reports', 'recorded', 'thevalencian', 'region', 'medical', 'image', 'bimcv', 'spain', 'dataset', 'contains', 'anonymized', 'studies', 'patients', 'withat', 'least', 'positive', 'positive', 'immunological', 'testsfor', 'between', 'february', 'april', 'corpus', 'composed', 'images', 'anaverage', 'image', 'studies', 'subject', 'taken', 'intervalsof', 'approximately', 'histogram', 'thepatients', 'highly', 'coherent', 'demographics', 'of3figures', 'datasets', 'downloaded', 'datasets', 'stillopen', 'might', 'available', 'future', 'volume', '226817j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19table', 'demographic', 'datasets', 'those', 'labels', 'confirmed', 'reported', 'covid', 'spain', 'table', 'patients', 'leastone', 'positive', 'positive', 'immunological', 'tests', 'forsars', 'included', 'study', 'actualmed', 'actualmed', 'covid', 'chest', 'dataset', 'initiative', 'contains', 'series', 'images', 'compiled', 'actualmed', 'anduniversitat', 'jaume', 'spain', 'dataset', 'contains', 'covid', '19and', 'control', 'images', 'information', 'given', 'about', 'theplace', 'recording', 'demographics', 'however', 'ametadata', 'included', 'contains', 'anonymized', 'descrip', 'distinguish', 'among', 'patients', 'information', 'about', 'thexr', 'modality', 'class', 'which', 'imagebelongs', 'china', 'shenzhen', 'setthe', 'created', 'national', 'library', 'medicine', 'maryland', 'collaboration', 'shenzhen', '3people', 'hospital', 'guangdong', 'medical', 'college', 'china', 'dataset', 'contains', 'normal', 'abnormal', 'chest', 'withmanifestations', 'tuberculosis', 'includes', 'associated', 'ologist', 'readings', 'montgomery', 'setthe', 'national', 'library', 'medicine', 'created', 'dataset', 'incollaboration', 'department', 'health', 'humanservices', 'montgomery', 'county', 'maryland', 'containsdata', 'images', 'collected', 'under', 'montgomery', 'county', 'stuberculosis', 'screening', 'program', 'chestx', 'dataset', 'chestx', 'dataset', 'contains', 'images', 'from14', 'common', 'thorax', 'disease', 'categories', 'uniquepatients', 'compiled', 'national', 'institute', 'health', 'study', 'images', 'labeled', 'radiological', 'control', 'class', 'whereas', 'theimages', 'annotated', 'pneumonia', 'pneumo', 'class', 'chexpert', 'datasetchexpert', 'dataset', 'images', 'created', 'anautomated', 'evaluation', 'medical', 'imaging', 'competitions', 'andcontains', 'chest', 'examinations', 'carried', 'stanford', 'pital', 'during', 'years', 'study', 'selected', 'monia', 'images', 'using', 'those', 'annotated', 'pneumonia', 'withand', 'without', 'additional', 'comorbidity', 'covid', 'never', 'causedthese', 'comorbidities', 'motivation', 'include', 'pneumoniawith', 'comorbidities', 'increase', 'number', 'pneumoniaexamples', 'final', 'compilation', 'study', 'increasingthis', 'cluster', 'variability', 'mimic', 'databasemimic', 'dataset', 'complied', 'to2016', 'comprising', 'identified', 'chest', 'patientsadmitted', 'israel', 'deaconess', 'medical', 'center', 'inour', 'study', 'employed', 'images', 'pneumonia', 'class', 'labels', 'obtained', 'agreement', 'twomethods', 'indicated', 'dataset', 'reports', 'informationabout', 'gender', 'assume', 'demograph', 'similar', 'those', 'chexpert', 'dataset', 'those', 'ofpneumonia', 'image', 'processingxr', 'images', 'converted', 'uncompressed', 'grayscale', 'files', 'encoded', 'preprocessed', 'using', 'thedicom', 'windowcenter', 'windowwidth', 'details', 'whenneeded', 'images', 'converted', 'monochrome', '2photometric', 'interpretation', 'initially', 'images', 'scaled', 'avoid', 'resolution', 'later', 'processing', 'stages', 'views', 'selected', 'differentiationwas', 'between', 'erect', 'either', 'standing', 'sitting', 'bitus', 'information', 'inferred', 'careful', 'analysis', 'ofthe', 'dicom', 'required', 'manual', 'checking', 'certainlabeling', 'errors', 'experimentsthe', 'corpus', 'collected', 'aforementioned', 'databases', 'wasprocessed', 'compile', 'three', 'different', 'datasets', 'equal', 'sizeto', 'initial', 'these', 'datasets', 'adifferent', 'experiments', 'experiment', 'datathe', 'first', 'experiment', 'using', 'extractedfrom', 'different', 'datasets', 'image', 'aspect', 'ratio', 'histogram', 'equalization', 'applied', '226818', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', 'experiment', 'cropped', 'imagethe', 'second', 'experiment', 'consists', 'preprocessing', 'imagesby', 'zooming', 'cropping', 'squared', 'region', 'interest', 'andresizing', 'squared', 'image', 'aspect', 'ratio', 'processis', 'summarized', 'following', 'steps', 'lungs', 'segmented', 'original', 'image', 'usinga', 'semantic', 'segmentation', 'algorithm', 'rithm', 'reports', 'intersection', 'union', 'anddice', 'similarity', 'coefficient', 'scores', '985respectively', 'black', 'extracted', 'identify', 'externalboundaries', 'lungs', 'create', 'sequences', 'addingthe', 'levels', 'columns', 'respectively', 'these', 'sequences', 'provide', 'boundary', 'points', 'which', 'define', 'segments', 'different', 'lengths', 'thehorizontal', 'vertical', 'dimensions', 'sequences', 'added', 'levels', 'vertical', 'andhorizontal', 'dimensions', 'identifya', 'squared', 'region', 'interest', 'associated', 'lungs', 'taking', 'advantage', 'higher', 'added', 'values', 'outside', 'thelungs', 'process', 'obtain', 'squared', 'regionrequires', 'identifying', 'middle', 'point', 'theidentified', 'segments', 'cropping', 'dimensionsusing', 'length', 'longest', 'these', 'segments', 'original', 'image', 'cropped', 'squared', 'templateplaced', 'centre', 'matrix', 'using', 'informationobtained', 'previous', 'placed', 'overthe', 'image', 'histogram', 'equalization', 'image', 'obtained', 'process', 'carried', 'decrease', 'variability', 'thedata', 'training', 'process', 'network', 'simpler', 'andto', 'ensure', 'region', 'significant', 'interest', 'centreof', 'image', 'areas', 'experiment', 'segmentationthe', 'third', 'experiment', 'consists', 'preprocessing', 'images', 'bymasking', 'zooming', 'cropping', 'squared', 'region', 'interest', 'resizing', 'squared', 'image', 'aspect', 'ratio', 'theprocess', 'summarized', 'following', 'steps', 'lungs', 'segmented', 'original', 'image', 'usingthe', 'semantic', 'segmentation', 'algorithm', 'inexperiment', 'external', 'black', 'extracted', 'identify', 'theexternal', 'boundaries', 'lungs', 'create', 'sequences', 'adding', 'thegrey', 'levels', 'columns', 'respectively', 'sequences', 'added', 'levels', 'vertical', 'andhorizontal', 'dimensions', 'identifya', 'squared', 'region', 'interest', 'associated', 'lungs', 'taking', 'advantage', 'higher', 'added', 'values', 'outsidethem', '4following', 'keras', 'implementation', 'available', 'https', 'github', 'imlab', 'segmentation', '2dfigure', 'identification', 'squared', 'region', 'interest', 'plots', 'topand', 'represent', 'normalized', 'accumulated', 'level', 'verticaland', 'horizontal', 'dimension', 'respectively', 'original', 'image', 'cropped', 'squared', 'templateplaced', 'center', 'image', 'dilated', 'pixels', 'kernel', 'issuperimposed', 'image', 'histogram', 'equalization', 'applied', 'mented', 'corresponding', 'lungs', 'preprocessing', 'makes', 'training', 'network', 'muchsimpler', 'forces', 'network', 'focus', 'attention', 'onthe', 'lungs', 'region', 'removing', 'external', 'characteristics', 'thesternum', 'might', 'influence', 'obtained', 'results', 'identification', 'areas', 'significantinterest', 'classificationthe', 'areas', 'significant', 'interest', 'fordiscrimination', 'purposes', 'identified', 'using', 'qualitativeanalysis', 'based', 'gradient', 'weighted', 'class', 'activationmapping', 'explainability', 'methodthat', 'serves', 'provide', 'insights', 'about', 'manners', 'howdeep', 'neural', 'networks', 'learn', 'pointing', 'significantareas', 'interest', 'decision', 'making', 'purposes', 'methoduses', 'gradients', 'target', 'class', 'until', 'finalconvolutional', 'layer', 'produce', 'coarse', 'localization', 'mapwhich', 'highlights', 'important', 'regions', 'imageidentifying', 'class', 'result', 'method', 'maplike', 'those', 'presented', 'which', 'colour', 'encodes', 'theimportance', 'pixel', 'differentiating', 'among', 'classes', 'resultsthe', 'model', 'quantitatively', 'evaluated', 'computingthe', 'positive', 'predictive', 'value', 'recall', 'score', 'accuracy', 'balanced', 'accuracy', 'geometricmean', 'recall', 'under', 'curve', 'three', 'classes', 'corpus', 'previously', 'describedin', 'section', 'performance', 'models', 'assessedusing', 'independent', 'testing', 'which', 'usedvolume', '226819j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19table', 'performance', 'measures', 'three', 'experiments', 'considered', 'paper', 'figure', 'curves', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'experiments', 'considering', 'classes', 'separately', 'curves', 'bottom', 'normalized', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'original', 'images', 'experiment', 'center', 'cropped', 'images', 'experiment', 'right', 'segmented', 'images', 'experiment', 'during', 'development', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation', 'procedurehas', 'evaluate', 'obtained', 'results', 'training', 'testbalance', 'performance', 'network', 'onthe', 'three', 'experiments', 'considered', 'paper', 'summarizedin', 'table', 'likewise', 'curves', 'class', 'theexperiments', 'corresponding', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'arepresented', 'global', 'curve', 'displayed', 'experiment', 'summarizes', 'global', 'performance', 'ofthe', 'experiments', 'considering', 'experiment', 'although', 'slightly', 'higher', 'forcontrols', 'detection', 'performance', 'remains', 'almost', 'similarfor', 'classes', 'ranges', 'table', 'theremaining', 'measures', 'class', 'follow', 'trend', 'withsimilar', 'figures', 'better', 'numbers', 'controls', 'roccurves', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'point', 'outthat', 'largest', 'source', 'confusion', 'covid', 'monia', 'class', 'curves', 'classes', 'reachin', 'cases', 'values', 'larger', 'which', 'principleis', 'considered', 'excellent', 'terms', 'global', 'performance', 'thesystem', 'achieves', 'table', 'supported', 'average', 'curve', 'which', 'reveals', 'excellent', 'performance', 'network', 'and226820', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19figure', 'average', 'curves', 'experiment', 'including', 'values', 'almost', 'perfect', 'behaviour', 'curve', 'deviationsare', 'small', 'three', 'classes', 'experiment', 'considered', 'decrease', 'perfor', 'mance', 'class', 'observed', 'comparison', 'experiment', 'ranges', 'table', 'asimilar', 'trend', 'remaining', 'figures', 'merit', 'curvesand', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'report', 'aucvalues', 'range', 'overlapping', 'thecovid', 'class', 'mostly', 'pneumonia', 'global', 'perfor', 'mance', 'system', 'presented', 'curve', 'table', 'yields', 'abacc', 'finally', 'experiment', 'ranges', 'table', 'results', 'slightly', 'worse', 'thoseof', 'experiment', 'covid', 'class', 'presenting', 'theworse', 'performance', 'among', 'tests', 'according', 'range', 'confusion', 'matrix', '3freports', 'large', 'level', 'confusion', 'covid', 'classbeing', 'labelled', 'pneumonia', 'times', 'terms', 'ofglobal', 'performance', 'system', 'reaches', 'abacc', 'table', 'these', 'results', 'consistent', 'theaverage', 'shown', 'explainability', 'interpretability', 'themodelsthe', 'regions', 'interest', 'identified', 'network', 'lyzed', 'qualitatively', 'using', 'activation', 'results', 'shown', 'activation', 'permit', 'identifica', 'significant', 'areas', 'image', 'highlightingthe', 'zones', 'interest', 'network', 'using', 'discriminate', 'regard', 'presents', 'examples', 'camof', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'patient', 'eachof', 'three', 'experiments', 'considered', 'paper', 'impor', 'activation', 'providing', 'overallinformation', 'about', 'behaviour', 'network', 'pointing', 'tothe', 'significant', 'areas', 'interest', 'whole', 'image', 'issupposed', 'contributing', 'classification', 'process', 'acertain', 'extent', 'second', 'shows', 'several', 'prototypical', 'resultsapplying', 'techniques', 'experiment', 'theexamples', 'areas', 'significant', 'interest', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'patient', 'results', 'suggest', 'detection', 'pneumonia', 'orcovid', 'often', 'carried', 'based', 'information', 'isoutside', 'expected', 'interest', 'theexamples', 'provided', 'network', 'focuses', 'corners', 'thexr', 'image', 'areas', 'around', 'diaphragm', 'islikely', 'metadata', 'which', 'frequently', 'stamped', 'onthe', 'corners', 'images', 'plots', 'corre', 'sponding', 'experiment', 'third', 'indicatesthat', 'model', 'still', 'points', 'towards', 'areas', 'which', 'differentfrom', 'lungs', 'lesser', 'extent', 'finally', 'camof', 'experiment', 'fourth', 'presents', 'areas', 'ofinterest', 'where', 'segmentation', 'procedure', 'carried', 'inthis', 'network', 'forced', 'lungs', 'andtherefore', 'scenario', 'supposed', 'realistic', 'andmore', 'prone', 'generalizing', 'artifacts', 'might', 'theresults', 'somehow', 'discarded', 'other', 'visualization', 'purposes', 'orderto', 'interpret', 'separability', 'capabilities', 'system', 'sneembedding', 'project', 'dimensional', 'thelayer', 'adjacent', 'output', 'network', 'dimensionalspace', 'results', 'presented', 'threeexperiments', 'considered', 'paper', 'indicates', 'separability', 'exists', 'allthe', 'classes', 'training', 'testing', 'allexperiments', 'boundaries', 'normal', 'cluster', 'verywell', 'defined', 'three', 'experiments', 'whereas', 'pneumoniaand', 'covid', 'spread', 'overlapping', 'adjacentclasses', 'general', 'terms', 'plots', 'demonstrate', 'abilityof', 'network', 'learn', 'mapping', 'input', 'thedesired', 'labels', 'however', 'despite', 'shape', 'differences', 'foundfor', 'three', 'experiments', 'additional', 'conclusions', 'beextracted', 'potential', 'variability', 'factors', 'affecting', 'thesystemthere', 'several', 'variability', 'factors', 'which', 'might', 'biasingthe', 'results', 'namely', 'projection', 'nology', 'detector', 'computed', 'radiography', 'digital', 'radiography', 'gender', 'patients', 'theage', 'potential', 'specificities', 'dataset', 'having', 'trainedwith', 'several', 'images', 'patient', 'several', 'images', 'patient', 'represents', 'certainrisk', 'covid', 'class', 'underlyingimbalance', 'however', 'initial', 'hypothesis', 'using', 'images', 'covid', 'patient', 'obtained', 'differentinstants', 'difference', 'would', 'increase', 'thevariability', 'dataset', 'source', 'wouldbe', 'disregarded', 'indeed', 'evolution', 'associated', 'lesionsoften', 'found', 'covid', 'considered', 'mannerthat', 'different', 'images', 'obtained', 'intervalas', 'short', 'evolution', 'sincevolume', '226821j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19figure', 'mapping', 'dimensional', 'layer', 'adjacent', 'output', 'dimensional', 'output', 'network', 'embeddingusing', 'training', 'bottom', 'output', 'network', 'embedding', 'using', 'testing', 'original', 'images', 'experiment', 'center', 'cropped', 'images', 'experiment', 'right', 'segmented', 'images', 'experiment', 'table', 'performance', 'measures', 'considering', 'projection', 'every', 'single', 'exploration', 'framed', 'differently', 'sometimeseven', 'taken', 'different', 'machines', 'projections', 'thepotential', 'expected', 'minimized', 'concerning', 'projection', 'evaluate', 'itseffectiveness', 'system', 'studied', 'taking', 'intoaccount', 'potential', 'variability', 'factor', 'which', 'consid', 'significant', 'particular', 'table', 'presents', 'outcomes', 'after', 'accounting', 'theinfluence', 'projection', 'perfor', 'mance', 'system', 'general', 'terms', 'system', 'demon', 'strates', 'consistency', 'respect', 'projection', 'differences', 'mainly', 'attributable', 'smaller', 'train', 'testing', 'however', 'significant', 'differences', 'areshown', 'projection', 'class', 'covid', 'experiment', 'decreasing', 'reason', 'theunexpected', 'performance', 'unknown', 'likely226822', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19figure', 'mapping', 'dimensional', 'layer', 'adjacent', 'output', 'dimensional', 'output', 'network', 'embeddingusing', 'training', 'bottom', 'output', 'network', 'embedding', 'using', 'testing', 'original', 'images', 'experiment', 'center', 'cropped', 'images', 'experiment', 'right', 'segmented', 'images', 'experiment', 'labels', 'correspond', 'classes', 'attributable', 'underrepresented', 'class', 'corpus', 'seetable', 'besides', 'table', 'shows', 'three', 'experiments', 'underevaluation', 'covid', 'class', 'error', 'distribu', 'respect', 'patient', 'technology', 'ofthe', 'detector', 'dataset', 'projection', 'variabilityfactors', 'enumerated', 'results', 'error', 'distributioncommitted', 'system', 'follows', 'minor', 'deviations', 'theexisting', 'proportion', 'samples', 'corpus', 'these', 'resultssuggest', 'there', 'clear', 'respect', 'these', 'poten', 'variability', 'factors', 'least', 'covid', 'class', 'whichis', 'considered', 'worst', 'underrepresentation', 'similar', 'results', 'would', 'expected', 'control', 'pneumoniaclasses', 'these', 'results', 'provided', 'ofcertain', 'labels', 'datasets', 'table', 'concerning', 'datasets', 'reasonably', 'wellbalanced', 'table', 'certain', 'normal', 'class', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'classes', 'similar', 'averageages', 'controls', 'lower', 'assumptionhas', 'differences', 'significantly', 'affectingthe', 'results', 'mentioned', 'difference', 'might', 'explain', 'whythe', 'normal', 'cluster', 'spread', 'other', 'specific', 'biases', 'found', 'theerrors', 'committed', 'system', 'additional', 'study', 'carried', 'evaluate', 'theinfluence', 'potential', 'specificities', 'different', 'datasetsused', 'compile', 'corpus', 'variability', 'resultswith', 'respect', 'datasets', 'merged', 'build', 'corpus', 'thisvariability', 'factor', 'evaluated', 'using', 'different', 'sneplots', 'experiment', 'similar', 'differentiating', 'corresponding', 'cluster', 'datasetand', 'class', 'results', 'different', 'datasets', 'classes', 'clearlymerged', 'adjacent', 'cluster', 'however', 'datasets', 'report', 'lower', 'variability', 'certain', 'classes', 'variability', 'terms', 'scattering', 'especiallyclear', 'chexpert', 'pneumonia', 'which', 'cessfully', 'merged', 'corresponding', 'class', 'appearvolume', '226823j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19table', 'percentage', 'testing', 'samples', 'error', 'distribution', 'withrespect', 'several', 'potential', 'variability', 'factors', 'covid', 'class', 'represents', 'percentage', 'samples', 'every', 'factor', 'underanalysis', 'correctly', 'predicted', 'clearly', 'clustered', 'suggesting', 'these', 'datasets', 'certainunknown', 'specific', 'characteristics', 'different', 'those', 'thecomplementary', 'datasets', 'model', 'managethis', 'aspect', 'factor', 'analyzed', 'further', 'studies', 'discussion', 'conclusionthis', 'study', 'evaluates', 'learning', 'model', 'detectionof', 'covid', 'images', 'paper', 'provides', 'tional', 'evidence', 'state', 'supporting', 'poten', 'learning', 'techniques', 'accurately', 'categorize', 'xrimages', 'corresponding', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'covid', '19patients', 'these', 'three', 'classes', 'chosen', 'under', 'theassumption', 'support', 'clinicians', 'making', 'betterdecisions', 'establishing', 'potential', 'differential', 'strategies', 'patients', 'depending', 'their', 'cause', 'infection', 'paper', 'demonstrate', 'thesuitability', 'learning', 'categorizing', 'images', 'tomake', 'thoughtful', 'evaluation', 'results', 'differentpreprocessing', 'approaches', 'searching', 'better', 'explainabilityand', 'interpretability', 'results', 'while', 'providing', 'evidence', 'ofpotential', 'effects', 'might', 'results', 'model', 'relies', 'covid', 'network', 'which', 'hasserved', 'basis', 'developing', 'refined', 'archi', 'tecture', 'network', 'chosen', 'tailoredcharacteristics', 'given', 'previous', 'results', 'reportedby', 'other', 'researchers', 'covid', 'trained', 'acorpus', 'compiled', 'using', 'gathered', 'different', 'sources', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'classes', '114samples', 'respectively', 'collected', 'naset', 'montgomery', 'chexpert', 'mimic', 'datasets', 'covid', 'class', 'collected', 'informationavailable', 'bimcv', 'hospitales', 'datasets', 'although', 'covid', 'class', 'contains', 'chestrx', 'images', 'developers', 'sources', 'continu', 'ously', 'adding', 'cases', 'respective', 'repositories', 'thenumber', 'samples', 'expected', 'future', 'despitethe', 'unbalance', 'covid', 'class', 'theauthors', 'knowledge', 'extensive', 'compilation', 'ofcovid', 'images', 'based', 'repositories', 'despite', 'number', 'covid', 'images', 'still', 'considered', 'smallcompared', 'other', 'classes', 'therefore', 'necessaryto', 'compensate', 'class', 'imbalance', 'modifying', 'thenetwork', 'architecture', 'including', 'regularization', 'components', 'inthe', 'dense', 'layers', 'weighted', 'categoricalcross', 'entropy', 'function', 'compensate', 'thiseffect', 'likewise', 'augmentation', 'techniques', 'forpneumonia', 'covid', 'classes', 'generate', 'samplesfor', 'these', 'underrepresented', 'classes', 'automatically', 'stand', 'automatic', 'diagnosis', 'aclassification', 'exercise', 'meaning', 'factors', 'beconsidered', 'bring', 'these', 'techniques', 'clinical', 'practice', 'inthis', 'respect', 'there', 'classic', 'assumption', 'literaturethat', 'associated', 'calculated', 'camtechniques', 'provide', 'clinical', 'interpretation', 'results', 'which', 'unclear', 'practice', 'light', 'results', 'shown', 'inthe', 'depicted', 'experiment', '1must', 'carefully', 'interpreted', 'despite', 'performancemetrics', 'obtained', 'experiment', 'significant', 'areas', 'identi', 'network', 'pointing', 'towards', 'certain', 'areas', 'withno', 'clear', 'interest', 'diagnosis', 'corners', 'theimages', 'sternum', 'clavicles', 'clinical', 'point', 'ofview', 'biasing', 'results', 'means', 'other', 'approachesare', 'necessary', 'force', 'network', 'focus', 'lungarea', 'respect', 'developed', 'compared', 'theresults', 'preprocessing', 'approaches', 'based', 'croppingthe', 'images', 'segmenting', 'experiment', 'andexperiment', 'again', 'given', 'correspondingto', 'experiment', 'similar', 'explainability', 'those', 'enumerated', 'experiment', 'image', 'areareduction', 'proposed', 'experiment', 'significantly', 'decreasesthe', 'system', 'performance', 'removing', 'metadata', 'thatusually', 'appears', 'right', 'corner', 'techniqueremoves', 'areas', 'categorize', 'images', 'haveno', 'interest', 'diagnosis', 'point', 'however', 'whilecomparing', 'experiments', 'performance', 'results', 'improvein', 'third', 'approach', 'which', 'focuses', 'regionof', 'interest', 'forces', 'network', 'seeonly', 'lungs', 'results', 'obtained', 'experiments', 'suggest', 'eliminating', 'needless', 'features', 'extractedfrom', 'background', 'related', 'regions', 'improves', 'theresults', 'besides', 'third', 'approach', 'experiment', 'providesmore', 'explainable', 'interpretative', 'results', 'networkfocusing', 'attention', 'interest', 'thedisease', 'explainability', 'method', 'stillat', 'lower', 'accuracy', 'respect', 'experiment1', 'improvement', 'explainability', 'interpretabilityis', 'considered', 'critical', 'translating', 'these', 'techniques', 'theclinical', 'setting', 'despite', 'decrease', 'performance', 'theproposed', 'method', 'experiment', 'provided', 'promisingresults', 'performance', 'results', 'obtained', 'those', 'sented', 'which', 'reports', 'sensitivities', '91for', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'classes', 'respectively', 'modeling', 'covid', 'similar', 'conditions', 'asour', 'experiment', 'training', 'smaller', 'corpusof', 'images', 'covid', 'patients', '066226824', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19controls', 'images', 'belonging', 'patients', 'withdifferent', 'types', 'pneumonia', 'paper', 'critically', 'evaluates', 'effect', 'severalvariability', 'factors', 'might', 'compromise', 'network', 'formance', 'instance', 'projection', 'effect', 'wasevaluated', 'retraining', 'network', 'checking', 'comes', 'effect', 'important', 'given', 'projections', 'areoften', 'practiced', 'erect', 'positions', 'observe', 'pulmonary', 'waysbetter', 'expected', 'examined', 'healthy', 'slightlyaffected', 'patients', 'contrast', 'projections', 'often', 'ferred', 'patients', 'confined', 'expectedto', 'practised', 'severe', 'cases', 'since', 'projectionsare', 'common', 'covid', 'patients', 'these', 'cases', 'moreblood', 'lungs', 'apices', 'standing', 'considering', 'variability', 'factor', 'result', 'misdiagnosis', 'pulmonary', 'congestion', 'indeed', 'theobtained', 'results', 'highlighted', 'importance', 'takinginto', 'account', 'factor', 'designing', 'training', 'corpus', 'decreases', 'projections', 'experiments', 'withcovid', 'images', 'issue', 'probably', 'under', 'representation', 'class', 'table', 'which', 'would', 'require', 'afurther', 'specific', 'analysis', 'designing', 'future', 'corpora', 'other', 'results', 'shown', 'error', 'distri', 'bution', 'covid', 'class', 'follows', 'similar', 'proportion', 'tothe', 'percentage', 'images', 'available', 'corpus', 'while', 'gorizing', 'gender', 'detector', 'technology', 'projection', 'dataset', 'these', 'results', 'suggest', 'significant', 'withrespect', 'these', 'potential', 'variability', 'factors', 'least', 'thecovid', 'class', 'which', 'represented', 'analysis', 'clusters', 'classes', 'distributedis', 'presented', 'demonstrating', 'classis', 'differentiated', 'these', 'plots', 'identify', 'existing', 'overlapamong', 'classes', 'especially', 'present', 'between', 'pneumoniaand', 'covid', 'lesser', 'extent', 'between', 'controls', 'andpneumonia', 'similarly', 'since', 'corpus', 'train', 'thenetwork', 'built', 'around', 'several', 'datasets', 'sneplots', 'produced', 'differentiating', 'according', 'eachof', 'subsets', 'training', 'servedto', 'evaluate', 'influence', 'dataset', 'potential', 'specificcharacteristics', 'training', 'procedure', 'hence', 'possiblesources', 'confusion', 'arise', 'particularities', 'thecorpora', 'tested', 'plots', 'suggest', 'differentdatasets', 'correctly', 'merged', 'general', 'terms', 'someexceptions', 'these', 'exceptions', 'suggest', 'there', 'might', 'becertain', 'unknown', 'characteristics', 'datasets', 'whichcluster', 'images', 'belonging', 'dataset', 'together', 'covid', 'demonstrated', 'being', 'start', 'point', 'characterization', 'disease', 'employing', 'xrimages', 'indeed', 'paper', 'outcomes', 'suggest', 'possibilityto', 'automatically', 'identify', 'lesions', 'associated', 'witha', 'covid', 'infection', 'analyzing', 'mappings', 'experiment', 'providing', 'explainablejustification', 'about', 'network', 'works', 'however', 'interpretation', 'obtained', 'controlclass', 'carried', 'carefully', 'whereas', 'areas', 'ofsignificant', 'interest', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'classes', 'aresupposed', 'point', 'potential', 'lesions', 'higher', 'densityor', 'different', 'textures', 'contrast', 'controls', 'areas', 'ofsignificant', 'interest', 'classification', 'control', 'groupare', 'supposed', 'correspond', 'something', 'complementary', 'potentially', 'highlighting', 'dense', 'areas', 'controlclass', 'these', 'areas', 'point', 'towards', 'lesion', 'inthe', 'lungs', 'likewise', 'system', 'developed', 'experiment', 'attainscomparable', 'results', 'those', 'achieved', 'human', 'evaluatordifferentiating', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'respect', 'ability', 'seven', 'radiologists', 'correctly', 'differentiatepneumonia', 'covid', 'images', 'tested', 'results', 'indicated', 'radiologists', 'achieved', 'sitivities', 'ranging', 'speci', 'ficities', 'ranging', 'these', 'resultssuggest', 'systems', 'potential', 'supervisedclinical', 'environment', 'covid', 'still', 'disease', 'remainsto', 'studied', 'learning', 'techniqueswould', 'potentially', 'understand', 'mechanisms', 'onhow', 'attacks', 'lungs', 'alveoli', 'andhow', 'evolves', 'during', 'different', 'stages', 'despite', 'there', 'empirical', 'evidence', 'theevolution', 'covid', 'based', 'observations', 'byradiologists', 'employment', 'automatic', 'techniquesbased', 'machine', 'learning', 'would', 'analyze', 'sively', 'guide', 'research', 'certain', 'paths', 'extract', 'conclu', 'sions', 'faster', 'nevertheless', 'interpretable', 'explainablemethods', 'required', 'forward', 'inline', 'previous', 'comment', 'based', 'empir', 'evidence', 'respecting', 'evolution', 'disease', 'hasbeen', 'stated', 'during', 'early', 'stages', 'disease', 'ground', 'glass', 'shadows', 'pulmonary', 'consolidation', 'nodules', 'andlocal', 'consolidation', 'centre', 'peripheral', 'ground', 'glass', 'density', 'often', 'observed', 'however', 'diseaseevolves', 'consolidations', 'reduce', 'their', 'density', 'resemblinga', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacity', 'derive', 'white', 'ifthe', 'disease', 'worsens', 'minimization', 'opacitiesif', 'course', 'disease', 'improves', 'manner', 'these', 'characteristic', 'behaviours', 'automaticallyidentified', 'would', 'possible', 'stratify', 'disorder', 'stageaccording', 'severity', 'computing', 'extent', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities', 'densities', 'would', 'useful', 'assess', 'theseverity', 'infection', 'evaluate', 'evolution', 'thedisease', 'regard', 'infection', 'extent', 'assessment', 'hasbeen', 'previously', 'tested', 'other', 'studies', 'covid', 'using', 'manual', 'procedures', 'based', 'observation', 'images', 'solutions', 'discussed', 'paper', 'intendedto', 'support', 'faster', 'diagnosis', 'alleviate', 'radiolo', 'gists', 'specialists', 'workload', 'substitute', 'theirassessment', 'rigorous', 'validation', 'would', 'tointegrating', 'these', 'algorithms', 'desktop', 'applications', 'cloudservers', 'clinic', 'environment', 'maintenance', 'update', 'would', 'effective', 'straight', 'forward', 'would', 'reduce', 'healthcare', 'costs', 'improvediagnosis', 'response', 'accuracy', 'volume', '226825j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19the', 'deployment', 'these', 'algorithms', 'exempt', 'fromcontroversies', 'hosting', 'models', 'cloud', 'servicewould', 'entail', 'uploading', 'images', 'might', 'subjectto', 'national', 'international', 'regulations', 'constraints', 'toensure', 'privacy', 'new_paper']
['received', 'august', 'accepted', 'august', 'publication', 'september', 'current', 'version', 'september', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3025010dl', 'learning', 'based', 'chest', 'radiographclassification', 'covid', 'detection', 'novelapproachsadman', 'sakib', 'tahrat', 'tazrin', 'mostafa', 'fouda', 'senior', 'member', 'zubair', 'fadlullah', 'senior', 'member', 'mohsen', 'guizani', 'fellow', '1department', 'computer', 'science', 'lakehead', 'university', 'thunder', 'canada2department', 'electrical', 'computer', 'engineering', 'college', 'science', 'engineering', 'idaho', 'state', 'university', 'pocatello', '83209', 'usa3department', 'electrical', 'engineering', 'faculty', 'engineering', 'shoubra', 'benha', 'university', 'cairo', '11629', 'egypt4thunder', 'regional', 'health', 'research', 'institute', 'tbrhri', 'thunder', 'canada5department', 'computer', 'science', 'engineering', 'college', 'engineering', 'qatar', 'university', 'qatarcorresponding', 'author', 'sadman', 'sakib', 'ssak2921', 'lakeheadu', 'supported', 'mitacs', 'accelerate', 'under', 'grant', 'it18879', 'natural', 'sciences', 'engineeringresearch', 'council', 'canada', 'nserc', 'under', 'discovery', 'grant', 'rgpin', '06260', 'abstract', 'exponentially', 'growing', 'covid', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'pandemic', 'clinicianscontinue', 'accurate', 'rapid', 'diagnosis', 'methods', 'addition', 'virus', 'antibody', 'testing', 'modalities', 'because', 'radiographs', 'computed', 'tomography', 'scans', 'effective', 'widelyavailable', 'public', 'health', 'facilities', 'hospital', 'emergency', 'rooms', 'rural', 'clinics', 'could', 'beused', 'rapid', 'detection', 'possible', 'covid', 'induced', 'infections', 'therefore', 'toward', 'automating', 'thecovid', 'detection', 'paper', 'propose', 'viable', 'efficient', 'learning', 'based', 'chest', 'radiographclassification', 'framework', 'distinguish', 'covid', 'cases', 'accuracy', 'otherabnormal', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'cases', 'unique', 'dataset', 'prepared', 'publicly', 'availablesources', 'containing', 'posteroanterior', 'chest', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'normalcases', 'proposed', 'framework', 'leverages', 'augmentation', 'radiograph', 'images', 'algorithm', 'covid', 'adaptively', 'employing', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'network', 'andgeneric', 'augmentation', 'methods', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'covid', 'infected', 'chest', 'images', 'traina', 'robust', 'model', 'training', 'consisting', 'actual', 'synthetic', 'chest', 'images', 'ourcustomized', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'model', 'which', 'achieves', 'covid', 'detectionaccuracy', 'compared', 'scenario', 'without', 'augmentation', 'fewactual', 'covid', 'chest', 'image', 'samples', 'available', 'original', 'dataset', 'furthermore', 'justifyour', 'customized', 'model', 'extensively', 'comparing', 'widely', 'adopted', 'architectures', 'theliterature', 'namely', 'resnet', 'inception', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'represent', 'depth', 'based', 'multi', 'based', 'hybrid', 'paradigms', 'encouragingly', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'proposal', 'implies', 'itcan', 'efficiently', 'automate', 'covid', 'detection', 'radiograph', 'images', 'provide', 'reliable', 'evidenceof', 'covid', 'infection', 'complement', 'existing', 'covid', 'diagnostics', 'modalities', 'index', 'terms', 'covid', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'learning', 'generative', 'adversarialnetwork', 'pneumonia', 'introductionthe', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'first', 'observed', 'wuhan', 'china', 'turned', 'globalthe', 'associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript', 'andapproving', 'publication', 'derek', 'abbott', 'pandemic', 'covid', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'destructive', 'impact', 'being', 'particularly', 'senior', 'citizens', 'patients', 'underlyinghealth', 'conditions', 'compromised', 'immunity', 'levels', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'already', 'contributed', 'toover', 'mortalities', 'million', 'casesvolume', '2020this', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'noncommercial', 'noderivatives', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '171575s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachof', 'covid', 'infection', 'critical', 'combat', 'thepandemic', 'effectively', 'detect', 'covid', 'infected', 'patientsas', 'early', 'possible', 'receive', 'appropriateattention', 'treatment', 'early', 'detection', 'covid', 'isalso', 'important', 'identify', 'which', 'patients', 'should', 'isolate', 'toprevent', 'community', 'spread', 'disease', 'however', 'considering', 'recent', 'spreading', 'trend', 'covid', 'effective', 'detection', 'remains', 'challenging', 'particularlyin', 'communities', 'limited', 'medical', 'resources', 'while', 'thereverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'emerged', 'technique', 'covid', 'nosis', 'chest', 'chest', 'computed', 'tomography', 'scans', 'biomarkers', 'reactive', 'protein', 'procalcitonin', 'lymphocyte', 'counts', 'elevatedinterleukin', 'interleukin', 'beingincreasingly', 'considered', 'nations', 'diagnosisand', 'provide', 'evidence', 'severe', 'disease', 'progres', 'depicted', 'existing', 'system', 'detectingcovid', 'using', 'aforementioned', 'virus', 'antibody', 'modalities', 'consuming', 'requires', 'additionalresources', 'approval', 'which', 'luxury', 'devel', 'oping', 'communities', 'hence', 'medical', 'centers', 'testkits', 'often', 'unavailable', 'shortage', 'andfalse', 'negative', 'virus', 'antibody', 'tests', 'authoritiesin', 'hubei', 'province', 'china', 'momentarily', 'employed', 'radiologi', 'scans', 'clinical', 'investigation', 'covid', 'figure', 'challenges', 'existing', 'system', 'research', 'focus', 'forcovid', 'screening', 'rural', 'areas', 'motivated', 'several', 'researchers', 'sourcesrecommend', 'chest', 'radiograph', 'suspectedcovid', 'detection', 'therefore', 'radiologists', 'canobserve', 'covid', 'infected', 'characteristics', 'groundglass', 'opacities', 'consolidation', 'harnessing', 'invasivetechniques', 'chest', 'however', 'isdifficult', 'differentiate', 'covid', 'inflicted', 'featuresfrom', 'those', 'community', 'acquired', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'therefore', 'patients', 'manual', 'inspection', 'radio', 'graph', 'accurate', 'decision', 'making', 'overwhelm', 'radiologists', 'automated', 'classification', 'nique', 'needs', 'developed', 'addition', 'radiologists', 'getinfected', 'isolate', 'impact', 'rural', 'commu', 'nities', 'limited', 'number', 'hospitals', 'radiologists', 'andcaregivers', 'moreover', 'second', 'covid', 'isanticipated', 'preparedness', 'combat', 'suchscenarios', 'involve', 'increasing', 'portable', 'chest', 'raydevices', 'widespread', 'availability', 'reduced', 'infectioncontrol', 'issues', 'currently', 'limit', 'utilization', 'there', 'depicted', 'paper', 'automate', 'thecovid', 'detection', 'using', 'images', 'developan', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'based', 'smart', 'chest', 'radiographclassification', 'framework', 'distinguish', 'covid', 'caseswith', 'accuracy', 'other', 'abnormal', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'cases', 'contributions', 'thepaper', 'summarized', 'follows', 'learning', 'based', 'predictive', 'analytics', 'approach', 'isemployed', 'propose', 'smart', 'automated', 'classifica', 'framework', 'predicting', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'cases', 'proposed', 'learning', 'basedchest', 'radiograph', 'classification', 'frameworkconsists', 'augmentation', 'radiograph', 'images', 'algorithm', 'customized', 'convolutional', 'network', 'model', 'uniquely', 'compiled', 'dataset', 'multiple', 'publiclyavailable', 'sources', 'prepared', 'radiographs', 'healthy', 'normal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'reported', 'todate', 'limited', 'number', 'covid', 'instances', 'inthe', 'dataset', 'identified', 'prime', 'reason', 'train', 'bottleneck', 'learning', 'algorithms', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'essentially', 'combinesa', 'customized', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'network', 'model', 'several', 'generic', 'augmentation', 'techniquesto', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'radiograph', 'overcome', 'thecovid', 'class', 'imbalance', 'problem', 'limiteddataset', 'availability', 'train', 'customized', 'model', 'based', 'combinedreal', 'synthetic', 'radiograph', 'images', 'contributes', 'tosignificantly', 'improved', 'accuracy', 'contrastwith', 'actual', 'covid', 'instances', 'inpublic', 'datasets', 'training', 'while', 'chest', 'rayis', 'regarded', 'sensitive', 'modality', 'detectingcovid', 'infection', 'lungs', 'compared', 'scansin', 'literature', 'demonstrate', 'formance', 'custom', 'model', 'identifyingcovid', 'cases', 'dataset', 'implying', 'approach', 'nullifies', 'needfor', 'using', 'expensive', 'machines', 'because', 'thecovid', 'detection', 'accuracy', 'using', 'custom', 'cnnmodel', 'higher', 'compared', 'reported', 'rigorously', 'analyze', 'computational', 'complexityof', 'training', 'running', 'inference', 'steps', 'ofour', 'proposed', 'framework', 'analyses', 'corroborated', 'experimental', 'results', 'reveal', 'thatour', 'proposed', 'methodology', 'leads', 'significantly', 'lowertraining', 'particularly', 'improved', 'infer', 'which', 'crucial', 'deploying', 'trainedmodel', 'portable', 'devices', 'reliablecovid', 'feature', 'detection', 'radiographs', '171576', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach', 'performance', 'customized', 'model', 'isextensively', 'compared', 'state', 'cnnarchitectures', 'literature', 'depth', 'based', 'multi', 'based', 'forth', 'proposalis', 'demonstrated', 'substantially', 'outperform', 'contem', 'porary', 'models', 'terms', 'classification', 'efficiency', 'remainder', 'paper', 'organized', 'follows', 'section', 'surveys', 'relevant', 'research', 'regardingcovid', 'relevant', 'problem', 'tradi', 'tional', 'covid', 'detection', 'challenges', 'associated', 'apply', 'developing', 'communities', 'discussed', 'section', 'proposed', 'input', 'representation', 'learning', 'modelare', 'presented', 'section', 'performance', 'proposalis', 'evaluated', 'section', 'extensively', 'compared', 'thoseof', 'known', 'architectures', 'limitations', 'ofthe', 'study', 'briefly', 'explored', 'section', 'finally', 'section', 'viiconcludes', 'paper', 'related', 'workthis', 'section', 'explores', 'relevant', 'research', 'erature', 'perspectives', 'imaging', 'modalities', 'forcovid', 'detection', 'based', 'analysis', 'radiographsamples', 'imaging', 'modalities', 'covid', 'detectionmost', 'nations', 'measures', 'react', 'suddenand', 'rapid', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'within', 'relatively', 'shortperiod', 'according', 'radiology', 'departmentshave', 'started', 'focus', 'preparedness', 'rather', 'nostic', 'capability', 'after', 'sufficient', 'knowledge', 'gatheredregarding', 'covid', 'study', 'stated', 'resemblanceof', 'covid', 'other', 'diseases', 'caused', 'other', 'coron', 'avirus', 'variants', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'middle', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'importance', 'tracking', 'condition', 'recov', 'ering', 'coronavirus', 'patient', 'using', 'scans', 'mentionedin', 'study', 'chest', 'imaging', 'techniques', 'highlighted', 'crucial', 'technique', 'detecting', 'covid', 'capturing', 'thebilateral', 'nodular', 'peripheral', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities', 'thelung', 'radiograph', 'images', 'based', 'radiograph', 'analysisthe', 'application', 'early', 'detection', 'diagnosis', 'toring', 'developing', 'vaccines', 'covid', 'elabo', 'rately', 'discussed', 'several', 'research', 'exist', 'theliterature', 'exploited', 'various', 'learning', 'techniques', 'demonstrate', 'reasonable', 'performance', 'model', 'referred', 'darkcovidnet', 'earlydetection', 'covid', 'proposed', 'which', 'utilized', 'volutional', 'layers', 'perform', 'binary', 'multi', 'class', 'classi', 'fication', 'involving', 'normal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'while', 'model', 'reported', 'overall', 'accuracy', 'binary', 'classification', 'multi', 'class', 'sification', 'reconstruction', 'darkcovidnet', 'usingmultiple', 'datasets', 'indicated', 'overtraining', 'loweraccuracy', 'biased', 'presented', 'themodel', 'several', 'other', 'papers', 'applied', 'learning', 'models', 'images', 'detect', 'monitor', 'covid', 'featuresin', 'radiograph', 'ardakani', 'employed', 'implemented', 'state', 'architec', 'tures', 'alexnet', 'resnet', 'resnet', 'resnet', 'squeezenet', 'mobilenet', 'googlenet', 'xceptionct', 'differentiate', 'between', 'covid', 'andnon', 'covid', 'cases', 'their', 'experiments', 'showed', 'deeplearning', 'could', 'considered', 'feasible', 'technique', 'tifying', 'covid', 'radiograph', 'images', 'avoid', 'poorgeneralization', 'overfitting', 'covid', 'available', 'datasets', 'model', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'which', 'achieved', 'coefficientof', 'applicability', 'covid', 'radiographdata', 'synthesis', 'confirmed', 'broader', 'spectrum', 'ofgan', 'applications', 'various', 'medical', 'according', 'thesurvey', 'survey', 'identified', 'various', 'unique', 'proper', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'augmentation', 'image', 'image', 'translation', 'encouraged', 'researchersto', 'adopt', 'image', 'reconstruction', 'segmentation', 'detection', 'classification', 'cross', 'modality', 'synthesis', 'various', 'applications', 'problem', 'statementwith', 'rapidly', 'surging', 'pandemic', 'demand', 'efficientcovid', 'detection', 'dramatically', 'increased', 'ofavailability', 'covid', 'viral', 'antibody', 'thetime', 'required', 'obtain', 'results', 'order', 'daysto', 'weeks', 'countries', 'posing', 'great', 'challenge', 'indeveloping', 'rural', 'areas', 'equipped', 'hospitals', 'clinics', 'instance', 'developing', 'countries', 'hospitals', 'donot', 'sufficient', 'covid', 'therefore', 'theyrequire', 'assistance', 'advanced', 'medical', 'centers', 'tocollect', 'transport', 'samples', 'creates', 'tleneck', 'testing', 'covid', 'therefore', 'meetthe', 'daily', 'demand', 'enormous', 'amount', 'cases', 'automated', 'reliable', 'complementary', 'covid', 'detec', 'modality', 'necessary', 'particularly', 'confront', 'pandemic', 'radiograph', 'image', 'utilization', 'forinitial', 'covid', 'screening', 'pivotal', 'areaswith', 'inadequate', 'access', 'viral', 'antibody', 'testing', 'severalstudies', 'scans', 'analyzing', 'detecting', 'tures', 'covid', 'higher', 'resolution', 'featuresof', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities', 'consolidation', 'comparedto', 'chest', 'images', 'however', 'infection', 'controlmatters', 'associated', 'patient', 'transport', 'suites', 'tively', 'procurement', 'operation', 'maintenanceof', 'equipment', 'limited', 'number', 'machinesin', 'developing', 'rural', 'areas', 'practical', 'detecting', 'covid', 'other', 'chestx', 'employed', 'identify', 'covid', 'other', 'monia', 'cases', 'practical', 'effective', 'solutionbecause', 'imaging', 'equipment', 'pervasive', 'hospitalers', 'public', 'healthcare', 'facilities', 'rural', 'clinics', 'evenfor', 'trained', 'radiologists', 'detecting', 'chest', 'images', 'posevolume', '171577s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachchallenges', 'distinguish', 'between', 'features', 'covid', 'andcommunity', 'acquired', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'moreover', 'influx', 'patients', 'hospital', 'during', 'pandemic', 'manual', 'inspection', 'radiograph', 'accurate', 'decisionmaking', 'formidable', 'tradeoff', 'between', 'detectiontime', 'accuracy', 'overwhelm', 'radiologist', 'depart', 'therefore', 'automated', 'classification', 'technique', 'needsto', 'designed', 'second', 'covid', 'expectedin', 'countries', 'preparedness', 'combat', 'pandemicwill', 'involve', 'increasing', 'portable', 'chest', 'devicesdue', 'widespread', 'availability', 'reduced', 'infection', 'controlissues', 'currently', 'limit', 'utilization', 'followingsection', 'address', 'aforementioned', 'problem', 'presenta', 'learning', 'based', 'approach', 'effectively', 'solve', 'figure', 'customized', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'network', 'modelfor', 'augmentation', 'proposed', 'learning', 'based', 'chestradiograph', 'classification', 'frameworkdeep', 'learning', 'smart', 'health', 'analytics', 'prominent', 'inter', 'disciplinary', 'field', 'merges', 'computer', 'science', 'biomedi', 'engineering', 'health', 'sciences', 'bioinformatics', 'variousmedical', 'imaging', 'devices', 'dedicated', 'image', 'signalanalysis', 'processing', 'module', 'which', 'learning', 'based', 'models', 'implemented', 'provide', 'accurate', 'inferences', 'motivated', 'conceptualize', 'deeplearning', 'based', 'chest', 'radiograph', 'classification', 'framework', 'which', 'automating', 'covid', 'detec', 'radiograph', 'images', 'proposed', 'framework', 'consists', 'compo', 'nents', 'augmentation', 'radiology', 'images', 'algorithm', 'learning', 'model', 'proposeddari', 'algorithm', 'generates', 'synthetic', 'images', 'tively', 'switching', 'between', 'customized', 'architectureand', 'generic', 'augmentation', 'techniques', 'androtation', 'synthetic', 'images', 'combined', 'theactual', 'radiograph', 'build', 'robust', 'dataset', 'efficientlytraining', 'learning', 'model', 'second', 'componentof', 'framework', 'custom', 'architecture', 'isdesigned', 'construct', 'learning', 'model', 'carry', 'outautomated', 'feature', 'extraction', 'classification', 'radio', 'graph', 'images', 'details', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'andcustom', 'model', 'envisioned', 'frameworkare', 'presented', 'followed', 'rigorous', 'complexity', 'analysis', 'ofthe', 'proposed', 'methodology', 'training', 'inference', 'phases', 'proposed', 'algorithmhere', 'propose', 'adaptive', 'augmentation', 'radio', 'graph', 'images', 'algorithm', 'referred', 'proposeddari', 'algorithm', 'performs', 'demand', 'generation', 'thetic', 'images', 'triggered', 'class', 'imbalance', 'dataset', 'generated', 'synthetic', 'images', 'combinedwith', 'actual', 'radiograph', 'images', 'construct', 'robust', 'trainingdataset', 'essential', 'covid', 'context', 'whereenough', 'representative', 'samples', 'covid', 'chest', 'rayimages', 'sufficient', 'currently', 'available', 'datasets', 'leverages', 'custom', 'model', 'depicted', 'along', 'generic', 'augmentation', 'techniques', 'aszoom', 'rotation', 'model', 'invoked', 'numberof', 'samples', 'class', 'certain', 'defined', 'thresh', 'model', 'generator', 'discrimi', 'nator', 'trained', 'simultaneously', 'until', 'discriminatoris', 'unable', 'separate', 'generated', 'samples', 'theoriginal', 'generator', 'receives', 'random', 'noise', 'inputand', 'produces', 'chest', 'images', 'which', 'receivedby', 'discriminator', 'regarded', 'player', 'minimax', 'between', 'discriminative', 'model', 'generative', 'model', 'exerting', 'noisysample', 'distribution', 'input', 'generative', 'network', 'outputs', 'distributionof', 'which', 'denoted', 'supposed', 'identical', 'thatof', 'distribution', 'original', 'discriminativenetwork', 'employed', 'distinguish', 'sample', 'xwith', 'distribution', 'generated', 'sample', 'witha', 'distribution', 'adversarial', 'training', 'processcan', 'formulated', 'follows', 'maxdv', 'customize', 'model', 'chest', 'imageaugmentation', 'follows', 'generator', 'constructed', 'witha', 'stack', 'hidden', 'layers', 'layer', 'comprises', 'denselayer', 'followed', 'leaky', 'rectified', 'linear', 'leakyrelu', 'activation', 'function', 'successive', 'layer', 'thegenerator', 'number', 'neuron', 'units', 'nodes', 'twicethe', 'number', 'nodes', 'preceding', 'layer', 'otherhand', 'discriminator', 'model', 'receives', 'collections', 'oforiginal', 'generated', 'radiograph', 'withcovid', 'infected', 'images', 'inputs', 'criminator', 'where', 'represents', 'original', 'image', 'while', 'x0idenotes', 'augmented', 'chest', 'image', 'similar', 'the171578', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachgenerator', 'discriminator', 'structure', 'consists', 'ndhidden', 'layers', 'layer', 'contains', 'sequence', 'adense', 'layer', 'leakyrelu', 'activation', 'function', 'dropout', 'layer', 'included', 'denote', 'dropoutrate', 'number', 'nodes', 'layer', 'denoted', 'discriminator', 'optimizethe', 'function', 'distinguishing', 'generated', 'images', 'theoriginal', 'custom', 'model', 'trained', 'ξmaxnumber', 'iterations', 'where', 'detailed', 'steps', 'ofour', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'presented', 'algorithm', 'either', 'invoke', 'generic', 'ofdata', 'augmentation', 'based', 'given', 'condition', 'illustratedin', 'algorithm', 'procedure', 'takes', 'inputs', 'typeof', 'augmentation', 'augmentation', 'onecondition', 'proposed', 'model', 'executed', 'steps2', 'other', 'condition', 'fulfilled', 'generic', 'dataaugmentation', 'performed', 'described', 'steps', 'which', 'includes', 'enlarging', 'image', 'quantity', 'rotatingby', 'amount', 'proposed', 'custom', 'model', 'forcovid', 'detection', 'imagesnext', 'train', 'learning', 'model', 'which', 'takeadvantage', 'robust', 'dataset', 'obtained', 'proposeddari', 'algorithm', 'section', 'since', 'problem', 'canbe', 'regarded', 'classification', 'normal', 'covid', 'other', 'abnormal', 'cases', 'pneumonia', 'investigatethe', 'contemporary', 'learning', 'architectures', 'suited', 'sification', 'contrast', 'other', 'variants', 'learningarchitectures', 'short', 'memory', 'deepbelief', 'networks', 'forth', 'extreme', 'learning', 'machines', 'regarded', 'powerful', 'learningarchitecture', 'image', 'classification', 'therefore', 'explorethe', 'robust', 'models', 'recently', 'employed', 'sonable', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'chest', 'applying', 'contemporary', 'models', 'latestdataset', 'compiled', 'public', 'repositories', 'realize', 'thattheir', 'reported', 'performances', 'constrained', 'overfittingand', 'influenced', 'biased', 'address', 'issue', 'propose', 'dimensional', 'custom', 'modelfor', 'classifying', 'images', 'predict', 'covid', 'cases', 'asdepicted', 'structure', 'utilized', 'learnthe', 'discriminating', 'patterns', 'automatically', 'radiographimages', 'proposed', 'model', 'consists', 'three', 'components', 'first', 'component', 'stack', 'convolution', 'layers', 'whilethe', 'second', 'segment', 'consists', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'final', 'component', 'responsible', 'generating', 'outputprobability', 'first', 'convolution', 'layers', 'first', 'ponent', 'model', 'receive', 'radiograph', 'images', 'input', 'identify', 'discriminative', 'features', 'input', 'examples', 'andpass', 'component', 'classification', 'layer', 'among', 'convolution', 'layers', 'consists', 'afilter', 'initially', 'filter', 'xirin', '1stlayer', 'decreased', 'successive', 'layer', 'thealgorithm', 'augmentation', 'radiograph', 'images', 'input', 'augmentation', 'possible', 'values', 'generic', 'collection', 'datafor', 'augmentation', 'output', 'augmented', 'sample', 'then3', 'initialize', 'maximum', 'number', 'ofepochs', 'batch', 'andnaug', 'number', 'augment', 'construct', 'generator', 'model', 'asdepicted', 'construct', 'discriminator', 'modelas', 'depicted', 'foreach', 'generate', 'samples', 'ofrandom', 'noise', 'initializethe', 'generator9', 'generate', 'image', 'bypassing', 'generator', 'select', 'random', 'ofsamples', 'construct', 'collectionfrom', 'generated', 'andoriginal', 'samples', 'update', 'discriminatormodel', 'batch', 'training', 'usingx', 'end14', 'generate', 'samples', 'ofrandom', 'noise15', 'update', 'generator', 'modelparameters16', 'then17', 'generate', 'collection', 'ofaugmented', 'images', 'using', 'foreach', 'correspondingdirectory20', 'end21', 'end22', 'end23', 'else24', 'augment', 'applyingzooming', 'rotation', 'collection', 'end26', 'return', 'γforward', 'convolution', 'operation', 'performed', 'betweenthe', 'input', 'image', 'filter', 'coefficients', 'using', 'volume', '171579s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachfigure', 'proposed', 'framework', 'consisting', 'envisioneddari', 'algorithm', 'custom', 'model', 'obtained', 'bysplitting', 'original', 'images', 'training', 'darialgorithm', 'adaptively', 'generic', 'augmentationtechniques', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'chest', 'images', 'which', 'combinedwith', 'remaining', 'original', 'radiograph', 'images', 'construct', 'robusttraining', 'dataset', 'training', 'input', 'passed', 'customized', 'cnnmodel', 'which', 'performs', 'automated', 'feature', 'extraction', 'classification', 'denote', 'output', 'filter', 'weights', 'lthlayer', 'respectively', 'hyper', 'parameter', 'tuning', 'conducted', 'select', 'optimalactivation', 'function', 'shown', 'activationfunction', 'considers', 'constant', 'denoted', 'apply', 'dropout', 'regularizationtechnique', 'assist', 'network', 'evading', 'overfit', 'achieve', 'better', 'model', 'generalization', 'randomlydisregarding', 'randomly', 'selected', 'neurons', 'hidden', 'reduce', 'feature', 'computational', 'powerneed', 'introduce', 'pooling', 'layer', 'sizeof', 'hidden', 'layers', 'where', 'afraction', 'initial', 'dimension', 'input', 'pooling', 'layers', 'assist', 'model', 'capturing', 'abstract', 'spatialinformation', 'robustly', 'enhancing', 'model', 'eralization', 'ability', 'model', 'output', 'features', 'ofthe', 'convolution', 'layers', 'converted', 'dimensional', 'vector', 'flattening', 'layer', 'forwarded', 'thestack', 'fully', 'connected', 'dense', 'layers', 'automatedclassification', 'stage', 'number', 'nodes', 'first', 'denselayer', 'equal', 'decreased', 'factor', 'eachsuccessive', 'layer', 'respect', 'number', 'nodes', 'theprevious', 'layer', 'output', 'dense', 'layer', 'propagatedthrough', 'dropout', 'layer', 'finally', 'output', 'layer', 'computes', 'probability', 'theinput', 'belonging', 'class', 'learning', 'aconstant', 'throughout', 'training', 'model', 'sification', 'receives', 'radiograph', 'samples', 'input', 'outputs', 'sequence', 'labels', 'corresponds', 'pixel', 'valuesof', 'input', 'images', 'other', 'denotes', 'adistinct', 'class', 'dimension', 'thiscase', 'denote', 'image', 'height', 'width', 'thenumber', 'channels', 'sample', 'augmented', 'andreal', 'samples', 'passed', 'training', 'during', 'trainingphase', 'samples', 'considered', 'thetest', 'dataset', 'during', 'testing', 'phase', 'training', 'running', 'phases', 'proposeddl', 'crcfrom', 'hereon', 'discuss', 'steps', 'training', 'runningphases', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'steps', 'training', 'phase', 'proposed', 'crcframework', 'presented', 'algorithm', 'training', 'stage', 'commences', 'algorithm', 'which', 'takes', 'inputs', 'custom', 'model', 'descriptionof', 'input', 'parameter', 'provided', 'input', 'section', 'thealgorithm', 'steps', 'algorithm', 'initialize', 'requiredparameters', 'steps', 'loaded', 'location', 'split', 'ratio', 'utilized', 'therunning', 'phase', 'evaluating', 'model', 'initially', 'are171580', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachalgorithm', 'training', 'phase', 'input', 'collection', 'training', 'testing', 'validation', 'datalocation', 'number', 'foldin', 'cross', 'validation', 'number', 'epoch', 'batch', 'testratio', 'threshold', 'value', 'forclass', 'imbalance', 'ratio', 'total', 'number', 'samplesacross', 'classes', 'output', 'trained', 'model', 'train', 'then6', 'generate', 'random', 'values', 'inrange', 'foreach', 'index', 'train', 'end10', 'end11', 'foreach', 'class', 'train', 'then14', 'end16', 'foreach', 'class', 'ido17', 'data18', 'end20', 'end21', 'xtrain', 'ytrain', 'andlabels', 'xtrain', 'generic', 'xtrain', 'generic', 'update', 'model', 'depictedin', 'training', 'using', 'xtrainfor', 'evaluate', 'using', 'yval27', 'end28', 'model', 'parameters', 'return', 'mtstored', 'training', 'directory', 'hence', 'loaded', 'fromthe', 'location', 'training', 'steps', 'responsible', 'forchecking', 'whether', 'augmentation', 'required', 'accordingly', 'preparing', 'training', 'validation', 'datafrom', 'dataset', 'specifically', 'steps', 'check', 'whetherthe', 'training', 'class', 'predefined', 'thresh', 'based', 'condition', 'exploit', 'thealgorithm', 'running', 'phase', 'input', 'testpath', 'location', 'testimages', 'output', 'ypred', 'prediction', 'testingsamples', 'xtest', 'testpath2', 'saved', 'trained', 'model3', 'yprob', 'predict', 'probabilities', 'ofeach', 'xtest4', 'ypred', 'argmax', 'yprob', 'return', 'ypredproposed', 'augmentation', 'radiograph', 'images', 'algorithm', 'described', 'algorithm', 'customized', 'cnnmodel', 'trained', 'steps', 'utilizing', 'model', 'structureillustrated', 'penultimate', 'trainedmodel', 'stored', 'further', 'testing', 'validation', 'finally', 'algorithm', 'returns', 'trained', 'model', 'running', 'phase', 'model', 'proposeddl', 'framework', 'follows', 'algorithm', 'receives', 'thelocation', 'sample', 'inference', 'returns', 'predictedclass', 'labels', 'ypred', 'corresponding', 'after', 'readingthe', 'trained', 'model', 'loaded', 'inthe', 'following', 'model', 'employed', 'topredict', 'probabilities', 'sample', 'ofthe', 'possible', 'classes', 'finally', 'class', 'themaximum', 'probability', 'identified', 'sample', 'andthen', 'returned', 'collection', 'predictions', 'computation', 'overhead', 'analysisin', 'remainder', 'section', 'rigorously', 'analyze', 'thecomputational', 'overhead', 'proposed', 'model', 'terms', 'oftime', 'complexity', 'analyses', 'divided', 'training', 'andrunning', 'phases', 'training', 'phasethe', 'training', 'phase', 'includes', 'proposed', 'rithm', 'augmentation', 'training', 'customizedcnn', 'model', 'algorithm', 'particularly', 'analysisof', 'algorithm', 'consider', 'appropriate', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'model', 'already', 'selected', 'afterhyperparameter', 'tuning', 'partition', 'analysis', 'train', 'phase', 'three', 'segments', 'required', 'datapreparation', 'augmentation', 'execu', 'model', 'therefore', 'total', 'computationalcomplexity', 'expressed', 'follows', 'first', 'three', 'steps', 'algorithm', 'where', 'initial', 'ization', 'conducted', 'complexity', 'denoted', 'asconstant', 'trainpath', 'there', 'number', 'available', 'totrain', 'complexity', 'steps', 'split', 'testdata', 'ratio', 'therefore', 'complexity', 'associated', 'withvolume', '171581s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachthese', 'steps', 'hence', 'computational', 'complexity', 'ofthe', 'preparation', 'phase', 'denoted', 'augmentation', 'complexity', 'analy', 'mainly', 'consists', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'invoked', 'steps', 'algorithm', 'requires', 'loadingdata', 'class', 'results', 'computa', 'tional', 'complexity', 'denotes', 'numberof', 'classes', 'while', 'finrefers', 'number', 'fromith', 'class', 'through', 'steps', 'algorithm', 'isinvoked', 'complexity', 'denoted', 'odari', 'supposethat', 'denote', 'numbers', 'layers', 'genera', 'discriminator', 'respectively', 'computationsrequired', 'generator', 'discriminator', 'models', 'canbe', 'denoted', 'respectively', 'combining', 'previous', 'expressions', 'overall', 'overhead', 'algorithm', 'evaluated', 'asfollows', 'where', 'denote', 'number', 'augment', 'maximum', 'number', 'epochs', 'batch', 'respec', 'tively', 'steps', 'training', 'algorithm', 'assuming', 'thelength', 'computational', 'overhead', 'therefore', 'overall', 'complexity', 'augmentationstage', 'expressed', 'steps', 'training', 'algorithm', 'invokes', 'theadopted', 'structure', 'computational', 'overhead', 'forthis', 'derived', 'cnncl', 'cnndl', 'where', 'cnncl', 'cnndl', 'denote', 'computationaloverheads', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'dense', 'layers', 'respectively', 'consider', 'layer', 'number', 'filtersin', 'layer', 'input', 'image', 'dimension', 'kernel', 'dimension', 'thecomputational', 'complexity', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'beexpressed', 'cnncl', 'after', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'layers', 'assuming', 'wiand', 'biare', 'weight', 'vector', 'layer', 'plexity', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'given', 'cnndl', 'hence', 'combining', 'aforementioned', 'equations', 'final', 'computational', 'complexity', 'proposed', 'write', 'follows', 'finally', 'determine', 'total', 'complexity', 'train', 'phase', 'algorithm', 'substitute', 'thecorresponding', 'values', 'running', 'phasethe', 'running', 'phase', 'conducted', 'infer', 'classes', 'testdata', 'using', 'trained', 'model', 'evaluate', 'model', 'shown', 'algorithm', 'consider', 'number', 'testdata', 'ntest', 'computational', 'overhead', 'testingphase', 'given', 'ntest', 'demonstrates', 'model', 'results', 'linear', 'implies', 'proposeddl', 'framework', 'comprising', 'algorithm', 'thecustomized', 'model', 'deployed', 'clinical', 'gradex', 'machines', 'image', 'processing', 'capability', 'computingresources', 'having', 'access', 'digitized', 'radiograph', 'images', 'fromanalog', 'machines', 'portable', 'machinesin', 'movable', 'booths', 'trucks', 'adequate', 'shielding', 'andpower', 'supply', 'model', 'viable', 'automating', 'theradiograph', 'image', 'classification', 'around', 'forcovid', 'detection', 'performance', 'evaluationto', 'evaluate', 'performance', 'proposed', 'frame', 'section', 'describe', 'collected', 'datasets', 'usedto', 'train', 'customized', 'model', 'followed', 'extensiveexperimental', 'results', 'discussion', 'dataset', 'preparationthe', 'dataset', 'employed', 'supervised', 'radiograph', 'imageclassification', 'using', 'proposed', 'framework', 'sists', 'three', 'classes', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'normalchest', 'images', 'collected', 'dataset', 'using', 'ferent', 'existing', 'datasets', 'posteroanterior', 'chest', 'combined', 'those', 'single', 'dataset', 'utilize', 'theclassification', 'purpose', 'developed', 'dataset', 'githubfor', 'covid', 'collected', 'studyfor', 'cases', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'images', 'chexpert171582', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachtable', 'brief', 'description', 'dataset', 'imageclassification', 'dataset', 'collected', 'stanford', 'group', 'ofthe', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'chest', 'images', 'collectedfrom', 'dataset', 'table', 'lists', 'initial', 'class', 'distri', 'bution', 'collected', 'chest', 'dataset', 'number', 'ofsamples', 'collected', 'covid', 'significantly', 'lower', 'thanthe', 'other', 'classes', 'because', 'novel', 'disease', 'thismoment', 'regarding', 'covid', 'challenging', 'obtain', 'other', 'words', 'number', 'covid', 'class', 'samples', 'inthe', 'merged', 'dataset', 'lower', 'threshold', 'value', 'classimbalance', 'ratio', 'therefore', 'overcome', 'effect', 'thelow', 'amount', 'covid', 'employed', 'proposeddari', 'algorithm', 'increase', 'number', 'samples', 'thenapplied', 'proposal', 'along', 'contemporary', 'modelsto', 'verify', 'which', 'yields', 'covid', 'detectionperformance', 'performance', 'indicatorsto', 'evaluate', 'classification', 'results', 'primarily', 'adoptedthe', 'combination', 'three', 'measurement', 'indicators', 'accuracy', 'weighted', 'precision', 'weighted', 'score', 'accuracy', 'ability', 'correctly', 'differentiate', 'three', 'cases', 'assume', 'denotes', 'number', 'classes', 'consid', 'classification', 'refers', 'number', 'samplesin', 'class', 'indicates', 'total', 'number', 'samplesin', 'classes', 'accuracy', 'represented', 'asfollows', 'accuracy', 'define', 'weighted', 'precision', 'tomeasure', 'precise', 'model', 'terms', 'number', 'ofsamples', 'actually', 'present', 'class', 'those', 'predictedto', 'class', 'number', 'multiplied', 'weight', 'ofthe', 'class', 'obtain', 'weight', 'precision', 'follows', 'weighted', 'precision', 'tpitpi', 'weighted', 'score', 'defined', 'weightedaverage', 'precision', 'recall', 'although', 'userecall', 'directly', 'performance', 'measure', 'because', 'usingthe', 'score', 'implicitly', 'weighted', 'score', 'canbe', 'obtained', 'follows', 'weighted', 'score', 'precision', 'recall', 'class', 'respectively', 'expressed', 'andpi', 'denoted', 'fnidenotes', 'positive', 'false', 'positive', 'false', 'negativefor', 'class', 'respectively', 'tpiindicates', 'number', 'casescorrectly', 'identified', 'class', 'represents', 'thenumber', 'cases', 'incorrectly', 'identified', 'class', 'denotes', 'number', 'cases', 'incorrectly', 'identifiedas', 'class', 'other', 'class', 'addition', 'evaluatingour', 'results', 'comprehensively', 'employed', 'classspecific', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'normal', 'covid', 'andpneumonia', 'detection', 'accuracy', 'three', 'classes', 'results', 'discussionwe', 'followed', 'systematic', 'approach', 'applying', 'differ', 'techniques', 'optimal', 'model', 'classificationtask', 'experiments', 'conducted', 'workstationwith', 'intel', '00ghz', 'poweredby', 'nvidia', 'graphics', 'processing', 'thesimulations', 'implemented', 'employing', 'python', 'kerasand', 'tensorflow', 'library', 'visualization', 'experimentalresults', 'achieved', 'utilizing', 'python', 'matplotlib', 'library', 'during', 'simulations', 'resized', 'image', 'samples', 'bysetting', 'xirand', 'xicto', 'images', 'consistent', 'interms', 'number', 'channels', 'samples', 'wasset', 'input', 'images', 'grayscale', 'nature', 'xirand', 'selected', 'based', 'manual', 'tuning', 'usingour', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'demand', 'augmentationis', 'performed', 'adaptively', 'employing', 'rotation', '5degrees', 'zooming', 'value', 'wasset', 'systematically', 'constructed', 'three', 'experimentalscenarios', 'conduct', 'comprehensive', 'performance', 'compari', 'proposed', 'framework', 'consisting', 'darialgorithm', 'customized', 'models', 'state', 'models', 'which', 'recently', 'reported', 'toprovide', 'reasonable', 'accuracies', 'covid', 'detection', 'thethree', 'scenarios', 'constructed', 'incremental', 'fashion', 'aredescribed', 'below', 'first', 'scenario', 'designed', 'customized', 'deepcnn', 'model', 'architecture', 'depicted', 'param', 'eters', 'model', 'selected', 'based', 'results', 'ofthe', 'search', 'technique', 'second', 'scenario', 'implemented', 'proposeddari', 'algorithm', 'analyze', 'effect', 'generic', 'andgan', 'based', 'augmentation', 'train', 'basedmodel', 'robust', 'fashion', 'significantly', 'improve', 'thecovid', 'detection', 'accuracy', 'third', 'final', 'scenario', 'trained', 'several', 'state', 'models', 'using', 'different', 'learningparadigms', 'compiled', 'dataset', 'unknown', 'chest', 'original', 'images', 'normal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'presented', 'tothe', 'customized', 'model', 'proposed', 'crcframework', 'contemporary', 'models', 'results', 'compare', 'performances', 'ofour', 'proposal', 'these', 'contemporary', 'models', 'termsof', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'efficiency', 'volume', '171583s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachfigure', 'performance', 'terms', 'accuracy', 'different', 'combinations', 'ofactivation', 'functions', 'optimizers', 'figure', 'performance', 'terms', 'precision', 'different', 'combinationsof', 'activation', 'functions', 'optimizers', 'figure', 'performance', 'terms', 'score', 'different', 'combinations', 'ofactivation', 'functions', 'optimizers', 'first', 'scenario', 'implemented', 'customized', 'cnnmodel', 'proposed', 'framework', 'carried', 'search', 'achieve', 'optimal', 'model', 'parameters', 'figure', 'performance', 'comparison', 'diverse', 'ratios', 'thecovid', 'images', 'generated', 'respect', 'existingnumber', 'samples', 'dataset', 'activation', 'functions', 'optimizer', 'worth', 'other', 'customized', 'models', 'revealed', 'perfor', 'mance', 'bottleneck', 'terms', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'wefound', 'model', 'lightweight', 'yetefficient', 'automating', 'chest', 'classification', 'demonstrate', 'results', 'obtained', 'thehyper', 'parameter', 'tuning', 'terms', 'accuracy', 'precision', 'andf1', 'score', 'respectively', 'these', 'performances', 'extensivelyevaluated', 'across', 'optimizers', 'stochastic', 'gradient', 'descent', 'adaptive', 'moment', 'estimation', 'meansquare', 'propagation', 'rmsprop', 'adaptive', 'delta', 'adadelta', 'nesterov', 'nadam', 'adaptive', 'gradient', 'rithm', 'adagrad', 'activation', 'functions', 'scaled', 'exponential', 'linear', 'rectifiedlinear', 'exponential', 'linear', 'asdepicted', 'results', 'these', 'figures', 'demonstratedbetter', 'performances', 'average', 'compared', 'theother', 'activation', 'functions', 'however', 'performancewas', 'exhibited', 'adopted', 'activation', 'functionwith', 'value', 'constant', 'optimizer', 'toadagrad', 'learning', 'first', 'exper', 'imental', 'setting', 'selecting', 'optimal', 'hyper', 'parametersof', 'learning', 'based', 'model', 'batch', 'number', 'epochs', 'configuration', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'precision', 'score', 'found', 'respectively', 'therefore', 'further', 'analysis', 'applied', 'thisconfiguration', 'customized', 'model', 'crcframework', 'furthermore', 'pooling', 'layer', 'ourproposed', 'architecture', 'conducted', 'manual', 'parametertuning', 'assigned', 'where', 'initial', 'input', 'second', 'experimental', 'scenario', 'number', 'ofcovid', 'samples', 'collected', 'dataset', 'lower', 'thanthe', 'defined', 'threshold', 'applied', 'proposed', 'darialgorithm', 'increase', 'number', 'covid', 'samples', 'sothat', 'model', 'trained', 'robust', 'training', 'data171584', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachfigure', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'testing', 'phase', 'employing', 'stratified', 'cross', 'validation', 'eventually', 'predict', 'positive', 'covid', 'cases', 'highaccuracy', 'altered', 'proportions', 'tomized', 'model', 'algorithm', 'respect', 'tothe', 'original', 'sample', 'covid', 'class', 'ratiosof', 'generated', 'samples', 'proposed', 'approach', 'werevaried', 'respect', 'number', 'ofcovid', 'examples', 'original', 'dataset', 'number', 'ofiterations', 'producing', 'augmented', 'samples', 'using', 'thegan', 'based', 'method', 'among', 'proportionsmentioned', 'earlier', 'covid', 'detection', 'performance', 'ofour', 'customized', 'model', 'found', 'highest', 'accuracy', 'number', 'newlygenerated', 'samples', 'originalcovid', 'samples', 'therefore', 'picked', 'configura', 'conducted', 'experiments', 'nextscenario', 'after', 'producing', 'augmented', 'samples', 'covid', '19class', 'analyzed', 'effect', 'combining', 'adaptivegeneric', 'augmentation', 'based', 'algorithmwith', 'architecture', 'fully', 'implement', 'tunethe', 'framework', 'compared', 'performance', 'withthe', 'model', 'without', 'adopting', 'darialgorithm', 'experiment', 'conducted', 'utilizing', 'stratified', 'cross', 'validation', 'using', 'stratification', 'nique', 'samples', 'rearranged', 'astable', 'representation', 'whole', 'dataset', 'maintainingthe', 'percentage', 'samples', 'class', 'thirdexperimental', 'setup', 'number', 'epochs', 'to100', 'batch', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'fully', 'connected', 'dense', 'layers', 'fixed', 'tofive', 'these', 'hyperparameter', 'values', 'manuallytuned', 'analyze', 'results', 'critically', 'terms', 'ofcovid', 'detection', 'efficiency', 'experimental', 'setting', 'investigated', 'normalized', 'normalized', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'customized', 'modeltable', 'performance', 'comparison', 'proposed', 'cnnwith', 'generic', 'based', 'augmentation', 'without', 'model', 'proposed', 'darialgorithm', 'complete', 'framework', '8represents', 'normalized', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'where', 'posed', 'model', 'implemented', 'without', 'applying', 'dataaugmentation', 'depicts', 'combinedcnn', 'algorithm', 'despite', 'similar', 'performances', 'ofboth', 'approaches', 'normalized', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'demon', 'strates', 'proposed', 'framework', 'morerobust', 'classifying', 'positive', 'covid', 'pneumoniacases', 'proposed', 'exhibited', 'accuracies', 'while', 'detecting', 'positive', 'covid', 'monia', 'cases', 'respectively', 'encouraging', 'classificationperformance', 'indicates', 'proposed', 'learning', 'based', 'framework', 'classify', 'radio', 'graph', 'images', 'efficiency', 'specifically', 'covid', '19detection', 'furthermore', 'analyzed', 'impact', 'generic', 'based', 'augmentation', 'separately', 'combined', 'tomized', 'model', 'compared', 'covid', 'detectionaccuracy', 'proposed', 'framework', 'table', '2exhibits', 'simulation', 'results', 'which', 'proves', 'thegeneric', 'based', 'augmentation', 'significantinfluence', 'enhancing', 'covid', 'detection', 'efficiency', 'simulation', 'results', 'table', 'model', 'achieved', 'generic', 'dataaugmentation', 'obtained', 'proposedvolume', '171585s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachtable', 'performance', 'comparison', 'proposed', 'architecturewith', 'existing', 'architectures', 'three', 'classes', 'based', 'augmentation', 'delivered', 'covid', '19detection', 'accuracy', 'other', 'proposed', 'crcframework', 'demonstrated', 'highest', 'covid', 'detectionaccuracy', 'performance', 'attributed', 'tothe', 'combination', 'customized', 'model', 'posed', 'algorithm', 'where', 'generic', 'baseddata', 'augmentation', 'adaptively', 'performed', 'therefore', 'isevident', 'these', 'results', 'proposed', 'frame', 'customized', 'model', 'robustwith', 'algorithm', 'third', 'experimental', 'scenario', 'compared', 'perfor', 'mance', 'customized', 'model', 'performancesof', 'state', 'models', 'inception', 'resnetv2', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'reason', 'behind', 'choosing', 'thesecontemporary', 'models', 'their', 'performances', 'reportedin', 'recent', 'literature', 'covid', 'detection', 'worthnoting', 'inception', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'belong', 'thedepth', 'based', 'multi', 'based', 'paradigms', 'respec', 'tively', 'other', 'resnet', 'combines', 'depth', 'based', 'multi', 'based', 'architectures', 'table', '3demonstrates', 'comparative', 'analysis', 'which', 'indicatesthe', 'efficiency', 'proposed', 'framework', 'interms', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'using', 'chestx', 'images', 'proposed', 'model', 'outperformed', 'resnet', 'inception', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'although', 'densenetachieves', 'prediction', 'performance', 'normal', 'testcases', 'accuracy', 'pneumonia', 'detectionwhile', 'exhibits', 'poorest', 'performance', 'foridentifying', 'covid', 'cases', 'implies', 'multi', 'based', 'structure', 'although', 'reported', 'recent', 'covid', 'detection', 'other', 'inceptionresnet', 'using', 'depth', 'based', 'modeling', 'paradigm', 'achieves', 'improved', 'covid', 'detection', 'accuracy', 'combination', 'these', 'modeling', 'paradigms', 'incor', 'porated', 'resnet', 'which', 'predict', 'cases', 'havingcovid', 'samples', 'slightly', 'elevated', 'accuracy', 'other', 'proposed', 'framework', 'bining', 'envisioned', 'algorithm', 'customized', 'cnnmodel', 'detect', 'covid', 'cases', 'nificantly', 'accuracy', 'pneumo', 'other', 'abnormal', 'present', 'dataset', 'isalso', 'detected', 'higher', 'accuracy', 'comparedto', 'contemporary', 'models', 'though', 'performanceslightly', 'drops', 'normal', 'identification', 'accuracyis', 'still', 'close', 'proposal', 'furthermore', 'final', 'column', 'table', 'under', 'receiver', 'operating', 'characteristic', 'curve', 'values', 'listedfor', 'proposed', 'contemporary', 'models', 'theauc', 'score', 'proposed', 'which', 'demon', 'strates', 'reasonable', 'accuracy', 'identification', 'across', 'allsamples', 'encouraging', 'performanceof', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'prominent', 'cnnmodels', 'clearly', 'demonstrates', 'proposed', 'technique', 'canbe', 'useful', 'detecting', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'witha', 'significantly', 'reliable', 'accuracy', 'furthermore', 'compare', 'performance', 'proposalwith', 'recent', 'custom', 'model', 'referred', 'darkcovidnet', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'covidnet', 'reported', 'which', 'considerablylower', 'proposed', 'model', 'performance', 'which', 'believe', 'ensures', 'effectiveness', 'ourproposed', 'model', 'addition', 'conducted', 'foldexperiments', 'validate', 'compare', 'proposed', 'nique', 'darkcovidnet', 'table', 'demonstratesthe', 'results', 'obtained', 'proposed', 'model', 'tested', 'onboth', 'datasets', 'darkcovidnet', 'model', 'tested', 'onboth', 'datasets', 'models', 'trained', 'employing', 'therespective', 'dataset', 'these', 'experimental', 'results', 'presented', 'table', '4were', 'produced', 'after', 'training', 'models', 'epochs', 'foreach', 'trained', 'models', 'tested', 'bothdatasets', 'proposed', 'technique', 'outperformed', 'darkcovid', 'detection', 'accuracies', 'normal', 'covid', '19cases', 'addition', 'classification', 'efficiency', 'posed', 'framework', 'lightweight', 'ofused', 'darkcovidnet', 'customized', 'model', 'consists', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'while', 'darkcovid', 'model', 'comprises', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'making', 'ourmodel', 'training', 'phase', 'lightweight', 'computationallyless', 'expensive', 'darkcovidnet', 'model', 'moreover', 'while', 'researches', 'reported', 'overall', 'mention', 'covid', 'detection', 'accuracy', 'other', 'researches', 'applying', 'learningtechniques', 'report', 'score', 'which', 'robustrepresentative', 'performance', 'metric', 'practically', 'evaluatingthe', 'covid', 'detection', 'ability', 'model', 'summary', 'applying', 'various', 'contemporary', 'models', 'inceptionwith', 'resenet', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'recent', 'customizedmodel', 'darkcovidnet', 'covid', 'detection', 'latestdataset', 'compiled', 'public', 'repositories', 'realizedthat', 'their', 'reported', 'performances', 'constrained', 'overfit', 'influenced', 'biased', 'accuracybottleneck', 'those', 'existing', 'models', 'justifies', 'requiredto', 'build', 'customized', 'model', 'research', 'algorithm', 'perform', 'robust', 'trainingand', 'avoid', 'overfitting', 'ensure', 'covid', 'detectionaccuracy', 'significantly', 'score', 'limitations', 'studyin', 'section', 'briefly', 'discuss', 'limitations', 'sible', 'future', 'conducted', 'extend', 'study', '171586', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachtable', 'comparison', 'performance', 'proposed', 'model', 'darkcovidnet', 'datasets', 'study', 'experiments', 'conducted', 'avery', 'critical', 'stage', 'sensitive', 'manner', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'proof', 'conceptcovid', 'using', 'radiograph', 'images', 'despite', 'compilingdatasets', 'multiple', 'sources', 'images', 'taining', 'covid', 'samples', 'consid', 'erably', 'small', 'therefore', 'synthetic', 'images', 'weregenerated', 'using', 'customized', 'assisted', 'mentation', 'technique', 'train', 'robustcnn', 'model', 'perform', 'binary', 'normal', 'covid', 'three', 'classification', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'andcovid', 'significantly', 'accuracy', 'tothe', 'datasets', 'consisting', 'other', 'diseases', 'forth', 'which', 'exhibit', 'acuterespiratory', 'distress', 'syndrome', 'pneumonia', 'conditions', 'lungs', 'class', 'labels', 'notconsidered', 'physician', 'perspective', 'important', 'severity', 'covid', 'however', 'lackof', 'labeled', 'model', 'could', 'beused', 'classify', 'various', 'stages', 'covid', 'suchas', 'asymptomatic', 'severe', 'proposed', 'technique', 'performed', 'efficiently', 'weutilized', 'analyze', 'samples', 'however', 'studycan', 'extended', 'evaluate', 'system', 'performancein', 'covid', 'detection', 'while', 'using', 'other', 'radiographtechniques', 'ultrasound', 'lungpet', 'positron', 'emission', 'tomography', 'dataset', 'study', 'limited', 'onlyone', 'modality', 'images', 'containingcovid', 'features', 'further', 'customization', 'cnnmodel', 'required', 'combine', 'multipleimaging', 'modalities', 'ultrasound', 'petalong', 'images', 'other', 'modalities', 'bodytemperature', 'diabetes', 'level', 'renal', 'function', 'forth', 'patient', 'parameters', 'ethnicity', 'travel', 'history', 'contact', 'history', 'depth', 'covid', 'classification', 'therefore', 'multi', 'modal', 'input', 'characterization', 'correspondingai', 'model', 'customization', 'needed', 'future', 'forinterpreting', 'explaining', 'classification', 'results', 'conclusionin', 'paper', 'addressed', 'emerging', 'challenges', 'ofdetecting', 'covid', 'shortage', 'efficient', 'nosis', 'equipment', 'personnel', 'areas', 'particularlyin', 'developing', 'rural', 'zones', 'numerous', 'people', 'remainnon', 'diagnosed', 'results', 'substantial', 'between', 'thenumber', 'confirmed', 'actual', 'cases', 'radiographs', 'aschest', 'images', 'scans', 'demonstratedto', 'potential', 'detecting', 'covid', 'infection', 'inthe', 'lungs', 'complement', 'consuming', 'viraland', 'antibody', 'testing', 'while', 'scans', 'higher', 'resolu', 'grained', 'details', 'compared', 'images', 'raymachines', 'pervasive', 'hospital', 'emergency', 'rooms', 'publichealth', 'facilities', 'rural', 'health', 'centers', 'clinics', 'addition', 'because', 'cheaper', 'alternativeand', 'appealing', 'solution', 'portability', 'mobile', 'trucksand', 'covid', 'screening', 'booths', 'adequate', 'shieldingand', 'power', 'supply', 'identify', 'covid', 'infection', 'ofthe', 'recognizing', 'patterns', 'glass', 'opacities', 'andlung', 'consolidations', 'raised', 'formidable', 'research', 'problem', 'addressed', 'paper', 'discussed', 'whyit', 'necessary', 'automate', 'image', 'classificationto', 'prepared', 'covid', 'demic', 'radiologists', 'caregivers', 'expected', 'beoverwhelmed', 'patient', 'influx', 'isolate', 'themselves', 'become', 'infected', 'meansthere', 'pressing', 'automate', 'classification', 'ofradiographs', 'particularly', 'images', 'minimize', 'around', 'covid', 'detection', 'therefore', 'leveragethe', 'availability', 'efficiency', 'chest', 'imaging', 'paper', 'proposed', 'framework', 'called', 'learning', 'based', 'chest', 'radiograph', 'classification', 'covid', 'detection', 'complement', 'existing', 'viraland', 'antibody', 'testing', 'methods', 'proposed', 'framework', 'consists', 'parts', 'algorithm', 'which', 'adaptively', 'employs', 'customizedgenerative', 'adversarial', 'network', 'generic', 'augmen', 'tation', 'techniques', 'rotation', 'dimensional', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'model', 'weemployed', 'unique', 'dataset', 'multiple', 'publicly', 'availablesources', 'containing', 'radiograph', 'images', 'covid', 'andpneumonia', 'infected', 'lungs', 'along', 'normal', 'imaging', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'significantly', 'increased', 'adopting', 'proposed', 'framework', 'posal', 'compared', 'existing', 'learning', 'models', 'fromdiverse', 'categories', 'depth', 'based', 'inception', 'resnet', 'multi', 'based', 'densenet', 'hybridcnn', 'resnet', 'architectures', 'extensive', 'experimental', 'resultsdemonstrated', 'proposed', 'combination', 'andcustom', 'based', 'framework', 'significantly', 'performed', 'existing', 'architectures', 'incorporating', 'ourproposed', 'model', 'significantly', 'accuracy', 'thevolume', '171587s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachclinical', 'grade', 'portable', 'equipment', 'allowan', 'automated', 'accurate', 'detection', 'covid', 'thescrutinized', 'patients', 'new_paper']
['received', 'october', 'accepted', 'november', 'publication', 'november', 'current', 'version', 'november', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3038279drr4covid', 'learning', 'automatedcovid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'fromdigitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographspengyi', 'zhang', 'yunxin', 'zhong', 'yulin', 'xiaoying', 'xiaoqiong', 'li1school', 'science', 'beijing', 'institute', 'technology', 'beijing', '100081', 'china2key', 'laboratory', 'convergence', 'medical', 'engineering', 'system', 'healthcare', 'technology', 'ministry', 'industry', 'informationtechnology', 'beijing', '100081', 'chinacorresponding', 'author', 'xiaoqiong', 'aeople', 'supported', 'science', 'technology', 'innovation', 'program', 'beijing', 'institute', 'technology', 'undergrant', '1870011162001', 'abstract', 'automated', 'infection', 'measurement', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'based', 'chest', 'imaging', 'important', 'faster', 'examination', 'where', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'essential', 'assessmentand', 'quantification', 'however', 'heterogeneity', 'imaging', 'difficulty', 'annotatinginfected', 'regions', 'precisely', 'learning', 'automated', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'remains', 'challengingtask', 'propose', 'novel', 'approach', 'called', 'drr4covid', 'learn', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'oncxrs', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographs', 'drr4covid', 'consists', 'infection', 'aware', 'drrgenerator', 'segmentation', 'network', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'given', 'labeled', 'computed', 'tomographyscan', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'produce', 'infection', 'aware', 'pixel', 'level', 'annotationsof', 'infected', 'regions', 'training', 'segmentation', 'network', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'designed', 'toenable', 'segmentation', 'network', 'trained', 'generalize', 'statistical', 'analyses', 'madeon', 'experiment', 'results', 'indicated', 'infection', 'aware', 'significantly', 'better', 'standarddrrs', 'learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'canimprove', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'performance', 'significantly', 'without', 'using', 'anyannotations', 'network', 'achieved', 'classification', 'score', 'accuracy', 'score', 'segmentation', 'score', 'accuracy', 'score', 'testset', 'normal', 'cases', 'positive', 'cases', 'besides', 'adjusting', 'strength', 'radiological', 'signs', 'ofcovid', 'infection', 'infection', 'aware', 'estimate', 'detection', 'limit', 'imaging', 'detectingcovid', 'infection', 'estimated', 'detection', 'limit', 'measured', 'percent', 'volume', 'isinfected', 'covid', 'estimated', 'lower', 'bound', 'infected', 'voxel', 'contributionrate', 'significant', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infection', 'codes', 'publicly', 'availableat', 'https', 'github', 'pengyizhang', 'drr4covid', 'index', 'terms', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'imaging', 'learning', 'introductionthe', 'highly', 'contagious', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'caused', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'drome', 'coronavirus', 'virus', 'spreadrapidly', 'countries', 'world', 'globally', '34pmcest', 'there', 'confirmedcases', 'covid', 'including', 'deaths', 'reported', 'tothe', 'associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript', 'andapproving', 'publication', 'derek', 'abbott', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'rapid', 'detection', 'andconfirmation', 'covid', 'infection', 'critical', 'prevent', 'thespread', 'epidemic', 'radiological', 'imaging', 'computed', 'tomogra', 'chest', 'currently', 'providevisual', 'evidence', 'confirming', 'covid', 'positive', 'patientsin', 'clinical', 'practice', 'provides', 'accurate', 'images', 'ofthe', 'lungs', 'detect', 'small', 'lesions', 'effectivelysuch', 'nodule', 'tumor', 'however', 'workflow', 'ctimaging', 'involving', 'several', 'events', 'relatively207736', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'volume', '2020p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographscomplex', 'meanwhile', 'examinations', 'costly', 'thenumber', 'infected', 'patients', 'rapidly', 'increases', 'routine', 'useof', 'brings', 'heavy', 'burden', 'radiology', 'department', 'contrast', 'examination', 'easier', 'faster', 'lesscostly', 'provides', 'resolution', 'images', 'lungsthat', 'detect', 'variety', 'conditions', 'monia', 'emphysema', 'cancer', 'typical', 'first', 'imaging', 'modality', 'patients', 'under', 'investigationof', 'covid', 'therefore', 'automated', 'infection', 'measure', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'based', 'importantfor', 'faster', 'examination', 'where', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'anessential', 'assessment', 'quantification', 'approaches', 'proposed', 'automatedcovid', 'diagnosis', 'based', 'claimednotable', 'detection', 'accuracy', 'covid', 'infection', 'however', 'sufficient', 'pixel', 'level', 'annota', 'tions', 'infected', 'regions', 'majority', 'these', 'approachesare', 'designed', 'using', 'classification', 'models', 'rather', 'mentation', 'models', 'projective', 'nature', 'imagingcauses', 'large', 'overlapping', 'anatomies', 'fuzzy', 'object', 'bound', 'aries', 'complex', 'texture', 'patterns', 'making', 'extremelydifficult', 'delineate', 'infected', 'regions', 'precisely', 'cxrseven', 'experienced', 'clinicians', 'alternative', 'someresearchers', 'leveraged', 'interpretability', 'classifica', 'model', 'saliency', 'attention', 'locate', 'theinfected', 'regions', 'roughly', 'however', 'methods', 'unableto', 'produce', 'accurate', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'forfurther', 'assessment', 'quantification', 'currently', 'bestknowledge', 'effective', 'approaches', 'developed', 'forautomated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'asreviewed', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiograph', 'asynthetic', 'image', 'generated', 'simulating', 'thepassage', 'through', 'volume', 'specific', 'poses', 'position', 'orientation', 'within', 'virtual', 'imaging', 'system', 'findings', 'covid', 'infection', 'reflect', 'those', 'describedby', 'bilateral', 'peripheral', 'consolidation', 'orground', 'glass', 'opacities', 'besides', 'delin', 'eating', 'infected', 'regions', 'scans', 'easier', 'thanin', 'heterogeneous', 'because', 'scans', 'provideaccurate', 'images', 'lungs', 'rather', 'heterogeneous2d', 'images', 'propose', 'learn', 'automated', 'covid', '19infection', 'segmentation', 'labeled', 'byleveraging', 'publicly', 'available', 'scans', 'voxel', 'levelannotations', 'infected', 'regions', 'correlation', 'betweendrrs', 'propose', 'novel', 'approach', 'calleddrr4covid', 'which', 'learn', 'automated', 'covid', 'infec', 'segmentation', 'labeled', 'designdrr4covid', 'modular', 'framework', 'which', 'consists', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'segmentation', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'given', 'volumewith', 'voxel', 'level', 'infection', 'annotations', 'infection', 'awaredrr', 'generator', 'produce', 'adjustable', 'radio', 'logical', 'signs', 'covid', 'infection', 'generate', 'pixel', 'level', 'annotations', 'infected', 'regions', 'match', 'drrsaccurately', 'although', 'synthetic', 'photo', 'realistic', 'there', 'still', 'between', 'synthetic', 'which', 'segmentation', 'performance', 'realcxrs', 'therefore', 'introduce', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'moduleto', 'train', 'networks', 'labeled', 'unlabeled', 'cxrstogether', 'article', 'provide', 'simple', 'effectiveimplementation', 'drr4covid', 'using', 'domain', 'adaptationmodule', 'based', 'maximum', 'discrepancy', 'based', 'network', 'classification', 'header', 'segmentation', 'header', 'extensive', 'experiment', 'results', 'haveconfirmed', 'efficacy', 'method', 'specifically', 'withoutusing', 'annotations', 'network', 'achieveda', 'classification', 'score', 'accuracy', 'score', 'segmentation', 'score', 'accuracy', 'score', 'with558', 'normal', 'cases', 'positive', 'cases', 'besides', 'adjust', 'strength', 'radiological', 'covid', 'infectionin', 'synthetic', 'estimate', 'detection', 'limit', 'rayimaging', 'detecting', 'covid', 'infection', 'estimateddetection', 'limit', 'measured', 'percent', 'volume', 'lungthat', 'infected', 'covid', 'theestimated', 'lower', 'bound', 'contribution', 'infectedvoxels', 'significant', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infec', 'novelties', 'contributions', 'study', 'mainly', 'comefrom', 'major', 'aspects', 'propose', 'novel', 'approach', 'drr4covid', 'learn', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentationon', 'knowledge', 'firstattempt', 'learn', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'mentation', 'using', 'labeled', 'aregenerated', 'chest', 'scans', 'owing', 'modularframework', 'drr4covid', 'implemented', 'shelf', 'segmentation', 'networks', 'anddomain', 'adaptation', 'algorithms', 'moreover', 'drr4covidis', 'unified', 'approach', 'applied', 'other', 'lesionsegmentation', 'nodule', 'tumor', 'rayimages', 'design', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'thesize', 'infection', 'aware', 'pixel', 'level', 'tations', 'infected', 'regions', 'training', 'segmentationnetwork', 'statistical', 'analyses', 'experimentresults', 'confirmed', 'infection', 'aware', 'drrsare', 'significantly', 'better', 'standard', 'learningcovid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'provide', 'simple', 'effective', 'implementation', 'ofdrr4covid', 'using', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'modulebased', 'maximum', 'discrepancy', 'based', 'network', 'classification', 'header', 'segmentation', 'header', 'statistical', 'analyses', 'madeon', 'experiment', 'results', 'confirmed', 'domainadaptation', 'module', 'improve', 'infection', 'segmen', 'tation', 'performance', 'significantly', 'estimate', 'detection', 'limit', 'imaging', 'indetecting', 'covid', 'infection', 'first', 'whichvolume', '207737p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographsis', 'great', 'significance', 'severity', 'assessment', 'ofcovid', 'infection', 'based', 'imaging', 'related', 'workin', 'section', 'review', 'related', 'three', 'aspects', 'including', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'based', 'screeningof', 'covid', 'light', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiograph', 'thetic', 'image', 'generated', 'simulating', 'passageof', 'through', 'volume', 'specific', 'poses', 'positionand', 'orientation', 'within', 'virtual', 'imaging', 'system', 'aregenerally', 'reference', 'images', 'intensity', 'based2d', 'image', 'registration', 'algorithms', 'verify', 'correctsetup', 'position', 'patient', 'radiotherapy', 'treatments', 'pixel', 'value', 'obtained', 'calculatingthe', 'radiological', 'length', 'summationof', 'length', 'travelled', 'voxel', 'multipliedby', 'relative', 'intensity', 'voxel', 'measured', 'inhounsfield', 'units', 'complexity', 'levelof', 'synthesis', 'computationally', 'intensiveby', 'nature', 'meanwhile', 'iterative', 'optimization', 'image', 'registration', 'algorithms', 'synthesis', 'drrsis', 'usually', 'performed', 'times', 'calculate', 'similaritymeasure', 'which', 'greatly', 'limits', 'running', 'speed', 'image', 'registration', 'algorithms', 'therefore', 'majority', 'previous', 'studies', 'focused', 'proposed', 'plenty', 'improved', 'approachesto', 'accelerate', 'synthesis', 'contrast', 'concerned', 'consistencybetween', 'infection', 'annotation', 'masks', 'directly', 'design', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'basedon', 'siddongpupy', 'which', 'combines', 'serial', 'algorithmproposed', 'jacob', 'improve', 'original', 'siddon', 'salgorithm', 'parallel', 'implementation', 'proposed', 'bygreef', 'closely', 'related', 'learn', 'automatic', 'parsingof', 'anatomical', 'objects', 'images', 'labeled', 'ctscans', 'using', 'synthetic', 'labeled', 'pixel', 'level', 'tations', 'anatomical', 'objects', 'obtained', 'projecting', 'labels', 'along', 'trajectories', 'synthesisof', 'adopts', 'cyclegan', 'architecture', 'toperform', 'unpaired', 'image', 'image', 'translation', 'unsuper', 'vised', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'enable', 'segmentation', 'modelstrained', 'generalize', 'images', 'strategy', 'reduce', 'thegap', 'between', 'synthetic', 'images', 'unliketd', 'deepdrr', 'attempts', 'producemore', 'realistic', 'radiographs', 'fluoroscopy', 'scansto', 'enable', 'machine', 'learning', 'models', 'trained', 'directly', 'generalize', 'clinical', 'without', 'fordomain', 'adaptation', 'deepdrr', 'anatomicallandmark', 'detection', 'pelvic', 'simulate', 'raysof', 'femur', 'during', 'insertion', 'dexterous', 'manipulators', 'inorthopedic', 'surgery', 'deepdrr', 'moreabout', 'anatomical', 'structures', 'lesion', 'regions', 'givena', 'covid', 'infection', 'existing', 'generatorsmay', 'produce', 'findings', 'heterogene', 'tough', 'consistency', 'betweenstandard', 'annotation', 'masks', 'lesion', 'regions', 'byusing', 'existing', 'generators', 'therefore', 'design', 'newinfection', 'aware', 'generator', 'solve', 'problem', 'througha', 'category', 'weighted', 'projection', 'threshold', 'method', 'domain', 'adaptationdomain', 'adaptation', 'rectifying', 'distribution', 'discrep', 'between', 'training', 'samples', 'source', 'domain', 'testsamples', 'target', 'domain', 'tuning', 'model', 'towardbetter', 'generalization', 'target', 'domain', 'supervised', 'orunsupervised', 'manner', 'numerous', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'methodshave', 'proposed', 'based', 'models', 'recently', 'deepnetworks', 'learn', 'transferable', 'features', 'domainadaptation', 'achieve', 'better', 'performance', 'themain', 'insight', 'behind', 'these', 'approaches', 'extract', 'domain', 'invariant', 'representations', 'embedding', 'domain', 'adaptationmodules', 'pipeline', 'learning', 'existing', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'methods', 'align', 'tributions', 'source', 'domain', 'target', 'domain', 'mainly', 'fromthree', 'perspectives', 'first', 'stream', 'image', 'alignment', 'image', 'image', 'translation', 'models', 'typically', 'usedto', 'reduce', 'between', 'source', 'domain', 'images', 'andtarget', 'domain', 'images', 'second', 'stream', 'featurealignment', 'which', 'mainstream', 'approachand', 'learn', 'domain', 'invariant', 'features', 'thelast', 'stream', 'output', 'alignment', 'which', 'often', 'tolearn', 'semantic', 'segmentation', 'urban', 'scenes', 'thetic', 'moreover', 'recognize', 'thereare', 'approaches', 'perform', 'feature', 'alignment', 'including', 'adversarial', 'approach', 'andnon', 'adversarial', 'approach', 'theadversarial', 'approach', 'motivates', 'models', 'extractdomain', 'invariant', 'features', 'through', 'adversarial', 'training', 'isdone', 'training', 'specific', 'models', 'minimize', 'thetask', 'specific', 'adversarial', 'simultaneously', 'thereby', 'fooling', 'domain', 'discriminator', 'maximize', 'theprobability', 'features', 'source', 'domain', 'being', 'classi', 'target', 'domain', 'adversarial', 'approach', 'statis', 'moment', 'matching', 'based', 'approach', 'involving', 'maximummean', 'discrepancy', 'central', 'momentdiscrepancy', 'second', 'order', 'statistics', 'match', 'statistic', 'moment', 'matching', 'based', 'approachencourages', 'models', 'extract', 'domain', 'invariant', 'deepfeatures', 'minimizing', 'distance', 'between', 'statisticmoments', 'features', 'source', 'domain', 'fromtarget', 'domain', 'representative', 'method', 'widely', 'measure', 'discrepancy', 'betweenthe', 'source', 'domain', 'target', 'domain', 'distributions', 'compared', 'adversarial', 'approaches', 'basedmethods', 'simple', 'stable', 'imple', 'facilitate', 'verify', 'efficacy', 'of207738', 'volume', '2020p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographsdrr4covid', 'quickly', 'implementation', 'drr4covid', 'directly', 'shelf', 'based', 'domain', 'tation', 'approach', 'proposed', 'enable', 'models', 'trained', 'generalize', 'toreal', 'based', 'screening', 'covid', 'viewof', 'infection', 'segmentationsegmentation', 'essential', 'automated', 'infectionmeasurement', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'which', 'delineation', 'regions', 'interest', 'infected', 'regions', 'further', 'assessment', 'andquantification', 'approaches', 'proposed', 'forautomated', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'based', 'however', 'majority', 'these', 'approaches', 'based', 'classifica', 'models', 'rather', 'segmentation', 'models', 'reviewedby', 'aforementioned', 'reasons', 'researchers', 'leveraged', 'interpretability', 'deepclassification', 'models', 'highlight', 'infected', 'regions', 'ratherthan', 'accurately', 'segmenting', 'infected', 'regions', 'specifi', 'cally', 'introduce', 'probabilistic', 'camsaliency', 'indicate', 'multifocal', 'lesions', 'within', 'cxrsin', 'their', 'local', 'patch', 'based', 'classification', 'models', 'forcovid', 'diagnosis', 'method', 'derived', 'famousexplanation', 'technique', 'gradient', 'weighted', 'class', 'vation', 'effectively', 'locate', 'theradiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infection', 'themultifocal', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacification', 'consolidations', 'similarly', 'karim', 'revised', 'layer', 'relevance', 'propagation', 'classifying', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'andcovid', 'indicate', 'class', 'discriminating', 'regions', 'incxrs', 'besides', 'tabik', 'adopt', 'multiple', 'explanationtechniques', 'including', 'occlusion', 'saliency', 'input', 'xgradient', 'guided', 'backpropagation', 'integrated', 'gradi', 'deeplift', 'investigate', 'interpretabil', 'classification', 'models', 'highlight', 'relevantinfected', 'regions', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'separately', 'these', 'approaches', 'based', 'explanation', 'techniquesare', 'mainly', 'inspection', 'models', 'decision', 'suitable', 'further', 'assessment', 'quantifica', 'comparison', 'drr4covid', 'train', 'mentation', 'models', 'precise', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'directlywithout', 'pixel', 'level', 'infection', 'annotations', 'ofreal', 'methodsin', 'section', 'describe', 'modular', 'framework', 'posed', 'drr4covid', 'analyze', 'critical', 'elements', 'thedesign', 'drr4covid', 'followed', 'introduction', 'ourimplementation', 'drr4covid', 'modular', 'framework', 'drr4covidgiven', 'scans', 'voxel', 'level', 'infection', 'annotations', 'andunlabeled', 'learn', 'models', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'figure', 'modular', 'framework', 'proposed', 'drr4covid', 'design', 'drr4covid', 'modular', 'framework', 'shownin', 'drr4covid', 'consists', 'three', 'components', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'classificationand', 'segmentation', 'model', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'basic', 'workflow', 'drr4covid', 'involves', 'generatingdrrs', 'pixel', 'level', 'infection', 'annotations', 'scans', 'training', 'models', 'synthetic', 'labeled', 'andunlabeled', 'using', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'generating', 'labeled', 'drrsthe', 'generator', 'responsible', 'synthesizing', 'photo', 'realistic', 'resemble', 'sible', 'producing', 'pixel', 'level', 'infection', 'annotations', 'thatmatch', 'precisely', 'projecting', 'annotationsalong', 'trajectories', 'synthesizing', 'quality', 'labeled', 'context', 'article', 'bedefined', 'conditions', 'consistency', 'betweendrrs', 'infection', 'annotation', 'masks', 'other', 'agood', 'correlation', 'between', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid', '19infection', 'typicallyconsidered', 'sensitive', 'scans', 'happenthat', 'examination', 'detects', 'abnormality', 'whereas', 'screening', 'patient', 'reports', 'findings', 'suffer', 'problem', 'which', 'theinconsistency', 'between', 'infection', 'annotation', 'masks', 'first', 'point', 'designing', 'quality', 'drrgenerator', 'second', 'point', 'correlation', 'between', 'theradiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infection', 'insynthetic', 'synthetic', 'infectionannotation', 'masks', 'later', 'train', 'segmentationmodels', 'large', 'between', 'radiological', 'signs', 'ofcovid', 'infection', 'synthetic', 'willmake', 'models', 'trained', 'generalize', 'realcxrs', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'applied', 'training', 'models', 'domainadaptation', 'modulealthough', 'synthetic', 'photo', 'realistic', 'there', 'stilla', 'between', 'intro', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'framework', 'ofdrr4covid', 'according', 'quality', 'synthetic', 'labeledvolume', '207739p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographsfigure', 'illustration', 'synthesis', 'infection', 'aware', 'problem', 'training', 'models', 'labeled', 'drrsand', 'unlabeled', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'byusing', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'divided', 'twocategories', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'fully', 'super', 'vised', 'learning', 'source', 'domain', 'synthetic', 'unsupervised', 'learning', 'target', 'domain', 'realcxrs', 'other', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'weaklysupervised', 'learning', 'source', 'domain', 'unsupervisedlearning', 'target', 'domain', 'condition', 'firstcategory', 'consistency', 'between', 'infectionannotation', 'masks', 'condition', 'satisfied', 'problem', 'turned', 'second', 'category', 'theinaccurate', 'synthetic', 'infection', 'annotations', 'compared', 'withthe', 'second', 'first', 'category', 'problem', 'defined', 'extensively', 'studied', 'article', 'mainlyfocus', 'solving', 'first', 'category', 'problem', 'firstimplement', 'quality', 'generator', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'infection', 'aware', 'generatorwe', 'design', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'producehigh', 'quality', 'defined', 'section', 'standarddrr', 'generator', 'takes', 'volume', 'infection', 'annotationvolume', 'specific', 'position', 'orientation', 'inputand', 'outputs', 'infection', 'contrast', 'drrgenerator', 'takes', 'volume', 'infection', 'annotationvolume', 'input', 'produce', 'labeled', 'illustratedin', 'casted', 'source', 'throughlabeled', 'volumes', 'center', 'pixel', 'pixel', 'value', 'obtained', 'calculating', 'class', 'weighted', 'class', 'weighted', 'summation', 'thelength', 'travelled', 'within', 'voxel', 'multiplied', 'bythe', 'relative', 'intensity', 'voxel', 'measured', 'calculation', 'pixel', 'formulated', 'where', 'index', 'voxels', 'raydirection', 'number', 'voxels', 'repre', 'sents', 'normalized', 'length', 'travelled', 'within', 'voxel', 'denote', 'value', 'andthe', 'weight', 'voxel', 'respectively', 'weight', 'ofthe', 'voxel', 'defined', 'otherwisem', 'where', 'category', 'thvoxel', 'represent', 'background', 'lungs', 'andcovid', 'infection', 'respectively', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'produce', 'standard', 'whenthe', 'weights', 'categories', 'equal', 'other', '207740', 'volume', '2020p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographsfigure', 'illustration', 'framework', 'based', 'network', 'equipped', 'based', 'domain', 'adaptationmodule', 'denotes', 'global', 'average', 'pooling', 'label', 'computed', 'otherwise', 'where', 'πcddenotes', 'contribution', 'voxels', 'egory', 'calculating', 'tcrepresents', 'contributionthreshold', 'category', 'specifically', 'πcdis', 'defined', 'asπcd', 'where', 'cddenotes', 'index', 'voxels', 'categoryc', 'direction', 'strength', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infec', 'depends', 'contribution', 'rateof', 'infected', 'voxels', 'projective', 'nature', 'imaging', 'higher', 'value', 'represents', 'largernumber', 'infected', 'voxels', 'appear', 'direction', 'andthe', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infection', 'significant', 'property', 'imagingcan', 'modeled', 'infection', 'awaredrr', 'generator', 'increasing', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels', 'willimprove', 'value', 'versa', 'accordingly', 'ourinfection', 'aware', 'generator', 'produce', 'ferent', 'strengths', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infectionsimply', 'adjusting', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxel', 'thetic', 'pixel', 'level', 'annotations', 'covid', 'infection', 'arealso', 'computed', 'based', 'therefore', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'maintain', 'consistency', 'betweensynthetic', 'infection', 'annotation', 'masks', 'easily', 'byincreasing', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels', 'value', 'ofcriv', 'small', 'infection', 'aware', 'drrgenerator', 'following', 'advantages', 'setting', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels', 'smallvalue', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'toproduce', 'findings', 'which', 'essentialfor', 'training', 'classification', 'models', 'covid', '19diagnosis', 'setting', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels', 'relativelylarge', 'value', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'cangenerate', 'quality', 'pixel', 'level', 'annota', 'tions', 'infected', 'regions', 'which', 'essential', 'train', 'segmentation', 'models', 'precise', 'covid', '19infection', 'segmentation', 'adjusting', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels', 'smallvalues', 'large', 'values', 'infection', 'aware', 'gener', 'synthesize', 'serial', 'labeled', 'ferent', 'strengths', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid', '19infection', 'might', 'detection', 'limit', 'imaging', 'detectingcovid', 'infection', 'volume', '207741p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographsc', 'based', 'network', 'equipped', 'based', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module1', 'network', 'architectureswe', 'design', 'based', 'network', 'depicted', 'sists', 'backbone', 'network', 'classification', 'header', 'mentation', 'header', 'compared', 'model', 'hasan', 'auxiliary', 'classification', 'header', 'classification', 'headeris', 'designed', 'purposes', 'enable', 'modelto', 'perform', 'classification', 'segmentation', 'forautomated', 'infection', 'measurement', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'other', 'facilitate', 'based', 'methodsfor', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'backbone', 'network', 'responsiblefor', 'extracting', 'features', 'performing', 'convolutionand', 'spatial', 'pooling', 'operations', 'theextracted', 'features', 'classificationheader', 'segmentation', 'header', 'separately', 'classifica', 'branch', 'adopt', 'simple', 'structure', 'globalaverage', 'pooling', 'layer', 'fully', 'convolution', 'layer', 'segmentation', 'branch', 'convolutionallayers', 'followed', 'sampling', 'layer', 'generate', 'mentation', 'output', 'input', 'andcxrs', 'based', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'moduleas', 'nonparametric', 'distance', 'estimate', 'between', 'distribu', 'tions', 'widely', 'domain', 'adaptationalgorithms', 'measure', 'discrepancy', 'between', 'sourceand', 'target', 'distributions', 'implementation', 'adoptan', 'shelf', 'based', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'approach', 'proposed', 'canmeasure', 'discrepancy', 'local', 'distributions', 'taking', 'thecorrelations', 'relevant', 'subdomains', 'consideration', 'minimizing', 'during', 'training', 'deepmodels', 'distributions', 'relevant', 'subdomains', 'within', 'thesame', 'category', 'source', 'domain', 'target', 'domain', 'aredrawn', 'close', 'method', 'proposed', 'contextof', 'object', 'recognition', 'digit', 'classification', 'tasks', 'applyit', 'classification', 'header', 'directly', 'aligning', 'deepfeatures', 'layer', 'effect', 'feature', 'alignmentcan', 'propagated', 'segmentation', 'branch', 'implicitlythrough', 'input', 'layer', 'experiment', 'resultshave', 'verified', 'efficacy', 'design', 'which', 'detailedin', 'section', 'objective', 'functionthe', 'training', 'model', 'performed', 'minimiz', 'classification', 'segmentation', 'simultaneously', 'total', 'iscomputed', 'asltotal', 'where', 'denote', 'weights', 'theclassification', 'segmentation', 'respectively', 'experiments', 'resultsa', 'materials1', 'chest', 'scanswe', 'public', 'covid', 'dataset', 'whichconsists', 'public', 'covid', 'cases', 'voxel', 'levelannotations', 'right', 'covid', 'infec', 'annotations', 'first', 'labeled', 'junior', 'annotators', 'arerefined', 'radiologists', 'years', 'experience', 'arefurther', 'verified', 'refined', 'senior', 'radiologist', 'morethan', 'years', 'experience', 'chest', 'radiology', 'these', 'ctvolumes', 'voxel', 'values', 'volumes', 'normal', 'cannot', 'access', 'their', 'valuesmeasured', 'discard', 'these', 'cases', 'other10', 'cases', 'synthesis', 'experiments', 'foreach', 'obtain', 'front', 'lateral', 'pixel', 'level', 'annotations', 'infected', 'regionsby', 'using', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'which', 'bedetailed', 'section', 'build', 'training', 'thesource', 'domain', 'these', 'shown', 'table', 'chest', 'imageswe', 'public', 'covid', 'collections', 'which', 'constructed', 'radiopaedia', 'covid', '19image', 'collection', 'chest', 'images', 'pneumo', 'twitter', 'covid', 'dataset', 'hannover', 'medical', 'school', 'dataset', 'first', 'collec', 'consists', 'covid', 'positive', 'images', 'from96', 'patients', 'normal', 'images', 'patients', 'second', 'collection', 'contains', 'covid', 'positiveimages', 'different', 'positive', 'images', 'inthe', 'first', 'collection', 'randomly', 'select', 'normal', 'imagesfrom', 'different', 'patients', 'first', 'collection', 'covid', 'positive', 'images', 'thefirst', 'collection', 'build', 'training', 'validation', 'targetdomain', 'besides', 'covid', 'positive', 'imagesin', 'second', 'collection', 'normal', 'images', 'arerandomly', 'selected', 'remaining', 'patients', 'firstcollection', 'build', 'independent', 'target', 'domainas', 'shown', 'table', 'perform', 'cross', 'validation', 'patients', 'training', 'patients', 'testing', 'onthe', 'training', 'validation', 'perform', 'independent', 'testingon', 'these', 'pixel', 'levelexpert', 'annotations', 'infected', 'regions', 'theimage', 'positive', 'negative', 'evaluate', 'classi', 'fication', 'segmentation', 'results', 'therefore', 'intro', 'another', 'dataset', 'bimcv', 'covid', 'dataset', 'where', 'annotated', 'withrois', 'covid', 'findings', 'consolidation', 'eight', 'radiologists', 'hospital', 'universitariode', 'alicante', 'first', 'iteration', 'bestknowledge', 'covid', 'dataset', 'thatprovides', 'pixel', 'level', 'annotations', 'infected', 'regions', 'currently', 'although', 'small', 'provide207742', 'volume', '2020p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographstable', 'split', 'training', 'validation', 'preliminary', 'insights', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'formance', 'method', 'infection', 'aware', 'drrs1', 'generating', 'normal', 'drrsdrrs', 'findings', 'important', 'training', 'classi', 'fication', 'segmentation', 'models', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'generate', 'drrswith', 'findings', 'setting', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels', 'arelatively', 'small', 'value', 'reduce', 'castingprocess', 'experiment', 'empirically', 'weights', 'ofbackground', 'covid', 'infection', 'several', 'synthetic', 'normal', 'drrsare', 'depicted', 'figure', 'illustration', 'normal', 'generated', 'infection', 'awaredrr', 'generator', 'generating', 'multiple', 'singlect', 'volumeit', 'generate', 'multiple', 'single', 'volumeby', 'adjusting', 'position', 'orientation', 'ctvolume', 'within', 'virtual', 'imaging', 'system', 'experiment', 'randomly', 'shift', 'volume', 'between', 'rotate', 'between', 'directions', 'severaldrrs', 'generated', 'single', 'volume', 'illustratedin', 'figure', 'illustration', 'multiple', 'single', 'volume', 'byadjusting', 'volume', 'generating', 'different', 'strengths', 'ofradiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infectionour', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'generate', 'drrswith', 'different', 'strengths', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid', '19infection', 'adjusting', 'weights', 'background', 'andcovid', 'infection', 'experiment', 'separately', 'several', 'samplesare', 'shown', 'column', 'generating', 'pixel', 'level', 'annotations', 'ofcovid', 'infectionwe', 'empirically', 'contribution', 'threshold', 'infectedvoxels', 'respectively', 'corresponding', 'infection', 'tation', 'masks', 'contribution', 'threshold', 'lungs', 'setto', 'several', 'infection', 'masks', 'visualized', 'first', 'fivecolumns', 'building', 'training', 'sourcedomain', 'volume', 'first', 'generate', 'normal', 'including', 'front', 'lateral', 'drrsby', 'randomly', 'adjusting', 'wegenerate', 'corresponding', 'pixel', 'level', 'tations', 'infected', 'regions', 'given', 'means', 'build', 'training', 'source', 'domainwith', 'shown', 'table', 'finally', 'given', 'the63', 'different', 'combinations', 'totallyobtain', 'training', 'source', 'domain', 'experiment', 'setting1', 'experiment', 'designthis', 'article', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infectionsegmentation', 'drr4covid', 'which', 'consists', 'infection', 'aware', 'drrgenerator', 'based', 'network', 'based', 'domainadaptation', 'module', 'verify', 'efficacy', 'method', 'conduct', 'experiments', 'aspects', 'standarddrrs', 'versus', 'infection', 'aware', 'using', 'domain', 'tation', 'versus', 'using', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'estimating', 'thedetection', 'limit', 'imaging', 'detecting', 'covid', '19infection', 'searching', 'parameters', 'evaluation', 'segmentation', 'performanceon', 'accordingly', 'first', 'train', 'thefcn', 'based', 'network', 'training', 'sourcedomain', 'without', 'using', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'respec', 'tively', 'train', 'network', 'trainingsets', 'source', 'domain', 'training', 'targetdomain', 'using', 'based', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'moduleseparately', 'trained', 'models', 'finally', 'evaluated', 'onthe', 'validation', 'report', 'results', 'ofthe', 'cross', 'validation', 'format', 'standarddeviation', 'annotations', 'targetdomain', 'always', 'unseen', 'training', 'tasks', 'ourinfection', 'aware', 'generator', 'produce', 'standard', 'drrswhen', 'equals', 'volume', '207743p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographsfigure', 'illustration', 'different', 'strengths', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infection', 'single', 'volume', 'theircorresponding', 'pixel', 'level', 'annotations', 'lungs', 'infected', 'regions', 'weights', 'background', 'lungs', 'thecontribution', 'threshold', 'lungs', 'arrows', 'column', 'highlight', 'infected', 'regions', 'training', 'detailsresnet', 'adopted', 'backbone', 'basednetwork', 'experiments', 'train', 'network', 'with100', 'epochs', 'using', 'optimizer', 'parametersof', 'adopt', 'batch', 'initial', 'learning', 'linearlydecayed', 'epoch', 'after', 'epochs', 'initializethe', 'backbone', 'network', 'weights', 'resnet', 'thatare', 'trained', 'imagenet', 'augmentation', 'involvingrandom', 'cropping', 'horizontal', 'flipping', 'vertical', 'flipping', 'andrandom', 'rotating', 'performed', 'input', 'image', 'ournetwork', 'besides', 'category', 'weightedcross', 'entropy', 'adopted', 'segmentation', 'toemphasize', 'optimization', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmen', 'tation', 'where', 'weights', 'background', 'covid', '19infection', 'binary', 'cross', 'entropyloss', 'classification', 'weights', 'theclassification', 'segmentation', 'setas', 'respectively', 'pytorch1', 'framework', 'build', 'models', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'designed', 'usingcuda10', 'python3', 'cython', 'models', 'trainedand', 'evaluated', 'linux', 'server', 'equipped', 'nvidiagtx1080ti', 'cards', 'evaluation', 'metricsfor', 'classification', 'output', 'model', 'adopt', 'thecommonly', 'classification', 'metrics', 'including', 'accuracy', 'score', 'under', 'precision', 'recall', 'curve', 'curve', 'pixel', 'level', 'annotations', 'infected', 'regionsare', 'available', 'validation', 'targetdomain', 'unable', 'segmentation', 'uation', 'metrics', 'directly', 'enable', 'evaluate', 'quality', 'mentation', 'output', 'model', 'convert', 'segmentationoutput', 'classification', 'output', 'determining', 'whether', 'thereexists', 'infected', 'regions', 'segmentation', 'output', 'thenadopt', 'three', 'classification', 'metrics', 'setof', 'bimcv', 'covid', 'dataset', 'directly207744', 'volume', '2020p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographsadopt', 'commonly', 'segmentation', 'metric', 'dicesimilarity', 'coefficient', 'evaluate', 'segmentationresults', 'statistical', 'analysisstatistical', 'tests', 'conducted', 'determine', 'significance', 'inperformance', 'differences', 'learning', 'infection', 'segmentationfrom', 'between', 'standard', 'infection', 'awaredrrs', 'between', 'using', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'andnot', 'using', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'according', 'experimentdesign', 'perform', 'paired', 'samples', 'compare', 'themeans', 'scores', 'specifically', 'remove', 'outliers', 'ofthe', 'scores', 'apply', 'shaprio', 'normality', 'thevariables', 'violate', 'assumption', 'normality', 'performwilcoxon', 'signed', 'instead', 'paired', 'samples', 'scipy', 'package', 'these', 'analyses', 'experiment', 'resultswe', 'report', 'evaluation', 'results', 'model', 'trained', 'the63', 'training', 'without', 'based', 'domain', 'adaptationmodule', 'table', 'appendix', 'analyze', 'theseresults', 'perspectives', 'introduced', 'exper', 'iment', 'design', 'figure', 'comparison', 'standard', 'infection', 'aware', 'realcxrs', 'first', 'column', 'represents', 'infection', 'masks', 'generatedwith', 'contribution', 'threshold', 'infectionmasks', 'indicate', 'infected', 'pixels', 'whose', 'corresponding', 'rayspass', 'through', 'infected', 'voxels', 'volume', 'standard', 'versus', 'infection', 'aware', 'drrsfirstly', 'qualitative', 'comparison', 'beseen', 'infected', 'pixels', 'standard', 'indicated', 'byinfection', 'masks', 'present', 'findings', 'contribu', 'infected', 'voxels', 'casting', 'obser', 'vation', 'consistent', 'heterogeneous', 'nature', 'rayimaging', 'implicates', 'imaging', 'lower', 'sensi', 'tivity', 'imaging', 'notice', 'radiological', 'signsof', 'covid', 'infection', 'standard', 'indistinctive', 'strength', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infectionin', 'standard', 'depends', 'severity', 'covid', '19infection', 'property', 'makes', 'leverage', 'publiclyavailable', 'volumes', 'because', 'there', 'guarantee', 'apositive', 'yield', 'positive', 'contrast', 'ourinfection', 'aware', 'generator', 'produce', 'withdifferent', 'strengths', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infec', 'simply', 'adjusting', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels', 'instance', 'covid', 'infection', 'canyield', 'significant', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid', '19infection', 'whereas', 'severe', 'covid', 'infectioncan', 'yield', 'normal', 'column', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infection', 'become', 'moresignificant', 'gradually', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels', 'w2increases', 'ability', 'infection', 'aware', 'generatorpromotes', 'advantages', 'publicly', 'availablect', 'volumes', 'determine', 'precise', 'infection', 'annotationmasks', 'training', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'models', 'thatvisual', 'findings', 'covid', 'infection', 'alistic', 'value', 'large', 'which', 'break', 'correlation', 'between', 'andsynthetic', 'secondly', 'analyze', 'classification', 'segmentationresults', 'validation', 'without', 'using', 'domainadaptation', 'table', 'appendix', 'avoid', 'theinfluence', 'subjective', 'choice', 'contribution', 'threshold', 'average', 'performance', 'scores', 'comparethe', 'average', 'scores', 'standard', 'infection', 'awaredrrs', 'visually', 'infection', 'awaredrrs', 'achieve', 'significantly', 'higher', 'average', 'scores', 'bothvalidation', 'target', 'domain', 'standarddrrs', 'results', 'indicate', 'between', 'infection', 'aware', 'smallerthan', 'between', 'standard', 'realcxrs', 'verify', 'efficacy', 'infection', 'awaredrr', 'generator', 'without', 'using', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'analyze', 'classification', 'segmentationresults', 'validation', 'using', 'domainadaptation', 'table', 'appendix', 'compare', 'theaverage', 'results', 'standard', 'infection', 'aware', 'drrsvisually', 'similarly', 'infection', 'awaredrrs', 'surpass', 'standard', 'large', 'margin', 'bothvalidation', 'target', 'domain', 'resultsstrongly', 'demonstrate', 'effectiveness', 'infection', 'awaredrr', 'generator', 'using', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'finally', 'perform', 'statistical', 'tests', 'compare', 'meansof', 'scores', 'between', 'infection', 'aware', 'observe', 'statisticalsignificant', 'difference', 'these', 'comparisonitems', 'which', 'indicates', 'infection', 'aware', 'signif', 'icantly', 'better', 'standard', 'learning', 'automatedcovid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'versus', 'nodomain', 'adaptationin', 'order', 'highlight', 'efficacy', 'domain', 'adaptationmodule', 'compare', 'average', 'scores', 'domain', 'adaptationand', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'validation', 'setsin', 'intuitive', 'comparison', 'shows', 'thatthe', 'using', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'improvethe', 'classification', 'segmentation', 'scores', 'infection', 'awaredrrs', 'significantly', 'consistently', 'which', 'verifies', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'besides', 'fromfig', 'notice', 'average', 'scores', 'ofinfection', 'aware', 'increase', 'first', 'decrease', 'thevolume', '207745p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographsfigure', 'comparison', 'average', 'scores', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'denotes', 'classification', 'results', 'segdenotes', 'segmentation', 'results', 'represents', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels', 'scores', 'averaged', 'figure', 'comparison', 'average', 'scores', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'denotes', 'classification', 'results', 'denotessegmentation', 'results', 'represents', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels', 'scores', 'averaged', 'figure', 'comparison', 'average', 'scores', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'denotes', 'classification', 'results', 'denotessegmentation', 'results', 'represents', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels', 'scores', 'averaged', 'figure', 'comparison', 'average', 'scores', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'denotes', 'classification', 'results', 'denotessegmentation', 'results', 'represents', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels', 'scores', 'averaged', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels', 'increases', 'andthen', 'average', 'scores', 'infection', 'awaredrrs', 'appears', 'suggests', 'exces', 'sively', 'large', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels', 'infectedregions', 'unrealistic', 'leading', 'decrease', 'inperformance', 'scores', 'without', 'using', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'contrast', 'there', 'significant', 'decrease', 'averagescores', 'infection', 'aware', 'using', 'domain', 'tation', 'module', 'shown', 'theweight', 'infected', 'voxels', 'increases', 'and207746', 'volume', '2020p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographsfigure', 'comparison', 'average', 'scores', 'validation', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'without', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'scores', 'averaged', 'figure', 'comparison', 'average', 'scores', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'without', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'scores', 'averaged', 'implies', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'modulestill', 'works', 'infected', 'regions', 'becomeslightly', 'unrealistic', 'other', 'observe', 'thesegmentation', 'scores', 'relatively', 'lower', 'classifi', 'cation', 'scores', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'notapplied', 'instance', 'infection', 'aware', 'drrswith', 'average', 'segmentation', 'scores', 'testset', 'target', 'domain', 'including', 'accuracy', 'andf1', 'score', 'respectively', 'whereasthe', 'corresponding', 'classification', 'scores', 'results', 'implicate', 'segmentation', 'headeris', 'sensitive', 'domain', 'discrepancy', 'betweenvolume', '207747p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographsdrrs', 'classification', 'header', 'usingthe', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'segmentation', 'scoresand', 'classification', 'scores', 'greatly', 'improved', 'specifically', 'improvement', 'segmentation', 'scores', 'nificant', 'improvement', 'classification', 'scores', 'forinstance', 'infection', 'aware', 'average', 'segmentation', 'scores', 'respec', 'tively', 'whereas', 'corresponding', 'classification', 'scores', 'results', 'indicate', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'moduleworks', 'classification', 'mentation', 'confirming', 'claim', 'effect', 'offeature', 'alignment', 'applied', 'classification', 'branch', 'bepropagated', 'segmentation', 'branch', 'implicitly', 'finally', 'perform', 'statistical', 'tests', 'compare', 'means', 'scoresin', 'between', 'using', 'domain', 'adapta', 'module', 'using', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'observestatistical', 'significant', 'difference', 'these60', 'comparison', 'items', 'except', 'items', 'standard', 'sclassification', 'validation', 'standard', 'classification', 'segmentation', 'accuracy', 'segmentationf1', 'score', 'indicates', 'domain', 'adaptationmodule', 'improve', 'performance', 'learning', 'infec', 'segmentation', 'significantly', 'thusconfirms', 'efficacy', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'visualizing', 'covid', 'infectionsegmentation', 'resultswe', 'specifically', 'infection', 'aware', 'withw2', 'example', 'thecovid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'results', 'segmentationscores', 'including', 'accuracy', 'score', 'idation', 'respectively', 'listed', 'table', 'appendix', 'visualize', 'infection', 'mentation', 'results', 'first', 'confusion', 'matricesof', 'segmentation', 'results', 'corresponding', 'validationand', 'shown', 'visualize', 'several', 'truepositive', 'negative', 'cases', 'compared', 'withprevious', 'studies', 'highlight', 'infected', 'regions', 'roughly', 'byleveraging', 'interpretability', 'classification', 'models', 'segmentation', 'model', 'trained', 'infection', 'aware', 'drrsis', 'segment', 'infected', 'regions', 'directly', 'andaccurately', 'besides', 'present', 'several', 'failure', 'false', 'positiveand', 'false', 'negative', 'cases', 'estimating', 'detection', 'limit', 'imagingin', 'detecting', 'covid', 'infectionas', 'mentioned', 'earlier', 'generally', 'considered', 'lesssensitive', 'scans', 'happen', 'ination', 'detects', 'abnormality', 'whereas', 'screeningon', 'patient', 'reports', 'findings', 'significancelevel', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infection', 'images', 'depends', 'severity', 'covid', 'infection', 'which', 'typically', 'assessed', 'percent', 'volume', 'thefigure', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'segmentation', 'results', 'validationand', 'infection', 'aware', 'andt2', 'figure', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'results', 'theinfection', 'aware', 'validation', 'andtest', 'target', 'domain', 'overlay', 'indicate', 'infectedregions', 'infected', 'covid', 'short', 'onlywhen', 'reaches', 'certain', 'level', 'detection', 'limit', 'imaging', 'effectively', 'detect', 'covid', 'infection', 'therefore', 'propose', 'leverage', 'infection', 'aware', 'drrgenerator', 'searching', 'parameters', 'andt2to', 'estimate', 'detection', 'limit', 'insight', 'behind', 'this207748', 'volume', '2020p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographstable', 'total', 'average', 'scores', 'standard', 'deviation', 'model', 'trained', 'different', 'training', 'source', 'domain', 'itemin', 'table', 'average', 'corresponding', 'items', 'table', 'appendix', 'eapiv', 'denotes', 'equivalent', 'average', 'percent', 'infection', 'volume', 'ofthe', 'lungs', 'cases', 'synthesis', 'infection', 'aware', 'table', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'results', 'table', 'accuracy', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'classification', 'output', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'table', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'classification', 'output', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'table', 'score', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'classification', 'output', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'estimation', 'method', 'generated', 'using', 'thebest', 'parameters', 'smallest', 'positivex', 'images', 'achieve', 'highest', 'classifica', 'segmentation', 'scores', 'matter', 'whether', 'domainadaptation', 'module', 'appied', 'accordingly', 'averagethe', 'corresponding', 'items', 'table', 'appendix', 'toobtain', 'total', 'average', 'scores', 'training', 'setsto', 'search', 'parameters', 'meanwhile', 'computevolume', '207749p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographstable', 'accuracy', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'output', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'table', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'output', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'table', 'score', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'output', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'table', 'accuracy', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'classification', 'output', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'table', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'classification', 'output', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'equivalent', 'average', 'eapiv', 'cases', 'thatare', 'generate', 'infection', 'aware', 'seenfrom', 'table', 'scores', 'table', '2appears', 'consistently', 'correspondingeapiv', 'standard', 'deviation', 'eapiv', 'correspondingt', 'scores', 'below', 'matter', 'tribution', 'threshold', 'infected', 'voxels', 'suchresults', 'imply', 'generated', 'whosepiv', 'cannot', 'easily', 'distinguished', 'fromnormal', 'therefore', 'conclude', 'detection', 'limit207750', 'volume', '2020p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographstable', 'score', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'classification', 'output', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'table', 'accuracy', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'output', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'table', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'output', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'table', 'score', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'output', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'figure', 'failure', 'cases', 'segmentation', 'results', 'theinfection', 'aware', 'validation', 'andtest', 'overlay', 'indicate', 'infected', 'regions', 'imaging', 'measured', 'percent', 'volume', 'thelung', 'infected', 'covid', 'moreover', 'examine', 'function', 'tograms', 'pixels', 'infection', 'aware', 'drrsin', 'pixels', 'whose', 'correspondingx', 'through', 'infected', 'voxels', 'volume', 'arecounted', 'these', 'histograms', 'effectiveness', 'ourinfection', 'aware', 'generator', 'changing', 'distributionof', 'pixels', 'infection', 'aware', 'bestparameters', 'columnof', 'table', 'scores', 'appears', 'increasing', 't2from', 'makes', 'alarge', 'numberof', 'pixels', 'whose', 'crivs', 'arebetween', 'treated', 'negative', 'pixels', 'leadingto', 'significant', 'score', 'meanwhile', 'decreasing', 't2from', 'makes', 'pixels', 'whose', 'crivs', 'between', 'treated', 'positive', 'pixels', 'leading', 'minor', 'dropin', 'score', 'therefore', 'conclude', 'theestimated', 'lower', 'bound', 'significant', 'radiologicalvolume', '207751p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographsfigure', 'histograms', 'infected', 'voxel', 'contribution', 'rates', 'pixels', 'infection', 'aware', 'table', 'accuracy', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'classification', 'output', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'table', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'classification', 'output', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'table', 'score', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'classification', 'output', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'signs', 'covid', 'infection', 'meansthat', 'pixels', 'whose', 'crivs', 'lower', 'easily', 'distinguished', 'pixels', 'lungsin', 'evaluation', 'segmentation', 'performanceon', 'cxrswe', 'simply', 'cross', 'validation', 'models', 'trained', 'byusing', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'segment', '207752', 'volume', '2020p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographstable', 'accuracy', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'output', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'table', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'output', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'table', 'score', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'output', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'table', 'accuracy', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'classification', 'output', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'table', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'classification', 'output', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'average', 'scores', 'these', 'segmentation', 'results', 'arereported', 'table', 'infection', 'awaredrrs', 'achieved', 'score', 'which', 'better', 'standard', 'besides', 'observe', 'samepattern', 'table', 'average', 'scores', 'ofour', 'infection', 'aware', 'appears', 'providesmore', 'evidence', 'confirming', 'validity', 'estimateddetection', 'limit', 'imaging', 'detecting', 'covid', '19infection', 'volume', '207753p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographstable', 'score', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'classification', 'output', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'table', 'accuracy', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'output', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'table', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'output', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'limitations', 'studythis', 'study', 'still', 'variety', 'limitations', 'firstly', 'thetic', 'annotation', 'masks', 'infected', 'regions', 'areonly', 'investigated', 'experimentally', 'evaluated', 'bythe', 'radiologists', 'expert', 'annotations', 'infected', 'regionsfor', 'provide', 'evidence', 'determine', 'accuratecontribution', 'threshold', 'infected', 'voxels', 'secondly', 'studyuses', 'publicly', 'available', 'datasets', 'varioussources', 'variability', 'expert', 'annotations', 'scans', 'andcxrs', 'assessed', 'which', 'introduce', 'implicit', 'biasesto', 'training', 'evaluation', 'thirdly', 'evaluation', 'forthe', 'segmentation', 'performance', 'method', 'studyis', 'incomprehensive', 'sufficient', 'withpixel', 'level', 'annotations', 'infected', 'regions', 'evaluationresults', 'biased', 'unable', 'optimize', 'method', 'comparison', 'between', 'learninginfection', 'segmentation', 'straightway', 'learningfrom', 'provide', 'insights', 'realizehigh', 'quality', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'oncxrs', 'efficiently', 'lastly', 'study', 'covid', '19positive', 'cases', 'synthesizing', 'performanceof', 'drr4covid', 'validity', 'estimated', 'detectionlimit', 'imaging', 'detecting', 'covid', 'infection', 'canbe', 'improved', 'involving', 'scans', 'patients', 'invarious', 'stages', 'covid', 'infection', 'nevertheless', 'article', 'provide', 'promising', 'results', 'encouragethe', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', '19infection', 'segmentation', 'without', 'needfor', 'expert', 'annotations', 'conclusionwe', 'propose', 'novel', 'approach', 'called', 'drr4covid', 'learnautomated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'fromdrrs', 'drr4covid', 'consists', 'three', 'components', 'includ', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'classification', 'andsegmentation', 'network', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'theinfection', 'aware', 'generator', 'produce', 'drrswith', 'adjustable', 'strength', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid', '19infection', 'generate', 'pixel', 'level', 'infection', 'annotations', 'thatmatch', 'precisely', 'enabling', 'segmentationnetworks', 'trained', 'directly', 'automated', 'infection', 'mentation', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'introduced', 'toreduce', 'domain', 'discrepancy', 'between', 'bytraining', 'networks', 'unlabeled', 'labeled', 'drrstogether', 'provide', 'simple', 'effective', 'implementation', 'ofdrr4covid', 'using', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'based', 'onmaximum', 'discrepancy', 'based', 'classification', 'header', 'segmentation', 'header', 'extensive', 'experiment', 'results', 'confirmed', 'efficacyof', 'method', 'specifically', 'without', 'using', 'annotationsof', 'network', 'achieved', 'classificationscore', 'accuracy', 'score', '207754', 'volume', '2020p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographstable', 'score', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'output', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'segmentation', 'score', 'accuracy', 'score', 'normal', 'cases', 'and558', 'positive', 'cases', 'besides', 'estimate', 'detection', 'limit', 'imaging', 'detecting', 'covid', 'infection', 'adjustingthe', 'strength', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infection', 'insynthetic', 'estimated', 'detection', 'limit', 'measured', 'bythe', 'percent', 'volume', 'infected', 'covid', 'estimated', 'lower', 'bound', 'thecontribution', 'infected', 'voxels', 'significantradiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infection', 'knowledge', 'first', 'attempt', 'realize', 'theautomated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'cxrsby', 'using', 'labeled', 'generated', 'chestct', 'scans', 'future', 'carried', 'extending', 'thedrr4covid', 'drr4lesion', 'enable', 'multiple', 'lesionsegmentation', 'appendixmore', 'experimental', 'resultssee', 'tables', 'acknowledgmentthe', 'authors', 'would', 'thank', 'providers', 'radiopaedia', 'covid', 'image', 'collection', 'chest', 'images', 'pneumonia', 'twitter', 'covid', 'dataset', 'andhannover', 'medical', 'school', 'dataset', 'new_paper']
['special', 'section', 'learningalgorithms', 'internet', 'medical', 'thingsreceived', 'april', 'accepted', 'april', 'publication', 'current', 'version', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '2992341a', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'drones', 'blockchain', 'inmanaging', 'impactvinay', 'chamola', 'vikas', 'hassija', 'vatsal', 'gupta', 'mohsen', 'guizani', 'fellow', '1department', 'electrical', 'electronics', 'engineering', 'birla', 'institute', 'technology', 'science', 'pilani', '333031', 'india2department', 'jaypee', 'institute', 'information', 'technology', 'noida', '201309', 'india3department', 'computer', 'science', 'engineering', 'qatar', 'university', 'qatarcorresponding', 'author', 'mohsen', 'guizani', 'mguizani', 'supported', 'qatar', 'national', 'research', 'member', 'qatar', 'foundation', 'under', 'grant', 'nprp10', '160012', 'abstract', 'unprecedented', 'outbreak', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'termed', 'covid', 'worldhealth', 'organization', 'placed', 'numerous', 'governments', 'around', 'world', 'precarious', 'position', 'impact', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'earlier', 'witnessed', 'citizens', 'china', 'alone', 'becomea', 'matter', 'grave', 'concern', 'virtually', 'every', 'country', 'world', 'scarcity', 'resources', 'endure', 'thecovid', 'outbreak', 'combined', 'overburdened', 'healthcare', 'systems', 'forced', 'majority', 'ofthese', 'countries', 'state', 'partial', 'complete', 'lockdown', 'number', 'laboratory', 'confirmed', 'coronaviruscases', 'increasing', 'alarming', 'throughout', 'world', 'reportedly', 'millionconfirmed', 'cases', 'april', 'adding', 'these', 'numerous', 'false', 'reports', 'misinformation', 'andunsolicited', 'fears', 'regards', 'coronavirus', 'being', 'circulated', 'regularly', 'since', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'response', 'various', 'reliable', 'sources', 'present', 'detailed', 'review', 'majoraspects', 'associated', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'addition', 'direct', 'health', 'implications', 'associatedwith', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'study', 'highlights', 'impact', 'global', 'economy', 'drawing', 'thingsto', 'close', 'explore', 'technologies', 'internet', 'things', 'unmanned', 'aerialvehicles', 'blockchain', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'among', 'others', 'mitigate', 'impactof', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'index', 'terms', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'transmission', 'stages', 'global', 'economic', 'impact', 'uavsfor', 'disaster', 'management', 'blockchain', 'applications', 'introductionthe', 'covid', 'acronym', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'respiratory', 'illness', 'caused', 'severe', 'acuterespiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'tagious', 'virus', 'belonging', 'family', 'single', 'stranded', 'positive', 'sense', 'viruses', 'known', 'coronaviridae', 'muchlike', 'influenza', 'virus', 'attacks', 'respiratorysystem', 'causes', 'ailments', 'cough', 'fever', 'fatigue', 'breathlessness', 'while', 'exact', 'source', 'virus', 'isunknown', 'scientists', 'mapped', 'genome', 'sequence', 'thethe', 'associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript', 'andapproving', 'publication', 'victor', 'albuquerque', 'determined', 'member', 'covgenera', 'coronavirus', 'family', 'which', 'typically', 'derives', 'itsgene', 'sources', 'rodents', 'covid', 'wasfirst', 'reported', 'affect', 'human', 'wuhan', 'thehubei', 'province', 'china', 'december', 'since', 'thecovid', 'spread', 'wildfire', 'throughout', 'theworld', 'marking', 'presence', 'countries', 'independentterritories', 'covid', 'statistics', 'worst', 'affected', 'tries', 'regions', 'world', 'presented', 'according', 'current', 'global', 'tally1', 'confirmedcoronavirus', 'cases', 'stands', 'while', 'death', 'toll1as', 'april', '2020volume', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '90225v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemicfigure', 'statistics', 'regards', 'covid', 'source', 'situation', 'report', 'april', 'reached', 'rapid', 'number', 'ofcovid', 'incidents', 'worldwide', 'prompted', 'forimmediate', 'countermeasures', 'catastrophic', 'effects', 'ofthe', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'paper', 'evaluates', 'theuse', 'varied', 'technologies', 'blockchain', 'which', 'could', 'mitigate', 'adverse', 'effects', 'thispandemic', 'expedite', 'recovery', 'process', 'however', 'beforeexploring', 'potential', 'technological', 'solutions', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'impact', 'management', 'provide', 'comprehensivereview', 'covid', 'including', 'clinical', 'features', 'nosis', 'treatment', 'impact', 'outbreak', 'globaleconomy', 'backgroundaccording', 'viral', 'infections', 'particularly', 'theones', 'caused', 'different', 'coronaviruses', 'continue', 'emergeand', 'severe', 'public', 'health', 'problem', 'coronavirusesare', 'spherical', 'positive', 'sense', 'viruses', 'ranging', 'from600å', '1400å', 'diameter', 'proteins', 'known', 'spikesprotruding', 'surface', 'which', 'impart', 'crown', 'struc', 'under', 'electron', 'microscope', 'twodecades', 'witnessed', 'emergence', 'several', 'viral', 'breaks', 'different', 'forms', 'coronavirus', 'outbreak', 'themore', 'recent', 'middle', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'infection', 'outbreakoriginated', 'guandong', 'province', 'china', 'laterspread', 'countries', 'worldwide', 'causing', 'over8000', 'infections', 'around', 'deaths', 'first', 'ofmers', 'infection', 'detected', 'saudi', 'arabia', 'whichinitiated', 'large', 'scale', 'outbreak', 'middle', 'eastern', 'countriesthat', 'ultimately', 'fatalities', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'light', 'decem', 'cases', 'pneumonia', 'unknown', 'etiologywere', 'reported', 'country', 'office', 'china', 'theentire', 'timeline', 'events', 'kindly', 'refer', 'center', 'outbreak', 'linked', 'wuhan', 'wholesale', 'seafood', 'other', 'exotic', 'animals', 'including', 'snakes', 'marmots', 'strain', 'highly', 'contagiousβ', 'coronavirus', 'deemed', 'responsiblefor', 'rapid', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'distinguishing', 'charac', 'teristics', 'virus', 'include', 'extremely', 'contagious', 'natureand', 'relatively', 'incubation', 'period', 'duringthis', 'period', 'person', 'infected', 'virus', 'notshow', 'symptoms', 'therefore', 'people', 'infected', 'withthe', 'disease', 'unknowingly', 'serve', 'silent', 'carriers', 'ofthe', 'virus', 'contributing', 'basic', 'reproductive', 'ber2for', 'covid', 'virus', 'while', 'studies', 'indicatethat', 'could', 'susceptible', 'ultravio', 'light', 'there', 'specific', 'treatment', 'vaccinefor', 'infection', 'management', 'protocols', 'forthe', 'disease', 'evolving', 'writing', 'defines', 'basic', 'reproductive', 'number', 'number', 'secondaryinfections', 'caused', 'single', 'infected', 'individual90226', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemicfigure', 'timeline', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'clinical', 'featurescovid', 'manifests', 'clinical', 'features', 'ranging', 'fromthe', 'asymptomatic', 'state', 'symptoms', 'acute', 'respiratorydistress', 'syndrome', 'multiple', 'organ', 'dysfunctionsyndrome', 'according', 'results', 'recentstudy', 'conducted', 'collaboration', 'china', 'laboratory', 'confirmed', 'covid', 'cases', 'thatwere', 'examined', 'majority', 'exhibited', 'clinical', 'characteristicssuch', 'fever', 'cough', 'fatigue', 'sputum', 'production', 'handful', 'patients', 'showcasedsymptoms', 'throat', 'headache', 'myalgia', 'breath', 'lessness', 'while', 'symptoms', 'nausea', 'nasal', 'conges', 'hemoptysis', 'diarrhea', 'conjunctival', 'congestion', 'werefound', 'refer', 'table', 'while', 'thecovid', 'patients', 'developed', 'moderate', 'disease', 'patients', 'diagnosed', 'severe', 'acritical', 'patients', 'severeor', 'critical', 'disease', 'often', 'develop', 'bluish', 'faceand', 'prone', 'variety', 'complications', 'including', 'acute', 'heart', 'injury', 'secondary', 'infection', 'according', 'tothe', 'centers', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention', 'individuals', 'highest', 'severe', 'illness', 'thecovid', 'include', 'older', 'adults', 'people', 'above', 'people', 'existing', 'medical', 'conditions', 'diabetes', 'hypertension', 'asthma', 'cardiovascular', 'disease', 'transmission', 'mechanismalthough', 'there', 'several', 'studies', 'direction', 'ofcovid', 'pathophysiological', 'properties', 'propagationmechanism', 'remains', 'somewhat', 'elusive', 'while', 'initialcovid', 'cases', 'associated', 'direct', 'exposureof', 'individuals', 'infected', 'animals', 'rapid', 'outbreak', 'thedisease', 'shifted', 'focus', 'research', 'human', 'human', 'transmission', 'analysis', 'around', 'cases', 'ofcovid', 'china', 'revealed', 'covid', 'virus', 'istable', 'covid', 'symptoms', 'primarily', 'transmitted', 'between', 'people', 'spread', 'piratory', 'droplets', 'through', 'sneezing', 'coughing', 'theserespiratory', 'droplets', 'potential', 'cover', 'distanceof', 'meters', 'therefore', 'person', 'closecontact', 'infected', 'person', 'being', 'exposed', 'tothe', 'respiratory', 'droplets', 'extension', 'virus', 'althoughsymptomatic', 'people', 'identified', 'primarysource', 'transmission', 'there', 'possi', 'bility', 'transmission', 'unsymptomatic', 'people', 'direct', 'andindirect', 'contact', 'infected', 'surfaces', 'identified', 'asanother', 'potential', 'cause', 'covid', 'transmission', 'evidencesuggests', 'virus', 'survive', 'plastic', 'steel', 'volume', '90227v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemicfigure', 'organization', 'faces', 'three', 'copper', 'approximately4', 'hours', 'hours', 'cardboard', 'virus', 'enters', 'healthy', 'passes', 'throughthe', 'nasal', 'passage', 'mucus', 'membranes', 'present', 'thethroat', 'binds', 'itself', 'cellular', 'receptors', 'withthe', 'spikes', 'present', 'surface', '2ruptures', 'membrane', 'forces', 'makingmultiple', 'copies', 'itself', 'these', 'newly', 'generated', 'copies', 'burstout', 'infect', 'other', 'cells', 'followingthis', 'virus', 'moves', 'bronchial', 'tubes', 'reachesthe', 'lungs', 'where', 'severely', 'impairs', 'organizationthe', 'paper', 'organized', 'follows', 'section', 'address', 'existing', 'works', 'reviewed', 'stateof', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'section', 'present', 'abrief', 'overview', 'pandemics', 'occurred', 'thepast', 'century', 'section', 'discuss', 'different', 'stages', 'ofthe', 'covid', 'transmission', 'while', 'section', 'globalimpact', 'outbreak', 'different', 'sectors', 'economyhas', 'evaluated', 'section', 'includes', 'statisticsproviding', 'valuable', 'insights', 'widescale', 'impact', 'ofthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'these', 'sectors', 'section', 'discuss', 'current', 'methods', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'section', 'examines', 'efforts', 'being', 'variousorganizations', 'laboratories', 'direction', 'covid', '19vaccine', 'development', 'while', 'section', 'lists', 'thepreventive', 'measures', 'required', 'safeguard', 'oneself', 'against', 'thecovid', 'sections', 'provide', 'compre', 'hensive', 'review', 'technologies', 'robots', 'smart', 'wearables', 'blockchain', 'meansto', 'manage', 'outbreak', 'effectively', 'finally', 'section', 'xviiiconcludes', 'paper', 'organization', 'paper', 'alsobeen', 'depicted', 'pictorially', 'related', 'worksthe', 'massive', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'prompted', 'variousscientists', 'researchers', 'laboratories', 'organizations', 'aroundthe', 'world', 'conduct', 'large', 'scale', 'research', 'develop', 'cines', 'other', 'treatment', 'strategies', 'months', 'followingthe', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'several', 'papers', 'examining', 'differentaspects', 'covid', 'published', 'determine', 'clinical', 'characteristics', 'covid', 'dawei', 'studied', 'infected', 'patients', 'inwuhan', 'china', 'authors', 'taken', 'accountspecifics', 'demographics', 'signs', 'symptoms', 'andmedical', 'history', 'patients', 'assess', 'their', 'casescarefully', 'authors', 'presented', 'laboratoryfindings', 'these', 'patients', 'demonstrate', 'effects', 'thesars', 'virus', 'different', 'vital', 'organs', 'nanshan', 'studied', 'patients', 'covid', 'direct', 'huanan', 'seafood', 'market', 'inwuhan', 'known', 'covid', 'epicenter', 'their', 'findingsof', 'epidemiological', 'clinical', 'radiological', 'characteris', 'disease', 'published', 'their', 'report', 'among', 'patients', 'studied', 'developed', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'distress', 'syndrome', 'among', 'multiple', 'organ', 'dysfunctionsyndrome', '90228', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemictable', 'major', 'viral', 'diseases', 'present', 'jiang', 'reviewed', 'published', 'studies', 'ognizing', 'clinical', 'characteristics', 'covid', 'theirwork', 'summarized', 'these', 'studies', 'doing', 'provided', 'brief', 'overview', 'clinical', 'features', 'treatmentsof', 'covid', 'authors', 'reviewed', 'theexisting', 'literature', 'computed', 'tomography', 'character', 'istics', 'covid', 'available', 'platforms', 'pubmed', 'google', 'scholar', 'elsevier', 'among', 'others', 'primaryissue', 'these', 'works', 'review', 'small', 'subsetof', 'broader', 'subject', 'authors', 'provide', 'brief', 'overview', 'covid', 'outbreakin', 'terms', 'clinical', 'features', 'prevention', 'diagnosis', 'andtreatment', 'although', 'these', 'surveys', 'light', 'thecurrent', 'scenario', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'verybrief', 'limited', 'about', 'exact', 'situation', 'despite', 'abundance', 'research', 'domain', 'ofcovid', 'characteristic', 'analysis', 'vaccine', 'development', 'knowledge', 'writing', 'thereis', 'survey', 'provides', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'thecovid', 'outbreak', 'potential', 'implications', 'further', 'existing', 'literature', 'attempts', 'reviewthe', 'emerging', 'technologies', 'blockchain', 'managing', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'presents', 'detailed', 'survey', 'providesboth', 'horizontal', 'vertical', 'covid', 'interms', 'clinical', 'features', 'diagnosis', 'treatment', 'preventionstrategies', 'technological', 'solutions', 'being', 'adopted', 'toalleviate', 'impact', 'outbreak', 'present', 'acomprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'willhelp', 'readers', 'deeper', 'understanding', 'current', 'globalsituation', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'before', 'divulginginto', 'thorough', 'analysis', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'takea', 'brief', 'pandemics', 'sectionbelow', 'pandemics', 'centurythe', 'century', 'plethora', 'outbreaks', 'andepidemics', 'while', 'coronaviruses', 'responsible', 'majority', 'theseoutbreaks', 'refer', 'table', 'different', 'types', 'influenzaviruses', 'thehelm', 'pandemics', 'years', 'theh1n1', 'virus', 'alone', 'responsible', 'pandemics', 'spanish', 'swine', 'fluin', 'while', 'influenza', 'viruseshave', 'responsible', 'asian', 'andthe', 'respectively', 'section', 'provide', 'overview', 'these', 'pandemics', 'spanish', 'pandemic', 'spanish', 'known', 'deadliest', 'demic', 'history', 'humankind', 'total', 'number', 'offatalities', 'surpassing', 'million', 'diseasewas', 'caused', 'virus', 'which', 'believed', 'haveoriginated', 'birds', 'unlike', 'diseases', 'spanish', 'peculiar', 'characteristic', 'being', 'extremely', 'lethal', 'againstthe', 'young', 'healthy', 'populace', 'because', 'virusattacked', 'hosts', 'causing', 'cytokine', 'storms', 'patient', 'simmune', 'system', 'which', 'often', 'death', 'since', 'youngpeople', 'stronger', 'immune', 'systems', 'compared', 'olderadults', 'likely', 'affected', 'virus', 'asian', 'pandemic', 'asian', 'pandemic', 'began', 'february', 'singa', 'second', 'major', 'pandemic', 'centuryafter', 'spanish', 'pandemic', 'believed', 'havecaused', 'deaths', 'total', 'millionfatalities', 'worldwide', 'virus', 'diseasewas', 'identified', 'virus', 'which', 'theh1n1', 'believed', 'avian', 'origin', 'eleven', 'years', 'afterthe', 'outbreak', 'virus', 'subsequently', 'mutated', 'strainthat', 'longer', 'affect', 'human', 'hosts', 'pandemic', 'pandemic', 'third', 'major', 'influenzapandemic', 'century', 'caused', 'theh3n2', 'virus', 'which', 'believed', 'evolved', 'fromthe', 'virus', 'caused', 'asian', 'pandemic', 'theh3n2', 'virus', 'involved', 'mutated', 'version', 'antigenpresent', 'retained', 'antigen', 'theimpact', 'pandemic', 'across', 'world', 'hasvolume', '90229v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemicfigure', 'cumulative', 'number', 'cases', 'covid', 'source', 'situation', 'reports', 'several', 'media', 'reports', 'described', 'sporadic', 'which', 'believed', 'beendue', 'prior', 'immunity', 'developed', 'against', 'account', 'asian', 'pandemic', 'unlike', 'theh1n1', 'virus', 'behind', 'spanish', 'pandemic', 'viruswas', 'aggressive', 'towards', 'people', 'above', 'swine', 'pandemic', 'spring', 'strain', 'ah1n1', 'influenza', 'virus', 'emerged', 'leading', 'swine', 'flupandemic', 'spanish', 'which', 'caused', 'adifferent', 'strain', 'virus', 'swine', 'pandemicwas', 'deadly', 'against', 'people', 'below', 'years', 'acquired', 'immunity', 'older', 'people', 'account', 'previousexposure', 'virus', 'believed', 'thereasons', 'centers', 'disease', 'control', 'andprevention', 'estimate', 'there', 'than43', 'million', 'cases', 'hospitalizations', 'deathsin', 'alone', 'virus', 'while', 'worldwide', 'tally', 'offatalities', 'stands', 'above', 'different', 'stages', 'covid', 'outbreakaccording', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'regardedas', 'having', 'classes', 'transmission', 'remainconsistent', 'throughout', 'world', 'facilitate', 'better', 'munication', 'understanding', 'amongst', 'countries', 'categorization', 'makes', 'simpler', 'other', 'countries', 'toenforce', 'policies', 'which', 'think', 'would', 'assist', 'preventingthe', 'outbreak', 'example', 'imposing', 'travel', 'shuttingdown', 'schools', 'colleges', 'enforcing', 'partial', 'completelockdown', 'better', 'understanding', 'portrayed', 'thewho', 'transmission', 'classes', 'different', 'stages', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'keeping', 'several', 'media', 'reports', 'theonset', 'different', 'stages', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'fourcountries', 'namely', 'china', 'spain', 'italy', 'havebeen', 'mapped', 'stage', 'imported', 'cases', 'onlythe', 'first', 'stage', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'particularnation', 'characterized', 'first', 'reported', 'incident', 'covid', 'stage', 'disease', 'doesnot', 'spread', 'locally', 'infection', 'usually', 'limited', 'thepeople', 'travel', 'history', 'already', 'affected', 'region', 'stage', 'sporadic', 'cases', 'local', 'transmissionthe', 'second', 'stage', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'occurs', 'whenthere', 'sporadic', 'cases', 'disease', 'country', 'happens', 'people', 'already', 'infected', 'thedisease', 'spread', 'people', 'contact', 'usually', 'immediate', 'family', 'members', 'friends', 'colleagues', 'stage', 'possible', 'perform', 'contact', 'tracing', 'andlimit', 'spread', 'disease', 'quarantining', 'infectedpeople', '90230', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemicfigure', 'countries', 'lockdown', 'april', 'source', 'media', 'reports', 'stage', 'clusters', 'casesthe', 'third', 'stage', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'country', 'ismarked', 'presence', 'several', 'clusters', 'covid', '19cases', 'disease', 'causing', 'virus', 'starts', 'circulatingwithin', 'geographic', 'location', 'infects', 'individuals', 'haveneither', 'history', 'travel', 'contact', 'someone', 'stage', 'becomes', 'trace', 'source', 'virustransmission', 'geographical', 'lockdown', 'becomes', 'highlynecessary', 'prevent', 'outbreak', 'reaching', 'stage', 'stage', 'community', 'transmissionthe', 'fourth', 'stage', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'associated', 'community', 'transmission', 'largeroutbreaks', 'local', 'transmission', 'country', 'leading', 'anextremely', 'number', 'reported', 'incidents', 'deaths', 'stage', 'outbreak', 'control', 'findinga', 'vaccine', 'mitigate', 'impact', 'thedisease', 'countries', 'turkey', 'canada', 'arecurrently', 'fourth', 'stage', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'impact', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'theglobal', 'economyowing', 'concrete', 'treatment', 'strategy', 'socialdistancing', 'identified', 'possible', 'defensestrategy', 'against', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'thiswriting', 'however', 'social', 'distancing', 'promptedgovernments', 'around', 'world', 'impose', 'lockdowns', 'referto', 'which', 'marked', 'globaleconomy', 'essential', 'services', 'forced', 'shutdown', 'causing', 'virtually', 'industrial', 'sectors', 'nificant', 'disruptions', 'supply', 'chain', 'refer', 'table', 'consequently', 'putting', 'billions', 'people', 'losingtheir', 'furthermore', 'rapid', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'hasforced', 'governments', 'restrict', 'trade', 'majority', 'goodsacross', 'country', 'borders', 'leaving', 'international', 'trade', 'flows', 'onthe', 'verge', 'collapse', 'according', 'projections', 'forthby', 'jpmorgan', 'chase', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'hasthe', 'potential', 'paralyze', 'global', 'economy', 'mated', 'trillion', 'dollars', 'next18', 'months', 'section', 'analyze', 'impactof', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'overall', 'economy', 'oughly', 'dissecting', 'impact', 'different', 'economic', 'sectors', 'automotive', 'industrythe', 'automotive', 'industry', 'major', 'disruptions', 'duction', 'stringent', 'lockdown', 'measures', 'enforced', 'countries', 'worldwide', 'effort', 'contain', 'pandemic', 'social', 'distancing', 'enforced', 'people', 'required', 'tostay', 'their', 'homes', 'usage', 'automobiles', 'including', 'bothpublic', 'private', 'transport', 'declined', 'across', 'world', 'theonly', 'automobiles', 'currently', 'vehicles', 'associatedwith', 'essential', 'services', 'relevant', 'statistics', 'china', 'automobile', 'industry', 'insales', 'sales', 'january', 'despite', 'containment', 'efforts', 'number', 'escalated', 'february', 'which', 'biggest', 'everyoy', 'experienced', 'chinese', 'automotive', 'indus', 'march', 'sales', 'passenger', 'vehicles', 'andcommercial', 'vehicles', 'india', 'decline', 'andvolume', '90231v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemictable', 'industries', 'hardest', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'respectively', 'dealers', 'forced', 'downtheir', 'showrooms', 'following', 'government', 'stipulations', 'tolimit', 'spread', 'covid', 'according', 'european', 'automobile', 'manufacturersassociation', 'combined', 'production', 'lossesin', 'european', 'union', 'united', 'amount', 'million', 'vehicles', 'april', 'additionally', 'employment', 'morethan', 'million', 'people', 'adversely', 'affected', 'dueto', 'factory', 'shutdowns', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'forced', 'major', 'automakers', 'including', 'general', 'motors', 'others', 'suspend', 'their', 'production', 'activi', 'according', 'estimates', 'published', 'thealliance', 'automotive', 'innovation', 'march', 'automobile', 'production', 'plants', 'forced', 'toclose', 'following', 'covid', 'break', 'aviation', 'industrythe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'massive', 'impact', 'theaviation', 'industry', 'affected', 'countries', 'which', 'includes', 'almostall', 'nations', 'forced', 'impose', 'travel', 'bothinternational', 'domestic', 'passenger', 'flights', 'activeairways', 'include', 'critical', 'supply', 'routes', 'support', 'cargo', 'andfreight', 'aircraft', 'relevant', 'statistics', 'recent', 'report', 'published', 'internationalair', 'transport', 'association', 'global', 'traveldemand', 'increased', 'january', 'which', 'lowest', 'increase', 'registered', 'lastdecade', 'major', 'disruption', 'travel', 'demand', 'however', 'recorded', 'between', 'march', 'reported', 'number', 'operational', 'flights', 'meted', 'sharp', 'decline', 'flightsreported', 'period', 'according', 'recent', 'estimates', 'airlineindustry', 'track', 'dollars', 'revenues', 'globally', 'following', 'thecovid', 'crisis', 'airline', 'services', 'currently', 'stalled', 'demand', 'forthe', 'purchase', 'aircraft', 'dropped', 'totalnumber', 'aircraft', 'orders', 'decreased', 'in2018', 'tourism', 'industrythe', 'tourism', 'industry', 'worst', 'affectedindustries', 'following', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'revenuesgenerated', 'tourism', 'sector', 'account', 'theworld', 'therefore', 'adversity', 'faced', 'tourismsector', 'potential', 'global', 'economy', 'severely', 'relevant', 'statistics', 'according', 'world', 'travel', 'tourism', 'estimations', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'couldlead', 'layoff', 'about', 'million', 'people', 'associatedwith', 'tourism', 'industry', 'worldwide', 'figures', 'issued', 'united', 'nations', 'worldtourism', 'organisation', 'unwto', 'international', 'visitorarrivals', 'could', 'which', 'responds', 'billion', 'dollars', 'ininternational', 'tourism', 'receipts', 'industrythe', 'shutdown', 'international', 'domestic', 'passenger', 'craft', 'across', 'world', 'resulted', 'drastic', 'decline', 'theconsumption', 'aviation', 'similarly', 'ground', 'allnon', 'essential', 'traffic', 'remains', 'stalled', 'causing', 'sharp', 'declinein', 'global', 'demand', 'relevant', 'statistics', 'china', 'demand', 'crude', 'fallen', 'around3', 'million', 'barrels', 'which', 'corresponds', 'thetotal', 'consumption', '90232', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'brent', 'crude', 'benchmark', 'collapsed', 'inthe', 'first', 'quarter', 'while', 'texas', 'intermedi', 'benchmark', 'recorded', 'prices', 'plummeting', 'nearly', 'dollars', 'boththese', 'benchmarks', 'recorded', 'their', 'worst', 'quarterin', 'history', 'construction', 'industryconstruction', 'firms', 'likely', 'severe', 'disruptions', 'anddelays', 'current', 'projects', 'account', 'covid', 'demic', 'majority', 'workforce', 'being', 'unable', 'towork', 'result', 'stringent', 'quarantine', 'guidelines', 'mostconstruction', 'firms', 'required', 'cease', 'essentialoperations', 'until', 'outbreak', 'contained', 'likelyresult', 'large', 'scale', 'scheduling', 'existing', 'projects', 'which', 'might', 'severe', 'losses', 'industry', 'relevant', 'statistics', 'within', 'first', 'months', 'fixed', 'assetinvestment', 'china', 'dropped', 'while', 'realestate', 'development', 'dropped', 'widespread', 'impact', 'covid', 'outbreakon', 'construction', 'sector', 'china', 'other', 'leadingeconomies', 'prompted', 'globaldata3to', 'update', 'construction', 'growth', 'industryin', 'comparison', 'other', 'sectors', 'impact', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'severe', 'industry', 'recog', 'nition', 'essential', 'commodity', 'allowed', 'supplychains', 'associated', 'products', 'remain', 'operational', 'agriculture', 'organization', 'united', 'nations', 'packaged', 'demand', 'risensignificantly', 'months', 'following', 'covid', 'break', 'however', 'thatthe', 'industry', 'affected', 'while', 'supply', 'chainsfor', 'essential', 'items', 'restaurants', 'cafes', 'andother', 'luxury', 'service', 'providers', 'forced', 'shutdown', 'furthermore', 'several', 'grocery', 'store', 'owners', 'andsupermarkets', 'often', 'finding', 'themselves', 'unable', 'therising', 'demands', 'owing', 'panic', 'buying', 'stocking', 'offood', 'supplies', 'masses', 'healthcare', 'medical', 'industrythe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'devastating', 'effect', 'thehealthcare', 'systems', 'across', 'world', 'while', 'industrialsectors', 'economically', 'affected', 'tivity', 'caused', 'result', 'lockdown', 'measures', 'travelbans', 'healthcare', 'industry', 'witnessing', 'fromstagnation', 'hospitals', 'across', 'world', 'currently', 'facinga', 'shortage', 'ventilators', 'intensive', 'units', 'andpersonal', 'protective', 'equipment', 'required', 'manage', 'thecovid', 'patients', 'healthcare', 'systems', 'most3a', 'analytics', 'consulting', 'companydeveloped', 'countries', 'world', 'brink', 'lapse', 'exponentially', 'increasing', 'number', 'covid', 'patients', 'telecommunications', 'industrythe', 'impact', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'telecom', 'munications', 'industry', 'sporadic', 'various', 'telecom', 'munication', 'service', 'providers', 'internet', 'serviceproviders', 'reported', 'witnessing', 'massive', 'increasein', 'traffic', 'large', 'scale', 'consumption', 'network', 'width', 'attributed', 'governments', 'lockdownefforts', 'which', 'forced', 'educational', 'institutions', 'useonline', 'platforms', 'teaching', 'companies', 'allow', 'theiremployees', 'however', 'covid', 'demic', 'telecommunications', 'sector', 'unscathed', 'other', 'industrial', 'companies', 'majority', 'recorded', 'massive', 'their', 'share', 'prices', 'overthe', 'months', 'globaldata', 'share', 'price', 'analysisof', 'worldwide', 'revealed', 'thatshare', 'prices', 'telecom', 'behemoths', 'china', 'telecom', 'telefonica', 'plummeted', 'between', 'march', 'large', 'scale', 'implications', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'onthe', 'global', 'economy', 'attributed', 'substandard', 'responsesystem', 'adopted', 'following', 'initial', 'outbreak', 'although', 'theresponse', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'nized', 'response', 'previous', 'epidemics', 'pandemics', 'issues', 'current', 'epidemic', 'pandemic', 'response', 'remain', 'table', 'lists', 'underlying', 'issues', 'thecurrent', 'response', 'along', 'learning', 'points', 'futurepublic', 'health', 'emergency', 'management', 'these', 'lessons', 'arevery', 'relevant', 'other', 'health', 'crises', 'casethere', 'second', 'third', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'inthe', 'future', 'diagnostic', 'testing', 'covid', '19given', 'significant', 'spurt', 'covid', 'cases', 'across', 'theworld', 'months', 'carefully', 'devised', 'strategyfor', 'reliable', 'diagnosis', 'onsetof', 'stage', 'stage', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'hasprompted', 'majority', 'countries', 'worldwide', 'extendtheir', 'scope', 'testing', 'beyond', 'individuals', 'foreign', 'travelhistory', 'however', 'insufficient', 'number', 'large', 'scale', 'testing', 'covid', 'infeasible', 'furthermore', 'inability', 'distinguish', 'symptoms', 'ofcovid', 'symptoms', 'common', 'itdifficult', 'governments', 'across', 'world', 'determine', 'fixedcriteria', 'required', 'carry', 'hasissued', 'priority', 'based', 'testing', 'criteria', 'guide', 'evaluationof', 'covid', 'cases', 'criteria', 'assign', 'highest', 'priorityto', 'healthcare', 'workers', 'hospitalized', 'patients', 'showing', 'covid', 'infection', 'while', 'symptomatic', 'patients', 'above', 'having', 'existing', 'medical', 'conditions', 'given', 'second', 'priority', 'entire', 'guidelines', 'forthe', 'testing', 'criteria', 'listed', 'official', 'website', 'ofthe', 'volume', '90233v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemictable', 'lessons', 'drawn', 'current', 'response', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'contact', 'tracingcontact', 'tracing', 'refers', 'process', 'identifying', 'peoplewith', 'history', 'exposure', 'infected', 'individuals', 'tively', 'incubation', 'period', 'associated', 'covid', '19and', 'absence', 'large', 'scale', 'testing', 'extremelychallenging', 'authorities', 'identify', 'actual', 'numberof', 'infected', 'patients', 'leaves', 'process', 'contact', 'viable', 'option', 'according', 'process', 'contact', 'tracing', 'involves', 'three', 'steps', 'identifying', 'individuals', 'history', 'contact', 'aninfected', 'person', 'recording', 'details', 'those', 'individuals', 'getting', 'those', 'individuals', 'tested', 'possible', 'adopting', 'process', 'contact', 'tracing', 'particularlyadvantageous', 'countries', 'currently', 'first', 'andthe', 'second', 'stage', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'clinical', 'tests', 'covid', 'detectiondeveloping', 'accurate', 'reliable', 'tests', 'diagnosesars', 'infection', 'individuals', 'essential', 'itsrapid', 'transmission', 'currently', 'available', 'covid', 'testscan', 'broadly', 'classified', 'types', 'molecular', 'teststhe', 'recommended', 'nucleic', 'amplificationtest', 'emerged', 'popular', 'detect', 'active', 'infection', 'these', 'tests', 'involvethe', 'nasopharyngeal', 'technique', 'wherein', 'asample', 'comprising', 'mixture', 'mucus', 'saliva', 'obtainedfrom', 'throat', 'upper', 'respiratory', 'tract', 'usinga', 'cotton', 'kindly', 'refer', 'table', 'details', 'othertypes', 'sample', 'collection', 'techniques', 'however', 'casethe', 'person', 'being', 'tested', 'suffering', 'severe', 'respiratoryailments', 'recommends', 'obtaining', 'specimens', 'fromhis', 'lower', 'respiratory', 'tract', 'these', 'samplesare', 'brought', 'specialized', 'laboratory', 'where', 'areassessed', 'detecting', 'presence', 'viral', 'using', 'areal', 'reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'onlyconfirmed', 'identifies', 'either', 'presence', 'discriminatory', 'targets', 'thesars', 'genome', 'which', 'preferablyexplicit', 'presence', 'betacoronavirus', 'followed', 'tification', 'using', 'partial', 'completesequencing', 'virus', 'genome', 'target', 'sequenceshould', 'larger', 'amplicon', 'which', 'naatassay', 'viral', 'genes', 'being', 'targeted', 'nucleic', 'ampli', 'fication', 'tests', 'naats', 'genes', 'identification', 'single', 'generatesthe', 'repeat', 'patient', 'subsequenttests', 'recommends', 'using', 'different', 'specimen', 'andtarget', 'sequence', 'initial', '90234', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemictable', 'various', 'techniques', 'coronavirus', 'sample', 'collection', 'table', 'covid', 'candidate', 'vaccines', 'clinical', 'evaluations', 'while', 'naats', 'sensitivity', 'positive', 'andspecificity', 'negative', 'their', 'drawbacks', 'thatthey', 'diagnose', 'current', 'cases', 'infection', 'theydo', 'provide', 'insights', 'whether', 'someone', 'theinfection', 'earlier', 'serological', 'testsunlike', 'molecular', 'tests', 'detect', 'presence', 'virusitself', 'serological', 'tests', 'detect', 'existence', 'ofantibodies', 'bloodstream', 'person', 'being', 'tested', 'antibodies', 'proteins', 'formed', 'white', 'blood', 'cells', 'tocombat', 'specific', 'antigen', 'enabling', 'healthcare', 'experts', 'toidentify', 'individuals', 'developed', 'immune', 'responseto', 'infection', 'serological', 'tests', 'potential', 'amassive', 'fight', 'against', 'covid', 'however', 'serological', 'tests', 'significant', 'shortcoming', 'theydo', 'ability', 'detect', 'disease', 'during', 'earlydays', 'still', 'building', 'antibodies', 'against', 'theinfection', 'treatmentcovid', 'caused', 'novel', 'theworld', 'unprecedented', 'state', 'severe', 'disarray', 'thetime', 'writing', 'definitive', 'treatment', 'preventive', 'vaccineexists', 'coronavirus', 'treatment', 'covid', 'mostly', 'symptomatic', 'treatment', 'admin', 'istered', 'depends', 'specific', 'symptoms', 'exhibited', 'thepatient', 'cases', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'classifiedas', 'patients', 'recovering', 'their', 'without', 'theneed', 'supportive', 'therefore', 'recommended', 'thatpatients', 'covid', 'symptoms', 'managed', 'homevolume', '90235v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemicto', 'avoid', 'placing', 'additional', 'strain', 'already', 'stressed', 'outhealth', 'systems', 'however', 'severe', 'critical', 'cases', 'covid', 'require', 'hospitalization', 'patients', 'experiencinghypoxemia4', 'require', 'provision', 'additional', 'oxygenvia', 'masks', 'ventilators', 'infections', 'occur', 'result', 'weakened', 'immune', 'system', 'virus', 'treated', 'necessary', 'antibiotics', 'antifungals', 'acase', 'basis', 'virus', 'affect', 'thekidney', 'renal', 'replacement', 'therapy', 'might', 'requiredin', 'cases', 'patients', 'diagnosed', 'thedisease', 'under', 'strict', 'isolation', 'irrespective', 'ofthe', 'severity', 'symptoms', 'order', 'prevent', 'furthertransmission', 'while', 'definitive', 'antiviral', 'medicine', 'preventive', 'available', 'various', 'attemptsare', 'being', 'available', 'commercial', 'assoon', 'possible', 'following', 'subsections', 'address', 'theefforts', 'being', 'produce', 'potent', 'vaccines', 'drugs', 'forcovid', 'treatment', 'vaccine', 'developmentdeveloping', 'vaccines', 'viral', 'diseases', 'particularly', 'lenging', 'owing', 'their', 'capability', 'mutate', 'another', 'nevertheless', 'development', 'reliable', 'potent', 'vaccinations', 'viable', 'bringingthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'following', 'outbreak', 'various', 'medical', 'organizations', 'independent', 'laboratories', 'andscientists', 'attempting', 'create', 'vaccine', 'thesars', 'according', 'april', 'around', 'candidate', 'vaccines', 'clinical', 'stage', 'while', 'already', 'entered', 'clinical', 'evaluations', 'referto', 'significant', 'efforts', 'beingmade', 'direction', 'covid', 'vaccine', 'development', 'areas', 'follows', 'moderna', '1273moderna', 'based', 'biotech', 'company', 'forth', 'avaccine', 'candidate', 'collaboration', 'national', 'insti', 'allergy', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'niaid', 'moderna', 'sapproach', 'based', 'injection', 'genetic', 'ofthe', 'virus', 'genome', 'human', 'cells', 'allow', 'generateproteins', 'required', 'combat', 'virus', 'unlike', 'methodsadopted', 'conventional', 'vaccines', 'approach', 'notrequire', 'growing', 'large', 'numbers', 'virus', 'althoughthis', 'vaccine', 'entered', 'first', 'phase', 'clinical', 'trials', 'march', 'commercial', 'release', 'expected', 'morethan', 'cansino', 'ncovanother', 'candidate', 'vaccine', 'undergoing', 'clinical', 'uations', 'adenovirus', 'vector', 'based', 'recombinantcovid', 'vaccine', 'developed', 'cansinobiological', 'association', 'beijing', 'institute', 'oftechnology', 'replicating', 'viral4a', 'level', 'arterial', 'oxygen', 'supplyfigure', 'covid', 'preventive', 'measures', 'vector', 'platform', 'their', 'vaccine', 'ebola', 'vaccine', 'relies', 'ovirus', 'vector', 'stimulate', 'immune', 'responses', 'workagainst', 'disease', 'given', 'positive', 'response', 'recorded', 'inthe', 'first', 'phase', 'clinical', 'trials', 'cansino', 'might', 'anexpedited', 'phase', 'clinical', 'trial', 'pittcovacc', 'pittsburgh', 'coronavirus', 'vaccine', 'researchers', 'university', 'pittsburgh', 'school', 'ofmedicine', 'recently', 'developed', 'vaccine', 'against', 'thesars', 'named', 'pittcovacc', 'unlike', 'mrnavaccine', 'candidate', 'developed', 'moderna', 'pittcovacc', 'adoptsthe', 'conventional', 'method', 'building', 'immunity', 'usinglaboratory', 'generated', 'pieces', 'viral', 'protein', 'preliminarytests', 'conducted', 'revealed', 'pittcovacc', 'triggeredthe', 'development', 'large', 'number', 'antibodies', 'againstsars', 'within', 'weeks', 'being', 'administered', 'pending', 'approval', 'phase', 'clinical', 'trials', 'thisvaccine', 'slated', 'commence', 'johnson', 'johnson', 'covid', 'vaccinehealthcare', 'conglomerate', 'johnson', 'johnson', 'thebiomedical', 'advanced', 'research', 'development', 'authority', 'barda', 'subdivision', 'department', 'health', 'andhuman', 'services', 'pledged', 'collectively', 'investmore', 'billion', 'dollars', 'covid', 'cines', 'march', 'johnson', 'johnson', 'declared', 'thatit', 'identified', 'candidate', 'vaccine', 'after', 'three', 'monthsof', 'comprehensive', 'research', 'several', 'vaccine', 'candidates', 'incollaboration', 'israel', 'deaconess', 'medical', 'center', '90236', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemictable', 'promising', 'candidate', 'drugs', 'treatment', 'covid', 'division', 'harvard', 'medical', 'school', 'johnson', 'johnsonplans', 'launch', 'clinical', 'trials', 'candidate', 'vaccineby', 'september', 'latest', 'multiple', 'efforts', 'cepithe', 'coalition', 'epidemic', 'preparedness', 'innovations', 'norway', 'based', 'foundation', 'established', 'expeditethe', 'development', 'vaccines', 'against', 'emerging', 'infectiousdiseases', 'initiated', 'collaborations', 'several', 'organiza', 'tions', 'institutes', 'across', 'world', 'developmentof', 'effective', 'vaccines', 'against', 'andglaxosmithkline', 'announced', 'partnership', 'february', 'which', 'existingadjuvant', 'technology', 'available', 'febru', 'struck', 'partnership', 'internationalvaccine', 'institute', 'international', 'organization', 'based', 'inthe', 'republic', 'korea', 'which', 'shares', 'vision', 'covid', '19free', 'world', 'under', 'terms', 'partnership', 'iviwill', 'render', 'technical', 'expertise', 'sponsoredprojects', 'exchange', 'which', 'receive', 'funding', 'fromthe', 'addition', 'partnership', 'efforts', 'cepihas', 'pledged', 'initial', 'funding', 'various', 'institutes', 'including', 'theuniversity', 'queensland', 'university', 'university', 'oxford', 'pasteur', 'institute', 'acceleratethe', 'development', 'effective', 'vaccines', 'against', 'invested', 'million', 'usdollars', 'various', 'covid', 'vaccines', 'although', 'researchers', 'around', 'world', 'making', 'deter', 'mined', 'attempts', 'vaccine', 'extirpationof', 'covid', 'imminent', 'arrival', 'effective', 'seems', 'implausible', 'reasons', 'arementioned', 'below', 'coronavirus', 'outbreaks', 'namely', 'sarsand', 'observed', 'vaccine', 'wasadministered', 'individual', 'there', 'suddenincrease', 'immune', 'response', 'cytokine', 'bursts', 'cytokine', 'bursts', 'often', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'distresssyndrome', 'which', 'considered', 'leadingcause', 'death', 'covid', 'patients', 'avoid', 'suchcomplications', 'ensure', 'vaccines', 'currentlyin', 'development', 'prove', 'counter', 'effective', 'later', 'necessary', 'certify', 'these', 'vaccines', 'goodsafety', 'profile', 'sometimes', 'single', 'vaccine', 'sufficient', 'todevelop', 'sufficient', 'antibodies', 'example', 'hepatitisb', 'vaccine', 'given', 'doses', 'months', 'apart', 'identified', 'scale', 'production', 'ofthe', 'covid', 'vaccine', 'world', 'requirements', 'isanticipated', 'adding', 'multipledoses', 'across', 'several', 'months', 'required', 'takean', 'longer', 'before', 'vaccines', 'forbringing', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'potential', 'drugs', 'treatmentmany', 'pharmaceutical', 'companies', 'potentialdrugs', 'solutions', 'treat', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'while', 'nodrug', 'globally', 'approved', 'several', 'these', 'drugsare', 'being', 'tried', 'various', 'phases', 'ofclinical', 'trials', 'refer', 'table', 'april', 'morethan', 'clinical', 'trials', 'worldwide', 'listed', 'sinternational', 'clinical', 'trials', 'registry', 'platform', 'ictrp', 'among', 'drugs', 'being', 'tested', 'remdesivir', 'hydroxychloro', 'quine', 'arbidol', 'shown', 'immense', 'promise', 'arealready', 'undergoing', 'clinical', 'trials', 'several', 'hospitals', 'acrossthe', 'world', 'earlier', 'arbidol', 'shownto', 'promising', 'results', 'against', 'pathogens', 'thesars', 'virus', 'cellular', 'models', 'provento', 'effective', 'against', 'influenza', 'viruses', 'wellas', 'hepatitis', 'virus', 'volume', '90237v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemicanother', 'emerged', 'candidate', 'treat', 'thecovid', 'shuang', 'huang', 'knowntraditional', 'chinese', 'treat', 'various', 'bacterial', 'andviral', 'infections', 'chinese', 'researchers', 'reported', 'shloral', 'liquid', 'inhibitory', 'properties', 'against', 'virus', 'presence', 'baicalin', 'chlorogenic', 'forsythin', 'which', 'known', 'inhibitory', 'effectsagainst', 'multiple', 'pathogenic', 'viruses', 'impor', 'however', 'currently', 'there', 'conclusiveevidence', 'backing', 'liquid', 'treatmentfor', 'covid', 'although', 'various', 'attempts', 'being', 'developefficient', 'treatment', 'strategies', 'against', 'covid', 'mercially', 'viable', 'vaccine', 'might', 'possible', 'leastanother', 'therefore', 'disease', 'fromspreading', 'further', 'limit', 'exposure', 'infectedindividuals', 'infected', 'individuals', 'following', 'section', 'discuss', 'various', 'preventive', 'measures', 'suggested', 'thewho', 'against', 'covid', 'preventive', 'measuresas', 'world', 'continues', 'suffer', 'covid', 'healthcrisis', 'essential', 'follow', 'effective', 'preventive', 'measures', 'minimize', 'likelihood', 'becoming', 'anothercasualty', 'individuals', 'communities', 'comply', 'thepractices', 'mentioned', 'below', 'world', 'witness', 'tened', 'covid', 'curve', 'flattening', 'curve', 'implies', 'bringingdown', 'spread', 'covid', 'extent', 'where', 'avail', 'healthcare', 'facilities', 'sufficiently', 'handle', 'impact', 'ofthe', 'disease', 'clean', 'hands', 'frequently', 'alcohol', 'based', 'handsanitizer', 'thoroughly', 'water', 'practice', 'social', 'distancing', 'yourself', 'adistance', 'least', 'meter', 'others', 'unless', 'absolutely', 'necessary', 'individuals', 'above', 'people', 'underlying', 'health', 'ditions', 'pregnant', 'women', 'especially', 'advised', 'tostay', 'social', 'interactions', 'avoid', 'touching', 'mouth', 'withoutthoroughly', 'cleansing', 'hands', 'frequently', 'touched', 'surfaces', 'doorknobs', 'desks', 'phones', 'light', 'switches', 'laptops', 'should', 'routinelydisinfected', 'cover', 'coughs', 'sneezes', 'cloth', 'handkerchief', 'tissue', 'these', 'readily', 'available', 'cough', 'sneezing', 'elbow', 'advisable', 'advisable', 'masks', 'around', 'other', 'people', 'should', 'taken', 'ensure', 'their', 'proper', 'posal', 'rapid', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'placed', 'sincereemphasis', 'follow', 'practices', 'daily', 'washing', 'hands', 'taking', 'regular', 'baths', 'improving', 'eatinghabits', 'important', 'goodhygiene', 'practices', 'eating', 'habits', 'should', 'followed', 'notjust', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'after', 'emerging', 'technologies', 'mitigating', 'theimpact', 'covid', 'pandemicas', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'continues', 'onslaught', 'across', 'theglobe', 'world', 'reeling', 'under', 'weight', 'crashingeconomies', 'piling', 'casualties', 'unfortunately', 'billions', 'ofpeople', 'still', 'under', 'constant', 'threat', 'infection', 'thesituation', 'likely', 'better', 'coming', 'multitude', 'technological', 'approaches', 'emerging', 'todeal', 'impacts', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'amongthem', 'digital', 'technologies', 'including', 'blockchain', 'generation', 'telecommunication', 'networks', 'forefront', 'according', 'whoand', 'digital', 'technologies', 'essentialrole', 'improving', 'public', 'health', 'response', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'following', 'sections', 'explore', 'theefficacy', 'aforementioned', 'technologies', 'allaying', 'thedisastrous', 'impacts', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'iomtthe', 'internet', 'medical', 'things', 'referred', 'asthe', 'healthcare', 'amalgamation', 'medical', 'devicesand', 'software', 'applications', 'offering', 'extensive', 'healthcare', 'vices', 'connected', 'healthcare', 'systems', 'referto', 'recent', 'times', 'haswitnessed', 'surge', 'number', 'potential', 'applica', 'tions', 'surge', 'attributed', 'anincreasing', 'number', 'mobile', 'devices', 'equipped', 'withnear', 'field', 'communication', 'readers', 'allow', 'thesedevices', 'interact', 'systems', 'applications', 'ofiomt', 'include', 'monitoring', 'patients', 'remote', 'tracking', 'medication', 'orders', 'using', 'wearablesto', 'transmit', 'health', 'information', 'concerned', 'health', 'careprofessionals', 'owing', 'their', 'ability', 'collect', 'analyze', 'transmithealth', 'efficiently', 'health', 'sector', 'realized', 'thetransformative', 'potential', 'technologies', 'ongoing', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'several', 'innovators', 'medical', 'organizations', 'government', 'bodies', 'lookingto', 'leverage', 'tools', 'order', 'reduce', 'burden', 'thehealthcare', 'systems', 'following', 'sections', 'explorevarious', 'technologies', 'sizablecontribution', 'monitoring', 'consequently', 'managing', 'theimpact', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'smart', 'thermometerseight', 'years', 'health', 'technology', 'company', 'namedkinsa', 'launched', 'internet', 'connected', 'thermometers', 'toscreen', 'people', 'fevers', 'although', 'these', 'thermometerswere', 'initially', 'developed', 'track', 'common', 'nevertheless', 'proving', 'highly', 'useful', 'identifying', 'thepotential', 'covid', 'clusters', 'throughout', 'followingthe', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'kinsa', 'health', 'deployed', 'morethan', 'million', 'smart', 'thermometers', 'households', 'variouscities', 'these', 'thermometers', 'linked', 'mobileapplication', 'which', 'allows', 'transmit', 'their', 'readingsto', 'company', 'immediately', 'received', 'is90238', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemicfigure', 'assimilated', 'kinsa', 'generate', 'daily', 'showing', 'whichof', 'regions', 'witnessing', 'increase', 'fevers', 'thereby', 'allowing', 'authorities', 'identify', 'potentialhotspots', 'years', 'kinsa', 'interactive', 'haveproven', 'highly', 'accurate', 'timely', 'prediction', 'thespread', 'around', 'outdoing', 'officialapp', 'terms', 'promptness', 'prediction', 'buttonsto', 'maintain', 'cleaning', 'standards', 'limit', 'numberof', 'hospital', 'acquired', 'infections', 'several', 'hospitals', 'invancouver', 'installed', 'battery', 'operated', 'buttons', 'these', 'buttons', 'named', 'wanda', 'quicktouch', 'designed', 'forrapid', 'deployment', 'facility', 'irrespective', 'their', 'order', 'issue', 'prompt', 'alerts', 'management', 'warningthem', 'sanitation', 'maintenance', 'issue', 'arisk', 'public', 'safety', 'remarkable', 'feature', 'these', 'buttons', 'istheir', 'independence', 'external', 'infrastructure', 'their', 'abilityto', 'stick', 'given', 'surface', 'telemedicinethe', 'practice', 'using', 'technologies', 'facilitate', 'remotepatient', 'monitoring', 'called', 'telemedicine', 'knownas', 'telehealth', 'practice', 'allows', 'clinicians', 'evaluate', 'diagnose', 'treat', 'patients', 'without', 'needing', 'physi', 'interaction', 'following', 'outbreakof', 'highly', 'contagious', 'covid', 'several', 'techand', 'telemedicine', 'platforms', 'faced', 'rapid', 'surge', 'intraffic', 'recently', 'health', 'commerce', 'platform', 'forhealthcare', 'solutions', 'reported', 'witnessing', 'considerablerise', 'demand', 'online', 'consultations', 'since', 'outbreakof', 'covid', 'office', 'civilrights', 'centers', 'medicare', 'medicaidservices', 'waived', 'certain', 'medicare', 'rules', 'forallowing', 'doctors', 'provide', 'their', 'patients', 'remote', 'expertise', 'telehealth', 'platforms', 'following', 'therelaxations', 'these', 'regulations', 'texas', 'based', 'multinationaltelemedicine', 'company', 'teladoc', 'health', 'reported', 'increase', 'demand', 'telemedicine', 'solutions', 'thissurge', 'demand', 'prompted', 'share', 'prices', 'morethan', 'weeks', 'benefits', 'adopting', 'telehealth', 'techniques', 'beentwofold', 'lessened', 'burden', 'overworkedhospital', 'staff', 'reduced', 'emanation', 'thevirus', 'infected', 'individuals', 'healthcare', 'person', 'mentioned', 'below', 'which', 'telemedicineplatforms', 'being', 'around', 'world', 'manage', 'theimpact', 'covid', 'george', 'washington', 'university', 'hospi', 'adopted', 'several', 'telemedicinestrategies', 'including', 'video', 'consultations', 'webinars', 'provide', 'remote', 'medical', 'expertise', 'toseveral', 'people', 'another', 'university', 'hospital', 'rushuniversity', 'medical', 'center', 'adopted', 'oftelemedicine', 'platforms', 'facilitate', 'demand', 'videoconsultations', 'however', 'health', 'professionals', 'therush', 'university', 'medical', 'center', 'using', 'consul', 'tations', 'provide', 'medical', 'expertise', 'peoplebut', 'screen', 'covid', 'india', 'state', 'governments', 'andhra', 'pradesh', 'andassam', 'rolled', 'telemedicine', 'facilities', 'enableremote', 'interaction', 'potential', 'covid', 'patients', 'withmedical', 'experts', 'israel', 'largest', 'hospital', 'sheba', 'medical', 'center', 'several', 'telehealth', 'technologies', 'monitor12', 'israeli', 'passengers', 'board', 'cruiseship', 'quarantined', 'japan', 'several', 'weeks', 'sheba', 'medical', 'center', 'employed', 'oftelemedicine', 'strategies', 'treat', 'these', 'passengersremotely', 'ensure', 'minimal', 'human', 'contact', 'whiletreating', 'within', 'hospital', 'premises', 'months', 'several', 'telemedicine', 'tools', 'liketelemedicine', 'carts', 'teleconsultation', 'software', 'portabletablets', 'proved', 'their', 'merit', 'fight', 'against', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'however', 'potential', 'oftelemedicine', 'realized', 'existing', 'telemedicineplatforms', 'conjunction', 'other', 'technologiessuch', 'drones', 'robots', 'smart', 'wearables', 'generation5g', 'cellular', 'networks', 'refer', 'consolidation', 'thesetechnologies', 'existing', 'telehealth', 'platforms', 'allow', 'dynamic', 'healthcare', 'ecosystem', 'enable', 'remotemonitoring', 'distant', 'clinical', 'patients', 'mildcases', 'covid', 'range', 'cases', 'presented', 'above', 'indicates', 'thepotential', 'solving', 'unprecedented', 'lenges', 'posed', 'covid', 'however', 'tools', 'discussedabove', 'small', 'subset', 'larger', 'domain', 'isiot', 'sections', 'follow', 'thoroughly', 'dissectfour', 'prominent', 'technologies', 'linked', 'awide', 'ranging', 'impact', 'battle', 'against', 'covid', 'namely', 'drone', 'technology', 'robots', 'wearables', 'drone', 'technologyduring', 'times', 'public', 'health', 'emergency', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'drones', 'offer', 'manyvolume', '90239v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemicfigure', 'various', 'technologies', 'enabling', 'telemedicine', 'advantages', 'ensure', 'minimized', 'humaninteraction', 'reach', 'otherwiseinaccessible', 'areas', 'china', 'first', 'country', 'wrathof', 'covid', 'great', 'drone', 'technology', 'tocounter', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'taking', 'inspiration', 'several', 'countries', 'around', 'world', 'joined', 'forces', 'withnumerous', 'researchers', 'innovators', 'attempt', 'findingenious', 'using', 'drones', 'fight', 'covid', 'referto', 'section', 'explore', 'numerous', 'benefitsthat', 'drones', 'provide', 'terms', 'managing', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'other', 'future', 'outbreak', 'crowd', 'surveillanceto', 'contain', 'spread', 'covid', 'governments', 'aroundthe', 'world', 'taking', 'necessary', 'steps', 'ensure', 'socialdistancing', 'countries', 'around', 'world', 'including', 'china', 'india', 'adopted', 'drone', 'technol', 'crowd', 'surveillance', 'micromulticopter', 'leading', 'industrial', 'drone', 'manufac', 'turer', 'based', 'shenzhen', 'china', 'deployed', 'over100', 'drones', 'several', 'cities', 'china', 'attempt', 'areas', 'observe', 'crowds', 'efficiently', 'drones', 'equipped', 'speakers', 'instruc', 'tions', 'people', 'compliance', 'guidelines', 'issuedby', 'chinese', 'government', 'india', 'global', 'technology', 'solutions', 'company', 'namedcyient', 'provided', 'telangana', 'police', 'unmannedaerial', 'spectrum', 'monitoring', 'technology', 'manage', 'thecovid', 'lockdown', 'drones', 'deployed', 'equippedwith', 'surveillance', 'cameras', 'effectively', 'monitor', 'sitive', 'areas', 'allow', 'police', 'handle', 'anyunwarranted', 'situation', 'promptly', 'public', 'announcementsin', 'addition', 'crowd', 'surveillance', 'drones', 'prove', 'behighly', 'useful', 'broadcasting', 'important', 'information', 'ticularly', 'areas', 'channels', 'communica', 'police', 'authority', 'madrid', 'spain', 'droneequipped', 'loudspeaker', 'inform', 'people', 'guide', 'lines', 'place', 'regarding', 'state', 'emergency', 'wasimposed', 'additionally', 'several', 'other', 'european', 'tries', 'regularly', 'drones', 'public', 'announce', 'ments', 'emploring', 'people', 'practice', 'social', 'distancing', 'normsand', 'taking', 'other', 'necessary', 'precautions', 'limit', 'spread', 'ofthe', 'disease', 'screening', 'massesfollowing', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'several', 'authoritiesin', 'china', 'committed', 'themselves', 'detect', 'covid', 'patientsas', 'possible', 'employed', 'dronesequipped', 'infrared', 'cameras', 'carry', 'large', 'scale', 'perature', 'measurements', 'several', 'residential', 'areas', 'india', 'authorities', 'delhi', 'employedthe', 'multipurpose', 'drone', 'contain', 'spread', 'ofthe', 'covid', 'dubbed', 'corona', 'combat', 'drone', 'isequipped', 'thermal', 'camera', 'screening', 'individuals', '90240', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemicfigure', 'covid', 'impact', 'management', 'night', 'vision', 'camera', 'monitoring', 'crowd', 'portablemedical', 'carrying', 'essential', 'medical', 'supplies', 'speaker', 'making', 'announcements', 'disinfectanttank', 'capacity', 'liters', 'sanitizing', 'publicspaces', 'unlike', 'infrared', 'thermometers', 'temperature', 'person', 'dronecan', 'measure', 'temperature', 'multiple', 'peoplesimultaneously', 'addition', 'these', 'efforts', 'researchers', 'universityof', 'south', 'australia', 'association', 'canada', 'basedcommercial', 'manufacturer', 'draganfly', 'processof', 'developing', 'pandemic', 'drone', 'remotely', 'observe', 'andidentify', 'people', 'infectious', 'respiratory', 'infirmities', 'thesedrones', 'installed', 'specialized', 'sensor', 'puter', 'vision', 'system', 'monitor', 'people', 'temperatureand', 'heart', 'rates', 'these', 'drones', 'expected', 'tohave', 'ability', 'detect', 'people', 'sneezing', 'coughing', 'inpublic', 'spaces', 'successful', 'these', 'drones', 'potentialto', 'revolutionize', 'covid', 'diagnostics', 'early', 'detection', 'ofpotential', 'covid', 'patients', 'spraying', 'disinfectantsin', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'drones', 'usedto', 'enter', 'contaminated', 'regions', 'spray', 'disinfectants', 'thiscan', 'minimize', 'further', 'spread', 'disease', 'whilealso', 'reducing', 'exposure', 'frontline', 'workers', 'virus', 'while', 'china', 'india', 'routinely', 'drones', 'thispractice', 'since', 'onset', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'spainhas', 'become', 'first', 'european', 'country', 'deploy', 'drones', 'forpandemic', 'management', 'spanish', 'military', 'recentlyadopted', 'agricultural', 'drones', 'leadingchinese', 'drone', 'manufacturer', 'spray', 'disinfecting', 'chemicalsover', 'public', 'spaces', 'claims', 'drones', 'havea', 'capacity', 'liters', 'disinfect', 'tenth', 'akilometer', 'delivery', 'medical', 'supplies', 'otheressentialsin', 'september', 'researchers', 'national', 'universityof', 'ireland', 'deliver', 'diabetesmedication', 'galway', 'remote', 'location', 'aranislands', 'first', 'successful', 'beyond', 'visual', 'lineof', 'sight', 'bvlos', 'diabetes', 'drone', 'mission', 'showedthe', 'world', 'drones', 'capability', 'carry', 'medicalsupplies', 'reliably', 'current', 'state', 'crisis', 'tionality', 'prove', 'particularly', 'valuable', 'reduce', 'theburden', 'hospitals', 'health', 'staff', 'drones', 'beused', 'rapid', 'delivery', 'medicines', 'supplies', 'fromvolume', '90241v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemicone', 'medical', 'facility', 'another', 'medical', 'centersto', 'covid', 'patients', 'being', 'cared', 'their', 'homes', 'incase', 'covid', 'example', 'ofthe', 'former', 'china', 'drone', 'movemedical', 'supplies', 'disease', 'control', 'center', 'xinchangcounty', 'people', 'hospital', 'xinchang', 'county', 'withoutexposing', 'humans', 'infection', 'marut', 'drones', 'hyderabad', 'based', 'startup', 'teamof', 'indian', 'institute', 'technology', 'alumni', 'recentlylaunched', 'entire', 'drones', 'combat', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'india', 'company', 'drones', 'sanitizing', 'medicine', 'delivery', 'thermal', 'analysis', 'movement', 'monitoring', 'crowd', 'surveillance', 'arsenal', 'drones', 'combatthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'company', 'claims', 'theirmedical', 'delivery', 'drones', 'equipped', 'obstacle', 'avoidanceand', 'advanced', 'navigation', 'technology', 'cover', 'distanceof', 'kilometers', 'merely', 'minutes', 'thereby', 'ensuring', 'deliveries', 'times', 'faster', 'conventional', 'marut', 'drones', 'already', 'offered', 'dronesto', 'various', 'authorities', 'telangana', 'monitor', 'crowds', 'anddisinfect', 'public', 'places', 'company', 'sestimates', 'their', 'disinfectant', 'drones', 'already', 'disinfectedareas', 'covering', 'pending', 'approvalfrom', 'government', 'india', 'company', 'hopesto', 'deploy', 'delivery', 'drones', 'following', 'devastating', 'impact', 'thecovid', 'various', 'steps', 'being', 'taken', 'different', 'usbodies', 'introduce', 'drone', 'technology', 'country', 'thesmall', 'coalition', 'filed', 'petition', 'expeditedfederal', 'aviation', 'administration', 'approvals', 'allowthe', 'drones', 'delivering', 'medical', 'supplies', 'thermore', 'zipline', 'medical', 'product', 'delivery', 'company', 'planning', 'establish', 'active', 'medical', 'supply', 'deliverynetwork', 'delivering', 'urgent', 'medication', 'directly', 'people', 'sdoorsteps', 'zipline', 'hopes', 'reduce', 'burden', 'delivery', 'sonnel', 'while', 'promoting', 'practice', 'social', 'distancingamong', 'people', 'apart', 'being', 'delivery', 'medical', 'plies', 'drones', 'facilitate', 'delivery', 'groceries', 'nessed', 'parts', 'australia', 'china', 'china', 'commerce', 'giant', 'started', 'usinga', 'drones', 'deliveries', 'essen', 'goods', 'meanwhile', 'google', 'parentcompany', 'alphabet', 'recorded', 'considerable', 'increase', 'inthe', 'number', 'deliveries', 'using', 'autonomous', 'dronedelivery', 'services', 'known', 'challengesdespite', 'numerous', 'benefits', 'provide', 'inresponse', 'health', 'crises', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'drone', 'technology', 'confronted', 'certain', 'lenges', 'limitations', 'integration', 'covid', 'impactresponse', 'system', 'countries', 'limited', 'lackof', 'clear', 'government', 'regulatory', 'policies', 'vulnerabilities', 'drone', 'operations', 'jamming', 'hacking', 'drones', 'attractiveprospect', 'malicious', 'users', 'conduct', 'cyberterrorismand', 'other', 'unlawful', 'activities', 'recent', 'times', 'manylaw', 'enforcement', 'agencies', 'voiced', 'their', 'concernsabout', 'security', 'risks', 'posed', 'drones', 'although', 'considerable', 'strides', 'theadvancement', 'drone', 'technology', 'recent', 'years', 'beyond', 'visible', 'sight', 'bvlos', 'drone', 'opera', 'tions', 'remain', 'somewhat', 'unsafe', 'there', 'growing', 'needfor', 'technological', 'operational', 'guidelines', 'warrantthe', 'operations', 'consequently', 'reaptheir', 'comprehensive', 'societal', 'benefits', 'present', 'several', 'constraints', 'terms', 'capacity', 'which', 'inhibits', 'their', 'capabilityto', 'cover', 'distances', 'multiple', 'deliveries', 'atonce', 'while', 'challenges', 'plague', 'scale', 'dronetechnology', 'great', 'promise', 'holds', 'regards', 'tohealthcare', 'support', 'cannot', 'overlooked', 'manycountries', 'adopted', 'fightagainst', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'governmentauthorities', 'should', 'carefully', 'collect', 'assess', 'regardsto', 'existing', 'projects', 'effort', 'uavresearch', 'development', 'robots', 'autonomous', 'vehiclesmuch', 'drone', 'technology', 'other', 'autonomous', 'technologieslike', 'robots', 'autonomous', 'vehicles', 'greatstrides', 'fight', 'against', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'thissection', 'discuss', 'authorities', 'around', 'world', 'haveemployed', 'these', 'autonomous', 'technologies', 'impact', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'robotsas', 'governments', 'medical', 'organizations', 'around', 'worldstruggle', 'contain', 'spread', 'covid', 'robots', 'arebeing', 'deployed', 'assist', 'treatment', 'patients', 'andconsequently', 'alleviating', 'stress', 'levels', 'healthcareworkers', 'additionally', 'robot', 'controlled', 'noncontact', 'ultra', 'violet', 'surface', 'disinfection', 'methods', 'beingemployed', 'limit', 'transfer', 'disease', 'contami', 'nated', 'surfaces', 'compared', 'practice', 'manual', 'decon', 'tamination', 'which', 'involves', 'deployment', 'cleaning', 'staffand', 'subsequently', 'contracting', 'virus', 'autonomous', 'disinfection', 'robots', 'ensure', 'rapid', 'effectivedisinfection', 'premises', 'little', 'human', 'presented', 'below', 'examples', 'howrobots', 'being', 'hospitals', 'around', 'world', 'incovid', 'impact', 'management', 'india', 'kerala', 'based', 'startup', 'named', 'asimov', 'roboticshas', 'developed', 'three', 'wheeled', 'robot', 'toassist', 'patients', 'residing', 'isolation', 'wards', 'robot', 'iscapable', 'doing', 'tasks', 'serving', 'patients', 'aswell', 'giving', 'medication', 'thereby', 'reducing', 'some90242', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemicburden', 'healthcare', 'workers', 'freeing', 'fromthe', 'contracting', 'infection', 'xenex', 'disinfection', 'services', 'company', 'establishedby', 'hopkins', 'educated', 'epidemiologists', 'hasdeveloped', 'autonomous', 'disinfection', 'robot', 'helplimit', 'number', 'hospital', 'acquired', 'infections', 'xenex', 'asserts', 'their', 'lightstrike', 'zappingrobots', 'potential', 'efficiently', 'obliterate', 'alltypes', 'germs', 'including', 'various', 'types', 'viruses', 'andbacteria', 'xenex', 'reported', 'witnessing', 'surge', 'demand', 'zapping', 'robot', 'especially', 'countries', 'singapore', 'japan', 'southkorea', 'italy', 'danish', 'robotics', 'company', 'robots', 'devel', 'multiple', 'disinfection', 'robots', 'delivered', 'inhospitals', 'around', 'world', 'robots', 'hasdelivered', 'robots', 'several', 'provinces', 'china', 'severalparts', 'healthcare', 'markets', 'europe', 'theunited', 'states', 'these', 'robots', 'powerful', 'light', 'thatcan', 'disinfect', 'surfaces', 'tearing', 'apart', 'strands', 'virus', 'danish', 'company', 'claims', 'their', 'robots', 'canoperate', 'about', 'hours', 'disinfect', 'about', 'orten', 'rooms', 'single', 'charge', 'according', 'leading', 'robotics', 'expert', 'carnegiemellon', 'university', 'addition', 'tasks', 'mentionedabove', 'robots', 'potential', 'execute', 'tasks', 'obtainingnasal', 'samples', 'testing', 'rendering', 'support', 'isolatedpatients', 'developed', 'autonomous', 'vehiclesamid', 'global', 'health', 'crisis', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'could', 'stress', 'existing', 'delivery', 'mecha', 'nisms', 'while', 'mitigating', 'virus', 'transmission', 'china', 'charge', 'autonomous', 'against', 'pandemic', 'writing', 'believed', 'country', 'world', 'deploy', 'avsfor', 'covid', 'impact', 'management', 'beijing', 'headquarteredwhite', 'rhino', 'company', 'alliance', 'unido', 'sinvestment', 'technology', 'promotion', 'office', 'patched', 'autonomous', 'delivery', 'vehicles', 'beijing', 'tothe', 'guanggu', 'field', 'hospital', 'hubei', 'province', 'china', 'these', 'vehicles', 'proved', 'highly', 'useful', 'varietyof', 'tasks', 'delivering', 'medical', 'supplies', 'meals', 'theuse', 'lessened', 'workload', 'overbur', 'dened', 'hospital', 'staff', 'helped', 'limiting', 'ofcross', 'infection', 'wearableswearables', 'communication', 'enhancing', 'devices', 'onthe', 'connected', 'internet', 'source', 'wearablesrange', 'smartwatches', 'apple', 'watch', 'fitness', 'trackerslike', 'fitbit', 'smart', 'headbands', 'dreem', 'personal', 'sensors', 'patches', 'ability', 'monitor', 'people', 'physical', 'health', 'along', 'their', 'stress', 'levels', 'wearables', 'idealtechnology', 'adoption', 'healthcare', 'sector', 'midstof', 'current', 'health', 'crisis', 'various', 'organizations', 'their', 'existing', 'offerings', 'rolled', 'wearables', 'aidin', 'covid', 'impact', 'management', 'these', 'technolo', 'discussed', 'below', 'whoop', 'strap', 'boston', 'based', 'human', 'performance', 'technology', 'start', 'whoop', 'collaborated', 'researchers', 'thecentral', 'queensland', 'university', 'cquniversity', 'australiato', 'examine', 'potential', 'between', 'alterations', 'respiratoryrates', 'covid', 'symptoms', 'primary', 'objectiveof', 'study', 'develop', 'mechanism', 'canidentify', 'covid', 'during', 'incubation', 'period', 'detecting', 'early', 'signs', 'abnormal', 'respiratory', 'behaviorin', 'covid', 'patients', 'reproductive', 'number', 'factor', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'severe', 'early', 'warning', 'system', 'globalproliferation', 'covid', 'association', 'cleveland', 'clinic', 'researchers', 'atcquniversity', 'appleton', 'institute', 'carry', 'studyusing', 'physiological', 'gathered', 'wrist', 'mountedwhoop', 'strap', 'hundreds', 'whoop', 'memberswho', 'identified', 'themselves', 'having', 'covid', 'andvolunteered', 'study', 'discerningany', 'deviation', 'respiratory', 'rates', 'individual', 'theirestablished', 'baseline', 'strap', 'notify', 'individual', 'ofany', 'issues', 'might', 'experience', 'study', 'alsocollect', 'whoop', 'journal', 'recently', 'launchedonline', 'interface', 'accessible', 'members', 'smartphonesthat', 'enables', 'monitor', 'their', 'daily', 'behavior', 'makehealthier', 'lifestyle', 'choices', 'although', 'watches', 'garmin', 'fitbit', 'havethe', 'functionality', 'measure', 'respiratory', 'rates', 'whoopclaims', 'wearable', 'accuracy', 'suring', 'cardiorespiratory', 'variables', 'validated', 'third', 'partystudy', 'estimote', 'workplace', 'level', 'contact', 'tracingwearableestimote', 'start', 'known', 'bluetooth', 'location', 'recently', 'developed', 'wearable', 'devices', 'toenable', 'contact', 'tracing', 'workplace', 'attempt', 'toprovide', 'employees', 'safer', 'workplace', 'environment', 'thiswearable', 'device', 'allows', 'organization', 'leaders', 'monitor', 'thehealth', 'status', 'their', 'employees', 'remotely', 'arecord', 'covid', 'transmission', 'amongst', 'empowers', 'organization', 'leaders', 'diseasespread', 'before', 'spreads', 'rampantly', 'within', 'organizationor', 'outside', 'device', 'turned', 'scans', 'other', 'wearable', 'devices', 'records', 'closeinteractions', 'devices', 'hardware', 'includes', 'location', 'tracker', 'addition', 'bluetooth', 'poweredproximity', 'sensors', 'ultra', 'wideband', 'connectivity', 'built', 'rechargeable', 'battery', 'furthermore', 'every', 'devicehas', 'indicators', 'buttons', 'smartwatch', 'thepurpose', 'these', 'buttons', 'allow', 'employees', 'logvolume', '90243v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemictheir', 'health', 'status', 'example', 'wearer', 'canupdate', 'health', 'status', 'certified', 'healthy', 'symptomatic', 'verified', 'infected', 'wearer', 'updates', 'healthstatus', 'recorded', 'central', 'database', 'stores', 'theinformation', 'weeks', 'there', 'three', 'variants', 'ofthese', 'devices', 'pebble', 'device', 'around', 'theneck', 'wrist', 'version', 'device', 'lifesignals', 'biosensor', 'patcha', 'silicon', 'valley', 'start', 'named', 'lifesignals', 'plans', 'launch', 'anovel', 'biosensor', 'patch', 'leverages', 'cardiovascular', 'toring', 'technique', 'assist', 'early', 'detection', 'covid', 'individual', 'single', 'showerproof', 'lightweightwearable', 'named', 'biosensor', 'patch1ax', 'affixed', 'thechest', 'record', 'temperature', 'person', 'alongwith', 'respiration', 'trace', 'heartrate', 'automatically', 'theuser', 'patch', 'application', 'smartphone', 'enabling', 'their', 'casea', 'person', 'using', 'patch', 'develops', 'covid', 'symptoms', 'centralized', 'securecloud', 'platform', 'alerting', 'healthcare', 'workers', 'potentialcovid', 'patient', 'patches', 'designed', 'insuch', 'individual', 'daysin', 'which', 'safely', 'disposed', 'ensurethat', 'disease', 'spread', 'patch', 'lifesignals', 'plans', 'launch', 'second', 'version', 'thepatch', 'biosensor', 'patch', 'storing', 'streamingclinical', 'grade', 'vital', 'signs', 'patient', 'patch', 'enable', 'thehealthcare', 'workers', 'monitor', 'covid', 'patients', 'admittedto', 'intensive', 'units', 'health', 'signalspry', 'health', 'company', 'known', 'healthmanagement', 'telemedicine', 'technologies', 'companyhas', 'launched', 'wearable', 'device', 'called', 'signal', 'limitpatients', 'visiting', 'hospitals', 'unnecessarily', 'especially', 'times', 'signal', 'helps', 'healthcare', 'personnel', 'toremotely', 'manage', 'health', 'people', 'symptomsof', 'covid', 'wrist', 'signal', 'tracks', 'theheart', 'respiratory', 'pulse', 'oximetry', 'patient', 'these', 'parameters', 'critical', 'assess', 'severity', 'ofthe', 'covid', 'patient', 'therefore', 'empowerhealthcare', 'professionals', 'person', 'visit', 'ifthe', 'patient', 'condition', 'warrants', 'devicehelps', 'collecting', 'hundreds', 'points', 'patient', 'adaily', 'basis', 'aggregation', 'large', 'number', 'pointsprovides', 'needed', 'certainty', 'about', 'present', 'conditionof', 'patient', 'opposed', 'single', 'point', 'evenbe', 'error', 'sometimes', 'leading', 'false', 'alarms', 'sphcc', 'cassia', 'vivalnkshanghai', 'public', 'health', 'clinical', 'centre', 'sphcc', 'hasemployed', 'bluetooth', 'gateways', 'developedby', 'cassi', 'network', 'wearable', 'sensors', 'developed', 'byvivalnk', 'monitor', 'covid', 'patients', 'minimalhuman', 'contact', 'china', 'successful', 'reducing', 'thecount', 'covid', 'thanks', 'advent', 'nologies', 'mechanism', 'place', 'sphcc', 'vivalnk', 'wearable', 'sensors', 'constantly', 'supply', 'dataabout', 'changes', 'temperature', 'patient', 'gateways', 'collate', 'transmit', 'wirelesslyto', 'healthcare', 'staff', 'station', 'enables', 'first', 'health', 'workers', 'track', 'their', 'patients', 'health', 'withouthaving', 'visit', 'personally', 'cassia', 'gatewaysallow', 'nearly', 'bluetooth', 'energy', 'devices', 'paired', 'thereby', 'facilitating', 'connectivitybetween', 'multiple', 'rooms', 'sphcc', 'thesetechnologies', 'sphcc', 'significantly', 'reduced', 'thehealthcare', 'workers', 'exposure', 'infection', 'whilealso', 'ensuring', 'reduced', 'workload', 'challengesalthough', 'wearables', 'played', 'significant', 'thefight', 'against', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'essential', 'notethat', 'certain', 'challenges', 'limitations', 'hinder', 'wearablesamid', 'current', 'health', 'crisis', 'lockdowns', 'interrupted', 'supply', 'chains', 'deliv', 'these', 'wearables', 'challenging', 'parts', 'ofthe', 'words', 'battery', 'smart', 'wearables', 'usually', 'question', 'tedious', 'charging', 'wearable', 'devices', 'again', 'andagain', 'often', 'dissuades', 'users', 'buying', 'these', 'devicesaltogether', 'there', 'established', 'guidelines', 'about', 'theprivate', 'accumulated', 'using', 'these', 'wearables', 'whichgives', 'multitude', 'security', 'privacy', 'cerns', 'necessary', 'ensure', 'developmentof', 'wearables', 'while', 'keeping', 'thesecurity', 'privacy', 'preservation', 'users', 'mobile', 'applications', 'other', 'platformsthe', 'mobile', 'applications', 'commonly', 'referred', 'asapps', 'emerged', 'prominent', 'strategy', 'fightagainst', 'covid', 'several', 'governments', 'privateorganizations', 'around', 'world', 'already', 'developed', 'platforms', 'covid', 'impact', 'management', 'while', 'several', 'others', 'process', 'doing', 'ofthese', 'modern', 'platforms', 'variety', 'technologies', 'including', 'bluetooth', 'global', 'positioning', 'system', 'andgeographic', 'information', 'system', 'certain', 'havealso', 'adopted', 'blockchain', 'emerging', 'technologythat', 'helps', 'storing', 'immutable', 'blocks', 'table', 'lists', 'technologies', 'being', 'developcontact', 'tracing', 'applications', 'section', 'discussa', 'numerous', 'applications', 'emerged', 'thelast', 'months', 'combating', 'covid', 'crisis', 'blockchaina', 'blockchain', 'continuously', 'expanding', 'record', 'transac', 'tions', 'between', 'parties', 'records', 'used90244', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemicfigure', 'contact', 'tracing', 'applications', 'covid', 'verify', 'claims', 'party', 'transaction', 'indeedhappened', 'blockchain', 'gaining', 'prominenceeach', 'thanks', 'applications', 'various', 'walksof', 'seeing', 'utility', 'numerous', 'companies', 'andauthorities', 'across', 'globe', 'started', 'using', 'blockchain', 'tobuild', 'countering', 'covid', 'theseapps', 'address', 'crucial', 'problem', 'which', 'ofintegration', 'verified', 'sources', 'according', 'experts', 'oneof', 'advantages', 'using', 'blockchain', 'enabled', 'isblockchain', 'capability', 'validating', 'continuously', 'changingdata', 'feature', 'prove', 'quite', 'valuable', 'aging', 'rapidly', 'escalating', 'covid', 'situation', 'discussedbelow', 'blockchain', 'based', 'applications', 'developed', 'attempt', 'fight', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'civitasa', 'canadian', 'start', 'specializing', 'blockchain', 'solutions', 'hasrecently', 'launched', 'safety', 'system', 'known', 'civitas', 'assist', 'local', 'authorities', 'variousnations', 'world', 'control', 'impact', 'covid', 'associates', 'people', 'official', 'blockchainrecords', 'verify', 'whether', 'person', 'permission', 'leavetheir', 'homes', 'determines', 'ideal', 'timeand', 'people', 'exhibiting', 'covid', 'symptoms', 'essential', 'items', 'thereby', 'minimizing', 'riskof', 'infecting', 'others', 'additionally', 'civitas', 'offers', 'built', 'intelemedicine', 'functionality', 'allows', 'doctors', 'trackof', 'their', 'patients', 'symptoms', 'notes', 'regardsto', 'medicines', 'healthcare', 'strategies', 'befollowed', 'company', 'claims', 'makes', 'surethat', 'people', 'remains', 'private', 'secure', 'mipasamipasa', 'streaming', 'platform', 'built', 'thehyperledger', 'fabric', 'platform', 'draws', 'servicesprovided', 'blockchain', 'cloud', 'platforms', 'facilitate', 'sharing', 'verified', 'health', 'location', 'infor', 'mation', 'among', 'individuals', 'authorities', 'hospitals', 'thisapplication', 'works', 'collecting', 'information', 'provided', 'byvarious', 'medical', 'organizations', 'public', 'health', 'officials', 'andother', 'individuals', 'recently', 'acknowledged', 'thisapp', 'effective', 'platform', 'helping', 'doctors', 'gainaccess', 'verifiable', 'information', 'available', 'thisplatform', 'hospitals', 'determine', 'their', 'futureaction', 'plans', 'efficiently', 'allocate', 'their', 'resources', 'toalleviate', 'impact', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'volume', '90245v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemicb', 'geographic', 'information', 'system', 'understanding', 'geography', 'spread', 'thecovid', 'crucial', 'comprehend', 'severity', 'crisisin', 'particular', 'region', 'deploy', 'appropriate', 'measuresto', 'mitigate', 'impact', 'disease', 'region', 'thisend', 'systems', 'spatial', 'analytics', 'mapping', 'andlocation', 'intelligence', 'occurrence', 'diseasesagainst', 'multiple', 'parameters', 'demographics', 'ronment', 'occurrences', 'help1', 'epidemiologists', 'understand', 'origins', 'outbreakand', 'governments', 'identify', 'areas', 'deployhealthcare', 'facilities', 'accordingly', 'arcgis', 'applicationcalifornia', 'based', 'environment', 'systems', 'research', 'international', 'provider', 'software', 'whose', 'product', 'includes', 'arcgis', 'desktop', 'arcgis', 'arcgis', 'enterprise', 'among', 'others', 'following', 'outbreakof', 'covid', 'partnered', 'several', 'organizations', 'around', 'world', 'launch', 'esricovid', 'resources', 'featuring', 'compila', 'datasets', 'dashboards', 'applications', 'other', 'helpfulresources', 'facilitate', 'adequate', 'planning', 'against', 'demic', 'additionally', 'joined', 'forces', 'variousgovernment', 'agencies', 'around', 'world', 'exploitgis', 'technology', 'taking', 'proactive', 'measures', 'manage', 'thecovid', 'spread', 'bluetoothbluetooth', 'useful', 'technologies', 'foraccurate', 'proximity', 'calculation', 'leastinvasive', 'technologies', 'since', 'monitor', 'exactlocation', 'rather', 'relative', 'distance', 'betweenhis', 'device', 'another', 'bluetooth', 'contact', 'tracingapplications', 'generally', 'monitor', 'proximity', 'between', 'twopeople', 'calculating', 'distance', 'between', 'their', 'devices', 'usingthe', 'received', 'signal', 'strength', 'indicator', 'measure', 'suchapps', 'store', 'records', 'device', 'prior', 'bluetooth', 'connec', 'tions', 'including', 'which', 'maintained', 'bluetoothconnection', 'another', 'device', 'person', 'diagnosedwith', 'covid', 'these', 'leverage', 'bluetoothconnection', 'history', 'device', 'trace', 'people', 'whohad', 'exposure', 'infected', 'individual', 'these', 'makeit', 'simpler', 'authorities', 'effectively', 'determine', 'potentialcovid', 'patients', 'appropriate', 'measures', 'quaran', 'bluetooth', 'technologyfor', 'contact', 'tracing', 'mentioned', 'below', 'tracetogethertracetogether', 'contact', 'tracing', 'launched', 'ernment', 'singapore', 'which', 'bluetooth', 'technology', 'todetermine', 'history', 'exposure', 'unaffected', 'vidual', 'infected', 'whenever', 'people', 'thismobile', 'application', 'close', 'contact', 'other', 'encrypted', 'transferred', 'between', 'their', 'devices', 'andstored', 'their', 'provided', 'bluetooth', 'turned', 'inboth', 'devices', 'person', 'later', 'diagnosedwith', 'covid', 'authorities', 'check', 'recordsstored', 'trace', 'people', 'intoclose', 'contact', 'infected', 'person', 'usegps', 'pinpoint', 'location', 'thereby', 'allaying', 'fearsof', 'those', 'people', 'worried', 'about', 'their', 'privacy', 'april', 'nearly', 'million', 'downloads', 'recorded', 'forthis', 'which', 'incidentally', 'record', 'highest', 'numberof', 'downloads', 'application', 'hosted', 'governmentwebsite', 'singapore', 'however', 'number', 'still', 'notconsidered', 'enough', 'government', 'singapore', 'asthe', 'reliable', 'functioning', 'application', 'requires', 'participa', 'everyone', 'country', 'million', 'correspondsto', 'sixth', 'singapore', 'entire', 'population', 'apple', 'google', 'joint', 'contact', 'tracingtechnologyin', 'light', 'current', 'health', 'crisis', 'silicon', 'valley', 'techgiants', 'apple', 'google', 'teamed', 'joint', 'governments', 'medical', 'organizations', 'aroundthe', 'world', 'their', 'fight', 'against', 'covid', 'planto', 'develop', 'privacy', 'preserving', 'framework', 'incorporates', 'application', 'programming', 'interfaces', 'operatingsystem', 'level', 'technology', 'assist', 'public', 'contact', 'tracingapplications', 'safeguard', 'privacy', 'framework', 'bluetooth', 'technology', 'fortracking', 'spread', 'covid', 'furthermore', 'twocompanies', 'claim', 'smartphone', 'willnot', 'available', 'anyone', 'without', 'consent', 'their', 'framework', 'enable', 'contact', 'tracing', 'applications', 'touse', 'bluetooth', 'energy', 'technology', 'people', 'sinteractions', 'track', 'whether', 'smartphone', 'ownerhas', 'contact', 'someone', 'later', 'diagnosedto', 'covid', 'positive', 'indeed', 'scenario', 'takes', 'place', 'alert', 'stating', 'intocontact', 'someone', 'diagnosed', 'alerted', 'users', 'isolate', 'getthemselves', 'tested', 'present', 'framework', 'still', 'thedevelopment', 'stages', 'expected', 'launchedin', 'while', 'level', 'technology', 'rolled', 'inthe', 'following', 'months', 'draft', 'technical', 'documentationfor', 'framework', 'found', 'overviewof', 'working', 'found', 'gpsglobal', 'positioning', 'system', 'satellite', 'navigationsystem', 'owned', 'maintained', 'united', 'states', 'govern', 'provides', 'users', 'positioning', 'navigation', 'andtiming', 'services', 'leveraging', 'technol', 'government', 'authorities', 'around', 'world', 'monitorthe', 'location', 'historical', 'location', 'ofcovid', 'positive', 'patients', 'their', 'country', 'which', 'sequently', 'enable', 'trace', 'other', 'potential', 'covid', '19patients', 'mentioned', 'below', 'official', 'contact', 'tracing', 'appsof', 'countries', 'technology', '90246', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemictable', 'challenges', 'associated', 'implementation', 'various', 'technologies', 'mobile', 'applications', 'aarogya', 'appthe', 'national', 'informatics', 'centre', 'subdivision', 'india', 'sministry', 'electronics', 'meity', 'recently', 'devel', 'contact', 'tracing', 'called', 'aarogya', 'curbthe', 'spread', 'covid', 'india', 'indian', 'citizen', 'candownload', 'application', 'register', 'using', 'theirmobile', 'number', 'services', 'launching', 'thisapplication', 'facing', 'symptomsof', 'covid', 'international', 'travelhistory', 'classified', 'belonging', 'thegreen', 'application', 'currently', 'supports', 'indian', 'guages', 'available', 'android', 'users', 'unlike', 'tracetogether', 'location', 'thecellphone', 'addition', 'bluetooth', 'technology', 'todetermine', 'individual', 'exposed', 'potentialcovid', 'patient', 'listed', 'database', 'scenariothat', 'individual', 'belonging', 'green', 'comes', 'incontact', 'someone', 'later', 'marked', 'belonging', 'thered', 'immediately', 'sends', 'alert', 'former', 'notifying', 'guidelines', 'should', 'follow', 'additionally', 'provides', 'users', 'access', 'torelevant', 'information', 'release', 'aarogya', 'setuapp', 'became', 'instantly', 'popular', 'among', 'indian', 'public', 'theapp', 'garnered', 'million', 'downloads', 'ofits', 'launch', 'response', 'privacy', 'concerns', 'surroundingthe', 'technology', 'government', 'ofindia', 'assured', 'citizens', 'which', 'theapp', 'collects', 'encrypted', 'purposebesides', 'contact', 'tracing', 'hamagen', 'contact', 'tracing', 'called', 'hamagen', 'launched', 'recently', 'byisrael', 'health', 'ministry', 'sparked', 'massive', 'interest', 'fromthe', 'governments', 'italy', 'australia', 'germany', 'amongothers', 'hamagen', 'makes', 'technology', 'deter', 'contact', 'someonevolume', '90247v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemicwho', 'tested', 'positive', 'disease', 'quashingthe', 'rumors', 'surrounding', 'application', 'privacy', 'pitfalls', 'health', 'ministry', 'issued', 'statement', 'maintaining', 'thatany', 'private', 'leave', 'phone', 'withouthis', 'consent', 'functioning', 'relies', 'heavily', 'theuser', 'reported', 'information', 'regarding', 'their', 'exposure', 'tothe', 'covid', 'within', 'first', 'launch', 'around', 'users', 'claimed', 'adopted', 'themeasure', 'isolation', 'voice', 'detectionfollowing', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'several', 'voice', 'detectionapps', 'developed', 'covid', 'screening', 'voicedetection', 'applications', 'require', 'users', 'voluntarily', 'provide', 'asample', 'their', 'voice', 'based', 'which', 'decides', 'whetheror', 'person', 'symptoms', 'covid', 'promi', 'attempts', 'developing', 'voice', 'detection', 'platformsfor', 'covid', 'screening', 'discussed', 'below', 'automated', 'system', 'designed', 'ofresearchers', 'carnegie', 'mellon', 'university', 'detectthe', 'presence', 'covid', 'individual', 'basedon', 'voice', 'after', 'logging', 'isasked', 'height', 'weight', 'followed', 'requestto', 'cough', 'three', 'times', 'asked', 'recitean', 'alphabet', 'vowel', 'loudly', 'which', 'finally', 'helpsthe', 'measuring', 'capacity', 'userby', 'comparing', 'thousand', 'other', 'users', 'including', 'those', 'infected', 'ofthis', 'brief', 'process', 'given', 'score', 'higher', 'score', 'indicates', 'features', 'highlysimilar', 'features', 'exhibited', 'covid', 'patients', 'researchers', 'however', 'added', 'cautionstating', 'diagnostic', 'process', 'neverbe', 'substituted', 'tests', 'conducted', 'hospitals', 'thelaboratories', 'similar', 'mobile', 'application', 'voice', 'basedcovid', 'diagnosis', 'developed', 'dents', 'patil', 'institute', 'technology', 'andbio', 'informatics', 'mumbai', 'india', 'iscurrently', 'being', 'tested', 'university', 'vergatain', 'italy', 'speak', 'intothe', 'microphone', 'device', 'following', 'which', 'theapp', 'breaks', 'sound', 'multiple', 'parameters', 'includingfrequency', 'noise', 'distortion', 'values', 'theseparameters', 'compared', 'average', 'person', 'sparameter', 'values', 'determine', 'individual', 'poten', 'tially', 'infected', 'covid', 'challengesalthough', 'people', 'hailed', 'efforts', 'byvarious', 'governments', 'organizations', 'building', 'contacttracing', 'school', 'thought', 'exists', 'believesthat', 'contact', 'tracing', 'applications', 'claimto', 'respect', 'privacy', 'secure', 'blatantlyabuse', 'privacy', 'people', 'addition', 'theprivacy', 'concerns', 'associated', 'contact', 'tracingapps', 'several', 'issues', 'terms', 'accuracy', 'reliability', 'alsoimpede', 'their', 'performance', 'refer', 'table', 'become', 'quite', 'evident', 'covid', 'tostay', 'unless', 'adequate', 'measures', 'taken', 'fight', 'effectively', 'governments', 'health', 'officials', 'alone', 'cannot', 'vanquish', 'thecurrent', 'health', 'crisis', 'people', 'around', 'world', 'workcollectively', 'their', 'governments', 'expedite', 'ofthis', 'pandemic', 'things', 'normalcy', 'example', 'tools', 'mentioned', 'above', 'require', 'support', 'ofthe', 'masses', 'yield', 'fruitful', 'results', 'presence', 'oftechnologies', 'smart', 'thermometers', 'smart', 'ables', 'meaningless', 'unless', 'people', 'willing', 'themto', 'fight', 'covid', 'telemedicine', 'platforms', 'isinconsequential', 'unless', 'patients', 'willing', 'trust', 'their', 'healthexperts', 'straightforward', 'contact', 'tracing', 'appsare', 'worthless', 'unless', 'people', 'willing', 'theyventure', 'their', 'homes', 'coming', 'times', 'actionstaken', 'governments', 'people', 'would', 'influence', 'extent', 'havoc', 'wreaked', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'artificial', 'intelligencesince', 'inception', 'proved', 'landmark', 'nological', 'advancement', 'properly', 'stands', 'ahighly', 'effective', 'against', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'mentioned', 'below', 'actual', 'potential', 'waysin', 'which', 'authorities', 'effectively', 'combatingthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'disease', 'surveillance', 'prediction', 'medical', 'diagnosis', 'screening', 'curative', 'research', 'virus', 'modeling', 'analysis', 'identification', 'busting', 'enforcing', 'lockdown', 'measuresin', 'subsections', 'follow', 'review', 'aforemen', 'tioned', 'applications', 'detail', 'disease', 'surveillancethe', 'timely', 'surveillance', 'forecast', 'diseases', 'especiallythe', 'ability', 'world', 'stateof', 'disarray', 'crucial', 'toronto', 'based', 'healthsurveillance', 'company', 'bluedot', 'successful', 'reportingan', 'impending', 'outbreak', 'coronavirus', 'december', 'before', 'bluedot', 'model', 'lever', 'several', 'machine', 'learning', 'natural', 'languageprocessing', 'tools', 'evidence', 'emergingdiseases', 'model', 'allowed', 'bluedot', 'track', 'spreadof', 'forecast', 'outbreak', 'beforeepidemiologists', 'however', 'sayingthat', 'human', 'effort', 'required', 'whiletheir', 'model', 'predictions', 'regards', 'the90248', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemicfigure', 'applications', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'impact', 'mangement', 'outbreak', 'disease', 'human', 'interpretation', 'model', 'soutput', 'remained', 'central', 'working', 'besides', 'bluedot', 'several', 'other', 'organizations', 'adoptedthe', 'estimate', 'risks', 'associated', 'emerginginfections', 'example', 'analytics', 'company', 'foundedin', 'metabiota', 'developed', 'epidemic', 'monitoringplatform', 'allows', 'forecast', 'spread', 'diseases', 'metabiota', 'bases', 'predictions', 'factors', 'infection', 'sclinal', 'features', 'fatality', 'availability', 'treat', 'other', 'functionalities', 'metabiota', 'epidemic', 'trackerinclude', 'providing', 'detailed', 'information', 'statis', 'novel', 'pathogens', 'addition', 'these', 'efforts', 'scientists', 'posed', 'technologies', 'identifying', 'potentiallyfatal', 'zoonotic', 'viruses', 'before', 'cause', 'damage', 'thehuman', 'population', 'global', 'virome', 'project', 'anexample', 'endeavor', 'establish', 'agenetic', 'ecological', 'database', 'viruses', 'various', 'animalspecies', 'capable', 'infecting', 'humans', 'large', 'collect', 'viruses', 'could', 'toshape', 'technologies', 'predict', 'which', 'zoonotic', 'viruses', 'havethe', 'potential', 'cause', 'human', 'species', 'mechanisms', 'allow', 'proactive', 'developmentof', 'vaccines', 'drugs', 'preventive', 'measures', 'predictionone', 'possible', 'avenues', 'application', 'againstcovid', 'prediction', 'refer', 'broadly', 'prediction', 'classified', 'followingcategories', 'predicting', 'getting', 'infected', 'predicting', 'developing', 'severe', 'symptoms', 'onceinfected', 'predicting', 'using', 'specific', 'treatmenton', 'infected', 'person', 'typically', 'getting', 'infected', 'function', 'amyriad', 'factors', 'these', 'include', 'travel', 'history', 'hygienehabits', 'current', 'health', 'status', 'existing', 'health', 'conditions', 'family', 'medical', 'history', 'direct', 'mathematical', 'modelingof', 'factors', 'would', 'yield', 'fruitful', 'results', 'however', 'comprehensive', 'analysis', 'these', 'factors', 'integrated', 'aitechniques', 'offer', 'precise', 'reliable', 'previsionof', 'individual', 'profiles', 'example', 'authors', 'describe', 'based', 'stratagem', 'build', 'vulnerability', 'indexfor', 'individuals', 'susceptible', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'person', 'infected', 'capabilities', 'beused', 'determine', 'probability', 'survival', 'require', 'treatment', 'covid', 'patients', 'physicians', 'universities', 'stanford', 'university', 'ofchicago', 'making', 'attempts', 'augmenting', 'their', 'existing', 'aisystems', 'accurately', 'identify', 'covid', 'patients', 'whosecondition', 'might', 'worsen', 'earlier', 'these', 'systems', 'provedtheir', 'mettle', 'predicting', 'whether', 'heart', 'disease', 'patientswill', 'require', 'transfer', 'another', 'effort', 'bayesianhealth', 'start', 'tracing', 'roots', 'hopkins', 'univer', 'started', 'working', 'early', 'warning', 'system', 'acuterespiratory', 'distress', 'syndrome', 'severesymptoms', 'associated', 'covid', 'authorsof', 'proposed', 'framework', 'leveragespredictive', 'analysis', 'performed', 'covid', 'patientsto', 'support', 'clinical', 'decision', 'making', 'their', 'poweredvolume', '90249v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemicpredictive', 'model', 'capable', 'identifying', 'people', 'ahigher', 'likelihood', 'developing', 'severe', 'symptoms', 'ardsbased', 'initial', 'presentation', 'according', 'their', 'results', 'theirmodel', 'achieved', 'accuracy', 'predicting', 'severecases', 'covid', 'addition', 'cases', 'mentioned', 'above', 'niques', 'particularly', 'machine', 'learning', 'algorithms', 'beused', 'correlate', 'patient', 'parameters', 'specificdrug', 'usage', 'correlations', 'predict', 'theeffect', 'specific', 'group', 'patients', 'emptiveknowledge', 'these', 'factors', 'enable', 'doctors', 'suppliers', 'better', 'prepared', 'consequences', 'medical', 'diagnosis', 'screeningrapid', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'allow', 'governments', 'totake', 'effective', 'response', 'measures', 'limit', 'disease', 'furtherspread', 'shortage', 'testing', 'worldwide', 'however', 'hasmade', 'authorities', 'carry', 'large', 'scale', 'nostic', 'testing', 'existing', 'tools', 'being', 'repurposed', 'while', 'being', 'built', 'solve', 'subsection', 'examine', 'various', 'whichai', 'revolutionizing', 'process', 'covid', 'screening', 'anddiagnosis', 'scannersfollowing', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'various', 'authorities', 'usedir', 'temperature', 'scanners', 'different', 'public', 'places', 'screenpeople', 'fever', 'technology', 'however', 'requires', 'thepresence', 'frontline', 'personnel', 'carry', 'limitthe', 'exposure', 'frontline', 'staff', 'potential', 'covid', '19patients', 'several', 'hospitals', 'airports', 'medical', 'centers', 'haveadopted', 'cameras', 'based', 'multisensory', 'nology', 'these', 'cameras', 'enable', 'author', 'ities', 'observe', 'crowds', 'identify', 'individuals', 'highbody', 'temperatures', 'recognizetheir', 'faces', 'trace', 'their', 'movements', 'first', 'pitals', 'technology', 'tampa', 'general', 'hospitalin', 'florida', 'hospital', 'installed', 'enabled', 'cameraat', 'entrance', 'screen', 'entering', 'patients', 'elevatedbody', 'temperatures', 'giving', 'thermal', 'theirai', 'system', 'machine', 'learning', 'findings', 'camera', 'classify', 'whether', 'individual', 'manifesting', 'thesymptoms', 'covid', 'medical', 'imagingai', 'technology', 'considerable', 'potential', 'improveimage', 'based', 'medical', 'diagnosis', 'according', 'researchersat', 'global', 'pulse', 'analysis', 'computed', 'tomogra', 'scans', 'using', 'enabled', 'tools', 'saveradiologists', 'offering', 'timely', 'medical', 'diagno', 'current', 'tests', 'covid', 'multiple', 'efforts', 'already', 'employ', 'enabled', 'medical', 'imaging', 'diagnose', 'covid', 'beijing', 'based', 'start', 'specializes', 'building', 'anoncology', 'platform', 'performing', 'medical', 'dataanalysis', 'linkingmed', 'forth', 'based', 'modelfor', 'screening', 'pneumonia', 'through', 'analysis', 'since', 'pneumonia', 'common', 'clini', 'features', 'covid', 'identifying', 'presenceof', 'pneumonia', 'identify', 'potential', 'covid', '19patients', 'linkingmed', 'source', 'model', 'basedon', 'baidu', 'parallel', 'distributed', 'learning', 'platform', 'paddlepaddle', 'joint', 'effort', 'between', 'researchers', 'univer', 'waterloo', 'ontario', 'based', 'start', 'darwinai', 'yielded', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'diagnose', 'covid', 'using', 'chest', 'labeled', 'covid', 'algorithm', 'madeopen', 'source', 'research', 'facilitate', 'devel', 'opment', 'tools', 'their', 'model', 'another', 'model', 'diagnosing', 'covid', 'usingx', 'forth', 'researchers', 'thedelft', 'university', 'technology', 'netherlands', 'namedcad4vocid', 'model', 'built', 'modeldeveloped', 'university', 'diagnosis', 'oftuberculosis', 'although', 'powered', 'medical', 'imaging', 'techniqueshas', 'perceived', 'great', 'potential', 'covid', '19diagnosis', 'several', 'radiologists', 'voiced', 'issues', 'cerning', 'techniques', 'firstly', 'unbiased', 'datahinders', 'performance', 'models', 'secondly', 'ofmedical', 'imaging', 'techniques', 'potentially', 'contaminate', 'theequipment', 'cause', 'disease', 'spreadfurther', 'powered', 'medical', 'diagnosis', 'south', 'koreain', 'republic', 'korea', 'several', 'powered', 'tools', 'havehelped', 'country', 'quick', 'examination', 'identificationof', 'covid', 'patients', 'algorithm', 'detect', 'unusual', 'obser', 'vations', 'patient', 'chest', 'chest', 'rayimage', 'support', 'decision', 'potential', 'recog', 'individuals', 'intensive', 'algorithm', 'studies', 'patient', 'images', 'examineswhether', 'there', 'issue', 'patient', 'lungs', 'another', 'platform', 'named', 'aihub', 'developed', 'inthe', 'republic', 'korea', 'based', 'medical', 'securitysolutions', 'company', 'inspection', 'platform', 'theai', 'capabilities', 'several', 'imaging', 'devices', 'todiagnose', 'conditions', 'patient', 'might', 'amatter', 'seconds', 'addition', 'various', 'covid', 'diagnosisplatforms', 'played', 'essential', 'acceleratingthe', 'development', 'testing', 'korea', 'these', 'testing', 'kitshave', 'approved', 'authorities', 'korea', 'butalso', 'european', 'union', 'covid', 'voice', 'detection', 'systemsvoice', 'detection', 'simplest', 'technologies', 'canbe', 'employed', 'identify', 'potential', 'covid', 'patients', 'duringthese', 'difficult', 'times', 'there', 'serious', 'dearth', 'testingkits', 'voice', 'detection', 'platforms', 'screening', 'measure90250', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemicto', 'decide', 'needs', 'tested', 'details', 'howvoice', 'detection', 'platforms', 'currently', 'kindly', 'refer', 'tosection', 'examples', 'presented', 'above', 'crucial', 'notethat', 'better', 'suited', 'assist', 'screening', 'covid', '19patients', 'rather', 'diagnosing', 'altogether', 'ableto', 'diagnose', 'covid', 'patient', 'accurately', 'devices', 'platforms', 'algorithms', 'sufficiently', 'robust', 'detect', 'possible', 'mutations', 'virus', 'curative', 'researchbeing', 'novel', 'major', 'problems', 'thesars', 'existing', 'research', 'treatmentprotocols', 'virus', 'however', 'analyzing', 'currentcases', 'covid', 'existing', 'research', 'ondifferent', 'diseases', 'prove', 'beneficial', 'technologyto', 'speed', 'process', 'development', 'several', 'organi', 'zations', 'research', 'already', 'adopted', 'identify', 'potential', 'treatments', 'covid', 'notonly', 'expedite', 'development', 'process', 'alsoaid', 'process', 'discovering', 'existing', 'drugs', 'developmentmachine', 'learning', 'subset', 'proved', 'effec', 'tiveness', 'process', 'development', 'timesof', 'previous', 'health', 'emergencies', 'example', 'during', 'theebola', 'epidemic', 'bayesian', 'models', 'speedup', 'process', 'discovering', 'molecular', 'inhibitors', 'againstthe', 'virus', 'similarly', 'authors', 'adopted', 'theuse', 'assisted', 'virtual', 'screening', 'scoring', 'speed', 'upthe', 'process', 'discovering', 'viral', 'inhibitors', 'against', 'avianh7n9', 'virus', 'responsible', 'recurring', 'influenza', 'epidemics', 'inchina', 'light', 'current', 'pandemic', 'models', 'similar', 'tosuch', 'models', 'expediting', 'process', 'developingdrugs', 'possibly', 'treat', 'covid', 'repurposing', 'existing', 'drugs', 'compoundsin', 'addition', 'being', 'development', 'scientistsare', 'using', 'identifying', 'existing', 'drugs', 'canbe', 'repurposed', 'treat', 'covid', 'germany', 'based', 'start', 'named', 'innoplexus', 'hasexercised', 'powered', 'discoveryplatform', 'identify', 'combination', 'existing', 'drugsthat', 'prove', 'useful', 'treatment', 'covid', 'after', 'extensive', 'analysis', 'existing', 'associatedwith', 'covid', 'their', 'platform', 'revealed', 'thatchroloquine', 'malaria', 'better', 'incombination', 'remdesivir', 'experimental', 'antiviraloriginally', 'developed', 'treat', 'ebola', 'tocilizumab', 'animmunosuppressive', 'pegasys', 'treat', 'atitis', 'clarithromycin', 'antibiotic', 'similar', 'effort', 'being', 'british', 'start', 'upnamed', 'exscientia', 'collaboration', 'diamondlight', 'source', 'calibr', 'division', 'thecalifornia', 'based', 'scripps', 'research', 'institute', 'exscientiaaims', 'delivery', 'platform', 'arrive', 'acombination', 'compounds', 'could', 'prove', 'eficial', 'treating', 'covid', 'exscientiaintends', 'screen', '15000', 'clinically', 'ready', 'moleculespresent', 'calibr', 'compound', 'library', 'against', 'three', 'keyviral', 'targets', 'earlier', 'thisyear', 'exscientia', 'developed', 'first', 'created', 'drugto', 'enter', 'clinical', 'trials', 'researchers', 'republic', 'korea', 'usaare', 'using', 'learning', 'investigate', 'effective', 'existing', 'antiretroviral', 'treathiv', 'named', 'atazanavir', 'treatment', 'thecovid', 'researchers', 'based', 'company', 'benevolentai', 'identified', 'baricitinib', 'treat', 'rheumatoid', 'arthritis', 'potential', 'totreat', 'covid', 'following', 'their', 'research', 'baric', 'itinib', 'entered', 'controlled', 'trial', 'unitedstates', 'national', 'institute', 'allergy', 'infectious', 'eases', 'niaid', 'powered', 'discovery', 'repurposingplatform', 'developed', 'group', 'scientists', 'singa', 'assisted', 'identification', 'several', 'existingdrugs', 'including', 'named', 'afatinib', 'treatnon', 'small', 'cancer', 'could', 'potentially', 'beused', 'treat', 'covid', 'various', 'techniques', 'being', 'candidates', 'predicting', 'target', 'interac', 'tions', 'between', 'virus', 'proteins', 'existingdrugs', 'authors', 'example', 'built', 'adeep', 'learning', 'deeper', 'feature', 'convolutional', 'neuralnetwork', 'dfcnn', 'system', 'identify', 'classifyprotein', 'ligand', 'interactions', 'reasonably', 'gesting', 'possible', 'candidates', 'treatments', 'alsoanalyze', 'their', 'expected', 'effectiveness', 'another', 'approach', 'given', 'where', 'deeplearning', 'based', 'target', 'interaction', 'model', 'moleculetransformer', 'target', 'interaction', 'hasbeen', 'developed', 'identify', 'commercially', 'available', 'drugscapable', 'acting', 'viral', 'proteins', 'although', 'effort', 'being', 'discovery', 'ofsuch', 'treatments', 'highly', 'unlikely', 'beavailable', 'shortly', 'these', 'candidate', 'treatments', 'undergoextensive', 'scientific', 'checks', 'clinical', 'trials', 'before', 'areapproved', 'commercial', 'virus', 'modeling', 'analysisthe', 'developing', 'successful', 'treatment', 'againstcovid', 'understand', 'virus', 'itself', 'since', 'virusescannot', 'reproduce', 'themselves', 'cells', 'tomanufacture', 'copies', 'their', 'virus', 'typicallyinfects', 'binding', 'itself', 'receptors', 'alock', 'mechanism', 'working', 'mechanism', 'mostinhibitor', 'based', 'agents', 'prevent', 'happening', 'byvolume', '90251v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemicfigure', 'debunking', 'myths', 'surrounding', 'covid', 'information', 'source', 'blocking', 'receptors', 'target', 'cells', 'design', 'ofeffective', 'inhibitors', 'requires', 'scientists', 'model', 'bindingmechanism', 'machine', 'learning', 'happens', 'mostuseful', 'tools', 'scientist', 'arsenal', 'building', 'models', 'models', 'trained', 'protein', 'haveproved', 'successful', 'predicting', 'protein', 'protein', 'interac', 'tions', 'between', 'virus', 'human', 'cells', 'thereby', 'eliminating', 'model', 'entire', 'virus', 'hostinteractome', 'machine', 'learning', 'tomodel', 'various', 'protein', 'folding', 'mechanisms', 'virususes', 'sustain', 'itself', 'reference', 'example', 'employsdeep', 'learning', 'algorithms', 'predict', 'structure', 'amino', 'sequence', 'knowing', 'protein', 'sthree', 'dimensional', 'structure', 'great', 'importance', 'tioning', 'strongly', 'correlated', 'structure', 'current', 'covid', 'health', 'crisis', 'deepmind', 'google', 'company', 'adopted', 'alphafoldsystem', 'predict', 'structure', 'proteins', 'associatedwith', 'these', 'predictions', 'scientistsin', 'better', 'understanding', 'overall', 'structure', 'virus', 'andconsequently', 'developing', 'treat', 'covid', 'important', 'however', 'deepmind', 'hasmade', 'clear', 'these', 'predictions', 'experimen', 'tally', 'verified', 'identificationthe', 'member', 'betacov', 'genera', 'thecoronaviridae', 'family', 'typically', 'genomes', 'viruses', 'rodent', 'genomes', 'mammalianhost', 'facilitated', 'transmission', 'covid', 'tohuman', 'beings', 'unknown', 'variable', 'effectively', 'compare', 'viral', 'genome', 'withknown', 'genomes', 'identify', 'similarities', 'between', 'sucha', 'database', 'known', 'genomes', 'available', 'authors', 'proposed', 'random', 'forest', 'rithm', 'identify', 'hosts', 'influenza', 'virus', 'anotherexample', 'approach', 'given', 'modelscan', 'extended', 'include', 'busting', 'newsthe', 'uncertain', 'times', 'following', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'several', 'myths', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'refer', 'tofig', 'misinformation', 'making', 'roundson', 'social', 'media', 'platforms', 'propagation', 'thesefake', 'provide', 'verified', 'information', 'technology', 'panies', 'google', 'youtube', 'facebook', 'employedthe', 'techniques', 'these', 'platforms', 'aneffort', 'screen', 'content', 'presence', 'slight', 'misinformation', 'youtube', 'particular', 'placedstringent', 'measures', 'video', 'propagating', 'fakenews', 'enforcing', 'lockdown', 'measuresmany', 'countries', 'around', 'world', 'including', 'china', 'india', 'adopting', 'enforcesocial', 'distancing', 'lockdown', 'measures', 'china', 'baidu', 'largest', 'internet', 'companies', 'world', 'hasdeveloped', 'computer', 'vision', 'powered', 'infrared', 'camerasto', 'public', 'places', 'these', 'cameras', 'identify90252', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemicpeople', 'temperatures', 'theirinbuilt', 'facial', 'recognition', 'system', 'recognize', 'following', 'lockdown', 'measures', 'similarcv', 'camera', 'system', 'deployed', 'oxford', 'england', 'monitor', 'crowds', 'following', 'social', 'distancingmeasures', 'based', 'start', 'landing', 'helmed', 'renowned', 'experts', 'world', 'andrew', 'developed', 'social', 'distancing', 'detectiontool', 'monitors', 'crowds', 'alerts', 'authorities', 'wheneversocial', 'distancing', 'guidelines', 'breached', 'challengesartificial', 'intelligence', 'conceivably', 'essential', 'rolein', 'mitigating', 'impact', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'present', 'systems', 'still', 'prefatory', 'stages', 'several', 'challenges', 'limitations', 'hindering', 'applica', 'covid', 'impact', 'management', 'follows', 'yield', 'reliable', 'accurate', 'results', 'models', 'requirea', 'substantial', 'amount', 'training', 'however', 'owingto', 'unprecedented', 'nature', 'pandemic', 'there', 'dearth', 'historical', 'which', 'train', 'which', 'consequently', 'rendered', 'several', 'modelsinefficient', 'absence', 'impededthe', 'performance', 'models', 'noisy', 'andoutlier', 'presented', 'challenge', 'efficientuse', 'technologies', 'google', 'trends', 'failed', 'initia', 'sheds', 'light', 'deluge', 'hubriscan', 'potentially', 'inundate', 'algorithms', 'inhibit', 'theirfunctioning', 'another', 'limitation', 'faced', 'systems', 'particularlymachine', 'learning', 'models', 'their', 'inherent', 'assumptionthat', 'possible', 'contingencies', 'given', 'situation', 'arethe', 'exhibited', 'dataset', 'havebeen', 'trained', 'techniques', 'crowd', 'surveillance', 'seenby', 'breach', 'privacy', 'although', 'present', 'apprehended', 'public', 'health', 'concernsare', 'important', 'privacy', 'concerns', 'pitfalls', 'associated', 'instilleda', 'sense', 'among', 'public', 'governments', 'maycontinue', 'monitor', 'after', 'pandemic', 'isover', 'another', 'limitation', 'current', 'depen', 'dence', 'human', 'knowledge', 'human', 'expertise', 'damental', 'guide', 'implementation', 'techniquesand', 'significant', 'difference', 'fight', 'against', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'despite', 'several', 'challenges', 'facing', 'systems', 'their', 'contribution', 'fight', 'against', 'covid', 'demic', 'cannot', 'overlooked', 'recent', 'years', 'technol', 'stunning', 'advances', 'fields', 'learning', 'analytics', 'among', 'others', 'develop', 'ments', 'serve', 'prove', 'potential', 'assisting', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'management', 'system', 'blockchainblockchain', 'technology', 'under', 'extensive', 'delib', 'eration', 'amongst', 'researchers', 'industrialists', 'recenttimes', 'especially', 'since', 'onset', 'blockchain', 'blockchain', 'gradually', 'technology', 'extend', 'presence', 'almost', 'major', 'domains', 'includ', 'insurance', 'sector', 'transportation', 'industry', 'dronecommunication', 'technologies', 'healthcaresector', 'current', 'health', 'crisis', 'brought', 'bythe', 'covid', 'neither', 'localized', 'independent', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'space', 'seclusion', 'andpeople', 'around', 'globe', 'stand', 'united', 'throughthis', 'crisis', 'nature', 'pandemic', 'itself', 'distributedin', 'nature', 'therefore', 'distributed', 'ledger', 'technologies', 'asblockchain', 'highly', 'beneficial', 'regards', 'dealing', 'withthis', 'situation', 'blockchain', 'technology', 'enables', 'individuals', 'andorganizations', 'corner', 'world', 'become', 'partof', 'single', 'interconnected', 'network', 'facilitates', 'securesharing', 'tamper', 'proof', 'feature', 'blockchainmakes', 'resistant', 'unauthorized', 'changes', 'ofconsensus', 'algorithms', 'smart', 'contracts', 'minimizes', 'thepotential', 'dissemination', 'bogus', 'fraudulentinformation', 'blockchain', 'based', 'applications', 'employedto', 'monitor', 'manage', 'covid', 'patients', 'digitally', 'thereby', 'relieving', 'burden', 'hospital', 'staff', 'otherhealthcare', 'personnel', 'refer', 'mentioned', 'below', 'aresome', 'significant', 'which', 'blockchain', 'technologycan', 'fight', 'against', 'covid', 'facilitating', 'increased', 'testing', 'reporting', 'recording', 'details', 'covid', 'patients', 'managing', 'lockdown', 'implementation', 'preventing', 'circulation', 'enabling', 'incentive', 'based', 'volunteer', 'participationplatform', 'enabling', 'secure', 'donation', 'platform', 'supporters', 'limiting', 'supply', 'chain', 'disruptionswe', 'dissect', 'these', 'subsections', 'thatfollow', 'increased', 'testing', 'reportingvarious', 'countries', 'china', 'germany', 'republicof', 'korea', 'emphasized', 'extensive', 'testing', 'ofindividuals', 'eventual', 'means', 'spread', 'thevirus', 'however', 'order', 'ensure', 'efficiency', 'tests', 'becarried', 'intelligently', 'accurate', 'regards', 'thenumber', 'tests', 'performed', 'needs', 'maintained', 'thisend', 'blockchain', 'technology', 'setting', 'distributedcheck', 'points', 'testing', 'patients', 'showingsymptoms', 'related', 'covid', 'coordinators', 'thesecheck', 'points', 'nodes', 'distributedblockchain', 'network', 'these', 'nodes', 'continuously', 'updatedata', 'regarding', 'number', 'tests', 'performed', 'numberof', 'laboratory', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'their', 'local', 'check', 'point', 'onthis', 'network', 'getting', 'accurate', 'report', 'onthe', 'number', 'tests', 'being', 'conducting', 'number', 'ofvolume', '90253v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemicfigure', 'blockchain', 'based', 'architecture', 'covid', 'impact', 'management', 'positive', 'cases', 'recorded', 'these', 'reports', 'furtherhelp', 'authorities', 'healthcare', 'officials', 'strategize', 'aplan', 'combat', 'spread', 'disease', 'areas', 'reportinga', 'number', 'covid', 'positive', 'patients', 'sharedblockchain', 'network', 'single', 'source', 'usersto', 'update', 'retrieve', 'blockchain', 'inherentfeature', 'being', 'immutable', 'stored', 'network', 'willbe', 'tamper', 'proof', 'therefore', 'trusted', 'thehealthcare', 'professionals', 'government', 'authorities', 'recording', 'covid', 'patient', 'detailsapart', 'securely', 'storing', 'reports', 'blockchain', 'based', 'distributed', 'platforms', 'promising', 'recording', 'covid', 'patient', 'details', 'aperson', 'tests', 'positive', 'covid', 'details', 'including', 'medical', 'history', 'underlying', 'health', 'condi', 'tions', 'severity', 'disease', 'symptoms', 'developed', 'recommended', 'treatment', 'securelyadded', 'network', 'platform', 'onthe', 'covid', 'patients', 'facilitate', 'study', 'thedisease', 'clinical', 'characteristics', 'health', 'network', 'better', 'understand', 'better', 'thedisease', 'growth', 'pattern', 'future', 'health', 'centerdealing', 'confirmed', 'covid', 'refer', 'tothese', 'studies', 'anticipate', 'facilities', 'medicinesrequired', 'situation', 'managing', 'lockdown', 'implementationliving', 'under', 'lockdown', 'conditions', 'unprecedented', 'uation', 'majority', 'people', 'around', 'world', 'theessential', 'needs', 'public', 'empower', 'themto', 'follow', 'lockdown', 'restrictions', 'strictly', 'people', 'police', 'department', 'healthcare', 'department', 'governmental', 'organizations', 'other', 'volun', 'teers', 'government', 'authoritiesto', 'achieve', 'intended', 'results', 'lockdown', 'success', 'fully', 'following', 'implementation', 'lockdown', 'measures', 'multiple', 'reports', 'surfaced', 'claiming', 'people', 'residingin', 'easily', 'accessible', 'areas', 'utilizing', 'extra', 'services', 'whilepeople', 'living', 'remote', 'areas', 'bereft', 'damental', 'necessities', 'blockchain', 'technology', 'canaid', 'government', 'government', 'bodies', 'overseethe', 'requirements', 'people', 'different', 'regions', 'countryand', 'efficiently', 'manage', 'lockdown', 'implementation', 'theauthorized', 'groups', 'individuals', 'associated', 'enforcingthe', 'lockdown', 'nodes', 'blockchain', 'network', 'andcan', 'register', 'needs', 'residents', 'their', 'designated', 'areaon', 'network', 'participating', 'nodes', 'blockchainnetwork', 'allowed', 'check', 'requirements', 'listed', 'bythe', 'nodes', 'different', 'areas', 'following', 'which', 'intendedgroups', 'appropriate', 'actions', 'satisfy', 'those', 'needs', 'limit', 'imbalance', 'supply', 'servicesin', 'different', 'areas', 'consequently', 'result', 'stringentlockdown', 'implementation', 'preventing', 'circulation', 'newsfollowing', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'majorconcerns', 'governments', 'worldwide', 'limit', 'thespread', 'misinformation', 'various', 'unsolicited', 'messages', 'arebeing', 'forwarded', 'giving', 'feelings', 'unrest', 'amongst', 'thecitizens', 'besides', 'spreading', 'rumors', 'sages', 'particularly', 'inflammatory', 'instill', 'feelingsof', 'xenophobia', 'amongst', 'readers', 'however', 'since', 'severalsocial', 'platforms', 'currently', 'becomes', 'difficult', 'forthe', 'authorities', 'monitor', 'authenticity', 'informationbeing', 'shared', 'these', 'platforms', 'moreover', 'the90254', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemicauthorities', 'detect', 'unfactual', 'message', 'becomesdifficult', 'track', 'original', 'initiator', 'message', 'public', 'blockchain', 'network', 'forinformation', 'sharing', 'highly', 'promising', 'solution', 'tocurb', 'spread', 'rumors', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'andinflammatory', 'remarks', 'forcing', 'message', 'initiators', 'tosign', 'their', 'message', 'digital', 'signature', 'authorities', 'cankeep', 'track', 'shared', 'which', 'message', 'although', 'useof', 'consensus', 'algorithms', 'ensure', 'misinformationmakes', 'network', 'first', 'place', 'authorities', 'quickly', 'determine', 'message', 'initiatorbased', 'digital', 'signature', 'platform', 'people', 'falling', 'fraudulent', 'information', 'incentive', 'based', 'volunteer', 'participationthe', 'general', 'behavior', 'individuals', 'torespond', 'quickly', 'incentives', 'offered', 'incentives', 'besimple', 'words', 'appreciation', 'monetary', 'benefit', 'smallgift', 'certificate', 'acknowledging', 'blockchaintechnology', 'makes', 'robust', 'consensus', 'mechanism', 'thatcan', 'facilitate', 'secure', 'distribution', 'incentivesin', 'different', 'deserving', 'candidates', 'current', 'state', 'crisis', 'scaling', 'rapidpace', 'becomes', 'crucial', 'countries', 'prompt', 'their', 'share', 'vital', 'involve', 'impactmanagement', 'activities', 'blockchain', 'basedincentive', 'mechanism', 'proposed', 'prove', 'highly', 'useful', 'motivating', 'alarge', 'number', 'citizens', 'volunteers', 'covid', 'crisis', 'management', 'volunteers', 'distributingfood', 'masks', 'other', 'essential', 'products', 'furthermore', 'theycan', 'reporting', 'identities', 'people', 'breakingsocial', 'distancing', 'protocols', 'hoarding', 'items', 'daily', 'misusing', 'current', 'state', 'panic', 'among', 'people', 'tocharge', 'extra', 'fundamental', 'necessi', 'participants', 'blockchain', 'network', 'berewarded', 'tokens', 'certificates', 'appreciation', 'toacknowledge', 'their', 'motivate', 'partici', 'enthusiasm', 'secure', 'donation', 'platformfollowing', 'massive', 'impact', 'covid', 'pandemicglobally', 'especially', 'those', 'belonging', 'underpriv', 'ileged', 'class', 'several', 'people', 'organizations', 'around', 'theworld', 'coming', 'forward', 'fortunatethan', 'themselves', 'since', 'these', 'times', 'everyonecannot', 'personally', 'needy', 'people', 'havechosen', 'donate', 'several', 'international', 'national', 'relieffunds', 'however', 'reports', 'fraudulent', 'accountsand', 'relief', 'funds', 'instilled', 'feeling', 'insecurity', 'amongthe', 'people', 'otherwise', 'willing', 'donate', 'recently', 'india', 'group', 'fraudsters', 'caught', 'collecting', 'tions', 'creating', 'account', 'under', 'nameas', 'initiated', 'indian', 'prime', 'minister', 'secure', 'transparent', 'donation', 'platform', 'isrequired', 'quash', 'skepticism', 'surrounding', 'validityand', 'transparency', 'existing', 'donation', 'platforms', 'sequently', 'enable', 'citizens', 'extend', 'monetary', 'various', 'blockchain', 'based', 'crowdfunding', 'platforms', 'beenproposed', 'recent', 'times', 'blockchain', 'basedplatforms', 'ensure', 'secure', 'collection', 'money', 'whilealso', 'warranting', 'transparency', 'regards', 'where', 'donatedmoney', 'being', 'limiting', 'supply', 'chain', 'distruptionsthe', 'onset', 'covid', 'particularly', 'trouble', 'international', 'trade', 'supply', 'chains', 'thelockdown', 'measures', 'currently', 'imposed', 'several', 'countries', 'organizations', 'around', 'world', 'experiencing', 'siderable', 'difficulties', 'maintaining', 'goods', 'andservices', 'supply', 'chain', 'disruptions', 'further', 'exacerbatedby', 'trade', 'restrictions', 'caused', 'majority', 'suppliers', 'tohalt', 'production', 'several', 'logistic', 'partners', 'postpone', 'thetransport', 'goods', 'technologies', 'blockchain', 'arebeing', 'hailed', 'reforming', 'trade', 'networks', 'andmaking', 'supply', 'chain', 'tolerant', 'emergenciesin', 'future', 'years', 'several', 'attempts', 'byorganizations', 'around', 'world', 'incorporate', 'blockchain', 'intheir', 'supply', 'chains', 'increase', 'supply', 'chain', 'visibility', 'which', 'cited', 'primary', 'reason', 'supply', 'chaindisruptions', 'existing', 'systems', 'manufacturers', 'arefamiliar', 'difficulties', 'being', 'faced', 'their', 'immediatesuppliers', 'might', 'oblivious', 'challenges', 'faced', 'bytheir', 'supplier', 'partners', 'knowledge', 'challenges', 'canallow', 'manufacturers', 'arrange', 'temporary', 'solutions', 'todeter', 'supply', 'chain', 'problems', 'however', 'owing', 'theinsecurities', 'losing', 'competitive', 'suppliers', 'beleery', 'disseminating', 'their', 'partner', 'details', 'mission', 'blockchains', 'feasible', 'supplier', 'toshare', 'without', 'actually', 'disclosing', 'their', 'partner', 'identity', 'challengesa', 'technical', 'technical', 'challenges', 'hinder', 'theapplication', 'blockchain', 'covid', 'impact', 'manage', 'before', 'blockchain', 'based', 'solutions', 'implementedin', 'current', 'situation', 'these', 'issues', 'adequatelyaddressed', 'first', 'technical', 'challenge', 'blockchain', 'imple', 'mentation', 'awareness', 'about', 'blockchain', 'andits', 'potential', 'furthermore', 'several', 'people', 'reserva', 'tions', 'regarding', 'blockchain', 'since', 'associateblockchain', 'cryptocurrencies', 'fraudulentactivities', 'although', 'technical', 'challenges', 'handledby', 'increased', 'awareness', 'challenges', 'toblockchain', 'implementation', 'technical', 'blockchain', 'based', 'platforms', 'often', 'suffer', 'their', 'lackof', 'scalability', 'current', 'crisis', 'necessitates', 'highly', 'scalable', 'solution', 'since', 'affecting', 'almostall', 'people', 'around', 'world', 'currently', 'fewvolume', '90255v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemicblockchain', 'based', 'platforms', 'available', 'almost', 'allof', 'inherent', 'scalability', 'constraints', 'response', 'current', 'pandemic', 'requires', 'solidation', 'various', 'emerging', 'legacy', 'technologies', 'since', 'blockchain', 'technology', 'relatively', 'becomes', 'difficult', 'integrate', 'blockchain', 'applica', 'tions', 'legacy', 'systemsiv', 'significant', 'advantages', 'blockchain', 'absence', 'central', 'authority', 'times', 'backfire', 'ensure', 'proper', 'functioning', 'ofblockchain', 'based', 'applications', 'essential', 'properlyenforce', 'government', 'regulations', 'standards', 'thedesign', 'development', 'applications', 'although', 'blockchain', 'technology', 'relatively', 'itsentire', 'potential', 'explored', 'disastrous', 'impactof', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'warranted', 'ofblockchain', 'based', 'transparency', 'solutions', 'enhanced', 'impactmanagement', 'techniques', 'coming', 'times', 'theseveral', 'benefits', 'offers', 'blockchain', 'technology', 'thepotential', 'become', 'indispensable', 'healthcareindustry', 'rapid', 'response', 'system', 'network', 'technology5g', 'refers', 'fifth', 'generation', 'wireless', 'communica', 'technology', 'supporting', 'mobile', 'networks', 'globally', 'comparison', 'expected', 'better', 'formance', 'terms', 'higher', 'speed', 'lower', 'latency', 'widerrange', 'increased', 'availability', 'reliability', 'togetherwith', 'other', 'concomitant', 'technologies', '5gnetwork', 'technology', 'potential', 'revolutionize', 'thehealthcare', 'sector', 'commercialization', 'technologyin', 'china', 'already', 'transformed', 'response', 'mechanism', 'tothe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'providing', 'better', 'assistance', 'tothe', 'frontline', 'staff', 'facilitating', 'improved', 'virus', 'tracking', 'patient', 'monitoring', 'collection', 'analysis', 'citingchina', 'example', 'section', 'discuss', 'variousways', 'which', 'countries', 'adopt', 'improve', 'theefficiency', 'their', 'efforts', 'resisting', 'covid', 'healthcrisis', 'telemedicineas', 'defined', 'section', 'telemedicine', 'refers', 'practiceof', 'remotely', 'monitoring', 'patients', 'although', 'ofdrones', 'smart', 'wearables', 'mobile', 'applications', 'functionalities', 'telemedicine', 'sector', 'technology', 'necessity', 'realize', 'those', 'functional', 'ities', 'limited', 'bandwidth', 'transfer', 'speed', 'existing', 'networks', 'cannot', 'support', 'quality', 'video', 'conferencing', 'which', 'essential', 'requirementfor', 'seamless', 'consultation', 'teleconferencing', 'further', 'networks', 'often', 'hinder', 'connection', 'iomtdevices', 'cloud', 'platforms', 'consequently', 'rendering', 'theminefficient', 'features', 'ultra', 'lowlatency', 'speed', 'transmission', 'enable', 'mobilenetworks', 'address', 'these', 'issues', 'furthermore', 'canenable', 'immersive', 'virtual', 'augmented', 'reality', 'applications', 'which', 'conceivably', 'interactiveexperience', 'telemedicine', 'equip', 'caregivers', 'provideimmediate', 'expertise', 'regards', 'possible', 'complications', 'andtreatment', 'strategies', 'china', 'where', 'technology', 'commerciallyunveiled', 'early', 'november', 'already', 'drawn', 'onsome', 'features', 'networks', 'bring', 'telemedicine', 'various', 'hospitals', 'medical', 'centers', 'china', 'launched5g', 'telemedicine', 'platforms', 'covid', 'patients', 'forexample', 'china', 'hospital', 'launched', 'covid', 'teleconsultation', 'platform', 'assistance', 'chinatelecom', 'hospital', 'affiliated', 'kunming', 'medical', 'univer', 'launched', 'based', 'online', 'platform', 'freecovid', 'diagnosis', 'treatment', 'emergency', 'facility', 'wuhan', 'huoshenshan', 'hospi', 'launched', 'remote', 'consultation', 'platform', 'consultation', 'platform', 'enabled', 'efficientdiagnosis', 'treatment', 'covid', 'patients', 'inthe', 'hospital', 'equipping', 'healthcare', 'profession', 'beijing', 'medical', 'thehospital', 'medical', 'imagingrecent', 'years', 'medical', 'imaging', 'techniques', 'archiving', 'communication', 'systems', 'becomean', 'indispensable', 'diagnosis', 'treatment', 'tandemwith', 'generation', 'cellular', 'networks', 'technologieslike', 'analytics', 'offer', 'enhanceddata', 'analysis', 'management', 'while', 'requiring', 'minimal', 'humaneffort', 'specialist', 'field', 'hospital', 'wuhan', 'leishenshanhospital', 'enabled', 'medical', 'imaging', 'platforms', 'allowedfor', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'patients', 'doingso', 'relieved', 'hospital', 'medicalstaff', 'thermal', 'imagingthermal', 'imaging', 'technology', 'initially', 'developed', 'foranti', 'aircraft', 'defense', 'found', 'severaldomains', 'including', 'healthcare', 'where', 'proved', 'beparticularly', 'propitious', 'establishment', 'networks', 'hasfacilitated', 'development', 'enabled', 'thermal', 'imagingsystems', 'several', 'applications', 'defense', 'andhealthcare', 'thermal', 'imaging', 'monitoring', 'systemcan', 'enable', 'temperature', 'moving', 'bodies', 'withhigh', 'accuracy', 'precision', 'accumulated', 'thesystems', 'transmitted', 'central', 'monitoringsystem', 'ultra', 'latency', 'using', 'networks', 'thecovid', 'outbreak', 'functionality', 'around', 'clock', 'public', 'temperature', 'monitoring', 'china', 'several', 'thermal', 'imaging', 'systems', 'already', 'consolidated', 'inrobots', 'which', 'deployed', 'public', 'spacesof', 'several', 'cities', 'reduce', 'spread', 'covid', '90256', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemicfigure', 'epidemic', 'monitoring', 'platform', 'robotsfollowing', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'several', 'attempts', 'havebeen', 'around', 'globe', 'develop', 'deploy', 'robots', 'toease', 'burden', 'first', 'officials', 'although', 'ofthese', 'attempts', 'already', 'discussed', 'section', 'section', 'focuses', 'mainly', 'powered', 'robots', 'having', 'functionalities', 'enabled', 'robots', 'areoften', 'efficient', 'performing', 'assigned', 'tasks', 'robots', 'deployed', 'thailandin', 'thailand', 'advanced', 'services', 'country', 'slargest', 'phone', 'operator', 'leveraged', 'technology', 'fight', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'hasinstalled', 'networks', 'hospitals', 'deployed', 'several', '5grobots', 'hospitals', 'augmenting', 'their', 'telemedicinefacilities', 'apart', 'serving', 'means', 'communicationbetween', 'medics', 'patients', 'these', 'robots', 'theability', 'perform', 'thermal', 'scans', 'china', 'mobile', 'robots', 'shanghaias', 'effort', 'contain', 'spread', 'covid', 'chinese', 'telecommunications', 'operator', 'china', 'mobile', 'hasprovided', 'enabled', 'intelligent', 'robots', 'shanghaipublic', 'health', 'clinical', 'center', 'these', 'robots', 'perform', 'amultitude', 'operations', 'sanitizing', 'health', 'centerpremises', 'delivering', 'medicines', 'patients', 'addition', 'robots', 'telecom', 'operators', 'shanghaihave', 'deployed', 'smart', 'devices', 'thermal', 'imagingcameras', 'health', 'monitors', 'their', 'combat', 'thecovid', 'crisis', 'cloudminds', 'robots', 'wuhana', 'field', 'hospital', 'staffed', 'several', 'enabled', 'smart', 'robots', 'recently', 'opened', 'wuhan', 'china', 'these', 'robots', 'vided', 'beijing', 'based', 'company', 'called', 'cloudminds', 'canclean', 'disinfect', 'premises', 'deliver', 'medicine', 'thepatients', 'measure', 'their', 'temperature', 'facility', 'monly', 'referred', 'smart', 'field', 'hospital', 'employedthe', 'various', 'other', 'devices', 'burden', 'thehospital', 'staff', 'patients', 'facility', 'smart', 'bracelets', 'andrings', 'synced', 'cloudminds', 'platform', 'enable', 'thehealth', 'workers', 'continually', 'track', 'their', 'patients', 'vital', 'signs', 'including', 'their', 'temperature', 'heart', 'blood', 'oxygenlevels', 'without', 'requiring', 'physically', 'present', 'themat', 'times', 'patrol', 'robots', 'multiple', 'cities', 'chinaa', 'local', 'robotics', 'company', 'based', 'guangzhou', 'china', 'recently', 'designed', 'police', 'patrol', 'robots', 'theadvantech', 'developed', 'computer', 'these', 'smartrobots', 'intersection', 'cloudcomputing', 'technologies', 'equipped', 'infrared', 'mometers', 'resolution', 'cameras', 'allow', 'tomeasure', 'temperatures', 'people', 'furthermore', 'employing', 'environmental', 'sensing', 'these', 'robots', 'determine', 'someone', 'wearing', 'maskvolume', '90257v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemicor', 'anytime', 'robot', 'encounters', 'someone', 'notwearing', 'temperature', 'immediatelysends', 'alert', 'local', 'authorities', 'these', 'robots', 'havebeen', 'deployed', 'public', 'places', 'multiple', 'cities', 'china', 'including', 'shanghai', 'guangzhou', 'guiyang', 'challengessince', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'several', 'technologi', 'solutions', 'proposed', 'mitigating', 'impact', 'among', 'drone', 'technology', 'theforefront', 'however', 'realize', 'transformative', 'potential', 'ofthese', 'technologies', 'there', 'cellular', 'network', 'thatcan', 'overcome', 'bandwidth', 'latency', 'flexibility', 'issuesinherent', 'current', 'network', 'technology', 'responsibilityfor', 'rests', 'generation', 'cellular', 'networks', 'integration', 'tools', 'robots', 'telemedicineplatforms', 'supported', 'features', 'speed', 'datatransmission', 'ultra', 'latency', 'advanced', 'analytics', 'allow', 'efficient', 'system', 'monitoring', 'crowds', 'detecting', 'infected', 'individuals', 'providing', 'treatment', 'tothem', 'without', 'physical', 'human', 'contact', 'refer', 'future', 'epidemic', 'controlsystem', 'potential', 'building', 'blocksfor', 'development', 'dynamic', 'smart', 'manage', 'model', 'however', 'present', 'implementationof', 'networks', 'faces', 'several', 'challenges', 'which', 'arementioned', 'below', 'since', 'deployment', 'networks', 'still', 'nascentstages', 'pitfalls', 'infrastructureto', 'support', 'their', 'working', 'furthermore', 'costsassociated', 'installation', 'maintenance', '5gnetworks', 'scale', 'deployment', 'difficultfor', 'governments', 'telecom', 'operators', 'their', 'networks', 'cannot', 'revolutionize', 'thehealthcare', 'sector', 'prove', 'effective', 'onlywhen', 'tandem', 'other', 'emerging', 'technologieslike', 'cloud', 'computing', 'present', 'there', 'established', 'guidelines', 'ulate', 'patient', 'confidential', 'collectedusing', 'healthcare', 'systems', 'besides', 'confidential', 'several', 'other', 'security', 'issues', 'associated', 'useof', 'resolved', 'although', 'scale', 'deployment', 'networks', 'thehealthcare', 'industry', 'likely', 'years', 'increasingnumber', 'medical', 'centers', 'already', 'contemplating', 'theuse', 'enabled', 'healthcare', 'systems', 'enhance', 'qualityof', 'medical', 'service', 'patient', 'experience', 'reduce', 'costof', 'medical', 'minimize', 'burden', 'healthcarepersonnel', 'xviii', 'conclusionwhile', 'world', 'continues', 'grapple', 'impact', 'ofthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'complementary', 'efforts', 'variousemerging', 'technologies', 'blockchain', 'endeavoring', 'alleviate', 'impact', 'keepingthat', 'foundation', 'offer', 'thelatest', 'insights', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'begin', 'thispaper', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'itself', 'which', 'explore', 'clinical', 'features', 'transmission', 'anism', 'diagnosis', 'procedures', 'following', 'discussthe', 'stages', 'disease', 'through', 'course', 'spread', 'various', 'treatment', 'efforts', 'being', 'toput', 'pandemic', 'preventive', 'measures', 'followed', 'possible', 'calibrate', 'thedisastrous', 'impact', 'covid', 'broadlook', 'state', 'global', 'economy', 'following', 'break', 'thorough', 'discussion', 'dissect', 'thevarious', 'technological', 'interventions', 'direction', 'ofcovid', 'impact', 'management', 'primarily', 'discussionfocuses', 'emerging', 'technologies', 'drones', 'blockchain', 'mitigating', 'impact', 'ofthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'diseasesurfaces', 'responsibility', 'manage', 'limit', 'impactrests', 'largely', 'these', 'technologies', 'acknowledgmentthe', 'statements', 'herein', 'solely', 'responsibility', 'ofthe', 'authors', 'new_paper']
['special', 'section', 'emerging', 'learningtheories', 'methods', 'biomedical', 'engineeringreceived', 'april', 'accepted', 'publication', 'current', 'version', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '2994762covidgan', 'augmentation', 'using', 'auxiliaryclassifier', 'improved', 'covid', 'detectionabdul', 'waheed1', 'muskan', 'goyal', 'deepak', 'gupta', 'ashish', 'khanna1', 'turjman', 'plácido', 'rogerio', 'pinheiro', 'member', '1maharaja', 'agrasen', 'institute', 'technology', 'delhi', '110086', 'india2artificial', 'intelligence', 'department', 'research', 'center', 'university', '99138', 'mersin', 'turkey3state', 'university', 'ceará', 'fortaleza', '60714903', 'brazil4university', 'fortaleza', 'fortaleza', '60811905', 'brazilcorresponding', 'author', 'deepak', 'gupta', 'deepakgupta', 'abstract', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'viral', 'disease', 'caused', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coron', 'avirus', 'spread', 'covid', 'seems', 'detrimental', 'effect', 'global', 'economyand', 'health', 'positive', 'chest', 'infected', 'patients', 'crucial', 'battle', 'against', 'covid', 'early', 'results', 'suggest', 'abnormalities', 'exist', 'chest', 'patients', 'suggestive', 'covid', 'thishas', 'introduction', 'variety', 'learning', 'systems', 'studies', 'shown', 'accuracyof', 'covid', 'patient', 'detection', 'through', 'chest', 'strongly', 'optimistic', 'learningnetworks', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'networks', 'substantial', 'amount', 'training', 'becausethe', 'outbreak', 'recent', 'difficult', 'gather', 'significant', 'number', 'radiographic', 'images', 'shorttime', 'therefore', 'research', 'present', 'method', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'chest', 'imagesby', 'developing', 'auxiliary', 'classifier', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'network', 'acgan', 'based', 'model', 'calledcovidgan', 'addition', 'demonstrate', 'synthetic', 'images', 'produced', 'covidgan', 'utilizedto', 'enhance', 'performance', 'covid', 'detection', 'classification', 'using', 'alone', 'yielded', 'accuracy', 'adding', 'synthetic', 'images', 'produced', 'covidgan', 'accuracy', 'increased', 'thismethod', 'speed', 'covid', 'detection', 'robust', 'systems', 'radiology', 'index', 'terms', 'learning', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'networks', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'networks', 'syntheticdata', 'augmentation', 'covid', 'detection', 'introductioncoronavirus', 'disease', 'respiratory', 'disease', 'caused', 'severeacute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'initially', 'detected', 'wuhan', 'china', 'december', 'spread', 'worldwide', 'since', 'ongoing', 'coronavirus', 'pandemic', 'than4', 'million', 'cases', 'deaths', 'registeredin', 'countries', 'territories', 'since', 'vaccines', 'cures', 'exist', 'efficient', 'ofhuman', 'protection', 'against', 'covid', 'reduce', 'spread', 'byprompt', 'testing', 'population', 'isolation', 'infectedindividuals', 'certain', 'health', 'symptoms', 'combined', 'chest', 'raycan', 'diagnose', 'infection', 'chest', 'canbe', 'visual', 'indicator', 'coronavirus', 'infection', 'bythe', 'radiologists', 'creation', 'numerous', 'deepthe', 'associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript', 'andapproving', 'publication', 'shuihua', 'learning', 'models', 'tests', 'shown', 'highly', 'likelythat', 'patients', 'covid', 'infection', 'detected', 'correctlyby', 'using', 'chest', 'radiography', 'images', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'networks', 'attained', 'state', 'performance', 'field', 'medical', 'imaging', 'given', 'enough', 'performance', 'accom', 'plished', 'training', 'labeled', 'tuning', 'lions', 'parameters', 'easily', 'overfit', 'smalldatasets', 'because', 'large', 'number', 'parameters', 'there', 'efficiency', 'generalization', 'proportional', 'thesize', 'labeled', 'limited', 'quantity', 'varietyof', 'samples', 'biggest', 'challenge', 'medical', 'imagingdomain', 'small', 'datasets', 'medical', 'image', 'collec', 'expensive', 'tedious', 'process', 'requiresthe', 'participation', 'radiologists', 'researchers', 'since', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'recent', 'sufficient', 'ofchest', 'images', 'difficult', 'gather', 'alleviate', 'drawbacks', 'using', 'synthetic', 'dataaugmentation', '91916', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'volume', '2020a', 'waheed', 'covidgan', 'augmentationdata', 'augmentation', 'methods', 'employed', 'extend', 'thetraining', 'dataset', 'artificially', 'current', 'augmentation', 'niques', 'simple', 'modifications', 'incorporate', 'affinity', 'likeimage', 'transformations', 'color', 'adjustments', 'flipping', 'converting', 'improving', 'contrast', 'brightness', 'blurring', 'sharpening', 'white', 'balance', 'classicaldata', 'augmentation', 'reliable', 'however', 'thisaugmentation', 'changes', 'limited', 'because', 'structuredto', 'existing', 'sample', 'slightly', 'altered', 'sample', 'other', 'words', 'classical', 'augmentation', 'producecompletely', 'unseen', 'modern', 'advanced', 'mentation', 'synthetic', 'augmentation', 'which', 'overcomesthe', 'limitations', 'classical', 'augmentation', 'generativeadversarial', 'network', 'innovative', 'modelthat', 'generates', 'synthetic', 'images', 'powerful', 'methodto', 'generate', 'unseen', 'samples', 'withoutsupervision', 'general', 'concept', 'usetwo', 'opposing', 'networks', 'where', 'generator', 'produces', 'realistic', 'image', 'trick', 'other', 'netthat', 'equipped', 'better', 'discriminate', 'between', 'andfalse', 'images', 'discriminator', 'generatoris', 'minimize', 'value', 'function', 'whereas', 'thediscriminator', 'maximizes', 'related', 'works', 'contribu', 'tions', 'discussed', 'below', 'related', 'worksrecently', 'framework', 'medicalimaging', 'techniques', 'developed', 'multi', 'scalevgg16', 'network', 'dcgan', 'based', 'model', 'forward', 'andbackward', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'imagesfor', 'nodules', 'classification', 'beers', 'trained', 'apggan', 'progressively', 'grown', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'synthesize', 'medical', 'images', 'fundus', 'pictures', 'premature', 'retinopathic', 'vascular', 'pathology', 'andglioma', 'multimodal', 'pictures', 'appliedgan', 'order', 'produce', 'segmented', 'images', 'andheart', 'chest', 'patch', 'based', 'developedin', 'convert', 'brain', 'pictures', 'responding', 'suggested', 'automated', 'imageoptimization', 'model', 'suggested', 'gannetworks', 'called', 'segmentor', 'critic', 'which', 'studied', 'theconnection', 'between', 'binary', 'brain', 'tumor', 'segmentation', 'mapand', 'brain', 'pictures', 'schlegl', 'utilized', 'tostudy', 'distribution', 'healthy', 'tissue', 'using', 'patches', 'inthe', 'retinal', 'region', 'checked', 'anomalydetection', 'retinal', 'images', 'patches', 'unseen', 'andhealthy', 'imagery', 'medical', 'imaging', 'explore', 'waysof', 'expanding', 'image', 'datasets', 'present', 'research', 'arefocusing', 'improvements', 'covid', 'detection', 'orderto', 'synthesize', 'standard', 'images', 'developed', 'iliary', 'classifier', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'network', 'acgan', 'based', 'model', 'research', 'published', 'journal', 'radiology', 'chestradiography', 'outperformed', 'laboratory', 'testing', 'detec', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'frequency', 'ofanomalies', 'radiographical', 'images', 'rapidly', 'increased', 'afterthe', 'onset', 'symptoms', 'peaked', 'during', 'illness', 'researchers', 'concluded', 'chest', 'radiogra', 'should', 'covid', 'screening', 'method', 'known', 'particular', 'imaginghas', 'various', 'advantages', 'readily', 'available', 'accessible', 'easily', 'portable', 'helps', 'rapid', 'prioritization', 'ofcovid', 'suspected', 'patients', 'since', 'pandemic', 'recent', 'there', 'limited', 'number', 'images', 'available', 'forstudy', 'therefore', 'develop', 'covidgan', 'generate', 'artificialtraining', 'generation', 'artificial', 'isvery', 'effective', 'small', 'datasets', 'dataincludes', 'sensitive', 'information', 'synthesize', 'imagesfrom', 'scratch', 'specific', 'category', 'producesatisfactory', 'results', 'combined', 'other', 'methods', 'research', 'projects', 'innovations', 'related', 'tocovid', 'proposed', 'paper', 'knowledge', 'first', 'present', 'architecture', 'improvement', 'covid', 'detection', 'contributionsin', 'study', 'covid', 'detection', 'cnnsare', 'extensively', 'field', 'computer', 'vision', 'theseare', 'widely', 'examine', 'visual', 'imagery', 'inimage', 'classification', 'years', 'several', 'studies', 'ofmedical', 'imagery', 'applied', 'recorded', 'betterperformance', 'combine', 'synthetic', 'images', 'gener', 'using', 'covidgan', 'proposed', 'architecture', 'research', 'following', 'contributions', 'propose', 'auxiliary', 'classifier', 'generative', 'adversarialnetwork', 'acgan', 'based', 'called', 'covidgan', 'forthe', 'generation', 'synthetic', 'images', 'design', 'based', 'model', 'covid', 'detection', 'using', 'covidgan', 'augmentation', 'training', 'datasetwith', 'model', 'improved', 'detection', 'ofcovid', 'remaining', 'transposition', 'follows', 'section', 'definesthe', 'dataset', 'architecture', 'covid', '19detection', 'section', 'elaborates', 'method', 'thetic', 'augmentation', 'extension', 'dataset', 'section', 'results', 'conclusion', 'thisresearch', 'respectively', 'section', 'discusses', 'limitations', 'ofthis', 'study', 'covid', 'detectionthis', 'section', 'describes', 'characteristics', 'dataset', 'usedand', 'architecture', 'covid', 'detection', 'dataset', 'generationthe', 'dataset', 'composed', 'images', 'cisely', 'there', 'images', 'covid', 'imagesof', 'normal', 'generate', 'dataset', 'collected', 'theimages', 'three', 'publicly', 'accessible', 'datasets', 'ieeecovid', 'chest', 'dataset', 'covid', 'radiogra', 'database', 'covid', 'chest', 'datasetvolume', '91917a', 'waheed', 'covidgan', 'augmentationinitiative', 'decision', 'develop', 'dataset', 'thesethree', 'datasets', 'driven', 'areopen', 'sourced', 'completely', 'available', 'public', 'andresearch', 'communities', 'collected', 'images', 'merged', 'andthe', 'duplicate', 'images', 'removed', 'dataset', 'imagehashing', 'method', 'remove', 'duplicate', 'images', 'thismethod', 'creates', 'value', 'uniquely', 'identifies', 'inputimage', 'based', 'contents', 'image', 'striking', 'trend', 'limited', 'number', 'cases', 'andassociated', 'pictures', 'covid', 'indicate', 'scantavailability', 'covid', 'public', 'domain', 'samplesof', 'dataset', 'given', 'architecturein', 'research', 'vgg16', 'network', 'covid', '19detection', 'vgg16', 'architecture', 'consists', 'twelve', '3convolutional', 'layers', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'lowed', 'pooling', 'layer', 'finally', 'threefully', 'connected', 'layers', 'stride', 'fixed', 'pixelin', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'pooling', 'layersuse', 'fixed', 'stride', 'pixel', 'filter', 'paddingof', 'pixel', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'thelayers', 'network', 'activation', 'function', 'advantage', 'vgg16', 'simplicity', 'depth', 'deeparchitecture', 'extracts', 'features', 'spatial', 'resolution', 'andgive', 'results', 'image', 'classification', 'problems', 'vgg16', 'architecture', 'which', 'connectedwith', 'custom', 'layers', 'global', 'average', 'poolinglayer', 'followed', 'units', 'dense', 'layer', 'dropout', 'layerwith', 'probability', 'lastly', 'softmax', 'layer', 'attached', 'findthe', 'prediction', 'network', 'dataset', 'consists', 'training', 'samples', 'covid', 'images', 'normal', 'images', 'testing', 'samples', 'covid', 'images', 'andnormal', 'images', 'image', 'preprocessing', 'stepsinvolved', 'resizing', 'normalizing', 'since', 'scaleof', 'images', 'varies', 'dataset', 'images', 'areresized', 'using', 'image', 'processing', 'scikit', 'further', 'image', 'normalized', 'rescaling', 'pixelsfrom', 'fixed', 'imageof', 'since', 'vgg16', 'network', 'million', 'parameters', 'requires', 'training', 'computing', 'resources', 'therefore', 'tuning', 'performed', 'modify', 'parametersof', 'trained', 'vgg16', 'model', 'adapt', 'tothe', 'custom', 'layers', 'model', 'aretrained', 'without', 'updating', 'weights', 'vgg16', 'layers', 'tuning', 'updates', 'weights', 'custom', 'layer', 'thisallows', 'output', 'layers', 'learn', 'interpret', 'learnedfeatures', 'vgg16', 'model', 'which', 'achieved', 'settingthe', 'trainable', 'property', 'layers', 'falsebefore', 'training', 'training', 'implementation', 'details', 'adaptive', 'momentestimation', 'optimizer', 'egorical_cross_entropy', 'function', 'amethod', 'stochastic', 'optimization', 'which', 'calculates', 'adaptivefigure', 'acgan', 'architecture', 'learning', 'rates', 'parameters', 'activationfunction', 'network', 'proposed', 'approxi', 'mately', 'million', 'parameters', 'learning', 'rates', 'adamare', 'controlled', 'parameter', 'hyperparametersused', 'training', 'learning_rate', 'batch_size', 'network', 'trained', 'epochsand', 'after', 'training', 'accuracy', 'achieved', 'proposedarchitecture', 'trained', 'tested', 'using', 'keras', 'learninglibrary', 'generating', 'synthetic', 'imagesthe', 'major', 'drawback', 'above', 'model', 'smalldataset', 'extend', 'training', 'boost', 'resultsof', 'covid', 'detection', 'increased', 'syntheticaugmentation', 'section', 'elaborates', 'method', 'augmen', 'tation', 'detail', 'auxiliary', 'classifier', 'generative', 'adversarialnetwork', 'acgan', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'networks', 'utilizes', 'neuralnetworks', 'compete', 'another', 'create', 'virtualinstances', 'which', 'transmitted', 'extensively', 'image', 'generation', 'thisresearch', 'version', 'called', 'auxiliary', 'classifiergan', 'perform', 'augmentation', 'difficult', 'generate', 'resolution', 'samplesfrom', 'highly', 'variable', 'conditional', 'variant', 'which', 'allows', 'model', 'outsideinformation', 'improve', 'sample', 'quality', 'latentspace', 'point', 'class', 'label', 'given', 'input', 'generatorand', 'attempts', 'generate', 'image', 'class', 'thediscriminator', 'provided', 'image', 'classlabel', 'decides', 'image', 'false', 'transforms', 'discrim', 'inator', 'predict', 'particular', 'image', 'class', 'label', 'instead', 'ofreceiving', 'input', 'stabilizes', 'training', 'process', 'andallows', 'generation', 'quality', 'images', 'while', 'learninga', 'representation', 'independent', 'class', 'label', 'acgan', 'architecture', 'shown', 'acgan', 'applies', 'associated', 'class', 'label', 'noise', 'toeach', 'produced', 'sample', 'generator', 'utilizes', 'toproduce', 'xfake', 'images', 'discriminator', 'gives91918', 'volume', '2020a', 'waheed', 'covidgan', 'augmentationfigure', 'covidgan', 'complete', 'architecture', 'generator', 'discriminator', 'figure', 'layered', 'architecture', 'covidgan', 'generator', 'distribution', 'probability', 'class', 'labels', 'sources', 'likelihood', 'source', 'class', 'correct', 'class', 'lcforms', 'objective', 'function', 'xreal', 'xfake', 'xreal', 'xfake', 'maximizes', 'maximizes', 'proposea', 'architecture', 'based', 'acgan', 'called', 'covidgan', 'produces', 'synthetic', 'images', 'improve', 'covid', '19detection', 'synthetic', 'image', 'augmentation', 'using', 'covidgan1', 'covidgan', 'generator', 'architecturethe', 'generator', 'takes', 'latent', 'vector', 'noise', 'which', 'arandom', 'normal', 'distribution', 'standard', 'deviation', 'class', 'label', 'input', 'output', 'single', '3image', 'class', 'label', 'passed', 'through', 'embedding', 'layerof', 'dimensions', 'categorical', 'input', 'furtherpassed', 'through', 'dense', 'layer', 'linear', 'activationto', 'output', 'tensor', 'point', 'latent', 'space', 'isinterpreted', 'dense', 'layer', 'giveactivations', 'reshaped', 'manycopies', 'resolution', 'version', 'output', 'image', 'thetensors', 'generated', 'class', 'label', 'noise', 'concatenated', 'passed', 'through', 'fourtranspose', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'upsample', '1024feature', 'first', 'then56', 'finally', 'transposeconvolutional', 'layer', 'except', 'followed', 'abatch', 'normalization', 'layer', 'activation', 'layer', 'modeluses', 'methodologies', 'activation', 'kernel', 'ofsize', 'stride', 'hyperbolic', 'tangent', 'activation', 'function', 'output', 'layer', 'total', 'parametersof', 'generator', 'approximately', 'million', 'output', 'ofthe', 'generator', 'image', 'shape', 'layeredarchitecture', 'generator', 'given', 'covidgan', 'discriminator', 'architecturethe', 'discriminator', 'model', 'architecture', 'twooutput', 'layers', 'takes', 'image', 'shape', 'input', 'model', 'outputs', 'prediction', 'image', 'realvolume', '91919a', 'waheed', 'covidgan', 'augmentationfigure', 'images', 'dataset', 'synthetic', 'images', 'generated', 'covidgan', 'class', 'class', 'outputs', 'class', 'labelthat', 'covid', 'normal', 'block', 'discrim', 'inator', 'represents', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'which', 'followed', 'batch', 'normalization', 'layer', 'activation', 'layer', 'dropoutlayer', 'probability', 'input', 'downsampled', 'from112', 'finally', 'modeluses', 'kernel', 'stride', 'changes', 'alternativelyfrom', 'leakyrelu', 'activation', 'function', 'witha', 'slope', 'discriminator', 'approximately', 'millionparameters', 'final', 'output', 'flattened', 'probability', 'ofthe', 'image', 'reality', 'probability', 'image', 'belongingto', 'class', 'estimated', 'first', 'output', 'layer', 'sigmoidfunction', 'predicts', 'realness', 'image', 'second', 'outputlayer', 'softmax', 'function', 'predicts', 'label', 'training', 'procedurethe', 'generator', 'model', 'stacked', 'discrimi', 'nator', 'model', 'initially', 'layers', 'discriminator', 'areset', 'trainable', 'generator', 'updatedvia', 'discriminator', 'forms', 'composite', 'model', 'ofgan', 'which', 'covidgan', 'covidgan', 'trainedto', 'synthesize', 'images', 'covid', 'andnormal', 'class', 'image', 'preprocessing', 'involvedresizing', 'normalizing', 'images', 'normalization', 'process', 'changesthe', 'range', 'pixel', 'values', 'purpose', 'convert', 'inputimage', 'range', 'pixel', 'values', 'familiaror', 'normal', 'senses', 'optimizerfunction', 'implement', 'works', 'sparse', 'dients', 'requires', 'little', 'memory', 'space', 'computationallyefficient', 'therefore', 'choice', 'mization', 'model', 'following', 'hyperparameters', 'areused', 'training', 'covidgan', 'batch_size', 'learning_rate', 'momentum', 'mizer', 'number', 'epochs', 'covidgan', 'approx', 'imately', 'million', 'parameters', 'takes', 'around', 'hoursto', 'train', 'model', 'optimized', 'using', 'twoloss', 'functions', 'output', 'layer', 'discrimi', 'nator', 'first', 'layer', 'binary_crossentropy', 'secondsparse_categorical_crossentropy', 'complete', 'architectureis', 'trained', 'using', 'keras', 'learning', 'library', 'complete', 'covidgan', 'architecture', 'shown', 'synthetic', 'images', 'generated', 'covidgan', 'shownin', 'covidgan', 'generated', 'synthetic', 'images', 'ofnormal', 'synthetic', 'images', 'covid', 'results', 'discussionin', 'section', 'analyze', 'effect', 'synthetic', 'mentation', 'technique', 'improved', 'covid', 'detec', 'initially', 'perform', 'covid', 'detection', 'thecnn', 'classifier', 'defined', 'section', 'improve', 'theperformance', 'synthetic', 'augmenta', 'technique', 'performance', 'model', 'observedon', 'testing', 'samples', 'testing', 'samples', 'consists', 'onlyactual', 'covid', 'images', 'normal', 'images', 'found', 'synthetic', 'augments', 'duced', 'shown', 'covidgan', 'enhanced', 'theperformance', 'accuracy', 'achieved', 'withactual', 'precision', 'recall', 'covidclass', 'increased', 'synthetic', 'augments', 'with0', 'precision', 'recall', 'covid', 'class', 'detailedanalysis', 'shown', 'table', 'results', 'environmentsetup', 'presented', 'section', 'evaluation', 'measures', 'environment', 'setupthe', 'implementation', 'covidgan', 'architecture', 'isdone', 'using', 'keras', 'learning', 'library', 'training', 'andtesting', 'processes', 'performed', 'using', 'nvidia', 'gpuwith', 'memory', 'intel', 'generation', 'with16gb', 'precision', 'recall', 'sensitivity', 'score', 'andspecificity', 'measure', 'analyze', 'performance', 'thecnn', 'model', 'using', 'synthetic', 'augmentation', 'technique', 'precision', 'classifier', 'ability', 'negativesample', 'positive', 'recall', 'classifier', 'ability', 'to91920', 'volume', '2020a', 'waheed', 'covidgan', 'augmentationtable', 'performance', 'comparison', 'covid', 'detection', 'classify', 'those', 'disease', 'correctly', 'positiverate', 'score', 'weighted', 'average', 'precision', 'recall', 'specificity', 'ability', 'classifier', 'correctly', 'identifythose', 'without', 'disease', 'negative', 'additionto', 'total', 'accuracy', 'macro', 'average', 'weighted', 'averageare', 'calculated', 'formulas', 'measures', 'givenbelow', 'precision', 'sensitivity', 'recall', 'f1score', 'recall', 'precisionrecall', 'precision', 'specificity', 'total', 'accuarcy', 'ptptotal', 'covid19', 'samples', 'where', 'positives', 'false', 'positives', 'isfalse', 'negatives', 'macro', 'average', 'finds', 'unweighted', 'foreach', 'label', 'without', 'taking', 'label', 'imbalance', 'account', 'weighted', 'average', 'calculated', 'using', 'instances', 'eachlabel', 'performance', 'analysis', 'synthetic', 'dataaugmentationtable', 'analyzes', 'covid', 'detection', 'performance', 'ofcnn', 'synthetic', 'augmentation', 'technique', 'seethat', 'actual', 'detec', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'described', 'previous', 'section', 'usedcovidgan', 'augmentation', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'imagesof', 'observed', 'training', 'actual', 'andsynthetic', 'images', 'yields', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'which', 'clearly', 'betterperformance', 'increase', 'precision', 'recall', 'recorded', 'forboth', 'covid', 'precision', 'recall', 'normal', 'precision', 'recall', 'class', 'suggests', 'thesynthetic', 'augments', 'produced', 'meaningful', 'features', 'thathelp', 'enhancement', 'performance', 'visualization', 'using', 'pcawe', 'visualization', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'results', 'principal', 'component', 'analysis', 'amethod', 'which', 'reduces', 'dimension', 'feature', 'space', 'suchthat', 'variables', 'independent', 'retainslarge', 'distances', 'order', 'optimize', 'variance', 'steps', 'involved', 'standardization', 'dimensions', 'ofthe', 'dataset', 'calculated', 'except', 'labels', 'scaledso', 'variable', 'contributes', 'equally', 'analysis', 'theequation', 'given', 'below', 'scaled', 'value', 'initial', 'standard', 'deviation', 'respectively', 'covariance', 'matrix', 'computation', 'covariance', 'sured', 'between', 'dimensions', 'dimensional', 'covariance', 'between', 'dimensions', 'dimensions', 'dimensions', 'sured', 'covariance', 'variables', 'computedusing', 'following', 'formula', 'given', 'below', 'where', 'x0and', 'y0are', 'arithmetic', 'respectively', 'number', 'observations', 'resultant', 'covariancematrix', 'would', 'square', 'matrix', 'dimensions', 'dimensional', 'covariance', 'matrix', 'compute', 'eigenvectors', 'corresponding', 'eigen', 'values', 'eigenvector', 'corresponding', 'eigenvalues', 'arecomputed', 'covariance', 'matrix', 'correspondingeigenvalue', 'factor', 'which', 'eigenvector', 'scaled', 'eigenvector', 'matrix', 'vector', 'satisfiesthe', 'following', 'equation', 'where', 'eigenvalue', 'means', 'linear', 'trans', 'formation', 'defined', 'equation', 'writtenas', 'where', 'identity', 'matrix', 'volume', '91921a', 'waheed', 'covidgan', 'augmentationfigure', 'visualization', 'figure', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'covid', 'detection', 'using', 'actualdata', 'choose', 'eigenvectors', 'largest', 'eigenvalues', 'eigenvectors', 'respect', 'their', 'decreasing', 'order', 'ofeigenvalues', 'sorted', 'chosen', 'where', 'isthe', 'number', 'dimensions', 'dataset', 'recasting', 'along', 'principal', 'components', 'axesin', 'samples', 'transformed', 'newsubspace', 'orienting', 'original', 'theones', 'represented', 'principal', 'components', 'final', 'feature', 'vector', 'transpose', 'scaled', 'lastly', 'principal', 'components', 'computed', 'datapoints', 'accordance', 'projected', 'features', 'dimensional', 'taken', 'thelast', 'layer', 'features', 'images', 'thetic', 'images', 'plotted', 'syntheticimages', 'shown', 'green', 'close', 'images', 'shown', 'purple', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'covid', 'detection', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'usedto', 'summarize', 'performance', 'covidgan', 'model', 'recorded', 'performance', 'model', 'testingsamples', 'covid', 'images', 'normal', '120images', 'colored', 'diagonal', 'matrix', 'arethe', 'correct', 'classifications', 'whereas', 'other', 'entries', 'classifications', 'covid', 'cxrimages', 'misclassified', 'normal', 'false', 'negative', 'normal', 'images', 'misclassified', 'covid', 'false', 'positive', 'trained', 'actual', 'infigure', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'covid', 'detection', 'using', 'withsynthetic', 'augmentation', 'actual', 'images', 'misclassified', 'normal', 'whencnn', 'trained', 'actual', 'synthetic', 'augments', 'erated', 'covidgan', 'number', 'false', 'positivesis', 'reduced', 'conclusionin', 'research', 'proposed', 'acgan', 'based', 'modelcalled', 'covidgan', 'generates', 'synthetic', 'images', 'toenlarge', 'dataset', 'improve', 'performance', 'cnnin', 'covid', 'detection', 'research', 'implemented', 'adataset', 'covid', 'images', 'normal', 'cxrimages', 'limited', 'dataset', 'highlights', 'scarcity', 'medicalimages', 'research', 'communities', 'initially', 'proposed', 'architecture', 'classifythe', 'classes', 'covid', 'normal', 'further', 'performance', 'synthetic', 'mentation', 'technique', 'investigated', 'synthetic', 'augmentation', 'variability', 'thedataset', 'enlarging', 'covidgan', 'generate', 'thetic', 'images', 'chest', 'improvement', 'sification', 'performance', 'accuracy', 'recordedwhen', 'trained', 'actual', 'synthetic', 'augments', 'increase', 'precision', 'recall', 'classes', 'alsoobserved', 'findings', 'synthesized', 'images', 'cxrhave', 'significant', 'visualizations', 'features', 'thedetection', 'covid', 'lastly', 'detailed', 'analysis', 'theperformance', 'architecture', 'synthetic', 'dataaugmentation', 'technique', 'given', 'table', 'conclusion', 'proposed', 'enhance', 'accuracyof', 'covid', 'detection', 'minimal', 'generatingsynthetic', 'medical', 'images', 'chest', 'despite', 'excellentresults', 'covidgan', 'intended', 'compete', 'ratory', 'testing', 'instead', 'approach', 'leads', 'tostronger', 'reliable', 'radiology', 'systems', 'future', 'intend', 'improve', 'quality', 'thesynthetic', 'images', 'training', 'progressive', 'growinggan', '91922', 'volume', '2020a', 'waheed', 'covidgan', 'augmentationvi', 'limitationsthis', 'analysis', 'still', 'variety', 'limitations', 'firstly', 'ganarchitecture', 'training', 'improved', 'further', 'secondly', 'small', 'dataset', 'because', 'constraints', 'anddifficulty', 'gathering', 'enough', 'quality', 'thetic', 'samples', 'produced', 'research', 'could', 'improvedby', 'integrating', 'labeled', 'which', 'improves', 'learningprocess', 'thirdly', 'dataset', 'obtained', 'varioussources', 'cross', 'center', 'validations', 'conducted', 'inthis', 'analysis', 'every', 'effort', 'ensure', 'thedata', 'collected', 'correctly', 'labeled', 'mistake', 'label', 'however', 'would', 'probably', 'affect', 'results', 'reported', 'suchan', 'impact', 'could', 'especially', 'pronounced', 'datasetis', 'small', 'lastly', 'reliably', 'detect', 'covid', 'isthrough', 'medical', 'assistance', 'clinical', 'testing', 'findingsof', 'paper', 'provide', 'promising', 'results', 'encourage', 'theuse', 'approach', 'robust', 'radiology', 'systems', 'paper', 'promotes', 'systematic', 'large', 'scale', 'gatheringof', 'covid', 'images', 'acknowledgmentthis', 'research', 'dedicated', 'those', 'impacted', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'those', 'assisting', 'fight', 'would', 'tothank', 'doctors', 'nurses', 'healthcare', 'providers', 'whoare', 'putting', 'their', 'lives', 'combating', 'coronavirusoutbreak', 'new_paper']
['radio', 'science', 'bulletin', 'march', 'telecommunications', 'health', 'safetyjames', 'linuniversity', 'illinois', 'chicago851', 'south', 'morgan', 'street', '154chicago', '60607', 'eduthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'cellulartelecommunication', 'systemsrecently', 'there', 'several', 'unusual', 'reportscoming', 'about', 'linking', 'coronavirusdisease', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'rollout', '5gcommunication', 'systems', 'sounded', 'rather', 'bizarre', 'conspiracy', 'theory', 'sense', 'whileboth', 'covid', 'global', 'phenomena', 'happeningat', 'around', 'boggles', 'twogot', 'entangled', 'second', 'thought', 'shocking', 'encounter', 'write', 'early', 'thecoronavirus', 'established', 'global', 'pandemic', 'withrapidly', 'increasing', 'counts', 'fatalities', 'worldwide', 'impact', 'interruptions', 'computer', 'viruses', 'onprivate', 'citizen', 'commerce', 'corporation', 'governmentoperations', 'common', 'lives', 'widely', 'publicizedand', 'recognized', 'quite', 'beenslowly', 'embedded', 'public', 'consciousness', 'anundesirable', 'iction', 'still', 'search', 'ectiveremedy', 'moreover', 'couple', 'years', 'longer', 'variousgroups', 'broadcasting', 'escalating', 'politicizedor', 'overblown', 'concerns', 'about', 'security', 'challenges', 'andthreats', 'aside', 'array', 'socio', 'technical', 'issuessurrounding', 'cellular', 'mobile', 'network', 'technology', 'palpable', 'politicization', 'caused', 'bewildermentand', 'consternation', 'deployment', 'certainly', 'impactedthe', 'which', 'investment', 'decisions', 'being', 'namely', 'engage5g', 'tortoise', 'onset', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'complex', 'anddevastating', 'global', 'pandemic', 'public', 'alreadyjittery', 'about', 'computer', 'viruses', 'wireless', 'cellulartechnology', 'perhaps', 'conjures', 'horrors', 'people', 'sminds', 'being', 'attacked', 'pandemic', 'viruses', 'malevolentcells', 'associated', 'phones', 'thescript', 'neoteric', 'scapegoating', 'cultural', 'normin', 'quarters', 'years', 'there', 'between', 'covid', '19virus', 'phone', 'technology', 'communicationbase', 'station', 'towers', 'these', 'totally', 'erent', 'constructs', 'close', 'conspiracy', 'theoriesthat', 'coronavirus', 'scientifi', 'cally', 'makeany', 'sense', 'electromagnetic', 'radiation', 'devicesand', 'systems', 'carrying', 'covid', 'virus', 'anyother', 'microbial', 'virus', 'which', 'humans', 'intocontact', 'infect', 'anyone', 'proponents', 'mobile', 'technology', 'afaster', 'secure', 'technology', 'predecessors', 'systems', 'which', 'incidentally', 'necessarilyentirely', 'secure', 'either', 'vulnerable', 'toattempts', 'location', 'tracking', 'surveillancepractices', 'however', 'there', 'security', 'concerns', 'andissues', 'somewhat', 'complicated', 'centralvulnerability', 'threat', 'allow', 'spyingon', 'users', 'either', 'nevertheless', 'systemarchitecture', 'technology', 'regulatory', 'issue', 'abiological', 'health', 'matter', 'challenge', 'cellular', 'mobile', 'technology', 'telecommunicationplatform', 'multifaceted', 'radio', 'frequency', 'engagement', 'varied', 'operational', 'scope', 'andperformance', 'includes', 'extremely', 'range', 'multiple', 'radio', 'science', 'bulletin', 'march', 'bands', 'frequency', 'coverage', 'roughly', 'separatedinto', 'ranges', 'bands', 'frequencies', 'reach', 'millimeter', 'region', 'frequency', 'ranges', 'often', 'furtherdivided', 'band5g', 'begins', 'about', 'often', 'usesexisting', 'previous', 'frequencies', 'newly', 'openedfrequencies', 'operate', 'which', 'example', 'overlap', 'withthe', 'current', 'especially', 'includesthe', 'frequencies', 'around', 'however', 'theprimary', 'technological', 'advances', 'associated', 'thehigh', 'promising', 'performance', 'bandwidths', 'highas', 'multiple', 'input', 'multiple', 'output', 'using', 'antennas', 'short', 'distances', 'eringperformance', 'times', 'current', 'networks', 'perspective', 'frequency', 'allocation', '5gencompasses', 'enormous', 'range', 'ghzand', 'beyond', 'giant', 'currenttechnological', 'advances', 'demand', 'performancechallenges', 'clearly', 'immensely', 'highbands', 'anticipated', 'performance', 'bandwidth', 'ghzobviously', 'viable', 'supportable', 'designdefault', 'spectrum', 'necessity', 'bandwidth', 'performancewill', 'accomplished', 'leapfrogging', 'band5g', 'biological', 'matters', 'obvious', 'whether', 'thebiological', 'responses', 'radiations', 'wouldbe', 'earlier', 'generations', 'radiations', 'given', 'distinctive', 'characteristics', 'itsinteraction', 'complex', 'structure', 'composition', 'ofpertinent', 'biological', 'tissues', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'international', 'agency', 'research', 'cancer', 'classifi', 'exposure', 'radiation', 'possible', 'carcinogento', 'humans', 'evaluated', 'available', 'scientifi', 'cstudies', 'concluded', 'while', 'evidence', 'incompleteand', 'limited', 'especially', 'regarding', 'results', 'animalexperiments', 'epidemiological', 'studies', 'humans', 'reportedthat', 'increased', 'risks', 'gliomas', 'malignant', 'braincancer', 'acoustic', 'neuromas', 'acoustic', 'schwannomas', 'malignant', 'tumor', 'schwann', 'sheathed', 'auditorynerves', 'brain', 'among', 'heavy', 'termusers', 'cellular', 'mobile', 'telephones', 'suffi', 'ciently', 'strongto', 'support', 'classifi', 'cation', 'being', 'possibly', 'cancer', 'causingin', 'humans', 'exposure', 'radiation', 'classification', 'radiation', 'possiblycarcinogenic', 'humans', 'third', 'groupingsof', 'carcinogenic', 'humans', 'highest', 'category', 'isgroup', 'which', 'reserved', 'agents', 'found', 'carcinogenic', 'humans', 'followed', 'group', 'probably', 'carcinogenic', 'humans', 'possibly', 'carcinogenicto', 'humans', 'group', 'classifi', 'itscarcinogenicity', 'humans', 'lastly', 'group', 'probablynot', 'carcinogenic', 'humans', 'recently', 'national', 'toxicology', 'program', 'ofthe', 'national', 'institute', 'environmental', 'health', 'science', 'niehs', 'reported', 'observations', 'types', 'cancers', 'inlaboratory', 'given', 'exposure', 'radiation', 'usedfor', 'wireless', 'cellular', 'mobile', 'telephone', 'operations', 'largest', 'health', 'study', 'undertakenby', 'niehs', 'concluded', 'among', 'other', 'observations', 'there', 'statistically', 'signifi', 'clear', 'evidence', 'radiation', 'development', 'malignantschwannoma', 'tumor', 'heart', 'malerats', 'further', 'there', 'equivocal', 'evidence', 'sameschwannoma', 'among', 'female', 'noted', 'thatthere', 'unusual', 'patterns', 'cardiomyopathy', 'damage', 'toheart', 'tissue', 'exposed', 'female', 'whencompared', 'concurrent', 'control', 'animals', 'addition', 'based', 'statistical', 'signifi', 'cance', 'pathology', 'ndingsshowed', 'indications', 'evidence', 'dependentcarcinogenic', 'activity', 'brain', 'specifi', 'callyglioma', 'however', 'ndings', 'female', 'deemedas', 'providing', 'equivocal', 'evidence', 'malignantgliomas', 'compared', 'concurrent', 'controls', 'categories', 'evidence', 'forcarcinogenic', 'activity', 'classify', 'strength', 'evidenceobserved', 'their', 'reports', 'clear', 'evidence', 'someevidence', 'positive', 'ndings', 'equivocal', 'evidence', 'foruncertain', 'results', 'evidence', 'observable', 'inadequate', 'study', 'results', 'cannot', 'evaluatedbecause', 'major', 'experimental', 'shortly', 'after', 'report', 'cesare', 'maltonicancer', 'research', 'center', 'ramazzini', 'institutein', 'bologna', 'italy', 'published', 'results', 'itscomprehensive', 'study', 'carcinogenicity', 'exposed', 'either', 'lifelong', 'prenatal', 'until', 'death', 'mhzrf', 'radiation', 'study', 'involved', 'whole', 'exposureof', 'female', 'under', 'plane', 'equivalent', 'orfar', 'exposure', 'conditions', 'authors', 'estimated', 'thewhole', 'roughly', 'during', 'exposures', 'approximatelytwo', 'years', 'statistically', 'signifi', 'increase', 'ofschwannomas', 'hearts', 'detected', 'thehighest', 'exposure', 'furthermore', 'increase', 'rateof', 'heart', 'schwann', 'hyperplasia', 'observed', 'exposedmale', 'female', 'highest', 'exposure', 'althoughthis', 'statistically', 'signifi', 'increase', 'rateof', 'gliomas', 'observed', 'exposed', 'female', 'thehighest', 'exposure', 'level', 'deemed', 'statisticallysignifi', 'important', 'recent', 'andramazzini', 'exposure', 'studies', 'presented', 'similar', 'ndingsin', 'heart', 'schwannomas', 'brain', 'gliomas', 'relativelywell', 'conducted', 'exposure', 'studies', 'employing', 'samestrain', 'showed', 'consistent', 'results', 'signifi', 'cantlyincreased', 'cancer', 'risks', 'recently', 'advisory', 'group', 'hasrecommended', 'including', 'evaluation', 'carcinogenicityof', 'human', 'exposure', 'radiation', 'priority', 'intheir', 'monograph', 'series', 'radio', 'science', 'bulletin', 'march', 'mentioned', 'above', 'frequency', 'domainis', 'divided', 'bands', 'operatingfrequencies', 'bands', 'overlap', 'thecurrent', 'below', 'biological', 'radiations', 'these', 'lower', 'frequency', 'bands', 'likelyto', 'comparable', 'however', 'scenariosof', 'especially', 'themm', 'region', 'capacity', 'short', 'range', 'wirelessdata', 'communications', 'relatively', 'recent', 'arrivals', 'considerable', 'challenge', 'health', 'assessment', 'there', 'paucity', 'permittivity', 'andcoupling', 'ection', 'transmission', 'inducedenergy', 'deposition', 'biological', 'tissues', 'wavefrequency', 'principle', 'frequencies', 'inducedfi', 'energy', 'deposition', 'biological', 'medium', 'canbe', 'determined', 'manner', 'thepermittivity', 'relevant', 'biological', 'tissues', 'thesefrequencies', 'known', 'although', 'there', 'earlierextrapolations', 'based', 'debye', 'formulas', 'using', 'complexdielectric', 'permittivity', 'lower', 'frequencies', 'measurements', 'within', 'range', 'areavailable', 'humans', 'rodents', 'skintissue', 'homogeneous', 'consists', 'multiple', 'layersof', 'stratum', 'corneum', 'epidermis', 'dermis', 'moreover', 'erentiated', 'according', 'location', 'example', 'forearm', 'skins', 'thick', 'stratum', 'corneum', 'respectively', 'shown', 'permittivity', 'ofdiff', 'erent', 'layers', 'described', 'debye', 'equationwith', 'single', 'relaxation', 'measured', 'humanskin', 'frequency', 'range', 'showed', 'thatthe', 'measured', 'results', 'tended', 'lower', 'compared', 'earlierextrapolations', 'importantly', 'frequencies', 'permittivity', 'governed', 'cutaneous', 'watercontent', 'available', 'information', 'thusindicates', 'behavior', 'relative', 'permittivity', 'followsthat', 'lower', 'frequencies', 'specifi', 'cally', 'andimaginary', 'parts', 'permittivity', 'decrease', 'respectively', 'power', 'ection', 'coeffi', 'cients', 'frequencies', 'from37', 'decreased', 'forearm', 'respectively', 'power', 'transmission', 'coeffi', 'cient', 'forearmshowed', 'increase', 'respectively', 'between30', 'noteworthy', 'thick', 'stratumcorneum', 'causes', 'increase', 'transmissionbecause', 'layer', 'matching', 'phenomenon', 'highermm', 'frequencies', 'penetration', 'depth', 'planewave', 'decreases', 'forearm', 'respectively', 'between', 'induced', 'energy', 'depositionincreases', 'frequency', 'however', 'highestfrequencies', 'energy', 'deposition', 'deeper', 'regionsinside', 'lower', 'because', 'reduced', 'penetrationdepth', 'these', 'frequencies', 'studies', 'interactions', 'aimed', 'towardbiological', 'medical', 'applications', 'began', 'nearly50', 'years', 'notably', 'former', 'soviet', 'union', 'acomprehensive', 'review', 'research', 'biological', 'waves', 'former', 'soviet', 'union', 'showed', 'atintensities', 'cellgrowth', 'proliferation', 'enzyme', 'activity', 'genetic', 'status', 'function', 'excitable', 'membranes', 'peripheral', 'receptors', 'andother', 'biological', 'systems', 'recently', 'published', 'review', 'included', 'vivostudies', 'conducted', 'using', 'laboratory', 'animals', 'otherbiological', 'preparations', 'vitro', 'studies', 'involvingprimary', 'cells', 'cultured', 'lines', 'review', 'wasbased', 'published', 'scientifi', 'papers', 'written', 'inenglish', 'available', 'through', 'using', 'to100', 'source', 'however', 'because', 'fewer', 'studieswere', 'reported', 'below', 'frequencies', 'higherthan', 'review', 'mainly', 'covered', 'published', 'studiesconducted', 'frequency', 'range', 'about30', 'industry', 'supported', 'review', 'noted', 'asidefrom', 'frequency', 'ranges', 'studies', 'diverseboth', 'subjects', 'points', 'investigated', 'biologicaleff', 'observed', 'occur', 'vitrofor', 'erent', 'biological', 'endpoints', 'studied', 'indeed', 'thepercentage', 'positive', 'responses', 'thermal', 'levels', 'inmost', 'frequency', 'groups', 'higher', 'intensities', 'causeany', 'greater', 'responses', 'example', 'vitrostudies', 'involving', 'primary', 'cells', 'lines', 'approximately', 'primary', 'studiesand', 'investigations', 'showed', 'thatwere', 'related', 'exposure', 'however', 'protocolapplied', 'control', 'biological', 'target', 'culture', 'mediumtemperature', 'during', 'exposure', 'unclear', 'alarge', 'fraction', 'these', 'studies', 'while', 'these', 'investigations', 'exposures', 'reported', 'biological', 'responses', 'there', 'isinconsistency', 'dependence', 'biological', 'andmm', 'intensity', 'exposure', 'number', 'ofreported', 'vitro', 'laboratory', 'investigations', 'werealso', 'modest', 'diverse', 'considering', 'frequency', 'domain', 'biological', 'orhealth', 'impact', 'still', 'moreover', 'there', 'ofongoing', 'controlled', 'laboratory', 'investigations', 'simply', 'existing', 'scientifi', 'inadequate', 'reliableassessment', 'conclusion', 'confi', 'dence', 'new_paper']
['received', 'accepted', 'publication', 'current', 'version', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3003810iteratively', 'pruned', 'learning', 'ensemblesfor', 'covid', 'detection', 'chest', 'rayssivaramakrishnan', 'rajaraman', 'member', 'jenifer', 'siegelman2', 'philip', 'alderson3', 'lucas', 'folio4', 'folio6', 'sameer', 'antani', 'senior', 'member', '1lister', 'national', 'center', 'biomedical', 'communications', 'national', 'library', 'medicine', 'bethesda', '20894', 'usa2takeda', 'pharmaceuticals', 'cambridge', '02139', 'usa3school', 'medicine', 'saint', 'louis', 'university', 'louis', '63104', 'usa4functional', 'applied', 'biomechanics', 'section', 'clinical', 'center', 'national', 'institutes', 'health', 'bethesda', '20892', 'usa5walt', 'whitman', 'school', 'bethesda', '20817', 'usa6radiological', 'imaging', 'sciences', 'clinical', 'center', 'national', 'institutes', 'health', 'bethesda', '20894', 'usacorresponding', 'author', 'sivaramakrishnan', 'rajaraman', 'sivaramakrishnan', 'rajaraman', 'supported', 'intramural', 'research', 'program', 'national', 'library', 'medicine', 'national', 'institutesof', 'health', 'abstract', 'demonstrate', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'learning', 'model', 'ensembles', 'detectingpulmonary', 'manifestations', 'covid', 'chest', 'disease', 'caused', 'novel', 'severeacute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'virus', 'known', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'custom', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'selection', 'imagenet', 'pretrained', 'models', 'aretrained', 'evaluated', 'patient', 'level', 'publicly', 'available', 'collections', 'learn', 'modality', 'specificfeature', 'representations', 'learned', 'knowledge', 'transferred', 'tuned', 'improve', 'performanceand', 'generalization', 'related', 'classifying', 'normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'orcovid', 'viral', 'abnormalities', 'performing', 'models', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'reduce', 'complexity', 'andimprove', 'memory', 'efficiency', 'predictions', 'performing', 'pruned', 'models', 'combined', 'throughdifferent', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'improve', 'classification', 'performance', 'empirical', 'evaluations', 'demonstrate', 'thatthe', 'weighted', 'average', 'performing', 'pruned', 'models', 'significantly', 'improves', 'performance', 'resulting', 'accuracy', 'under', 'curve', 'detecting', 'covid', 'findings', 'thecombined', 'modality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'iterative', 'model', 'pruning', 'ensemble', 'learningresulted', 'improved', 'predictions', 'expect', 'model', 'quickly', 'adopted', 'covid', 'screeningusing', 'chest', 'radiographs', 'index', 'terms', 'covid', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'learning', 'ensemble', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'introductionnovel', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'causedby', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndromecoronavirus', 'originated', 'wuhan', 'inthe', 'hubei', 'province', 'china', 'spread', 'worldwide', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'declared', 'break', 'pandemic', 'march', 'disease', 'israpidly', 'affecting', 'worldwide', 'population', 'statistics', 'quicklyfalling', 'april', 'there', 'over1', 'million', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'reported', 'globally', 'over100', 'reported', 'deaths', 'disease', 'causes', 'difficultyin', 'breathing', 'reported', 'early', 'indicator', 'alongwith', 'hyperthermia', 'covid', 'infected', 'population', 'associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript', 'andapproving', 'publication', 'victor', 'albuquerque', 'abnormalities', 'caused', 'virusesare', 'observed', 'peripheral', 'hilar', 'visually', 'similar', 'often', 'distinct', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'other', 'bacterialpathogens', 'reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'tests', 'performed', 'detect', 'presence', 'ofthe', 'virus', 'considered', 'standard', 'diagnosecovid', 'infection', 'however', 'reported', 'havevariable', 'sensitivity', 'geographic', 'regions', 'notbe', 'widely', 'available', 'while', 'currently', 'recommendedas', 'primary', 'diagnostic', 'tools', 'chest', 'puted', 'tomography', 'scans', 'screen', 'forcovid', 'infection', 'evaluate', 'disease', 'progression', 'inhospital', 'admitted', 'cases', 'while', 'chest', 'offers', 'greatersensitivity', 'pulmonary', 'disease', 'there', 'several', 'challengesto', 'these', 'include', 'portability', 'requirementvolume', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '115041s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrsfigure', 'graphical', 'abstract', 'proposed', 'study', 'sanitize', 'equipment', 'between', 'patients', 'followedby', 'delay', 'least', 'exposingthe', 'hospital', 'staff', 'other', 'patients', 'persons', 'underinvestigation', 'virus', 'although', 'sensitive', 'portable', 'considered', 'acceptable', 'alternative', 'since', 'imaged', 'isolated', 'rooms', 'limiting', 'personnel', 'exposure', 'because', 'sanitation', 'muchless', 'complex', 'obtain', 'automated', 'computer', 'aided', 'diagnostic', 'toolsdriven', 'automated', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'methodsdesigned', 'detect', 'differentiate', 'covid', 'related', 'racic', 'abnormalities', 'should', 'highly', 'valuable', 'given', 'heavyburden', 'infected', 'patients', 'especially', 'important', 'inlocations', 'insufficient', 'availability', 'radiologicalexpertise', 'produce', 'throughput', 'triage', 'suchas', 'casualty', 'automated', 'approaches', 'dated', 'shown', 'reduce', 'inter', 'intra', 'observervariability', 'radiological', 'assessments', 'additionally', 'tools', 'gained', 'immense', 'significance', 'clinicalmedicine', 'supplementing', 'medical', 'decision', 'making', 'andimproving', 'screening', 'diagnostic', 'accuracy', 'these', 'toolscombine', 'elements', 'radiological', 'image', 'processing', 'withcomputer', 'vision', 'identifying', 'typical', 'disease', 'manifesta', 'tions', 'localizing', 'suspicious', 'regions', 'interest', 'present', 'recent', 'advances', 'machine', 'learning', 'particularlydata', 'driven', 'learning', 'methods', 'using', 'convolutionalneural', 'networks', 'shown', 'promising', 'performancein', 'identifying', 'classifying', 'quantifying', 'disease', 'patternsin', 'medical', 'images', 'particularly', 'scansand', 'these', 'models', 'learn', 'hierarchical', 'featurerepresentations', 'medical', 'images', 'analyze', 'typicaldisease', 'manifestations', 'localize', 'suspicious', 'densities', 'forroi', 'evaluation', 'study', 'highlight', 'benefits', 'offered', 'through', 'theuse', 'ensemble', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'models', 'towarddistinguishing', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'relatedopacities', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'normals', 'using', 'licly', 'available', 'collections', 'shows', 'graphi', 'abstract', 'proposed', 'study', 'shows', 'instancesof', 'being', 'normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'andcovid', 'related', 'pneumonia', 'custom', 'selection', 'pretrained', 'trained', 'large', 'scale', 'selection', 'learncxr', 'modality', 'specific', 'feature', 'representations', 'learnedknowledge', 'transferred', 'tuned', 'classify', 'thenormal', 'abnormal', 'leverage', 'benefits', 'ofmodality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'andfigure', 'showing', 'clear', 'lungs', 'bacterial', 'pneumoniamanifesting', 'consolidations', 'right', 'upper', 'retro', 'cardiacleft', 'lower', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'infection', 'manifesting', 'asperipheral', 'opacities', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'reduce', 'model', 'complexity', 'improverobustness', 'generalization', 'inference', 'capability', 'dlmodel', 'remainder', 'manuscript', 'organized', 'follows', 'section', 'discusses', 'prior', 'works', 'section', 'discussesthe', 'datasets', 'methods', 'toward', 'modality', 'specificknowledge', 'transfer', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'ensemble', 'learn', 'section', 'elaborates', 'results', 'obtained', 'andsection', 'concludes', 'study', 'discussion', 'meritsand', 'limitations', 'proposed', 'approach', 'future', 'workdirections', 'prior', 'worka', 'covid', 'detectiona', 'study', 'literature', 'reveals', 'several', 'efforts', 'forcovid', 'screening', 'authors', 'distinguishedcovid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'manifestations', 'otherviral', 'pneumonia', 'chest', 'scans', 'specificity', 'observed', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'found', 'beperipherally', 'distributed', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities', 'vascular', 'thickening', 'authors', 'establisheda', 'publicly', 'available', 'collection', 'scans', 'showingcovid', 'pneumonia', 'manifestations', 'trained', 'deepcnn', 'achieve', 'score', 'classifying', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'authors', 'customized', 'pretrainedalexnet', 'model', 'classify', 'normal', 'showingcovid', 'pneumonia', 'accuracy', 'respec', 'tively', 'authors', 'resnet', 'toclassify', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumo', 'manifestations', 'achieved', 'accuracy', 'score', 'commonlyanalyzed', 'diagnose', 'differentiate', 'other', 'types', 'pneumo', 'including', 'bacterial', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'authors', 'proposed', 'custom', 'modelthat', 'designed', 'combining', 'manual', 'design', 'prototyp', 'machine', 'driven', 'designing', 'approach', 'classifycxrs', 'normal', 'showing', 'covid', 'covid', '19pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'accuracy', 'modality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transferwith', 'limited', 'amounts', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'traditional', 'transfer', 'learning', 'strategies', 'offer', 'promise', 'where', 'learned', 'feature', 'representations', 'tuned', 'to115042', 'volume', '2020s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrsimprove', 'performance', 'however', 'unique', 'challenges', 'posedin', 'appearance', 'medical', 'images', 'including', 'highinter', 'class', 'similarity', 'intra', 'class', 'variance', 'tomodel', 'overfitting', 'resulting', 'reduced', 'perfor', 'mance', 'generalization', 'these', 'issues', 'alleviatedthrough', 'modality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'retrainingcnn', 'models', 'large', 'image', 'collection', 'learnmodality', 'specific', 'feature', 'representations', 'modality', 'specificmodel', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'ensembles', 'havedemonstrated', 'superior', 'disease', 'localization', 'compared', 'toindividual', 'constituent', 'models', 'model', 'pruningto', 'alleviate', 'burdens', 'computing', 'resources', 'modelscan', 'pruned', 'reduce', 'inference', 'facilitatedeployment', 'resource', 'conditions', 'evenimprovement', 'performance', 'performed', 'model', 'pruning', 'decrease', 'computational', 'complexity', 'hassibi', 'deleted', 'network', 'parameters', 'leveragingthe', 'second', 'derivative', 'taylor', 'series', 'improvedmodel', 'generalization', 'authors', 'found', 'theearlier', 'layers', 'neural', 'networks', 'activationsthat', 'effectively', 'excluded', 'network', 'withoutaffecting', 'model', 'performance', 'proposed', 'iterativeoptimization', 'method', 'gradually', 'eliminate', 'neurons', 'withthe', 'least', 'activations', 'toward', 'reducing', 'memory', 'powerrequirements', 'promoting', 'faster', 'model', 'inference', 'whenapplied', 'medical', 'imaging', 'authors', 'proposed', 'agenetic', 'algorithm', 'based', 'pathway', 'evolution', 'strategy', 'prunedl', 'models', 'resulted', 'reduction', 'networkparameters', 'improved', 'classification', 'performancein', 'breast', 'mammograms', 'systematic', 'weight', 'pruning', 'strat', 'prune', 'model', 'based', 'monia', 'detector', 'classifying', 'normal', 'showingpneumonia', 'manifestations', 'using', 'radiological', 'north', 'america', 'collection', 'however', 'there', 'further', 'research', 'ensemble', 'classificationcnns', 'linear', 'models', 'learn', 'complex', 'relationshipsfrom', 'through', 'error', 'backpropagation', 'stochasticoptimization', 'making', 'highly', 'sensitive', 'random', 'weightinitializations', 'statistical', 'noise', 'present', 'trainingdata', 'these', 'issues', 'alleviated', 'ensemble', 'learningby', 'training', 'multiple', 'models', 'combining', 'their', 'predictionswhere', 'individual', 'model', 'weaknesses', 'offset', 'thepredictions', 'other', 'models', 'combined', 'predictions', 'shownto', 'superior', 'individual', 'models', 'there', 'severalensemble', 'strategies', 'reported', 'literature', 'including', 'maxvoting', 'simple', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'stacking', 'boosting', 'blending', 'others', 'shown', 'minimize', 'varianceerror', 'improve', 'generalization', 'performance', 'cnnmodels', 'applied', 'authors', 'leveraged', 'ensemble', 'models', 'towardimproving', 'detection', 'averaging', 'ensembleof', 'pretrained', 'authors', 'towardimproving', 'cardiomegaly', 'detection', 'using', 'table', 'dataset', 'characteristics', 'numerator', 'denominator', 'denotesthe', 'number', 'train', 'respectively', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'unknown', 'bacterial', 'proven', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'materials', 'methodsa', 'collection', 'preprocessingtable', 'shows', 'distribution', 'across', 'differentcategories', 'following', 'publicly', 'availablecxr', 'collections', 'retrospective', 'analysis', 'pediatric', 'dataset', 'authors', 'collected', 'guangzhou', 'women', 'andchildren', 'medical', 'center', 'guangzhou', 'china', 'anterior', 'posterior', 'children', 'years', 'ofage', 'showing', 'normal', 'lungs', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'andnon', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'expert', 'radiologists', 'curatedthe', 'collection', 'remove', 'quality', 'chest', 'radiographs', 'dataset', 'multi', 'expert', 'curated', 'dataset', 'includes', 'images', 'thenational', 'institutes', 'health', 'dataset', 'dataset', 'released', 'kaggle', 'pneumonia', 'detec', 'challenge', 'organized', 'jointly', 'thecollection', 'includes', 'normal', 'abnormal', 'images', 'withnon', 'pneumonia', 'pneumonia', 'opacities', 'imagesare', 'available', 'pixel', 'resolution', 'dicomformat', 'twitter', 'covid', 'dataseta', 'cardiothoracic', 'radiologist', 'spain', 'available', 'acollection', 'pixel', 'resolution', 'injfif', 'format', 'twitter', 'positive', 'subjects', 'https', 'twitter', 'chestimaging', 'montreal', 'covid', 'dataset', 'publicly', 'available', 'periodically', 'updated', 'github', 'repositorythat', 'includes', 'covid', 'cases', 'other', 'pulmonaryviral', 'disease', 'manifestations', 'posterior', 'anterior', 'supine', 'views', 'april', 'repository', 'had179', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'performed', 'patient', 'level', 'splits', 'these', 'collectionsto', 'allocate', 'training', 'testing', 'ferent', 'stages', 'learning', 'discussed', 'study', 'domly', 'allocated', 'training', 'validate', 'dlmodels', 'ground', 'truth', 'comprisingof', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacitiesis', 'verification', 'publicly', 'identified', 'cases', 'fromexpert', 'radiologists', 'annotated', 'segmentationwhile', 'covid', 'cases', 'mimic', 'common', 'upperrespiratory', 'viral', 'infections', 'advanced', 'disease', 'results', 'involume', '115043s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrsfigure', 'segmentation', 'approach', 'showing', 'based', 'maskgeneration', 'cropping', 'figure', 'architecture', 'customized', 'model', 'input', 'convolution', 'global', 'average', 'pooling', 'dropout', 'dense', 'softmax', 'activation', 'normal', 'predictions', 'abnormal', 'predictions', 'respiratory', 'dysfunction', 'principal', 'cause', 'fortriggering', 'mortality', 'developing', 'solutions', 'detectingthe', 'disease', 'important', 'guard', 'against', 'irrelevantfeatures', 'could', 'severely', 'affect', 'reliable', 'decision', 'making', 'study', 'performed', 'based', 'semantic', 'segmen', 'tation', 'segment', 'pixels', 'background', 'gaussian', 'dropout', 'layers', 'added', 'tothe', 'encoder', 'dropout', 'ratio', 'empiricallydetermined', 'study', 'illustrates', 'thesegmentation', 'steps', 'performed', 'study', 'collection', 'masks', 'train', 'model', 'generate', 'masks', 'of256', 'pixel', 'resolution', 'aforementioned', 'datasets', 'model', 'checkpoints', 'monitor', 'performance', 'andstored', 'model', 'weights', 'generate', 'final', 'lungmasks', 'these', 'masks', 'superimposed', 'cxrimages', 'bounding', 'containing', 'lungpixels', 'cropped', 'lungs', 'resized', 'pixel', 'lution', 'crops', 'further', 'preprocessed', 'performingpixel', 'rescaling', 'median', 'filtering', 'noise', 'removal', 'edgepreservation', 'normalization', 'standardization', 'foridentical', 'feature', 'distribution', 'preprocessed', 'crops', 'areused', 'model', 'training', 'evaluation', 'different', 'stages', 'oflearning', 'discussed', 'study', 'models', 'computational', 'resourceswe', 'evaluated', 'performance', 'customized', 'selection', 'imagenet', 'pretrained', 'models', 'inception', 'xception', 'inceptionresnet', 'mobilenet', 'densenet', 'nasnet', 'mobile', 'customized', 'linear', 'stack', 'strided', 'separableconvolution', 'layers', 'global', 'average', 'pooling', 'adense', 'layer', 'softmax', 'activation', 'shows', 'archi', 'tecture', 'custom', 'study', 'useddropout', 'reduce', 'issues', 'model', 'overfitting', 'viding', 'restricted', 'regularization', 'improving', 'generalizationby', 'reducing', 'model', 'sensitivity', 'specifics', 'thetraining', 'input', 'strided', 'convolutions', 'wereshown', 'improve', 'performance', 'several', 'visual', 'recognitionbenchmarks', 'compared', 'pooling', 'layers', 'separableconvolutions', 'reduce', 'model', 'parameters', 'andfigure', 'architecture', 'pretrained', 'input', 'truncated', 'model', 'padding', 'convolution', 'global', 'average', 'pooling', 'dropout', 'dense', 'softmaxactivation', 'output', 'improve', 'performance', 'compared', 'conventional', 'convolutionoperations', 'number', 'separable', 'convolutional', 'filters', 'areinitialized', 'increased', 'factor', 'thesuccessive', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'filters', 'stride', 'length', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'added', 'layer', 'average', 'spatial', 'feature', 'dimensions', 'arefed', 'final', 'dense', 'layer', 'softmax', 'activation', 'talos', 'optimization', 'package', 'optimizethe', 'parameters', 'hyperparameters', 'customized', 'cnnthat', 'include', 'dropout', 'ratio', 'optimizer', 'linearactivation', 'function', 'model', 'trained', 'evaluatedwith', 'optimal', 'parameters', 'classify', 'theirrespective', 'categories', 'instantiated', 'pretrained', 'their', 'imagenetweights', 'truncated', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'following', 'layers', 'added', 'truncated', 'model', 'padding', 'strided', 'separable', 'convolutional', 'layerwith', 'filters', 'feature', 'layer', 'dropout', 'layer', 'empirically', 'determined', 'dropoutratio', 'final', 'dense', 'layer', 'softmax', 'activation', 'shows', 'customized', 'architecture', 'pretrainedmodels', 'study', 'optimized', 'following', 'hyperparameters', 'thepretrained', 'using', 'randomized', 'search', 'method', 'momentum', 'regularization', 'initiallearning', 'stochastic', 'gradient', 'descent', 'mizer', 'search', 'ranges', 'initialized', 'momentum', 'regularization', 'initial', 'learning', 'respectively', 'pretrained', 'retrained', 'smaller', 'weightupdates', 'improve', 'generalization', 'categorize', 'cxrsto', 'their', 'respective', 'classes', 'class', 'weights', 'duringmodel', 'training', 'penalize', 'overrepresented', 'classes', 'toprevent', 'overfitting', 'improve', 'performance', 'usedmodel', 'checkpoints', 'store', 'model', 'weights', 'furtheranalysis', 'modality', 'specific', 'transfer', 'learningand', 'tuningwe', 'performed', 'modality', 'specific', 'transfer', 'learning', 'wherethe', 'customized', 'imagenet', 'pretrained', 'models', 'areretrained', 'collection', 'learn', 'cxrmodality', 'specific', 'features', 'classify', 'intonormal', 'abnormal', 'categories', 'collec', 'includes', 'normal', 'abnormal', 'images', 'contain', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'weightlayers', 'specific', 'modality', 'throughlearning', 'features', 'normal', 'abnormal', 'lungs', 'thelearned', 'knowledge', 'transferred', 'tuned', 'relatedtask', 'classifying', 'pooled', 'pediatric', '115044', 'volume', '2020s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrstwitter', 'covid', 'montreal', 'covid', 'collec', 'tions', 'respectively', 'normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumo', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'improveclassification', 'performance', 'performing', 'modality', 'specific', 'areinstantiated', 'truncated', 'their', 'deepest', 'convolutionallayer', 'added', 'following', 'layers', 'padding', 'strided', 'separable', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'feature', 'layer', 'dropoutlayer', 'final', 'dense', 'layer', 'softmax', 'activation', 'themodified', 'models', 'tuned', 'classify', 'beingnormal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'viralpneumonia', 'class', 'weights', 'during', 'model', 'training', 'toaward', 'higher', 'weights', 'under', 'represented', 'class', 'reduceissues', 'class', 'imbalance', 'improve', 'generalizationand', 'performance', 'tuning', 'performed', 'through', 'sgdoptimization', 'model', 'checkpoints', 'store', 'thebest', 'weights', 'further', 'analysis', 'iterative', 'model', 'pruningwe', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'tuned', 'models', 'theoptimal', 'number', 'neurons', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'toreduce', 'model', 'complexity', 'performance', 'gradually', 'eliminated', 'neurons', 'fewer', 'activationsat', 'through', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'model', 'retrain', 'average', 'percentage', 'zeros', 'percentage', 'neuron', 'activations', 'observed', 'thevalidation', 'dataset', 'measure', 'neurons', 'eachconvolutional', 'layer', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'percentage', 'ofneurons', 'highest', 'layer', 'timestep', 'retrained', 'pruned', 'model', 'process', 'repeateduntil', 'maximum', 'percentage', 'pruning', 'achieved', 'thebest', 'pruned', 'model', 'selected', 'collection', 'ofiteratively', 'pruned', 'models', 'based', 'their', 'performance', 'withthe', 'retrained', 'pruned', 'model', 'expected', 'achievesimilar', 'better', 'performance', 'unpruned', 'models', 'withreduced', 'model', 'complexity', 'computational', 'requirements', 'algorithm', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'performed', 'study', 'isdescribed', 'below', 'learning', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensemblesthe', 'performing', 'pruned', 'models', 'selected', 'constructthe', 'ensemble', 'improve', 'prediction', 'performance', 'gener', 'alization', 'compared', 'individual', 'constituent', 'model', 'several', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'including', 'voting', 'averaging', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'stacking', 'combine', 'thepredictions', 'pruned', 'models', 'toward', 'classifying', 'asnormal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'stacking', 'ensemble', 'neuralnetwork', 'based', 'learner', 'learns', 'optimally', 'predictions', 'individual', 'pruned', 'models', 'themeta', 'learner', 'consisting', 'single', 'hidden', 'layer', 'nineneurons', 'trained', 'interpret', 'multi', 'class', 'input', 'fromthe', 'pruned', 'models', 'final', 'dense', 'layer', 'outputsthe', 'predictions', 'categorize', 'their', 'respectiveclasses', 'algorithm', 'iterative', 'pruninginput', 'pruning', 'percentage', 'maximum', 'pruning', 'percentage', 'train', 'evaluate', 'models', 'store', 'thebest', 'model', 'weights2', 'while', 'percent', 'pruned', 'calculate', 'number', 'filters', 'convolu', 'tional', 'layerb', 'identify', 'delete', 'percentage', 'filters', 'eachconvolutional', 'layer', 'highest', 'average', 'centage', 'zerosc', 'retrain', 'evaluate', 'pruned', 'model', 'andstore', 'pruned', 'weightsd', 'incrementally', 'prune', 'network', 'retraining', 'eachtime', 'pruned', 'modelend', 'whilereturn', 'number', 'pruned', 'modelsg', 'visualization', 'studiesvisualizing', 'learned', 'behavior', 'models', 'adebated', 'topic', 'particularly', 'medical', 'visual', 'recognitiontasks', 'there', 'several', 'visualization', 'strategies', 'reported', 'inthe', 'literature', 'include', 'visualizing', 'overall', 'structure', 'gradient', 'based', 'visualization', 'thatperforms', 'gradient', 'manipulation', 'during', 'network', 'training', 'gradient', 'weighted', 'class', 'activation', 'mapping', 'gradient', 'based', 'visualization', 'method', 'computes', 'thescores', 'given', 'image', 'category', 'concerning', 'deepest', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'trainedmodel', 'gradients', 'flowing', 'backward', 'arepooled', 'globally', 'measure', 'importance', 'weightsin', 'decision', 'making', 'process', 'study', 'verifiedthe', 'learned', 'behavior', 'pruned', 'models', 'comparingsalient', 'consensus', 'annotations', 'experiencedradiologists', 'statistical', 'analyseswe', 'analyzed', 'model', 'performance', 'statisticalsignificance', 'different', 'stages', 'learning', 'fidence', 'intervals', 'measure', 'analyze', 'skillof', 'models', 'shorter', 'infers', 'smaller', 'marginof', 'error', 'relatively', 'precise', 'estimate', 'while', 'larger', 'ciallows', 'margin', 'error', 'therefore', 'results', 'reducedprecision', 'computed', 'values', 'theauc', 'different', 'learning', 'stages', 'explain', 'models', 'predictive', 'performance', 'values', 'computed', 'bethe', 'clopper', 'pearson', 'exact', 'interval', 'corresponds', 'theseparate', 'sided', 'interval', 'individual', 'coverage', 'probabil', 'ities', 'statsmodels', 'version', 'tocompute', 'measures', 'codes', 'associated', 'studyare', 'available', 'https', 'github', 'sivaramakrishnan', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'model', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'volume', '115045s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrstable', 'optimal', 'values', 'parameters', 'hyperparameters', 'thecustom', 'pretrained', 'models', 'obtained', 'through', 'optimization', 'tools', 'momentum', 'initial', 'learning', 'weight', 'decay', 'dropout', 'ratio', 'table', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'during', 'modality', 'specific', 'transferlearning', 'using', 'dataset', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'precision', 'score', 'matthews', 'correlation', 'coefficient', 'param', 'trainable', 'parameters', 'values', 'square', 'brackets', 'showthe', 'computed', 'clopper', 'pearson', 'exact', 'intervalcorresponding', 'separate', 'sided', 'interval', 'individual', 'coverageprobabilities', 'results', 'discussionthe', 'optimal', 'values', 'parameters', 'hyperparametersobtained', 'customized', 'pretrained', 'withthe', 'talos', 'optimization', 'randomized', 'search', 'respectively', 'shown', 'table', 'table', 'shows', 'performance', 'achieved', 'throughmodality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'customized', 'andpretrained', 'using', 'dataset', 'observed', 'andinception', 'models', 'accurate', 'other', 'under', 'study', 'aforementioned', 'models', 'demonstratedpromising', 'values', 'shorter', 'hence', 'smallermargin', 'error', 'thereby', 'offering', 'precise', 'estimates', 'comparedto', 'other', 'models', 'because', 'architecture', 'depthsof', 'inception', 'models', 'optimal', 'learnthe', 'hierarchical', 'representations', 'features', 'cxrdata', 'classify', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'classes', 'considering', 'score', 'balancedmeasure', 'precision', 'recall', 'aforementioned', 'modelsdelivered', 'performance', 'superior', 'other', 'models', 'table', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'modality', 'specificknowledge', 'transfer', 'models', 'target', 'tasks', 'performing', 'modality', 'specific', 'knowledgetransfer', 'models', 'inception', 'areinstantiated', 'their', 'modality', 'specific', 'weights', 'cated', 'their', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'appended', 'thetask', 'specific', 'heads', 'table', 'shows', 'performance', 'achievedby', 'specific', 'models', 'toward', 'following', 'classifi', 'cation', 'tasks', 'binary', 'classification', 'classify', 'asnormal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'multi', 'class', 'sification', 'classify', 'normal', 'showing', 'bacterialpneumonia', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'observed', 'binary', 'classification', 'allthe', 'models', 'accurate', 'however', 'leastnumber', 'trainable', 'parameters', 'multi', 'class', 'classifica', 'observed', 'inception', 'model', 'moreaccurate', 'shorter', 'metric', 'signifying', 'thatit', 'least', 'margin', 'error', 'hence', 'provides', 'estimate', 'considering', 'score', 'inception', 'model', 'delivered', 'superior', 'performance', 'compared', 'tovgg', 'models', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'predictionsof', 'specific', 'models', 'andinception', 'combined', 'through', 'several', 'ensemblemethods', 'including', 'voting', 'simple', 'averaging', 'weightedaveraging', 'model', 'stacking', 'perform', 'ensemblelearning', 'binary', 'classification', 'since', 'vidual', 'models', 'accurate', 'classifying', 'asnormal', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'table', 'shows', 'performance', 'achieved', 'multi', 'classclassification', 'different', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'beobserved', 'simple', 'average', 'models', 'predictionsis', 'accurate', 'shorter', 'metric', 'signifying', 'smaller', 'margin', 'error', 'therefore', 'higherprecision', 'compared', 'other', 'ensemble', 'methods', 'consideringthe', 'score', 'averaging', 'ensemble', 'outper', 'formed', 'other', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'classifying', 'asnormal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'covid', '19viral', 'pneumonia', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'iterativelypruned', 'specific', 'models', 'and115046', 'volume', '2020s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrstable', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'unpruned', 'models', 'throughdifferent', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'multiclass', 'classification', 'table', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'iteratively', 'prunedmodels', 'compared', 'baseline', 'unpruned', 'models', 'table', 'unpruned', 'pruned', 'inception', 'removing', 'neurons', 'thehighest', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'given', 'timestep', 'retrained', 'pruned', 'model', 'evaluate', 'perfor', 'mance', 'validation', 'model', 'checkpoints', 'tostore', 'pruned', 'model', 'superior', 'performancewith', 'validation', 'process', 'repeated', 'until', 'themaximum', 'pruning', 'percentage', 'reached', 'thenevaluated', 'performance', 'pruned', 'models', 'testset', 'pruned', 'model', 'achieved', 'superior', 'performancewith', 'further', 'analysis', 'table', 'shows', 'comparison', 'performance', 'achievedby', 'pruned', 'models', 'baseline', 'unprunedtask', 'specific', 'models', 'shown', 'table', 'observedthat', 'pruned', 'models', 'accurate', 'their', 'unprunedcounterparts', 'considering', 'score', 'metrics', 'pruned', 'models', 'found', 'deliver', 'superior', 'perfor', 'mance', 'unpruned', 'models', 'interesting', 'notethat', 'performance', 'improvement', 'achieved', 'nificant', 'reduction', 'number', 'parameters', 'canbe', 'number', 'parameters', 'pruned', 'model', 'reduced', 'compared', 'unprunedcounterpart', 'similarly', 'number', 'trainable', 'parametersreduced', 'pruned', 'andinception', 'models', 'respectively', 'added', 'benefit', 'offigure', 'visualizations', 'showing', 'salient', 'detection', 'bydifferent', 'pruned', 'models', 'showing', 'covid', 'viralpneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'annotations', 'prunedmodel', 'pruned', 'model', 'inception', 'pruned', 'model', 'bright', 'corresponds', 'pixels', 'carrying', 'higher', 'importance', 'andhence', 'weights', 'categorizing', 'sample', 'covid', 'viralpneumonia', 'category', 'performance', 'improvement', 'terms', 'accuracy', 'score', 'andmcc', 'metrics', 'compared', 'their', 'unpruned', 'counterparts', 'shows', 'results', 'performing', 'camvisualizations', 'localize', 'salient', 'ferent', 'pruned', 'models', 'classify', 'sample', 'thecovid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'category', 'visualizations', 'arecompared', 'consensus', 'annotations', 'provided', 'theexpert', 'radiologists', 'predictions', 'pruned', 'models', 'aredecoded', 'sample', 'dimensional', 'aregenerated', 'bright', 'which', 'corresponds', 'pixels', 'rying', 'higher', 'importance', 'hence', 'weights', 'categorizingthe', 'sample', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'infected', 'category', 'distinct', 'color', 'transitions', 'observed', 'varying', 'rangesof', 'pixel', 'importance', 'toward', 'making', 'predictions', 'salientrois', 'localized', 'superimposing', 'theinput', 'sample', 'observed', 'pruned', 'modelsprecisely', 'localize', 'salient', 'underscores', 'factthat', 'pruned', 'models', 'learned', 'implicit', 'rules', 'thatgeneralize', 'conform', 'experts', 'knowledge', 'aboutthe', 'problem', 'table', 'shows', 'comparison', 'performance', 'metricsachieved', 'different', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'theunpruned', 'pruned', 'models', 'toward', 'classifying', 'asnormal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'viralpneumonia', 'while', 'performing', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'ensemble', 'bothunpruned', 'pruned', 'models', 'predictions', 'awarded', 'theimportance', 'based', 'their', 'score', 'measures', 'thatoffer', 'balanced', 'measure', 'precision', 'sensitivity', 'fromtable', 'observed', 'pruned', 'unprunedvolume', '115047s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrstable', 'comparing', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'prunedand', 'unpruned', 'model', 'ensembles', 'table', 'figure', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'obtained', 'weighted', 'average', 'prunedensemble', 'inception', 'model', 'delivered', 'superior', 'performance', 'lowed', 'models', 'regard', 'weassigned', 'weights', 'predictions', 'ofinception', 'models', 'respectively', 'observed', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'ensembleof', 'predictions', 'pruned', 'models', 'delivered', 'superiorperformance', 'aspects', 'shows', 'confu', 'matrix', 'curves', 'respectively', 'obtained', 'theweighted', 'averaging', 'pruned', 'ensemble', 'metric', 'shortest', 'errormargin', 'precise', 'estimate', 'obtained', 'withthe', 'other', 'ensemble', 'methods', 'considering', 'score', 'andmcc', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'ensemble', 'outperformed', 'theother', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'classifying', 'normal', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'figure', 'curves', 'showing', 'micro', 'macro', 'averaged', 'class', 'specificauc', 'obtained', 'weighted', 'average', 'pruned', 'ensemble', 'conclusionthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'enormously', 'negativeimpact', 'population', 'health', 'national', 'economies', 'world', 'early', 'diagnosis', 'often', 'suboptimal', 'serolog', 'tests', 'widely', 'available', 'opportunity', 'toutilize', 'diagnostic', 'approach', 'could', 'animportant', 'nearly', 'universally', 'available', 'battleagainst', 'covid', 'other', 'respiratory', 'viruses', 'mightemerge', 'future', 'current', 'study', 'demonstratethat', 'applying', 'ensemble', 'findingsseen', 'modality', 'specific', 'transfer', 'learning', 'performed', 'alarge', 'scale', 'collection', 'diversified', 'distribu', 'helped', 'learning', 'modality', 'specific', 'features', 'thelearned', 'feature', 'representations', 'served', 'weight', 'tialization', 'improved', 'model', 'adaptation', 'generalizationcompared', 'imagenet', 'pretrained', 'weights', 'transferredand', 'tuned', 'related', 'classification', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'specific', 'models', 'selectionof', 'performing', 'pruned', 'model', 'improvedprediction', 'performance', 'significantlyreduced', 'number', 'trainable', 'parameters', 'becausethere', 'redundant', 'network', 'parameters', 'neurons', 'deepmodel', 'contribute', 'improving', 'predictionperformance', 'these', 'neurons', 'lesser', 'activations', 'beidentified', 'removed', 'results', 'faster', 'smaller', 'modelwith', 'similar', 'improved', 'performance', 'unprunedmodels', 'would', 'facilitate', 'deploying', 'these', 'models', 'onbrowsers', 'mobile', 'devices', 'further', 'improved', 'performance', 'constructingensembles', 'pruned', 'models', 'empirically', 'evaluatingthe', 'performance', 'pruned', 'models', 'awarding', 'weightsbased', 'their', 'predictions', 'observed', 'weightedaveraging', 'ensemble', 'pruned', 'models', 'outperformed', 'theother', 'ensemble', 'methods', 'performed', 'visualization', 'studies', 'validate', 'thepruned', 'model', 'localization', 'performance', 'found', 'thepruned', 'models', 'precisely', 'localized', 'salient', 'incategorizing', 'input', 'their', 'expected', 'categories', '115048', 'volume', '2020s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrswe', 'observe', 'combined', 'modality', 'specificknowledge', 'transfer', 'iterative', 'model', 'pruning', 'ensem', 'learning', 'reduced', 'prediction', 'variance', 'model', 'complexity', 'promoted', 'faster', 'inference', 'performance', 'generalization', 'however', 'success', 'approach', 'controlled', 'twobroad', 'factors', 'dataset', 'inherent', 'variability', 'computational', 'resources', 'needed', 'successful', 'deploy', 'dataset', 'specifically', 'refer', 'theminimum', 'number', 'topically', 'relevant', 'images', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'distinct', 'bacte', 'normal', 'images', 'needed', 'build', 'confidenceinto', 'ensemble', 'computational', 'resources', 'recog', 'training', 'memory', 'constraints', 'required', 'forpracticable', 'deployment', 'however', 'solutions', 'performance', 'computing', 'cloud', 'technologywould', 'address', 'feasibility', 'regard', 'future', 'studiescould', 'explore', 'visualizing', 'interpreting', 'learned', 'behav', 'pruned', 'model', 'ensembles', 'their', 'applicationto', 'other', 'screening', 'situations', 'covid', 'detection', 'andlocalization', 'scans', 'present', 'expect', 'thatthe', 'proposed', 'approach', 'quickly', 'adapted', 'detectionof', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'using', 'digitized', 'chest', 'radiographs', 'new_paper']
['received', 'february', 'accepted', 'march', 'publication', 'march', 'current', 'version', 'march', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3065456bias', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasetsof', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'patientsomar', 'catalá', 'ismael', 'salvador', 'igual', 'francisco', 'javier', 'pérez', 'benito', 'david', 'millán', 'escrivá', 'vicent', 'ortiz', 'castelló', 'rafael', 'llobet', 'carlos', 'peréz', 'cortés', '31instituto', 'tecnológico', 'informática', 'universitat', 'politècnica', 'valència', '46022', 'valencia', 'spain2department', 'computer', 'systems', 'computation', 'universitat', 'politècnica', 'valència', '46022', 'valencia', 'spain3department', 'computing', 'engineering', 'disca', 'universitat', 'politècnica', 'valència', '46022', 'valencia', 'spaincorresponding', 'author', 'ismael', 'salvador', 'igual', 'issalig', 'supported', 'generalitat', 'valenciana', 'through', 'instituto', 'valenciano', 'competitividad', 'empresarial', 'ivace', 'undergrant', 'imdeea', 'abstract', 'chest', 'images', 'useful', 'early', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'advantage', 'thatx', 'devices', 'already', 'available', 'health', 'centers', 'images', 'obtained', 'immediately', 'datasetscontaining', 'images', 'cases', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'controls', 'availableto', 'develop', 'machine', 'learning', 'based', 'methods', 'diagnosing', 'disease', 'however', 'these', 'datasetsare', 'mainly', 'composed', 'different', 'sources', 'coming', 'covid', 'datasets', 'covid', 'datasets', 'particularly', 'detected', 'significant', 'released', 'datasets', 'train', 'testdiagnostic', 'systems', 'which', 'might', 'imply', 'results', 'published', 'optimistic', 'overestimate', 'theactual', 'predictive', 'capacity', 'techniques', 'proposed', 'article', 'analyze', 'existing', 'somecommonly', 'datasets', 'propose', 'series', 'preliminary', 'steps', 'carry', 'before', 'classic', 'machinelearning', 'pipeline', 'order', 'detect', 'possible', 'biases', 'avoid', 'possible', 'report', 'results', 'aremore', 'representative', 'actual', 'predictive', 'power', 'methods', 'under', 'analysis', 'index', 'termsdeep', 'learning', 'covid', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'networks', 'chest', 'segmentation', 'saliency', 'introductionchest', 'radiography', 'widely', 'acceptedimaging', 'modality', 'detecting', 'pneumonia', 'becom', 'crucial', 'tracking', 'clinical', 'evolution', 'covid', '19patients', 'covid', 'disease', 'caused', 'severeacute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'become', 'global', 'pandemic', 'months', 'earlydiagnosis', 'factor', 'stealthy', 'contagious', 'natureof', 'virus', 'vaccines', 'effective', 'treatmentsand', 'helps', 'prevent', 'further', 'spreading', 'controlit', 'under', 'existing', 'healthcare', 'facilities', 'small', 'ofthe', 'acquisition', 'devices', 'their', 'operation', 'their', 'lowcost', 'widely', 'available', 'computertomography', 'equipment', 'despite', 'image', 'quality', 'thediagnostic', 'performance', 'superior', 'associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript', 'andapproving', 'publication', 'derek', 'abbott', 'response', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'scientificcommunity', 'rapidly', 'reacted', 'works', 'using', 'cxrimages', 'covid', 'detection', 'published', 'themajority', 'known', 'architec', 'tures', 'resnet', 'squeezenet', 'densenet', 'combine', 'decision', 'trees', 'support', 'vector', 'machines', 'given', 'difficultyof', 'obtaining', 'covid', 'samples', 'networks', 'beenused', 'order', 'enhance', 'performance', 'other', 'approaches', 'based', 'multi', 'resolutionmethods', 'report', 'results', 'comparable', 'those', 'obtainedby', 'machine', 'learning', 'models', 'large', 'amounts', 'datawhich', 'difficult', 'acquire', 'being', 'existingcollections', 'already', 'known', 'datasets', 'newcovid', 'image', 'datasets', 'heterogeneous', 'mixture', 'ofobservations', 'provides', 'variety', 'usually', 'reduces', 'temic', 'uncertainty', 'however', 'these', 'datasets', 'instance', 'are42370', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'volume', '2021o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasetsfigure', 'workflow', 'different', 'experiments', 'right', 'network', 'activations', 'image', 'features', 'evaluation', 'andbackground', 'expansion', 'exclusion', 'equally', 'balanced', 'label', 'induce', 'certainamount', 'dataset', 'training', 'phase', 'happenswhen', 'images', 'easily', 'discriminated', 'features', 'notrelevant', 'dataset', 'inadvertently', 'containssome', 'distinctive', 'features', 'which', 'related', 'diseaseand', 'shared', 'among', 'source', 'datasets', 'instance', 'assume', 'extreme', 'image', 'datasets', 'formedby', 'different', 'classes', 'dataset', 'class', 'asamples', 'dataset', 'class', 'samples', 'assume', 'inmost', 'dataset', 'samples', 'there', 'white', 'rectangle', 'topright', 'corner', 'class', 'features', 'trivial', 'classifiers', 'focus', 'easiest', 'feature', 'discriminatebetween', 'classes', 'class', 'features', 'therefore', 'leads', 'generalization', 'given', 'dataset', 'cfull', 'class', 'samples', 'white', 'rectangle', 'bemisclassified', 'detected', 'significant', 'biases', 'themost', 'commonly', 'datasets', 'intended', 'pneumonia', 'andcovid', 'detection', 'suspect', 'accuracyreported', 'studies', 'might', 'thusnot', 'directly', 'related', 'image', 'features', 'could', 'character', 'disease', 'these', 'biases', 'could', 'arise', 'example', 'whenusing', 'specific', 'devices', 'acquire', 'images', 'patients', 'witha', 'probability', 'suffering', 'disease', 'mainly', 'controls', 'different', 'those', 'patients', 'probability', 'ofsuffering', 'mainly', 'cases', 'could', 'happen', 'example', 'patients', 'screened', 'certain', 'health', 'vices', 'highly', 'suspicious', 'patients', 'derived', 'differentarea', 'worse', 'aiming', 'increase', 'numberof', 'controls', 'cases', 'dataset', 'expanded', 'samplescoming', 'significantly', 'different', 'origins', 'labeled', 'withunbalanced', 'class', 'identifiers', 'these', 'cases', 'trainedto', 'discriminate', 'between', 'cases', 'controls', 'could', 'learn', 'todifferentiate', 'images', 'different', 'origins', 'rather', 'findingfeatures', 'actually', 'related', 'disease', 'therefore', 'effectively', 'assess', 'performance', 'theclassifier', 'there', 'exist', 'previous', 'study', 'dataset', 'results', 'validated', 'present', 'severalstudies', 'assess', 'validity', 'results', 'followingdatasets', 'perform', 'experiments', 'bimcvpadchest', 'chexpert', 'covid', 'image', 'datacollection', 'refer', 'covidcxr', 'which', 'befurther', 'described', 'section', 'contributions', 'propose', 'analysis', 'methodology', 'assert', 'thevalidity', 'results', 'achieved', 'dataset', 'study', 'possible', 'existence', 'three', 'broadlyused', 'pneumonia', 'classification', 'datasets', 'study', 'effect', 'mixing', 'several', 'datasets', 'structured', 'follows', 'section', 'outlines', 'theproblem', 'datasets', 'after', 'datasetsand', 'networks', 'along', 'proposed', 'methodology', 'aredescribed', 'section', 'workflow', 'related', 'sectioncan', 'figure', 'section', 'shows', 'results', 'achievedusing', 'article', 'methodology', 'proposed', 'datasetsand', 'section', 'gives', 'analysis', 'results', 'finally', 'clusions', 'presented', 'section', 'methodsa', 'datasetsseveral', 'public', 'datasets', 'article', 'padchest1', 'dataset', 'includesmore', 'images', '67625', 'patients', 'werereported', 'radiologists', 'hospital', 'spain', '1http', 'bimcv', 'bimcv', 'projects', 'padchest', 'volume', '42371o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasetsfrom', 'reports', 'labeled', 'with174', 'different', 'radiographic', 'findings', 'differential', 'noses', 'anatomic', 'locations', 'reportswere', 'manually', 'annotated', 'trained', 'physicians', 'theremaining', 'labeled', 'using', 'supervised', 'methodbased', 'recurrent', 'neural', 'network', 'attentionmechanisms', 'generated', 'labels', 'validated', 'achievinga', 'micro', 'score', 'using', 'independent', 'experiments', 'posterior', 'anterior', 'images', 'areconsidered', 'therefore', 'there', 'images', 'theremaining', 'dataset', 'control', 'pneumoniaimages', 'pneumonia', 'dataset2is', 'images', 'fromthe', 'national', 'institutes', 'health', 'labeled', 'bythe', 'radiological', 'society', 'north', 'america', 'along', 'withthe', 'society', 'thoracic', 'radiology', 'goalof', 'dataset', 'develop', 'classifier', 'capable', 'ofdistinguishing', 'between', 'pneumonia', 'control', 'images', 'released', 'kaggle', 'competition', 'consists', '26684', 'images', 'which', '20672', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'chexpert', 'dataset3', 'provided', 'stanforduniversity', 'contains', '224316', 'chest', 'radiographsof', '65240', 'patients', 'labels', 'categories', 'theexams', 'performed', 'stanford', 'hospital', 'betweenoctober', 'structured', 'labels', 'theimages', 'created', 'automated', 'based', 'labeler', 'which', 'researchers', 'developed', 'extract', 'observationsfrom', 'radiology', 'reports', '224316', 'chestradiographs', 'article', 'takes', 'related', 'topneumonia', 'control', 'cases', 'therefore', 'imagesare', 'remaining', 'dataset', 'control', 'monia', 'images', 'covid', 'image', 'collection', 'covidcxr', 'project', 'collect', 'images', 'presentcovid', 'onlinesources', 'these', 'sources', 'varied', 'scientific', 'publica', 'tions', 'websites', 'covidcxr', 'hasaround', 'covid', 'images', 'largestcovid', 'datasets', 'publicly', 'available', 'ourknowledge', 'motivationthe', 'motivation', 'study', 'comes', 'analyzing', 'theresults', 'neural', 'network', 'trained', 'classify', 'betweenradiographic', 'images', 'patients', 'pneumonia', 'healthycontrol', 'patients', 'order', 'determine', 'validity', 'theclassification', 'interesting', 'first', 'validation', 'byvisualizing', 'network', 'activation', 'heatmaps', 'formed', 'these', 'checks', 'against', 'networks', 'trained', 'pneumo', 'datasets', 'observed', 'suspicious', 'patterns', 'theseheatmaps', 'often', 'highlighted', 'areas', 'image', 'which', 'not2https', 'kaggle', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'challenge3https', 'healthimaging', 'topics', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'stanford', 'researchers', 'release', 'chest', 'dataset', 'train', 'ai4https', 'github', 'ieee8023', 'covid', 'chestxray', 'datasetcontain', 'tissue', 'figure', 'suspect', 'thatthe', 'networks', 'learning', 'classify', 'achieving', 'large', 'valuesof', 'using', 'features', 'unrelated', 'datasets', 'might', 'biased', 'figure', 'heatmaps', 'bimcv', 'dataset', 'allows', 'visualize', 'gradient', 'thelabel', 'final', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'produce', 'heatmapdepicting', 'regions', 'image', 'relevant', 'diction', 'pixels', 'pixels', 'correspond', 'andhigh', 'values', 'gradient', 'final', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'respectively', 'observed', 'figure', 'there', 'highly', 'activated', 'regionsin', 'areas', 'without', 'presence', 'expected', 'activationshould', 'inside', 'known', 'pixelsinside', 'lungs', 'should', 'activation', 'detectionmask', 'available', 'however', 'assume', 'activationmap', 'control', 'patient', 'should', 'exceed', 'given', 'threshold', 'whilst', 'positive', 'should', 'widespread', 'activa', 'tions', 'within', 'lungs', 'nonetheless', 'activated', 'outsidethe', 'lungs', 'should', 'minimal', 'cases', 'reason', 'measure', 'inform', 'about', 'distribution', 'activatedpixels', 'could', 'useful', 'given', 'heatmap', 'image', 'wheren', 'number', 'number', 'columns', 'andpij', 'represents', 'pixel', 'value', 'column', 'region', 'interest', 'complement', 'theactivation', 'threshold', 'number', 'ofpixels', 'activation', 'value', 'higher', 'respectively', 'calculate', 'percentage', 'pixels', 'activationvalue', 'threshold', 'outside', 'expected', 'region', 'asthe', 'quotient', 'between', 'figure', 'theequations', 'below', 'where', 'considering', 'activated', 'pixels', 'region', 'false', 'tives', 'activated', 'pixels', 'region', 'positives', 'above', 'quotient', 'corresponds', 'false', 'discovery42372', 'volume', '2021o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasetsfigure', 'activation', 'regions', 'diagram', 'which', 'complement', 'positive', 'predic', 'value', 'tpfdr', 'ppvfor', 'instance', 'activated', 'pixel', 'fallsoutside', 'lungs', 'marked', 'wrong', 'informationshould', 'found', 'there', 'lower', 'value', 'better', 'thisscore', 'designed', 'measure', 'validity', 'trained', 'cnnclassifier', 'based', 'activation', 'allows', 'selectionof', 'different', 'operation', 'points', 'depending', 'threshold', 'applied', 'heatmaps', 'themaximum', 'heatmap', 'value', 'table', 'shows', 'computed', 'activation', 'mapsunder', 'three', 'different', 'datasets', 'worth', 'noting', 'someimage', 'findings', 'usually', 'located', 'border', 'lungs', 'highlighted', 'border', 'pixelsmight', 'easily', 'outside', 'region', 'considered', 'aswrong', 'grounds', 'information', 'provided', 'bythe', 'further', 'experiments', 'would', 'required', 'measurethe', 'extent', 'which', 'phenomenon', 'affects', 'datasets', 'table', 'false', 'discovery', 'activation', 'three', 'differentdatasets', 'additionally', 'suspicious', 'patterns', 'appeared', 'whenvisualizing', 'grayscale', 'histograms', 'images', 'ideally', 'levels', 'images', 'different', 'sources', 'shouldbe', 'equally', 'distributed', 'practice', 'happenand', 'inaccurate', 'conclusions', 'histogramsof', 'images', 'considered', 'probability', 'densityfunctions', 'serve', 'measure', 'variabilityamong', 'level', 'distributions', 'using', 'methodology', 'basedon', 'information', 'geometry', 'methodology', 'beensuccessfully', 'applied', 'characterize', 'electronic', 'healthrecord', 'assess', 'variability', 'amongpatients', 'different', 'headache', 'intensity', 'todetect', 'pixel', 'distribution', 'differences', 'among', 'images', 'acquiredfrom', 'different', 'mammographs', 'given', 'approach', 'based', 'putation', 'distance', 'between', 'usingthe', 'jensen', 'shannon', 'distance', 'simplex', 'where', 'pointrepresents', 'distance', 'between', 'points', 'isthe', 'jensen', 'shannon', 'distance', 'between', 'theyrepresent', 'known', 'statistical', 'manifold', 'which', 'turnis', 'riemannian', 'manifold', 'visualization', 'purposes', 'thissimplex', 'embedded', 'euclidean', 'space', 'usingmultidimensional', 'scaling', 'finally', 'projected', 'twodimensions', 'using', 'dimension', 'reduction', 'algorithm', 'asprincipal', 'component', 'analysis', 'methodology', 'applied', 'three', 'times', 'randombalanced', 'sample', 'individuals', 'pneumonia', 'casesand', 'controls', 'dataset', 'mentioned', 'which', 'willbe', 'described', 'section', 'firstly', 'applied', 'thehistograms', 'complete', 'images', 'after', 'segmenta', 'which', 'described', 'detail', 'section', 'variability', 'analysis', 'applied', 'histogramsof', 'backgrounds', 'histograms', 'lungs', 'figure', 'variability', 'three', 'datasets', 'shownin', 'figure', 'center', 'figure', 'which', 'depicts', 'distribu', 'tions', 'backgrounds', 'different', 'datasets', 'seethat', 'first', 'columns', 'distinct', 'clusters', 'composedpredominantly', 'cases', 'controls', 'allow', 'certain', 'degreeof', 'discrimination', 'without', 'taking', 'account', 'tissue', 'which', 'represents', 'shows', 'fewerdifferences', 'between', 'cases', 'control', 'patient', 'histograms', 'column', 'corresponding', 'chexpert', 'dataset', 'thesedifferences', 'evident', 'could', 'imply', 'datasets', 'bimcv', 'andrsna', 'machine', 'learning', 'algorithm', 'classify', 'pneumo', 'control', 'cases', 'using', 'features', 'outside', 'lungs', 'networkin', 'article', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'networks', 'areused', 'classify', 'images', 'these', 'machine', 'learn', 'models', 'widely', 'employed', 'yearsfor', 'image', 'classification', 'particularly', 'field', 'medicalimaging', 'topology', 'vgg16', 'whichis', 'broadly', 'reported', 'classifier', 'chest', 'imageanalysis', 'scenario', 'common', 'practice', 'withthis', 'networks', 'layers', 'usuallydense', 'layers', 'lighter', 'classifier', 'which', 'thisvolume', '42373o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasetsfigure', 'example', 'control', 'patient', 'histograms', 'first', 'shows', 'histogram', 'whole', 'image', 'example', 'acontrol', 'patient', 'second', 'shows', 'histogram', 'background', 'image', 'subtracted', 'shows', 'thehistogram', 'lungs', 'global', 'average', 'pooling', 'followed', 'multilayerperceptron', 'which', 'projects', 'pooled', 'features', 'slast', 'convolution', 'dimensions', 'before', 'performing', 'theclassification', 'transfer', 'learning', 'technique', 'common', 'practice', 'withindeep', 'learning', 'models', 'proven', 'pretrained', 'works', 'particular', 'their', 'first', 'layers', 'generic', 'andcan', 'transferred', 'domains', 'without', 'requiringspecial', 'training', 'facilitates', 'training', 'fordomains', 'scarce', 'amount', 'training', 'samples', 'there', 'vgg16', 'network', 'pretrained', 'genet', 'dataset', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'alongwith', 'classification', 'layers', 'unfrozen', 'domaintraining', 'noteworthy', 'network', 'structure', 'apoint', 'critical', 'conclusions', 'drawn', 'article', 'trying', 'present', 'advancement', 'state', 'classification', 'datasets', 'focus', 'ratheron', 'comparing', 'results', 'obtained', 'images', 'coming', 'fromdifferent', 'datasets', 'whether', 'those', 'results', 'suggest', 'classification', 'biases', 'within', 'nonetheless', 'least', 'achieve', 'acceptable', 'accuracy', 'order', 'toensure', 'extracted', 'features', 'enough', 'close', 'tothe', 'extracted', 'other', 'articles', 'segmentationby', 'segmenting', 'lungs', 'possible', 'remove', 'parts', 'ofthe', 'image', 'contain', 'relevant', 'information', 'thatcan', 'source', 'noise', 'presence', 'textannotations', 'identify', 'machine', 'hospital', 'theappearance', 'images', 'coming', 'specific', 'medical', 'devicesthat', 'cases', 'control', 'patients', 'viceversa', 'segmentation', 'images', 'successfullytackled', 'different', 'approaches', 'during', 'years', 'network', 'trained', 'themontgomery', 'dataset', 'moreover', 'manuallylabeled', 'total', 'images', 'coming', 'bimcv', 's42374', 'volume', '2021o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasetsfigure', 'image', 'histogram', 'variability', 'first', 'represents', 'variability', 'histograms', 'complete', 'images', 'second', 'variability', 'ofthe', 'background', 'histograms', 'images', 'subtracted', 'third', 'histograms', 'lungs', 'first', 'column', 'represents', 'asample', 'bimcv', 'dataset', 'second', 'column', 'sample', 'sample', 'chexpert', 'padchest', 'dataset', 'increase', 'number', 'training', 'images', 'figure', 'shows', 'segmentation', 'results', 'networkachieves', 'scores', 'gomery', 'partition', 'where', 'defined', 'asfollows', 'being', 'predicted', 'segmentation', 'andthe', 'segmentation', 'bvolume', '42375o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasetse', 'analysisthis', 'proposes', 'methodology', 'measure', 'degree', 'ofbias', 'dataset', 'focus', 'classification', 'monia', 'covid', 'against', 'control', 'samples', 'methodscan', 'generalized', 'other', 'classification', 'tasks', 'where', 'priorknowledge', 'region', 'interest', 'available', 'stated', 'before', 'areas', 'should', 'contain', 'informa', 'about', 'problem', 'possibly', 'discriminatebetween', 'classes', 'example', 'annotations', 'image', 'tures', 'related', 'medical', 'devices', 'employed', 'order', 'tosolve', 'problem', 'segmentation', 'algorithmto', 'extract', 'relevant', 'regions', 'which', 'lungs', 'figure', 'these', 'regions', 'referred', 'masks', 'image', 'considered', 'background', 'figure', 'figure', 'segmentation', 'after', 'process', 'right', 'check', 'previous', 'hypothesis', 'presented', 'experiments', 'carried', 'training', 'modelwith', 'different', 'image', 'areas', 'according', 'followingideas', 'study', 'background', 'affects', 'results', 'starting', 'image', 'contains', 'lungs', 'background', 'erased', 'visible', 'region', 'gressively', 'expanded', 'include', 'background', 'bymeans', 'sequential', 'dilation', 'operations', 'figure', 'unbiased', 'dataset', 'should', 'increasethe', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'along', 'process', 'analyze', 'affectsthe', 'results', 'starting', 'whole', 'image', 'andprogressively', 'removing', 'lungs', 'figure', 'theclassification', 'accuracy', 'unbiased', 'dataset', 'shouldprogressively', 'maximum', 'value', 'wholeimage', 'adjusting', 'expansion', 'exclusion', 'regionwill', 'allow', 'trace', 'variation', 'accuracy', 'metric', 'images', 'scaled', 'pixels', 'backgroundexpansion', 'segmentation', 'masks', 'dilated', 'pixels', 'exclusion', 'masks', 'wereeroded', 'pixels', 'right', 'leftin', 'figure', 'figure', 'shows', 'segmented', 'andthe', 'background', 'expansion', 'green', 'figure', 'showsthe', 'exclusion', 'yellow', 'additionally', 'detailedworkflow', 'experiment', 'shown', 'figure', 'combination', 'analysiscombining', 'datasets', 'useful', 'enlarge', 'sample', 'increase', 'variability', 'explained', 'reduce', 'theepistemic', 'uncertainty', 'classifiers', 'latter', 'relatedto', 'problem', 'domain', 'knowledge', 'model', 'being', 'theuncertainty', 'knowledge', 'bound', 'limited', 'amountof', 'however', 'combination', 'balance', 'amongthe', 'classes', 'carefully', 'controlled', 'classifier', 'learnto', 'discriminate', 'between', 'features', 'different', 'datasets', 'check', 'hypothesis', 'mixed', 'chexpertdatasets', 'achieve', 'balanced', 'combination', 'adding', 'positivepneumonia', 'observations', 'dataset', 'latter', 'highly', 'unbalanced', 'dataset', 'ative', 'positive', 'observations', 'after', 'processand', 'segmentation', 'validity', 'filters', 'could', 'considereda', 'positive', 'samples', 'another', 'dataset', 'needless', 'images', 'distinctfeatures', 'allow', 'classifier', 'apart', 'fromchexpert', 'example', 'including', 'large', 'proportion', 'imagesfrom', 'particular', 'equipment', 'brand', 'model', 'system', 'willlearn', 'classify', 'images', 'equipment', 'positive', 'regardless', 'image', 'content', 'could', 'related', 'thedisease', 'additionally', 'simulated', 'combination', 'ofcovid', 'control', 'datasets', 'evaluated', 'their', 'biaswith', 'proposed', 'method', 'particular', 'datasets', 'bined', 'positive', 'covid', 'cases', 'covidcxr', 'withchexpert', 'negative', 'control', 'samples', 'covidcxr', 'built', 'withdatasets', 'different', 'origins', 'hence', 'experiment', 'illus', 'trates', 'likely', 'problematic', 'effects', 'heterogeneous', 'datacombinations', 'based', 'methodology', 'probes', 'discriminationinduced', 'outside', 'lungs', 'expectations', 'about', 'resultsof', 'experiment', 'there', 'dataset', 'thebackground', 'expansion', 'could', 'increase', 'accuracy', 'accuracy', 'occluding', 'lungs', 'should', 'differsignificantly', 'results', 'followthese', 'predictions', 'hypothesis', 'would', 'confirmed', 'resultsa', 'background', 'expansion', 'exclusionstudyin', 'previous', 'section', 'proposed', 'examine', 'perfor', 'mance', 'classification', 'experiments', 'varying', 'addition', 'ofbackground', 'reduction', 'expectedresults', 'first', 'biased', 'dataset', 'where', 'thebackground', 'added', 'initial', 'images', 'classification', 'stays', 'constant', 'almost', 'stant', 'possible', 'imprecise', 'segmentation', 'other', 'perturbations', 'disease', 'information', 'alreadypresent', 'beginning', 'second', 'scenario', 'accuracy', 'should', 'potentiallydrop', 'value', 'achieved', 'network', 'thecomplete', 'image', 'value', 'close', 'thelungs', 'completely', 'removed', 'necessarily42376', 'volume', '2021o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasetsfigure', 'background', 'expansion', 'exclusion', 'original', 'contour', 'shown', 'expanded', 'contour', 'green', 'thecontour', 'removed', 'shown', 'yellow', 'figure', 'analysis', 'workflow', 'linear', 'shown', 'graphs', 'straight', 'right', 'figure', 'offer', 'simplifiedgraphical', 'representation', 'expected', 'behavior', 'leftpart', 'figure', 'green', 'represents', 'classificationrate', 'obtained', 'using', 'analysis', 'performed', 'three', 'datasets', 'first', 'figure', 'bimcv', 'clearly', 'showsa', 'significant', 'within', 'classificationrate', 'steadily', 'increases', 'background', 'expansion', 'second', 'graph', 'shows', 'removing', 'isnot', 'associated', 'significant', 'decrease', 'accuracy', 'should', 'complete', 'exclusion', 'thelungs', 'classifier', 'achieves', 'almost', 'second', 'figure', 'displays', 'aslightly', 'lower', 'still', 'consistent', 'within', 'datain', 'graphs', 'however', 'dataset', 'harderto', 'segment', 'other', 'thevariability', 'shown', 'could', 'arise', 'poorly', 'segmentedimages', 'nonetheless', 'achieved', 'withthe', 'lungs', 'completely', 'occluded', 'which', 'theexpected', 'third', 'figure', 'chexpert', 'conveys', 'inter', 'esting', 'results', 'graph', 'trend', 'expectedfor', 'unbiased', 'dataset', 'doesn', 'along', 'withthe', 'background', 'expansion', 'nevertheless', 'precisionachieved', 'completely', 'occluded', 'isaround', 'implies', 'notlocated', 'specifically', 'background', 'inthe', 'whole', 'image', 'combination', 'studyas', 'mentioned', 'before', 'combination', 'study', 'seeks', 'evaluatehow', 'combination', 'datasets', 'might', 'provoke', 'creationof', 'biased', 'methodology', 'proposed', 'detectthese', 'weaknesses', 'final', 'collection', 'experiments', 'section', 'reproducedusing', 'combined', 'dataset', 'figure', 'shows', 'effectof', 'varying', 'background', 'expansion', 'exclusion', 'whenthe', 'combination', 'designed', 'balance', 'chexpert', 'rsnacases', 'control', 'positive', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'fromchexpert', 'positive', 'images', 'giving', 'abalanced', 'dataset', 'observations', 'class', 'experiment', 'explored', 'combination', 'imagesof', 'control', 'patients', 'chexpert', 'whole', 'setof', 'covid', 'images', 'covidcxr', 'datasetcombination', 'typical', 'recent', 'crisis', 'scenario', 'where', 'fewimages', 'disease', 'available', 'obtainedfrom', 'different', 'locations', 'under', 'uncontrolled', 'conditions', 'withdifferent', 'equipment', 'acquisition', 'protocols', 'theworst', 'scenario', 'results', 'accordance', 'figure', 'results', 'these', 'experiments', 'similar', 'fashionto', 'chexpert', 'ubiquitous', 'thevolume', '42377o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasetsfigure', 'accuracy', 'function', 'background', 'expansion', 'reduction', 'green', 'dotted', 'linesmark', 'correct', 'behavior', 'biased', 'dataset', 'background', 'included', 'thered', 'dotted', 'lines', 'indicate', 'expected', 'reduction', 'classification', 'lungs', 'removed', 'theanalysis', 'lines', 'accuracy', 'given', 'expansion', 'reduction', 'vertical', 'indicating', 'thestandard', 'deviation', 'image', 'despite', 'increasing', 'amount', 'background', 'insidethe', 'images', 'doesn', 'affect', 'accuracy', 'effect', 'lungocclusion', 'remarkable', 'within', 'results', 'discussiondeep', 'learning', 'receiving', 'attentionas', 'powerful', 'methodology', 'analyzing', 'medicalimages', 'ability', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'works', 'obtain', 'excellent', 'results', 'usedas', 'blackbox', 'opposed', 'classical', 'design', 'hocalgorithms', 'attracted', 'researchers', 'works', 'using', 'covid', 'detection', 'oncxr', 'images', 'report', 'accuracies', 'variety', 'networkarchitectures', 'particular', 'studies', 'using', 'vgg16', 'report', 'accuracy', 'dataset', 'built', 'covid', 'and200', 'control', 'samples', 'accuracy', 'obtained', 'adataset', 'composed', 'covid', 'images', 'pneumo', 'negative', 'accuracy', 'achievedusing', 'dataset', 'contains', 'covid', 'images', 'ofpneumonia', 'negative', 'vgg16', 'achievesgood', 'results', 'detecting', 'pulmonary', 'diseases', 'strengthensthe', 'hypothesis', 'features', 'extracted', 'networkare', 'relevant', 'therefore', 'detected', 'ourexperiments', 'related', 'within', 'images', 'drawbacks', 'often', 'needlarge', 'amounts', 'learn', 'while', 'generic', 'cxrdatabases', 'available', 'public', 'existing', 'covid', 'datasetsare', 'composed', 'images', 'collected', 'byvolunteers', 'consequence', 'these', 'datasets', 'showunbalanced', 'labels', 'different', 'sources', 'that42378', 'volume', '2021o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasetsfigure', 'addition', 'positive', 'samples', 'covidcxr', 'chexpert', 'dataset', 'green', 'dottedlines', 'correct', 'behavior', 'biased', 'dataset', 'background', 'included', 'andthe', 'dotted', 'lines', 'indicate', 'expected', 'reduction', 'classification', 'lungs', 'removed', 'fromthe', 'analysis', 'lines', 'accuracy', 'given', 'expansion', 'reduction', 'vertical', 'lineindicating', 'standard', 'deviation', 'makes', 'getting', 'robust', 'model', 'reliable', 'performancemeasures', 'difficult', 'regard', 'articles', 'report', 'theproblem', 'small', 'unbalanced', 'datasets', 'covid', '19detection', 'propose', 'solutions', 'mitigate', 'theproblem', 'analysis', 'tackled', 'other', 'authors', 'forinstance', 'authors', 'proposed', 'train', 'testpartitions', 'should', 'different', 'datasets', 'related', 'thesame', 'classifier', 'trying', 'achieve', 'maximumperformance', 'certain', 'dataset', 'thismay', 'assert', 'generalization', 'capacity', 'classi', 'other', 'sought', 'minimize', 'effectsof', 'different', 'biased', 'datasets', 'converting', 'differentdataset', 'observations', 'prototypes', 'greatly', 'reducing', 'possibleintra', 'dataset', 'specific', 'features', 'recently', 'addresses', 'issue', 'covid', 'detectionand', 'reports', 'problem', 'mixing', 'different', 'datasets', 'maylead', 'network', 'learn', 'background', 'information', 'studyperforms', 'similar', 'approach', 'presented', 'thisar', 'ticle', 'study', 'possible', 'biases', 'within', 'lungs', 'occludes', 'lungs', 'rectangular', 'fixed', 'black', 'boxesand', 'measures', 'accuracy', 'achieved', 'however', 'proposedmethodology', 'extends', 'concept', 'proposed', 'precisemasks', 'progressive', 'inclusion', 'exclusion', 'informationto', 'learning', 'process', 'allows', 'ability', 'detectwhere', 'approximately', 'enables', 'precise', 'biasestimation', 'furthermore', 'studies', 'within', 'ncov2019', 'datasetusing', 'information', 'about', 'patients', 'symptoms', 'comorbidities', 'dataset', 'collects', 'clinical', 'differ', 'sources', 'rather', 'images', 'found', 'significant', 'biasrelated', 'origin', 'exposed', 'several', 'issuesrelated', 'multisource', 'variability', 'article', 'focused', 'detecting', 'biases', 'withinwidely', 'datasets', 'glimpse', 'degree', 'whichthese', 'biases', 'affect', 'results', 'proposes', 'detectionmethodology', 'assert', 'validity', 'results', 'methodol', 'makes', 'techniques', 'heatmap', 'visualization', 'histogram', 'analysis', 'selective', 'image', 'occlusion', 'which', 'arecombined', 'evaluate', 'which', 'parts', 'images', 'beingused', 'discriminative', 'features', 'classification', 'thiswork', 'methodology', 'applied', 'scenar', 'existence', 'individual', 'pneumoniadatasets', 'another', 'detect', 'existence', 'mixof', 'datasets', 'limitations', 'studyregarding', 'possible', 'limitations', 'there', 'could', 'problem', 'withthe', 'methodology', 'proposed', 'since', 'segmentation', 'masksused', 'expansion', 'reduction', 'biased', 'themselves', 'segmentation', 'process', 'might', 'prone', 'inimages', 'pneumonia', 'since', 'borders', 'lungs', 'aremore', 'diffuse', 'whereas', 'could', 'happen', 'images', 'ofcontrol', 'patients', 'could', 'significant', 'differencevolume', '42379o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasetsfigure', 'occlusion', 'fixed', 'rectangular', 'boxes', 'between', 'cases', 'controls', 'masks', 'therefore', 'mightbe', 'introducing', 'would', 'imply', 'problem', 'withthe', 'proposed', 'methodology', 'however', 'designed', 'experiment', 'wherethe', 'occlusion', 'masks', 'substituted', 'rectangles', 'sizeof', 'lungs', 'experiment', 'similar', 'presentedin', 'ensure', 'lungs', 'completelyremoved', 'using', 'segmentation', 'shape', 'whereas', 'theaforementioned', 'place', 'fixed', 'black', 'angle', 'central', 'leaving', 'uncovered', 'examples', 'method', 'figure', 'results', 'achieved', 'bimcv', 'dataset', 'seenin', 'figure', 'where', 'differences', 'found', 'significant', 'suggesting', 'shape', 'masks', 'influencingthe', 'detection', 'algorithm', 'proposed', 'furthermore', 'increase', 'confidence', 'conclusions', 'processed', 'images', 'means', 'clahe', 'togram', 'normalization', 'assert', 'process', 'affectedthe', 'results', 'figure', 'there', 'differencein', 'results', 'achieved', 'between', 'normalized', 'plainimages', 'talking', 'about', 'strengths', 'results', 'experimentsdescribed', 'section', 'demonstrated', 'classificationrate', 'improve', 'background', 'includedin', 'images', 'which', 'means', 'either', 'there', 'biasspecifically', 'background', 'significant', 'biasis', 'already', 'within', 'lungs', 'however', 'areais', 'progressively', 'removed', 'image', 'bothexperiments', 'accuracy', 'decrease', 'suggestingfigure', 'comparison', 'between', 'grain', 'squared', 'masks', 'bimcv', 'dataset', '42380', 'volume', '2021o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasetsfigure', 'comparison', 'between', 'normalized', 'plain', 'bimcv', 'dataset', 'system', 'classifying', 'images', 'according', 'someelements', 'present', 'whole', 'image', 'inside', 'thelungs', 'result', 'confirms', 'hypothesis', 'powerful', 'convolutional', 'networks', 'subtle', 'featuresin', 'images', 'optimistic', 'classification', 'results', 'nomeasures', 'taken', 'avoid', 'biases', 'summarize', 'further', 'research', 'should', 'conducted', 'toreduce', 'impact', 'intrinsic', 'datasets', 'whoseimages', 'collected', 'several', 'sources', 'recent', 'literaturehas', 'demonstrated', 'emergence', 'methodologies', 'usefulto', 'reduce', 'impact', 'image', 'preprocess', 'methods', 'learning', 'architectures', 'designedto', 'biased', 'datasets', 'startingpoint', 'conclusionin', 'novel', 'methodology', 'assess', 'existence', 'ofbias', 'image', 'datasets', 'presented', 'techniques', 'suchas', 'activation', 'heatmap', 'visualization', 'histogram', 'analysis', 'andselective', 'image', 'occlusion', 'combined', 'evaluate', 'whichpart', 'images', 'being', 'discriminative', 'featuresfor', 'classification', 'regions', 'interestwere', 'lungs', 'datasets', 'different', 'levels', 'ofbias', 'these', 'comprising', 'datasets', 'informa', 'quickly', 'available', 'urgent', 'scenario', 'currentcovid', 'crisis', 'examples', 'bimcv', 'collection', 'orthe', 'combination', 'datasets', 'created', 'purpose', 'whichare', 'problems', 'results', 'confirmedwith', 'other', 'methodologies', 'theactivation', 'histogram', 'analysis', 'study', 'effects', 'combining', 'datasets', 'differ', 'sources', 'especially', 'interesting', 'because', 'shows', 'strictly', 'controlled', 'important', 'biases', 'induced', 'inthe', 'final', 'dataset', 'typical', 'solution', 'samplesof', 'given', 'class', 'compile', 'different', 'datasets', 'thatcollects', 'categories', 'study', 'recent', 'covid', '19datasets', 'particular', 'widely', 'covidcxr', 'dataset', 'built', 'different', 'sources', 'might', 'includedsignificant', 'biases', 'inadvertently', 'affected', 'results', 'lished', 'heterogeneous', 'dataset', 'often', 'observa', 'tions', 'coming', 'diverse', 'equipment', 'acquisition', 'proto', 'processing', 'software', 'context', 'features', 'foundby', 'convolutional', 'networks', 'images', 'including', 'thebackground', 'areas', 'enough', 'classification', 'whilst', 'actual', 'performance', 'classifier', 'clinicaltask', 'attempted', 'lower', 'acknowledgmentsthe', 'authors', 'would', 'thanks', 'gratitude', 'bimcvand', 'other', 'teams', 'compiled', 'available', 'thedatasets', 'experiments', 'ducted', 'employing', 'instituto', 'tecnológico', 'informática', 'performance', 'computing', 'platform', 'which', 'fundedby', 'ivace', 'implemented', 'within', 'dataspace', 'being', 'these', 'experiments', 'tech4cv', 'project', 'usecase', 'volume', '42381o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']

def prepare_corpus(doc_clean):
    """
    Input  : clean document
    Purpose: create term dictionary of our courpus and Converting list of documents (corpus) into Document Term Matrix
    Output : term dictionary and Document Term Matrix
    """
    # Creating the term dictionary of our courpus, where every unique term is assigned an index. dictionary = corpora.Dictionary(doc_clean)
    dictionary = corpora.Dictionary(doc_clean)
    # Converting list of documents (corpus) into Document Term Matrix using dictionary prepared above.
    doc_term_matrix = [dictionary.doc2bow(doc) for doc in doc_clean]
    # generate LDA model
    return dictionary,doc_term_matrix

def create_gensim_lsa_model(doc_clean,number_of_topics,words):
    """
    Input  : clean document, number of topics and number of words associated with each topic
    Purpose: create LSA model using gensim
    Output : return LSA model
    """
    dictionary,doc_term_matrix=prepare_corpus(doc_clean)
    # generate LSA model
    lsamodel = LsiModel(doc_term_matrix, num_topics=number_of_topics, id2word = dictionary)  # train model
    #print(lsamodel.print_topics(num_topics=number_of_topics, num_words=words))
    return lsamodel

# LSA Model
number_of_topics=25
words=word_count_science
model_science=create_gensim_lsa_model(clean_text,number_of_topics,words)
words_from_science =dict(model_science.show_topic(0, topn=words))##dict and encoding matrix values

#These variables are for further experimentation in vertical comparission mantel test
model_science_articles = create_gensim_lsa_model(clean_text,number_of_topics,words)

dict(model_science.show_topic(0, topn=5))

{'covid': 0.5709789928348202,
 'imag': 0.3019026799708713,
 'model': 0.2285584109775616,
 'dataset': 0.1514562542660673,
 'infect': 0.13063753072698492}

from wordcloud import WordCloud
text = dict(model_science.show_topic(0, topn=20))
l=list(text.keys())
wordcloud = WordCloud(width=150, height=200,max_font_size=25, max_words=20, background_color="white").generate(" ".join(l))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation='bilinear')
plt.axis("off")
plt.savefig('graph21.png')

# LSA Model

a=pd.DataFrame()

for i in range(number_of_topics):
    words_science =dict(model_science.show_topic(i, topn=words))
    b=pd.DataFrame(words_science,index=[i])
    a=a.append(b)

a=a.transpose()

top_words = dict(model_science.show_topic(0,topn=5))

df = pd.DataFrame(columns=list(top_words.keys()), 
                  index = list(top_words.keys()))

l = list(top_words.keys())
print('cosine-similarity')
for i in l:
    for j in l:
            matrix=np.array([a.loc[i],a.loc[j]])
            n = s.metrics.pairwise.cosine_similarity(matrix, matrix, dense_output=True)
            df.loc[[i],[j]] = n[0,1]
print(df)

dfi.export(df, 'df_styled24.png')

cosine-similarity
             covid       imag      model    dataset     infect
covid            1  0.0860701  0.0425372 -0.0812714  0.0806363
imag     0.0860701          1 -0.0998757   0.183615 -0.0449446
model    0.0425372 -0.0998757          1  0.0123155   0.047749
dataset -0.0812714   0.183615  0.0123155          1  -0.168176
infect   0.0806363 -0.0449446   0.047749  -0.168176          1

df = df.apply(pd.to_numeric, errors='coerce')

df=df.round(4)

l = list(top_words.keys())

df_adj = pd.DataFrame(df.to_numpy(), index=l, columns=l)
G = nx.from_pandas_adjacency(df)
pos = {l[0]: (0, 0),l[1]: (1, 0), l[2]: (0, 1), l[3]: (1, 1), l[4]: (0.5, 0.8)}
a=list(G.edges(data=True))

b=[]
for i in a:
    b.append(i[:][2]['weight'])
w = [x *10  for x in b]

colors = range(4)
nx.draw(G,pos, alpha=1, width=w, with_labels = True,node_size=200, edge_color='green',node_color='b')
labels = nx.get_edge_attributes(G,'weight')
nx.draw_networkx_nodes(G, pos, nodelist=l, node_color="w")
nx.draw_networkx_edge_labels(G,pos,edge_labels=labels)
plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = (8,5)
plt.savefig('fig24.png')

covid-psychology-large.txt

document_list,titles,word_count_psy=load_data("","covid-psychology-30.txt",'NEW PAPER')

Number of words in text file : 143564
Total Number of Documents: 30

clean_text=preprocess_data(document_list)

['international', 'sociology2021', 'author', '2020article', 'reuse', 'guidelines', 'sagepub', 'journals', 'permissionsdoi', '0268580920948807journals', 'sagepub', 'isspsychology', 'politics', 'ofcovid', 'misinfodemics', 'peoplebelieve', 'misinfodemics', 'sonia', 'mukhtaruniversity', 'management', 'technology', 'lahore', 'pakistanabstractmisinfodemics', 'related', 'covid', 'negatively', 'impacted', 'people', 'lives', 'adversehealth', 'psycho', 'sociopolitical', 'outcomes', 'scientific', 'community', 'seeks', 'communicateevidence', 'based', 'information', 'regarding', 'misplaced', 'preventive', 'strategies', 'misinformed', 'helpseeking', 'behaviors', 'global', 'multifaceted', 'systems', 'secondary', 'emerged', 'effects', 'ofmisinfodemics', 'public', 'published', 'articles', 'pubmed', 'embase', 'google', 'scholar', 'elsevierabout', 'covid', 'related', 'misinfodemics', 'considered', 'reviewed', 'article', 'thisreview', 'examines', 'mechanisms', 'operational', 'structure', 'prevalence', 'predictive', 'factors', 'effects', 'responses', 'potential', 'curtailing', 'strategies', 'misinfodemics', 'covid', 'present', 'articleshows', 'popular', 'variants', 'covid', 'misinfodemics', 'could', 'joint', 'product', 'apsychological', 'predisposition', 'which', 'either', 'reject', 'information', 'experts', 'perceive', 'thecrisis', 'situation', 'product', 'misinfodemics', 'mechanisms', 'partisan', 'ideological', 'motivations', 'psychological', 'foundations', 'political', 'disposition', 'misinfodemics', 'implications', 'thedevelopment', 'strategies', 'designed', 'curtail', 'negative', 'consequences', 'public', 'health', 'keywordsconspiracy', 'theories', 'covid', 'health', 'communication', 'misinformation', 'mistrust', 'sciencethe', 'mechanisms', 'misinfodemicsin', 'modern', 'mainstream', 'social', 'media', 'become', 'primary', 'source', 'information', 'people', 'around', 'world', 'misinfodemics', 'surroundingcorresponding', 'author', 'sonia', 'mukhtar', 'university', 'management', 'technology', 'block', 'phase', 'johar', 'lahore', 'punjab', '54770', 'pakistan', 'email', 'sonia', 'mukhtar12', 'gmail', 'com948807iss0010', '0268580920948807international', 'sociologymukhtarresearch', 'article2020article112', 'international', 'sociology', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'challenging', 'ongoing', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'highlighted', 'interconnectedness', 'modernglobalized', 'world', 'where', 'public', 'health', 'threats', 'extend', 'beyond', 'their', 'point', 'origindue', 'unvarying', 'reliance', 'misplaced', 'confidence', 'media', 'platforms', 'duringlockdown', 'quarantine', 'isolation', 'social', 'distancing', 'virtual', 'communication', 'hasbecome', 'major', 'source', 'interaction', 'holman', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'escalated', 'challenges', 'forhealthcare', 'social', 'educational', 'economic', 'political', 'environmental', 'cultural', 'socioeconomic', 'systems', 'world', 'gained', 'momentum', 'innumerablemisinfodemics', 'mechanisms', 'rumors', 'myths', 'superstitions', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'claims', 'hoaxes', 'false', 'misinformation', 'polarization', 'mistrust', 'science', 'intimes', 'crisis', 'absence', 'checking', 'misinformation', 'misleading', 'content', 'falsecontext', 'manipulated', 'fabricated', 'material', 'imposter', 'documents', 'disinformation', 'regarding', 'etiology', 'outcomes', 'misplaced', 'prevention', 'disease', 'mukhtar', '2020a', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'saturated', 'mainstream', 'media', 'which', 'disseminate', 'information', 'local', 'global', 'scale', 'similarly', 'social', 'media', 'platforms', 'havealso', 'become', 'accessible', 'source', 'information', 'numerous', 'incidents', 'initiated', 'bythese', 'rumors', 'caused', 'several', 'mishaps', 'across', 'world', 'instance', 'hisown', 'after', 'positive', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'india', 'people', 'overdosed', 'onthe', 'cholorquine', 'after', 'about', 'effectiveness', 'against', 'covid', 'proliferated', 'nigeria', 'busari', 'adebayo', 'there', 'failure', 'makea', 'distinction', 'between', 'empirically', 'based', 'scientific', 'truths', 'fabricated', 'unconfirmedanti', 'science', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'among', 'general', 'public', 'reports', 'reduce', 'legitimacy', 'scientific', 'discoveries', 'regarding', 'vaccine', 'covid', 'canalso', 'create', 'social', 'stigma', 'resulting', 'xenophobia', 'chinese', 'sentiment', 'racism', 'marginalization', 'reduced', 'compliance', 'adherence', 'quarantine', 'adverse', 'healthand', 'psychosocial', 'impacts', 'aguilera', '2020a', '2020b', 'these', 'considerations', 'become', 'exacerbated', 'during', 'lockdown', 'leading', 'people', 'fringe', 'ofpopular', 'opinion', 'spend', 'social', 'media', 'people', 'trying', 'tomake', 'sense', 'their', 'changed', 'lives', 'proclaimed', 'celebrities', 'identified', 'socialmedia', 'stars', 'politicians', 'mainstream', 'media', 'public', 'figures', 'propagating', 'theirown', 'subjective', 'interpretations', 'events', 'situation', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'misinfodemics', 'lederer', 'scientific', 'studies', 'previous', 'disease', 'outbreaks', 'demonstrated', 'misinformation', 'represents', 'secondary', 'challenge', 'public', 'health', 'efforts', 'controlling', 'epidemic', 'pandemic', 'earnshaw', 'kalichman', 'individuals', 'endorsemisinformation', 'about', 'disease', 'likely', 'follow', 'public', 'health', 'instructions', 'duringthe', 'ebola', 'outbreak', 'respondents', 'credence', 'conspiracy', 'theoriesalleged', 'would', 'likely', 'support', 'during', 'disease', 'outbreak', 'national', 'cancer', 'institute', 'study', 'montanaro', 'conducted', 'theus', 'respondents', 'reported', 'trust', 'medical', 'healthcare', 'professionals', 'contrast', 'study', 'where', 'majority', 'respondents', 'reported', 'mistrust', 'informationabout', 'covid', 'current', 'administration', 'mainstream', 'media', 'outlets', 'times', 'mukhtar', '113the', 'psychology', 'misinfodemicsfear', 'adaptive', 'emotion', 'which', 'serves', 'mobilize', 'energy', 'towards', 'potential', 'actualor', 'perceived', 'threat', 'mertens', 'however', 'excessive', 'thismay', 'detrimental', 'effects', 'individual', 'mental', 'health', 'problems', 'anxiety', 'andphobia', 'community', 'level', 'hoarding', 'panic', 'shopping', 'xenophobia', 'isinsufficient', 'cause', 'individual', 'incompliance', 'nonadherence', 'towards', 'quarantine', 'isolation', 'community', 'reckless', 'implementation', 'ofpolicies', 'ignores', 'risks', 'socioeconomic', 'infrastructure', 'likewise', 'interpersonalsafety', 'measures', 'mitigate', 'certain', 'threats', 'transmission', 'disease', 'paradoxically', 'enhance', 'transmission', 'excessive', 'health', 'anxiety', 'psychosocialissues', 'similarly', 'social', 'safety', 'measures', 'lockdowns', 'curfews', 'control', 'transmission', 'prolonged', 'stringent', 'measures', 'could', 'negative', 'consequences', 'socioeconomic', 'impact', 'mental', 'health', 'impact', 'efforts', 'misinfodemics', 'process', 'increased', 'because', 'adverseeffects', 'public', 'health', 'communication', 'encourage', 'adoption', 'sustainablepreventive', 'measures', 'manage', 'social', 'physical', 'distancing', 'psychological', 'health', 'andresilience', 'socioeconomic', 'conditions', 'address', 'stigma', 'prejudice', 'discriminationand', 'inequalities', 'mukhtar', '2020b', 'among', 'various', 'factors', 'psychological', 'vulnerability', 'mukhtar', '2020c', 'mukhtar', 'mahmood', 'propensity', 'follow', 'popularopinion', 'excessive', 'social', 'media', 'presence', 'predisposition', 'anxiety', 'touncertainty', 'intolerance', 'unpredictability', 'coronavirus', 'brings', 'levels', 'uncertainty', 'inability', 'uncertainty', 'exponentially', 'higher', 'causing', 'anxiety', 'health', 'related', 'worry', 'situation', 'exacerbated', 'exposure', 'plethoraof', 'information', 'including', 'misinformation', 'disinformation', 'about', 'impendingthreat', 'mainstream', 'media', 'social', 'media', 'alike', 'rosser', 'perceived', 'threatinformation', 'elevates', 'repeated', 'engagement', 'trauma', 'related', 'media', 'contentfor', 'several', 'hours', 'daily', 'culminates', 'acute', 'stress', 'emotional', 'distress', 'consequentlywill', 'either', 'increase', 'virus', 'cause', 'insensitivity', 'towards', 'course', 'identification', 'monitoring', 'internet', 'centrifugal', 'clarification', 'filter', 'theaccuracy', 'content', 'become', 'challenging', 'increasing', 'number', 'people', 'relyon', 'social', 'media', 'platforms', 'challenging', 'problems', 'misinformation', 'disinformation', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'social', 'media', 'emulsify', 'false', 'misleading', 'click', 'content', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'launched', 'mythbuster', 'feature', 'website', 'countermeasure', 'spread', 'unauthenticnews', 'social', 'media', 'people', 'reported', 'highest', 'media', 'exposure', 'reported', 'higheracute', 'stress', 'holman', 'media', 'exposure', 'accumulates', 'emerging', 'threatsand', 'repeated', 'exposure', 'these', 'events', 'increase', 'symptoms', 'distress', 'worry', 'fixation', 'mentality', 'misplaced', 'conviction', 'people', 'vulnerable', 'media', 'exposure', 'distress', 'alongside', 'amount', 'media', 'exposure', 'content', 'exposure', 'matters', 'aswell', 'exposure', 'tragic', 'events', 'graphic', 'images', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'violence', 'couldinstigate', 'posttraumatic', 'stress', 'future', 'which', 'personalfunctioning', 'recent', 'years', 'mainstream', 'media', 'electronic', 'print', 'social', 'media', 'established', 'themselves', 'beyond', 'government', 'channel', 'global114', 'international', 'sociology', 'population', 'developed', 'affinity', 'channels', 'particular', 'while', 'olderpopulation', 'mainly', 'relies', 'traditional', 'channels', 'youth', 'social', 'mediasuch', 'tiktok', 'instagram', 'youtube', 'twitter', 'facebook', 'whatsapp', 'social', 'mediahave', 'become', 'conduit', 'spreading', 'rumors', 'deliberate', 'misinformation', 'disinformation', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'personally', 'motivated', 'anecdotes', 'appeal', 'followersand', 'attract', 'attention', 'create', 'panic', 'liang', 'proclaimed', 'celebrities', 'media', 'stars', 'become', 'influential', 'large', 'number', 'people', 'solelyon', 'their', 'content', 'merchant', 'social', 'media', 'posts', 'circulating', 'manyplatforms', 'endorsed', 'multiple', 'social', 'media', 'account', 'users', 'encourage', 'optimalpersonal', 'functioning', 'maximum', 'productivity', 'business', 'oriented', 'activities', 'downplaying', 'intensity', 'traumatic', 'event', 'certain', 'posts', 'ofthis', 'quarantine', 'skill', 'hustle', 'started', 'knowledge', 'younever', 'lacked', 'lacked', 'discipline', 'circulating', 'various', 'social', 'media', 'accounts', 'prompting', 'people', 'utilize', 'their', 'learning', 'things', 'skills', 'exacerbate', 'theworry', 'already', 'anxiety', 'prone', 'individuals', 'place', 'psychological', 'pressure', 'productive', 'rather', 'messages', 'quarantine', 'skill', 'hustle', 'started', 'knowledge', 'doing', 'should', 'disseminated', 'social', 'media', 'individuals', 'realize', 'during', 'intense', 'traumatic', 'event', 'everyone', 'equally', 'endowed', 'strength', 'coping', 'strategies', 'andproblem', 'solving', 'skills', 'transform', 'trauma', 'positive', 'emotion', 'which', 'source', 'shame', 'guilt', 'there', 'coercive', 'impression', 'percolating', 'among', 'individuals', 'regarding', 'lockdownthat', 'people', 'should', 'assume', 'holiday', 'utilize', 'their', 'productively', 'engage', 'occupational', 'academic', 'activities', 'psychological', 'pressure', 'hasfurther', 'aggravated', 'feelings', 'guilt', 'shame', 'regret', 'sadness', 'anger', 'internalizedemotions', 'being', 'overwhelmed', 'negative', 'unrealistic', 'expectations', 'perceived', 'sense', 'failure', 'mukhtar', '2020a', '2020b', 'psychological', 'pressure', 'compete', 'peers', 'achieving', 'maximum', 'tasks', 'producing', 'occupational', 'academicoutcomes', 'harnessing', 'followers', 'subscribers', 'media', 'accounts', 'anddownplaying', 'trauma', 'others', 'devastating', 'effects', 'mentalwellbeing', 'lockdown', 'resulting', 'isolation', 'quarantine', 'social', 'distancing', 'removedfrom', 'normal', 'leisure', 'might', 'utilized', 'improved', 'personal', 'functioning', 'acollective', 'traumatic', 'event', 'which', 'poses', 'serious', 'threat', 'people', 'resulted', 'hugeloss', 'lives', 'displacement', 'individuals', 'mukhtar', 'mukhtar', 'mukhtarand', 'covid', 'individual', 'collective', 'traumatic', 'event', 'directly', 'orindirectly', 'affected', 'every', 'individual', 'world', 'efforts', 'should', 'directed', 'towardsminimizing', 'negative', 'effects', 'traumatic', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'survivors', 'people', 'going', 'through', 'interpersonal', 'traumatic', 'events', 'addition', 'collectivetrauma', 'covid', 'domestic', 'violence', 'gender', 'based', 'violence', 'abuse', 'mukhtar', '2020d', 'financial', 'burden', 'loneliness', 'emotional', 'behavioral', 'problems', 'grief', 'bereavement', 'losing', 'family', 'mental', 'health', 'issues', 'physical', 'injuries', 'fatalities', 'isolated', 'people', 'facing', 'psychological', 'issues', 'require', 'trauma', 'focused', 'psychologicalsupport', 'mental', 'health', 'psychological', 'support', 'guidance', 'treatment', 'interventionand', 'information', 'psychological', 'cyber', 'counseling', 'smartphone', 'formukhtar', '115instance', 'mental', 'health', 'hotlines', 'professional', 'seeking', 'behaviors', 'should', 'beencouraged', 'endorsed', 'related', 'barriers', 'stigma', 'marginalization', 'discrimination', 'shaming', 'phobias', 'should', 'discouraged', 'through', 'government', 'driven', 'programsand', 'evidence', 'based', 'treatment', 'models', 'emerging', 'pandemics', 'command', 'intellectual', 'incapacity', 'decision', 'making', 'adegree', 'irrationality', 'bombarded', 'conflicting', 'opinions', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'empirical', 'interpretation', 'origins', 'impacts', 'result', 'moral', 'judgmentsbased', 'religious', 'cultural', 'beliefs', 'emergence', 'garnered', 'plethoraof', 'moral', 'judgments', 'orbiting', 'around', 'sexual', 'morality', 'substance', 'abuse', 'arrival', 'ofsars', 'blame', 'directed', 'towards', 'primitive', 'farming', 'practices', 'guangzhou', 'theunprecedented', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'welcomed', 'magnitude', 'misinfodemics', 'amultitude', 'fronts', 'ophir', 'richtel', 'psychological', 'predisposition', 'rejectauthorized', 'information', 'through', 'denial', 'byproduct', 'founded', 'mistrust', 'thetendency', 'major', 'social', 'political', 'events', 'through', 'conspiracies', 'partisan', 'motivations', 'byproduct', 'conspiracy', 'thinking', 'likely', 'explanatory', 'factors', 'understanding', 'believes', 'covid', 'misinfodemics', 'association', 'betweenconspiracy', 'thinking', 'defense', 'mechanism', 'denial', 'could', 'potential', 'reason', 'therefusal', 'corrective', 'actions', 'several', 'health', 'related', 'cases', 'carey', 'misinfodemics', 'could', 'motivated', 'various', 'factors', 'epistemic', 'desire', 'causalexplanation', 'subjective', 'certainty', 'existential', 'desire', 'control', 'security', 'thesocial', 'desire', 'maintain', 'positive', 'image', 'group', 'douglas', 'stigmatization', 'labeling', 'scapegoating', 'swiftly', 'follow', 'narrative', 'whichinvokes', 'vernacular', 'human', 'conflict', 'waging', 'against', 'killer', 'virus', 'indomitable', 'invisible', 'threat', 'enemy', 'armed', 'vaccine', 'flinging', 'victims', 'quarantinecamps', 'losing', 'sense', 'proportion', 'ability', 'mitigate', 'reasonableknowledge', 'based', 'measures', 'challenge', 'normalize', 'perceived', 'threat', 'infection', 'mechanism', 'misinfodemics', 'engrossed', 'silos', 'public', 'information', 'which', 'isinept', 'limiting', 'risks', 'instance', 'social', 'theme', 'focusing', 'socioeconomic', 'disruption', 'scientific', 'theme', 'focusing', 'medical', 'health', 'communication', 'pandemic', 'theme', 'focusing', 'state', 'global', 'response', 'populations', 'mostlikely', 'affected', 'emerging', 'disease', 'pandemic', 'simultaneous', 'misinfodemicsinclude', 'those', 'where', 'there', 'disproportionally', 'inadequate', 'health', 'literacy', 'disadvantaged', 'socioeconomic', 'groups', 'migrants', 'ethnic', 'minorities', 'vulnerable', 'groupsincluding', 'older', 'people', 'people', 'chronic', 'health', 'conditions', 'people', 'disability', 'mukhtar', '2020e', 'rowlands', 'politics', 'coronavirusconspiracy', 'theories', 'heavily', 'influenced', 'geopolitics', 'spread', 'regarding', 'origin', 'scale', 'prevention', 'treatment', 'diagnosis', 'disease', 'covid', 'being', 'viralbioweapon', 'genetically', 'engineered', 'rogue', 'government', 'racist', 'genocidalagenda', 'economic', 'psychological', 'chinese', 'biological', 'weaponconspiracy', 'theory', 'which', 'spread', 'throughout', 'united', 'states', 'united', 'kingdom', 'india', 'ukraine', 'biological', 'weapon', 'conspiracy', 'theory', 'spread', 'throughoutrussia', 'china', 'philippines', 'venezuela', 'muslims', 'international', 'sociology', 'espionage', 'population', 'control', 'scheme', 'medical', 'misinformation', 'vaccine', 'preexistence', 'cocaine', 'african', 'resistance', 'vegetarian', 'immunity', 'methanol', 'other', 'views', 'endorsed', 'presidents', 'governments', 'public', 'figures', 'abound', 'causingmisinfodemics', 'incorrect', 'information', 'about', 'virus', 'which', 'poses', 'risks', 'aglobal', 'scale', 'mccarthy', 'meanwhile', 'covid', 'could', 'positively', 'viewed', 'through', 'partisan', 'ofright', 'nationalism', 'pandemonium', 'allegations', 'coronavirus', 'forthe', 'politics', 'misinfodemics', 'censorship', 'pathological', 'nationalism', 'multitude', 'ofgovernments', 'introduced', 'policy', 'blame', 'shifting', 'launching', 'their', 'powerrivalry', 'statements', 'revolving', 'around', 'illogical', 'reasoning', 'narrative', 'nationalimmunity', 'towards', 'covid', 'there', 'claims', 'biological', 'weaponagainst', 'western', 'world', 'chinese', 'experiment', 'wrong', 'china', 'equivalent', 'toussr', 'level', 'threat', 'infamous', 'chinese', 'virus', 'italy', 'accused', 'migrantsfrom', 'africa', 'disease', 'carriers', 'shores', 'france', 'hungary', 'thereis', 'narration', 'correlation', 'between', 'immigrants', 'coronavirus', 'reminiscent', 'ofthe', 'influx', 'migrants', 'inflicted', 'countries', 'called', 'bordercrisis', 'european', 'right', 'wingers', 'declare', 'enemy', 'changed', 'migrants', 'convergence', 'crises', 'aggravates', 'mistrust', 'scientific', 'political', 'andeconomic', 'bodies', 'around', 'world', 'these', 'narratives', 'imply', 'through', 'heavily', 'nuanceddifferential', 'discourse', 'their', 'countries', 'immune', 'coronavirus', 'wouldnot', 'contracted', 'covid', 'could', 'manage', 'effectively', 'absenceof', 'immigrants', 'mccarthy', 'covid', 'provided', 'fodder', 'europe', 'nativist', 'populist', 'furtherincite', 'clamor', 'immigrants', 'building', 'walls', 'closing', 'borders', 'immigration', 'policies', 'public', 'opinions', 'shaped', 'landscape', 'media', 'scientific', 'bodies', 'andthe', 'frameworks', 'governments', 'obstinate', 'prejudice', 'confrontationsignite', 'globalization', 'nationalism', 'nativism', 'protectionism', 'tariffs', 'closed', 'borders', 'anderection', 'walls', 'which', 'intensify', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'pakistan', 'research', 'study', 'conducted', 'ipsos', 'revealed', 'people', 'thecountry', 'believed', 'performing', 'ablution', 'protected', 'transmittingcoronavirus', 'others', 'believed', 'congregation', 'prayers', 'shaking', 'hands', 'cannotinfect', 'anyone', 'since', 'sunnah', 'samaa', 'claims', 'circulating', 'about', 'pakistanis', 'resistance', 'coronavirus', 'quite', 'prevalent', 'backed', 'pakistan', 'relatively', 'mortality', 'these', 'rumors', 'argued', 'pakistan', 'culture', 'religion', 'geographical', 'location', 'climate', 'pakistanis', 'vulnerable', 'virus', 'india', 'political', 'activists', 'claimed', 'drinking', 'urine', 'applying', 'bodycan', 'coronavirus', 'parliamentarian', 'claimed', 'saying', 'namaste', 'instead', 'arabgreetings', 'prevents', 'contraction', 'coronavirus', 'influential', 'celebrity', 'claimedthat', 'vibrations', 'generated', 'clapping', 'blowing', 'conch', 'shells', 'virus', 'selfproclaimed', 'tiktok', 'media', 'claim', 'about', 'eating', 'poisonous', 'fruit', 'preventivemeasure', 'hospitalized', 'people', 'coronavirus', 'coronavirusmattress', 'quite', 'prevalent', 'example', 'popular', 'various', 'countries', 'isthat', 'remedies', 'prevent', 'people', 'contracting', 'coronavirus', 'ofthese', 'rumored', 'remedies', 'gained', 'traction', 'social', 'media', 'severe', 'adverseeffects', 'involves', 'mixing', 'sodium', 'chlorite', 'solution', 'citric', 'producing', 'chlorinemukhtar', '117dioxide', 'powerful', 'bleaching', 'agent', 'claiming', 'antimicrobial', 'antiviral', 'antibacterialbenefits', 'similar', 'phenomena', 'observed', 'world', 'which', 'prolonged', 'health', 'psychosocial', 'economic', 'consequences', 'covid', 'among', 'thegeneral', 'public', 'becomes', 'difficult', 'limit', 'negative', 'impact', 'misinfodemics', 'especially', 'whenpartisanship', 'mobilized', 'effort', 'there', 'could', 'three', 'strategies', 'overcomethese', 'negative', 'effects', 'prevention', 'strategies', 'limit', 'spread', 'exposure', 'misinfodemics', 'corrective', 'strategies', 'founded', 'scientific', 'empiricalknowledge', 'challenge', 'these', 'predispositions', 'their', 'effects', 'subsequent', 'belief', 'systemand', 'reduce', 'uncertainty', 'increase', 'perceived', 'control', 'promote', 'image', 'collaborative', 'strategies', 'corrective', 'strategies', 'efficacious', 'other', 'political', 'social', 'agentscan', 'activated', 'mobilized', 'override', 'partisan', 'ideological', 'motivations', 'misinfodemics', 'tendencies', 'politics', 'media', 'promote', 'misinformation', 'likeminded', 'individuals', 'exposed', 'rhetoric', 'likely', 'follow', 'elite', 'motivated', 'reasoningand', 'engage', 'these', 'ideas', 'partisan', 'elites', 'potential', 'inflame', 'andfoster', 'misinfodemics', 'shape', 'landscape', 'information', 'general', 'public', 'swire', 'instance', 'outset', 'covid', 'american', 'political', 'administration', 'referred', 'covid', 'rieder', 'likened', 'pandemic', 'tocommon', 'brooks', 'coronavirus', 'bioweapon', 'stevenson', 'rhetoric', 'likely', 'encourage', 'adoption', 'related', 'beliefs', 'likeminded', 'supporters', 'totake', 'threat', 'seriously', 'media', 'outlets', 'including', 'personalities', 'media', 'figurescast', 'aspersion', 'threat', 'covid', 'questioning', 'hospitals', 'truly', 'filled', 'withcoronavirus', 'infected', 'patients', 'peters', 'after', 'human', 'became', 'increasingly', 'apparent', 'unassailable', 'change', 'reporting', 'behavior', 'mediaand', 'political', 'leaders', 'previously', 'explicitly', 'unequivocally', 'trafficked', 'misinfodemics', 'hinted', 'possibility', 'misinformation', 'having', 'actually', 'served', 'correct', 'prevent', 'negative', 'consequences', 'among', 'general', 'public', 'animosity', 'wrapped', 'hatred', 'inside', 'hostilitysome', 'media', 'channels', 'initially', 'racially', 'labeled', 'biased', 'headlines', 'covid', 'suchas', 'chinese', 'virus', 'pandemonium', 'china', 'china', 'ofasia', 'chinese', 'coronavirus', 'which', 'caused', 'xenophobia', 'misperceptions', 'misled', 'general', 'public', 'witnessed', 'surge', 'chinese', 'sentiment', 'racist', 'drivencases', 'against', 'individuals', 'chinese', 'origin', 'outside', 'china', 'chinese', 'asian', 'xenophobia', 'reported', 'countries', 'including', 'australia', 'manyeuropean', 'countries', 'chinese', 'customers', 'refused', 'entrance', 'restaurants', 'injapan', 'south', 'korea', 'vietnam', 'indonesia', 'amnesty', 'international', 'office', 'united', 'nations', 'commissioner', 'human', 'rights', 'ohchr', 'issued', 'statement', 'twitter', 'understandable', 'alarmed', 'coronavirus', 'butno', 'amount', 'excuse', 'prejudice', 'discrimination', 'against', 'people', 'asian', 'descent', 'fightracism', 'hatred', 'support', 'other', 'public', 'healthemergency', 'standup4humanrights', 'similar', 'response', 'twitter', 'began', 'jenesuispasunvirus', 'virus', 'aftera', 'french', 'newspaper', 'front', 'headline', 'yellow', 'alert', 'ontario', 'human', 'rights118', 'international', 'sociology', 'commission', 'stated', 'discrimination', 'prohibited', 'under', 'human', 'rightscode', 'aguilera', 'ontario', 'human', 'rights', 'commission', 'government', 'dilemma', 'writing', 'government', 'pakistan', 'under', 'leadership', 'prime', 'ministermr', 'imran', 'witnessed', 'sudden', 'setback', 'number', 'cases', 'steadilyincreasing', 'their', 'challenge', 'curtail', 'disease', 'pakistan', 'however', 'thereis', 'bigger', 'dilemma', 'government', 'pakistan', 'facing', 'partiallockdown', 'lockdown', 'either', 'message', 'common', 'intention', 'minimize', 'urgency', 'severity', 'pandemic', 'downplay', 'social', 'isolation', 'measures', 'disregard', 'potential', 'crisis', 'health', 'sector', 'while', 'exaggerating', 'impact', 'theeconomy', 'recession', 'looms', 'horizon', 'overlook', 'mitigating', 'measures', 'necessary', 'transmission', 'medical', 'mistrust', 'among', 'public', 'alwan', 'religion', 'politics', 'business', 'fundamentally', 'governingaspects', 'pakistan', 'opposed', 'lockdown', 'putting', 'pressure', 'government', 'consequently', 'resulting', 'lifting', 'lockdown', 'pakistan', 'pandemic', 'pandemic', 'hardline', 'clerics', 'power', 'override', 'government', 'social', 'distancinginstructions', 'place', 'april', 'dozens', 'known', 'clerics', 'signed', 'letterwarning', 'government', 'should', 'exempt', 'mosques', 'shutdown', 'during', 'themonth', 'ramadan', 'otherwise', 'invite', 'wrath', 'ulterior', 'narrative', 'insinuating', 'thepolitical', 'chaos', 'clerics', 'unleashed', 'exercising', 'their', 'religious', 'authorityto', 'gather', 'loyalists', 'siege', 'state', 'subservient', 'state', 'already', 'signed', 'anagreement', 'deferentially', 'promising', 'abide', 'begging', 'question', 'incharge', 'government', 'during', 'pandemic', 'crisis', 'government', 'mosques', 'physical', 'mental', 'health', 'social', 'interpersonal', 'factors', 'including', 'intimate', 'partnerviolence', 'marital', 'child', 'abuse', 'domestic', 'violence', 'racism', 'xenophobia', 'dissociation', 'prejudice', 'stigmatization', 'marginalization', 'least', 'pakistani', 'clerics', 'andmosques', 'concerns', 'during', 'public', 'crisis', 'clerics', 'protect', 'their', 'central', 'interests', 'money', 'power', 'millions', 'dollars', 'charitable', 'donations', 'during', 'ramadan', 'benefit', 'pakistan', 'mosques', 'which', 'under', 'state', 'authority', 'clerics', 'oftenpartake', 'political', 'power', 'challenge', 'government', 'despite', 'evidence', 'prevalent', 'rhetoric', 'undermining', 'covid', 'related', 'risks', 'endorsed', 'austerely', 'followed', 'public', 'highest', 'level', 'authority', 'pakistan', 'clerics', 'religious', 'misinfodemics', 'branch', 'clerics', 'superciliously', 'propagated', 'doctrine', 'narrated', 'through', 'pandemic', 'religious', 'explanation', 'could', 'haveallowed', 'disease', 'emerge', 'through', 'rigorous', 'devotion', 'congregationalprayer', 'followers', 'faith', 'conquer', 'devil', 'machinations', 'coronavirus', 'anyone', 'tries', 'these', 'efforts', 'these', 'zionist', 'agents', 'pawns', 'ofevil', 'destroying', 'faith', 'dogmatic', 'doctrine', 'seeps', 'through', 'present', 'omniscient', 'online', 'media', 'infiltrate', 'minds', 'sheeple', 'votary', 'conformists', 'usually', 'heads', 'household', 'enforce', 'these', 'maladaptive', 'cognitive', 'twisted', 'patternswithin', 'their', 'families', 'these', 'instructions', 'dictated', 'higher', 'authorities', 'theiradherence', 'infringing', 'individual', 'rights', 'freedom', 'planting', 'unquestionablecanon', 'propagating', 'science', 'medical', 'mistrust', 'among', 'public', 'putting', 'peoplemukhtar', '119at', 'halting', 'emergency', 'control', 'preventive', 'measures', 'necessary', 'thepandemic', 'creating', 'public', 'panic', 'social', 'unrest', 'distrust', 'systems', 'strong', 'these', 'eschewed', 'beliefs', 'result', 'adverse', 'behavioral', 'consequences', 'instance', 'failing', 'administer', 'polio', 'vaccination', 'children', 'attributing', 'islamic', 'contributing', 'resurgence', 'eradicated', 'disease', 'inpakistan', 'misinfodemics', 'especially', 'those', 'which', 'revolve', 'around', 'science', 'medicine', 'andhealth', 'related', 'topics', 'widespread', 'prompting', 'people', 'eschew', 'appropriate', 'healthrelated', 'behaviors', 'jolley', 'douglas', 'oliver', 'potential', 'strategies', 'curtailmentas', 'research', 'predicted', 'there', 'psychosocial', 'stress', 'adverse', 'health', 'outcomes', 'forpeople', 'isolation', 'social', 'distancing', 'quarantine', 'crisis', 'situation', 'willrequire', 'remediation', 'credible', 'sources', 'information', 'these', 'include', 'forexample', 'centers', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention', 'national', 'institutesof', 'health', 'especially', 'which', 'partnered', 'several', 'social', 'mediaplatforms', 'technological', 'companies', 'google', 'linkedin', 'microsoft', 'reddit', 'twitter', 'facebook', 'youtube', 'promote', 'health', 'updates', 'misinformation', 'disinformation', 'hossain', 'seeking', 'safeguard', 'ensure', 'effective', 'communication', 'covid', 'between', 'healthcare', 'systems', 'general', 'public', 'despite', 'allthese', 'efforts', 'infodemics', 'rampant', 'multiple', 'misinformation', 'disinformationsources', 'circulating', 'social', 'media', 'accounts', 'address', 'these', 'discrepancies', 'certainstrategies', 'implemented', 'empirically', 'evidence', 'based', 'scientific', 'research', 'findings', 'integration', 'communication', 'information', 'technology', 'frontline', 'healthcare', 'providers', 'communicate', 'patients', 'caregivers', 'populations', 'results', 'positive', 'health', 'outcomes', 'subsequent', 'optimization', 'resources', 'building', 'strategic', 'partnerships', 'local', 'global', 'levels', 'coordinate', 'connecting', 'offlineand', 'online', 'resources', 'communication', 'uniform', 'information', 'across', 'platforms', 'media', 'community', 'organizations', 'support', 'groups', 'communityand', 'society', 'contain', 'infodemics', 'information', 'disinformation', 'disseminatescientifically', 'evidence', 'based', 'information', 'through', 'mining', 'algorithms', 'detectand', 'remove', 'those', 'propagate', 'misinformation', 'accountable', 'individuals', 'online', 'portals', 'should', 'identified', 'local', 'authorities', 'andlaw', 'enforcement', 'agencies', 'precautionary', 'culturally', 'tailored', 'information', 'translated', 'intomultiple', 'language', 'manuals', 'factual', 'regarding', 'covid', 'should', 'promotedthrough', 'media', 'campaigns', 'evidence', 'based', 'approach', 'servicesin', 'local', 'languages', 'mostly', 'graphic', 'pictorial', 'understanding', 'should', 'madeavailable', 'people', 'limited', 'access', 'healthcare', 'elderly', 'people', 'rural', 'areas', 'thegeneral', 'public', 'isolation', 'quarantined', 'decrease', 'covid', 'infection', 'imperative', 'bring', 'communities', 'institutional', 'leadership', 'together', 'promotetransparency', 'information', 'governance', 'control', 'misinfodemics', 'related', 'tocovid', 'people', 'physical', 'mental', 'psychosocial', 'health', 'sound', 'economic', 'political', 'systematic', 'functioning', 'during', 'pandemic', 'oliver', 'world', 'needs', 'coordinated', 'national', 'international', 'efforts', 'apply', 'scientificempirical', 'local', 'settings', 'mitigate', 'grave', 'predicament', 'lockdown', 'aftereffects120', 'international', 'sociology', 'associated', 'issues', 'media', 'healthcare', 'organizations', 'community', 'based', 'organizations', 'stakeholders', 'should', 'strategically', 'partnership', 'disseminate', 'based', 'onmutual', 'consensus', 'empirically', 'based', 'public', 'health', 'messages', 'remove', 'scienceonline', 'content', 'through', 'natural', 'language', 'processing', 'mining', 'approaches', 'bestglobal', 'solution', 'global', 'disease', 'international', 'collaboration', 'exchange', 'scientific', 'ideas', 'health', 'communication', 'facilitating', 'coordination', 'paper']
['impact', 'covid', 'psychology', 'among', 'universitystudentsbablu', 'kumar', 'foster', 'ayittey', 'sabrina', 'maria', 'sarkarthe', 'purpose', 'study', 'psychological', 'impact', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'university', 'students', 'study', 'focuses', 'theuniversity', 'students', 'different', 'public', 'private', 'universities', 'ofbangladesh', 'through', 'questionnaires', 'according', 'guidelineof', 'generalized', 'anxiety', 'disorder', 'scale', 'result', 'among', '543respondents', 'shows', 'suffering', 'severe', 'anxiety', 'moderate', 'anxiety', 'anxiety', 'results', 'highlight', 'thatall', 'epidemic', 'related', 'stressors', 'positively', 'correlated', 'level', 'ofanxiety', 'among', 'epidemic', 'related', 'stressors', 'worry', 'about', 'economicinfluences', 'during', 'after', 'covid', 'worry', 'aboutthe', 'influence', 'covid', 'daily', 'highlypositive', 'impact', 'level', 'anxiety', 'following', 'these', 'stressors', 'worry', 'aboutacademic', 'delays', 'covid', 'worry', 'about', 'thesocial', 'support', 'during', 'covid', 'moderately', 'andpositively', 'correlated', 'level', 'anxiety', 'study', 'suggests', 'propergovernment', 'support', 'social', 'awareness', 'should', 'monitoredduring', 'epidemics', 'decreasing', 'anxiety', 'maintaining', 'mentalhealth', 'university', 'students', 'introductionin', 'current', 'population', 'density', 'bangladesh', '55people', 'square', 'kilometer', 'which', 'increase', 'lastyear', 'because', 'density', 'population', 'bangladesh', 'the12th', 'densely', 'populated', 'country', 'world', 'accordingto', 'report', 'world', 'economic', 'forum', 'covid', 'threatens', 'cause', 'humanitarian', 'crisis', 'inthis', 'country', 'according', 'world', 'bankdata', 'bangladesh', 'workers', 'earnmore', 'theeconomic', 'shutdown', 'sparked', 'covid', '19endangers', 'millions', 'livelihoods', 'nently', 'people', 'could', 'theirdaily', 'expenditures', 'their', 'children', 'toschool', 'expected', 'could', 'savemoney', 'emergency', 'health', 'crisis', 'majority', 'villagers', 'depend', 'remit', 'tances', 'cities', 'overseas', 'current', 'global', 'crisis', 'peopleare', 'income', 'halted', 'based', 'report', 'reuters', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'confirmed', 'tohave', 'spread', 'bangladesh', 'march', '2020after', 'recognizing', 'first', 'three', 'knowncases', 'reported', 'march', 'theinstitute', 'epidemiology', 'disease', 'controland', 'research', 'iedcr', 'country', 'according', 'iedcr', 'bangladesh', 'thelevel', 'infections', 'remained', 'endof', 'march', 'although', 'there', 'precipitousrise', 'april', 'ending', 'april', 'cases', 'bangla', 'highest', 'ahead', 'indonesia', 'with186', 'there', 'total', 'confirmedcases', 'besides', 'recovered', 'death', 'cases', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'spreading', 'faster', 'allover', 'country', 'current', 'situation', 'imposes', 'massive', 'government', 'bangladesh', 'general', 'public', 'andhealthcare', 'medical', 'providers', 'pandemic', 'broughtnot', 'danger', 'death', 'epidemiologic', 'conta', 'intolerable', 'psychological', 'burden', 'peopleamong', 'world', 'bangladesh', 'faster', 'spread', 'virus', 'strict', 'isolation', 'measures', 'delays', 'starting', 'schools', 'colleges', 'universities', 'acrossthe', 'country', 'anticipated', 'influence', 'psychology', 'versity', 'students', 'psychological', 'reports', 'indicate', 'influenceof', 'epidemic', 'children', 'public', 'older', 'adults', 'medicalstaff', 'patients', 'however', 'thorough', 'research', 'thepsychology', 'university', 'students', 'facing', 'epidemic', 'beenconducted', 'other', 'sectors', 'education', 'sector', 'affectedseverely', 'bangladesh', 'march', 'governmentclosed', 'schools', 'colleges', 'universities', 'bangladeshhad', 'eight', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'among', 'students', 'of104', 'universities', 'bangladesh', 'number', 'public', 'univer', 'sities', 'students', 'number', 'privateuniversities', 'students', 'average', 'student', 'count', 'public', 'university', 'privateuniversity', 'indicates', 'there', 'students', 'versity', 'having', 'number', 'undergraduate', 'graduate', 'andpostgraduate', 'students', 'country', 'wishes', 'secure', 'future', 'thathas', 'temporary', 'collapsed', 'current', 'pandemic', 'detecting', 'anxiety', 'disorders', 'seven', 'generalizedanxiety', 'disorder', 'scale', 'extensively', 'usedtools', 'score', 'takes', 'finish', 'moreover', 'applicable', 'diagnosis', 'screening', 'valuation', 'strictness', 'anxiety', 'disorders', 'alsofor', 'panic', 'disorders', 'stress', 'disorders', 'traumatic', 'disorders', 'social', 'phobia', 'prior', 'problem', 'students', 'university', 'mostlyrelated', 'their', 'career', 'future', 'uncertainty', 'stressincreases', 'among', 'university', 'students', 'hence', 'method', 'ofsupervisory', 'university', 'students', 'during', 'public', 'health', 'crises', 'isdifferent', 'challenging', 'therefore', 'study', 'aimed', 'psychological', 'impact', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'amonguniversity', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'moreover', 'study', 'intendsto', 'provide', 'suggestions', 'government', 'governmentorganizations', 'taking', 'necessary', 'steps', 'results2', 'demographic', 'statisticstable', 'shows', 'demographic', 'particular', 'characteristicsof', 'population', 'study', 'table', 'indicates', '543university', 'students', 'respondents', 'approximately', 'thirds', 'urban', 'their', 'financial', 'status', 'steady', 'majorityof', 'participants', 'their', 'parents', 'manyof', 'their', 'relatives', 'friends', 'infected', 'covid', 'however', 'relatives', 'friends', 'therespondents', 'infected', 'virus', 'anxiety', 'level', 'among', 'university', 'students', 'during', 'theoutbreaktable', 'demonstrates', 'psychological', 'health', 'universitystudents', 'affected', 'during', 'epidemic', 'isshocking', 'observe', 'students', 'highlevel', 'anxiety', 'their', 'psychological', 'condition', 'alarming', 'among', 'students', 'number', 'students', 'innormal', 'level', 'anxiety', 'however', 'nearly', 'students', 'moderate', 'level', 'anxiety', 'suffering', 'orsevere', 'level', 'anxiety', 'influencing', 'factors', 'anxiety', 'among', 'university', 'studentduring', 'outbreak2', 'univariate', 'analysisthe', 'association', 'between', 'demographic', 'variables', 'thelevel', 'nervousness', 'anxiety', 'among', 'bangladeshi', 'universitystudents', 'pointed', 'table', 'analysis', 'shows', 'significant', 'effect', 'anxiety', 'during', 'epidemic', 'gender', 'significant', 'effect', 'anxiety', 'malesare', 'severely', 'worried', 'female', 'during', 'epidemic', 'place', 'residence', 'urban', 'significant', 'impact', 'onanxiety', 'living', 'urban', 'creates', 'moderate', 'anxiety', 'rural', 'areas', 'living', 'their', 'parents', 'stantial', 'consequence', 'anxiety', 'students', 'alonehas', 'amplified', 'anxiety', 'level', 'other', 'financial', 'condition', 'infection', 'covid', 'amongrelatives', 'friends', 'significant', 'effect', 'anxiety', 'ordinal', 'regression', 'analysistable', 'points', 'consequences', 'ordinal', 'multivariateanalysis', 'related', 'influences', 'anxiety', 'level', 'through', 'theepidemic', 'among', 'university', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'nificant', 'influences', 'univariate', 'analysis', 'comprised', 'inthe', 'analysis', 'ordered', 'logistic', 'regression', 'table', 'model', 'indicates', 'value', 'ratio', 'allvariables', 'statistically', 'significant', 'moreover', 'thechi', 'square', 'observed', 'values', 'indicates', 'agood', 'model', 'results', 'analysis', 'factorsthat', 'influence', 'anxiety', 'level', 'among', 'university', 'students', 'indicatethat', 'living', 'urban', 'areas', 'causes', 'anxiety', 'unstable', 'financial', 'condition', 'causes', 'moretable', 'demographic', 'profile', 'respondents', 'frequency', 'percentgendermale', 'female', 'place', 'residenceurban', 'rural', 'financial', 'conditionsteady', 'steady', 'living', 'statuslive', 'parents', 'without', 'parents', 'relatives', 'friends', 'infected', 'covid', '19infected', 'infected', 'table', 'different', 'anxiety', 'level', 'among', 'number', 'university', 'students', 'level', 'anxiety', 'number', 'students', 'ratio', 'normal', '18mild', '82moderate', '41severe', '59global', 'challenges', '2000038www', 'advancedsciencenews', 'com2000038', 'global', 'challenges', 'authors', 'published', 'wiley', 'gmbhworry', 'comparison', 'stable', 'financial', 'condition', 'living', 'without', 'parents', 'increases', 'nervous', 'level', 'infected', 'relativesor', 'friends', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'enhance', 'anxiety', 'factor', 'correlation', 'between', 'level', 'anxiety', 'andepidemic', 'related', 'stressorstable', 'indicates', 'result', 'correlation', 'analysis', 'betweenthe', 'level', 'anxiety', 'covid', 'epidemic', 'related', 'stressors', 'including', 'worry', 'about', 'economic', 'influences', 'worry', 'aboutacademic', 'delays', 'worry', 'about', 'influence', 'covid', 'ondaily', 'worry', 'about', 'social', 'support', 'during', 'covid', 'results', 'highlight', 'epidemic', 'related', 'stressors', 'itively', 'associated', 'level', 'anxiety', 'among', 'epidemic', 'related', 'stressors', 'worry', 'about', 'economic', 'influences', 'duringand', 'after', 'covid', 'worry', 'about', 'theinfluence', 'covid', 'daily', 'havea', 'highly', 'positive', 'impact', 'level', 'anxiety', 'level', 'followingthese', 'stressors', 'worry', 'about', 'academic', 'delays', 'covid', 'worry', 'about', 'social', 'support', 'duringcovid', 'moderately', 'positivelyconnected', 'level', 'anxiety', 'discussionaccording', 'previous', 'studies', 'public', 'health', 'emergencies', 'haveseveral', 'psychological', 'effects', 'students', 'study', 'highereducational', 'institutions', 'according', 'cornine', 'college', 'dents', 'anxiety', 'connected', 'consequence', 'virus', 'mentioned', 'growing', 'number', 'infected', 'andtable', 'univariate', 'analysis', 'anxiety', 'university', 'students', 'about', 'outbreak', 'variables', 'total', 'level', 'anxiety', 'statistics', 'pnormal', 'moderate', 'severegender', '01male', 'female', 'place', 'residence', '002urban', 'rural', 'financial', 'condition', '001steady', 'steady', 'living', 'parents', '012yes', 'relatives', 'friends', 'infected', 'covid', '001yes', 'kruskal', 'wallis', 'whitney', 'table', 'analysis', 'factors', 'influence', 'anxiety', 'level', 'amongstudents', 'factors', 'total', 'place', 'residenceurban', 'rural', 'financial', 'conditionsteady', 'steady', 'living', 'parentsyes', 'relatives', 'friends', 'infected', 'covid', '19yes', 'error', 'ratio', 'confidence', 'interval', 'table', 'analysis', 'correlation', 'between', 'epidemic', 'related', 'stressorsand', 'university', 'students', 'anxiety', 'stressors', 'anxiety', 'levelr', 'pworry', 'about', 'economic', 'influences', 'during', 'after', 'covid', '001worry', 'about', 'academic', 'delays', 'covid', '001worry', 'about', 'influence', 'covid', 'daily', '001worry', 'about', 'social', 'support', 'during', 'covid', 'correlation', 'coefficient', 'global', 'challenges', '2000038www', 'advancedsciencenews', 'com2000038', 'global', 'challenges', 'authors', 'published', 'wiley', 'gmbhsuspected', 'patients', 'increased', 'anxiety', 'level', 'among', 'students', 'ayittey', 'highlighted', 'significant', 'scarcity', 'masksand', 'sanitizers', 'devastating', 'astonishing', 'erroneousnews', 'reports', 'different', 'social', 'media', 'increased', 'anxietyand', 'study', 'pointed', 'anxietyamong', 'college', 'students', 'during', 'epidemic', 'related', 'withtheir', 'place', 'residence', 'source', 'parental', 'income', 'whetherliving', 'parents', 'whether', 'relative', 'acquaintancewas', 'infected', 'epidemic', 'without', 'significant', 'differencein', 'gender', 'region', 'dissimilar', 'conclusions', 'ofmoreno', 'concluded', 'femalestudents', 'similar', 'stresses', 'negative', 'emotions', 'aresult', 'covid', 'study', 'indicated', 'fearand', 'anxiety', 'elmer', 'focused', 'futureemployment', 'cornine', 'emphasized', 'infection', 'relativesor', 'friends', 'during', 'epidemic', 'kmietowicz', 'lighted', 'psychological', 'condition', 'during', 'interpersonalcommunication', 'foremost', 'intention', 'current', 'study', 'assess', 'thepsychological', 'situation', 'university', 'students', 'during', 'currentepidemic', 'covid', 'explore', 'influencing', 'factors', 'oftheir', 'anxiety', 'study', 'found', 'almost', 'universitystudents', 'experiencing', 'anxiety', 'outbreak', 'thecurrent', 'epidemic', 'among', 'students', 'participated', 'suffering', 'moderate', 'level', 'anxiety', 'areexperiencing', 'severe', 'level', 'anxiety', 'other', 'theamount', 'experiencing', 'level', 'anxiety', 'notfeeling', 'anxiousness', 'ratio', 'currentstudy', 'shows', 'opposite', 'scenario', 'study', 'study', 'highlighted', 'psychological', 'condi', 'college', 'students', 'china', 'during', 'covid', 'studyof', 'indicated', 'among', 'chinese', 'students', 'experienced', 'severe', 'anxiety', 'experienced', 'anxietyduring', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'economy', 'urban', 'areas', 'relatively', 'significant', 'anddelivers', 'citizens', 'better', 'safety', 'living', 'urban', 'areasis', 'protective', 'factor', 'against', 'anxiety', 'there', 'indeed', 'cultural', 'economic', 'education', 'between', 'rural', 'andurban', 'areas', 'example', 'hygienic', 'conditions', 'urban', 'areasare', 'healthier', 'rural', 'which', 'reduces', 'chances', 'viving', 'spreading', 'covid', 'however', 'univariateanalysis', 'analysis', 'factors', 'level', 'anxietyamong', 'students', 'universities', 'bangladesh', 'ferent', 'scenario', 'explanation', 'participants', 'mentioned', 'thereason', 'overdensity', 'among', 'urban', 'areas', 'bangladesh', 'higher', 'educational', 'institutions', 'urban', 'areas', 'reason', 'majority', 'students', 'urbanareas', 'experience', 'immense', 'anxiety', 'during', 'currentepidemic', 'living', 'without', 'parents', 'another', 'favorable', 'factor', 'forincreasing', 'anxiety', 'among', 'students', 'current', 'study', 'alsofinds', 'similar', 'result', 'regarding', 'factor', 'study', 'ofcao', 'earlier', 'studies', 'specified', 'connected', 'anxiety', 'emotional', 'sicknesses', 'amongadults', 'comprise', 'living', 'parents', 'parents', 'physical', 'andpsychological', 'problems', 'death', 'parents', 'infantile', 'which', 'reliable', 'results', 'present', 'study', 'financial', 'stability', 'condition', 'matters', 'anxietyamong', 'students', 'elmer', 'found', 'theconstancy', 'family', 'income', 'significant', 'influence', 'theanxiety', 'level', 'university', 'students', 'during', 'covid', '19catastrophe', 'higher', 'levels', 'stress', 'connected', 'young', 'havingto', 'female', 'gender', 'having', 'acquaint', 'infected', 'covid', 'contemporary', 'study', 'alsofound', 'having', 'relatives', 'friends', 'being', 'infected', 'novelcoronavirus', 'becomes', 'factor', 'among', 'university', 'students', 'anxiety', 'during', 'epidemic', 'according', 'respondents', 'itgenerates', 'contagiousness', 'covid', 'economic', 'stressors', 'academic', 'delays', 'effects', 'daily', 'families', 'friends', 'being', 'infected', 'epidemic', 'arepositively', 'related', 'anxiety', 'among', 'university', 'students', 'ofbangladesh', 'during', 'epidemic', 'similar', 'studies', 'specified', 'along', 'national', 'health', 'condition', 'covid', 'substantial', 'influence', 'economy', 'ofthe', 'country', 'individuals', 'bangladesh', 'remains', 'knife', 'covid', 'crisis', 'lockdowns', 'prompted', 'bythe', 'epidemic', 'already', 'deteriorated', 'economic', 'polit', 'stability', 'country', 'outbreak', 'familiesare', 'losing', 'their', 'source', 'income', 'students', 'feeling', 'about', 'paying', 'their', 'tuition', 'hunger', 'malnutrition', 'other', 'related', 'problems', 'augmented', 'bangladesh', 'result', 'lockdown', 'other', 'countries', 'primary', 'secondary', 'schools', 'schools', 'colleges', 'universities', 'wereclosed', 'delaying', 'classes', 'until', 'march', 'which', 'createsmore', 'anxiety', 'among', 'students', 'reducing', 'anxiety', 'regardingthis', 'issue', 'using', 'distant', 'remote', 'learning', 'methods', 'agood', 'model', 'these', 'actions', 'certainly', 'precise', 'influence', 'oneducation', 'development', 'students', 'social', 'support', 'positively', 'correlated', 'anxietyof', 'university', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'which', 'sistent', 'previous', 'findings', 'according', 'partici', 'pants', 'study', 'social', 'support', 'lessens', 'mental', 'pressureduring', 'epidemic', 'changes', 'attitude', 'regarding', 'socialsupport', 'society', 'students', 'social', 'support', 'bangladesh', 'under', 'singleumbrella', 'developed', 'countries', 'supports', 'fromthe', 'government', 'enough', 'consequenceindicates', 'active', 'vigorous', 'social', 'support', 'essentialduring', 'public', 'health', 'emergencies', 'reduce', 'anxiety', 'levelamong', 'students', 'conclusionsbeing', 'burdened', 'population', 'bangladesh', 'becomes', 'ofthe', 'major', 'risky', 'zones', 'during', 'covid', 'epidemic', 'where', 'finan', 'physical', 'psychological', 'crisis', 'arise', 'every', 'moment', 'overall', 'situation', 'creates', 'psychological', 'impact', 'amongthe', 'university', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'about', 'univer', 'students', 'anxiety', 'current', 'epidemic', 'living', 'urban', 'areas', 'having', 'steady', 'financial', 'situation', 'living', 'parents', 'infection', 'relatives', 'friends', 'inepidemic', 'become', 'severe', 'factors', 'severe', 'anxiety', 'amonguniversity', 'students', 'during', 'outbreak', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'stressors', 'covid', 'including', 'economic', 'stressors', 'academic', 'delays', 'impact', 'daily', 'social', 'supports', 'areentirely', 'linked', 'symptoms', 'anxiety', 'levels', 'amongglobal', 'challenges', '2000038www', 'advancedsciencenews', 'com2000038', 'global', 'challenges', 'authors', 'published', 'wiley', 'gmbhthe', 'university', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'during', 'epidemic', 'though', 'government', 'bangladesh', 'adopting', 'severalpolicies', 'regarding', 'issue', 'consciousness', 'preventivemeasurements', 'inhabitants', 'country', 'according', 'tothe', 'guidelines', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'needed', 'moreto', 'resolve', 'critical', 'problem', 'priority', 'proper', 'govern', 'support', 'social', 'awareness', 'should', 'monitoredduring', 'epidemics', 'decrease', 'anxiety', 'maintaining', 'goodmental', 'health', 'university', 'students', 'crafting', 'betterfuture', 'nation', 'experimental', 'sectionstudy', 'population', 'sample', 'analysis', 'study', 'targeted', 'thepublic', 'private', 'university', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'respondentswere', 'selected', 'randomly', 'different', 'universities', 'different', 'citiesin', 'bangladesh', 'using', 'structured', 'reliable', 'confidentialquestionnaire', 'study', 'tried', 'measure', 'psychological', 'health', 'ofthe', 'university', 'students', 'during', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'total', 'numberof', 'respondents', 'responded', 'response', 'willingly', 'fordiscovering', 'psychological', 'effect', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'amonguniversity', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'instruments', 'finding', 'psychological', 'impact', 'theuniversity', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'study', 'comprisesseven', 'items', 'constructed', 'seven', 'symptoms', 'queries', 'tofind', 'respondents', 'suffered', 'within', 'weeks', 'thetotal', 'score', 'range', 'questions', 'followed', 'pointlikert', 'scale', 'almost', 'every', 'moreover', 'study', 'tried', 'related', 'demographic', 'information', 'therespondents', 'including', 'gender', 'place', 'residence', 'financial', 'situation', 'living', 'condition', 'status', 'infection', 'covid', 'among', 'theirrelatives', 'friends', 'furthermore', 'respondents', 'queried', 'abouttheir', 'thoughts', 'preventive', 'behaviors', 'economic', 'conditions', 'academicprogress', 'availability', 'social', 'support', 'influence', 'daily', 'lifeduring', 'epidemic', 'internal', 'consistency', 'cronbach', 'analysis', 'version', 'analyze', 'thecollected', 'study', 'implemented', 'several', 'statistical', 'methodsto', 'justify', 'impact', 'covid', 'epidemic', 'among', 'bangladeshiuniversity', 'students', 'including', 'descriptive', 'statistics', 'demonstratethe', 'demographic', 'features', 'univariate', 'analysis', 'nonparametric', 'todiscover', 'significant', 'relations', 'between', 'sample', 'characteristics', 'andanxiety', 'level', 'multivariate', 'logistic', 'regression', 'analyses', 'determinestatistical', 'significance', 'among', 'variables', 'through', 'ratio', 'confidence', 'interval', 'spearman', 'correlation', 'coefficient', 'tailed', 'statistical', 'significance', 'assess', 'connotationbetween', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'related', 'stressors', 'level', 'anxiety', 'ethical', 'considerations', 'department', 'students', 'affairs', 'differentuniversities', 'approved', 'study', 'university', 'authorities', 'feltinterested', 'psychological', 'impact', 'covid', 'epidemic', 'onthe', 'students', 'after', 'describing', 'study', 'respondents', 'gavetheir', 'consent', 'voluntarilynew', 'paper']
['since', 'january', 'elsevier', 'created', 'covid', 'resource', 'centre', 'withfree', 'information', 'english', 'mandarin', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'covid', 'resource', 'centre', 'hosted', 'elsevier', 'connect', 'thecompany', 'public', 'information', 'website', 'elsevier', 'hereby', 'grants', 'permission', 'covid', 'relatedresearch', 'available', 'covid', 'resource', 'centre', 'including', 'thisresearch', 'content', 'immediately', 'available', 'pubmed', 'central', 'otherpublicly', 'funded', 'repositories', 'covid', 'database', 'rightsfor', 'unrestricted', 'research', 'analyses', 'meanswith', 'acknowledgement', 'original', 'source', 'these', 'permissions', 'aregranted', 'elsevier', 'covid', 'resource', 'centreremains', 'active', 'contents', 'lists', 'available', 'sciencedirectasian', 'journal', 'psychiatryjournal', 'homepage', 'elsevier', 'locate', 'ajpletter', 'editorcovid', 'people', 'psychology', 'enforcementarticle', 'infokeywords', 'covid', '19lock', 'periodpsychological', 'aspectslaw', 'enforcementin', 'december', 'unknown', 'virus', 'starts', 'affecting', 'humanbeing', 'wuhan', 'seafood', 'market', 'china', 'trade', 'various', 'birds', 'snakes', 'birds', 'though', 'exactly', 'source', 'ofvirus', 'unknown', 'wuhan', 'institute', 'virology', 'declared', 'identical', 'corona', 'virus', 'found', '2020g', 'initially', 'itwas', 'believed', 'virus', 'communal', 'spread', 'virus', 'ofpeople', 'migrated', 'wuhan', 'celebrate', 'their', 'annual', 'chunyun', 'festival', 'large', 'together', 'festival', 'cause', 'virus', 'spread', 'amongthem', 'without', 'knowing', 'started', 'travelled', 'theirplaces', 'virus', 'starts', 'affecting', 'countriesacross', 'globe', 'world', 'health', 'organisation', 'declared', 'virus', 'covid', 'initial', 'symptoms', 'include', 'fever', 'cough', 'breathing', 'difficultiesand', 'severe', 'results', 'pneumonia', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratorysyndrome', 'result', '2020h', 'stage', 'ofspread', 'virus', 'include', 'stages', 'stage', 'people', 'affected', 'whenthey', 'travelling', 'affected', 'countries', 'stage', 'people', 'arevery', 'closely', 'interacting', 'affected', 'people', 'stage', '2020e', 'stage', 'community', 'spreads', 'occur', 'still', 'disease', 'becontrolled', 'stage', 'massive', 'number', 'people', 'affected', 'difficult', 'control', 'india', 'though', 'first', 'corona', 'reported', '29thjanuary', 'virus', 'starts', 'spreading', 'march', 'government', 'taken', 'preventive', 'measure', 'control', 'thespread', 'virus', '2020a', 'virus', 'spreads', 'closerinteraction', 'people', 'government', 'asked', 'their', 'citizens', 'tomaintain', 'social', 'distancing', 'march', 'janata', 'curfew', 'avoluntary', 'quarantine', 'activity', 'observed', 'nationwide', 'march24th', 'pandemic', 'welfare', 'people', 'thehonourable', 'prime', 'minister', 'announced', 'lockdown', 'periodand', 'imposed', 'section', 'throughout', 'country', '2020f', 'imposing', 'lockdown', 'pandemic', 'controlledadversely', 'without', 'further', 'consequences', 'government', 'candisinfect', 'public', 'areas', 'allow', 'hospitals', 'prepare', 'themselvesto', 'handle', 'situation', 'accordingly', 'person', 'disobeys', 'ruleswould', 'definitely', 'punished', 'enforcement', 'lawthe', 'constitution', 'india', 'considered', 'thegovernment', 'other', 'government', 'notbe', 'ultra', 'vires', 'constitution', '2020b', 'thathas', 'ultra', 'vires', 'considered', 'unconstitutionaland', 'valid', 'article', 'constitution', 'india', 'states', 'about', 'fundamentalrights', 'citizen', 'which', 'include', 'freedom', 'speech', 'freedom', 'goanywhere', 'country', 'association', 'unions', 'gather', 'publicplace', 'cause', 'without', 'armour', 'under', 'certain', 'emergencyand', 'critical', 'there', 'certain', 'exceptions', 'fundamental', 'rightsthat', 'being', 'exercised', 'citizens', 'india', 'which', 'stated', 'inarticle', 'article', 'under', 'clause', 'stated', 'thestate', 'impose', 'welfare', 'people', 'emergencysituation', 'example', 'natural', 'disaster', 'follow', 'therules', 'restrictions', 'restrictions', 'imposed', 'there', 'special', 'named', 'epidemic', 'disease', 'actwas', 'specifically', 'emergency', 'purposes', 'according', 'tothis', 'centre', 'state', 'discretionary', 'powers', 'thecontrol', 'their', 'hands', 'further', 'spread', 'disease', 'epidemicor', 'pandemic', 'based', 'centre', 'state', 'power', 'toquarantine', 'people', 'affected', 'contagious', 'disease', 'thepeople', 'suspected', 'symptoms', 'contagiousdisease', 'healthy', 'people', 'protect', 'further', 'spread', 'ofthe', 'disease', 'rules', 'imposed', 'government', 'reference', 'theepidemic', 'disease', 'followed', 'properly', 'section', 'ofipc', 'comes', 'action', 'according', 'section', 'anyone', 'disobeysthe', 'imposed', 'disobedience', 'order', 'promulgated', 'publicservant', 'subjected', 'month', 'imprisonment', 'inr200', 'orboth', 'general', 'conditions', 'person', 'reason', 'spreadof', 'disease', 'healthy', 'person', 'death', 'person', 'jected', 'imprisonment', 'months', 'inr100', 'disaster', 'management', 'another', 'related', 'thecurrent', 'situation', 'under', 'section', 'states', 'punishment', 'forthe', 'obstruction', 'caused', 'according', 'person', 'disobeys', 'therule', 'imposed', 'given', 'simple', 'imprisonment', 'theperson', 'responsible', 'spread', 'disease', 'death', 'jected', 'imprisonment', 'years', 'section', 'statesthat', 'person', 'creates', 'panic', 'situation', 'spreading', 'falseinformation', 'means', 'sharing', 'information', 'social', 'mediais', 'subjected', 'imprisonment', 'https', '102102received', 'april', '2020asian', 'journal', 'psychiatry', '1021021876', 'elsevier', 'rights', 'reserved', 'taccording', 'section', 'which', 'applies', 'malignantact', 'likely', 'spread', 'infection', 'disease', 'dangerous', 'violatorcan', 'jailed', 'years', 'could', 'fined', 'without', 'under', 'section', 'person', 'tested', 'positive', 'suspectedto', 'affected', 'disease', 'prescribed', 'quarantineand', 'person', 'violates', 'quarantine', 'booked', 'under', 'thissection', 'imprisonment', 'years', 'which', 'cognizable', 'according', 'essential', 'commodities', 'essential', 'modities', 'basic', 'needs', 'during', 'emergency', 'anddisaster', 'price', 'reasonable', 'costbased', 'demand', 'requirement', 'selling', 'essential', 'things', 'atunreasonable', 'prices', 'crime', 'subjected', 'prisonment', 'years', 'psychological', 'aspects', 'people', 'during', 'lockdown', 'perioddue', 'lockdown', 'psychological', 'aspects', 'people', 'affected', 'asfollows', 'government', 'announces', 'india', 'going', 'underlockdown', 'general', 'public', 'become', 'panic', 'there', 'wasan', 'ambiguity', 'among', 'common', 'public', 'whether', 'essential', 'itemswill', 'available', 'started', 'items', 'quired', 'tried', 'store', 'commodities', 'reduce', 'doctors', 'nurses', 'other', 'healthcareworkers', 'government', 'declared', 'insurance', 'order', 'toenhance', 'healthcare', 'nation', 'service', 'private', 'hospitals', 'isalso', 'leveraged', 'government', 'providing', 'permission', 'setup', 'moretesting', 'facility', 'identify', 'infected', 'people', 'providing', 'treat', 'ministry', 'invited', 'manufacturer', 'supplier', 'toproduce', 'personal', 'protective', 'equipment', 'ventilators', 'medicalequipment', 'benefit', 'healthcare', 'professionals', 'public', 'various', 'training', 'programmes', 'organised', 'healthcare', 'fessionals', 'handle', 'situation', 'middle', 'class', 'people', 'salaried', 'people', 'organised', 'sector', 'reduced', 'which', 'results', 'reduction', 'loaninterest', 'loans', 'customer', '3months', 'withdraw', 'waived', 'cylin', 'wheat', 'pulses', 'provided', 'beneficiaries', 'thedeadlines', 'income', 'returns', 'extended', 'small', 'andmedium', 'entrepreneurs', 'collateral', 'loans', 'provided', 'gstfilling', 'dates', 'extended', 'during', 'lockdown', 'period', 'migrant', 'workers', 'totravel', 'their', 'native', 'place', 'leverage', 'their', 'government', 'hasinstructed', 'employers', 'employees', 'toprovide', 'shelter', 'government', 'instructed', 'topay', 'wages', 'during', 'lockdown', 'period', 'their', 'employees', 'however', 'three', 'fourths', 'indian', 'population', 'working', 'unorganised', 'sectorsand', 'lockdown', 'results', 'financial', 'insecurity', 'thefarmers', 'mentally', 'stressed', 'reason', 'where', 'there', 'peoplefor', 'harvesting', 'their', 'goods', 'cultivated', 'products', 'vegetables', 'fruits', 'flowers', 'species', 'cannot', 'exported', 'foreign', 'nationalwhich', 'affect', 'their', 'economy', 'issued', 'guidelines', 'higher', 'education', 'institutes', 'mental', 'health', 'psychosocial', 'concerns', 'being', 'students', 'community', 'during', 'after', 'covid', 'outbreak', '2020c', 'address', 'challenge', 'teachers', 'undertook', 'thesocially', 'responsibility', 'improvise', 'quality', 'teaching', 'basedteaching', 'learning', 'adopted', '2020d', 'order', 'themental', 'wellness', 'people', 'national', 'institute', 'mental', 'thiness', 'neuro', 'science', 'launched', 'telephone', 'counselthe', 'mental', 'illness', 'people', 'conclusionthe', 'corona', 'outbreak', 'considered', 'pandemic', 'centraland', 'state', 'government', 'taking', 'precautionary', 'measures', 'andrelief', 'measures', 'welfare', 'people', 'however', 'there', 'peoplewithout', 'unaware', 'impact', 'corona', 'virus', 'unnecessarily', 'movingaround', 'streets', 'people', 'become', 'panic', 'situation', 'buyingcommodities', 'needed', 'without', 'maintaining', 'social', 'distancing', 'advisedby', 'government', 'without', 'public', 'cooperation', 'spread', 'viruscannot', 'controlled', 'government', 'orders', 'violated', 'thenthe', 'government', 'strictly', 'enforce', 'advised', 'toact', 'wisely', 'cooperate', 'government', 'guard', 'livesand', 'lives', 'other', 'people', 'present', 'situation', 'conveys', 'medicine', 'funding', 'statementthis', 'research', 'receive', 'specific', 'grant', 'fundingagencies', 'public', 'commercial', 'profit', 'sectors', 'contributorsall', 'authors', 'contributed', 'equallydeclaration', 'competing', 'interestthe', 'authors', 'declare', 'known', 'competing', 'financialinterests', 'personal', 'relationships', 'could', 'appeared', 'influ', 'reported', 'paper', 'paper']
['fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '1original', 'researchpublished', 'february', '2021doi', 'fpsyg', '626934edited', 'ghulam', 'meran', 'university', 'punjab', 'pakistanreviewed', 'zeying', 'guangdong', 'university', 'technology', 'chinasohail', 'ahmad', 'javeed', 'nanjing', 'agricultural', 'university', 'china', 'correspondence', 'muhammad', 'mohsinmohsinlatifntu', 'gmail', 'comkun', 'penglairuhiyyih', 'comspecialty', 'section', 'article', 'submitted', 'toorganizational', 'psychology', 'section', 'journalfrontiers', 'psychologyreceived', 'november', '2020accepted', 'january', '2021published', 'february', '2021citation', 'naseem', 'mohsin', 'liyan', 'penglai', 'theinvestor', 'psychology', 'stockmarket', 'behavior', 'during', 'initial', 'eraof', 'covid', 'study', 'china', 'japan', 'united', 'states', 'front', 'psychol', '626934', 'fpsyg', '626934the', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stockmarket', 'behavior', 'during', 'initialera', 'covid', 'study', 'china', 'japan', 'united', 'statessobia', 'naseem1', 'muhammad', 'mohsin2', 'liyan1', 'penglai1', 'school', 'economics', 'management', 'shijiazhuang', 'tiedao', 'university', 'shijiazhuang', 'china', 'school', 'business', 'hunanuniversity', 'humanities', 'science', 'technology', 'loudi', 'chinaa', 'highly', 'transmittable', 'pathogenic', 'viral', 'infection', 'covid', 'dramaticallychanged', 'world', 'tragically', 'large', 'number', 'human', 'lives', 'being', 'epidemichas', 'created', 'psychological', 'resilience', 'unbearable', 'psychological', 'pressure', 'amongpatients', 'health', 'professionals', 'objective', 'study', 'analyze', 'investorpsychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behavior', 'during', 'covid', 'psychological', 'behavior', 'ofinvestors', 'whether', 'positive', 'negative', 'toward', 'stock', 'market', 'change', 'pictureof', 'economy', 'research', 'explores', 'shanghai', 'nikkei', 'jones', 'stockmarkets', 'january', 'april', 'employing', 'principal', 'componentanalysis', 'results', 'showed', 'investor', 'psychology', 'negatively', 'related', 'threeselected', 'stock', 'markets', 'under', 'psychological', 'resilience', 'pandemic', 'pressure', 'thenegative', 'emotions', 'pessimism', 'investors', 'cease', 'financial', 'investment', 'thestock', 'market', 'consequently', 'stock', 'market', 'returns', 'decreased', 'deadlypandemic', 'masses', 'concerned', 'about', 'their', 'lives', 'livelihood', 'lessabout', 'wealth', 'leisure', 'research', 'contributes', 'literature', 'investors', 'psychological', 'behavior', 'during', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'study', 'suggests', 'policy', 'makers', 'should', 'design', 'fight', 'against', 'covid', 'government', 'shouldmanage', 'health', 'sector', 'budget', 'overcome', 'future', 'crises', 'keywords', 'covid', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behavior', 'financial', 'sustainability', 'masses', 'psychologyintroductionthe', 'terminology', 'corona', 'newly', 'invented', 'science', 'single', 'stranded', 'rnavirus', 'primary', 'roots', 'observed', 'belonging', 'corona', 'viridae', 'family', 'theorder', 'nidovirales', 'galante', 'kanwar', 'mohsin', '2020b', 'taxonomic', 'naming', 'comes', 'virus', 'structure', 'which', 'gives', 'appearanceof', 'crown', 'spikes', 'virus', 'outer', 'surface', 'sarfraz', '2020c', 'shereen', 'first', 'coronavirus', 'species', 'chicken', 'therewas', 'human', 'human', 'transmission', 'different', 'allied', 'versions', 'thesame', 'family', 'viruses', 'observed', 'common', 'adults', 'andcov', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'human', 'coronavirus', 'common', 'bronchitis', 'asthma', 'chronic', 'obstructive', 'pulmonaryfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '2naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behaviordisease', 'exacerbations', 'pneumonia', '2004and', 'middle', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'merscov', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'displaying', 'unmatchedintensity', 'severity', 'compared', 'previous', 'species', 'corona', 'mcintosh', 'wooet', 'esper', 'startof', 'virus', 'breakout', 'virus', 'perthe', 'international', 'committee', 'taxonomy', 'viruses', 'chinese', 'center', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention', 'changed', 'january', 'toits', 'structure', 'symptoms', 'covid', 'first', 'discovered', 'inwuhan', 'market', 'hubei', 'province', 'china', 'early', 'december2019', 'aroused', 'global', 'attention', 'january', 'virus', 'spreading', 'exponentially', 'using', 'human', 'human', 'transmission', 'through', 'respiratory', 'droplets', 'sneezingand', 'coughing', 'sarfraz', '2020a', 'shereen', 'during', 'incubation', 'period', 'researchers', 'focused', 'exploring', 'preventing', 'treatingpatients', 'still', 'pandemic', 'psychological', 'impact', 'otherside', 'disease', 'mental', 'illness', 'global', 'quarantineannouncement', 'sparked', 'several', 'concerns', 'separationfrom', 'family', 'illness', 'death', 'avoidance', 'medicalfacilities', 'threat', 'infection', 'unemployment', 'thethreat', 'racism', 'against', 'people', 'perceivedto', 'affected', 'areas', 'losing', 'dearones', 'because', 'virus', 'maintained', 'space', 'minorsand', 'disabled', 'elderly', 'family', 'members', 'infection', 'isolation', 'recalling', 'severity', 'treatment', 'infectedpeople', 'these', 'become', 'originators', 'anxiety', 'stress', 'andgrave', 'concern', 'globally', 'these', 'mental', 'health', 'aspects', 'thecovid', 'outbreak', 'affected', 'individual', 'lives', 'thefinancial', 'markets', 'human', 'psychology', 'covid', '19the', 'current', 'pandemic', 'seriously', 'influencedhuman', 'psychology', 'through', 'notable', 'mental', 'state', 'anxiety', 'anxiety', 'covers', 'population', 'reaction', 'toward', 'theepidemic', 'media', 'whether', 'information', 'authenticor', 'erroneous', 'inappropriate', 'behavior', 'people', 'concerningthe', 'abandonment', 'animals', 'panic', 'buying', 'other', 'foods', 'panic', 'attacks', 'properly', 'defined', 'without', 'linkage', 'toanxiety', 'disorder', 'medical', 'sense', 'anxiety', 'combinationof', 'different', 'psychiatric', 'disorders', 'internal', 'phobias', 'panicattacks', 'panic', 'disorder', 'external', 'worry', 'stress', 'painful', 'experiences', 'events', 'psychological', 'effect', 'ofcovid', 'hysteria', 'traumatic', 'stressdisorder', 'panic', 'attacks', 'obsessive', 'compulsive', 'disorder', 'generalized', 'anxiety', 'disorder', 'behavioralimmune', 'system', 'theory', 'stress', 'theory', 'perceived', 'risktheory', 'explain', 'negative', 'emotion', 'anxiety', 'aversion', 'andnegative', 'cognitive', 'assessment', 'human', 'beings', 'developedfor', 'protection', 'people', 'develop', 'avoidant', 'behaviorand', 'strictly', 'follow', 'social', 'norms', 'pandemic', 'ssevere', 'effects', 'potential', 'threat', 'disease', 'sarfraz', '2020b', 'anxiety', 'stress', 'panic', 'attacks', 'people', 'covid', 'createdtwo', 'etiologies', 'first', 'identification', 'symptoms', 'ofacute', 'respiratory', 'distress', 'syndrome', 'coughand', 'dyspnea', 'frequency', 'preter', 'klein', 'javelot', 'weiner', 'second', 'false', 'alarming', 'klein', 'psychopathological', 'catastrophicfigure', 'impact', 'covid', 'stock', 'markets', 'source', 'bloomberg', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '3naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behaviortable', 'principle', 'component', 'analysis', 'variables', 'china', 'eigenvalues', 'number', 'value', 'difference', 'proportion', 'cumulative', 'value', 'cumulative', 'proportioneigenvalues', 'average', '41092', '73373', '91514', '99635', '1source', 'author', 'calculation', 'interpretation', 'physiological', 'sensation', 'respiration', 'therecurrence', 'panic', 'attacks', 'increased', 'respiration', 'rateand', 'become', 'reason', 'excessively', 'avoidant', 'behaviorsand', 'blind', 'conformity', 'mohsin', '2020a', 'psychopathology', 'concern', 'study', 'because', 'hasan', 'intense', 'effect', 'investor', 'behavior', 'stock', 'market', 'investorsand', 'business', 'people', 'generally', 'spend', 'their', 'theworkplace', 'however', 'currently', 'mostly', 'homebound', 'present', 'situation', 'stock', 'markets', 'investment', 'decisionpressure', 'family', 'members', 'psychological', 'health', 'putpressure', 'investor', 'psychology', 'investors', 'psychology', 'sentiments', 'stock', 'market', 'covid', '19the', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'threatened', 'every', 'individualfield', 'influence', 'public', 'health', 'sustainability', 'ofthe', 'global', 'stock', 'market', 'financial', 'markets', 'carriessignificant', 'repercussions', 'huang', 'zheng', 'being', 'societal', 'system', 'investor', 'psychology', 'sentiments', 'their', 'optimism', 'pessimism', 'about', 'future', 'stockprices', 'change', 'sharp', 'decrease', 'observedin', 'shanghai', 'jones', 'nikkei', 'stock', 'prices', 'toinvestor', 'sentiment', 'volatility', 'during', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'seefigure', 'visual', 'presentation', 'figure', 'shown', 'asudden', 'downward', 'trend', 'stock', 'markets', 'after', 'outbreakof', 'pandemic', 'existing', 'literature', 'focused', 'relationship', 'betweenstock', 'prices', 'investor', 'sentiment', 'brownand', 'cliff', 'explained', 'market', 'returns', 'areimportant', 'sentiment', 'determinants', 'while', 'investor', 'sentimentchanges', 'significantly', 'correlated', 'contemporarymarket', 'return', 'positive', 'relationship', 'between', 'stockmarkets', 'sentiment', 'confirm', 'investor', 'sentimentis', 'contrarian', 'predictor', 'consequent', 'market', 'returns', 'meanwhile', 'sentiment', 'impact', 'stronger', 'value', 'stocks', 'negatively', 'positively', 'influenced', 'bysentiments', 'baker', 'wurgler', 'xiang', 'using', 'component', 'market', 'index', 'return', 'which', 'isavoidant', 'fundamental', 'macroeconomic', 'factors', 'observed', 'robust', 'evidence', 'announcementabnormal', 'return', 'derives', 'investor', 'sentiment', 'sentimentdetermined', 'overvaluation', 'corrects', 'within', 'month', 'announcement', 'period', 'market', 'timers', 'tackle', 'sentimentsituation', 'advantage', 'issuing', 'season', 'shares', 'thestock', 'price', 'sensitivity', 'terms', 'earning', 'ishigher', 'during', 'sentiment', 'period', 'contrast', 'lowsentiment', 'period', 'stock', 'price', 'sensitivity', 'behaves', 'negatively', 'analysis', 'suggestions', 'investor', 'sentiment', 'becomesthe', 'reason', 'general', 'mispricing', 'stock', 'because', 'ofsentient', 'driven', 'mispricing', 'earning', 'contributions', 'schmeling', 'zouaoui', 'sankaraguruswamy', 'cheema', 'market', 'competition', 'indicatedthat', 'sentiments', 'returns', 'positively', 'related', 'other', 'relationship', 'disappears', 'market', 'competition', 'although', 'financial', 'crisis', 'changes', 'situation', 'irrespectiveof', 'market', 'competition', 'positive', 'relationship', 'exists', 'betweensentiments', 'returns', 'investors', 'acceptpsychological', 'pressure', 'sensitively', 'intensively', 'thanthe', 'person', 'apart', 'pandemic', 'rapid', 'spread', 'thefinancial', 'media', 'amplifiers', 'worked', 'fearspreaders', 'about', 'covid', 'tetlock', 'elucidated', 'thatspread', 'about', 'stock', 'market', 'strongly', 'affects', 'investorpsychology', 'sociology', 'media', 'pessimism', 'leads', 'todownward', 'pressure', 'market', 'prices', 'versa', 'investorsentiment', 'theory', 'confirmed', 'consistent', 'relationshipbetween', 'media', 'content', 'individual', 'investor', 'behavior', 'withdisproportionately', 'small', 'stocks', 'research', 'based', 'ideology', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'marketduring', 'pandemic', 'there', 'studies', 'research', 'centers', 'human', 'psychologyand', 'covid', 'stock', 'market', 'covid', 'under', 'caption', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'covid', 'tried', 'explain', 'research', 'natureand', 'relationship', 'psychological', 'pressure', 'negatively', 'impacts', 'investors', 'andinvesting', 'decisions', 'which', 'decline', 'individual', 'country', 'seconomy', 'study', 'analyzed', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stockmarket', 'behavior', 'during', 'covid', 'comparatively', 'debateabout', 'covid', 'research', 'contribute', 'existingliterature', 'dimensions', 'understandinginvestor', 'sentiment', 'toward', 'investment', 'decisions', 'stocktable', 'eigen', 'vector', 'loadings', 'japan', 'variable', '5sturn', '0114mfi', '0283rsi', '00671cc', '70331cd', '7102source', 'author', 'calculation', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '4naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behaviorfigure', 'relationship', 'between', 'shanghai', 'stock', 'returns', 'created', 'sentiment', 'index', 'market', 'under', 'special', 'circumstances', 'during', 'outbreak', 'ofpandemics', 'times', 'intense', 'anxiety', 'research', 'differsfrom', 'previous', 'studies', 'proxies', 'investorsentiment', 'indicators', 'stock', 'market', 'covid', 'strong', 'theoretical', 'upbringing', 'psychological', 'behavior', 'andthe', 'dynamic', 'process', 'stock', 'price', 'fluctuation', 'deepen', 'theunderstanding', 'readers', 'investors', 'researchers', 'sampleof', 'three', 'different', 'stock', 'markets', 'elaborate', 'investors', 'psychological', 'geographical', 'sensation', 'during', 'investmentdecisions', 'pandemic', 'description', 'andmethodologydata', 'descriptionour', 'research', 'includes', 'daily', 'observations', 'three', 'different', 'stockmarkets', 'shanghai', 'stock', 'market', 'nikkei', 'jones', 'january', 'april', 'market', 'selection', 'basedon', 'reasons', 'first', 'impact', 'covid', 'investorsentiment', 'during', 'pandemic', 'shanghai', 'stock', 'market', 'china', 'second', 'check', 'global', 'impact', 'using', 'nikkeiand', 'jones', 'reason', 'behind', 'selected', 'theglobal', 'spread', 'covid', 'sample', 'period', 'starts', 'thedata', 'declaration', 'sample', 'markets', 'because', 'synchronizeddata', 'accurate', 'results', 'collected', 'stockmarkets', 'china', 'japan', 'united', 'states', 'analyzed', 'dataare', 'secondary', 'publically', 'available', 'mentioned', 'databases', 'bloomberg', 'stock', 'markets', 'covid', 'methodologythe', 'sentiment', 'index', 'model', 'research', 'ispresented', 'below', 'α1sturn', 'α2mfi', 'α3rsi', 'α41cc', 'α51cd', 'table', 'ordinary', 'correlations', 'united', 'states', 'sturn', '1cdsturn', '1source', 'author', 'calculation', 'tindicates', 'first', 'principal', 'component', 'estimatedby', 'linear', 'combination', 'standardized', 'variables', 'stock', 'exchange', 'turnover', 'ratio', 'sturn', 'turnover', 'therespective', 'stock', 'exchange', 'money', 'index', 'isthe', 'relative', 'strength', 'index', 'change', 'daily', 'confirmcases', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'deaths', 'stock', 'exchange', 'turnover', 'ratiothe', 'stock', 'market', 'trading', 'activity', 'measured', 'turnoverratio', 'subsequently', 'primary', 'measurement', 'model', 'rehman', 'explained', 'moreconsiderable', 'turnover', 'indication', 'stock', 'prices', 'bullish', 'market', 'while', 'small', 'turnover', 'reflects', 'stockprices', 'bearish', 'market', 'stock', 'exchange', 'turnover', 'ratio', 'iscalculated', 'using', 'following', 'equation', 'sturn', 'vmdailyvmmonthly', 'where', 'vmdaily', 'daily', 'volume', 'vmmonthly', 'averagevolume', 'month', 'sturn', 'calculated', 'using', 'runningor', 'moving', 'basis', 'which', 'means', 'previous', 'dropping', 'value', 'andadding', 'money', 'indexthe', 'comprises', 'daily', 'stock', 'prices', 'turnover', 'information', 'increase', 'money', 'indicates', 'market', 'trend', 'thefrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '5naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behaviortable', 'principle', 'component', 'analysis', 'variables', 'china', 'eigenvalues', 'number', 'value', 'difference', 'proportion', 'cumulative', 'value', 'cumulative', 'proportioneigenvalues', 'average', '37472', '62833', '80484', '96685', '1source', 'author', 'calculation', 'rising', 'trend', 'increases', 'buying', 'pressure', 'whereas', 'falling', 'trend', 'increases', 'sellingpressure', 'following', 'formula', 'calculatethe', 'daily', 'prices', 'close3', 'money', 'daily', 'prices', 'turnover', 'current', 'price', 'higher', 'previous', 'money', 'positive', 'while', 'there', 'comparativelylower', 'current', 'price', 'previous', 'moneyflow', 'negative', 'tolonen', 'marekand', 'marková', 'daily', 'calculated', 'asfollows', 'positive', 'money', 'flowdailypositive', 'money', 'flowdaily', 'negative', 'money', 'flowdaily', 'relative', 'strength', 'indexthe', 'technical', 'analysis', 'momentum', 'indicator', 'thatmeasures', 'magnitude', 'recent', 'price', 'changes', 'evaluatethe', 'oversold', 'overbought', 'condition', 'stock', 'other', 'assetprices', 'russell', 'wilder', 'russell', 'franzmann', 'ivascu', 'cioca', 'oscillator', 'display', 'boardof', 'between', 'extremes', 'rangeof', 'suppose', 'oscillator', 'shows', 'upward', 'trendwith', 'value', 'meaning', 'security', 'overboughtor', 'overvalued', 'positive', 'downward', 'trendwith', 'value', 'indicates', 'oversold', 'undervaluedcondition', 'rsidaily', 'otherwise', '0change', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'death', 'casesthe', 'changes', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cases', 'covid', 'capture', 'investor', 'swings', 'regardingthe', 'spreading', 'pandemic', 'chenet', 'check', 'impact', 'market', 'indextable', 'eigen', 'vector', 'loadings', 'japan', 'variable', '5sturn', '7005mfi', '3217rsi', '61451cc', '13571cd', '0989source', 'author', 'calculation', 'change', 'investor', 'changes', 'daily', 'confirmedcases', 'daily', 'death', 'cases', 'calculated', 'follows', 'relationship', 'between', 'stock', 'market', 'index', 'andinvestor', 'sentimentthe', 'regressed', 'stock', 'market', 'volatility', 'series', 'duringcovid', 'following', 'regression', 'equation', 'checks', 'therespective', 'sentiment', 'market', 'return', 'relationship', 'βlnsmim', 'market', 'return', 'stock', 'market', 'indicatorconcerning', 'while', 'sentiment', 'index', 'thecalculation', 'following', 'equation', 'equation', 'current', 'market', 'price', 'closing', 'preceding', 'market', 'price', 'closing', 'resultsprinciple', 'component', 'analysisthe', 'principle', 'component', 'analysis', 'employed', 'extractmeaningful', 'information', 'multivariate', 'orthogonallinear', 'transformation', 'present', 'information', 'formof', 'variables', 'scalar', 'projections', 'which', 'arecalled', 'principal', 'components', 'total', 'number', 'isless', 'equal', 'original', 'number', 'variables', 'iswhy', 'variables', 'known', 'linear', 'combinationfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '6naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behaviorfigure', 'relationship', 'between', 'nikkei', 'market', 'returns', 'created', 'sentiment', 'index', 'actual', 'variables', 'direction', 'identifiers', 'andcorrespond', 'total', 'variation', 'multivariatedata', 'dimensionality', 'reduces', 'using', 'minimal', 'ofinformation', 'eigenvalues', 'explained', 'every', 'retains', 'theamount', 'variation', 'division', 'variation', 'between', 'asthe', 'eigenvalues', 'large', 'first', 'small', 'subsequentones', 'first', 'eigenvalue', 'wasused', 'check', 'correlation', 'because', 'increased', 'variationretention', 'shanghai', 'stock', 'marketthe', 'principal', 'component', 'analysis', 'selected', 'variable', 'theshanghai', 'stock', 'market', 'presented', 'tables', 'according', 'tokaiser', 'criterion', 'principle', 'component', 'eigenvalue', 'notless', 'yeomans', 'golder', 'braekenand', 'assen', 'rehman', 'eigenvalue', 'which', 'meets', 'criteria', 'maximal', 'variation', 'numeric', 'presentation', 'shows', 'shanghaistock', 'market', 'relationship', 'which', 'highest', 'value', 'comparedto', 'other', 'principal', 'components', 'following', 'index', 'createdby', 'using', 'first', 'principle', 'component', 'smisse', '0584sturn', '1759mfi', '1244rsi', '68811cc', '69041cdthe', 'relationship', 'between', 'shanghai', 'stock', 'returns', 'thecreated', 'graphically', 'presented', 'figure', 'correlation', 'matrix', 'results', 'displayed', 'table', 'whichis', 'employed', 'check', 'multicollinearity', 'among', 'independentvariables', 'multicollinearity', 'check', 'essential', 'accuracyof', 'results', 'because', 'inter', 'correlation', 'among', 'independent', 'variablesin', 'multiple', 'regression', 'model', 'mislead', 'results', 'whenthe', 'regressor', 'shows', 'value', 'dataseries', 'shows', 'multicollinearity', 'correlation', 'matrix', 'range', 'forthe', 'shanghai', 'stock', 'market', 'ensuringthe', 'series', 'multicollinearity', 'table', 'ordinary', 'correlations', 'united', 'states', 'sturn', '1cdsturn', '1source', 'author', 'calculation', 'nikkei', 'stock', 'marketthe', 'selected', 'variable', 'nikkei', 'stock', 'marketis', 'presented', 'tables', 'according', 'kaiser', 'criterion', 'theprinciple', 'component', 'eigenvalue', 'beused', 'yeomans', 'golder', 'braeken', 'assen', 'rehman', 'eigenvalue', 'nikkei225', 'stock', 'market', 'which', 'captures', 'maximum', 'variationand', 'support', 'kaiser', 'criterion', 'cumulativeproportion', 'value', 'shows', 'nikkei', 'stockmarket', 'relationship', 'selected', 'variables', 'followingindex', 'created', 'using', 'first', 'principle', 'component', 'smin225', '6844sturn', '1786mfi', '6003rsi', '13801cc', '34691cdthe', 'relationship', 'shanghai', 'stock', 'returns', 'created', 'isgraphically', 'presented', 'figure', 'correlation', 'matrix', 'results', 'displayed', 'table', 'whichis', 'employed', 'check', 'multicollinearity', 'among', 'independentvariables', 'range', 'correlation', 'matrix', 'nikkei', '225stock', 'market', 'between', 'which', 'rejects', 'theexistence', 'multicollinearity', 'jones', 'stock', 'marketthe', 'selected', 'variable', 'jones', 'stock', 'marketis', 'presented', 'tables', 'eigenvalue', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '7naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behaviortable', 'principle', 'component', 'analysis', 'variables', 'china', 'number', 'value', 'difference', 'proportion', 'cumulative', 'value', 'cumulative', 'proportionthe', 'eigenvalueseigenvalues', 'average', '34582', '64273', '79464', '92815', '1source', 'author', 'calculation', 'table', 'eigen', 'vector', 'loadings', 'japan', 'variable', '5sturn', '2226mfi', '0009rsi', '05901cc', '71791cd', '6570source', 'author', 'calculation', 'which', 'captures', 'maximum', 'variation', 'supportof', 'kaiser', 'criterion', 'yeomans', 'golder', 'cioca', 'braeken', 'assen', 'rehman', 'thecumulative', 'proportion', 'value', 'shows', 'dowjones', 'stock', 'market', 'relationship', 'chosen', 'variables', 'which', 'isthe', 'highest', 'value', 'among', 'principal', 'components', 'followingindex', 'created', 'using', 'first', 'principle', 'component', 'smidj', '2275sturn', '1650mfi', '1960rsi', '67981cc', '64841cdthe', 'relationship', 'between', 'jones', 'stock', 'returns', 'thecreated', 'graphically', 'presented', 'figure', 'correlation', 'matrix', 'results', 'displayed', 'table', 'whichis', 'employed', 'check', 'multicollinearity', 'among', 'independentvariables', 'importance', 'multicollinearity', 'observedbecause', 'inter', 'correlation', 'among', 'independent', 'variables', 'amultiple', 'regression', 'model', 'betray', 'results', 'range', 'ofthe', 'correlation', 'matrix', 'jones', 'stock', 'market', 'which', 'guarantees', 'series', 'frommulticollinearity', 'regression', 'results', 'presented', 'table', 'whichshows', 'coefficient', 'thevalue', 'probabilityvalues', 'shanghai', 'nikkei', 'jones', 'stock', 'markets', 'respectively', 'according', 'study', 'negative', 'andsignificantly', 'related', 'stock', 'returns', 'level', 'significance', 'baker', 'wurgler', 'importanceof', 'explicated', 'investor', 'sentiments', 'strongly', 'affectedby', 'volatility', 'investment', 'decision', 'stock', 'market', 'duringthe', 'pandemic', 'results', 'shown', 'negative', 'impact', 'ofcovid', 'investor', 'sentiment', 'stock', 'market', 'returns', 'thespreading', 'pandemic', 'disturbs', 'general', 'public', 'daily', 'routinesand', 'interrupts', 'stock', 'markets', 'financial', 'markets', 'investorpsychology', 'toward', 'investment', 'decisions', 'discussionafter', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'classification', 'public', 'health', 'emergency', 'investors', 'psychological', 'pressurefigure', 'relationship', 'between', 'jones', 'stock', 'market', 'returns', 'created', 'sentiment', 'index', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '8naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behaviortable', 'ordinary', 'correlations', 'united', 'states', 'sturn', '1cdsturn', '1source', 'author', 'calculation', 'table', 'relationship', 'between', 'stock', 'exchange', 'sentiment', 'indexduring', 'covid', 'consent', 'βshanghai', 'stock', 'exchangesmi', 'sentiment', 'index', '0056t', 'statistic', 'nikkei', '225smi', 'sentiment', 'index', '0056t', 'statistic', 'jonessmi', 'sentiment', 'index', '0000t', 'statistic', 'shows', 'level', 'significance', 'source', 'author', 'calculation', 'response', 'showed', 'downward', 'trend', 'stock', 'markets', 'thesudden', 'reduction', 'shanghai', 'jones', 'nikkei', 'observed', 'figure', 'numericalfacts', 'stock', 'markets', 'collected', 'bloomberg', 'officialsite', 'investor', 'sentiment', 'generated', 'using', 'differentproxies', 'selected', 'proxies', 'represent', 'different', 'circumstancesthat', 'might', 'affected', 'psychological', 'behavior', 'decisionpower', 'investors', 'research', 'daily', 'stock', 'marketsand', 'increase', 'covid', 'death', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'areused', 'accurately', 'covering', 'investors', 'daily', 'psychological', 'pressure', 'employed', 'useful', 'features', 'correlationremoval', 'improved', 'algorithm', 'performance', 'repaired', 'overfittingamong', 'variables', 'reduction', 'dimensions', 'lowdimensions', 'clear', 'visualization', 'every', 'single', 'component', 'theresearch', 'results', 'elucidated', 'negative', 'significant', 'relationshipbetween', 'investor', 'psychology', 'investment', 'decision', 'underpandemic', 'outbreaks', 'selected', 'markets', 'stock', 'marketmovement', 'along', 'investor', 'figures', 'shownthe', 'beneficial', 'relationship', 'between', 'investor', 'psychology', 'andstock', 'market', 'returns', 'investors', 'business', 'people', 'weregenerally', 'outbound', 'during', 'pandemic', 'however', 'homebound', 'which', 'affected', 'their', 'psychologyadversely', 'research', 'provides', 'precautionary', 'measuresfor', 'releasing', 'pandemic', 'investment', 'pressure', 'investorsshould', 'adopt', 'behavior', 'therapy', 'based', 'relaxation', 'exercisesto', 'control', 'their', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'small', 'scale', 'versionof', 'their', 'official', 'stock', 'market', 'setup', 'should', 'established', 'theirhomes', 'visits', 'offices', 'should', 'reduced', 'globalparamedical', 'staff', 'scientists', 'continually', 'struggling', 'toelucidate', 'vaccines', 'until', 'succeed', 'everyone', 'should', 'followthe', 'precautions', 'wearing', 'sanitizing', 'maintainingdistance', 'workplaces', 'psychological', 'controlor', 'pressure', 'investors', 'invest', 'money', 'stockmarkets', 'economies', 'track', 'conclusionthe', 'origin', 'current', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'consideredto', 'market', 'hunan', 'hubei', 'province', 'china', 'within1', 'month', 'evolution', 'covid', 'spread', '109countries', 'pandemic', 'gained', 'intense', 'global', 'attention', 'sudden', 'outbreak', 'pandemic', 'rapid', 'increase', 'ofits', 'spread', 'significant', 'impact', 'human', 'physiology', 'andpsychology', 'psychological', 'effect', 'disrupts', 'psychology', 'ofthe', 'general', 'public', 'investor', 'psychology', 'toward', 'stock', 'marketinvestment', 'decisions', 'increasing', 'number', 'cases', 'deathsworldwide', 'covid', 'economic', 'situationmore', 'uncertain', 'unpredictable', 'sudden', 'dramaticdownward', 'trend', 'financial', 'markets', 'observed', 'chineseand', 'global', 'financial', 'markets', 'shanghai', 'nikkei', 'jones', 'which', 'points', 'respectively', 'there', 'promising', 'clinical', 'treatmentsor', 'prevention', 'strategies', 'developed', 'against', 'covid', 'until', 'threatening', 'human', 'psychology', 'healthcareworkers', 'searching', 'solution', 'question', 'vaccinationagainst', 'covid', 'psychiatrist', 'designed', 'psycho', 'therapeuticstrategies', 'threat', 'stress', 'anxiety', 'thepandemic', 'which', 'devastating', 'effect', 'daily', 'research', 'paper', 'examined', 'relationship', 'between', 'thestock', 'market', 'investor', 'psychology', 'regarding', 'stock', 'marketinvestment', 'decisions', 'during', 'pandemic', 'employing', 'research', 'observed', 'downward', 'trend', 'stock', 'marketsand', 'pandemic', 'negative', 'impact', 'investor', 'sentiment', 'investigation', 'confirmed', 'economic', 'crises', 'theshanghai', 'nikkei', 'jones', 'stock', 'markets', 'duringthe', 'pandemic', 'results', 'pointed', 'threat', 'ofhealth', 'strongly', 'affected', 'psychology', 'investors', 'createdsmi', 'behaved', 'negatively', 'significance', 'threeselected', 'markets', 'three', 'selected', 'markets', 'represented', 'threedifferent', 'world', 'areas', 'diverse', 'geographical', 'backgrounds', 'financial', 'positions', 'cultures', 'resources', 'traditions', 'checkglobal', 'investor', 'behavior', 'significant', 'relationship', 'betweenthe', 'stock', 'market', 'during', 'pandemic', 'confirmedthat', 'behavior', 'almost', 'every', 'nation', 'fighting', 'covid', '19and', 'investor', 'financial', 'behavior', 'across', 'china', 'andother', 'developed', 'countries', 'study', 'concluded', 'healthcrises', 'psychological', 'disorders', 'among', 'general', 'public', 'affectthe', 'economic', 'condition', 'financial', 'position', 'individual', 'andglobal', 'investors', 'limitations', 'suggestionsthe', 'pandemic', 'still', 'under', 'discussion', 'healthcare', 'workersare', 'trying', 'solution', 'issue', 'vaccination', 'isfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '9naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behaviordoubtlessly', 'tough', 'global', 'systems', 'stock', 'market', 'workers', 'individual', 'homes', 'working', 'dueto', 'anxiety', 'psychological', 'threat', 'solution', 'tothe', 'problem', 'investor', 'sentiment', 'creates', 'tremendous', 'uncertaintyfor', 'stock', 'markets', 'commensurate', 'potential', 'crisis', 'ofscale', 'speed', 'governments', 'policy', 'makers', 'shouldhave', 'domestic', 'international', 'policies', 'thisunpredictable', 'situation', 'workplaces', 'pandemic', 'aworldwide', 'issue', 'courageous', 'actions', 'governments', 'global', 'citizens', 'policy', 'makers', 'healthcare', 'workers', 'scientists', 'andinvestors', 'enable', 'overcome', 'global', 'crisis', 'availability', 'statementthe', 'supporting', 'conclusions', 'article', 'bemade', 'available', 'authors', 'without', 'undue', 'reservation', 'author', 'contributionsall', 'authors', 'listed', 'substantial', 'direct', 'andintellectual', 'contribution', 'approved', 'itfor', 'publication', 'paper']
['sport', 'psychology', 'services', 'professional', 'athletes', 'working', 'through', 'covid', '19robert', 'schinke', 'athanasios', 'papaioannou', 'charles', 'maher', 'william', 'parham', 'carsten', 'larsen', 'richard', 'gordin', 'stewart', 'cotterillto', 'article', 'robert', 'schinke', 'athanasios', 'papaioannou', 'charles', 'maher', 'william', 'parham', 'carsten', 'larsen', 'richard', 'gordin', 'stewart', 'cotterill', 'sport', 'psychology', 'services', 'toprofessional', 'athletes', 'working', 'through', 'covid', 'international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercissport', 'psychology', 'services', 'professional', 'athletes', 'workingthrough', 'covid', '19fandom', 'around', 'world', 'yearns', 'sports', 'entertainment', 'discussions', 'within', 'therecent', 'flurry', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology', 'writings', 'focused', 'challengingexperiences', 'potential', 'olympians', 'during', 'olympic', 'indeed', 'olympics', 'anentertainment', 'event', 'others', 'across', 'sport', 'levels', 'within', 'previous', 'editorial', 'titled', 'sport', 'psychology', 'services', 'performance', 'athletesduring', 'covid', 'editors', 'international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychologyinvited', 'several', 'renowned', 'experts', 'international', 'amateur', 'sport', 'community', 'dialog', 'regarding', 'amatuer', 'athletes', 'various', 'national', 'teams', 'experienced', 'their', 'through', 'covid', 'editorial', 'revealed', 'convergences', 'though', 'idiosyncrasies', 'inhow', 'training', 'during', 'pandemic', 'undertaken', 'within', 'centralisedprograms', 'recent', 'olympic', 'editorial', 'found', 'following', 'https', '1612197x', '1754616', 'international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology', 'committed', 'advancing', 'opendialogs', 'regarding', 'forms', 'sport', 'physical', 'activity', 'intention', 'contribute', 'ahealthier', 'world', 'through', 'better', 'evidence', 'based', 'theory', 'practice', 'ijsep', 'continues', 'towelcome', 'authors', 'seeking', 'contribute', 'covid', 'discussions', 'submit', 'their', 'scholarship', 'emphasising', 'impacts', 'pandemic', 'sport', 'physical', 'activity', 'participants', 'asthose', 'support', 'psychological', 'services', 'within', 'editorial', 'shifted', 'professional', 'sport', 'professional', 'sport', 'unlike', 'olympic', 'sport', 'accessible', 'viewership', 'every', 'there', 'number', 'fessional', 'individual', 'sports', 'attract', 'viewership', 'whilst', 'inspiring', 'populationswithin', 'across', 'national', 'boundaries', 'recently', 'aforementioned', 'editorial', 'thecurrent', 'editorial', 'accessible', 'composition', 'authorship', 'editorialis', 'diverse', 'sport', 'representation', 'given', 'large', 'number', 'professional', 'sports', 'knownwithin', 'global', 'community', 'current', 'contributors', 'narrowed', 'experts', 'vastexperience', 'working', 'professional', 'baseball', 'charles', 'maher', 'richgordin', 'basketball', 'william', 'parham', 'cricket', 'stewart', 'cotterill', 'soccer', 'carsten', 'larsen', 'editors', 'actively', 'involved', 'combat', 'sport', 'boxing', 'mixed', 'martial', 'boxing', 'robert', 'schinke', 'these', 'experts', 'collaboratedto', 'augment', 'wider', 'perspectives', 'about', 'professional', 'sport', 'athletes', 'pandemic', 'contributors', 'consider', 'their', 'recent', 'current', 'approaches', 'active', 'fessional', 'sport', 'clients', 'following', 'sequence', 'professional', 'sporting', 'events', 'stopped', 'current', 'approaches', 'their', 'professional', 'athletes', 'brief', 'broader', 'reflec', 'reader', 'temporal', 'stages', 'final', 'conclusionindicate', 'growth', 'opportunities', 'consultants', 'professional', 'sport', 'clients', 'alike', 'thecontributors', 'recently', 'multisport', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultant', 'video', 'session', 'participant', 'suggested', 'current', 'state', 'affairs', 'relation', 'elite', 'athletes', 'beingexperienced', 'primarily', 'tragic', 'narrative', 'might', 'athletes', 'regardthe', 'current', 'moment', 'their', 'careers', 'story', 'matter', 'international', 'society', 'sport', 'psychologyinternational', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology2020', '413https', '1612197x', '1766182mentally', 'healthy', 'story', 'opportunities', 'teachable', 'moments', 'before', 'thestructure', 'directly', 'above', 'inform', 'narrative', 'editorial', 'emergence', 'pandemicduring', 'march', 'professional', 'sports', 'around', 'world', 'preparation', 'formance', 'scheduling', 'sport', 'business', 'immediate', 'imminent', 'closures', 'andthe', 'inability', 'athletes', 'coaches', 'managers', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'continuetheir', 'onsite', 'roles', 'within', 'their', 'organisations', 'contributors', 'involved', 'developing', 'action', 'plans', 'accomplish', 'closure', 'training', 'settings', 'communicating', 'delicatedecision', 'closure', 'players', 'staff', 'aware', 'their', 'seasons', 'trendingtoward', 'stoppage', 'those', 'working', 'cities', 'their', 'families', 'viding', 'clients', 'health', 'safety', 'travel', 'guidelines', 'arrangements', 'return', 'totheir', 'residences', 'ripple', 'effect', 'abrupt', 'stoppage', 'crisis', 'transition', 'known', 'leave', 'athletes', 'andcoaches', 'psychological', 'emotional', 'challenges', 'population', 'level', 'where', 'athletes', 'areincluded', 'there', 'increased', 'cases', 'domestic', 'violence', 'suicide', 'bigotry', 'highly', 'licised', 'challenge', 'understand', 'athlete', 'unique', 'engagement', 'withsocial', 'isolation', 'though', 'challenges', 'social', 'distancing', 'encountered', 'worldwide', 'written', 'cultural', 'sport', 'psychology', 'identifying', 'variations', 'collective', 'vidual', 'approaches', 'within', 'across', 'cultures', 'certain', 'cultures', 'nationalities', 'formal', 'interms', 'socially', 'accepted', 'distance', 'where', 'people', 'other', 'close', 'family', 'naturally', 'maintainextensive', 'physical', 'distance', 'there', 'hispanic', 'latino', 'cultureswhere', 'social', 'exchanges', 'encountered', 'closer', 'physical', 'distance', 'where', 'people', 'mally', 'demonstrative', 'through', 'kisses', 'friends', 'colleagues', 'beyond', 'family', 'schinke', 'hanrahan', 'catina', 'cannot', 'assume', 'single', 'major', 'leaguebaseball', 'franchise', 'professional', 'boxing', 'management', 'group', 'cricket', 'soccer', 'letes', 'experienced', 'required', 'transition', 'formal', 'cultural', 'distance', 'comfortable', 'social', 'distancing', 'based', 'athlete', 'identity', 'research', 'practice', 'ownpractical', 'exposures', 'performance', 'athletes', 'amateur', 'professional', 'alike', 'emphasisetheir', 'athletic', 'identities', 'within', 'professional', 'sport', 'there', 'individual', 'differences', 'terms', 'ofhow', 'emphasis', 'placed', 'athletic', 'identity', 'compared', 'number', 'identitiesthat', 'comprise', 'personhood', 'clients', 'families', 'partners', 'somehave', 'businesses', 'enterprises', 'however', 'recognise', 'professional', 'athletesderive', 'gainful', 'employment', 'their', 'sporting', 'activities', 'consequently', 'emphasis', 'anathletic', 'identity', 'often', 'heavily', 'weighted', 'perhaps', 'disproportionately', 'athlete', 'slong', 'commitment', 'sport', 'excellence', 'highest', 'level', 'players', 'rarely', 'exploreother', 'roles', 'contexts', 'result', 'suffer', 'identity', 'foreclosure', 'overlynarrow', 'singular', 'identity', 'nesti', 'littlewood', 'which', 'counter', 'productive', 'during', 'demic', 'social', 'isolation', 'challenges', 'overly', 'weighted', 'athletic', 'identity', 'includeincreased', 'possibilities', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'addictions', 'other', 'mental', 'health', 'concerns', 'henriksen', 'schinke', 'moesch', 'mccann', 'parham', 'larsen', 'terry', 'exemplifying', 'point', 'between', 'march', 'april', 'percentage', 'professional', 'soccer', 'players', 'reporting', 'depression', 'doubled', 'fifpro', 'affiliated', 'national', 'player', 'associations', 'surveyed', '1602professional', 'soccer', 'players', 'countries', 'implemented', 'drastic', 'measures', 'contain', 'thespread', 'covid', 'confinement', 'thousand', 'hundred', 'thirty', 'fourmale', 'players', 'female', 'players', 'in410', 'editorialthe', 'survey', 'twenty', 'percent', 'women', 'players', 'percent', 'players', 'reportedsymptoms', 'consistent', 'diagnosis', 'depression', 'eighteen', 'percent', 'women', 'and16', 'percent', 'reported', 'symptoms', 'consistent', 'diagnosis', 'generalisedanxiety', 'fifpro', 'there', 'identity', 'challenges', 'associated', 'pandemic', 'every', 'other', 'unforeseentransition', 'there', 'exist', 'possibilities', 'personal', 'enrichment', 'pause', 'thought', 'albeit', 'thiscase', 'lengthier', 'first', 'might', 'anticipated', 'often', 'assumed', 'inertia', 'amotivated', 'directed', 'athlete', 'holistic', 'opportunities', 'growth', 'abound', 'suchmoments', 'extensive', 'longstanding', 'training', 'commitments', 'travelafford', 'professional', 'athletes', 'develop', 'their', 'personal', 'identities', 'existing', 'relationships', 'explore', 'breadth', 'interests', 'beyond', 'sport', 'immediate', 'pause', 'opportunityto', 'nourish', 'relationships', 'whilst', 'nourishing', 'counterbalanced', 'opportunity', 'reconnect', 'recognition', 'thattheir', 'playing', 'contracts', 'short', 'peril', 'example', 'boxer', 'compensatedafter', 'bouts', 'income', 'younger', 'professionals', 'financiallyheeled', 'discussions', 'related', 'financial', 'constraints', 'layered', 'further', 'dimension', 'stress', 'several', 'younger', 'athletes', 'lesser', 'contracts', 'returned', 'presently', 'residingwith', 'parents', 'extended', 'family', 'there', 'second', 'group', 'athletes', 'identified', 'sently', 'living', 'alone', 'these', 'athletes', 'socially', 'isolated', 'those', 'surrounded', 'byfamily', 'members', 'finally', 'athletes', 'financial', 'independence', 'young', 'familiesof', 'their', 'continue', 'struggle', 'await', 'loosened', 'restrictions', 'inevitable', 'recon', 'ceptualisation', 'professional', 'training', 'subsequent', 'sporting', 'events', 'withfewer', 'seats', 'questions', 'linger', 'among', 'athletes', 'terms', 'interruptions', 'existing', 'careerpaths', 'associated', 'their', 'financial', 'livelihood', 'these', 'questions', 'could', 'apply', 'deeply', 'toathletes', 'residing', 'developing', 'countries', 'where', 'finances', 'perhaps', 'available', 'current', 'interventionsthere', 'consensus', 'among', 'authors', 'order', 'effectively', 'clients', 'haveneeded', 'develop', 'organic', 'approach', 'logical', 'question', 'asked', 'athletesis', 'exactly', 'looking', 'terms', 'support', 'during', 'pandemic', 'moment', 'initially', 'uncertain', 'terms', 'respond', 'ended', 'approach', 'enveloped', 'unfamiliar', 'circumstance', 'covid', 'these', 'athletes', 'reside', 'among', 'their', 'peers', 'trending', 'positively', 'interms', 'their', 'athletic', 'careers', 'follows', 'approaches', 'integrated', 'intoour', 'sport', 'specific', 'holistic', 'these', 'approaches', 'undertakenthrough', 'online', 'means', 'regular', 'video', 'platforms', 'discussions', 'andforums', 'individuals', 'teams', 'founded', 'premise', 'athletes', 'relate', 'structured', 'communi', 'cation', 'contact', 'athletes', 'performance', 'career', 'professionals', 'evolve', 'basedon', 'logical', 'short', 'plans', 'their', 'career', 'pathways', 'sense', 'eachneeds', 'logically', 'toward', 'outcomes', 'parlayed', 'improved', 'consistent', 'formance', 'viability', 'future', 'accountability', 'terms', 'planning', 'restwith', 'athlete', 'terms', 'thoughts', 'emotions', 'actions', 'athlete', 'investedin', 'improvement', 'allocate', 'schedule', 'regular', 'times', 'within', 'towork', 'mental', 'rarely', 'there', 'reflect', 'guidance', 'amental', 'performance', 'consultant', 'perhaps', 'collaboration', 'coaching', 'staff', 'member', 'toidentify', 'existing', 'derive', 'short', 'plans', 'compliment', 'existing', 'strengths', 'weekly', 'scheduled', 'small', 'group', 'discussions', 'support', 'staff', 'members', 'followed', 'byinternational', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology', '411individual', 'sessions', 'providers', 'advancement', 'player', 'development', 'hence', 'immediate', 'become', 'treasured', 'terms', 'offers', 'person', 'interpersonally', 'terms', 'unanticipated', 'newfound', 'gains', 'sport', 'specificskills', 'underlying', 'regular', 'support', 'opportunity', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultant', 'toforge', 'strengthened', 'relationship', 'athlete', 'during', 'season', 'season', 'athletesare', 'focused', 'securing', 'their', 'positions', 'immediacy', 'performance', 'collaborating', 'withcoaches', 'teammates', 'proactive', 'sport', 'psychology', 'often', 'associated', 'playeraccess', 'something', 'become', 'challenging', 'scarce', 'professional', 'sport', 'alternately', 'assigned', 'tasks', 'often', 'reactionary', 'based', 'immediate', 'setbacks', 'struggles', 'during', 'thecurrent', 'moment', 'there', 'become', 'further', 'acquainted', 'athlete', 'uniquenessas', 'person', 'terms', 'person', 'comes', 'forth', 'training', 'competition', 'reciprocally', 'athlete', 'learn', 'about', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultant', 'interms', 'discussions', 'around', 'values', 'where', 'athlete', 'might', 'coincidewith', 'practitioner', 'skills', 'ensues', 'deepened', 'through', 'mutual', 'under', 'standing', 'strengthened', 'relationship', 'leading', 'future', 'anticipated', 'returnto', 'specifics', 'underpin', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultant', 'dependingon', 'athlete', 'needs', 'toward', 'valued', 'progression', 'under', 'taken', 'exercises', 'focused', 'mindfulness', 'guided', 'performance', 'imagery', 'setting', 'goals', 'revisiting', 'competition', 'plans', 'affirmation', 'exercises', 'broader', 'holistic', 'balance', 'andvalues', 'related', 'discussions', 'engaged', 'groups', 'athletes', 'sometimes', 'sport', 'organisations', 'where', 'facilitate', 'sharing', 'their', 'current', 'experiences', 'recognition', 'alone', 'their', 'career', 'challenges', 'peers', 'undergoingsimilar', 'challenges', 'which', 'contributes', 'recognition', 'athlete', 'still', 'among', 'peers', 'virtual', 'distance', 'forwardthere', 'hidden', 'inspiration', 'words', 'athletes', 'coaching', 'staff', 'mental', 'performanceconsultants', 'expressed', 'since', 'covid', 'ourselves', 'working', 'positive', 'direction', 'betterment', 'sport', 'author', 'identified', 'above', 'plays', 'formances', 'being', 'played', 'performances', 'field', 'often', 'product', 'ofactive', 'inspirations', 'series', 'opportune', 'moments', 'profound', 'hasbeen', 'strengthening', 'existing', 'relationships', 'within', 'athletes', 'lives', 'their', 'personal', 'andprofessional', 'spheres', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'often', 'affirm', 'these', 'relationshipsserve', 'basis', 'client', 'engagement', 'contributing', 'sporting', 'excellence', 'currenttime', 'historical', 'perhaps', 'people', 'envisioned', 'curious', 'newways', 'further', 'human', 'potential', 'answers', 'might', 'atypical', 'based', 'previouslywent', 'about', 'roles', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'atypical', 'approaches', 'healthyand', 'contributive', 'excellence', 'founded', 'ingenuity', 'predict', 'inprofessional', 'sport', 'performance', 'progress', 'gleanedfrom', 'current', 'pandemic', 'moment', 'assuming', 'athletes', 'providers', 'alike', 'usedwisely', 'paper']
['fpsyg', '585897', '1reviewpublished', 'november', '2020doi', 'fpsyg', '585897edited', 'ghulam', 'meran', 'university', 'punjab', 'pakistanreviewed', 'teresa', 'anguera', 'university', 'barcelona', 'spainmaria', 'gianni', 'university', 'macedonia', 'greece', 'correspondence', 'mogeda', 'sayed', 'keshkydrmogeda', 'gmail', 'comspecialty', 'section', 'article', 'submitted', 'toorganizational', 'psychology', 'section', 'journalfrontiers', 'psychologyreceived', '2020accepted', 'october', '2020published', 'november', '2020citation', 'keshky', 'basyouni', 'andal', 'sabban', 'gettingthrough', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'simpact', 'psychologyof', 'sustainability', 'quality', 'global', 'economy', 'asystematic', 'review', 'front', 'psychol', '585897', 'fpsyg', '585897getting', 'through', 'covid', 'thepandemic', 'impact', 'thepsychology', 'sustainability', 'qualityof', 'global', 'economy', 'asystematic', 'reviewmogeda', 'sayed', 'keshky1', 'sawzan', 'sadaqa', 'basyouni3', 'andabeer', 'mohammad', 'sabban31', 'abdulaziz', 'university', 'jeddah', 'saudi', 'arabia', 'assiut', 'university', 'asyut', 'egypt', 'university', 'mecca', 'saudi', 'arabiathe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'affect', 'world', 'severely', 'terms', 'quality', 'political', 'environmental', 'economic', 'sustainable', 'development', 'global', 'economy', 'itsimpact', 'attested', 'number', 'research', 'studies', 'studyis', 'evaluate', 'impact', 'covid', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'quality', 'oflife', 'sustainable', 'development', 'global', 'economy', 'computerized', 'literaturesearch', 'performed', 'journal', 'articles', 'authentic', 'sources', 'extracted', 'including', 'medline', 'pubmed', 'google', 'scholar', 'science', 'direct', 'proquest', 'emeraldinsight', 'references', 'selected', 'articles', 'screened', 'identify', 'relevant', 'studies', 'following', 'inclusion', 'criteria', 'followed', 'research', 'articles', 'based', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'articles', 'research', 'papers', 'journals', 'articles', 'published2010', 'exclusion', 'criteria', 'follow', 'psychology', 'research', 'articles', 'andjournals', 'published', 'before', 'research', 'articles', 'having', 'currentpandemic', 'impact', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'quality', 'globaleconomy', 'initial', 'articles', 'identified', 'studies', 'found', 'relevantand', 'inclusion', 'criteria', 'based', 'these', 'articles', 'review', 'highlights', 'thatcompared', 'developed', 'countries', 'developing', 'nations', 'nations', 'asafrican', 'countries', 'compromised', 'health', 'structures', 'greatly', 'affected', 'thereare', 'close', 'associations', 'between', 'health', 'economic', 'environmental', 'political', 'issuesglobally', 'pandemic', 'managed', 'follow', 'policies', 'implementeconomic', 'public', 'health', 'changes', 'worldwide', 'planned', 'coordinated', 'approachbetween', 'public', 'private', 'sector', 'required', 'designed', 'according', 'country', 'shealth', 'system', 'economy', 'crisis', 'together', 'andsupport', 'developed', 'developing', 'nations', 'keywords', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'economic', 'growth', 'sustainabledevelopment', 'quality', 'world', 'economyfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', 'keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemicintroductionthere', 'uncertainty', 'related', 'covid', 'whosepandemic', 'impacts', 'economic', 'performance', 'sustainability', 'criteria', 'development', 'processes', 'haider', 'mention', 'theeffect', 'coronavirus', 'health', 'economic', 'crises', 'analysisof', 'growth', 'countries', 'clearly', 'shows', 'developmentleads', 'crises', 'declining', 'rates', 'damage', 'health', 'education', 'industrial', 'progress', 'globally', 'according', 'herbert', 'covid', 'affects', 'socio', 'economic', 'circumstances', 'because', 'ofdeclining', 'global', 'declining', 'capital', 'flows', 'fewer', 'investmentopportunities', 'decreased', 'trading', 'limited', 'economicloss', 'pandemic', 'impacts', 'social', 'parameters', 'changesin', 'sustainable', 'psychological', 'development', 'globally', 'rateof', 'poverty', 'increasing', 'international', 'monetary', 'world', 'economic', 'update', 'estimated', 'considerablefluctuation', 'final', 'ratios', 'million', 'people', 'currently', 'extremepoverty', 'however', 'mukhtar', 'reports', 'increase', 'ofabout', 'million', 'projected', 'living', 'extreme', 'poverty', 'findings', 'gathered', 'united', 'nations', 'industrial', 'developmentorganization', 'unido', 'reflect', 'covid', 'resulted', 'asevere', 'decline', 'human', 'development', 'first', 'since', 'zandifar', 'badrfam', 'their', 'examination', 'reveals', 'thecurrent', 'global', 'picture', 'lacks', 'socio', 'economic', 'development', 'theseissues', 'challenges', 'directly', 'affect', 'individual', 'psychologyand', 'assure', 'psychological', 'sustainability', 'theaddition', 'financial', 'crises', 'specifically', 'risks', 'affectingthe', 'public', 'cases', 'mental', 'crises', 'increasing', 'result', 'people', 'being', 'restricted', 'their', 'homes', 'beingasked', 'maintain', 'isolation', 'there', 'chance', 'someonebeing', 'severely', 'affected', 'psychologically', 'which', 'further', 'impactedby', 'accurate', 'guidelines', 'treatment', 'resources', 'provided', 'manage', 'people', 'being', 'situation', 'including', 'pandemic', 'prevention', 'measures', 'reframed', 'affects', 'psychological', 'health', 'concerning', 'theimpact', 'sustainable', 'psychology', 'discussthe', 'importance', 'improved', 'mental', 'health', 'because', 'affectsindividual', 'growth', 'counters', 'restricted', 'personal', 'activities', 'authorities', 'actions', 'management', 'criteria', 'regulatingthe', 'pandemic', 'beyond', 'people', 'control', 'adversely', 'impacttheir', 'exercising', 'eating', 'habits', 'gardening', 'dancing', 'meditation', 'learning', 'other', 'activities', 'result', 'people', 'perceive', 'thenegative', 'impact', 'their', 'minds', 'sustainability', 'theirpsychological', 'health', 'damaged', 'viewof', 'covid', 'impacts', 'quality', 'andmental', 'health', 'prejudices', 'human', 'living', 'standards', 'jointunited', 'nations', 'program', 'unaids', 'notesthat', 'pandemic', 'increases', 'numbers', 'people', 'sufferingfrom', 'stress', 'anxiety', 'conditions', 'related', 'depression', 'essential', 'conduct', 'study', 'evaluate', 'impact', 'ofcovid', 'perspective', 'quality', 'economic', 'psychological', 'environmental', 'perspectives', 'several', 'research', 'studies', 'highlighted', 'severe', 'impact', 'ofthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'worth', 'noting', 'sarsoutbreak', 'experienced', 'damaged', 'mental', 'health', 'fernandes', 'specific', 'covid', 'there', 'diverseeffects', 'mental', 'health', 'following', 'imposition', 'preventivemeasures', 'social', 'distancing', 'isolation', 'limited', 'meetings', 'andlack', 'interaction', 'directly', 'decelerate', 'economy', 'mentalhealth', 'countries', 'declining', 'projected', 'global', 'trade', 'andexport', 'volumes', 'allcott', 'psychologicalsustainability', 'involves', 'merger', 'political', 'perspectives', 'human', 'development', 'economic', 'aspects', 'covid', 'hashad', 'impact', 'three', 'fetzer', 'discuss', 'thepandemic', 'impact', 'global', 'economy', 'isolation', 'resultsin', 'business', 'revenue', 'restrictions', 'consumers', 'beingable', 'purchase', 'ultimately', 'result', 'economic', 'downturn', 'apart', 'stresses', 'being', 'constantly', 'imposed', 'onpeople', 'worldwide', 'negatively', 'affect', 'their', 'minds', 'decreaseeconomic', 'activity', 'iacus', 'covid', 'considerableimpact', 'emotionally', 'traumatized', 'individuals', 'handlingof', 'situation', 'reduced', 'their', 'level', 'comfort', 'socially', 'economically', 'environmentally', 'according', 'cartwrightet', 'amalgamation', 'these', 'factors', 'triggers', 'ahigh', 'level', 'stress', 'people', 'minds', 'which', 'meanwhile', 'affectseconomic', 'development', 'ruins', 'efforts', 'developmentalprojects', 'pirouz', 'faced', 'several', 'epidemics', 'asian', 'nationswere', 'impacted', 'middle', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'mersoutbreak', 'africa', 'under', 'attack', 'ebolavirus', 'influenced', 'socio', 'economic', 'equilibrium', 'affected', 'public', 'health', 'caused', 'numerous', 'deaths', 'similar', 'towhat', 'facing', 'covid', 'marin', 'lawanson', 'andevans', 'pandemic', 'affected', 'types', 'businesses', 'there', 'shortages', 'medical', 'equipment', 'masks', 'andpersonal', 'protection', 'equipment', 'realizehow', 'fragile', 'systems', 'country', 'crisison', 'targeted', 'collaborative', 'approach', 'required', 'current', 'research', 'evaluate', 'theimpact', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'sustainability', 'thequality', 'people', 'tending', 'toward', 'stress', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'other', 'health', 'mental', 'issues', 'limited', 'thisalone', 'study', 'discusses', 'pandemic', 'impact', 'sustainabledevelopment', 'psychologically', 'economically', 'given', 'thatchanges', 'psychological', 'sustainability', 'people', 'livingstyle', 'their', 'situations', 'there', 'aneed', 'conduct', 'study', 'direction', 'currently', 'there', 'arereports', 'research', 'articles', 'separately', 'discuss', 'impact', 'ofcovid', 'rapid', 'spread', 'health', 'system', 'mental', 'health', 'sustainability', 'global', 'economy', 'allcott', 'banerjee', 'pirouz', 'research', 'related', 'thepandemic', 'simultaneous', 'effects', 'psychological', 'economic', 'environmental', 'paradigms', 'required', 'thisstudy', 'explores', 'information', 'about', 'human', 'experiences', 'thatinfluence', 'their', 'quality', 'psychologically', 'economically', 'andenvironmentally', 'pandemic', 'trade', 'largely', 'affected', 'theimpact', 'chaos', 'effect', 'globalization', 'private', 'public', 'sectors', 'under', 'influence', 'donald', 'previously', 'large', 'companies', 'goals', 'focused', 'onfinancial', 'however', 'level', 'interconnected', 'tradehas', 'meaning', 'there', 'unequal', 'distributionof', 'benefits', 'associated', 'globalization', 'roome', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', 'keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemicthe', 'powerful', 'governments', 'those', 'majorconglomerations', 'should', 'realize', 'unless', 'together', 'theoverall', 'quality', 'compromised', 'globally', 'workingculture', 'environment', 'worker', 'policies', 'shouldbe', 'looked', 'obtain', 'flexible', 'innovative', 'empatheticworkplace', 'everyone', 'crisis', 'therefore', 'research', 'report', 'analyze', 'impact', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'thesustainability', 'quality', 'determine', 'effect', 'covid', 'economic', 'social', 'political', 'factors', 'relating', 'sustainabledevelopment', 'environment', 'evaluate', 'impact', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'theglobal', 'economy', 'examine', 'organizational', 'changes', 'solutions', 'fordealing', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'highlight', 'effect', 'support', 'world', 'tradeenvironmental', 'infrastructure', 'tackling', 'condition', 'ofcovid', 'methodologystudy', 'designall', 'guidelines', 'principles', 'followed', 'while', 'preparingthe', 'methodology', 'research', 'thorough', 'literature', 'searchwas', 'conducted', 'after', 'proper', 'evaluation', 'analysis', 'relevantliterature', 'identified', 'included', 'present', 'review', 'accomplish', 'desired', 'objectives', 'studies', 'related', 'tothe', 'topic', 'published', 'selected', 'itwas', 'assumed', 'including', 'publications', 'previousdecade', 'would', 'helpful', 'reflecting', 'practices', 'andstrategies', 'implemented', 'situations', 'previously', 'likethe', 'global', 'economic', 'recession', 'computerized', 'literature', 'searchwas', 'performed', 'journal', 'articles', 'authentic', 'sourceswere', 'extracted', 'including', 'medline', 'pubmed', 'google', 'scholar', 'science', 'direct', 'proquest', 'emerald', 'insight', 'referencesin', 'selected', 'articles', 'screened', 'identify', 'relevantstudies', 'literature', 'search', 'performed', 'including', 'thefollowing', 'keywords', 'coronavirus', 'pandemic', 'covid', 'sustainability', 'quality', 'oflife', 'global', 'economy', 'psychology', 'organizationalchanges', 'covid', 'inclusion', 'exclusion', 'criteriathe', 'inclusion', 'criteria', 'research', 'articles', 'based', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'articles', 'research', 'papers', 'journals', 'articles', 'published', 'articles', 'onsustainability', 'management', 'related', 'virus', 'pandemic', 'theexclusion', 'criteria', 'psychology', 'research', 'articles', 'journalspublished', 'before', 'research', 'articles', 'having', 'thecurrent', 'pandemic', 'impact', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'quality', 'global', 'economy', 'additionally', 'articlesthat', 'languages', 'other', 'english', 'process', 'ofretrieving', 'screening', 'studies', 'according', 'these', 'criteria', 'inthis', 'systematic', 'review', 'shown', 'figure', 'after', 'initial', 'search', 'figure', 'diagram', 'illustrating', 'literature', 'search', 'selection', 'criteria', 'according', 'prisma', 'preferred', 'reporting', 'items', 'systematic', 'reviews', 'andmeta', 'analysis', 'moher', 'total', 'articles', 'identified', 'medline', 'pubmed', 'and85', 'through', 'other', 'databases', 'after', 'removing', 'duplicate', 'records', 'titles', 'abstracts', 'screened', 'finally', 'studieswere', 'found', 'relevant', 'inclusion', 'criteria', 'literature', 'reviewpsychology', 'sustainabilityaccording', 'chandler', 'psychology', 'sustainabilityand', 'criteria', 'relative', 'development', 'associated', 'withsocio', 'economic', 'progress', 'leading', 'improved', 'living', 'standards', 'study', 'srivastava', 'proposed', 'themanagement', 'sustainability', 'relates', 'ecology', 'equity', 'andeconomy', 'meanwhile', 'cartwright', 'observed', 'thatcovid', 'affects', 'quality', 'overall', 'economic', 'ecological', 'equity', 'conditions', 'changed', 'according', 'tobastola', 'psychological', 'sustainability', 'factorscontribute', 'being', 'allow', 'psychological', 'development', 'recycling', 'dismantling', 'demolishing', 'factors', 'affected', 'bysustainability', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'relates', 'todeconstruction', 'recoverability', 'oxygenation', 'iacus', 'using', 'micro', 'dimension', 'awareness', 'creates', 'anfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', 'keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemicopportunity', 'increase', 'awareness', 'ultimately', 'enablesinvolvement', 'centered', 'development', 'criteria', 'impact', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'thepsychology', 'sustainability', 'qualityof', 'lifepolitical', 'environmental', 'economic', 'aspects', 'collectivelydetermine', 'sustainable', 'development', 'psychologically', 'bowen', 'these', 'aspects', 'determine', 'humans', 'should', 'spendtheir', 'current', 'lives', 'quality', 'betransferred', 'enjoyed', 'future', 'generations', 'according', 'togarfin', 'minimal', 'changes', 'human', 'slowly', 'alterthe', 'future', 'future', 'generations', 'perceive', 'their', 'lives', 'asthe', 'outcome', 'change', 'think', 'people', 'before', 'themhave', 'their', 'lives', 'similar', 'world', 'pandemicshave', 'impacted', 'present', 'lives', 'moreover', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'dramatically', 'impacted', 'political', 'environmental', 'economic', 'aspects', 'human', 'which', 'psychologicaldevelopment', 'sustainability', 'dependent', 'ultimatelyaffects', 'quality', 'disturbing', 'people', 'living', 'standards', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'early', 'agitated', 'socialproblems', 'threatened', 'economies', 'world', 'nicolaet', 'according', 'arden', 'chilcot', 'growth', 'anddevelopment', 'different', 'countries', 'stopped', 'financialstability', 'developed', 'undeveloped', 'countries', 'beenshattered', 'pandemic', 'targeted', 'lives', 'human', 'beingsare', 'highly', 'dependent', 'socialization', 'because', 'social', 'distancingand', 'lockdown', 'necessary', 'precautions', 'avoiding', 'covid', 'resultant', 'increased', 'stress', 'depression', 'directly', 'lessensthe', 'quality', 'balasubramanian', 'people', 'aroundthe', 'globe', 'losing', 'their', 'their', 'income', 'profit', 'marginsand', 'revenue', 'generated', 'various', 'organizations', 'dropped', 'economy', 'their', 'citizens', 'psychological', 'healthfrom', 'pandemic', 'countries', 'developed', 'strategies', 'years', 'struggle', 'required', 'regain', 'economic', 'stability', 'moreover', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'associated', 'criseshave', 'traumatized', 'people', 'psychological', 'being', 'especiallyemployees', 'their', 'being', 'employeesworking', 'compromised', 'between', 'theirprofessional', 'personal', 'lives', 'reduced', 'pratt', 'frost', 'situation', 'stressed', 'employees', 'anuncomfortable', 'aggressive', 'relationship', 'organization', 'which', 'directly', 'indirectly', 'ruined', 'their', 'psychologicalsustainability', 'macro', 'level', 'according', 'mahase', 'theworld', 'before', 'after', 'pandemic', 'never', 'aspeople', 'isolated', 'themselves', 'millions', 'lives', 'alreadygone', 'global', 'economy', 'slowed', 'exponentially', 'covid', 'imposed', 'harsh', 'realities', 'unemployment', 'illness', 'bereavement', 'people', 'lasting', 'hardships', 'andstruggles', 'required', 'mitigate', 'situation', 'negative', 'impact', 'coronavirus', 'substantially', 'impacted', 'people', 'psychology', 'andhas', 'created', 'extensive', 'psychological', 'experiment', 'humanbeings', 'which', 'eventually', 'change', 'overall', 'lifestyle', 'ofcurrent', 'future', 'generations', 'knowing', 'condition', 'current', 'pandemic', 'hasdiverse', 'effects', 'psychological', 'sustainability', 'disturbs', 'thequality', 'restricts', 'people', 'having', 'withpreventive', 'measures', 'however', 'according', 'fabio', 'themanagement', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'helps', 'fosterwell', 'being', 'enhance', 'working', 'conditions', 'within', 'society', 'thereare', 'changes', 'behavior', 'which', 'people', 'suffering', 'fromstress', 'anxiety', 'fatigue', 'lockdownrestriction', 'staying', 'negatively', 'impacts', 'humanliving', 'standards', 'professional', 'examination', 'reveals', 'increasingcases', 'related', 'traumatic', 'stress', 'nutritional', 'deficiencies', 'psychological', 'issues', 'reported', 'psychologicalimpacts', 'covid', 'include', 'growing', 'leaving', 'impact', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'onsustainable', 'developmentimpact', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'economicconditionsthe', 'interdependency', 'overall', 'prosperity', 'integrity', 'healthemphasizes', 'human', 'dependence', 'state', 'economy', 'econometric', 'analysis', 'world', 'economic', 'growth', 'showsthat', 'current', 'pandemic', 'widespread', 'health', 'crisesand', 'economic', 'damage', 'according', 'haider', 'theeconomic', 'situation', 'depends', 'helping', 'affecteconomic', 'recovery', 'measures', 'global', 'economic', 'crises', 'tocovid', 'reveal', 'economic', 'decline', 'moreover', 'report', 'byallcott', 'highlights', 'declining', 'economy', 'relatedto', 'fluctuations', 'rates', 'current', 'scenario', 'gdprate', 'shrunk', 'approximately', 'first', 'apandemic', 'fetzer', 'another', 'report', 'estimated', 'adifference', 'projected', 'coming', 'period', 'sameconditions', 'continue', 'additionally', 'there', 'considerable', 'number', 'further', 'crises', 'faces', 'losses', 'overall', 'rates', 'advanced', 'economies', 'those', 'europeand', 'america', 'declined', 'emerging', 'economies', 'covid', 'impacts', 'global', 'trade', 'investment', 'infernandes', 'changing', 'global', 'trading', 'volumescan', 'observed', 'industries', 'eventually', 'affected', 'bythe', 'pandemic', 'world', 'trade', 'organization', 'supportsthis', 'graphs', 'represent', 'changes', 'inthe', 'average', 'value', 'trade', 'which', 'includes', 'contribution', 'theimf', 'change', 'economic', 'outlook', 'which', 'relates', 'togrowing', 'global', 'poverty', 'declining', 'living', 'standards', 'bastolaet', 'growth', 'projections', 'apparent', 'livingstandards', 'heading', 'extreme', 'poverty', 'increased', 'subsequently', 'negatively', 'affects', 'economy', 'leads', 'toeconomic', 'crises', 'chandler', 'reports', 'covid', 'impacted', 'laborby', 'weeks', 'which', 'signifies', 'jobsand', 'directly', 'increases', 'stress', 'levels', 'highest', 'unemploymentrates', 'europe', 'america', 'pacificregions', 'unemployment', 'rates', 'headed', 'toward', 'decrease', 'america', 'europe', 'central', 'apartfrom', 'fluctuations', 'trading', 'sectors', 'declinein', 'manufacturing', 'textile', 'cosmetics', 'industries', 'according', 'iacus', 'covid', 'enormouslyimpacted', 'income', 'ratios', 'developed', 'developingfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', 'keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemiccountries', 'shift', 'fiscal', 'policy', 'packages', 'assessedacross', 'countries', 'distributed', 'austria', 'ofgdp', 'france', 'qatar', 'united', 'states', 'australia', 'ofgdp', 'monetary', 'stimulus', 'packages', 'across', 'these', 'countrieswere', 'distributed', 'bahrain', 'china', 'ofgdp', 'germany', 'united', 'kingdom9', 'sarkodie', 'owusu', 'impact', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'environmentalissuesalong', 'impact', 'covid', 'economic', 'conditions', 'there', 'environmental', 'impact', 'which', 'cartwright', 'discuss', 'covid', 'situation', 'impacts', 'global', 'emissions', 'especially', 'relation', 'release', 'emissions', 'theatmosphere', 'lessening', 'emissions', 'relates', 'theeffect', 'covid', 'human', 'development', 'which', 'viewof', 'bastola', 'financial', 'crisis', 'therestrictions', 'human', 'development', 'declining', 'rates', 'changeevolved', 'along', 'environmental', 'degradation', 'itwas', 'observed', 'asian', 'european', 'countries', 'extentof', 'ambient', 'particulate', 'matter', 'declined', 'significantly', 'gautam', 'trivedi', 'kasha', 'urban', 'industrialareas', 'carbon', 'monoxide', 'aerosol', 'presentsituation', 'gautam', 'trivedi', 'holthaus', 'theseenvironmental', 'gains', 'mirror', 'losses', 'fields', 'health', 'education', 'income', 'trade', 'impact', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'political', 'issuesthe', 'coronavirus', 'impact', 'observed', 'politically', 'whenlockdown', 'isolation', 'result', 'reduced', 'export', 'importrates', 'current', 'situation', 'difficult', 'carry', 'activitiesdesigned', 'economic', 'wheel', 'haider', 'furthermore', 'there', 'considerable', 'shift', 'policiesand', 'strategies', 'related', 'economic', 'policies', 'industriallevel', 'there', 'decline', 'industrial', 'restriction', 'though', 'support', 'being', 'provided', 'business', 'opportunitiesto', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'there', 'still', 'restrictionson', 'mobilizing', 'current', 'development', 'according', 'bastola', 'political', 'parties', 'provided', 'funds', 'highlightedfinancial', 'support', 'ensure', 'people', 'survival', 'during', 'covid', 'moreover', 'impact', 'lockdown', 'isolation', 'rescheduling', 'spread', 'virus', 'resulted', 'newpolitical', 'perceptions', 'impact', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'theglobal', 'economyaccording', 'global', 'economicintegration', 'required', 'implications', 'thecoronavirus', 'pandemic', 'balanced', 'partnership', 'between', 'thepublic', 'private', 'sector', 'which', 'takes', 'account', 'contextualeconomy', 'health', 'system', 'specific', 'country', 'ssituation', 'national', 'international', 'healthand', 'economic', 'recovery', 'world', 'total', 'depends', 'onthe', 'economies', 'separate', 'countries', 'china', 'economy', 'thelargest', 'contributing', 'economy', 'united', 'states', 'secondlargest', 'covid', 'factories', 'moving', 'towardclosure', 'stopping', 'production', 'goods', 'ofproduction', 'goods', 'services', 'great', 'impact', 'theconsumers', 'significant', 'purchasing', 'practices', 'beenrecorded', 'since', 'spread', 'covid', 'context', 'declining', 'sales', 'forcing', 'international', 'market', 'thesituation', 'brands', 'apple', 'toyota', 'jaguar', 'rover', 'andmany', 'facing', 'investors', 'consumers', 'ahmad', 'according', 'hyundaihas', 'business', 'services', 'supply', 'operations', 'dueto', 'consumer', 'purchases', 'starbucks', 'outlets', 'asconsumers', 'cannot', 'purchase', 'reduction', 'import', 'ofoil', 'china', 'resulted', 'decline', 'international', 'prices', 'multiple', 'uncertainties', 'observed', 'consumptionof', 'smartphones', 'demand', 'supplies', 'worsening', 'production', 'company', 'faced', 'declining', 'purchases', 'ahmad', 'aftermath', 'covid', 'thusimpact', 'global', 'economy', 'according', 'report', 'issues', 'related', 'current', 'pandemic', 'restrictthe', 'global', 'economy', 'overall', 'sustainable', 'development', 'criteria', 'areexpected', 'collapse', 'distribution', 'economic', 'policy', 'globallyin', 'response', 'covid', 'conducted', 'across', 'countries', 'demonstrated', 'united', 'states', 'followedby', 'sweden', 'there', 'countries', 'economic', 'policysuch', 'kazakhstan', 'ukraine', 'yemen', 'liberia', 'denmark', 'sarkodie', 'owusu', 'organizational', 'survival', 'envisioned', 'byhuman', 'resources', 'during', 'pandemicduring', 'outbreak', 'coronavirus', 'management', 'stylesneed', 'changed', 'tackle', 'operations', 'reduce', 'chancesof', 'crisis', 'according', 'ågerfalk', 'includesconsideration', 'online', 'management', 'online', 'networks', 'canhelp', 'organizations', 'survive', 'donald', 'there', 'aretwo', 'major', 'types', 'organizational', 'arrangements', 'traditional', 'pandemic', 'system', 'traditional', 'structure', 'pandemic', 'model', 'existed', 'during', 'decades', 'however', 'demerits', 'clearly', 'evident', 'during', 'pandemic', 'lacks', 'clarity', 'defining', 'roles', 'responsibilities', 'thereis', 'disparity', 'outcome', 'attainment', 'system', 'working', 'conditions', 'efficient', 'although', 'power', 'allocation', 'partof', 'matrix', 'structure', 'crisis', 'instabilityand', 'control', 'roome', 'resulting', 'inadequateorganizational', 'structure', 'model', 'pandemic', 'focuses', 'innovation', 'knowledge', 'better', 'requiredskillsets', 'huang', 'organizations', 'quicklyadaptive', 'build', 'creativity', 'possess', 'sharing', 'attitude', 'abetter', 'situation', 'manage', 'employees', 'pandemic', 'oldmodels', 'based', 'power', 'control', 'shift', 'flexible', 'modernized', 'culture', 'current', 'situation', 'typical', 'hierarchical', 'organizationswill', 'result', 'better', 'outcomes', 'approach', 'allocatepower', 'authority', 'specific', 'group', 'restrict', 'workingconditions', 'human', 'resources', 'envisioned', 'model', 'using', 'distributed', 'leadership', 'innovation', 'continuous', 'trainingto', 'adapt', 'changing', 'times', 'obtain', 'effectiveresults', 'according', 'mcconnell', 'study', 'organizationsfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', 'keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemicwith', 'networked', 'hierarchical', 'distributed', 'leadership', 'styles', 'cross', 'training', 'practices', 'flexible', 'guidelines', 'using', 'survivaltechniques', 'tackle', 'covid', 'conditions', 'support', 'world', 'trade', 'environmentalinfrastructure', 'tackle', 'covid', '19the', 'impact', 'covid', 'limited', 'sustainabledevelopment', 'there', 'challenges', 'associated', 'global', 'trademanagement', 'according', 'united', 'nations', 'environmentprogram', 'united', 'nations', 'environment', 'programme', 'trade', 'essential', 'saving', 'livelihoods', 'increasingeconomic', 'cooperation', 'whether', 'related', 'covid', 'ortypical', 'situations', 'trade', 'infrastructure', 'boosts', 'confidencelevel', 'operations', 'allows', 'improvement', 'transparencyof', 'environmental', 'trade', 'infrastructure', 'deshmukh', 'haleem', 'other', 'multiple', 'actions', 'proceduresneed', 'followed', 'management', 'covid', '19situation', 'hishan', 'support', 'world', 'trade', 'senvironment', 'infrastructure', 'there', 'opportunity', 'supplyfood', 'health', 'products', 'organizations', 'avoidunnecessary', 'export', 'import', 'practices', 'development', 'worldtrade', 'environmental', 'infrastructure', 'helps', 'ensure', 'public', 'interestand', 'government', 'support', 'effectively', 'analyze', 'developmentchoices', 'gilbert', 'confirm', 'importance', 'worldtrade', 'environmental', 'infrastructure', 'boost', 'confidence', 'leveland', 'increase', 'transparency', 'economies', 'deshmukh', 'andhaleem', 'consider', 'transparency', 'shared', 'strongdata', 'collections', 'information', 'contributes', 'supporting', 'themanaged', 'infrastructure', 'required', 'covid', 'africa', 'suffered', 'massive', 'outbreak', 'theebola', 'virus', 'death', 'affected', 'country', 'atnumerous', 'levels', 'smith', 'socio', 'economic', 'disparity', 'growth', 'rates', 'shortage', 'businesses', 'andjobs', 'resulted', 'facing', 'similar', 'situation', 'presently', 'whichdemands', 'health', 'economic', 'environmental', 'policiesshould', 'modified', 'recover', 'crisis', 'andcollaborate', 'future', 'efficiently', 'smith', 'research', 'findingsthe', 'analysis', 'helped', 'evaluate', 'impact', 'covid', 'onthe', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'quality', 'globaleconomy', 'initial', 'search', 'found', 'articles', 'including', '78duplicate', 'articles', 'after', 'title', 'abstract', 'screening', 'leftwith', 'articles', 'these', 'assessed', 'eligibility', 'andonly', 'inclusion', 'criteria', 'after', 'extraction', 'relevantarticles', 'categorized', 'following', 'subheadings', 'toprovide', 'clear', 'description', 'author', 'publishedarticle', 'assessment', 'findings', 'covid', 'present', 'implications', 'caused', 'pandemic', 'futureperspective', 'recovery', 'crisis', 'situation', 'table', 'focus', 'review', 'research', 'workpublished', 'specifically', 'response', 'covid', 'interestingto', 'observe', 'majority', 'studies', 'to2020', 'justified', 'pandemic', 'occurred', 'recenttimes', 'hence', 'research', 'mainly', 'highlighted', 'current', 'impactglobally', 'lessons', 'learned', 'current', 'scenarios', 'amongthese', 'majority', 'review', 'articles', 'themwere', 'randomized', 'controlled', 'clinical', 'trials', 'which', 'assessed', 'theeconomic', 'environmental', 'health', 'sustainability', 'impacts', 'covid', 'caused', 'greater', 'chaos', 'previous', 'pandemics', 'represented', 'studies', 'global', 'spread', 'implications', 'ruined', 'sectors', 'small', 'large', 'though', 'theassessment', 'various', 'factors', 'studies', 'clear', 'conclusive', 'steps', 'followed', 'included', 'research', 'shown', 'developing', 'countries', 'farworse', 'situation', 'managing', 'their', 'health', 'systems', 'economythan', 'developed', 'countries', 'additionally', 'people', 'rural', 'areas', 'elderly', 'women', 'children', 'undergoing', 'major', 'stressesand', 'changes', 'pandemic', 'though', 'pollutionhas', 'decreased', 'tremendously', 'countries', 'pandemic', 'therewill', 'piles', 'medical', 'waste', 'which', 'impact', 'entireenvironment', 'these', 'research', 'projects', 'managementand', 'leadership', 'systems', 'based', 'power', 'control', 'asustainable', 'option', 'future', 'creativity', 'technological', 'usage', 'strict', 'policies', 'cannot', 'continued', 'table', 'clearly', 'shows', 'pandemic', 'disrupted', 'thebalance', 'among', 'nations', 'though', 'impact', 'mainlyseen', 'health', 'sector', 'economy', 'deeper', 'level', 'everything', 'affected', 'there', 'struggle', 'socialdistancing', 'norms', 'working', 'onlineteaching', 'suffering', 'daily', 'workers', 'crisis', 'situationfor', 'restaurants', 'hotels', 'aviation', 'department', 'changes', 'infiscal', 'monetary', 'policies', 'psychological', 'impact', 'healthprofessionals', 'health', 'workers', 'extra', 'workload', 'onthe', 'sanitation', 'department', 'terms', 'analyzing', 'researchfindings', 'included', 'studies', 'clear', 'theimpact', 'pandemic', 'assessed', 'moreof', 'factors', 'health', 'economy', 'environment', 'sustainability', 'ormanagement', 'however', 'clear', 'conclusive', 'result', 'basedon', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'overall', 'being', 'globaleconomic', 'implications', 'lacking', 'contributed', 'tothe', 'present', 'study', 'learn', 'thesechallenges', 'faced', 'humans', 'globally', 'discussionanalysis', 'impact', 'covid', 'global', 'economyhighlights', 'various', 'elements', 'affect', 'economic', 'conditions', 'thestudy', 'pirouz', 'observes', 'current', 'pandemichurts', 'directly', 'weakens', 'region', 'overall', 'economy', 'thisis', 'supported', 'consumer', 'consumptionaffects', 'economy', 'regional', 'economies', 'fetzer', 'other', 'words', 'multiple', 'socio', 'economic', 'factors', 'lessen', 'theeconomic', 'decelerate', 'global', 'economy', 'collected', 'discusses', 'impact', 'covid', 'psychological', 'sustainability', 'information', 'gatheredrevealed', 'humans', 'experience', 'increasing', 'uncertaintywhen', 'stress', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'continually', 'increasing', 'unaids', 'according', 'zandifar', 'badrfam', 'there', 'various', 'which', 'covid', 'affect', 'sustainabledevelopment', 'psychologically', 'evaluation', 'elements', 'related', 'tofrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', 'keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'table', 'impact', 'covid', 'future', 'perspective', 'improve', 'health', 'economy', 'sustainability', 'quality', 'author', 'assessment', 'implications', 'future', 'perspective', 'impact', 'health', 'economy', 'compared', 'developed', 'countries', 'developing', 'nations', 'nations', 'african', 'countries', 'compromised', 'health', 'structure', 'greatly', 'affected', 'policies', 'should', 'implemented', 'focus', 'economic', 'recovery', 'there', 'inflation', 'essential', 'goods', 'services', 'government', 'should', 'strategically', 'execute', 'revised', 'norms', 'combat', 'pandemic', 'should', 'implement', 'mitigation', 'policy', 'pandemic', 'policy', 'mitigation', 'policy', 'should', 'target', 'nation', 'health', 'sector', 'include', 'various', 'changes', 'pandemic', 'defined', 'containment', 'measures', 'protection', 'health', 'workers', 'additional', 'benefits', 'increased', 'supply', 'sanitizers', 'other', 'personal', 'protection', 'equipment', 'regional', 'opening', 'testing', 'centers', 'online', 'education', 'aimed', 'improving', 'awareness', 'regarding', 'risks', 'associated', 'covid', 'successfully', 'manage', 'pandemic', 'recovery', 'policy', 'ensure', 'individual', 'follow', 'social', 'distancing', 'properly', 'abide', 'lockdown', 'rules', 'people', 'sustain', 'allowed', 'specific', 'hours', 'offices', 'avoiding', 'gatherings', 'businesses', 'citizens', 'sarkodie', 'owusu', 'assessed', 'impact', 'environment', 'health', 'economy', 'pollution', 'declined', 'however', 'amount', 'medical', 'waste', 'dramatically', 'increased', 'several', 'fiscal', 'measures', 'changes', 'monetary', 'policies', 'economy', 'recovery', 'shared', 'private', 'sectors', 'across', 'numerous', 'countries', 'countries', 'united', 'kingdom', 'ranks', 'highest', 'level', 'uncertainty', 'assessment', 'pandemic', 'uncertainty', 'among', 'countries', 'united', 'states', 'implemented', 'greatest', 'policy', 'crisis', 'developing', 'developed', 'countries', 'recession', 'introduced', 'several', 'policies', 'fiscal', 'monetary', 'measures', 'additional', 'welfare', 'costs', 'health', 'policies', 'impacted', 'developing', 'weaker', 'nations', 'badly', 'economic', 'slowdown', 'these', 'countries', 'adapt', 'scaled', 'effect', 'priority', 'given', 'resource', 'depletion', 'sustainable', 'utilization', 'governments', 'across', 'nations', 'should', 'achieve', 'outcome', 'ensuring', 'health', 'economy', 'sustainable', 'development', 'compromised', 'recover', 'pandemic', 'berchin', 'andrade', 'guerra', 'impact', 'sustainable', 'development', 'sectors', 'covid', 'increased', 'demand', 'healthier', 'organic', 'making', 'various', 'systems', 'susceptible', 'impact', 'pandemic', 'largely', 'observed', 'among', 'women', 'children', 'elderly', 'workers', 'small', 'medium', 'enterprises', 'several', 'measures', 'should', 'taken', 'achieve', 'balance', 'among', 'sectors', 'regional', 'mobilization', 'policies', 'ensure', 'trade', 'continued', 'involves', 'private', 'firms', 'small', 'medium', 'enterprises', 'global', 'support', 'combat', 'associated', 'cross', 'border', 'transactions', 'enhanced', 'accessibility', 'technology', 'changing', 'world', 'innovation', 'occurring', 'faster', 'technology', 'should', 'provided', 'rural', 'areas', 'people', 'access', 'kinds', 'information', 'pandemic', 'revised', 'policy', 'policies', 'strengthen', 'overall', 'system', 'focus', 'solely', 'financial', 'growth', 'education', 'encourage', 'technologies', 'distance', 'learning', 'irrespective', 'region', 'nationality', 'continued', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', 'keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'table', 'continued', 'author', 'assessment', 'implications', 'future', 'perspective', 'donald', 'impact', 'management', 'leaders', 'business', 'decision', 'models', 'design', 'models', 'organizations', 'based', 'creativity', 'flexibility', 'which', 'favorable', 'years', 'importance', 'decision', 'making', 'management', 'involvement', 'stakeholders', 'worked', 'previously', 'needs', 'modification', 'present', 'situation', 'organizational', 'structures', 'required', 'based', 'innovation', 'confidence', 'taking', 'attitude', 'flexibility', 'newly', 'designed', 'organizations', 'there', 'should', 'restricted', 'roles', 'responsibilities', 'structure', 'training', 'should', 'conducted', 'everyone', 'adaptive', 'modify', 'their', 'needs', 'requirements', 'kottika', 'impact', 'involving', 'business', 'consumer', 'markets', 'there', 'economic', 'breakdown', 'growth', 'united', 'states', 'decreased', 'first', 'quarter', 'european', 'nations', 'shrunk', 'period', 'important', 'develop', 'entrepreneurial', 'personality', 'traits', 'clearly', 'shown', 'their', 'attitude', 'plays', 'significant', 'orientation', 'quality', 'service', 'should', 'provided', 'consumers', 'following', 'specific', 'protocols', 'change', 'depending', 'market', 'situation', 'etemad', 'impact', 'quality', 'economy', 'organization', 'various', 'institutions', 'there', 'slowdown', 'functioning', 'sectors', 'whether', 'large', 'small', 'rural', 'urban', 'place', 'however', 'impacted', 'pandemic', 'situation', 'prior', 'crisis', 'should', 'assessed', 'closely', 'processes', 'followed', 'regarding', 'entrepreneurial', 'internationalization', 'perspectives', 'review', 'reevaluation', 'sectors', 'should', 'maximize', 'financial', 'support', 'those', 'cannot', 'recover', 'their', 'sustainability', 'reveals', 'associations', 'social', 'environmental', 'economic', 'factors', 'psychological', 'sustainabilitypractices', 'collected', 'reveals', 'impact', 'covid', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'current', 'situation', 'consistent', 'impact', 'people', 'result', 'thereis', 'adapt', 'services', 'tackle', 'mental', 'health', 'issues', 'toallow', 'people', 'survive', 'improved', 'quality', 'declining', 'economy', 'contributionof', 'covid', 'observed', 'global', 'emission', 'system', 'labor', 'expect', 'decline', 'future', 'there', 'highchance', 'individual', 'facing', 'overall', 'situationleads', 'stress', 'restricts', 'people', 'developing', 'economysustainably', 'chandler', 'these', 'employment', 'issues', 'alsolinked', 'psychological', 'factors', 'leading', 'causeof', 'stress', 'depression', 'ultimately', 'quality', 'banerjee', 'collected', 'shows', 'departments', 'nowchanging', 'working', 'criteria', 'focusing', 'alternative', 'workingsolutions', 'organizations', 'allcott', 'observe', 'thatcovid', 'forces', 'shift', 'management', 'close', 'endedto', 'ended', 'leadership', 'styles', 'dispersed', 'workforce', 'itsinterdependency', 'loose', 'criteria', 'considered', 'necessary', 'fororganizational', 'survival', 'pandemic', 'apart', 'hrprefers', 'adopt', 'flexible', 'guidelines', 'cross', 'training', 'practicesto', 'provide', 'practices', 'services', 'manage', 'pandemic', 'sresult', 'these', 'sorts', 'instructions', 'guidelines', 'ensurethe', 'survival', 'organization', 'corporations', 'thecalamities', 'experienced', 'covid', 'fernandes', 'similarly', 'organizations', 'reacting', 'managedmanner', 'increase', 'their', 'productive', 'outcomes', 'clearthat', 'declining', 'projection', 'observed', 'globally', 'noimprovement', 'projected', 'rates', 'expected', 'pratt', 'frost', 'according', 'report', 'published', 'capital', 'flows', 'decline', 'annual', 'charges', 'isdecelerating', 'economic', 'conditions', 'furthermore', 'there', 'alsoconsiderable', 'covid', 'effects', 'losses', 'faced', 'byglobal', 'trade', 'investment', 'practices', 'analysis', 'impact', 'ofcovid', 'economy', 'reveals', 'world', 'economy', 'isexpected', 'further', 'decreases', 'volumes', 'global', 'tradeprojections', 'because', 'current', 'situation', 'worsening', 'along', 'there', 'impact', 'covid', 'politically', 'which', 'results', 'reduced', 'exports', 'imports', 'politically', 'highlevel', 'funds', 'required', 'support', 'country', 'regulation', 'bowen', 'spread', 'virus', 'endangers', 'theoverall', 'sustainability', 'development', 'situation', 'duringcovid', 'managed', 'support', 'trade', 'senvironmental', 'infrastructure', 'various', 'macro', 'level', 'elementshelp', 'ensure', 'sustainable', 'development', 'ofimproved', 'access', 'advanced', 'technologies', 'anticipatedthat', 'production', 'processes', 'development', 'efficient', 'haider', 'there', 'shortage', 'supply', 'ofdrugs', 'medicine', 'mental', 'health', 'issues', 'according', 'topharmacists', 'significant', 'issue', 'hinders', 'developmentof', 'health', 'services', 'makes', 'difficult', 'practitioners', 'toimprove', 'their', 'patients', 'quality', 'unaids', 'thereis', 'opportunity', 'support', 'world', 'trade', 'environmentalinfrastructure', 'allows', 'corporations', 'advancedfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', 'keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemicinfrastructures', 'increased', 'interest', 'levels', 'moreover', 'worldtrade', 'support', 'systems', 'enhance', 'efficient', 'supply', 'offood', 'medicines', 'there', 'clear', 'avoidance', 'ofimport', 'export', 'practices', 'without', 'advanced', 'infrastructures', 'herbert', 'infrastructure', 'support', 'there', 'highchance', 'transparency', 'management', 'economies', 'whenthese', 'companies', 'support', 'developed', 'infrastructure', 'ardenand', 'chilcot', 'world', 'trade', 'environmental', 'infrastructuresupport', 'includes', 'focus', 'planting', 'trees', 'promotingsustainable', 'practices', 'provide', 'useful', 'opportunities', 'increasehealthy', 'regional', 'recovery', 'impact', 'covid', 'psychological', 'sustainability', 'canbe', 'examined', 'observing', 'changes', 'people', 'behavior', 'fabio', 'shared', 'thoughts', 'people', 'quitting', 'theworkplace', 'because', 'pandemic', 'affectededucational', 'institutions', 'along', 'healthcare', 'related', 'facilities', 'contributed', 'negative', 'psychological', 'impacton', 'sustainability', 'balkhi', 'found', 'variouspsychological', 'factors', 'affect', 'people', 'behavior', 'ultimately', 'changingglobal', 'lifestyles', 'people', 'worldwide', 'showmore', 'concern', 'about', 'safety', 'prefer', 'reduce', 'physicalcontact', 'others', 'around', 'peopleface', 'extremely', 'anxious', 'conditions', 'mental', 'being', 'unaids', 'other', 'peoples', 'behavioral', 'changesinclude', 'increasing', 'exhaustion', 'fatigue', 'directly', 'restrictthem', 'working', 'toward', 'development', 'there', 'between', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'sustainable', 'development', 'economic', 'crises', 'because', 'thesedepend', 'quality', 'related', 'improvement', 'rothanand', 'byrareddy', 'zenker', 'mention', 'thatthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'changes', 'people', 'lifestyles', 'globally', 'byaffecting', 'their', 'social', 'economic', 'environmental', 'contexts', 'multiple', 'reasons', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'towardlosses', 'profit', 'margins', 'revenue', 'generated', 'highlighted', 'crisis', 'covid', 'reflectingon', 'crises', 'consumption', 'rates', 'consumers', 'increasingunemployment', 'rates', 'covid', 'impact', 'individualwell', 'being', 'compromised', 'policies', 'difficultfor', 'employees', 'survive', 'peacefully', 'context', 'multiple', 'changes', 'observed', 'situation', 'experiencedglobally', 'condition', 'isolation', 'makes', 'people', 'lessinterested', 'harming', 'economy', 'destructiverealities', 'associated', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'include', 'illness', 'unemployment', 'bereavement', 'lasting', 'hardship', 'strugglein', 'handling', 'situation', 'fetzer', 'other', 'there', 'diverse', 'effects', 'covid', 'economically', 'socially', 'andenvironmentally', 'rothan', 'byrareddy', 'survey', 'toexplore', 'psychological', 'impact', 'ongoing', 'pandemic', 'andfound', 'people', 'suffer', 'confidence', 'fromthe', 'infection', 'itself', 'there', 'concern', 'about', 'maintenanceof', 'health', 'people', 'access', 'infectioncontrol', 'measures', 'along', 'there', 'realization', 'thesituation', 'gravity', 'people', 'understand', 'terms', 'oftheir', 'situations', 'multiple', 'uncertainties', 'result', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'affects', 'individual', 'humanity', 'large', 'covid', '19has', 'impact', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'natureof', 'thought', 'attitudes', 'expressed', 'within', 'context', 'continual', 'stresses', 'imposed', 'people', 'restrictionsthat', 'negatively', 'affect', 'their', 'minds', 'along', 'covid', 'stresses', 'employees', 'others', 'creates', 'uncomfortablerelationship', 'peaceful', 'directly', 'indirectly', 'affectingpsychological', 'sustainability', 'people', 'psychologies', 'changed', 'dependent', 'onthe', 'global', 'situation', 'currently', 'negatively', 'affected', 'covid', 'result', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'associated', 'criseshave', 'traumatized', 'people', 'psychological', 'being', 'disturbingtheir', 'social', 'economic', 'environmental', 'peace', 'ofwork', 'policies', 'leads', 'stress', 'criteria', 'managing', 'situationare', 'undeveloped', 'involving', 'regional', 'gdprates', 'economic', 'efficiencies', 'sales', 'rates', 'trade', 'rates', 'reveal', 'aneconomic', 'impact', 'covid', 'these', 'aspects', 'directly', 'andindirectly', 'associated', 'pandemic', 'gdphas', 'observed', 'economies', 'however', 'learn', 'crises', 'survive', 'presentglobal', 'economic', 'greek', 'financial', 'breakdown', '000jobs', 'between', 'morethan', 'medium', 'sized', 'businesses', 'largely', 'impacted', 'ascompared', 'small', 'businesses', 'entrepreneurs', 'managed', 'comeout', 'crisis', 'providing', 'findings', 'canhelp', 'better', 'covid', 'ensured', 'theirproducts', 'their', 'consumers', 'needs', 'lowered', 'their', 'prices', 'bourletidis', 'triantafyllopoulos', 'utilized', 'advancedtools', 'technologies', 'provide', 'something', 'meaningful', 'giannacourou', 'additionally', 'entrepreneurial', 'ormanagerial', 'personality', 'traits', 'played', 'significant', 'definingcompany', 'successes', 'elenurm', 'espíritu', 'olmos', 'andsastre', 'castillo', 'various', 'findings', 'reveal', 'fluctuations', 'regarding', 'tradingsystem', 'volumes', 'relates', 'losses', 'improvements', 'inindustries', 'worldwide', 'reveal', 'increased', 'proportionof', 'living', 'standards', 'worldwide', 'heading', 'toward', 'extreme', 'poverty', 'crises', 'facing', 'energy', 'production', 'there', 'lower', 'co2emissions', 'which', 'mirrors', 'human', 'developmentand', 'progress', 'declining', 'changes', 'management', 'styles', 'arerequired', 'society', 'operates', 'reduce', 'thechance', 'further', 'crises', 'however', 'adoption', 'networked', 'hierarchical', 'distributed', 'leadership', 'style', 'cross', 'training', 'practices', 'flexible', 'guidelines', 'benefit', 'corporations', 'tacklingthe', 'covid', 'crises', 'finally', 'impact', 'covid', 'canbe', 'tackled', 'support', 'world', 'trade', 'environmentalinfrastructure', 'which', 'known', 'boost', 'confidence', 'levelsof', 'corporations', 'operations', 'improve', 'transparencyof', 'global', 'trade', 'implications', 'futureperspectiveshumans', 'witnessed', 'several', 'previous', 'crises', 'differentregions', 'countries', 'humanity', 'emerged', 'weshould', 'think', 'about', 'creating', 'global', 'change', 'prevent', 'furthersuffering', 'caused', 'covid', 'crisis', 'highly', 'probable', 'afrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', 'keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemicrecurrence', 'present', 'crisis', 'strike', 'global', 'populationmore', 'severely', 'therefore', 'desirable', 'government', 'proactive', 'implement', 'plannedprecautions', 'before', 'situation', 'worsens', 'management', 'institutions', 'organizations', 'developtheir', 'skill', 'demonstrate', 'sustainability', 'resilience', 'andinnovation', 'covid', 'compromised', 'traditionalbusiness', 'management', 'systems', 'globally', 'nations', 'sanction', 'policies', 'thecollective', 'instead', 'their', 'interests', 'educational', 'institutions', 'provide', 'necessary', 'guidanceand', 'professional', 'deepen', 'understanding', 'crisismanagement', 'individuals', 'become', 'aware', 'protect', 'themselves', 'avoid', 'risks', 'caused', 'bytheir', 'negligence', 'important', 'health', 'organizations', 'healthprofessionals', 'scientists', 'researchers', 'provideda', 'targeted', 'provides', 'sufficient', 'training', 'andunderstanding', 'regarding', 'pandemic', 'impact', 'publichealth', 'crisis', 'dealt', 'effectively', 'humanity', 'collective', 'approach', 'avoid', 'unnecessaryharm', 'environment', 'earth', 'saved', 'eachone', 'becomes', 'responsible', 'provides', 'support', 'andcare', 'another', 'learn', 'pandemic', 'become', 'morecapable', 'dealing', 'future', 'crisis', 'conclusionthis', 'pandemic', 'taught', 'entire', 'world', 'connected', 'together', 'cooperate', 'humanity', 'sufferdrastically', 'implement', 'changes', 'notonly', 'emerge', 'crisis', 'continue', 'ourlives', 'healthy', 'sustainable', 'firstly', 'important', 'thatmarketing', 'processes', 'modified', 'instead', 'blindly', 'followingbrands', 'getting', 'attracted', 'logos', 'companies', 'shouldtry', 'their', 'customers', 'requirements', 'there', 'should', 'ashift', 'business', 'approaches', 'financial', 'targets', 'bestfor', 'customers', 'unnecessary', 'plastic', 'products', 'should', 'bestrictly', 'prohibited', 'secondly', 'health', 'related', 'issue', 'should', 'behandled', 'global', 'level', 'limit', 'ourselves', 'specificrace', 'ethnicity', 'culture', 'nationality', 'background', 'humanitywill', 'sustain', 'pandemic', 'broader', 'andunderstanding', 'public', 'health', 'drivers', 'forall', 'political', 'parties', 'thirdly', 'globally', 'oriented', 'specific', 'goals', 'should', 'decision', 'maker', 'health', 'being', 'guaranteed', 'budgets', 'should', 'allocated', 'policiesprioritizing', 'health', 'different', 'regions', 'cultures', 'should', 'beplanned', 'fourthly', 'people', 'cultures', 'interests', 'suchas', 'health', 'professionals', 'scientists', 'environmentalists', 'researchers', 'politicians', 'sociologists', 'ethicists', 'should', 'cooperate', 'workto', 'improve', 'current', 'situation', 'additionally', 'policiesrelated', 'functioning', 'society', 'taxation', 'fiscal', 'policy', 'environmental', 'issues', 'economy', 'health', 'should', 'changed', 'sohumans', 'survive', 'planet', 'earth', 'harmoniously', 'author', 'contributionsall', 'authors', 'substantial', 'direct', 'intellectualcontribution', 'approved', 'publication', 'fundingthe', 'authors', 'would', 'thank', 'deanship', 'scientificresearch', 'university', 'supporting', 'workby', 'grant', 'paper']
['sport', 'psychology', 'services', 'performance', 'athletesduring', 'covid', '19these', 'trying', 'times', 'covid', 'altered', 'lives', 'citizens', 'changes', 'associ', 'current', 'pandemic', 'presented', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychologists', 'manychallenges', 'opportunities', 'related', 'sport', 'performance', 'physical', 'activity', 'health', 'focus', 'presently', 'being', 'encountered', 'mental', 'performance', 'sultants', 'relation', 'aspiring', 'olympic', 'athletes', 'supporting', 'within', 'recent', 'weeks', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'working', 'olympic', 'aspirants', 'haveevidenced', 'growing', 'number', 'suggestions', 'aspiring', 'athletes', 'might', 'proceed', 'theirsports', 'their', 'broader', 'lives', 'based', 'their', 'national', 'conditions', 'regional', 'responsesto', 'pandemic', 'national', 'funding', 'agency', 'olympic', 'committee', 'federal', 'government', 'sport', 'organisation', 'rolling', 'strategies', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'canwork', 'effectively', 'clients', 'socially', 'distanced', 'world', 'discussions', 'varied', 'challenges', 'athletes', 'encountering', 'issues', 'associ', 'social', 'isolation', 'career', 'disruption', 'qualification', 'process', 'uncertainty', 'unconven', 'tional', 'limited', 'access', 'effective', 'training', 'environments', 'training', 'partners', 'underpinning', 'these', 'considerations', 'health', 'wellbeing', 'athletes', 'their', 'pursuitstoward', 'excellence', 'historically', 'editorials', 'within', 'international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology', 'werepaired', 'special', 'issues', 'focused', 'international', 'approaches', 'olympicathlete', 'performance', 'published', 'within', 'current', 'editorial', 'however', 'there', 'ation', 'approach', 'caused', 'global', 'circumstance', 'sport', 'being', 'experienced', 'usual', 'challenges', 'posed', 'those', 'engaging', 'sport', 'region', 'region', 'uncharted', 'focus', 'should', 'olympic', 'placed', 'theshared', 'challenges', 'emergence', 'solutions', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'arepresently', 'undertaking', 'their', 'athletes', 'authors', 'editorial', 'fromasia', 'europe', 'north', 'america', 'published', 'topic', 'olympic', 'performanceand', 'currently', 'immersed', 'olympic', 'athletes', 'respective', 'countries', 'follows', 'synthesised', 'commentary', 'reader', 'might', 'posit', 'embedded', 'author', 'approaches', 'idiosyncraticand', 'driven', 'partly', 'culture', 'context', 'which', 'correct', 'assumption', 'example', 'working', 'distance', 'where', 'others', 'consulting', 'however', 'weshare', 'common', 'astounding', 'despite', 'respective', 'locations', 'circumstances', 'wepresent', 'editorial', 'structured', 'three', 'temporal', 'stages', 'before', 'olympicswere', 'postponed', 'olympics', 'postponed', 'being', 'settoward', 'tokyo', 'before', 'olympic', 'postponementlife', 'tends', 'normal', 'before', 'crisis', 'transitions', 'experienced', 'within', 'outside', 'performance', 'sport', 'within', 'performance', 'sport', 'there', 'initial', 'murmurings', 'potential', 'international', 'society', 'sport', 'psychologyinternational', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology2020', '272https', '1612197x', '1754616virus', 'several', 'countries', 'contributing', 'authors', 'helped', 'prepare', 'accompany', 'aspirantsto', 'qualification', 'events', 'progressively', 'there', 'increasing', 'numbers', 'people', 'identified', 'withcovid', 'these', 'heightening', 'numbers', 'found', 'across', 'continents', 'point', 'where', 'letes', 'experienced', 'cancellations', 'olympic', 'qualification', 'events', 'initial', 'postponements', 'became', 'indefinite', 'postponements', 'athletes', 'puzzled', 'centre', 'these', 'discussions', 'their', 'mental', 'performanceconsultants', 'seeking', 'support', 'agile', 'mindsets', 'their', 'clients', 'calendars', 'changingand', 'countries', 'centralised', 'programmes', 'began', 'experience', 'positive', 'cases', 'athleteswith', 'covid', 'within', 'countries', 'programmes', 'temporarily', 'closed', 'within', 'othercases', 'athletes', 'experiencing', 'tighter', 'world', 'comprised', 'their', 'centralisedlives', 'though', 'diminishing', 'direct', 'contact', 'world', 'outside', 'their', 'national', 'sport', 'centres', 'athletes', 'these', 'particular', 'nations', 'shared', 'reality', 'being', 'stifled', 'andapart', 'their', 'local', 'communities', 'including', 'their', 'cities', 'limited', 'physical', 'access', 'tofamily', 'members', 'friends', 'became', 'apparent', 'athletes', 'through', 'social', 'mediawas', 'while', 'distancing', 'competitors', 'foreign', 'countries', 'still', 'ableto', 'train', 'normal', 'formats', 'serving', 'advantage', 'disadvantage', 'others', 'national', 'sport', 'organisations', 'olympic', 'committees', 'began', 'express', 'concernsregarding', 'scheduling', 'olympics', 'within', 'fluid', 'global', 'environment', 'practitionerswere', 'contact', 'athletes', 'plans', 'olympics', 'butalso', 'after', 'olympics', 'planned', 'continuation', 'olympic', 'cycle', 'especiallythose', 'earlier', 'stages', 'their', 'national', 'careers', 'where', 'others', 'planned', 'beginfamilies', 'return', 'universities', 'colleges', 'enter', 'professional', 'career', 'plans', 'werein', 'these', 'extended', 'beyond', 'sport', 'broader', 'holistic', 'existence', 'stress', 'responsesin', 'moment', 'included', 'decreased', 'sleep', 'decreased', 'appetite', 'increased', 'rumination', 'loneliness', 'present', 'uncertainty', 'could', 'parlay', 'their', 'olympic', 'moment', 'altogether', 'underpinning', 'collective', 'approaches', 'strategies', 'fostered', 'openness', 'terms', 'ofthe', 'concerns', 'athletes', 'thinking', 'feeling', 'varied', 'person', 'tosocially', 'distanced', 'consulting', 'though', 'approaches', 'often', 'converged', 'openness', 'amatter', 'encouraging', 'athletes', 'express', 'their', 'challenges', 'fears', 'frustrations', 'uncertain', 'first', 'these', 'begin', 'prepare', 'problem', 'solving', 'informationemerged', 'openness', 'meant', 'encouraging', 'clear', 'communication', 'among', 'letes', 'those', 'worked', 'their', 'sport', 'organisations', 'belief', 'thatmoments', 'challenge', 'served', 'fortify', 'relationships', 'unify', 'membership', 'especially', 'cathartic', 'discussions', 'constructive', 'openness', 'encour', 'beyond', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'onward', 'support', 'seeking', 'fromclose', 'friends', 'family', 'members', 'openness', 'meant', 'sport', 'focused', 'discus', 'sions', 'onward', 'those', 'about', 'basic', 'human', 'conditions', 'healthy', 'living', 'eating', 'sleep', 'thinking', 'general', 'formal', 'olympic', 'postponementwithin', 'weeks', 'olympic', 'committees', 'withdrawing', 'games', 'dominoeffect', 'these', 'decisions', 'nations', 'transitioned', 'international', 'olympiccommittee', 'nation', 'decision', 'cancel', 'existing', 'olympics', 'athletes', 'emotional', 'responses', 'varied', 'relief', 'questioning', 'whether', 'sched', 'event', 'would', 'place', 'aspiring', 'olympic', 'athletes', 'known', 'their', 'fortitude', 'lience', 'their', 'visions', 'advance', 'whilst', 'technical', 'tactical', 'physiological', 'andpsychological', 'filled', 'athletes', 'their', 'prime', 'compete', 'the270', 'editorialworld', 'stage', 'during', 'their', 'olympic', 'moment', 'however', 'suddenly', 'years', 'diligence', 'commitment', 'placed', 'question', 'immediate', 'unknown', 'whether', 'therewould', 'tangible', 'olympic', 'games', 'equivalent', 'culmination', 'olympic', 'quadren', 'further', 'questions', 'followed', 'about', 'athletes', 'already', 'nearly', 'qualified', 'for2020', 'would', 'their', 'qualifications', 'remain', 'valid', 'future', 'should', 'calendared', 'should', 'meantime', 'while', 'event', 'being', 'scheduled', 'couldthey', 'their', 'typically', 'consumed', 'training', 'built', 'around', 'based', 'goalof', 'either', 'qualification', 'olympic', 'engagement', 'responses', 'negative', 'athletes', 'recognised', 'their', 'developmenttoward', 'their', 'olympic', 'birth', 'their', 'potential', 'olympic', 'performance', 'athletes', 'train', 'athigh', 'intensity', 'there', 'particular', 'quadrennia', 'during', 'final', 'cycleand', 'associated', 'qualification', 'where', 'those', 'support', 'commit', 'capitalisingon', 'existing', 'strengths', 'minimising', 'existing', 'limitations', 'always', 'exist', 'every', 'athlete', 'spreparation', 'athletes', 'began', 'reflect', 'their', 'current', 'status', 'ponderedabout', 'their', 'existing', 'several', 'posed', 'question', 'these', 'athletes', 'wereallowed', 'during', 'olympic', 'would', 'focus', 'toenhance', 'these', 'technical', 'tactical', 'analytical', 'psychological', 'physiological', 'several', 'athletes', 'lingering', 'injuries', 'compromised', 'their', 'ability', 'performat', 'their', 'always', 'nature', 'pushing', 'physical', 'limits', 'athletes', 'began', 'compile', 'their', 'current', 'developmental', 'status', 'openings', 'created', 'explore', 'opportunities', 'previously', 'available', 'athletes', 'theseopportunities', 'necessitated', 'creativity', 'typical', 'training', 'access', 'athletes', 'notimmediately', 'available', 'athletes', 'remained', 'centralised', 'became', 'availableto', 'delve', 'begin', 'explore', 'these', 'their', 'coaches', 'support', 'mentalperformance', 'consultants', 'shift', 'these', 'athletes', 'feeling', 'being', 'halted', 'intheir', 'progress', 'undefined', 'period', 'where', 'constructive', 'problem', 'solving', 'couldensue', 'athletes', 'those', 'worked', 'could', 'channel', 'energy', 'strengthenexisting', 'weaknesses', 'could', 'reinforce', 'existing', 'strengths', 'competition', 'activitiesresumed', 'hence', 'there', 'moments', 'interventions', 'mindfulness', 'setting', 'framing', 'regardless', 'whether', 'these', 'video', 'consulting', 'person', 'moment', 'arrived', 'scenarios', 'focused', 'searches', 'above', 'exemplified', 'effective', 'responses', 'tryingmoment', 'athletes', 'would', 'capitalised', 'without', 'constructive', 'guidanceand', 'support', 'athletes', 'finding', 'themselves', 'unforeseeably', 'inactive', 'without', 'direction', 'tosuffer', 'substantive', 'psychological', 'stress', 'potential', 'mental', 'health', 'knownabout', 'athletes', 'during', 'crisis', 'transitions', 'mental', 'health', 'career', 'transition', 'scholar', 'relation', 'latter', 'particularly', 'injury', 'retirement', 'scholarship', 'suggeststhat', 'lacking', 'career', 'direction', 'after', 'years', 'immersing', 'oneself', 'intrinsic', 'performancegoal', 'places', 'athletes', 'peril', 'these', 'athletes', 'challenged', 'burnout', 'drome', 'personal', 'feelings', 'alienation', 'coping', 'responses', 'compounded', 'bysocial', 'isolation', 'resulted', 'compromised', 'mental', 'health', 'never', 'there', 'amore', 'important', 'moment', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'accessible', 'their', 'clients', 'validate', 'multitude', 'mixed', 'thoughts', 'emotions', 'experienced', 'olympic', 'aspir', 'access', 'needed', 'transcend', 'availability', 'encouragement', 'could', 'bestserve', 'performance', 'athlete', 'international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology', '271paths', 'ahead', 'tokyo', '2021as', 'schedules', 'begin', 'shift', 'readjust', 'toward', 'recently', 'scheduled', 'olympics', 'there', 'remains', 'uncertainty', 'terms', 'olympic', 'pathways', 'sport', 'willevents', 'become', 'viable', 'latter', 'months', 'formal', 'competitions', 'qualifica', 'tions', 'resume', 'early', 'without', 'crystal', 'become', 'nearly', 'impossible', 'predictintermediate', 'steps', 'visible', 'culmination', 'current', 'olympic', 'quadrennia', 'there', 'never', 'athletes', 'those', 'worked', 'needed', 'bemore', 'flexible', 'creative', 'current', 'pandemic', 'offers', 'opportunities', 'athletes', 'theirproviders', 'right', 'under', 'noses', 'lessons', 'gained', 'through', 'autonomy', 'nuity', 'resilience', 'balance', 'mindfulness', 'possible', 'skillsets', 'forgemodified', 'strengthened', 'athletes', 'enhanced', 'service', 'provisions', 'moments', 'quietnesspresent', 'openings', 'reflect', 'evaluate', 'revise', 'reform', 'plans', 'these', 'plans', 'undoubtedlybe', 'roads', 'travelled', 'highly', 'valued', 'pervasiveness', 'these', 'lessons', 'serve', 'letes', 'extremely', 'lives', 'never', 'linear', 'paths', 'often', 'meandering', 'circuitous', 'retrospectively', 'agree', 'believes', 'standing', 'still', 'uncer', 'tainties', 'never', 'human', 'condition', 'people', 'learn', 'their', 'circumstances', 'adapt', 'ahead', 'provide', 'fascinating', 'dialogues', 'interventions', 'built', 'result', 'could', 'easily', 'dismissed', 'isolated', 'unfortunate', 'moment', 'inhuman', 'olympic', 'history', 'however', 'cannot', 'underestimate', 'strength', 'thehuman', 'spirit', 'olympians', 'continue', 'forged', 'through', 'aversities', 'paper']
['covid', 'school', 'psychology', 'adaptations', 'directions', 'fieldsamuel', 'songa', 'cixin', 'wangb', 'dorothy', 'espelagec', 'fenningd', 'shane', 'jimersoneauniversity', 'nevada', 'vegas', 'buniversity', 'maryland', 'cuniversity', 'north', 'carolina', 'chapel', 'dloyola', 'university', 'chicago', 'euniversity', 'ofcalifornia', 'santa', 'barbaraabstractthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'beginning', 'january', 'already', 'unprecedented', 'impact', 'onchildren', 'families', 'schools', 'around', 'world', 'context', 'impact', 'variedconsiderably', 'including', 'tremendous', 'variation', 'schools', 'providing', 'education', 'servicesin', 'person', 'remote', 'distance', 'learning', 'various', 'hybrid', 'configurations', 'involving', 'bothin', 'person', 'remote', 'distance', 'learning', 'configurations', 'special', 'topic', 'section', 'schoolpsychology', 'review', 'disseminate', 'innovations', 'adaptations', 'research', 'training', 'andpractice', 'inform', 'advance', 'field', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'introductoryarticle', 'offers', 'brief', 'acknowledgement', 'pervasive', 'impact', 'communities', 'around', 'world', 'provides', 'succinct', 'synthesis', 'several', 'recent', 'research', 'developments', 'focused', 'issuesrelated', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'school', 'psychology', 'pervasive', 'impact', 'onsociety', 'highlights', 'first', 'three', 'articles', 'featured', 'special', 'topic', 'section', 'focusedon', 'adaptations', 'directions', 'field', 'impact', 'statementthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'massive', 'impact', 'education', 'children', 'communitiesaround', 'world', 'contemporary', 'research', 'highlights', 'innovations', 'adaptations', 'research', 'training', 'practice', 'inform', 'advance', 'field', 'school', 'psychology', 'during', 'andfollowing', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'recent', 'scholarship', 'provides', 'important', 'guidance', 'related', 'toimportant', 'ethical', 'legal', 'safety', 'technology', 'considerations', 'related', 'conducting', 'psychoeducationalassessments', 'additionally', 'recommendations', 'regarding', 'consultation', 'parents', 'support', 'youngchildren', 'facing', 'challenges', 'inattention', 'hyperactivity', 'discussed', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'described', 'century', 'pandemic', 'gates', 'disruptedessential', 'aspects', 'public', 'economic', 'education', 'around', 'globe', 'world', 'health', 'organization', '2020a', 'around', 'world', 'november', 'therewere', 'million', 'confirmed', 'covid', 'cases', 'over1', 'million', 'deaths', 'associated', 'covid', 'worldhealth', 'organization', '2020b', 'november', 'there', 'million', 'confirmed', 'covid', '19cases', 'deaths', 'associated', 'covid', 'centers', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention', '2020a', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'already', 'unprecedentedimpact', 'children', 'families', 'schools', 'around', 'theworld', 'including', 'hopkins', 'university', 'world', 'health', 'organization', '2020a', 'presently', 'there', 'aremany', 'unknowns', 'regarding', 'increasing', 'numberof', 'cases', 'reduced', 'spread', 'covid', 'willbe', 'controlled', 'around', 'world', 'scudellari', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'schools', 'closed', 'period', 'while', 'someschools', 'continue', 'remain', 'closed', 'person', 'instruc', 'education', 'variety', 'strategies', 'haveemerged', 'attempt', 'continue', 'educate', 'supportchildren', 'including', 'providing', 'education', 'services', 'remote', 'distance', 'learning', 'various', 'hybrid', 'config', 'urations', 'involving', 'person', 'remote', 'distancestrategies', 'education', 'professionals', 'adapt', 'theeducation', 'social', 'emotional', 'needs', 'students', 'thereare', 'range', 'services', 'students', 'continue', 'bedisrupted', 'example', 'nutrition', 'healthcare', 'extra', 'curricular', 'activities', 'family', 'community', 'collaboration', 'andmental', 'health', 'services', 'reducing', 'scope', 'support', 'services', 'additional', 'challenges', 'childrenduring', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'include', 'disruption', 'inacademic', 'learning', 'social', 'isolation', 'family', 'financial', 'cerns', 'greater', 'childhood', 'adverse', 'experiences', 'trauma', 'grief', 'increased', 'screen', 'golberstein', 'notably', 'impact', 'greater', 'students', 'abilities', 'brandenburg', 'students', 'minori', 'tized', 'communities', 'including', 'black', 'indigeneous', 'culturally', 'national', 'association', 'school', 'psychologistscontact', 'samuel', 'university', 'nevada', 'vegas', 'santa', 'barbarahttps', '2372966x', '1852852keywordscovid', 'pandemic', 'syndemic', 'school', 'psychology', 'practice', 'educationarticle', 'historyreceived', 'january', '2020accepted', 'october', '2020introduction432', 'school', 'psychology', 'review', 'volume', '2372966x', '1852852and', 'linguistically', 'diverse', 'students', 'families', 'withlow', 'income', 'economic', 'marginalization', 'sexual', 'minoritized', 'youth', 'salerno', 'students', 'experiencing', 'intersection', 'oppressivesystems', 'vanlancker', 'parolin', 'special', 'topic', 'section', 'school', 'psychology', 'reviewaims', 'disseminate', 'innovations', 'adaptations', 'inresearch', 'training', 'practice', 'contribute', 'advanc', 'field', 'school', 'psychology', 'continuingcourse', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'articles', 'addressingthis', 'special', 'topic', 'published', 'across', 'several', 'volumesto', 'feature', 'information', 'throughout', 'course', 'demic', 'current', 'research', 'developments', 'issuesrelated', 'pandemic', 'school', 'psychology', 'cussed', 'pervasiveness', 'covid', 'impact', 'onsociety', 'requires', 'selective', 'review', 'finally', 'three', 'pertaining', 'covid', 'school', 'psychology', 'thatare', 'featured', 'issue', 'briefly', 'described', 'recognizing', 'disproportionatedeleterious', 'impact', 'minoritizedcommunitieswhile', 'covid', 'virus', 'indiscriminately', 'affects', 'allhumans', 'known', 'individuals', 'racially', 'andethnically', 'minoritized', 'communities', 'increased', 'riskof', 'contracting', 'virus', 'dying', 'centers', 'fordisease', 'control', 'prevention', '2020b', 'compared', 'white', 'persons', 'covid', 'cases', 'hospital', 'izations', 'deaths', 'disproportionately', 'higher', 'amongamerican', 'indian', 'alaska', 'native', 'black', 'latinx', 'while', 'asian', 'persons', 'disparate', 'numbers', 'casesand', 'hospitalizations', 'centers', 'disease', 'control', 'andprevention', '2020b', 'excess', 'death', 'statistics', 'collected', 'fromjanuary', 'october', 'compared', 'withsame', 'deaths', 'tragic', 'oflife', 'happening', 'markedly', 'among', 'latinx', 'persons', 'lowed', 'american', 'indian', 'alaska', 'native', 'black', 'asianpersons', 'rossen', 'rossen', 'colleagues', 'defineexcess', 'deaths', 'number', 'persons', 'diedfrom', 'causes', 'excess', 'expected', 'number', 'deathsfor', 'given', 'place', 'factors', 'identified', 'increasing', 'covid', 'riskand', 'structural', 'systemic', 'racism', 'discrim', 'ination', 'healthcare', 'access', 'occupation', 'opportu', 'education', 'income', 'wealth', 'andovercrowded', 'housing', 'napoles', 'perez', 'stable', 'students', 'minoritized', 'communities', 'includingblack', 'indigenous', 'latinx', 'asian', 'lesbian', 'bisex', 'transgender', 'questioning', 'lgbtq', 'prone', 'toadditional', 'trauma', 'discriminatory', 'treatmentduring', 'covid', 'beyond', 'which', 'already', 'beardue', 'unjust', 'societal', 'inequities', 'which', 'across', 'allsystems', 'including', 'employment', 'insurance', 'income', 'andaccess', 'health', 'including', 'mental', 'health', 'treatment', 'gaylord', 'harden', 'lopez', 'poteatet', 'salerno', 'tsethlikai', 'wakabayashi', 'fueled', 'racist', 'andxenophobic', 'language', 'united', 'states', 'including', 'placed', 'blame', 'spreading', 'covid', 'asian', 'americansare', 'being', 'unjustly', 'scapegoated', 'targets', 'covid', 'related', 'racist', 'discrimination', 'gruber', 'further', 'covid', 'related', 'school', 'closures', 'particularlyharmful', 'persons', 'identify', 'lgbtq', 'whohave', 'intersected', 'minoritized', 'identities', 'racial', 'ethnicminorities', 'because', 'schools', 'frequently', 'places', 'wheremental', 'health', 'services', 'provided', 'those', 'experiencinghomelessness', 'having', 'undocumented', 'immigrationstatus', 'zhang', 'cited', 'salerno', 'interlocking', 'systems', 'oppression', 'syndemic', 'theorythe', 'tragic', 'reality', 'health', 'disparities', 'surprisingconsidering', 'history', 'systemic', 'oppression', 'uities', 'plagued', 'targeted', 'thesecommunities', 'since', 'beginnings', 'importantscholarship', 'black', 'females', 'including', 'crenshaw', 'combahee', 'river', 'collective', 'inter', 'sectionality', 'theory', 'understand', 'these', 'factors', 'arepart', 'inequitable', 'conditions', 'stemming', 'interlockingsystems', 'oppression', 'velez', 'spencer', 'indeed', 'these', 'complex', 'cultural', 'ecological', 'systems', 'interactedwith', 'covid', 'existing', 'health', 'conditions', 'syndemic', 'clusters', 'around', 'particularminoritized', 'populations', 'complex', 'unjust', 'mendenhall', 'singer', 'while', 'covid', 'global', 'pandemic', 'disparatepatterns', 'documented', 'global', 'arelocalized', 'country', 'unique', 'cultural', 'andsocio', 'political', 'context', 'mendenhall', 'othercountries', 'experienced', 'syndemic', 'outcomes', 'duringthe', 'pandemic', 'mendenhall', 'wilson', 'reason', 'mendenhall', 'explains', 'because', 'existing', 'conditions', 'hypertension', 'diabetes', 'respiratory', 'disorders', 'systemic', 'racism', 'mistrust', 'leadership', 'fragmented', 'health', 'driven', 'spread', 'interacted', 'virus', 'these', 'synergistic', 'failures', 'caused', 'death', 'anddevastation', 'other', 'contexts', 'psychosocial', 'mental', 'health', 'ofthe', 'pandemicrecent', 'research', 'pointed', 'impact', 'demic', 'children', 'adolescents', 'psychological', 'school', 'based', 'mental', 'health', 'school', 'climate', '433functioning', 'research', 'focused', 'theimpact', 'lockdowns', 'school', 'closure', 'quarantineon', 'adjustment', 'largely', 'countries', 'hardesthit', 'early', 'china', 'italy', 'spain', 'india', 'forexample', 'reported', 'results', 'apreliminary', 'study', 'conducted', 'china', 'china', 'epaunepsa', 'working', 'group', 'understand', 'emotionaldistress', 'among', 'children', 'years', 'years', 'ratesof', 'anxiety', 'found', 'youth', 'residing', 'areasthat', 'rates', 'infection', 'while', 'distress', 'gated', 'media', 'entertainment', 'reading', 'physicalexercise', 'surveyed', 'children', 'adolescents', 'china', 'found', 'fering', 'depressive', 'symptoms', 'further', 'greaterdepression', 'symptoms', 'associated', 'emotion', 'cused', 'coping', 'being', 'female', 'residing', 'urban', 'areas', 'whereas', 'depressive', 'symptoms', 'associated', 'withproblem', 'focused', 'coping', 'study', 'impact', 'being', 'quarantined', 'india', 'saurabh', 'ranjan', 'found', 'among', 'quaran', 'tined', 'children', 'adolescents', 'worry', 'helpless', 'commonfeelings', 'experienced', 'quarantined', 'youth', 'spain', 'parents', 'indicated', 'changes', 'their', 'children', 'tional', 'state', 'behaviors', 'during', 'quarantine', 'includ', 'difficulty', 'concentrating', 'boredom', 'irritability', 'loneliness', 'worries', 'orgilés', 'study', 'italian', 'children', 'foundthat', 'children', 'showed', 'regressive', 'demanding', 'physical', 'proximity', 'parents', 'duringthe', 'night', 'showed', 'increased', 'agitation', 'intolerance', 'rules', 'excessive', 'demands', 'pisano', 'galimi', 'cerniglia', 'sharma', 'identi', 'protective', 'factors', 'adolescent', 'andemerging', 'adult', 'mental', 'health', 'nepal', 'country', 'whoselockdown', 'happened', 'little', 'warning', 'preparation', 'factors', 'mental', 'health', 'challenges', 'included', 'lackof', 'mental', 'health', 'services', 'social', 'media', 'ofunderstanding', 'lockdown', 'restrictions', 'suddenwork', 'student', 'changes', 'protective', 'factorsincluded', 'cultural', 'acceptance', 'facemasks', 'school', 'spacerepurposing', 'counseling', 'school', 'closures', 'maylead', 'disruption', 'school', 'based', 'mental', 'health', 'servicesfor', 'students', 'resulting', 'increase', 'mental', 'healthdifficulties', 'among', 'children', 'adolescents', 'there', 'increased', 'concern', 'abuse', 'lence', 'rates', 'increase', 'among', 'children', 'adolescentsas', 'result', 'being', 'quarantined', 'humphreys', 'argue', 'parental', 'stress', 'anxiety', 'about', 'financial', 'logistical', 'existential', 'concerns', 'result', 'parentsmanaging', 'anxiety', 'directing', 'verbal', 'physicalabuse', 'toward', 'their', 'children', 'school', 'closures', 'meanthat', 'there', 'fewer', 'mandatory', 'reporters', 'interactingwith', 'potentially', 'abused', 'children', 'pandemichas', 'potential', 'reduced', 'detection', 'ofmaltreatment', 'research', 'training', 'practice', 'inschool', 'psychologyschool', 'psychology', 'adapt', 'across', 'aspects', 'ofresearch', 'training', 'practice', 'remain', 'throesof', 'consequences', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'assessment', 'intervention', 'consultation', 'other', 'forms', 'servicedelivery', 'begun', 'adapted', 'likely', 'lookmarkedly', 'different', 'foreseeable', 'future', 'themost', 'monumental', 'covid', 'related', 'changes', 'beenthe', 'sudden', 'shift', 'telepsychology', 'following', 'closureof', 'schools', 'clinics', 'community', 'mental', 'health', 'agenciesacross', 'united', 'states', 'world', 'callahan', 'telepsychology', 'while', 'relatively', 'school', 'psychology', 'focus', 'research', 'clinical', 'practice', 'manyyears', 'abbott', 'cited', 'littleton', 'hilty', 'maheu', 'mccord', 'offer', 'empirical', 'research', 'showingequivalent', 'telepsychology', 'behavioral', 'mental', 'healthoutcomes', 'compared', 'services', 'mccordet', 'specifically', 'highlight', 'separate', 'backhaus', 'hilty', 'which', 'lendsupport', 'telepsychology', 'benefits', 'backhaus', 'reported', 'positive', 'results', 'efficacy', 'feasibility', 'andclient', 'satisfaction', 'video', 'psychotherapy', 'based', '65studies', 'there', 'studies', 'analysis', 'thatincluded', 'children', 'adolescents', 'three', 'incorporatingfamily', 'therapy', 'reported', 'ethnicity', 'dataand', 'three', 'studies', 'evaluated', 'video', 'psychotherapy', 'witha', 'sample', 'mostly', 'racial', 'minority', 'clients', 'hiltyet', 'analysis', 'included', 'telepsychiatry', 'mental', 'health', 'keywords', 'along', 'others', 'resultingin', 'studies', 'evaluating', 'telemental', 'health', 'publishedbetween', 'there', 'seven', 'studies', 'specificto', 'children', 'adolescents', 'while', 'focused', 'popula', 'tions', 'culturally', 'linguistically', 'diverse', 'hiltyand', 'colleagues', 'concluded', 'their', 'analysis', 'showedthat', 'telemental', 'health', 'outcomes', 'equivalent', 'services', 'provided', 'different', 'client', 'populationsand', 'concerns', 'including', 'children', 'adolescents', 'acrossmultiple', 'settings', 'emergency', 'settings', 'hiltyand', 'colleagues', 'stressed', 'importance', 'providing', 'treat', 'client', 'primary', 'language', 'stressedmore', 'rigorous', 'study', 'designs', 'research', 'policy', 'tions', 'centered', 'ethnicity', 'culture', 'language', 'along', 'other', 'considerations', 'geography', 'chological', 'diagnosis', 'school', 'psychology', 'review', 'volume', '2372966x', '1852852school', 'psychology', 'contextualconsiderationsthe', 'existing', 'literature', 'reveals', 'efficacy', 'telepsychologyin', 'service', 'provision', 'backhaus', 'hilty', 'mccord', 'professional', 'psychology', 'field', 'ingeneral', 'rapidly', 'advancing', 'developing', 'measurabletelepsychology', 'competencies', 'deemed', 'necessary', 'ethicaland', 'legal', 'telepsychology', 'practice', 'developedguidelines', 'telepsychology', 'recently', 'professional', 'competency', 'framework', 'forthto', 'guide', 'telebehavioral', 'health', 'across', 'multiple', 'behavioralhealth', 'specialties', 'addition', 'professional', 'psychologyreferred', 'ctibs', 'framework', 'maheu', 'relatedly', 'consolidated', 'model', 'telepsychologypractice', 'compiled', 'multiple', 'state', 'psychologicalassociation', 'national', 'international', 'australianpsychological', 'society', 'zealand', 'psychologists', 'board', 'ontario', 'psychological', 'association', 'guidelines', 'beenrecently', 'created', 'mccord', 'these', 'advancescome', 'consider', 'telepsychology', 'apply', 'toschool', 'psychology', 'practice', 'mccord', 'argue', 'thatmore', 'understanding', 'telepsychology', 'needed', 'ferent', 'developmental', 'school', 'settings', 'giventhat', 'school', 'psychologists', 'schools', 'psychology', 'works', 'children', 'adolescents', 'schoolsis', 'particularly', 'germane', 'example', 'school', 'psychologistsmust', 'contend', 'ethical', 'legal', 'practice', 'issues', 'thatmay', 'similar', 'those', 'related', 'applied', 'psychology', 'fieldsand', 'perhaps', 'different', 'given', 'school', 'psychologistswork', 'schools', 'where', 'there', 'provisions', 'ferpaand', 'federal', 'driven', 'united', 'states', 'further', 'school', 'psychologists', 'spend', 'substantive', 'doing', 'assess', 'using', 'special', 'education', 'eligibilitydetermination', 'might', 'difficult', 'transition', 'virtual', 'environment', 'compared', 'teletherapy', 'wrightet', 'testing', 'assessment', 'conditions', 'onlineenvironment', 'equivalent', 'standardization', 'cedures', 'calling', 'question', 'utility', 'findings', 'farmer', 'press', 'wright', 'highlight', 'further', 'research', 'inform', 'interpreta', 'these', 'measures', 'salient', 'issues', 'maintainingclient', 'privacy', 'delivering', 'remote', 'services', 'asconcerns', 'about', 'during', 'sessions', 'electronic', 'communications', 'handling', 'patientrecords', 'consistent', 'hipaa', 'regulations', 'mccord', 'covid', 'being', 'declared', 'national', 'healthemergency', 'office', 'civil', 'rights', 'thedepartment', 'health', 'human', 'services', 'relaxed', 'hipaa', 'compliance', 'guidelines', 'health', 'careproviders', 'including', 'psychologists', 'still', 'issues', 'privacyand', 'confidentiality', 'remain', 'services', 'arebeing', 'delivered', 'child', 'adolescents', 'setting', 'where', 'family', 'members', 'siblings', 'others', 'present', 'legal', 'ethical', 'issues', 'related', 'telepsychology', 'vices', 'practicing', 'across', 'state', 'lines', 'having', 'proto', 'there', 'concerns', 'about', 'suicide', 'andensuring', 'comprehensive', 'intake', 'assessment', 'beconducted', 'there', 'access', 'traditional', 'paperand', 'pencil', 'tools', 'issues', 'raised', 'theyears', 'remain', 'today', 'hilty', 'school', 'psychologists', 'ethically', 'required', 'serve', 'allchildren', 'adolescents', 'social', 'justice', 'indoing', 'abrupt', 'change', 'online', 'learn', 'illuminated', 'inequities', 'access', 'technology', 'correia', 'therefore', 'school', 'psychologists', 'fully', 'consider', 'advocate', 'students', 'equitableaccess', 'telepsychology', 'resources', 'adequate', 'nology', 'tools', 'computers', 'laptops', 'bandwidth', 'andother', 'forms', 'technology', 'access', 'instruction', 'unfortunately', 'discussed', 'previously', 'structural', 'racismand', 'other', 'forms', 'interlocking', 'oppression', 'precludes', 'table', 'access', 'students', 'families', 'minoritizedidentities', 'salerno', 'school', 'psychologists', 'promote', 'equity', 'withrespect', 'access', 'adequate', 'mental', 'health', 'social', 'tional', 'support', 'proper', 'diagnosis', 'assessment', 'whichis', 'occurring', 'presently', 'influenced', 'stand', 'racism', 'related', 'inequities', 'combaheeriver', 'collective', 'crenshaw', 'sullivan', 'special', 'topic', 'contributionsdespite', 'abrupt', 'changes', 'described', 'above', 'school', 'chology', 'equipped', 'address', 'changing', 'natureof', 'research', 'training', 'practice', 'special', 'topic', 'aimsto', 'disseminate', 'innovations', 'adaptations', 'inresearch', 'training', 'practice', 'inform', 'andadvance', 'field', 'nature', 'pandemic', 'thisspecial', 'topic', 'section', 'published', 'across', 'several', 'disseminate', 'projects', 'various', 'stages', 'thecourse', 'pandemic', 'issue', 'three', 'articles', 'addressvarious', 'facets', 'assessment', 'mental', 'health', 'outcomes', 'articles', 'address', 'assessment', 'issues', 'during', 'demic', 'first', 'stifel', 'assessment', 'during', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'ethical', 'legal', 'safety', 'considerationsmoving', 'forward', 'delineate', 'important', 'ethical', 'legal', 'andsafety', 'considerations', 'conducting', 'assessments', 'duringthe', 'pandemic', 'authors', 'first', 'elucidate', 'complex', 'issuesfor', 'school', 'psychologists', 'consider', 'conducting', 'assess', 'ments', 'based', 'extant', 'literature', 'farmer', 'press', 'which', 'includes', 'international', 'literature', 'recommended', 'protocol', 'conducting', 'assessmentsduring', 'pandemic', 'ethically', 'legally', 'safely', 'school', 'based', 'mental', 'health', 'school', 'climate', '435next', 'research', 'brief', 'aspiranti', 'comparing', 'paper', 'tablet', 'modalities', 'assessmentfor', 'multiplication', 'addition', 'examined', 'technology', 'versus', 'paper', 'based', 'curriculum', 'based', 'measurement', 'modalities', 'across', 'single', 'tielement', 'studies', 'findings', 'study', 'suggestthat', 'modalities', 'cannot', 'interchangeably', 'andbegin', 'document', 'disparities', 'between', 'paper', 'andtablet', 'based', 'assessment', 'tools', 'notably', 'paper', 'based', 'benefited', 'students', 'income', 'economi', 'cally', 'marginalized', 'contexts', 'raising', 'interestingconsiderations', 'future', 'research', 'practice', 'third', 'article', 'wendel', 'theassociation', 'between', 'child', 'symptoms', 'changesin', 'parental', 'involvement', 'kindergarten', 'children', 'slearning', 'during', 'covid', 'examined', 'changes', 'parentinvolvement', 'child', 'behavior', 'symptoms', 'among', 'children', 'their', 'parentsbefore', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'lected', 'prior', 'covid', 'december', 'january2020', 'again', 'several', 'months', 'remote', 'learning', 'inmay', 'results', 'indicated', 'parents', 'ratingsof', 'their', 'children', 'symptoms', 'increased', 'priorto', 'covid', 'during', 'covid', 'there', 'fewchanges', 'parents', 'educational', 'involvement', 'however', 'parents', 'beliefs', 'about', 'their', 'responsibility', 'involvedin', 'their', 'children', 'learning', 'changed', 'varied', 'boysand', 'girls', 'these', 'results', 'suggest', 'covid', 'havea', 'deleterious', 'effect', 'children', 'inattention', 'hyper', 'activity', 'while', 'there', 'limitations', 'study', 'theresults', 'suggest', 'school', 'psychologists', 'supportparents', 'providing', 'specific', 'strategies', 'increase', 'struc', 'incorporate', 'healthy', 'routines', 'physicalactivity', 'overall', 'these', 'three', 'articles', 'highlight', 'importantinformation', 'school', 'psychologists', 'consider', 'wecontinue', 'adapt', 'adjust', 'needs', 'staff', 'families', 'within', 'context', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'psychoeducational', 'assessmentshould', 'conducted', 'after', 'careful', 'consideration', 'ofethical', 'legal', 'safety', 'issues', 'stifel', 'similarly', 'conducted', 'technologyshould', 'assumed', 'equivalent', 'paper', 'aspiranti', 'children', 'inattention', 'andhyperactivity', 'appears', 'negatively', 'affected', 'duringthe', 'pandemic', 'suggesting', 'additional', 'parent', 'consul', 'tation', 'likely', 'warranted', 'wendel', 'whilefurther', 'scholarship', 'needed', 'address', 'topicsrelated', 'covid', 'supporting', 'education', 'learning', 'adjustment', 'being', 'students', 'thesearticles', 'contribute', 'school', 'psychology', 'emerging', 'logue', 'covid', 'global', 'pandemic', 'nationalsyndemicnew', 'paper']
['ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '202035covid', 'state', 'research', 'perspective', 'psychologykalsoom', 'nawaz', 'hafiza', 'saeed', 'tanveer', 'aslam', 'sajeel', 'riphah', 'international', 'university', 'lahore', 'pakistan', 'riphah', 'international', 'university', 'lahore', 'pakistan', 'clinical', 'psychologist', 'amina', 'abdullah', 'hospital', 'deplapur', 'okara', 'pakistancorresponding', 'author', 'email', 'kalsoombutt35', 'gmail', 'comabstractthis', 'study', 'identify', 'current', 'psychological', 'research', 'status', 'perspective', 'ofcovid', 'doing', 'extracted', 'scopus', 'database', 'order', 'outlinethe', 'trends', 'terms', 'number', 'publications', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'authorships', 'constructed', 'intellectual', 'structure', 'research', 'ofvos', 'viewer', 'software', 'besides', 'based', 'understating', 'content', 'publishedliterature', 'presented', 'suggestions', 'practitioners', 'future', 'researchers', 'keywords', 'covid', 'bibliometric', 'analysis', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'psychologicalinterventionsto', 'documentnawaz', 'saeed', 'sajeel', 'covid', 'state', 'research', 'perspectiveof', 'psychology', 'international', 'journal', 'business', 'psychology', 'introductioncovid', 'originated', 'wuhan', 'china', 'december', 'become', 'mostsignificant', 'health', 'economic', 'challenges', 'governments', 'around', 'world', 'world', 'healthorganizations', 'confirmed', 'global', 'epidemic', 'january', 'deterrent', 'spreadof', 'covid', 'countries', 'already', 'announced', 'complete', 'lockdown', 'jiloha', 'besides', 'government', 'research', 'institutes', 'funding', 'agencies', 'spending', 'curefor', 'covid', 'connection', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'february', 'assessed', 'theexisting', 'level', 'research', 'information', 'covid', 'resultantly', 'issued', 'toglobal', 'research', 'communities', 'prioritize', 'funding', 'covid', 'thispandemic', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'meeting', 'organization', 'headquarter', 'infebruary', 'identified', 'following', 'focus', 'research', 'mobilize', 'study', 'rapid', 'evaluation', 'treatment', 'community', 'levelinternational', 'journal', 'business', 'psychologyvol', 'issue', '1ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '2020362', 'evaluate', 'available', 'immediately', 'level', 'treatment', 'strategies', 'aremost', 'effective', 'china', 'elsewhere3', 'evaluate', 'impact', 'adjunctive', 'supportive', 'therapies', 'possible4', 'optimize', 'protective', 'equipment', 'other', 'interventions', 'avoid', 'manageinfections', 'healthcare', 'community', 'environments5', 'review', 'current', 'information', 'classify', 'animal', 'avoid', 'continued', 'spillover', 'andbetter', 'understand', 'transmissibility', 'virus', 'various', 'contexts', 'diseasefrequency', 'vulnerable', 'infection6', 'review', 'evidence', 'available', 'identify', 'animal', 'prevent', 'continued', 'spillover', 'andto', 'better', 'understand', 'virus', 'transmissibility', 'different', 'contexts', 'severity', 'ofdisease', 'susceptible', 'infection7', 'accelerate', 'evaluation', 'investigational', 'therapeutics', 'vaccines', 'using', 'masterprotocols8', 'maintain', 'degree', 'communication', 'interaction', 'among', 'funders', 'criticalresearch', 'implemented9', 'broadly', 'rapidly', 'share', 'virus', 'materials', 'clinical', 'samples', 'immediate', 'publichealth', 'purposes', 'study', 'supporting', 'research', 'agenda', 'regarding', 'sharing', 'current', 'andemerging', 'trends', 'research', 'covid', 'numerous', 'studies', 'published', 'covid', '19covering', 'different', 'aspects', 'medications', 'immunology', 'microbiology', 'biochemistry', 'genetics', 'molecular', 'biology', 'pharmacology', 'toxicology', 'pharmaceutics', 'however', 'veryless', 'research', 'about', 'psychological', 'aspect', 'consequences', 'covid', 'early', 'basiscovid', 'conclude', 'connects', 'psychiatric', 'neuropsychiatric', 'conditions', 'suchas', 'fatigue', 'stress', 'feeling', 'loneliness', 'sleep', 'disorders', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'psychological', 'distress', 'mazza', 'traumatic', 'stress', 'disorder', 'cognitive', 'impairment', 'altered', 'consciousness', 'delirium', 'rogers', 'therefore', 'study', 'review', 'analyze', 'bibliometricdata', 'research', 'related', 'psychological', 'aspect', 'support', 'initiative', 'andcure', 'aftermath', 'pandemic', 'bibliometric', 'quantitative', 'study', 'investigating', 'trends', 'trajectories', 'scientificcommunication', 'believe', 'analysis', 'research', 'covid', 'researchers', 'toappreciate', 'existing', 'research', 'prepare', 'future', 'research', 'design', 'directions', 'first', 'presents', 'trend', 'publication', 'citation', 'relating', 'december', 'may2020', 'secondly', 'analyze', 'worldwide', 'perception', 'countries', 'maximum', 'number', 'ofarticles', 'citations', 'third', 'productive', 'universities', 'institutes', 'enlisted', 'fourth', 'theleading', 'journals', 'identified', 'fifth', 'prolific', 'authors', 'identified', 'based', 'numeralpublications', 'citations', 'terms', 'covid', 'research', 'study', 'bibliometric', 'coupling', 'andco', 'citation', 'analysis', 'these', 'journals', 'countries', 'authors', 'related', 'other', 'lastly', 'based', 'reviews', 'obtained', 'suggest', 'future', 'research', 'agenda', 'covid', 'research', 'perspective', 'psychology', 'critical', 'participation', 'research', 'offers', 'general', 'famouscountries', 'journals', 'occurring', 'keywords', 'future', 'research', 'agendas', 'covid', 'researchfrom', 'perspective', 'psychology', 'study', 'assist', 'editorial', 'journals', 'torecognize', 'probable', 'growth', 'future', 'research', 'methodscopus', 'database', 'search', 'research', 'publications', 'covid', 'scopus', 'databaseis', 'extensive', 'reviewed', 'research', 'repositories', 'social', 'sciences', 'ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '202037repository', 'accessed', 'acknowledged', 'empirical', 'quantitative', 'research', 'donthu', 'following', 'criteria', 'research', 'consist', 'these', 'entitle', 'covid', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'coronavirus', 'andsearched', 'title', 'abstract', 'keywords', 'option', 'search', 'results', 'showed', 'publicationssince', 'december', 'bibliometric', 'technique', 'evaluate', 'collected', 'statistics', 'bibliometric', 'aresearch', 'field', 'library', 'information', 'science', 'studies', 'bibliometric', 'stuffwith', 'quantitative', 'method', 'broadus', 'technique', 'instrumental', 'classifying', 'andanalyzing', 'general', 'trend', 'specific', 'issue', 'journal', 'research', 'country', 'bonillaet', 'martínez', 'lópez', 'literature', 'bibliometric', 'studies', 'todetermine', 'significance', 'subject', 'laengle', 'journals', 'amiguet', 'educational', 'institutes', 'martínez', 'lópez', 'country', 'bonilla', 'viewer', 'bibliographical', 'material', 'graphically', 'eckand', 'waltman', 'viewer', 'takes', 'bibliographic', 'input', 'converts', 'outputinto', 'graphs', 'research', 'other', 'bibliometric', 'methods', 'including', 'citingof', 'author', 'keywords', 'kessler', 'happens', 'documents', 'discuss', 'thirddocument', 'studies', 'usually', 'known', 'studies', 'citation', 'takes', 'place', 'thesame', 'three', 'texts', 'publications', 'studies', 'study', 'moreover', 'concurrence', 'keywords', 'analyses', 'keywords', 'appear', 'frequentlyin', 'papers', 'following', 'prominent', 'bibliographic', 'studies', 'donthu', 'thisstudy', 'authors', 'institutions', 'citation', 'documents', 'journals', 'occurrence', 'keywords', 'classify', 'keywords', 'under', 'general', 'topics', 'resultsthe', 'search', 'scopus', 'database', 'showed', 'there', 'total', 'documents', 'related', 'tocovid', 'psychology', 'brief', 'content', 'analysis', 'these', 'articles', 'revealed', 'thepublications', 'focused', 'impact', 'covid', 'psychological', 'issues', 'however', 'rarestudies', 'discussed', 'suggestions', 'interventions', 'pandemic', 'thisstudy', 'endeavor', 'address', 'issue', 'while', 'providing', 'holistic', 'psychological', 'researchtill', 'leading', 'countries', 'covid', '19since', 'covid', 'affected', 'almost', 'countries', 'world', 'withthis', 'pandemic', 'several', 'countries', 'around', 'globe', 'contributed', 'spread', 'awareness', 'throughpublication', 'their', 'research', 'following', 'table', 'categorized', 'countries', 'thegreatest', 'number', 'these', 'results', 'might', 'future', 'researchers', 'productiveand', 'impactful', 'countries', 'terms', 'psychological', 'research', 'perspective', 'covid', 'following', 'table', 'presents', 'results', 'countries', 'contributed', 'publicationstill', 'ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '202038table', 'productive', 'countriesrank', 'country', 'publications1', 'united', 'states', 'united', 'kingdom', 'china', 'canada', 'australia', 'italy', 'ireland', 'spain', 'france', 'india', 'great', 'interest', 'understand', 'networking', 'connection', 'among', 'thecountries', 'publishing', 'research', 'covid', 'doing', 'utilized', 'viewer', 'ofsoftware', 'constructed', 'networking', 'structure', 'terms', 'bibliometric', 'coupling', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'occurs', 'documents', 'third', 'study', 'commonly', 'regardingcountries', 'bibliometric', 'coupling', 'occurs', 'document', 'different', 'countries', 'citethe', 'third', 'document', 'their', 'publications', 'shows', 'other', 'countries', 'similarliterature', 'their', 'publications', 'figure', 'countriesijbpsy', 'nawaz', '202039figure', 'represents', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'among', 'countries', 'based', 'fiveclusters', 'represented', 'different', 'colors', 'green', 'yellow', 'purple', 'hasstrong', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'bigger', 'circle', 'shows', 'stronger', 'bibliographiccoupling', 'countries', 'green', 'color', 'clusters', 'strong', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'other', 'color', 'clusters', 'while', 'having', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'country', 'level', 'question', 'might', 'loomaround', 'authors', 'different', 'countries', 'networked', 'terms', 'authorship', 'address', 'issue', 'developing', 'networking', 'diagram', 'authorship', 'countrylevelwhile', 'having', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'country', 'level', 'question', 'mightloom', 'around', 'authors', 'different', 'countries', 'networked', 'terms', 'authorshipare', 'address', 'issue', 'developing', 'networking', 'diagram', 'authorship', 'thecountry', 'level', 'table', 'authorship', 'among', 'countriesno', 'country', 'documents', 'citations', 'total', 'strength1', 'united', 'states', '145572', 'united', 'kingdom', '121663', 'china', '73964', 'canada', '76305', 'australia', '63696', 'italy', '44107', 'ireland', '19278', 'spain', '36239', 'france', '163210', 'india', '1299table', 'shows', 'authorship', 'among', 'countries', 'indicates', 'similardocuments', 'bibliographically', 'coupled', 'common', 'documents', 'thereare', 'twelve', 'clusters', 'found', 'different', 'colors', 'biggest', 'circle', 'showed', 'strongestco', 'authorship', 'respective', 'countries', 'cluster', 'represented', 'color', 'shows', 'strong', 'authorship', 'amongargentina', 'botswana', 'brazil', 'chile', 'colombia', 'dominican', 'republic', 'guatemala', 'mexico', 'panama', 'paraguay', 'puerto', 'uruguay', 'cluster', 'represented', 'withmaroon', 'color', 'comprises', 'india', 'indonesia', 'lebanon', 'zeeland', 'nigeria', 'pakistan', 'portugal', 'serbia', 'singapore', 'tunisia', 'color', 'cluster', 'encompassesaustralia', 'bangladesh', 'canada', 'china', 'finland', 'japan', 'macau', 'philippines', 'russia', 'federation', 'countries', 'present', 'similar', 'clusters', 'strong', 'authorships', 'ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '202040figure', 'authorship', 'among', 'countriestop', 'journalsone', 'other', 'important', 'aspects', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'thejournals', 'publish', 'frequently', 'psychology', 'research', 'perspective', 'ofcovid', 'following', 'table', 'represented', 'journal', 'published', '10papers', 'covid', 'first', 'seven', 'months', '26hjuly', 'psychological', 'traumatheory', 'research', 'practice', 'policy', 'remains', 'productive', 'journal', 'terms', 'anumber', 'publications', 'covid', 'aspects', 'psychology', 'while', 'irishjournal', 'psychological', 'medicine', 'remains', 'productive', 'publications', 'suggest', 'these', 'facts', 'future', 'researchers', 'should', 'consult', 'these', 'journals', 'fortheir', 'seminal', 'table', 'journalsno', 'journal', 'title', 'publication1', 'psychological', 'trauma', 'theory', 'research', 'practice', 'policy', 'irish', 'journal', 'psychological', 'medicine', 'social', 'anthropology', 'asian', 'journal', 'psychiatry', 'counselling', 'psychology', 'quarterly', 'journal', 'trauma', 'journal', 'humanistic', 'psychology', 'journal', 'affective', 'disorders', 'nature', 'human', 'behaviour', 'journal', 'psychotherapy', 'integration', '13ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '202041figure', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'journalsco', 'occurrence', 'keywordstable', 'figure', 'display', 'occurring', 'keywords', 'using', 'inpublished', 'documents', 'occurrence', 'keywords', 'frequently', 'occur', 'studieddocuments', 'given', 'psychological', 'aspect', 'infectious', 'covid', 'virus', 'causes', 'mentalhealth', 'problems', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'stress', 'traumatic', 'stress', 'disorder', 'thefuture', 'research', 'trends', 'around', 'these', 'occurring', 'words', 'explore', 'about', 'thisphenomenon', 'table', 'occurring', 'keywordsno', 'keywords', 'occurrences', 'total', 'strength1', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'coronavirus', 'mental', 'health', 'anxiety', 'trauma', 'depression', 'stress', 'covid', 'pandemic', '30ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '202042', 'figure', 'occurrence', 'keywordsdiscussion', 'psychological', 'interventionsevidence', 'suggests', 'covid', 'consequences', 'patient', 'families', 'andsociety', 'scientist', 'biologist', 'continuing', 'their', 'efforts', 'thispandemic', 'social', 'psychological', 'aspects', 'should', 'ignored', 'however', 'sincemost', 'resources', 'devoted', 'occupied', 'biomedical', 'research', 'hence', 'currentstate', 'psychology', 'research', 'bibliometric', 'analysis', 'thepsychological', 'research', 'first', 'seven', 'months', 'pandemic', 'substantiated', 'claim', 'bibliometric', 'analysis', 'showed', 'there', 'studies', 'psychologicalconsequences', 'covid', 'keeping', 'researchers', 'should', 'forward', 'helpformulate', 'interventions', 'practical', 'theoretical', 'research', 'should', 'initiated', 'copewith', 'crisis', 'strengthen', 'mental', 'psychological', 'health', 'psychological', 'criesshould', 'taken', 'public', 'health', 'emergencies', 'cooperation', 'between', 'community', 'healthservices', 'mental', 'health', 'institutions', 'should', 'decoupled', 'studies', 'thepast', 'confirmed', 'individuals', 'experienced', 'public', 'healthemergencies', 'still', 'varying', 'degrees', 'stress', 'disorders', 'after', 'event', 'orthey', 'cured', 'discharged', 'hospital', 'indicating', 'these', 'individuals', 'should', 'notbe', 'ignored', 'cheng', 'there', 'systematic', 'studies', 'ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '202043interventions', 'psychological', 'problems', 'hence', 'present', 'somesuggestions', 'practitioners', 'researchers', 'consider', 'formulating', 'psychologicalintervention', 'conducting', 'psychological', 'research', 'immediate', 'support', 'system', 'should', 'established', 'early', 'weeks', 'novelcoronavirus', 'awareness', 'programs', 'should', 'conducted', 'through', 'devices', 'television', 'radio', 'mobile', 'phone', 'internet', 'resources', 'there', 'should', 'audio', 'video', 'highlightedmessage', 'attracts', 'attention', 'community', 'programs', 'based', 'psycho', 'educationof', 'covid', 'disease', 'course', 'precautionary', 'measures', 'symptoms', 'management', 'allprograms', 'telecast', 'healthcare', 'mental', 'health', 'professionals', 'expert', 'sinterviews', 'messages', 'regarding', 'disease', 'course', 'severity', 'clinical', 'symptoms', 'placeof', 'treatment', 'other', 'factors', 'classify', 'individuals', 'management', 'interventionsshould', 'addressed', 'venerable', 'groups', 'communities', 'children', 'elderly', 'andimmigrant', 'workers', 'universities', 'institutes', 'should', 'online', 'courses', 'platforms', 'providecounseling', 'services', 'patients', 'their', 'family', 'members', 'people', 'suspectedinfection', 'disease', 'underneath', 'isolation', 'community', 'psychological', 'healthservices', 'should', 'primary', 'mental', 'health', 'concerned', 'although', 'since', 'ofcomplicated', 'strategies', 'heavy', 'burden', 'workloads', 'insufficient', 'training', 'inpsychiatry', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'community', 'health', 'services', 'always', 'todiminish', 'psychological', 'distress', 'patients', 'specialized', 'comprising', 'mentalhealth', 'services', 'dealing', 'emotional', 'distress', 'other', 'psychological', 'disorders', 'causedby', 'epidemics', 'further', 'public', 'health', 'emergencies', 'experience', 'covid', 'survivors', 'prone', 'bearnegative', 'behavioral', 'emotional', 'responses', 'grievance', 'bitterness', 'anger', 'fearthat', 'needed', 'dealt', 'sensitive', 'instance', 'tailor', 'psychological', 'screening', 'personal', 'inquiry', 'invitation', 'psychological', 'consultation', 'ratherthan', 'arbitrarily', 'distributing', 'postal', 'questionnaires', 'would', 'appropriate', 'andreceptive', 'counseling', 'addition', 'facing', 'possible', 'future', 'outbreak', 'psychologicalpreparation', 'stress', 'inoculation', 'meichenbaum', 'needed', 'strengthenthe', 'sense', 'social', 'support', 'reduce', 'associated', 'social', 'discrimination', 'facilitate', 'ofsocially', 'endorsed', 'communication', 'channels', 'without', 'reducing', 'amount', 'contact', 'brainstorm', 'share', 'possible', 'coping', 'educate', 'adopt', 'realistic', 'threat', 'appraisaland', 'booster', 'morale', 'among', 'staff', 'second', 'psychological', 'assessment', 'covid', 'survivors', 'cliniciansshould', 'include', 'social', 'support', 'negative', 'appraisal', 'perceived', 'impacts', 'positive', 'appraisal', 'traumatic', 'growth', 'efficacy', 'which', 'essential', 'parameters', 'formonitoring', 'ongoing', 'psychological', 'perceived', 'physical', 'health', 'covid', '19survivors', 'third', 'these', 'significant', 'psychosocial', 'correlates', 'embed', 'essential', 'values', 'theclinical', 'intervention', 'covid', 'survivors', 'instance', 'given', 'significant', 'ofnegative', 'appraisal', 'outcomes', 'cognitive', 'techniques', 'comparing', 'thedisadvantages', 'reappraising', 'disastrous', 'fears', 'might', 'appropriate', 'particular', 'ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '202044maladaptive', 'thinking', 'beliefs', 'elicited', 'further', 'clinicians', 'should', 'activelyinquire', 'about', 'impacts', 'covid', 'elicit', 'educate', 'various', 'coping', 'effortsthat', 'booster', 'coping', 'confidence', 'reinforce', 'their', 'perceived', 'ability', 'withthe', 'impacts', 'allowing', 'survivors', 'review', 'reiterate', 'personal', 'growthfrom', 'traumatic', 'experience', 'create', 'positive', 'meaning', 'reframe', 'impacts', 'andpossibly', 'alleviate', 'their', 'distressnew', 'paper']
['fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '1original', 'researchpublished', 'september', '2020doi', 'fpsyg', '01924edited', 'ilhan', 'ozturk', 'university', 'turkey', 'reviewed', 'jasim', 'tariq', 'university', 'pakistanmuhammad', 'usman', 'jiangsu', 'university', 'china', 'correspondence', 'khurram', 'shehzadkhurramscholar64', 'hotmail', 'comspecialty', 'section', 'article', 'submitted', 'toorganizational', 'psychology', 'section', 'journalfrontiers', 'psychologyreceived', '2020accepted', '2020published', 'september', '2020citation', 'shehzad', 'xiaoxing', 'rehman', 'ilyas', 'investigating', 'psychologyof', 'financial', 'markets', 'during', 'covid', '19era', 'study', 'usand', 'european', 'markets', 'front', 'psychol', 'fpsyg', '01924investigating', 'psychology', 'offinancial', 'markets', 'during', 'covid', '19era', 'study', 'andeuropean', 'marketskhurram', 'shehzad1', 'xiaoxing1', 'muhammad', 'arif2', 'khaliq', 'rehman3', 'andmuhammad', 'ilyas21', 'school', 'economics', 'management', 'southeast', 'university', 'nanjing', 'china', 'school', 'economics', 'finance', 'anjiaotong', 'university', 'china', 'school', 'management', 'wuhan', 'university', 'technology', 'wuhan', 'chinathe', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'imperatively', 'shaken', 'behavior', 'globalfinancial', 'markets', 'study', 'estimated', 'impact', 'covid', 'behavior', 'thefinancial', 'markets', 'europe', 'results', 'revealed', 'returns', 'index', 'greatly', 'affected', 'lockdown', 'owing', 'covid', 'however', 'health', 'crisis', 'generated', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'significantly', 'decreasedthe', 'stock', 'returns', 'nasdaq', 'composite', 'index', 'results', 'showed', 'theeconomic', 'crisis', 'generated', 'pandemic', 'spain', 'impact', 'theibex', 'compared', 'health', 'crisis', 'itself', 'other', 'italy', 'sstock', 'markets', 'affected', 'health', 'crisis', 'contrasted', 'economiccrisis', 'while', 'short', 'lockdown', 'conditions', 'economic', 'instability', 'lowerthe', 'stock', 'returns', 'stock', 'markets', 'witnessed', 'short', 'deficiency', 'health', 'management', 'systems', 'imperatively', 'damaged', 'stock', 'returns', 'thelondon', 'stock', 'exchange', 'investigation', 'revealed', 'deficiency', 'health', 'systemsand', 'lockdown', 'conditions', 'imperatively', 'damaged', 'structure', 'financial', 'markets', 'inferring', 'sustainable', 'development', 'these', 'nations', 'covid', 'thestudy', 'suggested', 'governments', 'should', 'allocate', 'their', 'budget', 'healthsector', 'overcome', 'health', 'crisis', 'future', 'keywords', 'covid', 'financial', 'stability', 'financial', 'markets', 'psychology', 'sustainable', 'development', 'globaldevelopment', 'health', 'crisis', 'economic', 'crisisintroductionhistorically', 'countries', 'affected', 'pandemic', 'epidemic', 'large', 'oflife', 'impact', 'within', 'economy', 'their', 'financial', 'markets', 'specificexample', 'would', 'spread', 'ebola', 'disease', 'which', 'caused', '53billion', 'dollars', 'fernandes', 'however', 'potential', 'damages', 'currentvirus', 'still', 'largely', 'unknown', 'significantly', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'infection', 'diseasewas', 'first', 'reported', 'wuhan', 'december', 'spread', 'rapidly', 'almost', 'thewhole', 'world', 'within', 'months', 'albulescu', 'compared', 'severe', 'acuterespiratory', 'syndrome', 'covid', 'contagious', 'which', 'indicated', 'byfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid', 'different', 'fatality', 'rate1', 'covid', 'infected', '413individuals', 'deaths', 'documentedthroughout', 'globe', 'until', 'april', 'financial', 'times', 'order', 'eradicate', 'pandemic', 'world', 'healthorganization', 'recommended', 'maintaining', 'social', 'distance', 'which', 'generated', 'severe', 'lockdown', 'situation', 'globe', 'accordingly', 'economic', 'circle', 'wholeworld', 'disturbed', 'notably', 'online', 'travelagencies', 'airlines', 'hotels', 'unexpectedly', 'declined', 'world', 'economic', 'forum', 'prices', 'nosediveddue', 'sudden', 'outbreak', 'pandemic', 'dueto', 'globalization', 'current', 'coronavirus', 'outbreak', 'aggravatethe', 'economic', 'condition', 'which', 'toward', 'financialmeltdown', 'huang', 'pandemic', 'caused', 'asevere', 'psychological', 'impact', 'economy', 'while', 'agitatingservice', 'industries', 'financial', 'markets', 'moreover', 'coronavirus', 'outbreak', 'severely', 'affected', 'thefinancial', 'markets', 'while', 'declining', 'value', 'stock', 'index', 'daube', 'surprisingly', 'specific', 'eventscan', 'fluctuate', 'stock', 'values', 'shehzad', 'sohail', 'figure', '1revealed', 'market', 'value', 'european', 'american', 'chinese', 'markets', 'january', 'march', 'period', 'divided', 'three', 'rounds', 'comparison', 'purposes', 'first', 'lagged', 'january', 'january', 'second', 'lagged', 'january', 'march', 'thethird', 'lagged', 'denoted', 'period', 'march', 'march18', 'results', 'showed', 'market', 'values', 'theseindices', 'significantly', 'declined', 'third', 'lagged', 'covid', 'approached', 'western', 'countries', 'spain', 'stock', 'marketshare', 'value', 'decreased', 'third', 'lagged', 'covid', 'tremendously', 'shrank', 'greece', 'stock', 'markets', 'moreover', 'figure', 'illustrates', 'volatility', 'index', 'fromjanuary', 'march', 'denotes', 'world', 'facedsevere', 'financial', 'crises', 'stock', 'markets', 'collapsed', 'economies', 'through', 'enormous', 'pressure', 'similarscenario', 'built', 'during', 'global', 'pandemic', 'covid', 'stock', 'market', 'variance', 'highest', 'second', 'timeafter', 'global', 'financial', 'crises', 'regard', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'impact', 'alsodetrimental', 'pandemic', 'behavior', 'unknown', 'effecton', 'stock', 'return', 'longer', 'relevant', 'usstock', 'volatility', 'agitated', 'enormous', 'spreadof', 'pandemic', 'resulting', 'severe', 'economic', 'crisis', 'sharifet', 'circumstances', 'quite', 'significant', 'toanalyze', 'coronavirus', 'short', 'impacts', 'theadvanced', 'countries', 'stock', 'return', 'investigation', 'arguedthat', 'confirmed', 'patients', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'increase', 'lockdown', 'conditions', 'becomes', 'stricter', 'which', 'asignificant', 'economic', 'crisis', 'shocked', 'economic', 'stabilityof', 'nations', 'moreover', 'deaths', 'befell', 'result', 'novelcoronavirus', 'specified', 'deficiency', 'health', 'facilities', 'which', 'hadcaused', 'substantial', 'health', 'crisis', 'particularly', 'examinationanalyzed', 'effects', 'economic', 'health', 'crisis', 'thenovel', 'coronavirus', 'behavior', 'financial', 'markets', 'the1the', 'fatality', 'while', 'fatality', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'around', 'globe', 'united', 'states', 'germany', 'united', 'kingdom', 'italy', 'andspain', 'period', 'february', 'april', 'study', 'elucidates', 'effects', 'executing', 'linear', 'autoregressive', 'distributed', 'lagged', 'nardl', 'model', 'thisinvestigation', 'provides', 'remarkable', 'policies', 'handlethe', 'impacts', 'covid', 'financial', 'market', 'andanswers', 'momentous', 'queries', 'researchers', 'policymakers', 'government', 'officials', 'academicians', 'firstly', 'doescovid', 'linear', 'impact', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'secondly', 'health', 'crisis', 'economic', 'instabilitygenerated', 'covid', 'significant', 'impact', 'index', 'thirdly', 'nasdaq', 'composite', 'index', 'index', 'respond', 'critically', 'covid', 'crisis', 'fourthly', 'economic', 'crisis', 'generated', 'covid', 'orthe', 'health', 'crisis', 'significant', 'impact', 'stock', 'returns', 'fifthly', 'suspended', 'circle', 'economy', 'tolockdown', 'begin', 'again', 'according', 'author', 'knowledge', 'first', 'study', 'examines', 'asymmetrical', 'impactof', 'covid', 'psychology', 'stock', 'markets', 'mostlyinfected', 'nations', 'world', 'firstly', 'project', 'ascertainedthe', 'stationary', 'level', 'study', 'variables', 'discovered', 'thevariables', 'stationary', 'stationaryat', 'hence', 'linear', 'version', 'autoregressivedistributed', 'model', 'applied', 'methodologydatathis', 'study', 'utilized', 'daily', 'number', 'confirmedpatients', 'deaths', 'covid', 'stock', 'markets', 'ofthe', 'spain', 'italy', 'germany', 'period', 'offebruary', 'april', 'study', 'taken', 'datafrom', 'database', 'yahoo', 'finance', 'european', 'centerfor', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention', 'further', 'investigationanalyzed', 'daily', 'returns', 'andlondon', 'stock', 'exchange', 'nomination', 'spain', 'italy', 'germany', 'however', 'nasdaq', 'compositeindex', 'represents', 'methodologythis', 'investigation', 'utilized', 'stock', 'market', 'daily', 'returns', 'asthe', 'dependent', 'variable', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'deaths', 'theindependent', 'variable', 'daily', 'returns', 'study', 'arecomputed', 'follows', 'syllignakis', 'kouretas', 'shehzadand', 'sohail', 'denote', 'return', 'value', 'closingprice', 'previous', 'closing', 'price', 'astock', 'market', 'respectively', 'linear', 'association', 'between', 'thesevariables', 'defined', '1sprt', 'β1usct', 'β2usdt', '1nsrt', 'β1usct', 'β2usdt', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '3shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid', '19figure', 'deterioration', 'stock', 'markets', 'owing', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '4shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid', '19figure', 'variations', 'global', 'financial', 'crisis', 'andcovid', 'crisis', '1ibert', 'β1spct', 'β2spdt', '1ftmrt', 'β1itlct', 'β2itldt', '1daxrt', 'β1gerct', 'β2gerdt', '1lsert', 'β1ukct', 'β2ukdt', 'where', 'signifies', 'first', 'difference', 'β0β1β2', 'theindependent', 'parameters', 'however', 'defines', 'return', 'values', 'nasdaqcomposite', 'index', 'london', 'stock', 'exchange', 'respectively', 'moreover', 'indicate', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'covid', 'spain', 'italy', 'germany', 'respectively', 'further', 'refer', 'confirmeddeaths', 'covid', 'spain', 'italy', 'germany', 'andthe', 'respectively', 'ascertain', 'short', 'asymmetries', 'thisstudy', 'employed', 'linear', 'autoregressive', 'distributed', 'nardl', 'model', 'introduced', 'modelperforms', 'small', 'number', 'observations', 'beapplied', 'mixed', 'level', 'stationary', 'itevaluates', 'linearity', 'cointegration', 'between', 'variablesin', 'equation', 'shared', 'short', 'variations', 'runasymmetries', 'after', 'taking', 'parameters', 'account', 'nardl', 'model', 'extended', 'ofthe', 'pesaran', 'model', 'hence', 'ofnardl', 'model', 'stock', 'market', 'specified', '1sprt', 'ϑ1xpi', '11sprt', 'ϑ2axpi', '11usc', 'ϑ2bxpi', '11usc', '1ϑ3axpi', '11usd', 'ϑ3bxpi', '11usd', 'γ1sprt', 'γ2ausc', 'γ2busc', 'γ3ausd', 'γ3busd', '1nsrt', 'ϑ1xpi', '11nsrt', 'ϑ2axpi', '11usc', 'ϑ2bxpi', '11usc', '1ϑ3axpi', '11usd', 'ϑ3bxpi', '11usd', 'γ1nsrt', 'γ2ausc', 'γ2busc', 'γ3ausd', 'γ3busd', '1ibert', 'ϑ1xpi', '11ibert', 'ϑ2axpi', '11spc', 'ϑ2bxpi', '11spc', '1ϑ3axpi', '11spd', 'ϑ3bxpi', '11spd', 'γ1ibert', 'γ2aspc', 'γ2bspc', 'γ3aspd', 'γ3bspd', '1ftmrt', 'ϑ1xpi', '11ftmrt', 'ϑ2axpi', '11itlc', 'ϑ2bxpi', '11itlc', '1ϑ3axpi', '11itld', 'ϑ3bxpi', '11itld', 'γ1ftmrt', 'γ2aitlc', 'γ2bitlc', 'γ3aitld', 'γ3bitld', '1daxrt', 'ϑ1xpi', '11daxrt', 'ϑ2axpi', '11gerc', 'ϑ2bxpi', '11gerc', 'ϑ3axpi', '11gerd', 'ϑ3bxpi', '11gerd', 'γ1daxrt', 'γ2agerc', 'γ2bgerc', 'γ3agerd', 'γ3bgerd', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '5shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid', '191lsert', 'ϑ1xpi', '11lsert', 'ϑ2axpi', '11ukc', 'ϑ2bxpi', '11ukc', '1ϑ3axpi', '11ukd', 'ϑ3bxpi', '11ukd', 'γ1lsert', 'γ2aukc', 'γ2bukc', 'γ3aukd', 'γ3bukd', 'ϑ2bϑ3aand', 'short', 'factors', 'whileγ1', 'γ3bindicates', 'parameters', 'whereas', 'symbolizes', 'number', 'modelbased', 'akaik', 'information', 'criterion', 'schwarz', 'informationcriterion', 'above', 'stated', 'equations', 'assumed', 'thatconfirmed', 'number', 'cases', 'deaths', 'covid', 'haveasymmetrical', 'impact', 'stock', 'returns', '1designates', 'positive', 'shock', 'though', 'andukd', '1implies', 'negative', 'shock', 'variable', 'iscomputed', 'follows', 'delineates', 'positive', 'shock', 'variable', 'denotesthe', 'asymmetric', 'distributive', 'error', 'correction', 'forthese', 'factors', 'written', 'follows', '1sprt', 'ϑ1xpi', '11sprt', 'ϑ2axpi', '11usc', 'ϑ2bxpi', '11usc', '1ϑ3axpi', '11usd', 'ϑ3bxpi', '11usd', 'φ1ectt', '1nsrt', 'ϑ1xpi', '11nsrt', 'ϑ2axpi', '11usc', 'ϑ2bxpi', '11usc', '1ϑ3axpi', '11usd', 'ϑ3bxpi', '11usd', 'φ1ectt', '1ibert', 'ϑ1xpi', '11ibert', 'ϑ2axpi', '11spc', 'ϑ2bxpi', '11spc', '1ϑ3axpi', '11spd', 'ϑ3bxpi', '11spd', 'φ1ectt', '1ftmrt', 'ϑ1xpi', '11ftmrt', 'ϑ2axpi', '11itlc', 'ϑ2bxpi', '11itlc', '1ϑ3axpi', '11itld', 'ϑ3bxpi', '11itld', 'φ1ectt', '1daxrt', 'ϑ1xpi', '11daxrt', 'ϑ2axpi', '11gerc', 'ϑ2bxpi', '11gerc', '1ϑ3axpi', '11gerd', 'ϑ3bxpi', '11gerd', 'φ1ectt', '1lsert', 'ϑ1xpi', '11lsert', 'ϑ2axpi', '11ukc', 'ϑ2bxpi', '11ukc', '1ϑ3axpi', '11ukd', 'ϑ3bxpi', '11ukd', 'φ1ectt', 'directs', 'error', 'correction', 'runcointegration', 'among', 'variables', 'examined', 'through', 'boundtest', 'approach', 'pesaran', 'method', 'relies', 'evaluate', 'hypothesis', 'purpose', 'pesaran', 'defined', 'bounds', 'upper', 'lower', 'bound', 'estimated', 'statistics', 'thehigher', 'upper', 'bound', 'limit', 'hypothesis', 'nocointegration', 'rejected', 'however', 'projected', 'value', 'lower', 'lower', 'bound', 'limit', 'hypothesis', 'cannotbe', 'rejected', 'besides', 'value', 'remains', 'between', 'bothlimits', 'results', 'conclusive', 'projectemployed', 'verify', 'asymmetric', '3bγ1andshort', '3bϑ1asymmetricrelationship', 'between', 'study', 'variables', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '6shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid', '19study', 'findingsthe', 'descriptive', 'summary', 'showed', 'table', 'during', 'covid', 'stock', 'returns', 'negative', 'further', 'skewnessvalues', 'these', 'markets', 'negative', 'except', 'withhigh', 'kurtosis', 'which', 'predicts', 'chances', 'these', 'table', 'presents', 'results', 'augmented', 'dickey', 'fuller', 'dickey', 'fuller', 'phillip', 'perron', 'phillips', 'perron', 'showed', 'study', 'variableshave', 'diverse', 'stationary', 'levels', 'variableis', 'cointegrated', 'bound', 'cointegration', 'falloutsthe', 'outcomes', 'bound', 'displayed', 'table', 'disclosedsignificant', 'statistical', 'evidence', 'association', 'betweenstudy', 'variables', 'equation', 'statistics', 'jointsignificance', 'lagged', 'level', 'parameters', 'stated', 'respectively', 'these', 'valuessurpass', 'upper', 'bound', 'limits', 'implyingthat', 'cointegration', 'exists', 'among', 'economic', 'crisis', 'healthcrisis', 'financial', 'markets', 'equation', 'short', 'asymmetriccointegration', 'reckoningtable', 'exhibited', 'upshots', 'statisticsparticularized', 'linear', 'associationwith', 'however', 'revealed', 'short', 'asymmetricaffiliation', 'besides', 'caused', 'asymmetricinfluence', 'short', 'periods', 'while', 'possessed', 'short', 'asymmetry', 'additionally', 'thetable', 'descriptive', 'statistics', 'uscmean', '41737', '08997', '70833', '28187', '956skewness', '68003', '687765', '641313', '027343', '392073', '081854', '35422', '186996kurtosis', '36907', '166164', '206693', '903565', '778953', '75376', '380136', '389965jarque', '26244', '69524', '87966', '47298', '76708probability', '00434', '000161', 'ftmrmean', '18523', '54717', '42086', '40245skewness', '927378', '53985', '120857', '230936', '65869', '232889', '058817', '31595kurtosis', '43888', '59924', '573906', '120135', '135106', '868864', '472667', '04434jarque', '44518', '49843', '45175', '59309', '03773', '08892', '3192probability', '000013', '003185', '000121', '000872', '0source', 'author', 'calculation', 'table', 'statistics', 'statisticsvariable', 'level', 'level', '893713', '54426', '057616', '293963', '969976', '971366', '51473', '935247', '359161', '147762', '393867', '631659', '55646', '451458', '127702', '174362', '400067', '35456', '300231', '849862', '488626', '372171', '27056', '985616', '446574', '65801', '506727', '32241', '159422', '09496', '552953', '028486', '374729', '97616', '775255', '591517', '768878', '87539', '816325', '578091', '746256', '61778', '429147', '36282', '571441', '31254', '89506', '022076', '13962', '847753', '567572', '310638', '46537', '138569', '097646', '384682', '006879', '66594', '40744', '64235', '28961', 'denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '7shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid', '19table', 'results', 'bound', 'statistic', 'value', 'signif', 'statistics', 'value', 'signif', 'statistic', '02410', 'statistic', '165881', '37nsr', 'statistic', '11238', 'statistic', '23325', '37iber', 'statistic', '490181', 'statistic', '03259', '37source', 'author', 'calculation', 'table', 'asymmetry', 'short', 'asymmetry', 'asymmetry', 'short', 'asymmetryspr', 'statusc', '242605', '2916usd', '1767nsr', 'daxrusc', '574046', '589403', '609162', '338933', 'lserspc', '569179', '725822', '640751spd', '61007', '786146', '718125', 'denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation', 'results', 'designated', 'asymmetricrelationship', 'statistics', 'enlightenedthat', 'short', 'linear', 'impacts', 'short', 'linear', 'affiliation', 'moreover', 'denotes', 'asymmetric', 'liaison', 'withlser', 'hence', 'existence', 'linearity', 'study', 'variablesled', 'choose', 'nardl', 'model', 'computing', 'andshort', 'factors', 'modeling', 'nardl', 'parametersthe', 'linear', 'fallouts', 'presented', 'table', 'illustratedthat', 'expansion', 'contraction', 'brings', 'reduction', 'andincrease', 'respectively', 'indicates', 'strict', 'lockdownsubstantially', 'decreases', 'market', 'returns', 'andvice', 'versa', 'further', 'positive', 'shock', 'caused', 'significantrise', 'short', 'lagged', 'values', 'specified', 'anegative', 'shock', 'amplified', 'besides', 'laggedterms', 'described', 'uptick', 'effect', 'improved', 'negative', 'shock', 'second', 'augmented', 'thespr', 'first', 'third', 'represents', 'reverse', 'impact', 'furthermore', 'negative', 'significant', 'value', 'statedthat', 'disequilibrium', 'occurred', 'today', 'covid', '19will', 'adjust', 'speed', 'units', 'subsequent', 'squared', 'value', 'indicated', 'volatility', 'isowing', 'covid', 'model', 'results', 'exhibited', 'table', 'particularizedthat', 'positive', 'negative', 'shocks', 'escalate', 'thensr', 'while', 'enlargement', 'reduction', 'instigate', 'decrease', 'increase', 'specifies', 'upsurge', 'health', 'crisisin', 'expressively', 'distressed', 'nasdaq', 'composite', 'indexand', 'versa', 'nonetheless', 'short', 'negative', 'shockin', 'demonstrated', 'imperative', 'decrease', 'whereas', 'expansion', 'lessens', 'negativeand', 'significant', 'parameter', 'stated', 'financial', 'instabilitygenerated', 'covid', 'would', 'settled', 'speed', '5units', 'square', 'value', 'signified', 'ofinstability', 'occurring', 'result', 'covid', 'finding', 'parameters', 'model', 'table', 'identifiedthat', 'assertive', 'shock', 'encouraging', 'effect', 'besides', 'adverse', 'shocks', 'remain', 'insignificant', 'other', 'escalation', 'decline', 'negative', 'positive', 'influenceon', 'implying', 'strict', 'lockdown', 'considerably', 'caused', 'thefinancial', 'crisis', 'spain', 'period', 'short', 'termperiod', 'intensification', 'decline', 'spdincreased', 'negative', 'significant', 'value', '1elucidated', 'today', 'disequilibrium', 'adjust', 'thenext', 'speed', 'units', 'coefficient', 'squarestated', 'variations', 'owing', 'covid', 'table', 'displayed', 'fallouts', 'stock', 'market', 'condition', 'covid', 'italy', 'stock', 'markets', 'exposedfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '8shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid', '19table', 'asymmetric', 'parameters', 'variables', 'short', 'coefficients', 'error', 'usc_neg', '047867', '003539', '52394', 'usc_neg', '061323', '003402', '02596', 'usc_neg', '108895', '005569', '55339', 'usc_neg', '072915', '003619', '14618', 'usd_pos', '713848', '036514', '55011', 'usd_pos', '23431', '014268', '42276', 'usd_pos', '194744', '01369', '22562', 'usd_pos', '334891', '029691', '27907', 'usd_neg', '377433', '055371', '816426', 'usd_neg', '65514', '097958', '89641', 'usd_neg', '074692', '02737', '728986', 'usd_neg', '650475', '235321', '51275', '0ectt', '369525', '066813', '49782', 'squared', '912909adjusted', 'squared', '892007durbin', 'watson', '006439variables', 'coefficients', 'error', 'usc_pos', '004491', '001667', '694157', '0099usc_neg', '054381', '014406', '774912', '0005usd_pos', '064436', '029631', '174626', '035usd_neg', '290139', '338048', '858278', '3953c', '181416', '264851', '684971', 'denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation', 'table', 'asymmetric', 'parameters', 'variables', 'short', 'coefficients', 'error', 'usd_neg', '039324', '019503', '016267', '0487d', 'usc_pos', '002147', '000382', '622014', 'usc_neg', '002319', '00069', '360414', '0014d', 'usc_neg', '008198', '001064', '703282', '0ectt', '501702', '093855', '00026', 'squared', '812596adjusted', 'squared', '800102durbin', 'watson', '130245variables', 'coefficients', 'error', 'usd_pos', '013042', '004465', '920922', '0051usd_neg', '026413', '030567', '864107', '3913usc_pos', '001013', '00034', '977381', '0043usc_neg', '004258', '001923', '214416', '525513', '274541', '914153', 'denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation', 'reduction', 'diminished', 'amplified', 'inferring', 'heath', 'crisis', 'imperatively', 'contributes', 'italy', 'sfinancial', 'instability', 'period', 'addition', 'growthin', 'enlarged', 'imperatively', 'conditionin', 'italy', 'denoted', 'first', 'second', 'third', 'values', 'ftmrharmed', 'returns', 'growth', 'negativeimpression', 'nonetheless', 'negative', 'shock', 'thesecond', 'value', 'indicated', 'encouraging', 'effect', 'onftmr', 'consequences', 'symbolized', 'proliferationin', 'possess', 'negative', 'ftmer', 'first', 'andsecond', 'value', 'definite', 'furthermore', 'declinein', 'direct', 'influence', 'negative', 'andsignificant', 'figure', 'itemized', 'readjustthe', 'equilibrium', 'speed', 'units', 'squared', 'parameter', 'denoted', 'uncertainty', 'generated', 'inftmr', 'caused', 'covid', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '9shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid', '19table', 'asymmetric', 'parameters', 'variables', 'short', 'coefficients', 'error', '368944', '09522', '0003d', 'spd_pos', '018471', '009268', '0512d', 'spd_neg', '026216', '010675', '0172d', 'spc_pos', '001511', '000911', '1028d', 'spc_neg', '001832', '000966', '0631d', 'spc_neg', '00301', '000996', '0037d', 'spc_neg', '006948', '00129', '0ectt', '824331', '137511', 'squared', '726141adjusted', 'squared', '694191durbin', 'watson', '154368variables', 'coefficients', 'error', 'spd_pos', '053991', '01765', '0034spd_neg', '023488', '018017', '1978spc_pos', '006341', '001968', '0021spc_neg', '005173', '001945', '0102c', '636028', '428132', 'denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation', 'table', 'asymmetric', 'parameters', 'variables', 'short', 'coefficients', 'error', '27947', '138377', '019624', '0493d', '154875', '136743', '132605', '2632d', '295127', '113398', '602569', '0124d', 'itlc_pos', '008711', '001397', '235569', 'itlc_pos', '015154', '003264', '642728', 'itlc_pos', '002589', '573306', '1225d', 'itlc_neg', '001115', '001937', '575378', '5678d', 'itlc_neg', '006885', '00198', '477965', '0011d', 'itlc_neg', '003758', '001782', '109409', '0404d', 'itld_pos', '06983', '014714', '745672', 'itld_pos', '023801', '011962', '989722', '0526d', 'itld_pos', '029575', '010511', '813763', '0072d', 'itld_neg', '002565', '012862', '199404', '8428d', 'itld_neg', '038093', '015194', '507186', '0158d', 'itld_neg', '04502', '013664', '294772', '0019ectt', '959373', '163657', '862111', 'squared', '851016adjusted', 'squared', '807197durbin', 'watson', '763297variables', 'coefficients', 'error', 'itlc_pos', '013317', '005649', '357295', '0227itlc_neg', '001321', '002682', '492464', '6247itld_pos', '109433', '053273', '054209', '0457itld_neg', '048345', '020559', '351573', '500777', '455916', '098396', 'denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation', 'parameters', 'table', 'directed', 'thelong', 'upsurge', 'diminution', 'compacted', 'enlarge', 'moreover', 'decline', 'alsoimproves', 'these', 'findings', 'revealed', 'lockdownand', 'health', 'crises', 'harmful', 'stock', 'markets', 'ofgermany', 'short', 'findings', 'described', 'second', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '10shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid', '19table', 'asymmetric', 'parameters', 'variables', 'short', 'coefficients', 'error', 'gerc_pos', '015476', '001209', '80122', 'gerc_pos', '012439', '001923', '467043', 'gerc_pos', '088025', '005402', '29596', 'gerc_pos', '057992', '003854', '04828', 'gerc_pos', '00647', '99249', 'gerc_neg', '05202', '004721', '11903', 'gerc_neg', '067796', '004325', '67443', 'gerc_neg', '044564', '003649', '21376', 'gerc_neg', '01327', '004158', '191441', '0041d', 'gerc_neg', '183056', '01145', '98705', 'gerd_pos', '101477', '313432', '27619', 'gerd_pos', '265597', '35462', '84858', 'gerd_pos', '054459', '100825', '540134', '5943d', 'gerd_pos', '261756', '386781', '18939', 'gerd_neg', '913296', '288936', '54383', 'gerd_neg', '64757', '850055', '56576', 'gerd_neg', '76795', '466544', '20677', 'gerd_neg', '21192', '08761', '0ectt', '497359', '029762', '71134', 'squared', '945788adjusted', 'squared', '910937durbin', 'watson', '667758variables', 'coefficients', 'error', 'gerc_pos', '016748', '035958', '465776', '6458gerc_neg', '255912', '083972', '0485gerd_pos', '28734', '569148', '548151', '018gerd_neg', '49979', '581496', '0167c', '440744', '93232', '617925', 'denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation', 'table', 'asymmetric', 'parameters', 'variables', 'short', 'coefficients', 'error', 'ukc_pos', '00127', '001661', '764723', '4475d', 'ukc_pos', '022345', '003248', '878603', 'ukc_neg', '009267', '002137', '337228', '0001d', 'ukd_pos', '03503', '00746', '695883', 'ukd_pos', '090212', '014812', '090388', '0ectt', '100754', '115104', '563147', 'squared', '651816adjusted', 'squared', '624182durbin', 'watson', '867108variables', 'coefficients', 'error', 'ukc_pos', '003609', '00191', '889866', '0638ukc_neg', '003213', '002112', '521044', '1337ukd_pos', '075038', '02864', '620078', '0112ukd_neg', '086022', '035056', '453823', '0172c', '319529', '353596', '903654', 'denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation', 'third', 'fourth', 'positive', 'shocks', 'alessening', 'impact', 'however', 'negative', 'shock', 'ingerc', 'other', 'values', 'except', 'first', 'indicatedan', 'indirect', 'association', 'additionally', 'positiveshocks', 'quantified', 'mixed', 'impact', 'while', 'short', 'decline', 'negative', 'firstfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '11shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid', '19lag', 'second', 'third', 'values', 'point', 'positivelinkage', 'these', 'effects', 'because', 'instabilitygenerated', 'covid', 'squared', 'coefficientdiagnosed', 'instability', 'becauseof', 'covid', 'table', 'represents', 'results', 'london', 'stockexchange', 'concluding', 'coefficients', 'explored', 'thataugmentation', 'improved', 'while', 'diminutionin', 'reduces', 'period', 'althoughthe', 'growth', 'brought', 'significant', 'decrease', 'short', 'period', 'outlined', 'positive', 'shocks', 'ukcreduced', 'first', 'value', 'positive', 'shockin', 'showed', 'alternate', 'impression', 'additionally', 'anupturn', 'possesses', 'diminishing', 'impact', 'these', 'outcomes', 'designated', 'lockdown', 'health', 'crisesgenerated', 'covid', 'negatively', 'impact', 'financialmarkets', 'short', 'period', 'value', 'ofectt', 'showed', 'fluxes', 'occurred', 'today', 'getequilibrium', 'speed', 'units', 'square', 'value', 'reported', 'variation', 'dueto', 'covid', 'figure', 'depicts', 'adjustment', 'asymmetriceffect', 'existing', 'equilibrium', 'moved', 'equilibrium', 'result', 'positive', 'adverseshocks', 'asymmetric', 'plots', 'denote', 'alliance', 'dynamicmultipliers', 'owing', 'positive', 'adverse', 'shocks', 'nasdaq', 'composite', 'index', 'lsemarkets', 'outcomes', 'revealed', 'these', 'markets', 'tremendouslyrespond', 'positive', 'negative', 'shocks', 'befallen', 'dueto', 'covid', 'diagnostic', 'parameters', 'evaluationthe', 'examination', 'employed', 'breusch', 'pagan', 'testto', 'diagnose', 'serial', 'correlation', 'heteroskedasticity', 'ineach', 'model', 'residuals', 'ramsey', 'reset', 'technique', 'ascertainfunctional', 'misspecification', 'cusum', 'cusumsq', 'plobergerand', 'kramer', 'define', 'reliability', 'parameters', 'conclusions', 'these', 'tests', 'given', 'table', 'nominatedthat', 'there', 'serial', 'correlation', 'heteroskedasticity', 'inthe', 'residuals', 'model', 'besides', 'plots', 'cusum', 'andcusumsq', 'presented', 'figure', 'remain', 'within', 'criticalboundaries', 'inferring', 'coefficients', 'nardl', 'modelare', 'stable', 'conclusioncovid', 'imperatively', 'shaken', 'economic', 'indicators', 'primarily', 'financial', 'markets', 'globe', 'number', 'ofpatients', 'deaths', 'result', 'covid', 'increasingday', 'economic', 'conditions', 'become', 'entirelyuncertain', 'moreover', 'financial', 'markets', 'world', 'fronteda', 'sudden', 'crash', 'their', 'market', 'values', 'investigationutilized', 'linear', 'autoregressive', 'distributed', 'nardl', 'approach', 'estimate', 'linear', 'impact', 'economic', 'crisisand', 'health', 'crisis', 'generated', 'result', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'behavior', 'financial', 'markets', 'mostinfected', 'territories', 'europe', 'analysis', 'statedfigure', 'dynamic', 'multiplier', 'plots', 'returns', 'index', 'greatly', 'affected', 'bythe', 'economic', 'crisis', 'generated', 'because', 'covid', 'theus', 'however', 'accession', 'health', 'crisis', 'because', 'ofcovid', 'significantly', 'decreased', 'nasdaq', 'composite', 'indexreturns', 'these', 'results', 'confirmed', 'economic', 'instability', 'andthe', 'health', 'management', 'system', 'imperative', 'control', 'overthe', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'verdicts', 'elaborated', 'theeconomic', 'crisis', 'produced', 'result', 'lockdown', 'circumstancesin', 'spain', 'impact', 'compared', 'thefrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '12shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid', '19table', 'diagnostic', 'results', 'heteroskedasticity', 'value', 'serial', 'correlation', 'value', 'heteroskedasticity', 'value', 'serial', 'correlation', 'valuesr', 'ftmrf', 'statistic', 'statistic', 'statistic', 'statistic', '3644ramsey', 'reset', 'statistic', 'ramsey', 'reset', 'statistic', '7672nsr', 'daxrheteroskedasticity', 'serial', 'correlation', 'heteroskedasticity', 'serial', 'correlationf', 'statistic', 'statistic', 'statistic', 'statistic', '8397ramsey', 'reset', 'statistic', 'ramsey', 'reset', 'statistic', '2731iber', 'lserheteroskedasticity', 'serial', 'correlation', 'heteroskedasticity', 'serial', 'correlationf', 'statistic', 'statistic', 'statistic', 'statistic', '9939ramsey', 'reset', 'statistic', 'ramsey', 'reset', 'statistic', 'denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation', 'figure', 'cusum', 'cusumsq', 'graph', 'health', 'crisis', 'resulted', 'spain', 'italy', 'sstock', 'markets', 'affected', 'health', 'crisis', 'theeconomic', 'crisis', 'while', 'short', 'economic', 'uncertaintyalso', 'lowered', 'stock', 'returns', 'nevertheless', 'thehealth', 'crisis', 'germany', 'pointing', 'significant', 'upsurge', 'inthe', 'economic', 'crisis', 'intimated', 'unimportant', 'impression', 'theftse', 'index', 'stock', 'markets', 'recorded', 'short', 'upsurge', 'health', 'crisis', 'imperativelydamages', 'stock', 'returns', 'index', 'thelong', 'influence', 'reverse', 'therefore', 'thisresearch', 'authenticated', 'health', 'crisis', 'begun', 'covid', 'devised', 'another', 'global', 'financial', 'crisis', 'almostevery', 'nation', 'fighting', 'these', 'crises', 'today', 'moreover', 'study', 'disclosed', 'economic', 'uncertainty', 'generated', 'bycovid', 'highest', 'german', 'stock', 'markets', 'whilethe', 'index', 'second', 'ranking', 'italianstock', 'markets', 'third', 'ranking', 'study', 'concludedthat', 'health', 'crisis', 'economic', 'crisis', 'ominously', 'affectedthe', 'stock', 'markets', 'globe', 'consequently', 'significantamount', 'should', 'allocated', 'budget', 'explore', 'andprevent', 'these', 'pandemics', 'future', 'further', 'completelockdown', 'strategy', 'prove', 'excellent', 'remedyas', 'harms', 'financial', 'markets', 'other', 'strategies', 'should', 'bedeveloped', 'smart', 'partial', 'lockdown', 'these', 'suggestions', 'areessential', 'policymakers', 'government', 'officials', 'researchers', 'andthe', 'general', 'public', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '13shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid', '19data', 'availability', 'statementpublicly', 'available', 'datasets', 'analyzed', 'study', 'datacan', 'found', 'https', 'europa', 'author', 'contributionsks', 'conceptualization', 'analysis', 'methodology', 'supervision', 'introduction', 'results', 'discussion', 'andconclusion', 'revising', 'proofreading', 'visualization', 'authors', 'contributed', 'article', 'approved', 'thesubmitted', 'version', 'paper']
['psychology', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'group', 'level', 'perspectivecheri', 'marmaroshthe', 'george', 'washington', 'universitydonelson', 'forsythuniversity', 'richmondbernhard', 'straussuniversity', 'hospital', 'germanygary', 'burlingamebrigham', 'young', 'universityobjective', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'threatened', 'people', 'physicalhealth', 'every', 'aspect', 'their', 'psychological', 'being', 'their', 'struggle', 'toavoid', 'contracting', 'disease', 'their', 'coping', 'disruption', 'normal', 'courseof', 'their', 'lives', 'trauma', 'endured', 'virus', 'lives', 'those', 'theyloved', 'objective', 'article', 'consider', 'group', 'level', 'processes', 'sustainpeople', 'physical', 'psychological', 'being', 'during', 'covid', 'method', 'applyinggroup', 'dynamic', 'group', 'therapy', 'theory', 'research', 'explore', 'covid', '19spread', 'rapidly', 'explore', 'people', 'prolonged', 'social', 'isolation', 'distress', 'social', 'inequities', 'people', 'psychological', 'traumaof', 'disease', 'which', 'includes', 'heightened', 'levels', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'substanceabuse', 'complicated', 'bereavement', 'results', 'researchers', 'theorists', 'suggest', 'thathuman', 'beings', 'fundamentally', 'social', 'gather', 'others', 'extremelyimportant', 'especially', 'during', 'times', 'distress', 'belong', 'theimportance', 'reducing', 'loneliness', 'during', 'uncertain', 'times', 'often', 'encourages', 'people', 'toconnect', 'despite', 'recommendations', 'remain', 'socially', 'distant', 'conclusions', 'grouptreatment', 'options', 'developed', 'group', 'psychotherapists', 'effective', 'reducing', 'pression', 'anxiety', 'complicated', 'grief', 'stress', 'conclude', 'examining', 'impact', 'online', 'groups', 'these', 'groups', 'people', 'improvetheir', 'psychological', 'being', 'during', 'covid', 'crisis', 'highlights', 'implications', 'group', 'dynamic', 'theorists', 'researchers', 'provide', 'important', 'contributions', 'theunderstanding', 'prevention', 'covid', 'group', 'dynamics', 'explain', 'whysome', 'people', 'perceive', 'threat', 'people', 'refuse', 'facemasks', 'social', 'distance', 'group', 'psychotherapy', 'researchers', 'practitioners', 'describe', 'importance', 'ofgroup', 'leadership', 'group', 'cohesion', 'effects', 'loneliness', 'socialisolation', 'people', 'coping', 'covid', 'cheri', 'marmarosh', 'department', 'psychology', 'george', 'washington', 'university', 'donelson', 'forsyth', 'jepson', 'school', 'leadership', 'studies', 'univer', 'richmond', 'bernhard', 'strauss', 'institute', 'psycho', 'social', 'medicine', 'psychotherapy', 'psycho', 'oncology', 'university', 'hospital', 'germany', 'lingame', 'department', 'psychology', 'brigham', 'younguniversity', 'correspondence', 'concerning', 'article', 'should', 'addressed', 'tocheri', 'marmarosh', 'department', 'psychology', 'thegeorge', 'washington', 'university', 'street', 'ington', '20008', 'cmarmarosh', 'gmail', 'comthis', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'group', 'dynamics', 'theory', 'research', 'practice', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', '138issn', 'gdn0000142122', 'given', 'mental', 'physical', 'health', 'challenges', 'covid', 'onlinegroup', 'group', 'therapy', 'interventions', 'becoming', 'prevalent', 'theimportance', 'future', 'studies', 'examining', 'effectiveness', 'online', 'groups', 'bothsupport', 'therapy', 'necessary', 'studies', 'examine', 'whatindividual', 'difference', 'variables', 'influence', 'effectiveness', 'online', 'group', 'inter', 'ventions', 'class', 'ethnicity', 'culture', 'attachment', 'style', 'levelof', 'isolation', 'implications', 'article', 'critical', 'examine', 'thegroup', 'level', 'factors', 'influence', 'navigate', 'pandemic', 'groups', 'influ', 'prevent', 'transmission', 'covid', 'sustain', 'ourselvesduring', 'periods', 'social', 'isolation', 'address', 'effects', 'complicatedbereavement', 'trauma', 'illness', 'social', 'inequities', 'unemployment', 'anxiety', 'anddepression', 'keywords', 'group', 'therapy', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'group', 'dynamicson', 'march', 'world', 'health', 'nization', 'declared', 'severe', 'respiratorysyndrome', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'devastating', 'disease', 'virus', 'caused', 'respira', 'collapse', 'inflammation', 'organ', 'failure', 'resulting', 'death', 'millionpeople', 'first', 'months', 'pandemic', 'known', 'vaccine', 'available', 'thethreat', 'seemed', 'unavoidable', 'lives', 'substantially', 'disrupted', 'eryday', 'interactions', 'replaced', 'prolongedperiods', 'isolation', 'loneliness', 'socialactivities', 'school', 'pended', 'sources', 'general', 'lifesatisfaction', 'happiness', 'leisure', 'andrecreational', 'activities', 'disease', 'intensi', 'researchers', 'documented', 'elevated', 'levels', 'ofdepression', 'anxiety', 'increases', 'intrusivethoughts', 'sleep', 'disturbances', 'substantial', 'andnegative', 'changes', 'feelings', 'emotional', 'sponsiveness', 'substance', 'abuse', 'wanget', 'difficult', 'identify', 'aspectof', 'people', 'psychological', 'experiences', 'wasnot', 'significantly', 'influenced', 'disease', 'understanding', 'responding', 'effectively', 'tothe', 'psychological', 'impact', 'pandemic', 'quires', 'recognizing', 'intervening', 'thechaos', 'wrought', 'individuals', 'adjustment', 'buthere', 'focus', 'group', 'level', 'processes', 'taining', 'prevention', 'maintenance', 'toration', 'after', 'psychological', 'beingbefore', 'during', 'after', 'pandemic', 'thepandemic', 'attacked', 'individuals', 'alsotheir', 'relationships', 'groups', 'sustainthose', 'relationships', 'including', 'their', 'families', 'groups', 'friendship', 'circles', 'social', 'isolation', 'mandated', 'mandateseparated', 'people', 'groups', 'sustainthem', 'sheltering', 'place', 'isola', 'strained', 'resources', 'people', 'remain', 'alliances', 'including', 'their', 'families', 'friendships', 'illness', 'manycases', 'fatal', 'permanently', 'changedthe', 'nature', 'structure', 'people', 'sgroups', 'relationships', 'specifically', 'drawon', 'psychology', 'groups', 'their', 'dynamicsto', 'explain', 'people', 'reacted', 'threat', 'ofthe', 'virus', 'coping', 'health', 'threats', 'creasing', 'compliance', 'health', 'mandates', 'suggest', 'counter', 'negative', 'psycho', 'logical', 'effects', 'people', 'experience', 'pandemic', 'dealing', 'social', 'lation', 'reducing', 'stress', 'quarantined', 'groups', 'individuals', 'psycho', 'logical', 'consequences', 'pandemic', 'experi', 'including', 'friends', 'lovedones', 'disease', 'coping', 'grief', 'focus', 'group', 'level', 'processes', 'notassume', 'individual', 'level', 'processes', 'beconsidered', 'instead', 'seeks', 'redress', 'thetendency', 'stress', 'individual', 'approaches', 'ratherthan', 'interpersonal', 'often', 'analysesfocus', 'individual', 'prevention', 'strategies', 'suchas', 'wearing', 'individual', 'factors', 'influ', 'health', 'risks', 'individualinterventions', 'distress', 'counseling', 'current', 'analysis', 'trast', 'serves', 'reminder', 'people', 'stantially', 'influenced', 'group', 'interactions', 'andof', 'extremely', 'important', 'groups', 'whengroup', 'covid', '123this', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'preventing', 'treating', 'people', 'suffer', 'during', 'covid', 'americanpsychological', 'association', 'commission', 'forthe', 'recognition', 'specialties', 'proficienciesin', 'professional', 'psychology', 'recognized', 'grouptherapy', 'specialty', 'recognition', 'empha', 'sized', 'importance', 'group', 'dynamics', 'thebenefits', 'group', 'interventions', 'criticalto', 'mental', 'health', 'relevant', 'coping', 'withcovid', 'although', 'there', 'researchthat', 'studied', 'group', 'factors', 'directly', 'lated', 'prevention', 'intervention', 'covid', 'apply', 'knowledge', 'fromyears', 'group', 'theory', 'research', 'demic', 'group', 'theory', 'research', 'practice', 'hasimportant', 'implications', 'controlthe', 'spread', 'covid', 'facilitate', 'coping', 'withthe', 'virus', 'intervene', 'public', 'strug', 'mental', 'illness', 'health', 'dispar', 'ities', 'complicated', 'grief', 'prevention', 'minimizing', 'ofcontracting', 'covid', '19covid', 'highly', 'communicable', 'disease', 'spread', 'worldwide', 'authorities', 'recognizingthe', 'magnitude', 'threat', 'warned', 'citizens', 'ofthe', 'infection', 'proposed', 'series', 'nonphar', 'maceutical', 'interventions', 'limit', 'conta', 'stock', 'sufficient', 'water', 'medical', 'supplies', 'avoid', 'travel', 'todestinations', 'where', 'virus', 'emerging', 'these', 'crucially', 'important', 'trolling', 'spread', 'disease', 'cases', 'lower', 'places', 'where', 'peopleprepared', 'diligently', 'brauner', 'however', 'people', 'failed', 'accurately', 'magnitude', 'threat', 'peated', 'reminders', 'minimize', 'threat', 'though', 'studies', 'people', 'prepare', 'forimpending', 'crises', 'identified', 'number', 'ofpsychological', 'processes', 'inter', 'proactive', 'responses', 'including', 'unreal', 'istic', 'optimism', 'diminished', 'efficacy', 'andavoidance', 'information', 'pertaining', 'thethreat', 'shepperd', 'klein', 'waters', 'weinstein', 'stewart', 'sweeny', 'melnyk', 'miller', 'shepperd', 'these', 'psychological', 'cesses', 'amplified', 'group', 'level', 'processesthat', 'caused', 'individuals', 'misjudge', 'magni', 'threat', 'together', 'otherswhen', 'should', 'practiced', 'social', 'distanc', 'reassurance', 'accuracypeople', 'encountering', 'threat', 'usually', 'respondto', 'minimize', 'threat', 'particularly', 'lieve', 'threat', 'highly', 'probable', 'theoutcome', 'severely', 'negative', 'stepsto', 'reduce', 'threat', 'considered', 'cacious', 'floyd', 'prentice', 'rogers', 'their', 'estimates', 'likelihood', 'severity', 'response', 'efficacy', 'determined', 'theobjective', 'factual', 'claims', 'authorities', 'aswarnings', 'centers', 'disease', 'controland', 'prevention', 'actionsand', 'reactions', 'those', 'around', 'though', 'thatcovid', 'poses', 'great', 'health', 'individ', 'reject', 'information', 'incon', 'sistent', 'estimates', 'those', 'associatewith', 'regular', 'basis', 'family', 'members', 'coworkers', 'social', 'network', 'connections', 'social', 'comparison', 'processes', 'suggest', 'dividuals', 'strive', 'accuracy', 'alsoshow', 'preference', 'reassuring', 'comfortinginformation', 'covid', 'associ', 'ating', 'people', 'suggested', 'viruswas', 'threatening', 'hoaxresulted', 'incautious', 'response', 'virus', 'erceg', 'ružojcˇic', 'galic', 'individuals', 'miscalibrated', 'estimates', 'threatpotential', 'could', 'adjusted', 'cussed', 'their', 'estimates', 'other', 'people', 'buterror', 'checking', 'often', 'overlooked', 'groupsshare', 'information', 'groups', 'manifest', 'ratio', 'nality', 'information', 'reach', 'bestdecision', 'possible', 'larson', 'toooften', 'people', 'overshare', 'ideas', 'commonwithin', 'group', 'individuals', 'thegroup', 'aware', 'datum', 'group', 'spend', 'inordinate', 'amount', 'oftime', 'discussing', 'those', 'inputs', 'considerideas', 'information', 'viduals', 'group', 'consequence', 'groups', 'toooften', 'choice', 'isfully', 'informed', 'available', 'information', 'covid', 'group', 'aware', 'rately', 'signal', 'magnitude', 'threat', 'theirvoices', 'heard', 'group', 'discussesthe', 'crisis', 'stasser', 'abele', 'unfortunately', 'people', 'recognize', 'theextent', 'which', 'their', 'opinions', 'beliefs', 'haviors', 'influenced', 'those', 'around', 'cialdini', 'often', 'assume', 'they124', 'marmarosh', 'forsyth', 'strauss', 'burlingamethis', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'objectively', 'reviewed', 'facts', 'havebased', 'their', 'response', 'rational', 'analysis', 'actuality', 'their', 'responses', 'deter', 'mined', 'social', 'comparison', 'biases', 'overreli', 'shared', 'information', 'conformity', 'togroup', 'norms', 'example', 'theythemselves', 'gather', 'locally', 'those', 'teract', 'influence', 'people', 'morethan', 'realize', 'alicke', 'discovered', 'their', 'studies', 'local', 'nance', 'effect', 'people', 'judgments', 'fluenced', 'their', 'close', 'social', 'contacts', 'ratherthan', 'diffuse', 'based', 'sponses', 'thousands', 'people', 'askedto', 'describe', 'their', 'metacognitive', 'processing', 'ofthe', 'information', 'people', 'certain', 'theywere', 'relying', 'highly', 'repre', 'sentative', 'sample', 'rather', 'anecdotal', 'casedata', 'provided', 'their', 'associates', 'socializing', 'quarantiningbecause', 'there', 'known', 'thedisease', 'vaccine', 'would', 'prevent', 'infec', 'public', 'health', 'authorities', 'relied', 'tolimit', 'spread', 'disease', 'within', 'lation', 'particular', 'advised', 'individu', 'maintain', 'social', 'distance', 'coronavirus', 'state', 'officials', 'included', 'thisrequirement', 'health', 'mandates', 'medically', 'necessary', 'limitingindividuals', 'contact', 'other', 'people', 'blockedthem', 'primary', 'means', 'coping', 'thestress', 'traumatic', 'events', 'their', 'groups', 'thosewho', 'study', 'mental', 'health', 'clinical', 'counseling', 'community', 'health', 'psychologists', 'socialworkers', 'psychiatrists', 'recog', 'nized', 'relationship', 'between', 'groups', 'andmembers', 'psychological', 'being', 'theoryand', 'research', 'suggest', 'people', 'beconnected', 'other', 'people', 'theseconnections', 'severed', 'experience', 'signif', 'icant', 'psychological', 'distress', 'baumeister', 'andleary', 'suggested', 'humans', 'power', 'belong', 'pervasive', 'drive', 'formand', 'maintain', 'least', 'minimum', 'quantity', 'oflasting', 'positive', 'impactful', 'interpersonal', 'lationships', 'likened', 'tobelong', 'other', 'basic', 'needs', 'hunger', 'orthirst', 'individuals', 'therefore', 'under', 'circum', 'stances', 'resist', 'isolation', 'seclusion', 'theychoose', 'affiliate', 'others', 'rather', 'bealone', 'belong', 'strongest', 'peopleface', 'stressful', 'uncertain', 'future', 'times', 'oftrouble', 'illness', 'catastrophe', 'natural', 'saster', 'financial', 'upheaval', 'support', 'joining', 'other', 'people', 'decades', 'research', 'copingconfirms', 'stress', 'affiliation', 'effect', 'peopleseek', 'others', 'coping', 'mechanism', 'quire', 'reassuring', 'information', 'germane', 'thethreat', 'secure', 'emotional', 'support', 'acquiretangible', 'aspinwall', 'taylor', 'cohen', 'wills', 'reaction', 'inmost', 'cases', 'adaptive', 'affiliating', 'withothers', 'reduces', 'morbidity', 'mortality', 'lates', 'neural', 'biological', 'responses', 'tostress', 'reduces', 'negative', 'effects', 'majorstressful', 'events', 'taylor', 'areview', 'however', 'threat', 'acontagious', 'disease', 'belong', 'compelsindividuals', 'association', 'otherseven', 'though', 'association', 'unhealthy', 'consequence', 'despite', 'warnings', 'avoidgroups', 'people', 'continued', 'though', 'risky', 'socializing', 'provided', 'thedisease', 'opportunity', 'spread', 'fected', 'uninfected', 'surveyed', 'afterthe', 'released', 'guidelines', 'social', 'tancing', 'march', 'people', 'ported', 'actions', 'inconsistent', 'themandate', 'continuing', 'withothers', 'social', 'groups', 'byside', 'public', 'settings', 'largesocial', 'gatherings', 'without', 'coverings', 'forsyth', 'these', 'individuals', 'general', 'people', 'sample', 'theywere', 'unlikely', 'contract', 'illness', 'thosewho', 'believed', 'would', 'survive', 'illness', 'infact', 'recognition', 'virus', 'significanthealth', 'threat', 'would', 'likely', 'contractit', 'associated', 'rather', 'risky', 'socializing', 'disregarding', 'mandate', 'tosocially', 'distance', 'associated', 'positional', 'differences', 'respondents', 'prefer', 'others', 'stressed', 'those', 'engaged', 'risky', 'socializingwere', 'people', 'likely', 'agreewith', 'statements', 'unhappy', 'orkind', 'depressed', 'stressed', 'usually', 'bearound', 'other', 'people', 'better', 'greatest', 'sources', 'comfort', 'whenthings', 'rough', 'being', 'other', 'people', 'group', 'covid', '125this', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'compliance', 'resistanceas', 'number', 'covid', 'cases', 'increased', 'urged', 'individuals', 'continue', 'takingprecautions', 'minimize', 'spread', 'virus', 'including', 'maintaining', 'social', 'distance', 'avoidinggroups', 'wearing', 'coverings', 'however', 'people', 'resisted', 'mandate', 'churchescontinued', 'services', 'people', 'congregatedin', 'parks', 'beaches', 'clubs', 'travel', 'sumed', 'requirement', 'covering', 'became', 'contentious', 'litically', 'charged', 'issue', 'media', 'reportedmultiple', 'incidents', 'confrontations', 'betweenthe', 'masked', 'unmasked', 'mckelvey', 'cases', 'large', 'groups', 'people', 'gatheredpublicly', 'protest', 'mandates', 'displaying', 'amarked', 'consistency', 'their', 'actions', 'tudes', 'factor', 'distinguishes', 'those', 'opted', 'mandated', 'those', 'sisted', 'refused', 'comply', 'notthink', 'disease', 'significant', 'threat', 'tothem', 'personally', 'harper', 'satchell', 'latzman', 'individuals', 'certaintraits', 'elevated', 'levels', 'narcissism', 'andpsychopathy', 'complied', 'peoplewhose', 'personalities', 'include', 'these', 'darktriad', 'characteristics', 'group', 'level', 'processes', 'likely', 'gener', 'marked', 'variance', 'response', 'thecdc', 'pandemic', 'restricted', 'people', 'scontact', 'other', 'people', 'reduced', 'thedensity', 'heterogeneity', 'their', 'social', 'works', 'isolation', 'combined', 'dency', 'maximize', 'cohesion', 'during', 'periods', 'ofstress', 'likely', 'resulted', 'polarization', 'anincreased', 'identification', 'group', 'itsnorms', 'those', 'norms', 'cases', 'stressedcompliance', 'taking', 'steps', 'minimize', 'thespread', 'virus', 'socially', 'approvedcourse', 'action', 'complying', 'wouldbe', 'considered', 'unusual', 'inappropriate', 'insome', 'social', 'groups', 'noncompliance', 'became', 'thenorm', 'these', 'groups', 'maintained', 'govern', 'authorities', 'right', 'curtail', 'people', 'sfreedom', 'assemble', 'travel', 'sowearing', 'public', 'quarantining', 'wasconsidered', 'socially', 'indefensible', 'these', 'groups', 'consequence', 'noncom', 'pliance', 'associated', 'group', 'social', 'identity', 'theory', 'suggests', 'whenpeople', 'categorize', 'themselves', 'members', 'aparticular', 'group', 'subsequently', 'strive', 'think', 'believe', 'areprototypical', 'member', 'group', 'hains', 'mason', 'sustained', 'psycholog', 'ically', 'collectively', 'shared', 'social', 'those', 'resisted', 'compliance', 'acted', 'inways', 'spread', 'rather', 'controlled', 'deadlydisease', 'forsyth', 'protection', 'coping', 'during', 'thecovid', 'crisishow', 'endure', 'forced', 'withthe', 'effects', 'pandemic', 'covid', 'addressed', 'challenges', 'preventthe', 'spread', 'disease', 'there', 'other', 'strug', 'caused', 'covid', 'there', 'stress', 'ofisolation', 'groups', 'people', 'familieswho', 'sequestered', 'outside', 'world', 'there', 'ongoing', 'getting', 'lossand', 'financial', 'insecurity', 'death', 'lovedones', 'mention', 'stress', 'racial', 'andeconomic', 'inequities', 'overwhelmedhealth', 'system', 'psychologists', 'impact', 'these', 'being', 'provide', 'important', 'guidance', 'wenavigate', 'social', 'groups', 'grouptherapy', 'people', 'experiences', 'isolated', 'groups', 'valueof', 'cohesionduring', 'covid', 'families', 'lated', 'outside', 'world', 'peoplecope', 'their', 'social', 'networks', 'shrink', 'frommany', 'seize', 'ofenforced', 'togetherness', 'strengthen', 'their', 'attach', 'ments', 'another', 'share', 'support', 'andappreciate', 'other', 'boredom', 'tension', 'conflict', 'passing', 'studies', 'groups', 'spent', 'isolation', 'teams', 'stationedin', 'antarctica', 'explorers', 'living', 'months', 'onend', 'confined', 'space', 'suggest', 'somegroups', 'prosper', 'others', 'falter', 'underthe', 'strain', 'during', 'international', 'geophysicalyear', 'example', 'several', 'tries', 'small', 'groups', 'military', 'civilianpersonnel', 'outposts', 'antarctica', 'thesegroups', 'responsible', 'collecting', 'dataabout', 'largely', 'unknown', 'continent', 'theviolent', 'weather', 'forced', 'staff', 'remain', 'doors', 'months', 'with126', 'marmarosh', 'forsyth', 'strauss', 'burlingamethis', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'little', 'change', 'their', 'situation', 'morale', 'declinedand', 'group', 'members', 'initial', 'friendliness', 'goodhumor', 'sensitivity', 'replaced', 'morale', 'grouchiness', 'boredom', 'other', 'groups', 'however', 'manage', 'prosperwhen', 'outside', 'world', 'ofthe', 'isolated', 'groups', 'studied', 'researchers', 'thenaval', 'medical', 'research', 'institute', 'bethesda', 'maryland', 'example', 'responded', 'quite', 'tively', 'sequestered', 'these', 'researchers', 'fined', 'pairs', 'volunteers', 'footroom', 'means', 'interacting', 'anyoneoutside', 'space', 'computer', 'internet', 'media', 'these', 'groups', 'imploded', 'insisted', 'released', 'studyafter', 'others', 'however', 'thrived', 'course', 'isolation', 'their', 'relianceon', 'another', 'strengthened', 'their', 'satis', 'faction', 'their', 'circumstances', 'sharedconcerns', 'worries', 'about', 'isolation', 'adjustmentswhenever', 'conflicts', 'tensions', 'arose', 'setup', 'schedules', 'activities', 'agreeing', 'aplan', 'action', 'meals', 'exercise', 'recre', 'ation', 'cooperation', 'critical', 'oneperson', 'spent', 'considerable', 'lated', 'group', 'underwater', 'habitat', 'sealab', 'explained', 'compatiblegroup', 'there', 'might', 'everybody', 'cooperative', 'allworked', 'helped', 'other', 'sible', 'think', 'group', 'radloff', 'helmreich', 'successfulgroups', 'avoided', 'symptoms', 'ofmaladaptive', 'responding', 'displayed', 'lesssuccessful', 'groups', 'withdrawal', 'members', 'ofgroups', 'isolation', 'tended', 'interacting', 'eachother', 'cocooned', 'instead', 'communicat', 'collaborating', 'cooperating', 'caring', 'forone', 'another', 'radloff', 'helmreich', 'learn', 'study', 'groupsin', 'isolation', 'group', 'cohesion', 'thefactors', 'helps', 'groups', 'survive', 'during', 'times', 'ofdistress', 'keeps', 'people', 'togetherwhen', 'things', 'challenging', 'group', 'suchas', 'conflict', 'within', 'group', 'during', 'demic', 'people', 'groups', 'suchas', 'health', 'workers', 'helping', 'patients', 'withcovid', 'employees', 'engaging', 'onlinezoom', 'meetings', 'families', 'socially', 'isolatingtogether', 'important', 'understandhow', 'facilitate', 'cohesion', 'within', 'these', 'groupsand', 'tolerate', 'conflict', 'surfaces', 'groupresearchers', 'therapists', 'recognizedthe', 'importance', 'group', 'cohesion', 'studiedhow', 'facilitates', 'safety', 'ability', 'toler', 'tensions', 'group', 'yalom', 'leszcz', 'bonds', 'between', 'members', 'cohesivegroups', 'strong', 'easily', 'broken', 'andthese', 'bonds', 'sustain', 'members', 'sense', 'being', 'several', 'studies', 'indicated', 'positively', 'correlates', 'elevation', 'inmembers', 'esteem', 'reduced', 'symptoms', 'andhigher', 'rates', 'attainment', 'braaten', 'budman', 'tschuschke', 'families', 'cohesion', 'negatively', 'lated', 'loneliness', 'family', 'cohesion', 'candecrease', 'loneliness', 'family', 'members', 'hayashi', 'fujiwara', 'matsusaka', 'analysis', 'examining', 'relationship', 'tween', 'cohesion', 'group', 'therapy', 'treatmentoutcome', 'studies', 'indicated', 'cohesionsignificantly', 'related', 'outcome', 'tient', 'outpatient', 'settings', 'burlingame', 'clendon', 'foster', 'cohesion', 'groups', 'important', 'question', 'group', 'dynamic', 'searchers', 'group', 'therapists', 'focused', 'onthe', 'impact', 'empathy', 'group', 'johnson', 'burlingame', 'olsen', 'davies', 'gleave', 'found', 'empathy', 'leaders', 'membersrelated', 'perceived', 'positive', 'relationshipswithin', 'group', 'researchers', 'shownthat', 'leaders', 'promote', 'interpersonal', 'interac', 'prioritize', 'cultivation', 'cohesionalso', 'facilitate', 'greater', 'between', 'members', 'burlingame', 'inhibiting', 'leadership', 'factorsis', 'leader', 'inability', 'tolerate', 'emotionalreactions', 'mikulincer', 'shaver', 'failureto', 'express', 'accept', 'caring', 'addressconflict', 'explore', 'members', 'avoidant', 'haviors', 'missed', 'sessions', 'tardy', 'behavior', 'negatively', 'influences', 'development', 'within', 'group', 'yalom', 'leszcz', 'social', 'psychologists', 'found', 'aleader', 'engaged', 'avoidant', 'behaviors', 'asdismissing', 'vulnerability', 'avoiding', 'members', 'needs', 'group', 'members', 'rated', 'group', 'hesion', 'davidovitz', 'mikulincer', 'shaver', 'izsak', 'popper', 'similarly', 'smokowski', 'todar', 'reardon', 'found', 'dropoutfrom', 'group', 'increased', 'group', 'membersgroup', 'covid', '127this', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'experienced', 'group', 'leaders', 'adequatelysupporting', 'protecting', 'during', 'covid', 'people', 'often', 'interact', 'groups', 'cloistered', 'familyfor', 'periods', 'isolation', 'medicalteams', 'working', 'together', 'stress', 'ations', 'government', 'groups', 'negotiatingsupplies', 'protect', 'health', 'workers', 'ishelpful', 'recognize', 'research', 'influence', 'these', 'groups', 'increasecohesion', 'within', 'these', 'groups', 'needs', 'haveleaders', 'invite', 'conversations', 'amongmembers', 'encourage', 'differences', 'agreements', 'burlingame', 'fuhriman', 'johnson', 'yalom', 'leszcz', 'medicalteams', 'cohesion', 'critical', 'brindley', 'mosier', 'hicks', 'studied', 'clear', 'tasks', 'andpreparation', 'enhanced', 'cohesion', 'which', 'neces', 'establishing', 'airway', 'patientssick', 'covid', 'groups', 'there', 'needsto', 'awareness', 'impact', 'nicity', 'culture', 'dellucia', 'waack', 'leaders', 'groupexamine', 'resolve', 'conflicts', 'around', 'diversitywill', 'members', 'experience', 'discriminationand', 'prejudice', 'group', 'likely', 'erodegroup', 'cohesion', 'loneliness', 'benefit', 'groupswhen', 'public', 'required', 'social', 'distanceto', 'protect', 'others', 'oneself', 'exposure', 'avirus', 'there', 'likelihood', 'people', 'willexperience', 'isolation', 'loneliness', 'whileothers', 'social', 'distance', 'remain', 'sociallyconnected', 'being', 'socially', 'nected', 'positively', 'influences', 'psychological', 'andemotional', 'being', 'physical', 'health', 'uchino', 'expectancy', 'lunstad', 'smith', 'baker', 'harris', 'stephenson', 'roelfs', 'yogev', 'unfortunately', 'people', 'fortunate', 'willexperience', 'disconnection', 'isolation', 'thatcauses', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'stress', 'mihashi', 'brooks', 'reviewed', 'effects', 'quarantine', 'foundthat', 'there', 'lasting', 'effects', 'beingquarantined', 'exist', 'years', 'later', 'especially', 'forhealth', 'workers', 'these', 'effects', 'includedavoiding', 'people', 'could', 'avoidingwork', 'researchers', 'shown', 'loneliness', 'canhave', 'deleterious', 'effects', 'asubjective', 'experience', 'people', 'aloneeven', 'their', 'families', 'groups', 'lunstad', 'found', 'afteraccounting', 'multiple', 'factors', 'increasedlikelihood', 'death', 'reported', 'liness', 'social', 'isolation', 'forliving', 'alone', 'results', 'indicated', 'differencebetween', 'objective', 'subjective', 'measures', 'ofsocial', 'isolation', 'predicting', 'mortality', 'itseems', 'though', 'loneliness', 'ahealth', 'especially', 'important', 'duringcovid', 'people', 'distancing', 'andfeeling', 'isolated', 'joining', 'groups', 'wayindividuals', 'loneliness', 'isola', 'forsyth', 'people', 'struggle', 'withthese', 'feelings', 'often', 'supportgroups', 'alone', 'forsyth', 'elliott', 'addition', 'support', 'groups', 'peopleseek', 'group', 'psychotherapy', 'feelless', 'alone', 'address', 'important', 'issues', 'yalom', 'leszcz', 'describe', 'beingwith', 'others', 'group', 'experience', 'similarfeelings', 'curative', 'aspects', 'ofgroups', 'subset', 'population', 'hitparticularly', 'elderly', 'elderly', 'arerequired', 'socially', 'isolate', 'prevent', 'rious', 'illness', 'likely', 'moreisolated', 'researchers', 'applied', 'psychoso', 'group', 'intervention', 'lonely', 'older', 'people', 'effective', 'increasing', 'socialactivation', 'friendships', 'remaining', 'inthe', 'group', 'improved', 'being', 'andsubjective', 'health', 'decreasing', 'healthservices', 'supiano', 'luptak', 'unemployment', 'financial', 'group', 'supportone', 'major', 'stressors', 'individualsduring', 'pandemic', 'requirementto', 'unemployment', 'according', 'brooks', 'financial', 'lossduring', 'quarantine', 'related', 'psychological', 'orders', 'anger', 'anxiety', 'found', 'thatdelays', 'receiving', 'government', 'funding', 'andhaving', 'lower', 'income', 'general', 'before', 'thequarantine', 'negative', 'impact', 'groups', 'provide', 'support', 'those', 'duringtimes', 'layoff', 'spending', 'fellowcoworkers', 'facilitate', 'coping', 'cooper', 'social', 'support', 'shown', 'moderate128', 'marmarosh', 'forsyth', 'strauss', 'burlingamethis', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'effects', 'involuntary', 'caravan', 'gallo', 'marshall', 'related', 'torace', 'education', 'prior', 'social', 'support', 'beforethe', 'employment', 'essence', 'white', 'ucated', 'individuals', 'prior', 'social', 'supportbenefited', 'social', 'support', 'afterinvoluntary', 'reduce', 'depression', 'thefindings', 'expose', 'different', 'experience', 'jobloss', 'during', 'pandemic', 'importance', 'ofexamining', 'unemployment', 'dueto', 'covid', 'affect', 'people', 'differently', 'depend', 'economic', 'status', 'social', 'inequality', 'groupsto', 'promote', 'changeas', 'started', 'impacted', 'mostby', 'covid', 'learned', 'everyonewas', 'affected', 'minorities', 'cially', 'black', 'minorities', 'highest', 'ofmortality', 'major', 'cities', 'bythe', 'virus', 'according', 'yancy', 'covid', 'deaths', 'black', 'individuals', 'evenwhen', 'represented', 'total', 'ulation', 'similar', 'pattern', 'foundglobally', 'predominantly', 'black', 'countrieshaving', 'greatest', 'infection', 'death', 'ratecompared', 'predominantly', 'white', 'countries', 'racism', 'discrimination', 'health', 'careinequities', 'incredible', 'stress', 'individualsand', 'relate', 'mental', 'carter', 'forsyth', 'murali', 'oyebode', 'schwartz', 'andphysical', 'health', 'sacker', 'gimeno', 'relate', 'coping', 'theadditional', 'trauma', 'covid', 'although', 'discrimination', 'groups', 'ative', 'impact', 'health', 'pascoe', 'smart', 'groups', 'provide', 'resourcefor', 'minorities', 'marginalized', 'populations', 'belonging', 'groups', 'others', 'experiences', 'increases', 'sense', 'belongingand', 'provides', 'support', 'groups', 'invite', 'peopleof', 'different', 'backgrounds', 'identities', 'social', 'justice', 'change', 'frantell', 'miles', 'reviewed', 'importance', 'ofintergroup', 'dialogues', 'bringing', 'peoplewith', 'different', 'identities', 'together', 'fosters', 'inter', 'group', 'relationships', 'develops', 'awareness', 'promotes', 'social', 'justice', 'these', 'types', 'ofgroup', 'conversations', 'critical', 'during', 'covid', 'facing', 'areseeing', 'higher', 'mortality', 'minorities', 'healthcare', 'inequalities', 'increased', 'racism', 'complicated', 'bereavement', 'groupinterventionduring', 'covid', 'people', 'lovedones', 'suddenly', 'virus', 'ableto', 'comfort', 'their', 'dying', 'family', 'members', 'funerals', 'family', 'friends', 'thelack', 'support', 'religious', 'rituals', 'physicalproximity', 'family', 'experiencecomplicated', 'bereavement', 'burke', 'neimeyer', 'complicated', 'bereavement', 'occurs', 'whenindividuals', 'intense', 'grief', 'response', 'thatlasts', 'longer', 'eventually', 'influences', 'sdaily', 'functioning', 'mayland', 'harding', 'preston', 'payne', 'reviewed', 'studies', 'prior', 'demics', 'found', 'multiplicity', 'thelosses', 'inability', 'goodbye', 'disrup', 'tions', 'social', 'connections', 'contributed', 'tocomplicated', 'bereavement', 'during', 'pandemics', 'suggested', 'providing', 'group', 'connec', 'tions', 'increasing', 'support', 'would', 'peopleduring', 'covid', 'groups', 'effectively', 'helppeople', 'grief', 'maass', 'perlinger', 'wagner', 'piper', 'ogrodniczuk', 'joyce', 'weideman', 'theyprovide', 'emotional', 'support', 'reducedepression', 'caused', 'isolation', 'supiano', 'haynes', 'qualitative', 'studyof', 'members', 'short', 'grief', 'group', 'andfound', 'facilitate', 'meaningout', 'catastrophic', 'grief', 'experiences', 'duringcovid', 'online', 'groups', 'toprovide', 'support', 'health', 'providers', 'wladkowski', 'gibson', 'white', 'andindividuals', 'struggling', 'lovedone', 'wallace', 'recommend', 'online', 'support', 'groups', 'forthose', 'individuals', 'providing', 'palliative', 'forthose', 'dying', 'covid', 'knowles', 'stelzer', 'jovel', 'connor', 'examinedthe', 'effectiveness', 'virtual', 'support', 'group', 'forthe', 'elderly', 'experiencing', 'spouse', 'andfound', 'members', 'better', 'sleep', 'lessdepression', 'ruminations', 'spouse', 'andless', 'loneliness', 'after', 'group', 'intervention', 'mayland', 'suggests', 'providingtechnologically', 'assisted', 'social', 'support', 'duringillness', 'prior', 'death', 'after', 'coulddecrease', 'complicated', 'mourning', 'recom', 'online', 'group', 'related', 'support', 'duringcovid', 'includes', 'family', 'gatherings', 'andreligious', 'rituals', 'involving', 'community', 'group', 'covid', '129this', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'restoration', 'group', 'therapy', 'interventionduring', 'covid', '19when', 'people', 'suffering', 'groups', 'providehealing', 'bring', 'decrease', 'isolation', 'connect', 'something', 'bigger', 'ourown', 'loneliness', 'yalom', 'leszcz', 'surprising', 'grouptherapy', 'effective', 'treatmentsto', 'restore', 'during', 'after', 'covid', 'general', 'evidence', 'group', 'therapygroup', 'therapy', 'recently', 'described', 'triple', 'treatment', 'burlingame', 'strauss', 'inpress', 'yalom', 'leszcz', 'effective', 'equivalent', 'efficient', 'randomized', 'clinicaltrials', 'shown', 'effective', 'whencontrasted', 'treatment', 'controls', 'recentmeta', 'analysis', 'nearly', 'contrastedindividual', 'group', 'therapy', 'formats', 'usingidentical', 'patients', 'treatments', 'duced', 'equivalent', 'outcomes', 'compared', 'vidual', 'treatment', 'burlingame', 'seebeck', 'janis', 'furthermore', 'equivalence', 'hasbeen', 'found', 'group', 'therapy', 'contrastedwith', 'other', 'treatments', 'commonanxiety', 'disorders', 'burlingame', 'strauss', 'press', 'finally', 'considerstherapist', 'treatment', 'group', 'therapyis', 'efficient', 'treatment', 'compared', 'toindividual', 'therapy', 'burlingame', 'covid', 'evidence', 'forgroup', 'therapyglobal', 'national', 'health', 'reported', 'increased', 'preva', 'lence', 'mental', 'problems', 'related', 'covid', 'zhang', 'groupinterventions', 'important', 'option', 'toprevent', 'restore', 'mental', 'health', 'problems', 'lated', 'pandemic', 'recent', 'review', 'burlingame', 'strauss', 'press', 'provides', 'ampleevidence', 'efficacy', 'group', 'treatmentwith', 'respect', 'specific', 'psychological', 'disordersthat', 'triggered', 'pandemic', 'findings', 'randomized', 'controlledstudies', 'treated', 'patients', 'showedlarge', 'effects', 'favoring', 'group', 'treatment', 'overwaitlist', 'controls', 'differences', 'activecontrols', 'follows', 'brief', 'summary', 'ofmajor', 'conclusions', 'regarding', 'efficacy', 'ofgroup', 'therapy', 'anxiety', 'trauma', 'andsubstance', 'abuse', 'disorders', 'obsessive', 'compulsive', 'disorder', 'individuals', 'suffering', 'report', 'aggra', 'vations', 'their', 'symptoms', 'especially', 'ofcontamination', 'excessive', 'washing', 'handsduring', 'covid', 'kumar', 'somani', 'inhibitory', 'control', 'result', 'thepandemic', 'consequences', 'ofthe', 'roots', 'increase', 'symptoms', 'needingadditional', 'treatment', 'options', 'grouptreatment', 'concerned', 'schwartze', 'barkowski', 'burlingame', 'strauss', 'rosendahl', 'summarized', 'three', 'commonly', 'administeredgroup', 'treatment', 'comparisons', 'analysisof', 'studies', 'adult', 'patients', 'complexcognitive', 'behavioral', 'group', 'treatment', 'exposure', 'response', 'prevention', 'alone', 'cognitive', 'therapy', 'signifi', 'differences', 'found', 'between', 'group', 'chotherapy', 'active', 'treatments', 'individ', 'psychotherapy', 'pharmacotherapy', 'orcommon', 'factors', 'similar', 'pattern', 'evident', 'secondary', 'outcomes', 'pression', 'anxiety', 'posttraumatic', 'stress', 'disorder', 'china', 'indicated', 'mentalhealth', 'consequences', 'covid', 'example', 'reported', 'incidenceof', 'traumatic', 'stress', 'medical', 'staff', 'sample', 'nurses', 'doctors', 'entiresample', 'average', 'scored', 'ptsdself', 'rating', 'scale', 'huang', 'arecent', 'analysis', 'studying', 'schwar', 'barkowski', 'strauss', 'knaevelsrud', 'rosen', 'group', 'treatment', 'studies', 'prising', 'individuals', 'diagnosed', 'ptsdwere', 'summarized', 'expected', 'clinicalcharacteristics', 'trauma', 'comorbidity', 'severity', 'personal', 'background', 'ticipants', 'varied', 'across', 'studies', 'nevertheless', 'those', 'receiving', 'group', 'treatment', 'experiencedimprovement', 'anxiety', 'depressionsymptoms', 'compared', 'treatment', 'based', 'these', 'studies', 'group', 'psychotherapyappears', 'efficacious', 'treatment', 'forptsd', 'although', 'there', 'insufficient', 'trials', 'totest', 'equivalence', 'between', 'group', 'individ', 'treatment', 'anxiety', 'disorders', 'reports', 'indicatean', 'increase', 'anxiety', 'panic', 'symptoms', 'andanxiety', 'disorders', 'immediate', 'consequenceof', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'huang', 'marmarosh', 'forsyth', 'strauss', 'burlingamethis', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'rajkumar', 'raising', 'question', 'ofhow', 'effective', 'treatments', 'patients', 'sufferingfrom', 'panic', 'combined', 'anxiety', 'disorders', 'canbenefit', 'group', 'treatments', 'effects', 'ofcbgt', 'assessed', 'recent', 'analysiscomprising', 'group', 'treatments', 'panicdisorder', 'schwartze', 'large', 'effectfor', 'found', 'panic', 'agoraphobiasymptoms', 'compared', 'treatment', 'trols', 'differences', 'foundwhen', 'compared', 'treatments', 'including', 'individual', 'therapy', 'threefourths', 'patients', 'panic', 'aftergroup', 'psychotherapy', 'compared', 'thewaitlist', 'control', 'condition', 'appearsto', 'robust', 'treatment', 'panic', 'disorder', 'major', 'depressive', 'disorder', 'aswith', 'other', 'psychological', 'disorders', 'crease', 'depressive', 'symptoms', 'depressivedisorders', 'expected', 'described', 'followingthe', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'huang', 'rajkumar', 'isassumed', 'feeling', 'controlpaired', 'consequences', 'social', 'andphysical', 'distancing', 'directly', 'affects', 'ofindividuals', 'especially', 'countries', 'regionswith', 'rates', 'cases', 'deaths', 'thevirus', 'janis', 'svien', 'jensen', 'burlingame', 'inpress', 'pooled', 'findings', 'studies', '47comparisons', 'individuals', 'diagnosedwith', 'treated', 'group', 'treat', 'treatment', 'usual', 'medication', 'treatment', 'frequent', 'treatment', 'wascbgt', 'followed', 'mindfulness', 'basedcognitive', 'therapy', 'psycho', 'educational', 'groups', 'combinedeffect', 'group', 'treatment', 'depression', 'large', 'compared', 'notreatment', 'patients', 'being', 'nearly', 'timesmore', 'likely', 'improved', 'oftreatment', 'there', 'strong', 'support', 'cbgtand', 'promising', 'evidence', 'supporting', 'mbctand', 'compared', 'treatment', 'trols', 'substance', 'abuse', 'disorders', 'anincrease', 'substance', 'abuse', 'especially', 'alcohol', 'assumed', 'consequence', 'ofcovid', 'parker', 'galea', 'chant', 'lurie', 'ornell', 'vocate', 'reinforcement', 'addiction', 'forseveral', 'reasons', 'individuals', 'sidered', 'population', 'contami', 'nation', 'their', 'clinical', 'psychoso', 'condition', 'these', 'individuals', 'alsoexpected', 'problems', 'treatment', 'adherence', 'changes', 'insocial', 'economy', 'caused', 'demic', 'recently', 'analysis', 'focusingon', 'adults', 'marized', 'studies', 'comprising', 'comparisonswith', 'studies', 'comparing', 'group', 'treatment', 'controls', 'seven', 'comparing', 'group', 'toindividual', 'therapy', 'comparing', 'grouptreatment', 'other', 'treatments', 'twelve', 'steps', 'group', 'treatments', 'included', 'cognitivebehavioral', 'therapy', 'behavioral', 'mindfulness', 'alectical', 'behavior', 'therapy', 'integrated', 'treat', 'ments', 'group', 'treatment', 'outperformed', 'individ', 'therapy', 'moderate', 'effects', 'groups', 'facilitating', 'immune', 'ctioning', 'moreover', 'there', 'added', 'beyond', 'traditional', 'psychological', 'comes', 'given', 'recent', 'evidence', 'impact', 'ofgroup', 'treatments', 'immune', 'system', 'shields', 'spahr', 'slavich', 'under', 'standable', 'consequence', 'pandemic', 'anincrease', 'general', 'specific', 'stress', 'viduals', 'countries', 'prevalence', 'ofcovid', 'infections', 'during', 'stress', 'pathetic', 'nervous', 'system', 'suppresses', 'antiviralprocesses', 'regulates', 'proinflammatoryprocesses', 'neurotransmitter', 'norepineph', 'slavich', 'irwin', 'stress', 'responseskeep', 'constant', 'state', 'fight', 'flight', 'sapolsky', 'further', 'there', 'evidence', 'forpsychosocial', 'stress', 'suppressing', 'cellular', 'moral', 'immunity', 'increasing', 'nonspecific', 'flammation', 'segerstrom', 'miller', 'irwin', 'psychosocial', 'interventions', 'appear', 'exert', 'apositive', 'effect', 'immunity', 'recent', 'analysis', 'shields', 'documents', 'psychosocial', 'intervention', 'impacton', 'immune', 'system', 'which', 'causally', 'volved', 'deaths', 'worldwide', 'furmanet', 'shields', 'demonstratedthat', 'group', 'interventions', 'equally', 'notmore', 'effective', 'individual', 'therapy', 'milieu', 'groups', 'provide', 'tivator', 'encourage', 'attendance', 'which', 'turnadds', 'supportive', 'social', 'environment', 'linked', 'tohealth', 'related', 'biomarkers', 'social', 'milieucreates', 'opportunity', 'interact', 'affectedpeers', 'experience', 'therapeutic', 'factors', 'asthe', 'instillation', 'universality', 'altruism', 'group', 'covid', '131this', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'interpersonal', 'feedback', 'cohesion', 'havebeen', 'empirically', 'linked', 'better', 'outcomes', 'online', 'group', 'therapy', 'adjusting', 'tocovid', '19although', 'online', 'modes', 'group', 'therapyhave', 'existed', 'grown', 'exponentially', 'withcovid', 'aafjes', 'doorn', 'békès', 'prout', 'burlingame', 'strauss', 'joyce', 'therapists', 'shift', 'telehealthduring', 'covid', 'important', 'examinethe', 'current', 'group', 'research', 'benefits', 'limitsto', 'online', 'group', 'interventions', 'weinberg', 'synchronous', 'groups', 'synchronous', 'onlinegroups', 'consist', 'rooms', 'livegroup', 'conferences', 'where', 'participants', 'witheach', 'other', 'therapist', 'efficacy', 'ofthese', 'interventions', 'tested', 'severalrcts', 'larger', 'samples', 'differentclinical', 'problems', 'eating', 'disorders', 'depression', 'attention', 'deficit', 'hyperactivity', 'disorder', 'cancer', 'social', 'anxiety', 'disorder', 'being', 'victim', 'offamily', 'violence', 'studies', 'support', 'theirefficacy', 'compared', 'waitlist', 'tauconditions', 'crisp', 'griffiths', 'mackinnon', 'bennett', 'christensen', 'zanden', 'kramer', 'gerrits', 'cuijpers', 'while', 'othersindicate', 'format', 'equivalence', 'compared', 'toasynchronous', 'group', 'treatments', 'burlingame', 'strauss', 'press', 'users', 'commonly', 'report', 'ahigh', 'degree', 'satisfaction', 'indicate', 'theonline', 'group', 'important', 'source', 'crease', 'coping', 'grange', 'moessner', 'bauer', 'stephen', 'these', 'arethe', 'types', 'groups', 'being', 'duringcovid', 'benefits', 'limitations', 'online', 'groups', 'internet', 'based', 'group', 'treatments', 'lessstigmatizing', 'especially', 'young', 'people', 'andthose', 'limited', 'access', 'psychosocial', 'moreover', 'average', 'amount', 'therapistweekly', 'participant', 'significantlyreduced', 'compared', 'tradi', 'tional', 'schulz', 'equallyeffective', 'these', 'benefits', 'arebalanced', 'other', 'ethical', 'challenges', 'regardingconfidentiality', 'weinberg', 'rolnick', 'described', 'evidence', 'screen', 'relations', 'mayreduce', 'interpersonal', 'connections', 'russell', 'highlighted', 'obstacles', 'shiftsfrom', 'traditional', 'group', 'practice', 'screen', 'these', 'include', 'control', 'limitedbodily', 'interactions', 'inability', 'andrespond', 'verbal', 'nonverbal', 'signals', 'meaning', 'member', 'background', 'itshould', 'considered', 'ignored', 'short', 'weare', 'still', 'building', 'practice', 'means', 'andfor', 'these', 'groups', 'might', 'adverseor', 'harmful', 'weinberg', 'rolnick', 'despite', 'limitations', 'video', 'conferences', 'intimes', 'covid', 'accepted', 'andperceived', 'helpful', 'patients', 'providers', 'there', 'evidence', 'tosuggest', 'online', 'support', 'groups', 'thosewho', 'quarantined', 'during', 'disease', 'outbreaks', 'chang', 'found', 'having', 'anonline', 'support', 'group', 'feeling', 'connected', 'toothers', 'through', 'situationwas', 'validating', 'provided', 'people', 'thesupport', 'needed', 'indeed', 'scientific', 'liter', 'ature', 'videoconferencing', 'plentiful', 'onindividual', 'backhaus', 'claine', 'rather', 'group', 'treatment', 'thepandemic', 'already', 'begun', 'produce', 'morepublications', 'online', 'group', 'treatment', 'kordi', 'sakhi', 'gholamzad', 'azizpor', 'shahini', 'sustainability', 'online', 'grouptreatment', 'using', 'different', 'theoretical', 'orienta', 'tions', 'question', 'implicationsit', 'critical', 'examine', 'group', 'levelprocesses', 'pertaining', 'prevention', 'mainte', 'nance', 'restoration', 'during', 'covid', 'though', 'often', 'aware', 'individualfactors', 'emphasized', 'navigate', 'thispandemic', 'social', 'factors', 'equally', 'impor', 'group', 'dynamics', 'influence', 'tension', 'wesee', 'people', 'ambivalent', 'about', 'wearingmasks', 'social', 'distancing', 'peoplecope', 'social', 'isolation', 'groupscan', 'provide', 'relief', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'substance', 'abuse', 'working', 'together', 'withcovid', '19groups', 'bring', 'together', 'different', 'disci', 'plines', 'understand', 'diverse', 'challengesahead', 'endure', 'covid', 'holmes', 'according', 'connor', 'requires', 'group', 'researchers', 'cliniciansacross', 'professions', 'address', 'impact', 'ofcovid', 'single', 'disciple', 'tackle', 'this132', 'marmarosh', 'forsyth', 'strauss', 'burlingamethis', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'issue', 'isolation', 'requires', 'psychology', 'chiatry', 'neuroscience', 'epidemiology', 'infec', 'tious', 'disease', 'specialists', 'together', 'theyalso', 'argue', 'there', 'needs', 'collaborationbetween', 'public', 'patients', 'health', 'provid', 'policymakers', 'cohesive', 'focusedresearch', 'agenda', 'influence', 'policy', 'andpractice', 'group', 'indeed', 'specialty', 'withinpsychology', 'navigate', 'people', 'spsychological', 'physical', 'being', 'increasesuccessful', 'health', 'delivery', 'fight', 'systemicinjustices', 'develop', 'public', 'policy', 'gether', 'develop', 'vaccination', 'covid', 'group', 'leadership', 'during', 'covid', '19one', 'valuable', 'lessons', 'learnedfrom', 'research', 'cohesion', 'theleader', 'facilitating', 'successful', 'group', 'dynamics', 'burlingame', 'described', 'manythings', 'leaders', 'facilitate', 'successfulgroup', 'process', 'outcome', 'modelinginterpersonal', 'feedback', 'helping', 'members', 'toler', 'conflict', 'embracing', 'vulnerability', 'cussing', 'clear', 'goals', 'group', 'research', 'suggest', 'important', 'toempathize', 'members', 'johnson', 'supportive', 'members', 'distressed', 'davidovitz', 'important', 'forpolitical', 'leaders', 'health', 'leaders', 'beaware', 'public', 'needing', 'support', 'direc', 'empathy', 'during', 'pandemic', 'group', 'psychotherapy', 'online', 'groupsone', 'important', 'messages', 'thatgroup', 'psychotherapy', 'effective', 'treatment', 'effective', 'individual', 'psychotherapy', 'lingame', 'seebeck', 'janis', 'important', 'treatment', 'those', 'sufferingduring', 'covid', 'individuals', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'grief', 'loneliness', 'substanceabuse', 'during', 'pandemic', 'withonline', 'therapy', 'group', 'interventions', 'althoughwe', 'beginning', 'understand', 'differ', 'ences', 'between', 'online', 'group', 'therapy', 'treatment', 'seeing', 'benefits', 'ofbeing', 'reach', 'diverse', 'populationswhile', 'ensuring', 'safety', 'people', 'areisolating', 'prevent', 'spread', 'virus', 'ourability', 'engage', 'socially', 'while', 'protectingourselves', 'illness', 'makes', 'online', 'groups', 'oneof', 'important', 'resources', 'during', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'paper']
['journal', 'research', 'psychology', '3copyright', 'authors', 'access', 'article', 'distributed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'which', 'permits', 'unrestricted', 'distribution', 'reproduction', 'medium', 'provided', 'original', 'properly', 'cited', '1journal', 'research', 'psychology', 'readersinsight', 'jrpissn', 'online', 'print', 'editorial', 'psychology', 'preventive', 'behavior', 'covid', 'outbreakfarhan', 'sarwar1', 'aisyah', 'panatik2', 'farhat', 'sarwar31faculty', 'economics', 'business', 'administration', 'university', 'education', 'lahore2school', 'human', 'resource', 'development', 'psychology', 'universiti', 'teknologi', 'malaysia3clinical', 'psychologistabstractthe', 'biggest', 'challenge', 'humanity', 'facing', 'right', 'curtail', 'outspread', 'covid', 'thissuccessful', 'people', 'adopt', 'precautions', 'social', 'interaction', 'health', 'hygiene', 'recommended', 'bywho', 'recent', 'evidence', 'indicates', 'public', 'tends', 'casual', 'approach', 'towards', 'thisrecommendation', 'especially', 'those', 'which', 'pertain', 'social', 'distancing', 'using', 'health', 'belief', 'model', 'aguiding', 'theory', 'recommend', 'public', 'awareness', 'campaigns', 'focus', 'creating', 'awareness', 'regarding', 'thepotential', 'benefits', 'preventive', 'approach', 'seriousness', 'susceptibility', 'disease', 'besides', 'authoritiesshould', 'create', 'environment', 'people', 'fewer', 'barriers', 'adopting', 'preventive', 'measures', 'wealso', 'highlighted', 'potential', 'positive', 'psychology', 'during', 'covid', 'https', '31580', '1370keywords', 'covid', 'preventive', 'behavior', 'health', 'belief', 'model', 'awareness', 'campaign', 'social', 'distancing', 'readers', 'insight', 'publicationalthough', 'pandemic', 'covid', 'caused', '2virus', 'first', 'century', 'already', 'surpassed', 'theoutreach', 'death', 'previous', 'pandemics', 'according', 'thewho', 'situation', 'report', 'published', 'there', 'areapproximately', 'million', 'cases', 'covid', 'thousand', 'deathsworldwide', 'though', 'there', 'about', 'similarity', 'between', 'thegenetic', 'structures', 'which', 'first', 'appeared', 'leduc', 'andbarry', 'latter', 'proven', 'highlycontagious', 'transfer', 'through', 'direct', 'contact', 'orbeing', 'close', 'infected', 'patients', 'there', 'indicationsthat', 'transfer', 'within', 'contact', 'initialevidence', 'indicated', 'could', 'survive', 'inanimate', 'objects', 'person', 'catch', 'virus', 'touches', 'contaminated', 'surface', 'although', 'virus', 'cannot', 'penetrate', 'contaminatedhands', 'touch', 'mouth', 'easily', 'infected', 'centers', 'disease', 'control', 'early', 'experiences', 'other', 'types', 'recent', 'outbreaks', 'involvingnovel', 'viruses', 'middle', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'swine', 'others', 'taught', 'beingprepared', 'illusion', 'faced', 'virus', 'countries', 'always', 'looking', 'urgent', 'public', 'health', 'strategiesto', 'minimize', 'eventually', 'contain', 'spread', 'pandemic', 'however', 'sorts', 'epidemics', 'involve', 'highly', 'communicableviruses', 'shown', 'individual', 'needs', 'essential', 'inthe', 'containment', 'mitigation', 'spread', 'leung', 'especially', 'there', 'vaccination', 'covid', 'therefore', 'international', 'local', 'health', 'agencies', 'governments', 'emphasizing', 'citizens', 'follow', 'theprecautionary', 'guidelines', 'recommended', 'world', 'healthorganization', 'these', 'guidelines', 'unaffected', 'individuals', 'includethoroughly', 'washing', 'hands', 'alcoholic', 'sanitizer', 'maintaininga', 'minimum', 'three', 'preferred', 'distance', 'anotherperson', 'social', 'place', 'covering', 'tissue', 'elbow', 'whencoughing', 'sneezing', 'hence', 'maintaining', 'respiratoryhygiene', 'avoiding', 'crowded', 'places', 'extent', 'possiblemaintaining', 'social', 'isolation', 'staying', 'those', 'feelthey', 'symptoms', 'respiratory', 'disease', 'fever', 'cough', 'difficulty', 'breathing', 'direction', 'given', 'contact', 'healthprofessionals', 'wilder', 'smith', 'covid', 'significantly', 'different', 'previouscontamination', 'diseases', 'unlimited', 'infectious', 'period', 'severetransmissibility', 'clinical', 'severity', 'extent', 'spread', 'thecommunity', 'healthy', 'individual', 'passive', 'carrier', 'andresponsible', 'transmission', 'disease', 'community', 'iswhy', 'social', 'isolation', 'crucial', 'means', 'effective', 'breakingthe', 'chain', 'infection', 'huremović', 'suggested', 'entirecommunity', 'country', 'rather', 'infected', 'individuals', 'governments', 'world', 'putting', 'their', 'efforts', 'tomitigate', 'disease', 'taken', 'steps', 'imposinglockdowns', 'closing', 'airports', 'restricting', 'social', 'gatherings', 'andmovements', 'establishing', 'health', 'quarantine', 'facilities', 'renet', 'addition', 'various', 'awareness', 'campaigns', 'launched', 'toeducate', 'public', 'about', 'covid', 'importance', 'adoptingprecautionary', 'measures', 'against', 'governments', 'maintainlockdowns', 'possible', 'hurting', 'theeconomy', 'trade', 'commerce', 'activities', 'consequently', 'giving', 'unemployment', 'reduction', 'income', 'wilder', 'smith', 'international', 'monetary', 'estimates', 'current', 'recession', 'comparable', 'great', 'recessionthat', 'occurred', '1920s', 'governments', 'balancebetween', 'their', 'lives', 'livelihoods', 'countries', 'decided', 'torelax', 'lockdown', 'restrictions', 'there', 'resuming', 'someeconomic', 'social', 'activities', 'scenario', 'anindividual', 'prevent', 'themselves', 'prevalent', 'disease', 'going', 'undoubtedly', 'important', 'journal', 'research', 'psychology', '3copyright', 'authors', 'access', 'article', 'distributed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'which', 'permits', 'unrestricted', 'distribution', 'reproduction', 'medium', 'provided', 'original', 'properly', 'cited', '2with', 'relaxation', 'restrictions', 'lockdown', 'operatingrules', 'including', 'social', 'distancing', 'being', 'established', 'safetyof', 'people', 'warning', 'failure', 'precautionary', 'actioncan', 'severity', 'situation', 'people', 'inlockdown', 'questions', 'arise', 'possible', 'forpeople', 'resume', 'social', 'economic', 'activities', 'while', 'maintainingsome', 'social', 'distancing', 'healthy', 'practices', 'limit', 'theoutbreak', 'worry', 'being', 'mingled', 'would', 'theybe', 'situation', 'mentally', 'psychologically', 'itseems', 'community', 'feeling', 'relaxed', 'relaxation', 'inthe', 'lockdown', 'restrictions', 'there', 'reasons', 'people', 'notletting', 'social', 'first', 'understand', 'gravityof', 'situation', 'enjoy', 'their', 'social', 'freedom', 'witnessedin', 'developed', 'countries', 'europe', 'pinkser', 'pandemic', 'nearly', 'intensity', 'occurred', 'centuryago', 'contemporary', 'public', 'cannot', 'comprehend', 'disastrousaftermath', 'exponential', 'spread', 'disease', 'result', 'adjustmentand', 'anchoring', 'heuristics', 'explain', 'judgmental', 'inthis', 'scenario', 'second', 'possible', 'reason', 'there', 'peoplewho', 'challenge', 'survival', 'there', 'income', 'disease', 'would', 'priority', 'themselves', 'theirfamilies', 'media', 'plays', 'vital', 'sharing', 'information', 'around', 'worldas', 'regulating', 'emotions', 'public', 'often', 'happens', 'thatit', 'corrupts', 'message', 'wrong', 'details', 'manipulates', 'perception', 'using', 'sensational', 'which', 'stokes', 'unnecessary', 'panicamong', 'public', 'reactions', 'responses', 'media', 'coverage', 'ofthe', 'current', 'ongoing', 'outbreak', 'coronavirus', 'variant', 'onehand', 'there', 'attack', 'anxiety', 'restlessness', 'people', 'arehyper', 'vigilant', 'cautious', 'about', 'spread', 'pandemicgives', 'understanding', 'facing', 'traumatic', 'event', 'experience', 'headaches', 'muscle', 'aches', 'stomach', 'aches', 'theirsleeping', 'eating', 'pattern', 'disrupts', 'other', 'people', 'seriously', 'asthey', 'already', 'trust', 'media', 'aware', 'notoriety', 'ofmedia', 'information', 'observed', 'individuals', 'somedeveloped', 'countries', 'parts', 'europe', 'notwilling', 'their', 'social', 'interactions', 'during', 'peakof', 'pandemic', 'their', 'countries', 'might', 'spread', 'virusunknowingly', 'addition', 'imposing', 'rules', 'regulations', 'regarding', 'socialinteractions', 'authorities', 'launch', 'large', 'scale', 'interventions', 'educatethe', 'masses', 'towards', 'adopting', 'preventive', 'lifestyle', 'public', 'healthagencies', 'utilize', 'psychologist', 'design', 'awareness', 'campaigns', 'sothat', 'public', 'willingly', 'follow', 'protocols', 'social', 'interactionthat', 'required', 'minimize', 'spread', 'covid', 'preventivehealth', 'behavior', 'framework', 'provide', 'guidelines', 'thisregard', 'health', 'belief', 'model', 'rosenstock', 'there', 'determinants', 'preventive', 'health', 'behavior', 'perceivedsusceptibility', 'perceived', 'severity', 'perceived', 'benefits', 'perceived', 'barriers', 'disease', 'ofthe', 'disease', 'often', 'enhance', 'preventive', 'behaviors', 'increasing', 'anindividual', 'threat', 'appraisal', 'disease', 'until', 'people', 'awareof', 'serious', 'disease', 'extent', 'which', 'physicallyvulnerable', 'infected', 'would', 'eager', 'savethemselves', 'covid', 'collectively', 'knownas', 'coping', 'appraisals', 'people', 'aware', 'beneficial', 'forthem', 'follow', 'precautionary', 'protocols', 'there', 'higher', 'chancethey', 'would', 'adopt', 'those', 'behaviors', 'similarly', 'authorities', 'createa', 'supportive', 'environment', 'people', 'perceive', 'there', 'lowpractical', 'barriers', 'observing', 'preventive', 'behaviors', 'recommendpsychological', 'researchers', 'explore', 'framework', 'during', 'theoutbreak', 'efficacy', 'model', 'covid', 'preventivebehavior', 'governments', 'mobilize', 'forms', 'ofcommunication', 'mediums', 'create', 'awareness', 'among', 'public', 'peopleneed', 'understand', 'there', 'vaccination', 'covid', 'untilnow', 'neither', 'lockdowns', 'imposed', 'longer', 'regard', 'media', 'useful', 'needs', 'understand', 'differencebetween', 'sensational', 'messages', 'false', 'information', 'which', 'createslargescale', 'panic', 'informative', 'enhance', 'componentsof', 'although', 'media', 'helps', 'create', 'awareness', 'often', 'happensthat', 'corrupts', 'message', 'wrong', 'information', 'sensational', 'which', 'creates', 'unnecessary', 'panic', 'among', 'public', 'dramatic', 'fakeinformation', 'often', 'underplays', 'importance', 'media', 'especiallysocial', 'media', 'useful', 'communication', 'medium', 'depoux', 'regulatory', 'authorities', 'check', 'balance', 'situation', 'suggest', 'psychology', 'researchers', 'explore', 'ofpositive', 'psychological', 'characteristics', 'during', 'pandemic', 'previousresearch', 'shown', 'people', 'health', 'based', 'positivepsychological', 'capital', 'satisfied', 'their', 'health', 'theyalso', 'cholesterol', 'levels', 'luthans', 'youssef', 'sweetman', 'harms', 'seems', 'positive', 'personality', 'types', 'suchas', 'psychological', 'capital', 'resource', 'guiding', 'individualsduring', 'challenging', 'times', 'enable', 'themto', 'handle', 'stressful', 'situation', 'optimistic', 'confident', 'hopefuland', 'resilient', 'mindset', 'luthans', 'jensen', 'personalityresource', 'people', 'psychological', 'capital', 'excellent', 'managersof', 'resources', 'effectively', 'utilize', 'existing', 'resources', 'accordingto', 'prevalent', 'situation', 'gather', 'useful', 'resources', 'thefuture', 'demands', 'arise', 'roche', 'newton', 'coronavirus', 'challenge', 'human', 'being', 'people', 'begiven', 'thorough', 'understanding', 'deadly', 'pandemic', 'theymust', 'prepared', 'their', 'current', 'prolonged', 'pandemiceffects', 'their', 'lives', 'livings', 'decisions', 'countries', 'tosome', 'extent', 'right', 'direction', 'restricted', 'extended', 'lockdownis', 'solution', 'drastic', 'scenario', 'because', 'proved', 'beeconomically', 'disastrous', 'revival', 'social', 'economic', 'activitiesis', 'undeniable', 'still', 'along', 'people', 'should', 'aware', 'ofhow', 'their', 'balance', 'their', 'outdooractivities', 'saving', 'measures', 'protect', 'themselves', 'theircommunity', 'respect', 'media', 'governing', 'bodies', 'boundto', 'their', 'duties', 'honestly', 'vigilantly', 'welfare', 'human', 'beingsand', 'humanities', 'paper']
['editorialhealth', 'psychology', 'covid', '19kenneth', 'freedland1', 'amanda', 'david', 'sarwer3', 'matthew', 'burg4', 'trevor', 'hart5', 'sarah', 'feldstein', 'ewing7', 'carolyn', 'fang8', 'shelley', 'blozis9', 'puterman10', 'becky', 'marquez11', 'peter', 'kaufmann121', 'department', 'psychiatry', 'washington', 'university', 'school', 'medicine', 'louis', 'department', 'psychiatry', 'university', 'pittsburgh', 'school', 'medicine', 'department', 'social', 'behavioral', 'sciences', 'temple', 'university', 'college', 'public', 'health4', 'departments', 'internal', 'medicine', 'anesthesiology', 'university', 'school', 'medicine', 'department', 'psychology', 'ryerson', 'university', 'dalla', 'school', 'public', 'health', 'university', 'toronto7', 'department', 'psychology', 'university', 'rhode', 'island', 'cancer', 'prevention', 'control', 'program', 'chase', 'cancer', 'center', 'philadelphia', 'pennsylvania', 'united', 'states', 'department', 'psychology', 'university', 'california', 'davis10', 'school', 'kinesiology', 'university', 'british', 'columbia', 'department', 'family', 'medicine', 'public', 'health', 'school', 'medicine', 'university', 'california', 'diego', 'college', 'nursing', 'villanova', 'universityhealth', 'psychology', 'received', 'numerous', 'papers', 'pastseveral', 'months', 'topics', 'related', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'concern', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'stress', 'other', 'formsof', 'distress', 'general', 'population', 'health', 'workers', 'wehave', 'received', 'fewer', 'papers', 'covid', 'related', 'health', 'behaviorsand', 'health', 'communications', 'factors', 'played', 'central', 'rolesin', 'spread', 'pandemic', 'major', 'topics', 'healthpsychology', 'experience', 'consistent', 'published', 'scientific', 'liter', 'ature', 'pandemic', 'medline', 'search', 'conducted', 'lateseptember', 'yielded', 'english', 'language', 'articles', 'pertain', 'covid', 'concerned', 'topics', 'arewithin', 'scope', 'health', 'psychology', 'shown', 'table', 'covid', 'related', 'mental', 'disorders', 'comprised', 'largest', 'category', 'other', 'studies', 'concerned', 'other', 'forms', 'stress', 'emotionaldistress', 'least', 'articles', 'addressed', 'profound', 'ethnic', 'andracial', 'disparities', 'covid', 'infection', 'death', 'rates', 'inaccess', 'health', 'accentuating', 'longstanding', 'healthinequities', 'these', 'articles', 'addressed', 'behavioral', 'chosocial', 'aspects', 'covid', 'health', 'disparities', 'liter', 'ature', 'behavioral', 'psychosocial', 'aspects', 'pandemichas', 'dominated', 'least', 'research', 'stress', 'ordistress', 'fewer', 'reports', 'published', 'criticalcovid', 'related', 'health', 'behaviors', 'health', 'communication', 'healthdisparities', 'united', 'states', 'centers', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention', 'other', 'public', 'health', 'agencies', 'around', 'world', 'agreethat', 'preventive', 'health', 'behaviors', 'including', 'social', 'distancing', 'masks', 'washing', 'limiting', 'contagion', 'hospitalizations', 'deaths', 'especially', 'timewhen', 'effective', 'vaccines', 'available', 'these', 'agencies', 'haveidentified', 'number', 'factors', 'increase', 'vulnerability', 'infection', 'contribute', 'adverse', 'outcomes', 'asobesity', 'belanger', 'tartof', 'vaping', 'armatas', 'dumas', 'evali', 'outbreakand', 'vaping', 'which', 'health', 'behaviors', 'criticalroles', 'reported', 'pandemic', 'createdinterrelated', 'crises', 'social', 'isolation', 'psychiatric', 'disorders', 'stance', 'abuse', 'violence', 'domestic', 'abuse', 'chandan', 'czeisler', 'makaroun', 'ragavanet', 'roesch', 'these', 'health', 'related', 'behavioraland', 'psychosocial', 'problems', 'within', 'province', 'healthpsychology', 'since', 'inception', 'specialty', 'these', 'reasons', 'field', 'health', 'psychology', 'specialresponsibility', 'apply', 'expertise', 'psychological', 'socialpathologies', 'associated', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'including', 'problems', 'vaccine', 'hesitancy', 'resistance', 'preventivehealth', 'behaviors', 'wearing', 'masks', 'social', 'isolation', 'toname', 'health', 'psychologists', 'importantcontributions', 'solution', 'focused', 'research', 'improve', 'public', 'healthcommunication', 'strategies', 'develop', 'interventions', 'thelong', 'sequelae', 'covid', 'responsibility', 'address', 'health', 'disparitiesthat', 'plagued', 'racial', 'ethnic', 'minority', 'populations', 'andthat', 'exacerbated', 'pandemic', 'compared', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'other', 'public', 'health', 'crisis', 'rapidlyand', 'convincingly', 'demonstrated', 'tragic', 'impacts', 'racial', 'andethnic', 'biases', 'other', 'social', 'determinants', 'health', 'variety', 'ofkenneth', 'freedland', 'https', 'orcid', '9913correspondence', 'concerning', 'article', 'should', 'addressed', 'kennethe', 'freedland', 'department', 'psychiatry', 'washington', 'university', 'school', 'ofmedicine', 'louis', 'forest', 'avenue', 'suite', 'louis', 'mo63108', 'united', 'states', 'email', 'freedlak', 'wustl', 'eduthis', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'content', 'shared', 'requests', 'reuse', 'content', 'whole', 'through', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'health', 'psychology', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', '1025issn', 'https', 'hea00010491021disadvantages', 'poverty', 'limited', 'access', 'health', 'carehave', 'placed', 'people', 'color', 'elevated', 'healthoutcomes', 'decades', 'recognizes', 'thatdiscrimination', 'increases', 'illness', 'death', 'fromcovid', 'national', 'center', 'immunization', 'respiratorydiseases', 'division', 'viral', 'diseases', 'racism', 'poses', 'anurgent', 'threat', 'health', 'minority', 'communities', 'calls', 'forinnovative', 'solutions', 'actions', 'health', 'psychology', 'thisbattle', 'become', 'solution', 'without', 'delay', 'health', 'psychologists', 'taking', 'these', 'responsibilitiesvery', 'seriously', 'arden', 'chilcot', 'garfin', 'williams', 'example', 'health', 'psychologists', 'havebeen', 'working', 'often', 'within', 'multidisciplinary', 'collaborations', 'onstrategies', 'reduce', 'transmission', 'milad', 'michie', 'revenson', 'prominent', 'roles', 'mostinformative', 'early', 'research', 'social', 'behavioral', 'aspects', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'international', 'covid', '19awareness', 'responses', 'evaluation', 'project', 'lejtenyi', 'andin', 'study', 'impact', 'pandemic', 'physical', 'activity', 'inchildren', 'dunton', 'started', 'addresspsychosocial', 'aspects', 'racial', 'ethnic', 'disparities', 'covidsusceptibility', 'outcomes', 'valenzuela', 'valrie', 'contrary', 'major', 'reports', 'behavioral', 'psychos', 'ocial', 'aspects', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'included', 'anyhealth', 'psychologists', 'coauthors', 'alsan', 'bavel', 'shook', 'their', 'absence', 'suggests', 'mayneed', 'increase', 'visibility', 'within', 'scientificcommunity', 'participation', 'vital', 'research', 'could', 'about', 'health', 'psychology', 'publicarena', 'experts', 'address', 'behavioral', 'psychosocialaspects', 'pandemic', 'great', 'demand', 'andtalk', 'shows', 'newspapers', 'social', 'media', 'psychologists', 'beencalled', 'times', 'offer', 'insights', 'advice', 'copingwith', 'pandemic', 'exceptions', 'keilar', 'those', 'appear', 'usually', 'specialists', 'health', 'psychology', 'september', 'example', 'story', 'under', 'theheadline', 'psychology', 'behind', 'college', 'studentsbreak', 'covid', 'rules', 'andrew', 'although', 'storyfocused', 'health', 'behaviors', 'reporter', 'spoke', 'devel', 'opmental', 'psychologist', 'counseling', 'psychologist', 'clinicalpsychologist', 'health', 'psychologist', 'similarly', 'theexpert', 'panelists', 'coronavirus', 'cooper', 'gupta', 'included', 'school', 'psychologist', 'aprofessor', 'psychology', 'background', 'neuroscience', 'butnot', 'health', 'psychologist', 'understandable', 'media', 'government', 'agencies', 'schoolsystems', 'health', 'organizations', 'would', 'developmen', 'school', 'psychologists', 'questions', 'about', 'effects', 'thepandemic', 'children', 'clinical', 'counseling', 'psychologistsfor', 'questions', 'about', 'covid', 'related', 'mental', 'health', 'problems', 'isalso', 'appropriate', 'experts', 'psychologists', 'askedto', 'weigh', 'certain', 'behavioral', 'psychosocial', 'aspects', 'thepandemic', 'political', 'scientists', 'enforcement', 'ficials', 'public', 'health', 'experts', 'asked', 'irate', 'customerswould', 'attack', 'frontline', 'workers', 'promoting', 'compliance', 'withmasking', 'mandates', 'retail', 'stores', 'macfarquhar', 'neverthe', 'believe', 'could', 'ensure', 'healthpsychologists', 'experts', 'reporters', 'policy', 'makers', 'others', 'public', 'arena', 'addressquestions', 'about', 'behavioral', 'psychosocial', 'aspects', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'other', 'public', 'health', 'problems', 'andconcerns', 'ourselves', 'helps', 'determine', 'others', 'since', 'inception', 'field', 'health', 'psychology', 'occupied', 'prevalent', 'chronic', 'diseases', 'obesity', 'diabetes', 'heart', 'disease', 'cancer', 'attention', 'toinfectious', 'diseases', 'example', 'about', 'thousandsof', 'papers', 'published', 'health', 'psychology', 'havefocused', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'vaccination', 'related', 'topics', 'mostof', 'these', 'reports', 'concern', 'fisher', 'fisheret', 'hatzenbuehler', 'safren', 'othersexually', 'transmitted', 'diseases', 'corbin', 'fromme', 'widman', 'about', 'fifth', 'focused', 'otherinfectious', 'diseases', 'could', 'explain', 'scientists', 'fromother', 'fields', 'policymakers', 'reporters', 'might', 'overlook', 'health', 'chologists', 'engage', 'experts', 'behavioral', 'chosocial', 'aspects', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'health', 'psychologists', 'shown', 'muchmore', 'interest', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'vaccination', 'related', 'issuesin', 'decade', 'evident', 'before', 'papersever', 'published', 'health', 'psychology', 'vaccination', 'related', 'issuesor', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'other', 'publishedsince', 'similarly', 'across', 'highest', 'impact', 'europeanand', 'north', 'american', 'health', 'psychology', 'journals', 'focused', 'these', 'topics', 'published', 'since2010', 'highest', 'impact', 'covid', 'papers', 'focused', 'protectivehealth', 'behaviors', 'during', 'pandemics', 'michie', 'vacci', 'nation', 'betsch', 'sachse', 'ernsting', 'gerend', 'hornsey', 'keenan', 'krawczyk', 'mantzari', 'overutilizationof', 'antibiotics', 'sirota', 'hygiene', 'susceptibility', 'viral', 'challenge', 'miller', 'ebolaepidemic', 'idoiaga', 'mondragon', 'demic', 'karademas', 'infections', 'cancer', 'patients', 'upsurge', 'interest', 'these', 'topics', 'traceable', 'series', 'ofdisconcerting', 'developments', 'including', 'successive', 'epidemics', 'oftable', '1english', 'language', 'articles', 'covid', 'medline', 'ofseptember', '2020no', 'topic', 'count1', 'health', 'behavior', 'health', 'communication', 'mental', 'disorders', 'stress', 'psychological', 'behavioral', 'symptoms', 'stress', 'psychological', 'subtotal', 'health', 'status', 'disparities', 'healthcare', 'disparities', 'behavioral', 'psychosocial', 'topic', 'disparities', '22note', 'categories', 'listed', 'table', 'medline', 'medical', 'subjectheading', 'terms', 'behavioral', 'psychosocial', 'subtotal', '439rather', 'because', 'these', 'articles', 'indexed', '2mesh', 'terms', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'content', 'shared', 'requests', 'reuse', 'content', 'whole', 'through', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'freedland', 'emerging', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'overutilization', 'antibiotics', 'thespread', 'vaccination', 'hesitancy', 'antivaccination', 'movements', 'interest', 'increased', 'exponentially', 'lives', 'andthose', 'everyone', 'around', 'turned', 'upside', 'somecases', 'ended', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'growing', 'ofpublications', 'behavioral', 'psychosocial', 'aspects', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'impact', 'journals', 'lancet', 'betsch', 'nature', 'human', 'behavior', 'bavel', 'betsch', 'provides', 'evidence', 'psychologists', 'increas', 'visibility', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'vaccination', 'right', 'consider', 'field', 'healthpsychology', 'build', 'these', 'developments', 'there', 'largerand', 'visible', 'cadre', 'health', 'psychologists', 'specialized', 'innovel', 'communicable', 'diseases', 'behavioral', 'aspects', 'epidemics', 'psychology', 'vaccine', 'hesitancy', 'would', 'probably', 'onspeed', 'national', 'local', 'media', 'outlets', 'however', 'these', 'professionals', 'might', 'challenging', 'career', 'pathif', 'specialize', 'narrowly', 'epidemics', 'pandemics', 'world', 'experienced', 'anything', 'covid', 'since', 'the1918', 'pandemic', 'years', 'seems', 'difficult', 'tobuild', 'research', 'career', 'clinical', 'practice', 'around', 'behavioralor', 'psychosocial', 'aspects', 'obesity', 'diabetes', 'heart', 'disease', 'orcancer', 'conditions', 'large', 'numbers', 'every', 'around', 'pandemics', 'threatening', 'epidemics', 'front', 'sporadically', 'despite', 'challenge', 'believe', 'there', 'viable', 'forinterested', 'health', 'psychologists', 'develop', 'special', 'expertise', 'deepknowledge', 'recognition', 'public', 'visibility', 'experts', 'thebehavioral', 'psychosocial', 'aspects', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'thedevelopment', 'subspecialty', 'within', 'health', 'psychologywould', 'consistent', 'recent', 'integrated', 'approach', 'toagent', 'environmental', 'behavioral', 'factors', 'emerginginfectious', 'diseases', 'morens', 'fauci', 'would', 'build', 'onadjacent', 'areas', 'which', 'health', 'psychologists', 'already', 'specialexpertise', 'other', 'sexually', 'transmitted', 'eases', 'feldstein', 'ewing', 'bryan', 'vaccination', 'ayling', 'bednarczyk', 'adher', 'bassett', 'cornelius', 'gathright', 'health', 'disparities', 'harkness', 'hostinar', 'subspecialty', 'training', 'opportunities', 'couldbe', 'developed', 'postdoctoral', 'levels', 'departments', 'ofpsychology', 'psychiatry', 'medicine', 'health', 'behavior', 'visions', 'schools', 'public', 'health', 'addition', 'providing', 'asubspecialization', 'trainees', 'special', 'interest', 'infec', 'tious', 'diseases', 'postdoctoral', 'training', 'programs', 'healthpsychology', 'should', 'consider', 'placing', 'greater', 'emphasis', 'across', 'theboard', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'public', 'health', 'prevention', 'healthinequities', 'finally', 'health', 'psychology', 'organizations', 'create', 'portunities', 'health', 'psychologists', 'apply', 'disseminate', 'theirexpertise', 'behavioral', 'psychosocial', 'aspects', 'infectiousdiseases', 'vaccine', 'hesitancy', 'related', 'problems', 'shouldwork', 'ensure', 'health', 'psychologists', 'special', 'expertise', 'arevisible', 'available', 'government', 'agencies', 'health', 'ganizations', 'media', 'representatives', 'experts', 'behav', 'ioral', 'psychosocial', 'aspects', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'vaccina', 'health', 'psychology', 'organizations', 'trainingcenters', 'recognize', 'concerted', 'efforts', 'strengthenour', 'current', 'pandemic', 'succession', 'epidemicswe', 'surely', 'years', 'ahead', 'paper']
['contents', 'lists', 'available', 'sciencedirectannals', 'medicine', 'surgeryjournal', 'homepage', 'elsevier', 'locate', 'amsuis', 'lockdown', 'important', 'prevent', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'effects', 'onpsychology', 'environment', 'economy', 'perspectiveabdulkadir', 'atalandepartment', 'industrial', 'engineering', 'gaziantep', 'islam', 'science', 'technology', 'university', '27010', 'gaziantep', 'turkeyarticle', 'infokeywords', 'covid', '19lockdowncorrelationpsychologyenvironmenteconomyabstractcovid', 'daily', 'increasing', 'cases', 'deaths', 'worldwide', 'lockdown', 'quarantine', 'restrictions', 'study', 'analyze', 'effect', 'lockdown', 'spread', 'coronavirus', 'countries', 'covid', 'casesand', 'lockdown', 'collected', 'countries', 'implemented', 'lockdown', 'between', 'certain', 'dates', 'without', 'interruption', 'correlation', 'tests', 'analysis', 'based', 'unconstrained', 'normal', 'andconstrained', 'tukey', 'lambda', 'lockdown', 'significantly', 'correlated', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'based', 'onunconstrained', 'ratio', 'ratio', 'observations', 'basedon', 'tukey', 'lambda', 'lockdown', 'social', 'isolation', 'restrictions', 'beenobserved', 'prevent', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'showed', 'spread', 'virus', 'significantlyreduced', 'preventive', 'restriction', 'study', 'study', 'offers', 'initial', 'evidence', 'covid', 'demic', 'suppressed', 'lockdown', 'application', 'lockdown', 'governments', 'thought', 'beeffective', 'psychology', 'environment', 'economy', 'besides', 'having', 'impact', 'covid', 'introductiona', 'disease', 'similar', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'began', 'emerge', 'wuhancity', 'hubei', 'province', 'china', 'december', 'studies', 'vealed', 'cases', 'emerged', 'coronavirus', 'thatwas', 'previously', 'described', 'virus', 'called', 'onavirus', 'covid', 'since', 'appeared', 'sourceof', 'virus', 'thought', 'huanan', 'seafood', 'market', 'wuhan', 'china', 'understood', 'virus', 'which', 'transmittedfrom', 'animal', 'human', 'spread', 'human', 'human', 'although', 'molecular', 'mechanism', 'covid', 'transmissionpathway', 'human', 'human', 'still', 'resolved', 'principle', 'oftransmission', 'respiratory', 'diseases', 'similar', 'general', 'spiratory', 'diseases', 'spread', 'droplet', 'scattering', 'ofspreading', 'person', 'exposed', 'microbe', 'people', 'aroundhim', 'coughing', 'sneezing', 'other', 'words', 'environmental', 'factorsplay', 'important', 'transmission', 'virus', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'spreading', 'every', 'morethan', 'million', 'people', 'actively', 'infected', 'virus', 'socovid', 'restrictions', 'applied', 'almost', 'areas', 'themost', 'basic', 'measure', 'reduce', 'spread', 'coronavirus', 'preventinfection', 'follow', 'hygiene', 'rules', 'important', 'these', 'iswashing', 'hands', 'reason', 'spread', 'virus', 'slower', 'insocieties', 'habit', 'washing', 'hands', 'attention', 'thegeneral', 'hygiene', 'rules', 'there', 'level', 'participation', 'official', 'institutions', 'scientists', 'thecovid', 'virus', 'reach', 'group', 'quickly', 'approximately', 'countries', 'reported', 'number', 'confirmedcovid', 'cases', 'countries', 'taken', 'strict', 'restrictions', 'suchas', 'vacation', 'schools', 'working', 'quarantine', 'regionswith', 'number', 'cases', 'importantly', 'lockdown', 'slowdown', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'lockdown', 'differ', 'countries', 'countries', 'lockdown', 'started', 'ended', 'cording', 'covid', 'effect', 'their', 'public', 'countries', 'haveextended', 'lockdown', 'covid', 'continues', 'itsinfluence', 'intensely', 'public', 'chakraborty', 'maity', 'phasized', 'lockdown', 'environmental', 'economicimpact', 'countries', 'lockdown', 'created', 'ground', 'renewalof', 'environment', 'especially', 'closure', 'factories', 'thereduction', 'private', 'public', 'transportation', 'vehicles', 'covid', 'increased', 'quality', 'parts', 'world', 'thelockdown', 'imposed', 'during', 'pandemic', 'process', 'economic', 'activities', 'stopped', 'reducing', 'carbon', 'emissions', 'prevent', 'pandemic', 'governments', 'started', 'apply', 'bansunder', 'social', 'restrictions', 'lockdown', 'forefront', 'theserestrictions', 'study', 'analyze', 'statistically', 'thelockdown', 'plays', 'important', 'preventing', 'covid', 'showhttps', '010received', 'accepted', '2020e', 'address', 'abdulkadiratalan', 'gmail', 'annals', 'medicine', 'surgery', '42available', 'online', '20202049', 'author', 'published', 'elsevier', 'behalf', 'publishing', 'group', 'access', 'article', 'under', 'license', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'psychological', 'effect', 'people', 'study', 'covid', 'from49', 'countries', 'analyze', 'impact', 'lockdown', 'thecovid', 'outbreak', 'countries', 'constantly', 'enforce', 'thelockdown', 'included', 'study', 'correlation', 'tests', 'usedfor', 'analysis', 'based', 'unconstrained', 'normal', 'constrained', 'tukey', 'lambda', 'study', 'includes', 'sections', 'first', 'section', 'deals', 'theliterature', 'review', 'studies', 'related', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'secondpart', 'gives', 'detailed', 'information', 'about', 'methodology', 'study', 'results', 'obtained', 'method', 'mentioned', 'methodologysection', 'discussed', 'third', 'section', 'overview', 'psycho', 'logical', 'environmental', 'economic', 'impacts', 'lockdown', 'imposedin', 'countries', 'covid', 'discussed', 'fourth', 'section', 'thelast', 'section', 'conclusion', 'about', 'study', 'provided', 'methodologycovid', 'countries', 'considered', 'collected', 'fromwww', 'worldometer', 'total', 'number', '3726797', 'million', 'firmed', 'active', 'covid', 'cases', 'documented', 'worldwide', 'ofmay', 'number', 'approved', 'active', 'covid', 'cases', 'incountries', 'considered', 'study', 'recorded', '1440776', 'covid', 'cases', 'lockdown', 'collected', '49countries', 'implemented', 'lockdown', 'between', 'certain', 'dates', 'without', 'interruption', 'lockdown', 'countries', 'tained', 'websites', 'official', 'institutions', 'country', 'correlation', 'analyze', 'associations', 'betweenlockdown', 'factor', 'total', 'cases', 'covid', 'countries', 'thecorrelation', 'lockdown', 'number', 'covid', 'cases', 'wascalculated', 'unconstrained', 'normal', 'unconstrained', 'tukey', 'lambda', 'distribution', 'distribution', 'tukey', 'lambdahas', 'shape', 'parameter', 'tukey', 'lambda', 'distribution', 'createdwith', 'position', 'parameter', 'scale', 'parameter', 'becausethe', 'general', 'probability', 'functions', 'expressed', 'terms', 'ofstandard', 'normal', 'distribution', 'values', 'aheavy', 'tailed', 'distribution', 'close', 'approx', 'cauchy', 'asthe', 'optimal', 'value', 'increases', 'progressively', 'heavytails', 'implied', 'similarly', 'optimal', 'value', 'becomes', 'greaterthan', 'shorter', 'tails', 'implied', 'tukey', 'lambda', 'distribution', 'isexpressed', 'mathematically', 'shows', 'total', 'number', 'covid', 'cases', 'countries', 'countries', 'considered', 'located', 'european', 'regionincluding', 'austria', 'belgium', 'denmark', 'france', 'germany', 'italy', 'nether', 'lands', 'norway', 'spain', 'although', 'covid', 'appeared', 'china', 'theeuropean', 'region', 'become', 'epicenter', 'virus', 'caseshave', 'emerged', 'europe', 'china', 'highest', 'covid', '19from', 'selected', 'countries', 'occurred', 'spain', '250561', 'covid', 'cases', 'onmay', 'italy', 'announced', 'first', 'approved', 'covid', 'onjanuary', 'country', 'lowest', 'covid', 'isparaguay', 'covid', 'cases', 'shows', 'lockdown', 'imposed', 'countries', 'ofthese', 'countries', 'continue', 'lockdown', 'however', 'these', 'countries', 'accepted', 'study', 'theireland', 'which', 'curfewed', 'longest', 'lockdownperiod', 'total', '21983', 'covid', 'cases', 'approved', 'ireland', 'spain', 'country', 'highest', 'number', 'cases', 'imposed', 'lockdown', 'although', 'china', 'became', 'center', 'first', 'epidemic', 'italy', 'passed', 'china', 'emerging', 'cases', 'though', 'italy', 'suffereda', 'severe', 'injury', 'pandemic', 'italy', 'managed', 'control', 'thenumber', 'covid', 'cases', 'lockdown', 'theother', 'although', 'there', 'downward', 'trend', 'cases', 'confirmedin', 'france', 'spain', 'number', 'cases', 'confirmed', 'spain', 'ceeded', 'number', 'cases', 'confirmed', 'italy', 'descriptive', 'analyses', 'implemented', 'statis', 'tical', 'sided', 'value', 'measured', 'modeland', 'parameter', 'statistically', 'significant', 'based', 'regression', 'model', 'study', 'analyzed', 'using', 'software', 'version', 'numbers', 'minitab', 'statistical', 'computer', 'results', 'discussionsdescriptive', 'analyses', 'presented', 'thisstudy', 'table', 'results', 'descriptive', 'analyses', 'promptedas', 'confidence', 'intervals', 'upper', 'lower', 'lockdowndays', 'total', 'cases', 'covid', 'statistical', 'sided', 'value', 'measured', 'model', 'parameter', 'statisticallysignificant', 'suitable', 'normal', 'distribution', 'according', 'toanderson', 'darling', 'value', 'value', 'anderson', 'darling', 'shapiro', 'value', '728and', 'value', 'shapiro', 'normality', 'tests', 'statisticalprocesses', 'performed', 'transforming', 'covid', 'trans', 'formed', 'covid', 'using', 'transformation', 'methodfig', 'cumulative', 'confirmed', 'covid', 'cases', 'countries', 'atalan', 'annals', 'medicine', 'surgery', 'where', 'value', 'trans', 'formation', 'observation', 'datay', 'value', 'shows', 'power', 'towhich', 'observation', 'increased', 'limited', 'between', '4263and', 'adapt', 'normal', 'distribution', 'correlation', 'analysis', 'between', 'spread', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'lockdown', 'correlation', 'value', 'varies', 'between', 'correlation', 'value', 'factor', 'indicates', 'negativerelationship', 'approaches', 'positive', 'relationship', 'proaches', 'lockdown', 'found', 'strongcorrelation', 'approved', 'covid', 'cases', 'unconstrained', 'correla', 'value', 'calculated', 'shows', 'tukey', 'lambdacorrelation', 'curve', 'normality', 'tukey', 'lambda', 'distribution', 'forms', 'distribution', 'family', 'canapproach', 'normal', 'distribution', 'maximum', 'correlation', 'covid', 'numbers', 'occurred', 'value', 'covid', 'modeled', 'according', 'normaldistribution', 'table', 'period', 'lockdown', 'applied', 'countries', 'average', 'havetaken', 'lockdown', 'imposed', 'minimum', 'dayswhile', 'lockdown', 'imposed', 'maximum', 'countries', 'during', 'period', 'average', '29403', 'people', 'these', 'countries', 'wereactively', 'infected', 'covid', 'virus', 'number', 'confirmedcovid', 'cases', 'recorded', 'minimum', 'maximum', 'of250561', 'predictive', 'statistics', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'thementioned', 'countries', 'given', 'table', 'minimum', '30fig', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'lockdown', 'countries', 'transformed', 'covid', 'table', '1descriptive', 'statistics', 'lockdown', 'covid', 'cases', 'lockdown', 'casesmean', '367347', '29403', '592std', '080988', '57887', '549std', '8687126', '6499upper', '124645', '46030', '837lower', '610049', '12776', '000000', '000000variance', '11224', '000003', '35skewness', '3677305', '6740095kurtosis', '523178', '3728059minimum', '000000', '00000maximum', '000000', '250561', 'atalan', 'annals', 'medicine', 'surgery', '4240observations', 'required', 'create', 'effective', 'statistical', 'analysis', 'inthis', 'study', 'calculate', 'lockdown', 'afore', 'mentioned', 'countries', 'spread', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'relative', 'confidence', 'intervals', 'ratio', 'ratio', 'adjusted', 'observed', 'thedeveloped', 'model', 'found', 'important', 'according', 'statisticalanalyses', 'lockdown', 'parameter', 'significant', 'datais', 'close', 'confidence', 'level', 'ratio', 'fratio', 'healthcare', 'system', 'capacities', 'countries', 'serious', 'concernsabout', 'meeting', 'needs', 'infected', 'covid', 'patients', 'therefore', 'countries', 'strictest', 'measures', 'necessary', 'oreven', 'pandemic', 'otherwise', 'situation', 'triggers', 'intensivecare', 'units', 'their', 'maximum', 'level', 'these', 'countries', 'although', 'thenumber', 'infected', 'patients', 'spain', 'italy', 'numberof', 'cases', 'decreased', 'significantly', 'recent', 'situation', 'alsofound', 'other', 'countries', 'result', 'strict', 'measures', 'taken', 'ernments', 'return', 'normal', 'gradually', 'countries', 'tioned', 'result', 'absolute', 'decrease', 'number', 'cases', 'willoccur', 'there', 'possibility', 'virus', 'mutation', 'effects', 'lockdown4', 'psychological', 'effectsit', 'observed', 'there', 'confusion', 'rapid', 'spread', 'thecovid', 'outbreak', 'world', 'emergence', 'serious', 'sequences', 'reason', 'certain', 'covid', '19mental', 'health', 'effects', 'obtained', 'clearly', 'obtained', 'according', 'first', 'findings', 'obtained', 'studies', 'lockdown', 'shown', 'related', 'human', 'psychology', 'wasdetermined', 'stress', 'depression', 'chological', 'reactions', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'these', 'findingshave', 'limitations', 'these', 'psychological', 'symptoms', 'emerged', 'fromonly', 'affected', 'countries', 'reflect', 'experiencesof', 'people', 'living', 'other', 'parts', 'world', 'result', 'clear', 'thathaving', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'mortality', 'rates', 'covid', 'demic', 'impact', 'mental', 'health', 'problems', 'environmental', 'effectsthe', 'effect', 'lockdown', 'environment', 'covid', 'hasbeen', 'addressed', 'studies', 'observed', 'environment', 'hasstarted', 'renew', 'itself', 'kinds', 'industry', 'vehicle', 'movementand', 'social', 'activities', 'people', 'continue', 'level', 'inparticular', 'positive', 'effect', 'lockdown', 'restrictions', 'waterquality', 'observed', 'yunus', 'quantitatively', 'determinedthat', 'quality', 'water', 'venbanad', 'increased', 'approxi', 'mately', 'india', 'remote', 'sensing', 'imaging', 'method', 'kerimray', 'analyzed', 'effect', 'lockdown', 'thecity', 'almaty', 'kazakhstan', 'concentrations', 'pollutants', 'andemphasized', 'increase', 'quality', 'almaty', 'another', 'studyhas', 'showed', 'quality', 'lockdown', 'delhi', 'apositive', 'effect', 'dantas', 'calculated', 'emission', 'levelas', 'approximately', 'lockdown', 'janeiro', 'brazil', 'study', 'emphasized', 'effect', 'lockdownfig', 'tukey', 'lambda', 'normality', 'table', '2tukey', 'lambda', 'correlation', 'distribution', 'lambda', 'correlation', 'approx', 'cauchy', '6557exact', 'logistic', '7333approx', 'normal', '7402u', 'shaped', '6968exactly', 'uniform', '6697table', '3validation', 'statistical', 'analysis', 'source', 'stderrorsum', 'squares', 'ratio', 'ratio', 'fprob', 'model', '15944', '19001496', '0413lockdown', '6933250', '0203a', 'atalan', 'annals', 'medicine', 'surgery', '4241on', 'covid', 'statistically', 'significant', 'examples', 'environmentalimpacts', 'indirect', 'lockdown', 'covid', 'provided', 'economic', 'effectsthe', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'which', 'turning', 'pandemic', 'aglobal', 'health', 'crisis', 'however', 'measures', 'taken', 'countries', 'againstthis', 'epidemic', 'bring', 'along', 'unprecedented', 'economic', 'disaster', 'global', 'pandemic', 'namely', 'covid', 'dealt', 'manystudies', 'socio', 'economic', 'effects', 'world', 'economy', 'inalmost', 'world', 'social', 'isolation', 'applied', 'peopledo', 'streets', 'workplaces', 'closed', 'flights', 'banned', 'people', 'dismissed', 'terms', 'extent', 'destruction', 'theeconomy', 'during', 'pandemic', 'speed', 'expected', 'recoveryafter', 'pandemic', 'level', 'outbreak', 'bebrought', 'under', 'control', 'current', 'social', 'distance', 'isolation', 'oriented', 'measures', 'loosened', 'begin', 'normalizein', 'expansionary', 'economic', 'measures', 'already', 'taken', 'limitations', 'studythere', 'limitations', 'study', 'measure', 'effect', 'oflockdown', 'covid', 'cases', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'still', 'ongoingso', 'statistical', 'analysis', 'should', 'continue', 'there', 'conflicting', 'statementsregarding', 'lockdown', 'countries', 'covid', 'countries', 'where', 'thecovid', 'intensely', 'occurring', 'either', 'lockdown', 'imposed', 'applied', 'intermittently', 'addition', 'claimed', 'besides', 'thepositive', 'aspects', 'lockdown', 'people', 'comply', 'striction', 'cause', 'weakened', 'immune', 'system', 'reason', 'isthat', 'there', 'consumption', 'limited', 'mobility', 'theeffect', 'lockdown', 'caused', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'humanhealth', 'subject', 'future', 'conclusioncovid', 'daily', 'increasing', 'cases', 'deaths', 'worldwidelockdown', 'quarantine', 'restrictions', 'study', 'analyzethe', 'effect', 'lockdown', 'spread', 'coronavirus', 'tries', 'study', 'offers', 'initial', 'evidence', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'canbe', 'suppressed', 'lockdown', 'addition', 'other', 'parameters', 'asdemographic', 'population', 'density', 'populations', 'parameters', 'ofweather', 'economy', 'infrastructure', 'healthcare', 'systems', 'sidered', 'studies', 'considering', 'effective', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'result', 'application', 'lockdown', 'governments', 'isalso', 'thought', 'effective', 'psychology', 'environment', 'economywith', 'being', 'effective', 'covid', 'ethical', 'approvalnot', 'applicable', 'sources', 'fundingnone', 'paper']
['special', 'section', 'papercovid', 'context', 'people', 'inemergencies', 'probably', 'because', 'ofcollective', 'psychologyjohn', 'drury1', 'stephen', 'reicher2', 'clifford', 'stott31university', 'sussex', 'brighton', 'uk2university', 'andrews', 'uk3keele', 'university', 'uknotions', 'psychological', 'frailty', 'forefront', 'debates', 'around', 'publicresponse', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'particular', 'there', 'argument', 'collectiveselfishness', 'thoughtless', 'behaviour', 'reaction', 'would', 'effects', 'covid', 'worse', 'kinds', 'claims', 'relation', 'other', 'kinds', 'ofemergencies', 'fires', 'earthquakes', 'sinking', 'ships', 'argue', 'these', 'cases', 'aswell', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'other', 'factors', 'better', 'explanations', 'forfatalities', 'namely', 'under', 'reaction', 'threat', 'systemic', 'structural', 'factors', 'andmismanagement', 'psychologizing', 'disasters', 'serves', 'distract', 'causes', 'andthus', 'might', 'responsible', 'being', 'problem', 'collectivebehaviour', 'emergencies', 'including', 'solidarity', 'cooperation', 'commonlywitnessed', 'among', 'survivors', 'solution', 'should', 'harnessed', 'moreeffectively', 'policy', 'practice', 'notions', 'psychological', 'frailty', 'weaknesses', 'reason', 'weaknesses', 'morality', 'havebeen', 'evident', 'comments', 'public', 'responses', 'covid', 'crisis', 'someof', 'these', 'informed', 'policy', 'example', 'reason', 'delay', 'introducingstricter', 'distancing', 'measures', 'united', 'kingdom', 'authorities', 'assumption', 'thatthe', 'public', 'would', 'fatigue', 'observing', 'though', 'frailty', 'issaid', 'magnified', 'collective', 'early', 'covid', 'manycommentators', 'argued', 'collective', 'panic', 'would', 'potentially', 'disastrous', 'thanthe', 'pandemic', 'itself', 'through', 'effects', 'markets', 'availability', 'goods', 'relationsbetween', 'different', 'groups', 'crime', 'panic', 'meaning', 'selfish', 'thoughtless', 'behaviour', 'reaction', 'contagious', 'virus', 'itself', 'collectivepsychology', 'would', 'therefore', 'emergency', 'disasterbut', 'really', 'exactly', 'claim', 'about', 'public', 'panic', 'hashistorically', 'relation', 'other', 'kinds', 'emergencies', 'including', 'fires', 'terrorist', 'attacks', 'sinking', 'ships', 'crowd', 'crushes', 'really', 'selfishness', 'reaction', 'general', 'behaviour', 'caused', 'deaths', 'these', 'cases', 'somethingelse', 'sinking', 'estonia', 'example', 'people', 'primafacie', 'greater', 'survival', 'rates', 'women', 'passengers', 'mightsuggest', 'strongest', 'individuals', 'selfishly', 'neglected', 'others', 'order', 'savethemselves', 'analysis', 'survivorship', 'records', 'eyewitness', 'testimonies', 'illustratesthe', 'danger', 'psychologizing', 'physical', 'constraints', 'cornwell', 'extremelisting', 'sudden', 'there', 'attempts', 'among', 'passengers', 'eachother', 'strength', 'exits', 'themselves', 'alone', 'assistothers', 'examining', 'evidence', 'emergencies', 'suggests', 'three', 'reasons', 'there', 'areavoidable', 'fatalities', 'under', 'reaction', 'threat', 'systemic', 'factors', 'mismanage', 'briefly', 'describe', 'these', 'alternative', 'explanations', 'deaths', 'disasters', 'wethen', 'examine', 'understand', 'happened', 'covid', 'context', 'before', 'discussing', 'collective', 'psychology', 'emergencies', 'rather', 'reaction', 'first', 'factor', 'turns', 'emergency', 'disaster', 'under', 'reaction', 'people', 'often', 'underestimate', 'disregard', 'possible', 'signals', 'danger', 'tierney', 'lindell', 'perry', 'during', 'people', 'inside', 'world', 'trade', 'center', 'whosaw', 'objects', 'falling', 'outside', 'initially', 'recognize', 'these', 'pieces', 'theplane', 'struck', 'their', 'building', 'slowness', 'comprehend', 'threat', 'means', 'delay', 'inattempts', 'escape', 'people', 'close', 'their', 'computers', 'beforethey', 'sought', 'leave', 'building', 'second', 'reason', 'deaths', 'emergencies', 'systemic', 'disasters', 'affecteveryone', 'those', 'already', 'disadvantaged', 'suffer', 'disproportionately', 'thegrenfell', 'tower', 'worst', 'united', 'kingdom', 'since', 'second', 'world', 'neglect', 'saving', 'authorities', 'manufacturers', 'behind', 'fataldecision', 'block', 'flammable', 'material', 'poorer', 'sections', 'society', 'fewerresources', 'disaster', 'strikes', 'power', 'demand', 'adequateaftercare', 'third', 'reason', 'emergencies', 'often', 'badly', 'mismanagement', 'cocoanutgrove', 'nightclub', 'which', 'people', 'presented', 'psychologytextbooks', 'embodiment', 'received', 'wisdom', 'deaths', 'night', 'firesare', 'crowd', 'panic', 'chertkoff', 'kushigian', 'detailed', 'analysis', 'eventssuggests', 'instead', 'failure', 'management', 'types', 'first', 'there', 'mismanagement', 'ofspace', 'emergency', 'locked', 'windows', 'nailed', 'toprevent', 'people', 'leaving', 'without', 'paying', 'their', 'second', 'there', 'failures', 'ofcommunication', 'there', 'signs', 'training', 'emergency', 'evacuation', 'whenstaff', 'tried', 'survivors', 'could', 'officialinvestigation', 'major', 'causes', 'locked', 'doors', 'theunfamiliarity', 'inaccessibility', 'normal', 'exits', 'jamming', 'revolving', 'doorthere', 'implication', 'crowd', 'behaviour', 'caused', 'deaths', 'management', 'wassubsequently', 'prosecuted', 'manslaughter', 'neglect', 'building', 'similar', 'story', 'mismanagement', 'space', 'found', 'literature', 'fatal', 'crowdcrushes', 'sometimes', 'usually', 'erroneously', 'called', 'stampedes', 'panic', 'explanationsonce', 'dominated', 'recent', 'systematic', 'review', 'cites', 'common', 'causes', 'offatalities', 'collective', 'psychology', 'overcrowding', 'closure', 'exits', 'congestion', 'atbottlenecks', 'deficiencies', 'safety', 'barriers', 'coordination', 'local', 'authorities', 'almeida', 'schreeb', 'notoriously', 'fatal', 'crush', 'hillsborough', '1989was', 'initially', 'explained', 'terms', 'disorderly', 'behaviour', 'laterdemonstrated', 'disproportionate', 'concern', 'among', 'authorities', 'preventing', 'footballhooliganism', 'neglect', 'crowd', 'safety', 'including', 'disastrous', 'decision', 'fansinto', 'already', 'overcrowded', 'terrace', 'short', 'hillsborough', 'cocoanut', 'grove', 'didnot', 'happen', 'because', 'failings', 'level', 'collective', 'psychology', 'relation', 'failures', 'communication', 'changes', 'information', 'communicationpractices', 'often', 'improved', 'safety', 'saved', 'lives', 'world', 'trade', 'center', 'wassubject', 'terrorist', 'attack', 'evacuation', 'relatively', 'aguirre', 'wenger', 'subsequently', 'regular', 'drills', 'introduced', 'people', 'becamefamiliar', 'locations', 'emergency', 'exits', 'measure', 'helped', '11evacuation', 'successful', 'casualty', 'decontamination', 'following', 'achemical', 'incident', 'failure', 'responders', 'communicate', 'effectively', 'reducedpublic', 'compliance', 'procedure', 'increasing', 'fatalities', 'carter', 'solution', 'train', 'responders', 'skills', 'communicate', 'publicboth', 'decontamination', 'needed', 'carry', 'drury', 'under', 'reaction', 'system', 'mismanagement', 'covid', 'responsein', 'united', 'kingdomunlike', 'fires', 'earthquakes', 'floods', 'bombings', 'which', 'short', 'eventswhich', 'occur', 'place', 'effects', 'current', 'pandemic', 'dispersed', 'andspace', 'these', 'other', 'emergencies', 'there', 'mortal', 'threat', 'which', 'creates', 'collectivefear', 'examine', 'major', 'problems', 'response', 'outcomes9', 'thecovid', 'crisis', 'prima', 'facie', 'three', 'classification', 'above', 'better', 'thanexplanations', 'terms', 'public', 'selfishness', 'thoughtlessness', 'reaction', 'first', 'under', 'reaction', 'while', 'members', 'public', 'taken', 'pandemicseriously', 'majority', 'adhered', 'social', 'distancing', 'stayat', 'regulations', 'there', 'evidence', 'highly', 'consequential', 'political', 'under', 'reaction', 'united', 'kingdom', 'criticism', 'government', 'notprepare', 'respond', 'importantly', 'official', 'advice', 'social', 'distancing', 'onlygiven', 'march', 'instruction', 'resultof', 'under', 'reaction', 'death', 'proportionately', 'higher', 'other', 'countrieswith', 'hospital', 'community', 'deaths', 'recorded', 'scally', 'jacobson', 'abbasi', 'failure', 'prepare', 'straightforward', 'mismanagement', 'butsome', 'under', 'estimating', 'those', 'authority', 'world', 'healthorganization', 'warned', 'about', 'human', 'human', 'transmission', 'covid', 'earlyas', 'january', 'urged', 'precautions', 'first', 'department', 'health', 'social', 'carepress', 'release', 'covid', 'january', 'stated', 'population', 'later', 'lancet', 'published', 'first', 'article', 'showing', 'evidence', 'thatcovid', 'transmittable', 'humans', 'authors', 'recommended', 'careful', 'surveillance', 'rigorous', 'testing', 'respirators', 'greater', 'personal', 'protective', 'equipment', 'onthe', 'chief', 'medical', 'officer', 'still', 'maintained', 'publicwas', 'first', 'documented', 'transmission', 'within', 'united', 'kingdom', 'opposed', 'tofrom', 'travellers', 'abroad', 'appeared', 'february', 'level', 'raisedto', 'march', 'relation', 'second', 'factor', 'example', 'where', 'systemic', 'factors', 'evident', 'discourse', 'public', 'behaviour', 'mobilized', 'called', 'panicbuying', 'rapid', 'emptying', 'supermarket', 'shelves', 'effect', 'vulnerability', 'ofjust', 'supply', 'chains', 'small', 'uptick', 'consumer', 'spending', 'purchasingevidence', 'suggests', 'small', 'proportion', 'population', 'stockpilingin', 'response', 'expectations', 'lockdown', 'shortages', 'nevertheless', 'governmentministers', 'chided', 'public', 'their', 'selfishness', 'psychologizing', 'problem', 'representation', 'public', 'selfish', 'highly', 'consequential', 'where', 'others', 'thecommunity', 'competitors', 'create', 'individualism', 'beingcondemned', 'undermining', 'sense', 'collectivity', 'needed', 'these', 'times', 'bavel', 'systemic', 'factors', 'crucial', 'another', 'sense', 'poorer', 'powerful', 'sectionsof', 'society', 'fewer', 'choices', 'about', 'behave', 'during', 'first', 'phase', 'lockdown', 'despite', 'media', 'campaigns', 'vilify', 'people', 'selfish', 'thoughtless', 'covidiots', 'theevidence', 'reasons', 'adherence', 'shows', 'practical', 'rather', 'thanpsychological', 'people', 'trains', 'because', 'theyneeded', 'money', 'survive', 'government', 'support', 'schemes', 'insufficient', 'peoplewere', 'could', 'exercise', 'those', 'urban', 'areas', 'limited', 'public', 'space', 'employers', 'failed', 'provide', 'support', 'social', 'distancing', 'hygiene', '16those', 'income', 'wealth', 'crowded', 'homes', '17the', 'outcomes', 'these', 'systematic', 'inequalities', 'predictable', 'poorer', 'people', 'haverepeatedly', 'shown', 'vulnerable', 'infection', 'likely', 'theseinequalities', 'persisted', 'second', 'phase', 'lockdown', 'withlower', 'income', 'people', 'being', 'likely', 'thatbring', 'contact', 'othersfinally', 'there', 'evidence', 'specific', 'mismanagement', 'failure', 'ofcommunication', 'response', 'thing', 'observed', 'changed', 'whichmight', 'therefore', 'indicate', 'recognition', 'earlier', 'error', 'public', 'wereaddressed', 'official', 'messaging', 'initial', 'government', 'communications', 'stressed', 'riskto', 'oneself', 'individual', 'example', 'current', 'advice', 'important', 'thing', 'individuals', 'protect', 'themselvesremains', 'washing', 'their', 'hands', 'often', 'least', 'seconds', 'water', 'emphasis', 'added', 'message', 'people', 'therefore', 'picked', 'about', 'tothemselves', 'personally', 'individual', 'focused', 'messaging', 'people', 'discount', 'therisk', 'especially', 'consider', 'themselves', 'young', 'healthy', 'later', 'there', 'shift', 'tothe', 'rationale', 'being', 'protect', 'protect', 'others', 'change', 'thepotential', 'victim', 'spreader', 'which', 'seems', 'havebeen', 'persuasive', '21the', 'collective', 'psychologythis', 'example', 'makes', 'point', 'indeed', 'psychology', 'heavily', 'involved', 'publicresponse', 'covid', 'however', 'psychology', 'fixed', 'behavioural', 'tendencies', 'since', 'hence', 'interest', 'motivations', 'boundaries', 'concern', 'varies', 'contextual', 'factors', 'political', 'leadership', 'which', 'failed', 'initially', 'tocommunicate', 'collectivist', 'terms', 'course', 'psychology', 'matters', 'happens', 'inemergencies', 'reasons', 'other', 'inevitable', 'collective', 'selfishness', 'thoughtlessness', 'reaction', 'consider', 'first', 'conditions', 'under', 'which', 'behaviour', 'competitive', 'vscooperative', 'emergencies', 'there', 'reports', 'mutual', 'social', 'support', 'bymembers', 'public', 'during', 'covid', 'crisis', 'reviews', 'suggest', 'cooperationamong', 'survivors', 'common', 'emergencies', 'members', 'public', 'savemore', 'lives', 'professional', 'responders', 'drury', 'emergencies', 'people', 'compete', 'trample', 'other', 'conditions', 'tooccur', 'chertkoff', 'kushigian', 'comparison', 'different', 'evacuations', 'found', 'thatthere', 'competition', 'exits', 'narrow', 'unfamiliar', 'thatpeople', 'compete', 'coordinate', 'evacuations', 'positionedpsychologically', 'individuals', 'rather', 'group', 'members', 'mintz', 'shows', 'evacuating', 'crowd', 'blocks', 'explained', 'terms', 'theprevalence', 'individual', 'competition', 'collective', 'setting', 'rather', 'terms', 'ofexcessive', 'emotion', 'these', 'cases', 'emergency', 'badly', 'absence', 'ofcollective', 'psychology', 'coordination', 'cooperation', 'cooperating', 'giving', 'support', 'carry', 'risks', 'which', 'acknowledged', 'evacuations', 'larger', 'group', 'slower', 'egress', 'because', 'speed', 'reducedthrough', 'people', 'interacting', 'other', 'aguirre', 'motivation', 'togive', 'support', 'other', 'survivors', 'risks', 'their', 'personal', 'safety', 'collective', 'emergency', 'always', 'particular', 'individuals', 'drury', 'cocking', 'reicher', 'covid', 'individualfrom', 'supporting', 'group', 'clear', 'where', 'supportive', 'behaviour', 'involves', 'physicalproximity', 'whether', 'delivering', 'giving', 'emotional', 'support', 'about', 'public', 'under', 'reaction', 'occur', 'under', 'estimation', 'hassometimes', 'characterized', 'optimistic', 'kinsey', 'gwynne', 'kuligowski', 'kinateder', 'context', 'where', 'emergency', 'events', 'thetime', 'reasonable', 'assume', 'happen', 'assumption', 'reversewhen', 'emergency', 'events', 'become', 'common', 'example', 'after', 'spate', 'ofterrorist', 'attacks', 'london', 'hundreds', 'people', 'oxford', 'street', 'noise', 'thatturned', 'harmless', 'general', 'extent', 'which', 'information', 'concerning', 'athreat', 'plausible', 'function', 'broad', 'social', 'context', 'dangers', 'expectationsof', 'danger', 'raised', 'readiness', 'other', 'action', 'greater', 'context', 'ofrecent', 'incidents', 'relevant', 'social', 'group', 'perceptions', 'become', 'collective', 'people', 'respond', 'direct', 'signals', 'other', 'people', 'responses', 'signal', 'bruder', 'fischer', 'manstead', 'suggest', 'extent', 'which', 'response', 'others', 'possible', 'threat', 'isseen', 'conveying', 'information', 'dependent', 'relevance', 'these', 'others', 'aparticular', 'context', 'which', 'often', 'function', 'shared', 'identity', 'based', 'weknow', 'about', 'social', 'influence', 'processes', 'other', 'contexts', 'bruder', 'caseof', 'covid', 'plausible', 'suppose', 'sight', 'others', 'community', 'routinelyobserving', 'ignoring', 'social', 'distancing', 'regulations', 'example', 'likely', 'strongsignal', 'around', 'safety', 'doing', 'particularly', 'where', 'identify', 'thecommunity', 'these', 'exemplars', 'prototypes', 'psychological', 'factors', 'interact', 'management', 'failures', 'explain', 'someemergency', 'events', 'badly', 'fearing', 'public', 'panic', 'leads', 'authorities', 'withholdinformation', 'about', 'emergency', 'drury', 'information', 'anemergency', 'increases', 'public', 'anxiety', 'public', 'perceives', 'information', 'isbeing', 'withheld', 'damages', 'their', 'relationship', 'authority', 'carteret', 'consequently', 'authorities', 'release', 'correct', 'information', 'thepublic', 'mistrust', 'covid', 'treat', 'thepublic', 'respect', 'order', 'build', 'trust', 'advice', 'given', 'behaviouralscientists', 'government', '24discussion', 'conclusionswe', 'emergencies', 'people', 'behave', 'selfishly', 'thoughtlessly', 'orthat', 'react', 'indeed', 'explained', 'research', 'suggests', 'conditionsfor', 'competition', 'prevail', 'cooperation', 'questioning', 'notionthat', 'public', 'reactions', 'default', 'major', 'cause', 'problems', 'covid', '19crisis', 'existing', 'literature', 'disasters', 'support', 'prima', 'faciemajor', 'problems', 'covid', 'response', 'outcomes', 'better', 'understoodotherwise', 'terms', 'political', 'under', 'reaction', 'systemic', 'issues', 'mismanagement', 'collective', 'panic', 'referred', 'disaster', 'literature', 'disasters', 'druryet', 'rather', 'neutral', 'description', 'people', 'actually', 'behave', 'bestunderstood', 'particular', 'discourse', 'cultural', 'representation', 'whichpsychologizes', 'indeed', 'pathologizes', 'public', 'responses', 'emergencies', 'disasters', 'given', 'known', 'about', 'under', 'reaction', 'systemic', 'factors', 'mismanagement', 'inemergencies', 'emphasize', 'instead', 'collective', 'behaviour', 'clearideological', 'functions', 'naturalizing', 'fatalities', 'distracts', 'causes', 'thusfrom', 'might', 'responsible', 'mismanagement', 'instead', 'blaming', 'victims', 'irony', 'course', 'being', 'problem', 'collective', 'psychology', 'inemergencies', 'solidarity', 'cooperation', 'commonly', 'witnessed', 'among', 'communitymembers', 'strangers', 'usually', 'solution', 'collective', 'psychology', 'therefore', 'andshould', 'harnessed', 'effectively', 'policy', 'practice', 'covid', 'response', 'elcheroth', 'drury', 'through', 'framing', 'threat', 'solution', 'collectiveterms', 'through', 'emphasizing', 'shared', 'norms', 'around', 'collective', 'being', 'safety', 'drury', 'people', 'emergencies', 'probably', 'because', 'ofcollective', 'psychologynew', 'paper']
['psychology', 'covid', 'impacts', 'themes', 'forwardanthony', 'pillay1', 'brendon', 'barnes3abstractcovid', 'brought', 'challenges', 'poorer', 'nations', 'strugglingwith', 'existing', 'burdens', 'however', 'lockdown', 'restrictions', 'aimed', 'slowing', 'infection', 'ratehas', 'created', 'problems', 'their', 'increased', 'unemployment', 'poverty', 'mental', 'healthproblems', 'while', 'lockdown', 'approach', 'effective', 'public', 'health', 'there', 'concernabout', 'formulated', 'empirical', 'basis', 'restrictions', 'societal', 'impacts', 'there', 'additional', 'concern', 'covid', 'associated', 'restrictions', 'disproportionately', 'affectmarginalised', 'groups', 'discipline', 'primarily', 'concerned', 'human', 'behaviour', 'psychology', 'hasmuch', 'contribute', 'addressing', 'pandemic', 'keywordscovid', 'mental', 'health', 'poverty', 'psychology', 'womena', 'words', 'emerged', 'never', 'previously', 'contemplated', 'others', 'thatwe', 'hardly', 'thought', 'would', 'lifetime', 'terms', 'phrases', 'lockdown', 'isolation', 'social', 'distancing', 'flatten', 'curve', 'immunity', 'normal', 'daily', 'recent', 'inclusions', 'oxford', 'english', 'dictionary', 'conversationsthat', 'include', 'abbreviations', 'personal', 'protective', 'equipment', 'working', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'course', 'referringto', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'caused', 'untold', 'havoc', 'forced', 'develop', 'knowledgeof', 'disease', 'regardless', 'profession', 'occupation', 'knowledge', 'about', 'virus', 'quicklybecame', 'essential', 'health', 'professionals', 'public', 'because', 'treatment', 'option', 'atthe', 'writing', 'prevention', 'became', 'order', 'approach', 'being', 'ofbehaviour', 'change', 'strategies', 'coincidentally', 'century', 'world', 'began', 'picking', 'pieces', 'after', 'spanishflu', 'caused', 'virus', 'which', 'infected', 'about', 'million', 'killed', 'excess', 'millionacross', 'globe', 'centers', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention', 'about', 'third', 'world', 'spopulation', 'infected', 'between', 'transnational', 'andtranscontinental', 'travel', 'relatively', 'infrequent', 'other', 'pandemics', 'century', 'include', 'theasian', 'killed', 'estimated', 'million', 'people', 'worldwide', 'thatkilled', 'about', 'million', 'people', 'after', 'mackenzie', 'covid', 'profound', 'effect', 'thoughts', 'emotions', 'behaviour', 'understandably', 'generated', 'panic', 'globally', 'mental', 'health', 'correlates', 'pandemic', 'beenwidespread', 'varied', 'presentation', 'related', 'vulnerability', 'premorbid', 'functioning', 'withsocial', 'economic', 'factors', 'contributing', 'heavily', 'commenting', 'national', 'survey', 'duringcovid', 'united', 'nations', 'raised', 'concern', 'after', 'studies', 'showed', 'distress', 'prevalenceranging', 'recent', 'population', 'based', 'survey', 'found', 'south', 'africansviewed', 'themselves', 'moderate', 'contracting', 'virus', 'suggesting', 'level', 'ofanxiety', 'about', 'their', 'current', 'situation', 'human', 'sciences', 'research', 'council', 'another', 'commu', 'survey', 'respondents', 'noted', 'significant', 'negative', 'emotions', 'including', 'ofadults', 'depressed', 'fearful', 'stress', 'depression', 'prevalent', 'those', 'under40', 'years', 'older', 'persons', 'orkin', 'worrying', 'however', 'theincreased', 'mental', 'health', 'service', 'needs', 'surfacing', 'during', 'reduced', 'mental', 'health', 'serviceprovision', 'risks', 'associated', 'person', 'consultations', 'attempts', 'limit', 'spread', 'ofinfection', 'large', 'numbers', 'mental', 'health', 'service', 'providers', 'opted', 'offer', 'telehealth', 'consultations', 'extent', 'which', 'consultation', 'meeting', 'needs', 'cerned', 'current', 'situation', 'determined', 'considering', 'diversity', 'those', 'especially', 'terms', 'educational', 'level', 'technological', 'sophistication', 'financial', 'resources', 'andnumerous', 'other', 'variables', 'indication', 'egalitarian', 'virus', 'mental', 'health', 'problems', 'evident', 'globally', 'however', 'directly', 'covid', 'insome', 'cases', 'there', 'severe', 'anxiety', 'about', 'being', 'infected', 'obsession', 'prevention', 'behaviours', 'andpossible', 'neuropsychiatric', 'sequelae', 'infection', 'itself', 'troyer', 'other', 'mental', 'health', 'effects', 'considered', 'iatrogenic', 'being', 'caused', 'interventionsaimed', 'curbing', 'health', 'problem', 'lockdown', 'which', 'instituted', 'countries', 'delaytransmission', 'order', 'avoid', 'overwhelming', 'health', 'system', 'imposed', 'strictly', 'incountries', 'opted', 'approach', 'citizens', 'restricted', 'their', 'homes', 'educa', 'tional', 'facilities', 'sectors', 'employment', 'closed', 'except', 'essential', 'services', 'social', 'distancing', 'orders', 'tolerated', 'initially', 'having', 'continued', 'severalweeks', 'months', 'psychological', 'effects', 'varying', 'degrees', 'increased', 'preva', 'lence', 'depressive', 'anxiety', 'symptoms', 'united', 'nations', 'recent', 'review', 'lanceton', 'psychological', 'effects', 'quarantine', 'noted', 'symptoms', 'traumatic', 'stress', 'anger', 'confu', 'studies', 'linking', 'longer', 'quarantine', 'duration', 'greater', 'distress', 'while', 'andwater', 'shortages', 'frequent', 'stressors', 'during', 'quarantine', 'brooks', 'gested', 'instituting', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'global', 'community', 'ducting', 'arguably', 'largest', 'psychological', 'experiment', 'while', 'authorities', 'setting', 'upfield', 'hospitals', 'treat', 'disease', 'there', 'concomitant', 'failure', 'psychological', 'careresources', 'needed', 'price', 'later', 'included', 'major', 'psychological', 'social', 'consequences', 'employment', 'andthe', 'broader', 'economic', 'crisis', 'caused', 'lockdown', 'history', 'shown', 'alcohol', 'other', 'stances', 'often', 'coping', 'times', 'distress', 'however', 'ofalcohol', 'tobacco', 'products', 'south', 'africa', 'created', 'anger', 'frustration', 'lootingof', 'liquor', 'stores', 'legal', 'action', 'threats', 'liquor', 'sales', 'groups', 'arguing', 'unreason', 'unconstitutional', 'mlamla', 'there', 'frustrating', 'restrictions', 'tohave', 'little', 'prevention', 'being', 'allowed', 'shoes', 'short', 'south', 'african', 'journal', 'psychology', 'sleeved', 'unless', 'knitted', 'fabric', 'instances', 'against', 'prevention', 'forexample', 'crowding', 'during', 'restricted', 'exercise', 'times', 'allocated', 'public', 'spaces', 'extended', 'lockdown', 'countries', 'distrust', 'about', 'itseffectiveness', 'critics', 'argued', 'lockdowns', 'achieve', 'desired', 'impact', 'infectionsin', 'density', 'areas', 'because', 'interventions', 'simply', 'possible', 'especially', 'forpoorer', 'countries', 'those', 'south', 'american', 'african', 'asian', 'continents', 'example', 'people', 'practice', 'social', 'distancing', 'crowded', 'living', 'conditions', 'people', 'practicehandwashing', 'limited', 'water', 'together', 'extreme', 'force', 'enforcement', 'cials', 'mostly', 'directed', 'marginalised', 'question', 'overreach', 'ernment', 'actions', 'impede', 'human', 'rights', 'governments', 'particular', 'attention', 'theprecarious', 'balance', 'between', 'instituting', 'restrictions', 'necessary', 'which', 'achieve', 'thegoal', 'reducing', 'infection', 'while', 'treading', 'basic', 'rights', 'citizens', 'interestingly', 'researchers', 'oxford', 'group', 'found', 'relative', 'severity', 'outbreak', 'poorer', 'nations', 'imposed', 'severe', 'lockdown', 'measures', 'wealthy', 'nations', 'gibney', 'perhaps', 'unexpected', 'finding', 'whether', 'approach', 'advantageous', 'determined', 'phenomenon', 'could', 'reflect', 'health', 'resource', 'inadequacies', 'poorer', 'countries', 'result', 'panic', 'about', 'whether', 'pandemic', 'hence', 'their', 'haste', 'towards', 'cautiousapproach', 'adopting', 'early', 'robust', 'planning', 'strategy', 'derided', 'however', 'ofsome', 'restrictive', 'measures', 'appear', 'arbitrary', 'cannot', 'question', 'their', 'validity', 'andscientific', 'basis', 'leads', 'inevitably', 'concerns', 'about', 'extent', 'social', 'control', 'governmentshave', 'known', 'other', 'contexts', 'curbing', 'dissenting', 'political', 'views', 'wheat', 'restricting', 'freedom', 'speech', 'overreach', 'destined', 'evoke', 'severe', 'reactions', 'servesto', 'alienate', 'populace', 'leaders', 'unified', 'stance', 'essential', 'critical', 'responsive', 'socially', 'engaged', 'psychologyoffer', 'south', 'african', 'psychologists', 'allies', 'other', 'disciplines', 'active', 'important', 'quickly', 'adapted', 'teaching', 'practicing', 'psychology', 'virtually', 'professional', 'societieshave', 'lobbied', 'medical', 'support', 'online', 'consultations', 'teletherapy', 'alerted', 'theauthorities', 'immense', 'mental', 'health', 'burden', 'lockdown', 'individuals', 'stretched', 'health', 'practitioners', 'psychologists', 'active', 'media', 'conveying', 'valuablemessaging', 'information', 'public', 'stresses', 'lockdown', 'anxietiesrelated', 'disease', 'enhanced', 'facilities', 'people', 'struggling', 'mental', 'healthissues', 'gender', 'based', 'violence', 'psychologists', 'highlighted', 'behavioural', 'sciences', 'canhelp', 'frame', 'public', 'health', 'interventions', 'tomlinson', 'young', 'activelyinvolved', 'local', 'international', 'research', 'projects', 'understand', 'psychological', 'impacts', 'anddeterminants', 'health', 'related', 'behaviour', 'these', 'efforts', 'should', 'commended', 'importantly', 'scholars', 'pointed', 'uneven', 'impacts', 'disease', 'lockdown', 'covid', 'marginalised', 'example', 'unemployed', 'income', 'earners', 'women', 'migrants', 'disabled', 'communities', 'lgbti', 'lesbian', 'bisexual', 'transgender', 'intersex', 'munities', 'those', 'abusive', 'relationships', 'covid', 'previous', 'crises', 'highlighted', 'standing', 'social', 'fractures', 'poverty', 'inequality', 'xenophobia', 'racism', 'patriarchy', 'ableism', 'andunequal', 'health', 'access', 'example', 'concern', 'significant', 'racial', 'disparity', 'theway', 'virus', 'affected', 'communities', 'centers', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention', 'noted', 'disproportionate', 'representation', 'african', 'hispanic', 'latino', 'americansamong', 'those', 'becoming', 'severely', 'dying', 'relates', 'number', 'factors', 'morevulnerable', 'including', 'living', 'conditions', 'circumstances', 'underlying', 'comorbid', 'health', 'pillay', 'barnes', '151problems', 'inadequate', 'health', 'service', 'access', 'south', 'africa', 'class', 'historicallybeen', 'associated', 'insecurities', 'inadequate', 'housing', 'health', 'access', 'amongother', 'disparities', 'however', 'apartheid', 'factors', 'socioeconomicstatus', 'dictate', 'health', 'access', 'black', 'africans', 'rural', 'communities', 'having', 'ficulty', 'harris', 'south', 'africa', 'being', 'world', 'unequal', 'societies', 'alarge', 'portion', 'people', 'extremely', 'dependent', 'social', 'grants', 'informal', 'sectoremployment', 'lockdown', 'effects', 'overwhelming', 'orkin', 'impact', 'women', 'particularly', 'women', 'cannot', 'ignored', 'impact', 'unemploy', 'black', 'women', 'already', 'highest', 'unemployed', 'likely', 'severe', 'women', 'acrossclass', 'strata', 'experience', 'increased', 'domestic', 'child', 'burdens', 'increases', 'domesticviolence', 'reports', 'gender', 'based', 'violence', 'domestic', 'abuse', 'police', 'first', '2monthssince', 'lockdown', 'began', 'numbered', 'gauteng', 'province', 'south', 'africa', 'meaning', 'theactual', 'prevalence', 'higher', 'given', 'women', 'report', 'violence', 'abuse', 'seleka', 'result', 'increased', 'domestic', 'other', 'demands', 'employed', 'women', 'reportedlower', 'productivity', 'compared', 'during', 'lockdown', 'example', 'publication', 'productivity', 'hasbeen', 'significantly', 'lower', 'women', 'academics', 'compared', 'fazarkerley', 'addedpressures', 'accompany', 'lockdown', 'restrictions', 'significant', 'schools', 'closed', 'butalso', 'child', 'minders', 'domestic', 'helpers', 'prohibited', 'working', 'latter', 'scenarioplays', 'further', 'economic', 'disaster', 'because', 'domestic', 'workers', 'south', 'africa', 'mainly', 'poorwomen', 'heavily', 'source', 'income', 'private', 'households', 'known', 'providearound', 'million', 'statistics', 'south', 'africa', 'publication', 'themajority', 'without', '2months', 'recent', 'survey', 'orkin', 'notedsignificant', 'mental', 'health', 'impact', 'women', 'during', 'period', 'feelings', 'depression', 'andapprehension', 'reported', 'respectively', 'study', 'highlighted', 'hunger', 'themost', 'significant', 'predictor', 'overall', 'psychological', 'distress', 'revealing', 'those', 'hungryexperience', 'sadness', 'anger', 'stress', 'depression', 'thanthose', 'hungry', 'lockdown', 'severe', 'impacts', 'lgbti', 'people', 'there', 'reports', 'increasedstigmatisation', 'discrimination', 'violence', 'against', 'group', 'office', 'united', 'nations', 'highcommissioner', 'human', 'rights', 'example', 'government', 'allowed', 'menand', 'women', 'alternative', 'accommodation', 'transgender', 'people', 'leading', 'matisation', 'perez', 'brumer', 'silva', 'santisteban', 'similarly', 'lockdown', 'profoundimpacts', 'migrants', 'precarious', 'positions', 'unstable', 'xenophobic', 'attitudes', 'access', 'services', 'health', 'susceptibility', 'unscrupulous', 'enforcement', 'tices', 'mobility', 'restrictions', 'mental', 'physical', 'impacts', 'people', 'disabilities', 'areparticularly', 'acute', 'deserving', 'attention', 'mckinney', 'addition', 'scholars', 'cautioned', 'about', 'political', 'consequences', 'health', 'behav', 'change', 'barnes', 'health', 'behaviour', 'change', 'tends', 'place', 'blame', 'remedy', 'forcovid', 'marginalised', 'becket', 'writes', 'about', 'united', 'states', 'covid', 'discourse', 'shifted', 'blame', 'unhealthy', 'lifestyles', 'marginalised', 'argumentput', 'forward', 'health', 'secretary', 'reason', 'morbidity', 'mortality', 'wasbecause', 'unhealthy', 'lifestyles', 'comorbidity', 'diabetes', 'among', 'african', 'americans', 'notonly', 'racist', 'classist', 'undertones', 'ignores', 'structural', 'determinants', 'covid', '19such', 'poverty', 'inequality', 'environmental', 'injustices', 'leadership', 'country', 'particular', 'health', 'governments', 'failed', 'address', 'important', 'psychologists', 'continue', 'important', 'related', 'covid', 'termsof', 'research', 'teaching', 'practice', 'important', 'organised', 'psychology', 'continue', 'drawattention', 'inadequately', 'resourced', 'mental', 'health', 'systems', 'strengthen', 'partnerships', 'south', 'african', 'journal', 'psychology', 'other', 'sectors', 'disciplinary', 'allies', 'activist', 'organisations', 'important', 'speak', 'outagainst', 'human', 'rights', 'violations', 'reported', 'several', 'parts', 'world', 'equallyimportant', 'highlight', 'upstream', 'issues', 'governments', 'around', 'world', 'specifically', 'failed', 'address', 'covid', 'previous', 'social', 'crises', 'offers', 'another', 'opportunity', 'forpsychologists', 'actively', 'speak', 'marginalised', 'groupings', 'pursuit', 'equalsociety', 'psychology', 'behavioural', 'human', 'science', 'contribute', 'shaping', 'andreinforcing', 'behavioural', 'interventions', 'public', 'health', 'strategies', 'times', 'pandemics', 'likecovid', 'addition', 'placed', 'advise', 'necessary', 'social', 'policy', 'development', 'cially', 'considering', 'societal', 'support', 'essential', 'governments', 'effectively', 'manage', 'apandemic', 'south', 'african', 'journal', 'psychology', 'together', 'psychologicalsociety', 'south', 'africa', 'psyssa', 'partner', 'publishing', 'outlets', 'everything', 'avenue', 'psychological', 'contributions', 'covid', 'discipline', 'psychology', 'haswitnessed', 'global', 'challenges', 'including', 'famine', 'economic', 'crises', 'fascism', 'racism', 'disease', 'vital', 'consider', 'carefully', 'learn', 'pandemic', 'theworld', 'responded', 'failings', 'think', 'behave', 'differently', 'apost', 'covid', 'world', 'declaration', 'conflicting', 'intereststhe', 'authors', 'declared', 'potential', 'conflicts', 'interest', 'respect', 'research', 'authorship', 'publica', 'article', 'paper']
['fpsyg', '590594', 'october', '1conceptual', 'analysispublished', 'november', '2020doi', 'fpsyg', '590594edited', 'joanna', 'sokolowska', 'university', 'social', 'sciencesand', 'humanities', 'polandreviewed', 'nigel', 'harvey', 'university', 'college', 'london', 'united', 'kingdombarbara', 'summers', 'leeds', 'university', 'business', 'school', 'united', 'kingdom', 'correspondence', 'hersh', 'shefrinhshefrin', 'eduspecialty', 'section', 'article', 'submitted', 'tocognition', 'section', 'journalfrontiers', 'psychologyreceived', 'august', '2020accepted', 'october', '2020published', 'november', '2020citation', 'shefrin', 'psychologyunderlying', 'biased', 'forecastsof', 'covid', 'cases', 'deathsin', 'united', 'states', 'front', 'psychol', '590594', 'fpsyg', '590594the', 'psychology', 'underlying', 'biasedforecasts', 'covid', 'cases', 'anddeaths', 'united', 'stateshersh', 'shefrin', 'department', 'finance', 'leavey', 'school', 'business', 'santa', 'clara', 'university', 'santa', 'clara', 'united', 'statesthis', 'paper', 'discusses', 'impact', 'series', 'psychological', 'phenomena', 'response', 'covid', 'focusing', 'forecasts', 'cases', 'deaths', 'thespecific', 'phenomena', 'comprise', 'unrealistic', 'optimism', 'overconfidence', 'anchoring', 'andadjustment', 'representativeness', 'motivated', 'reasoning', 'groupthink', 'keywords', 'biases', 'forecasts', 'deaths', 'cases', 'pandemic', 'covid', 'introductiona', 'combination', 'psychological', 'issues', 'negatively', 'impacted', 'manner', 'which', 'theunited', 'states', 'responded', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'especially', 'judgments', 'futurecases', 'deaths', 'september', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'number', 'deaths', 'covid', 'united', 'states', 'second', 'highest', 'world', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'exceeded', '6million', 'total', 'deaths', 'exceeded', 'capita', 'basis', 'ranked', 'second', '958confirmed', 'cases', 'million', 'deaths', 'million', 'behind', 'brazil', 'contrast', 'china', 'country', 'which', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'originated', 'experienced', 'justover', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'deaths', 'corresponding', 'respectively', 'million', 'situation', 'united', 'states', 'starker', 'contrasted', 'countriessuch', 'south', 'korea', 'approximately', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'million', '367deaths', 'million', 'taiwan', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'million', 'deaths', 'million', 'which', 'managing', 'outbreakof', 'pandemic', 'reasons', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'deaths', 'covid', 'united', 'statesare', 'varied', 'complex', 'useful', 'place', 'countries', 'following', 'categories', 'those', 'responded', 'aggressively', 'virus', 'first', 'presented', 'within', 'their', 'borders', 'using', 'testing', 'tracing', 'social', 'distancing', 'hygiene', 'masks', 'restrictions', 'gatherings', 'andlockdowns1', 'those', 'whose', 'first', 'responses', 'experienced', 'serious', 'outbreaks', 'revised', 'theirresponses', 'along', 'lines', 'followed', 'countries', 'initially', 'reacted', 'strongly2', '1south', 'korea', 'taiwan', 'first', 'category', 'subsequent', 'infection', 'waves', 'occurred', 'among', 'countries', 'fallinginto', 'first', 'category', 'stancati', 'pancevski', 'italy', 'example', 'country', 'falling', 'second', 'category', 'other', 'countries', 'thatso', 'qualify', 'china', 'germany', 'spain', 'france', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '590594fpsyg', '590594', 'october', '2shefrin', 'biased', 'covid', 'forecasts3', 'those', 'whose', 'first', 'responses', 'experiencedserious', 'outbreaks', 'delayed', 'revising', 'their', 'responsesalong', 'lines', 'followed', 'countries', 'initially', 'reactedstrongly', 'thereby', 'losing', 'control', 'virus', 'continued', 'tospread', 'within', 'their', 'borders3', 'those', 'experienced', 'serious', 'outbreaks4', 'suggest', 'united', 'states', 'falls', 'third', 'category', 'there', 'reasons', 'country', 'responsethat', 'involve', 'differences', 'ideology', 'about', 'individual', 'libertiesand', 'collective', 'action', 'regulatory', 'structures', 'nature', 'itspublic', 'health', 'system', 'supply', 'chain', 'issues', 'flawed', 'humanjudgment5', 'these', 'broad', 'issues', 'although', 'touchon', 'these', 'paper', 'focus', 'mostly', 'flawedhuman', 'judgments', 'small', 'group', 'president', 'members', 'coronavirus', 'force', 'institutefor', 'heath', 'metrics', 'evaluation', 'universityof', 'washington', 'forecasts', 'professionals', 'important', 'because', 'theirpotential', 'inform', 'expectations', 'public', 'toinfluence', 'decisions', 'policy', 'makers', 'moreover', 'there', 'important', 'psychological', 'dimension', 'manner', 'whichpeople', 'generally', 'predictions', 'paper', 'discussone', 'facet', 'these', 'issues', 'manifest', 'response', 'covid', 'focusing', 'presence', 'optimismbias', 'weinstein', 'overconfidence', 'svenson', 'harvey', 'hoffrage', 'forecasts', 'confirmed', 'casesand', 'deaths', 'associated', 'pandemic', 'discuss', 'theimpact', 'additional', 'psychological', 'phenomena', 'contributeto', 'optimism', 'overconfidence', 'namely', 'motivatedreasoning', 'kunda', 'representativeness', 'kahneman', 'andtversky', 'similarity', 'tversky', 'anchoring', 'andadjustment', 'tversky', 'kahneman', 'groupthink', 'janis', 'remainder', 'paper', 'organized', 'follows', 'section', 'context', 'forecasting', 'covid', 'cases', 'deaths', 'describes', 'context', 'development', 'projections', 'casesand', 'deaths', 'covid', 'section', 'judgments', 'decisions', 'biases', 'psychology', 'focuses', 'series', 'ofpsychological', 'issues', 'appear', 'injected', 'biases', 'theseprojections', 'section', 'conclusion', 'concludes', 'context', 'forecasting', 'covid', 'cases', 'deathson', 'january', 'president', 'donald', 'trump', 'receiveda', 'warning', 'about', 'covid', 'national', 'security', 'adviserrobert', 'brien', 'biggest', 'nationalsecurity', 'threat', 'presidency', 'going3the', 'united', 'kingdom', 'sweden', 'brazil', 'category', 'suggestbelow', 'united', 'states', 'until', 'botswana', 'namibia', 'fourth', 'category', 'sincethen', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'deaths', 'increasing', '5during', 'february', 'center', 'disease', 'control', 'experienced', 'aserious', 'failure', 'creating', 'covid', 'which', 'contributed', 'major', 'delayin', 'country', 'ability', 'detect', 'infection', 'leonhardt', 'lipton', '2020a', 'roughest', 'thing', 'woodward', 'justover', 'later', 'president', 'provided', 'implicit', 'privateconditional', 'estimate', 'annual', 'fatalities', 'covid', 'estimate', 'range', 'between', 'deaths', 'conditional', 'china', 'maintaining', 'control', 'virus', 'withinits', 'borders6', 'noted', 'above', 'total', 'fatalities', 'crossed', '000in', 'september', 'president', 'trump', 'public', 'pronouncements', 'diametricallyopposed', 'views', 'shared', 'privately', 'woodward', 'inmid', 'february', 'number', 'coronavirus', 'cases', 'was15', 'cases', 'having', 'direct', 'china', 'source', 'ofthe', 'outbreak', 'president', 'remarked', '15within', 'couple', 'going', 'close', 'watkins', 'third', 'february', 'number', 'confirmed', 'casesbegan', 'discrete', 'amounts', 'equity', 'market', 'declinedsharply', 'investors', 'reduced', 'their', 'estimates', 'downwards', 'theability', 'prevent', 'outbreak', 'homeland', 'imbertand', 'huang', 'february', 'numberof', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'risen', 'deaths', 'beingattributed', 'covid', 'during', 'march', 'states', 'within', 'began', 'toimpose', 'lockdowns', 'other', 'containment', 'measures', 'withthe', 'outbreak', 'cases', 'consequence', 'unemployment', 'rosesharply', 'congress', 'federal', 'reserve', 'putanti', 'cyclical', 'policy', 'measures', 'place', 'counteract', 'negativeshock', 'economy', 'messaging', 'fromthe', 'white', 'house', 'which', 'established', 'coronavirus', 'taskforce', 'downplayed', 'severity', 'threat', 'emphasizedthe', 'importance', 'avoiding', 'unnecessary', 'containment', 'measuresthat', 'would', 'reduce', 'economic', 'activity', 'third', 'weekof', 'march', 'during', 'press', 'briefing', 'president', 'suggestedthat', 'economy', 'might', 'fully', 'reopen', 'easter', 'fewweeks', 'away7', 'during', 'march', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'total', 'deaths', 'attributed', 'covid', 'press', 'briefing', 'march', 'whitehouse', 'president', 'reversed', 'views', 'about', 'easter', 'reopening', 'andtogether', 'coronavirus', 'force', 'leaders', 'provided', 'forecast6in', 'february', 'taped', 'telephone', 'conversation', 'woodward', 'president', 'trumpsaid', 'following', 'deadly', 'yourstrenuous', 'people', 'realize', 'people', 'ayear', 'would', 'think', 'right', 'pretty', 'amazing', 'thing', 'deadly', 'estimates', 'inferred', 'figures', 'givenin', 'quotation', '7this', 'focus', 'paper', 'narrow', 'issue', 'forecasting', 'themany', 'broad', 'issues', 'relating', 'problematic', 'judgments', 'decisions', 'response', 'pandemic', 'examples', 'broader', 'issues', 'include', 'president', 'trump', 'flanked', 'members', 'coronavirus', 'force', 'trumpeting', 'report', 'lists', 'being', 'number', 'respect', 'global', 'health', 'security', 'index', 'failing', 'toacknowledge', 'report', 'emergency', 'preparedness', 'pointsout', 'ranks', 'poorly', 'respect', 'health', 'access', 'white', 'house', 'in2018', 'having', 'disbanded', 'pandemic', 'office', 'therefore', 'readiness', 'witha', 'pandemic', 'president', 'firing', 'deputy', 'inspector', 'general', 'department', 'ofhealth', 'human', 'services', 'identifying', 'severe', 'shortages', 'hospitals', 'weretreating', 'covid', 'center', 'disease', 'control', 'failing', 'produce', 'timelytest', 'covid', 'early', 'during', 'pandemic', 'having', 'disjointedpublic', 'health', 'system', 'reliant', 'outdated', 'technology', 'which', 'limited', 'itsability', 'conduct', 'testing', 'contact', 'tracing', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '590594fpsyg', '590594', 'october', '3shefrin', 'biased', 'covid', 'forecastsranges', 'eventual', 'cumulative', 'deaths', 'covid', 'thisparticular', 'press', 'briefing', 'important', 'three', 'first', 'briefing', 'clear', 'white', 'house', 'acceptedthat', 'engaging', 'containment', 'measures', 'total', 'deathsfrom', 'covid', 'would', 'likely', 'million', 'second', 'white', 'house', 'estimated', 'containment', 'total', 'deaths', 'would', 'likely', 'between', 'although', 'several', 'later', 'increased', 'bierman', 'levey', 'third', 'deborah', 'leading', 'member', 'whitehouse', 'force', 'addressing', 'pandemic', 'stated', 'herteam', 'reviewed', 'institutes', 'beenforecasting', 'cases', 'deaths', 'covid', 'pointed', 'peopleto', 'website', 'noting', 'estimates', 'inline', 'their', 'early', 'april', 'eichenbaum', 'presented', 'aframework', 'integrated', 'standard', 'models', 'epidemiologyand', 'economics', 'paper', 'analyzed', 'interrelationship', 'amongcontainment', 'policy', 'economic', 'activity', 'trajectory', 'ofcumulative', 'deaths', 'covid', 'authors', 'examinedseveral', 'cases', 'examined', 'range', 'outcomes', 'their', 'analysissuggested', 'cumulative', 'deaths', 'covid', 'would', 'range', 'million', 'depending', 'strengthof', 'containment', 'policy', 'immunity', 'would', 'between50', 'population', 'immunity', 'would', 'beachieved', 'between', 'weeks', 'onset', 'epidemic', 'containment', 'virus', 'would', 'occur', 'between', '75and', 'weeks', 'after', 'onset', 'notably', 'containment', 'policywould', 'result', 'immunity', 'being', 'achieved', 'quickly', 'butwith', 'total', 'cases', 'deaths9', 'april', 'important', 'month', 'forthree', 'reasons', 'first', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'deaths', 'associated', 'withcovid', 'soared', 'daily', 'rates', 'peaked', 'thefirst', 'month', 'anthony', 'fauci', 'arguably', 'mostrespected', 'member', 'white', 'house', 'coronavirus', 'force', 'remarked', 'total', 'number', 'deaths', 'covid', 'mightnot', 'exceed', 'chappell', 'third', 'white', 'houseestablished', 'broad', 'strategy', 'addressing', 'outbreak', 'thisstrategy', 'involved', 'limiting', 'federal', 'government', 'delegating', 'responsibility', 'individual', 'states', 'providing', 'stateswith', 'measure', 'resources', 'working', 'encourage', 'theweakening', 'containment', 'measures', 'consequent', 'reopeningof', 'economy', 'quickly', 'possible', 'white', 'house8the', 'transcript', 'press', 'briefing', 'quotes', 'saying', 'following', 'model', 'there', 'there', 'large', 'confidence', 'interval', 'sanywhere', 'model', 'between', 'maybe', 'potentially200', 'people', 'succumbing', 'mitigation', 'model', 'theymake', 'assumption', 'continue', 'doing', 'exactly', 'doing', 'evenbetter', 'every', 'metro', 'level', 'intensity', 'because', 'hoping', 'themodels', 'completely', 'right', 'better', 'predictionsare', '9value', 'models', 'eichenbaum', 'aretraditionally', 'policy', 'makers', 'evaluate', 'tradeoff', 'betweencovid', 'infections', 'deaths', 'economic', 'activity', 'theother', 'notably', 'evidence', 'suggest', 'tradeoff', 'frameworks', 'aseichenbaum', 'played', 'major', 'indeed', 'whitehouse', 'policy', 'decisions', 'related', 'covid', 'meaning', 'policies', 'appear', 'havebeen', 'developed', 'based', 'intuition', 'systematic', 'analysis', '10chappell', 'figure', 'daily', 'deaths', 'million', 'covid', 'italybetween', 'january', 'september', 'source', 'ourworldindata', 'personnel', 'working', 'response', 'covid', 'theterm', 'state', 'authority', 'handoff', 'describe', 'first', 'ofthe', 'strategy11', 'although', 'white', 'house', 'established', 'coronavirus', 'taskforce', 'within', 'white', 'house', 'small', 'group', 'aides', 'actuallyseparately', 'developed', 'policy', 'dealing', 'virus', 'groupwas', 'headed', 'chief', 'staff12', 'member', 'groupwas', 'public', 'health', 'official', 'expertin', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'spoken', 'alongside', 'presidentat', 'march', 'press', 'briefing', 'according', 'coverage', 'thenew', 'times13', 'constant', 'source', 'upbeatnews', 'provided', 'charts', 'emphasizing', 'outbreaks', 'weregradually', 'easing', 'particular', 'argument', 'advanced', 'inapril', 'likely', 'resemble', 'italy', 'wherevirus', 'cases', 'declined', 'steadily', 'frightening', 'heights', 'figure', 'contrasts', 'number', 'daily', 'deaths', 'millionfrom', 'covid', 'italy', 'between', 'january', 'september', 'portion', 'figure', 'january', 'through', 'april', 'provides', 'trajectoryrelevant', 'during', 'march', 'april', 'perspective', 'provided', 'provided', 'supportfor', 'white', 'house', 'priorities', 'namely', 'relaxing', 'containmentmeasures', 'shifting', 'responsibility', 'addressing', 'pandemicto', 'states', 'upcoming', 'presidential', 'election', 'innovember', 'president', 'appears', 'especiallyconcerned', 'strong', 'containment', 'measures', 'would', 'continueto', 'depress', 'economic', 'activity', 'therefore', 'likelihood', 'hisbeing', 'elected', 'march', 'press', 'briefing', 'clear', 'theihme', 'modeling', 'approach', 'estimates', 'cases', 'deaths', 'similar', 'subsequently', 'media', 'focusedattention', 'during', 'april', 'spokesperson', 'alimokdad', 'chief', 'strategy', 'officer', 'professor', 'global', 'health11see', 'shear', 'their', 'article', 'authors', 'suggest', 'state', 'authorityhandoff', 'strategy', 'would', 'serve', 'shift', 'blame', 'president', 'states', 'theevent', 'cases', 'deaths', 'covid', 'surged', '12the', 'chief', 'staff', 'meadows', '13see', 'shear', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '590594fpsyg', '590594', 'october', '4shefrin', 'biased', 'covid', 'forecastsat', 'university', 'washington', 'participated', 'several', 'mediainterviews', 'discuss', 'projections', 'forecasts', 'april15', 'indicated', 'according', 'their', 'model', 'thenumber', 'covid', 'cases', 'peaked', 'daysbefore', 'number', 'total', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'reached609', 'number', 'total', 'deaths', 'reached', 'april', 'projecting', 'eventualnumber', 'deaths', 'attributable', 'covid', 'would', 'projection', 'significantly', 'below', 'ofthe', 'range', 'provided', 'white', 'house', 'weeks', 'before', 'statement', 'fauci', 'before', 'statements', 'about', 'daily', 'deaths', 'havingbeen', 'reached', 'lower', 'estimate', 'total', 'eventual', 'deaths', 'provided', 'support', 'those', 'favored', 'relaxing', 'containmentmeasures', 'reopening', 'economy', 'provide', 'sense', 'economic', 'situation', 'april', 'congressional', 'budget', 'office', 'forecastthat', 'during', 'second', 'quarter', 'april', 'grossdomestic', 'product', 'would', 'shrink', 'approximately', 'fromthe', 'previous', 'quarter', 'january', 'march', 'which', 'corresponded', 'annual', 'april', 'white', 'househad', 'communicated', 'preference', 'reopening', 'economyas', 'possible', 'encouraged', 'reopening', 'measures', 'totake', 'place', 'april', 'daily', 'deaths', 'directordr', 'christopher', 'murray', 'publicly', 'warned', 'reopening', 'theeconomy', 'would', 'higher', 'daily', 'deaths16', 'aninterview', 'times', 'murray', 'noted', 'orabout', 'april', 'detected', 'change', 'conversationswith', 'which', 'reflected', 'serious', 'interest', 'reopeningthe', 'economy', 'imminently17', 'became', 'clearthat', 'reopening', 'indeed', 'taking', 'place', 'raised', 'itsprojection', 'cumulative', 'deaths', 'effectively', 'doublingits', 'prior', 'point', 'forecast', 'infection', 'rates', 'strongly', 'depend', 'social', 'distancing', 'behaviors', 'according', 'coverage', 'times', 'modelsdr', 'employed', 'analysis', 'properly', 'accountfor', 'infection', 'related', 'implications', 'associated', 'reopeningthe', 'economy18', 'between', 'daily', 'casesranged', 'between', 'series', 'cycles', 'nodiscernable', 'trend', 'however', 'thereafter', 'daily', 'cases', 'began', 'risesharply', 'writing', 'washington', 'fritz', 'and14two', 'examples', 'interview', 'april', 'https', 'video', '471218', 'tracking', 'spread', 'covid', 'april', 'interviewon', 'https', 'foxnews', 'media', 'mokdad', 'revised', 'model', '15this', 'forecast', 'those', 'private', 'economists', 'nicholson', 'notably', 'forecast', 'during', 'third', 'quarter', 'september', 'gross', 'domestic', 'product', 'would', 'annual', 'thefourth', 'quarter', 'october', 'december', 'january', 'december', 'regard', 'assumed', 'social', 'distancing', 'maintained', 'butat', 'lower', 'levels', 'those', 'march', 'april', 'through', 'first', 'thecbo', 'forecasts', 'growth', 'between', 'december', 'higherthan', 'those', 'academic', 'economists', 'latter', 'having', 'predicted', 'slower', 'recovery', 'baker', '16cbs', 'interview', 'https', 'axios', 'model', 'coronavirus', 'social', 'distancing', '93489e69', '9d4456d0f52e', 'html17see', 'shear', '18see', 'shear', 'report', 'highest', 'single', 'caseload', 'united', 'states', 'since', 'outbreak', 'pandemic', 'withindays', 'number', 'cases', 'would', 'cross', '19and', 'during', 'would', 'exceed', 'fritz', 'quote', 'robertredfield', 'director', 'center', 'disease', 'control', 'ashaving', 'estimate', 'right', 'every', 'casethat', 'reported', 'there', 'actually', 'other', 'infections20', 'fritz', 'write', 'according', 'infectious', 'diseaseexperts', 'increased', 'number', 'cases', 'reflects', 'relaxcontainment', 'measures', 'without', 'having', 'appropriate', 'safetymeasures', 'place', 'which', 'sends', 'dangerous', 'andinaccurate', 'message', 'during', 'first', 'acknowledged', 'underestimated', 'community', 'spread', 'virus', 'notingtransmission', 'young', 'people', 'month', 'later', 'theepidemic', 'entered', 'phase', 'moved', 'ruralareas', 'urban', 'centers', 'clear', 'thesituation', 'early', 'august', 'distinctly', 'different', 'hadbeen', 'during', 'preceding', 'march', 'april', 'become', 'extraordinarily', 'widespread22', 'during', 'public', 'presentation', 'early', 'august', 'birxresponded', 'question', 'about', 'whether', 'number', 'covid', 'related', 'deaths', 'would', 'surpass', 'endof', 'figure', 'suggested', 'former', 'commissioner', 'thefood', 'administration', 'responded', 'thequestion', 'saying', 'anything', 'possible', 'noted', 'suchan', 'outcome', 'would', 'likely', 'americans', 'practicedappropriate', 'social', 'distancing', 'avoided', 'gatherings', 'hawkins', 'fauci', 'regularly', 'emphasized', 'importance', 'wearingmasks', 'social', 'distancing', 'choosing', 'outdoors', 'thanindoors', 'whenever', 'possible', 'avoiding', 'crowds', 'washing', 'hands', 'repeated', 'point', 'exchange', 'senator', 'during', 'august', 'appearance', 'senate', 'hearing', 'nation', 'scoronavirus', 'response', 'whereas', 'fauci', 'argued', 'these', 'measures', 'mentionedhad', 'helped', 'recover', 'major', 'outbreak', 'april', 'senator', 'recovery', 'reflected', 'immunity', 'fauci', 'responded', 'immunity', 'assertion', 'stating', 'that22', 'covid', 'infection', 'lowfor', 'immunity', 'covid', 'however', 'senatorpaul', 'perspective', 'other', 'forms', 'coronavirus', 'havealready', 'provided', 'immunity', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'perhaps', 'population', 'which', 'combinationwould', 'closer', 'argument', 'alreadyreached', 'immunity', 'august', 'pandemic', 'alreadybegun', 'august', 'president', 'invited', 'scott', 'atlas', 'hiscoronavirus', 'force', 'policy', 'group', 'atlas', 'radiologist19during', 'march', 'april', 'majority', 'covid', 'cases', 'deaths', 'wereconcentrated', 'state', 'jersey', 'during', 'summer', 'cases', 'anddeaths', 'concentrated', 'south', 'country', '20for', 'tractability', 'address', 'undercount', 'issue', 'therefore', 'theanalysis', 'provide', 'considered', 'conservative', '21this', 'comment', 'underscores', 'relevance', 'possible', 'optimism', 'inprofessional', 'forecasts', 'covid', 'deaths', '22see', 'hawkins', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '590594fpsyg', '590594', 'october', '5shefrin', 'biased', 'covid', 'forecastsfigure', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'million', 'covid', 'italy', 'period', 'january', 'through', 'september', 'source', 'ourworldindata', 'neuroradiologist', 'fellow', 'hoover', 'institution', 'shared', 'president', 'senator', 'views', 'about', 'openingthe', 'economy', 'opening', 'schools', 'wearing', 'masks', 'atlas', 'perspective', 'sharply', 'differed', 'eminentepidemiologists', 'surveyed', 'mcneil', 'whose', 'combinedestimates', 'suggest', 'between', 'populationhad', 'infected', 'covid', 'mcneil', 'notes', 'ofthis', 'range', 'infection', 'rates', 'characterizingareas', 'covid', 'which', 'immunity', 'coronavirusesother', 'prevent', 'retrospect', 'although', 'europe', 'experiencedrapidly', 'rising', 'covid', 'related', 'cases', 'deaths', 'during', 'theearly', 'months', 'europe', 'managed', 'reducenew', 'infections', 'deaths', 'quite', 'dramatically', 'while', 'experiencing', 'upsurge', 'stancati', 'pancevski', 'ineurope', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'peaked', 'under', '000at', 'beginning', 'april', 'while', 'daily', 'confirmedcases', 'peaked', 'during', 'second', 'april', 'subsequently', 'europe', 'brought', 'daily', 'cases', 'about5', 'during', 'july23', 'contrast', 'mentioned', 'above', 'newdaily', 'cases', 'soared', 'above', 'figure', 'whichcontrasts', 'number', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'million', 'foritaly', 'between', 'january', 'september', 'mentioned', 'above', 'center', 'fordisease', 'control', 'stated', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'might', 'severelyunderstate', 'number', 'actual', 'infections', 'differences', 'experienced', 'europe', 'july2020', 'reflect', 'different', 'policy', 'decisions', 'april', 'there', 'reason', 'suspect', 'those', 'policy', 'decisions', 'reflectdifferent', 'judgments', 'about', 'threat', 'covid', 'asdifferent', 'preferences', 'about', 'bearing', 'costs', 'containment', 'european', 'governments', 'appeared', 'willing', 'takeresponsibility', 'coordinating', 'centralized', 'approach', 'withineach', 'country', 'testing', 'tracing', 'order', 'detect', 'andcontain', 'emerging', 'clusters', 'infections', 'series', 'dailydeaths', 'italy', 'displayed', 'figure', 'reflect', 'italy23i', 'began', 'increase', 'because', 'reduced', 'socialdistancing', 'mostly', 'young', 'people', 'eventually', 'pursued', 'focused', 'strategy', 'reduce', 'ratesufficiently', 'before', 'reopening', 'economy', 'undertook', 'effectivetesting', 'contact', 'tracing', 'population', 'remained', 'vigilantabout', 'social', 'distancing', 'contrast', 'followed', 'decentralized', 'approach', 'thatwas', 'lacking', 'coordination', 'addition', 'europeans', 'appear', 'bemuch', 'concerned', 'about', 'their', 'civil', 'liberties', 'being', 'infringedbecause', 'requirements', 'wearing', 'masks', 'whereas', 'someportions', 'required', 'wearing', 'viewed', 'asbeing', 'highly', 'problematic', 'addition', 'beenable', 'execute', 'sufficiently', 'effective', 'strategy', 'combiningtesting', 'contact', 'tracing', 'which', 'becomes', 'difficult', 'thenumber', 'cases', 'grows', 'judgments', 'decisions', 'biases', 'andpsychologyi', 'suggest', 'series', 'biases', 'reflecting', 'influences', 'ofboth', 'intentional', 'strategic', 'misrepresentation', 'unintentionalpsychological', 'processes', 'characterized', 'judgments', 'anddecisions', 'about', 'covid', 'section', 'focus', 'onstatements', 'actions', 'predictions', 'about', 'pandemic', 'madeby', 'following', 'actors', 'president', 'leading', 'figures', 'inthe', 'coronavirus', 'force', 'organized', 'thesection', 'focus', 'actor', 'central', 'psychological', 'elements', 'discussed', 'below', 'areunrealistic', 'optimism', 'overconfidence', 'sense', 'ofprecision', 'which', 'occurred', 'conjunction', 'motivatedreasoning', 'elements', 'groupthink', 'availability', 'anchoring', 'representativeness24', 'place', 'psychological', 'issues', 'boldfont', 'order', 'highlight', 'their', 'appearance', 'likewise', 'withstrategic', 'misrepresentation', 'president', 'record', 'clear', 'respect', 'president', 'having', 'consistently', 'downplayed', 'seriousness', 'ofcovid', 'rejected', 'advice', 'scientific', 'communityon', 'would', 'constitute', 'effective', 'response25', 'march', '19call', 'woodward', 'woodward', 'trump', 'acknowledged', 'wanted', 'always', 'still', 'playing', 'downbecause', 'create', 'panic', 'statement', 'servesto', 'reconcile', 'diametrically', 'opposite', 'nature', 'president', 'spublic', 'pronouncements', 'about', 'pandemic', 'which', 'reflectedseverely', 'unrealistic', 'optimism', 'private', 'views', 'whichin', 'retrospect', 'appeared', 'display', 'optimism', 'theorists', 'strategic', 'misrepresentation', 'tomean', 'actors', 'agency', 'intentionally', 'disseminating', 'informationthey', 'untrue', 'means', 'further', 'their', 'ownprivate', 'interests', 'record', 'clear', 'thepresident', 'engaged', 'strategic', 'misrepresentation', 'explaining', 'towoodward', 'motive', 'making', 'untruthful', 'statementsabout', 'pandemic', 'avoid', 'creating', 'panic', 'towhat', '24references', 'these', 'issues', 'appear', 'introductory', 'section', 'notrepeated', 'addition', 'readers', 'assumed', 'familiar', 'terminology', '25see', 'lipton', '2020b', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '590594fpsyg', '590594', 'october', '6shefrin', 'biased', 'covid', 'forecastsin', 'interview', 'national', 'public', 'radio', 'february', 'pandemic', 'expert', 'laurie', 'garrett', 'suggested', 'president', 'sintent', 'downplay', 'dangers', 'pandemic', 'orderto', 'limit', 'damage', 'economy', 'financial', 'markets', 'aneconomic', 'downturn', 'would', 'threaten', 'prospects', 'being', 'elected', 'following', 'november', 'national', 'public', 'radio', 'inmay', 'garrett', 'stated', 'white', 'house', 'interferingwith', 'limiting', 'ability', 'pronouncementsthat', 'reflected', 'scientific', 'judgments', 'staff', 'bruni', 'extent', 'intimidation', 'became', 'major', 'media', 'story', 'inseptember', 'weiland', 'first', 'octoberthe', 'president', 'first', 'several', 'white', 'house', 'officialstested', 'positive', 'covid', 'baker', 'haberman', 'summarize', 'points', 'about', 'president', 'sjudgments', 'deaths', 'covid', 'suggest', 'thatthe', 'misrepresentations', 'associated', 'president', 'publicpronouncements', 'pandemic', 'largely', 'reflect', 'attemptto', 'induce', 'unrealistic', 'optimism', 'large', 'segmentof', 'population', 'including', 'public', 'officials', 'thisrespect', 'driver', 'optimism', 'desirability', 'weinstein', 'interpreted', 'wishful', 'thinking', 'suggest', 'thatmotivated', 'reasoning', 'reinforced', 'optimism', 'inducingthis', 'segment', 'public', 'underweight', 'ignore', 'thesubsequent', 'events', 'pandemic', 'strongly', 'disconfirmed', 'theperspective', 'inherent', 'president', 'earlier', 'pronouncements', 'intent', 'misrepresentations', 'suggest', 'tofoster', 'political', 'environment', 'facilitated', 'relaxation', 'ofcontainment', 'measures', 'april', 'order', 'reopenthe', 'economy', 'discuss', 'below', 'doing', 'appearsto', 'induced', 'surge', 'covid', 'cases', 'beginning', 'juneand', 'continuing', 'through', 'summer', 'beyond', 'messagingfrom', 'white', 'house', 'consistently', 'downplayed', 'thestatistics', 'cases', 'deaths', 'views', 'traditionalmedical', 'scientists', 'epidemiologists', 'president', 'himselfcontracted', 'covid', 'after', 'flouting', 'masks', 'alsoappears', 'consistent', 'unrealistic', 'optimism', 'proprietary', 'statistical', 'forecastingmethodology', 'makes', 'multiple', 'variables', 'although', 'theihme', 'provide', 'details', 'their', 'forecasting', 'methodology', 'methodology', 'projecting', 'deaths', 'isbased', 'models', 'different', 'other', 'researchgroups', 'because', 'emphasis', 'fitting', 'patterns', 'ofdaily', 'mortality', 'observed', 'experiences', 'other', 'geographicareas', 'wuhan', 'italy', 'spain', 'stated', 'march', 'perspectivewas', 'similar', 'mentioned', 'hadreviewed', 'different', 'models', 'institutions', 'includedimperial', 'college', 'london', 'columbia', 'university', 'notably', 'thereich', 'university', 'massachusetts', 'amherst', 'tracksmost', 'these', 'models', 'compile', 'aggregate', 'ensemble', 'forecast', 'figure', 'displays', 'projections', 'published', 'april15', 'cumulative', 'number', 'deaths', 'attributable', 'tocovid', 'period', 'april', 'august', 'notice', 'thatthere', 'three', 'projections', 'figure', 'point', 'forecast', 'alongwith', 'forecast', 'forecast', 'defining', 'confidenceinterval', 'forecast', 'figure', 'period', 'february', 'through', 'ihmeprojection', 'cumulative', 'deaths', 'covid', 'consisting', 'apoint', 'forecast', 'totdeath_mean', 'lower', 'bound', 'totdeath_lower', 'andupper', 'bound', 'totdeath_upper', 'forecast', 'confidence', 'interval', 'ihmeprojection', 'april', 'source', 'healthdata', 'according', 'point', 'forecast', 'figure', 'covid', '19outbreak', 'would', 'fully', 'contained', 'august', 'deaths', 'containment', 'being', 'achievedby', 'forecasts', 'daily', 'deaths', 'computedas', 'first', 'difference', 'cumulative', 'forecast', 'thelowest', 'among', 'professional', 'forecasts', 'covid', 'deathscompiled', 'reich', 'lower', 'estimates', 'ineichenbaum', 'while', 'forecasts', 'featured', 'positivedaily', 'deaths', 'after', 'daily', 'forecast', 'nearzero', 'after', 'consider', 'whether', 'forecast', 'displayed', 'figure', 'exhibitunrealistic', 'optimism', 'overconfidence26', 'formally', 'unrealisticoptimism', 'features', 'forecast', 'number', 'deathsbeing', 'while', 'overconfidence', 'features', 'width', 'theconfidence', 'intervals', 'being', 'narrow', 'formally', 'unrealistic', 'optimism', 'compare', 'theihme', 'cumulative', 'death', 'forecast', 'trajectory', 'actualdeath', 'series', 'between', 'april', 'august', 'figure', 'whichshows', 'forecast', 'april', 'lying', 'belowsubsequent', 'actual', 'death', 'totals', 'covid', 'formal', 'testof', 'optimism', 'based', 'ratio', 'actual', 'series', 'thepoint', 'forecast', 'series', 'hypothesis', 'being', 'atrend', 'regression', 'series', 'ratio', 'should', 'featurean', 'intercept', 'slope', 'coefficient', 'trend', 'regressionon', 'actual', 'series', 'exhibits', 'intercept', 'positiveslope', 'coefficient', 'statistic', 'result', 'supports', 'theconclusion', 'unrealistic', 'optimism', 'fromfigure', 'projection', 'containment', 'august', 'exhibits', 'unrealistic', 'optimism', 'formally', 'overconfidence', 'sense', 'excessprecision', 'compare', 'relative', 'frequency', 'which', 'actualdeaths', 'outside', 'confidence', 'interval', 'between', 'april26see', 'shefrin', 'prospective', 'discussion', 'these', 'projections', 'ratherthan', 'retrospective', 'discussion', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '590594fpsyg', '590594', 'october', '7shefrin', 'biased', 'covid', 'forecastsfigure', 'period', 'february', 'through', 'august', 'actualcumulative', 'deaths', 'covid', 'actual', 'deaths', 'ihmeprojection', 'cumulative', 'deaths', 'covid', 'april', 'consisting', 'point', 'forecast', 'totdeath_mean', 'lower', 'bound', 'totdeath_lower', 'upper', 'bound', 'totdeath_upper', 'forecastconfidence', 'interval', 'sources', 'healthdata', 'ourworldindata', 'august', 'overall', 'forecast', 'displays', 'slightoverconfidence', 'required', 'actual', 'deathslying', 'confidence', 'figure', 'however', 'noticethat', 'projections', 'exhibit', 'underconfidence', 'leftportion', 'horizon', 'because', 'actual', 'series', 'completelywithin', 'confidence', 'overconfidence', 'rightportion', 'horizon', 'actual', 'series', 'moves', 'outside', 'andremains', 'outside', 'confidence', 'after', 'march', 'white', 'house', 'press', 'briefing', 'americanmedia', 'outlets', 'began', 'disproportionate', 'attention', 'ihmeprojections', 'professor', 'mokdar', 'emerged', 'chief', 'spokespersonfor', 'covid', 'related', 'deaths', 'surged', 'first', 'ofapril', 'professor', 'mokdar', 'clear', 'interviews', 'wasprojecting', 'daily', 'deaths', 'about', 'april', 'therebysuggesting', 'worst', 'pandemic', 'would', 'those', 'views', 'especially', 'appreciated', 'communicated', 'byparties', 'arguing', 'rapid', 'reopening', 'economy', 'three', 'points', 'about', 'these', 'particular', 'interviews', 'first', 'media', 'interviews', 'focused', 'onpoint', 'estimates', 'confidence', 'intervals', 'indeed', 'myimpression', 'viewing', 'several', 'these', 'videos', 'theconfidence', 'which', 'mokdar', 'discussed', 'point', 'forecastsdid', 'reflect', 'width', 'confidence', 'intervals', 'thisrespect', 'would', 'characterize', 'interview', 'discussionsas', 'consistent', 'overconfidence', 'sense', 'precision', 'second', 'professor', 'mokdar', 'stated', 'interviews', 'cited', 'above', 'first', 'thoughtthat', 'total', 'number', 'deaths', 'would', 'exceed', 'quitepossibly', 'figure', 'served', 'anchor', 'sense', 'ofanchoring', 'adjustment', 'third', 'mokdar', 'confine', 'himself', 'describingihme', 'projections', 'offered', 'opinion', 'reopening', 'theeconomy', 'regard', 'stated', 'thought', 'goodtime', 'begin', 'having', 'discussions', 'about', 'reopening', 'economy', 'phased', 'outset', 'focusingon', 'response', 'pandemic', 'recovery', 'emphasizedthe', 'importance', 'proceeding', 'trial', 'approach', 'toprevent', 'virus', 'resurfacing', 'after', 'successful', 'lockdown', 'spoke', 'personally', 'about', 'these', 'issues', 'noting', 'hisfriends', 'their', 'close', 'their', 'restaurants', 'because', 'availability', 'plausible', 'media', 'sattention', 'exercise', 'disproportionateinfluence', 'views', 'american', 'public', 'relative', 'otherinformation', 'sources', 'example', 'bierman', 'levey', 'report', 'based', 'projections', 'early', 'april', 'cumulative', 'covid', 'deaths', 'might', 'the100', 'forecast', 'which', 'communicated', 'inthe', 'march', 'white', 'house', 'press', 'briefing27', 'respect', 'response', 'recovery', 'biases', 'related', 'tooptimism', 'overconfidence', 'worth', 'noting', 'april12', 'director', 'christopher', 'murray', 'strongly', 'cautionedthat', 'projections', 'conditional', 'reopeningthe', 'economy', 'early', 'states', 'began', 'reopen', 'thebeginning', 'may28', 'sharply', 'revised', 'itsprojections', 'upwards', 'displayed', 'figure', 'would', 'pointout', 'revised', 'projections', 'close', 'ensembleforecast', 'produced', 'reich', 'time29', 'portion', 'right', 'figure', 'meaning', 'theasymptote', 'projection', 'revised', 'forecast', 'frommay', 'notably', 'figure', 'shows', 'optimism', 'biasdisappeared', 'between', 'however', '4forecast', 'accurate', 'remainder', 'cumulativedeaths', 'climbed', 'above', '00031', 'point', 'forecastof', 'cumulative', 'deaths', 'displayed', 'unrealisticoptimism', 'being', 'withforecasted', 'cumulative', 'deaths', 'crossing', 'until', 'august', 'during', 'began', 'projectionsconditional', 'containment', 'policy', 'september', 'ihmeoffered', 'three', 'projections', 'january', 'forecastcorresponding', 'containment', 'mandates', 'easing', 'lowforecast', 'associated', 'universal', 'wearing', 'masks', 'a27for', 'example', 'according', 'factiva', 'search', 'months', 'ending', 'projections', 'mentioned', 'street', 'journal', 'times', 'incontrast', 'imperial', 'college', 'london', 'times', 'columbia', 'university', '259times', '28before', 'available', 'website', 'containa', 'variable', 'social', 'distancing', 'variable', 'subsequentlydisplayed', 'social', 'distancing', 'proxy', 'overall', 'strength', 'containment', 'critical', 'determining', 'variable', 'virus', 'transmission', 'omission', 'orunderweighting', 'might', 'produced', 'optimism', 'april', 'forecastsof', 'cumulative', 'deaths', '29several', 'forecasts', 'monitored', 'reich', 'university', 'ofmassachusetts', 'consistently', 'overestimated', 'cumulative', 'deaths', 'fromcovid', 'thereby', 'displaying', 'unrealistic', 'pessimism', 'forthe', 'framework', 'developed', 'eichenbaum', 'which', 'integrates', 'amacroeconomic', 'model', 'epidemiology', 'model', 'incorporating', 'assumptionsabout', 'uncertainty', 'respect', 'vaccine', 'availability', 'potential', 'treatments', '30the', 'revised', 'forecast', 'series', 'actually', 'exhibited', 'pessimism', '31the', 'revised', 'revised', 'forecast', 'accurate', 'predictingcovid', 'related', 'deaths', 'during', 'ending', 'month', 'figurereached', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '590594fpsyg', '590594', 'october', '8shefrin', 'biased', 'covid', 'forecastsfigure', 'period', 'february', 'through', 'august', 'actualcumulative', 'deaths', 'covid', 'actual', 'deaths', 'ihmeprojection', 'cumulative', 'deaths', 'covid', 'consisting', 'point', 'forecast', 'totdeath_mean', 'lower', 'bound', 'totdeath_lower', 'upper', 'bound', 'totdeath_upper', 'forecastconfidence', 'interval', 'sources', 'healthdata', 'ourworldindata', 'current', 'projection', 'lying', 'between', 'ofseptember', 'point', 'forecasts', 'respectively', 'september', 'mcneil', 'reports', 'estimatedthat', 'population', 'infected', 'bycovid', 'percentage', 'required', 'forherd', 'immunity', 'untested', 'theory', 'immunity', 'fromcoronaviruses', 'other', 'could', 'contribute', 'herdimmunity', 'covid', 'mcneil', 'quotes', 'murray', 'shead', 'saying', 'nonsense', 'summarize', 'points', 'about', 'projectionsof', 'deaths', 'covid', 'during', 'april', 'theihme', 'projections', 'exhibited', 'biases', 'related', 'unrealisticoptimism', 'overconfidence', 'forecasts', 'fromthe', 'closely', 'followed', 'mediaamong', 'institutions', 'forecasting', 'cases', 'deaths', 'suggestthat', 'biased', 'projections', 'during', 'april', 'contributed', 'tofostering', 'political', 'environment', 'facilitated', 'relaxation', 'ofcontainment', 'measures', 'april', 'order', 'reopen', 'theeconomy', 'mentioned', 'above', 'doing', 'appears', 'tohave', 'induced', 'surge', 'covid', 'cases', 'beginning', 'andcontinuing', 'through', 'summer', 'however', 'srevised', 'projections', 'became', 'biased', 'short', '2months', 'although', 'continued', 'exhibit', 'unrealistic', 'optimismand', 'overconfidence', 'beyond', 'months', 'members', 'coronavirus', 'force', 'during', 'thefirst', 'april', 'fauci', 'publicly', 'stated', 'totalnumber', 'deaths', 'covid', 'might', 'about', 'figure', 'consistent', 'point', 'forecast', 'thatperiod', 'retrospect', 'surprising', 'reasons', 'first', 'after', 'first', 'communicated', 'lowerbound', 'second', 'president', 'private', 'estimate', 'forannual', 'deaths', 'range', 'point', 'forecast', 'period', '000was', 'reflecting', 'significant', 'optimism', 'thepart', 'fauci', 'president', 'public', 'pronouncements', 'forgovernment', 'officials', 'especially', 'group', 'within', 'whitehouse', 'charged', 'setting', 'pandemic', 'policy', 'whichwas', 'chief', 'staff', 'group', 'members', 'wereaides', 'president', 'member', 'public', 'healthofficial', 'groupthink', 'phenomenon', 'which', 'group', 'membersdisplay', 'insufficient', 'devil', 'advocacy', 'prone', 'downplayjudgmental', 'differences', 'because', 'support', 'theposition', 'group', 'leader', 'concerned', 'expressingdifferences', 'opinion', 'weaken', 'group', 'esprit', 'corps', 'isuggest', 'elements', 'groupthink', 'operated', 'white', 'housedecision', 'making', 'garrett', 'quoted', 'bruni', 'speaks', 'faucihaving', 'tiptoe', 'around', 'president', 'tender', 'coverageby', 'times', 'indicates', 'during', 'april', 'presented', 'information', 'which', 'supported', 'president', 'washoping', 'information', 'would', 'justify', 'reopening', 'economy', 'early', 'possible', 'notably', 'fauci', 'notinvited', 'member', 'inner', 'group', 'frequently', 'deliveredpublic', 'messages', 'opposite', 'those', 'president', 'became', 'target', 'campaign', 'chief', 'ofstaff', 'undermine', 'credibility', 'respect', 'fauci', 'described', 'himself', 'skunk', 'garden', 'party', 'offeringa', 'pessimistic', 'outlook', 'president', 'beencommunicating32', 'possible', 'there', 'evidence', 'contrary', 'seems', 'plausible', 'suggest', 'white', 'house', 'policy', 'makersignored', 'murray', 'april', 'warning', 'mentioned', 'above', 'thisregard', 'times', 'coverage', 'highlights', 'failure', 'framework', 'control', 'impact', 'reduced', 'socialdistancing', 'result', 'reopening', 'economy', 'regard', 'reports', 'social', 'distancing', 'peaked', 'timenew', 'daily', 'cases', 'began', 'decline', 'plausibleto', 'suggest', 'invoking', 'projections', 'supportiveof', 'policy', 'favored', 'ignoring', 'warnings', 'theyregarded', 'those', 'warnings', 'supportive', 'consistent', 'withmotivated', 'reasoning', 'during', 'first', 'august', 'public', 'address', 'birxindicated', 'pandemic', 'entering', 'phase', 'virus', 'spread', 'rural', 'areas', 'remarks', 'drewa', 'rebuke', 'president', 'communicated', 'through', 'tweet', 'president', 'suggested', 'remarks', 'critical', 'ofhis', 'policies', 'responding', 'negative', 'remarksabout', 'speaker', 'house', 'representatives', 'speaker', 'remarks', 'followed', 'publication', 'articleby', 'times', 'shear', 'containedan', 'unflattering', 'description', 'white', 'housedecision', 'making', 'times', 'article', 'mentioned', 'modelingdone', 'during', 'april', 'inappropriately', 'extrapolated32see', 'shear', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '590594fpsyg', '590594', 'october', '9shefrin', 'biased', 'covid', 'forecaststhe', 'experience', 'italy', 'responded', 'tothe', 'article', 'saying', 'wished', 'timeswould', 'interviewed', 'article', 'emphasizedher', 'reliance', 'practice', 'developed', 'careerspanning', 'decades', 'being', 'driven', 'different', 'analyzing', 'usingtechniques', 'unbiased', 'fildes', 'goodwin', 'harvey', 'issue', 'about', 'placing', 'excessive', 'weighton', 'experience', 'italy', 'developing', 'predictions', 'aboutthe', 'relates', 'psychological', 'biases', 'stemming', 'relianceon', 'representativeness', 'similarity', 'kahneman', 'tversky', 'tversky', 'misjudge', 'degree', 'whichthe', 'italy', 'similar', 'degree', 'which', 'theexperience', 'italy', 'representative', 'situation', 'whichthe', 'found', 'itself', 'questions', 'apply', 'projectionsmade', 'april', 'figures', 'during', 'public', 'presentation', 'early', 'august', 'birxresponded', 'question', 'about', 'whether', 'number', 'covid', 'related', 'deaths', 'would', 'surpass', 'endof', 'figure', 'suggested', 'former', 'commissioner', 'thefood', 'administration', 'responded', 'thequestion', 'saying', 'anything', 'possible', 'noted', 'suchan', 'outcome', 'would', 'likely', 'americans', 'practicedappropriate', 'social', 'distancing', 'avoided', 'gatherings', 'hawkins', 'projections', 'september', 'ending', 'january', 'above', '000and', 'addition', 'display', 'asymptotes', 'meaning', 'january2021', 'projection', 'curves', 'plateaued', 'indeed', 'website', 'states', 'leaders', 'believe', 'thepandemic', 'august', 'expanded', 'these', 'points', 'remarksat', 'conference', 'coming', 'issue', 'italy', 'saying', 'iwish', 'lockdown', 'looked', 'italy', 'italy', 'locked', 'people', 'weren', 'allowed', 'outof', 'their', 'houses', 'couldn', 'every', 'weeksto', 'groceries', 'certificatethat', 'allowed', 'americans', 'react', 'thatkind', 'prohibition', 'mascarenhas', 'these', 'commentsspeak', 'issues', 'stemming', 'representativeness', 'andsimilarity', 'mentioned', 'above', 'respect', 'alsocommented', 'thousands', 'lives', 'saved', 'wewear', 'masks', 'parties', 'backyards', 'takingthose', 'masks', 'figure', 'displays', 'cumulative', 'deaths', 'covid', '19for', 'series', 'select', 'countries', 'notice', 'curves', 'allcountries', 'shown', 'except', 'brazil', 'reach', 'plateaus', 'atthe', 'right', 'brazil', 'stand', 'regard', 'according33italy', 'initial', 'response', 'outbreak', 'reflected', 'slogan', 'milano', 'ferma', 'meaning', 'milan', '34the', 'article', 'quotes', 'jared', 'kushner', 'another', 'member', 'white', 'housecoronavirus', 'decision', 'group', 'issue', 'comments', 'kushnermade', 'point', 'group', 'intent', 'establish', 'policy', 'healthcare', 'system', 'would', 'inundated', 'covid', 'patients', 'sameextent', 'italy', 'respect', 'number', 'deaths', 'capita', 'similar', 'italy', 'however', 'italy', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'million', 'asthe', 'fatality', 'higher', 'cases', 'deathsper', 'capital', 'plateaued', 'italy', 'relative', 'figure', 'cumulative', 'deaths', 'covid', 'million', 'selectcountries', 'between', 'january', 'september', 'countries', 'theunited', 'states', 'italy', 'united', 'kingdom', 'india', 'china', 'germany', 'south', 'korea', 'brazil', 'curves', 'italy', 'united', 'states', 'areemphasized', 'thicker', 'lines', 'difference', 'between', 'achieving', 'plateau', 'centers', 'containment', 'policy', 'wearing', 'masks', 'andsocial', 'distancing35', 'summarize', 'points', 'about', 'judgments', 'fauci', 'about', 'deaths', 'covid', 'suggestthat', 'unrealistically', 'optimistic', 'forecasts', 'fauciduring', 'april', 'especially', 'because', 'whitehouse', 'decision', 'making', 'contributed', 'fostering', 'politicalenvironment', 'facilitated', 'relaxation', 'containmentmeasures', 'april', 'order', 'reopen', 'economy', 'atthat', 'discussed', 'doing', 'appears', 'induced', 'surgeof', 'covid', 'cases', 'beginning', 'continuing', 'throughthe', 'summer', 'there', 'reason', 'believe', 'elements', 'associatedwith', 'groupthink', 'might', 'impacted', 'struggledto', 'president', 'strategic', 'misrepresentation', 'policy', 'andstrong', 'personality', 'after', 'negative', 'coverage', 'timesabout', 'actions', 'white', 'house', 'seriesof', 'public', 'statements', 'about', 'containment', 'measures', 'notably', 'implicitly', 'explained', 'source', 'inher', 'april', 'forecasts', 'namely', 'extrapolation', 'italy', 'sexperience', 'covid', 'downplayed', 'possibilityof', 'reaching', 'deaths', 'covid', 'of2020', 'however', 'point', 'forecasts', 'september', 'doindeed', 'feature', 'deaths', 'covid', 'january', 'before', 'bepossible', 'whether', 'judgments', 'continued', 'featureunrealistic', 'optimism', 'media', 'reporting', 'indicates', 'addition', 'atlas', 'mentioned', 'above', 'coronavirus', 'force', 'thework', 'difficult', 'nightmarish', 'theterm', 'attributed', 'acosta', 'whereas', 'birx35in', 'second', 'september', 'corresponding', 'right', 'figure', 'newcases', 'began', 'surge', 'france', 'germany', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '590594fpsyg', '590594', 'october', '10shefrin', 'biased', 'covid', 'forecastsand', 'fauci', 'attempting', 'emphasize', 'importance', 'ofmeasures', 'wearing', 'social', 'distancing', 'atlaswas', 'downplaying', 'while', 'promoting', 'viewthat', 'close', 'already', 'reached', 'immunity', 'president', 'public', 'position', 'closer', 'atlas', 'august', 'began', 'appear', 'presidentduring', 'press', 'briefings', 'about', 'pandemic', 'acosta', 'conclusionduring', 'september', 'total', 'number', 'covid', '19deaths', 'surpassed', 'number', 'considerably', 'largerthan', 'forecasts', 'first', 'months', 'bypresident', 'trump', 'president', 'medical', 'advisers', 'deborahbirx', 'anthony', 'fauci', 'institute', 'health', 'metrics', 'andevaluation', 'university', 'washington', 'president', 'forecasts', 'mostly', 'reflected', 'strategicmanipulation', 'attempt', 'induce', 'unrealistic', 'optimism', 'order', 'limit', 'containment', 'measures', 'thereby', 'mitigatingthe', 'impact', 'economy', 'financial', 'markets', 'themanipulation', 'featured', 'series', 'psychological', 'phenomena', 'availability', 'desirability', 'elements', 'groupthink', 'anchoring', 'adjustment', 'representativeness', 'similarity', 'biased', 'forecasts', 'cases', 'deaths', 'fauci', 'march', 'april', 'contributed', 'tofostering', 'political', 'environment', 'facilitated', 'relaxationof', 'containment', 'measures', 'april', 'order', 'reopenthe', 'economy', 'notably', 'projections', 'inmid', 'april', 'unrealistically', 'optimistic', 'respect', 'totalnumber', 'deaths', 'covid', 'projected', 'datesfor', 'containment', 'premature', 'relaxation', 'containmentmeasures', 'appears', 'induced', 'surge', 'covid', 'casesbeginning', 'swept', 'across', 'country', 'fauci', 'subsequently', 'revised', 'theirapril', 'forecasts', 'stressing', 'public', 'followprudent', 'containment', 'measures', 'wearing', 'masks', 'andmaintaining', 'social', 'distancing', 'which', 'april', 'forecastthat', 'august', 'pandemic', 'would', 'fully', 'contained', 'statedin', 'september', 'expected', 'january', 'thecountry', 'would', 'halfway', 'through', 'pandemic', 'notably', 'forecasts', 'months', 'consistentlyexhibited', 'overconfidence', 'unrealistic', 'optimism', 'often', 'stood', 'president', 'during', 'hispress', 'briefings', 'pandemic', 'reluctant', 'contradicthim', 'public', 'began', 'august', 'remarks', 'wereespecially', 'instructive', 'about', 'thinking', 'april', 'fatalities', 'covid', 'would', 'follow', 'similar', 'trajectory', 'asitaly', 'however', 'situation', 'italy', 'representative', 'ofthe', 'respect', 'willingness', 'tolerate', 'strong', 'lockdownmeasures', 'whereas', 'government', 'italy', 'eventually', 'chose', 'toimpose', 'strong', 'lockdown', 'measures', 'italians', 'mostly', 'complied', 'large', 'segment', 'population', 'resisted', 'containment', 'resonated', 'president', 'trump', 'messaging', 'point', 'figures', 'provide', 'stark', 'graphic', 'visualization', 'theexperiences', 'italy', 'differed', 'author', 'contributionsthe', 'listed', 'author', 'approved', 'article', 'publication', 'paper']
['studythe', 'psychology', 'behind', 'video', 'games', 'during', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'study', 'animal', 'crossing', 'horizonslin', 'zhudepartment', 'educational', 'counselingpsychology', 'university', 'albany', 'albany', 'yorkcorrespondencelin', 'division', 'educational', 'psychologyand', 'methodology', 'university', 'albany', 'stateuniversity', 'washingtonavenue', 'albany', '12222', 'email', 'lzhu5', 'albany', 'edupeer', 'reviewthe', 'review', 'history', 'article', 'isavailable', 'https', 'publons', 'publon', 'abstractwith', 'emerging', 'outbreak', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'millions', 'people', 'beenfollowed', 'social', 'distancing', 'rules', 'quarantine', 'given', 'continuation', 'ofthis', 'pandemic', 'trend', 'people', 'suffered', 'anxiety', 'coronavirus', 'andexperienced', 'social', 'isolation', 'their', 'psychological', 'being', 'started', 'concerned', 'during', 'popular', 'video', 'called', 'animal', 'crossing', 'horizons', 'successfully', 'everyone', 'attention', 'explore', 'psychology', 'behindvideo', 'games', 'horizons', 'provides', 'dreamland', 'playersto', 'temporally', 'escape', 'cruel', 'reality', 'losing', 'escapism', 'theother', 'horizons', 'world', 'becomes', 'perfect', 'social', 'platform', 'socialinteraction', 'others', 'loneliness', 'keywordsanimal', 'crossing', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'escapism', 'loneliness', 'horizons', 'psychologicalwell', 'being', 'social', 'isolation', 'video', 'game1', 'overview', 'phenomenonin', 'several', 'months', 'either', 'experiencing', 'voluntarily', 'following', 'social', 'distancing', 'rules', 'minimizeour', 'spent', 'outside', 'ongoing', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'fighting', 'epidemic', 'serious', 'matter', 'comparing', 'impor', 'tance', 'people', 'attached', 'epidemic', 'trend', 'healthcare', 'therelease', 'video', 'seems', 'trivial', 'notice', 'however', 'animalcrossing', 'horizons', 'simulation', 'video', 'brought', 'pected', 'magic', 'public', 'attention', 'rethink', 'chology', 'behind', 'horizons', 'fifth', 'series', 'title', 'animal', 'crossingseries', 'developed', 'published', 'nintendo', 'nintendoswitch', 'released', 'regions', 'march', 'previousinstallments', 'animal', 'crossing', 'series', 'animal', 'crossing', 'nonlinear', 'simulation', 'played', 'newhorizons', 'player', 'assumes', 'customizable', 'character', 'whomoves', 'deserted', 'island', 'build', 'expand', 'their', 'grantinga', 'exploring', 'their', 'surroundings', 'interacting', 'adorableanimal', 'villagers', 'catching', 'collecting', 'designing', 'their', 'ownfashion', 'growing', 'flowers', 'participating', 'annual', 'events', 'muchmore', 'proceeds', 'ended', 'fashion', 'develops', 'itinto', 'community', 'anthropomorphic', 'animals', 'players', 'havesocial', 'interaction', 'other', 'players', 'online', 'which', 'mostattractive', 'parts', 'horizons', 'received', 'massively', 'popularity', 'acclaimfrom', 'players', 'critics', 'world', 'milliondigital', 'copies', 'first', 'month', 'breaking', 'console', 'record', 'formost', 'digital', 'units', 'single', 'month', 'became', 'sellinggame', 'animal', 'crossing', 'series', 'after', 'weeks', 'millionunits', 'wikipedia', 'press', 'nintendo', 'switch', 'hasbeen', 'almost', 'everywhere', 'online', 'store', 'popularretailers', 'psychology', 'behindthe', 'critics', 'attribute', 'popularity', 'right', 'timing', 'askhan', 'stated', 'times', 'success', 'beenreceived', 'revised', 'accepted', 'august', '2020doi', '221hum', 'behav', 'emerg', 'wileyonlinelibrary', 'journal', 'wiley', 'periodicals', '157partially', 'attributed', 'release', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'withplayers', 'seeking', 'sense', 'escapism', 'their', 'quarantine', 'indeed', 'horizons', 'could', 'better', 'rather', 'consider', 'world', 'ofescape', 'captivated', 'fantasies', 'world', 'gripof', 'epidemic', 'plays', 'unexpected', 'provide', 'comfortand', 'social', 'connection', 'isolation', 'struggle', 'therefore', 'discover', 'psychological', 'success', 'behind', 'thisphenomenon', 'first', 'captures', 'people', 'instinctive', 'escape', 'fromrealistic', 'difficulties', 'their', 'yearning', 'chase', 'peaceful', 'harmo', 'nious', 'satisfies', 'people', 'unwillingness', 'lonely', 'andtheir', 'inner', 'desire', 'social', 'interaction', 'theloneliness', 'dreamland', 'temporaryescape', 'there', 'dreamland', 'escape', 'coronavirus', 'video', 'gamemust', 'horizons', 'players', 'onlyhuman', 'being', 'lives', 'island', 'surrounded', 'pudgy', 'anthropo', 'morphic', 'animals', 'inside', 'world', 'there', 'mountains', 'ofwork', 'demanding', 'bosses', 'worry', 'about', 'thattomorrow', 'might', 'homework', 'course', 'there', 'exact', 'which', 'should', 'youowe', 'importantly', 'there', 'disaster', 'disease', 'exists', 'islike', 'haven', 'keeps', 'covid', 'isplayed', 'relaxed', 'which', 'player', 'choose', 'theywant', 'given', 'there', 'nastiness', 'violence', 'thatexists', 'absorbed', 'things', 'without', 'thereal', 'world', 'consequences', 'romana', 'ramzan', 'lecturer', 'caledonian', 'university', 'scotland', 'trans', 'ported', 'parallel', 'universe', 'where', 'always', 'wanted', 'hardto', 'reach', 'compare', 'everyday', 'pressure', 'youhave', 'reality', 'would', 'thisdreamland', 'however', 'other', 'point', 'dreamland', 'vides', 'virtual', 'world', 'cloud', 'allowing', 'escape', 'fromthe', 'cruel', 'reality', 'temporarily', 'eventually', 'escapism', 'could', 'lastlong', 'after', 'delicate', 'relationship', 'represents', 'microcosm', 'ofthe', 'psychological', 'problems', 'people', 'experience', 'according', 'hussain', 'griffiths', 'third', 'gamersclaimed', 'relaxation', 'escape', 'function', 'playing', 'inanother', 'study', 'online', 'gaming', 'predictor', 'score', 'onyoung', 'internet', 'addiction', 'escapism', 'indicating', 'thatplayers', 'online', 'games', 'avoid', 'thinking', 'about', 'problems', 'players', 'motivation', 'escape', 'problems', 'mayexperience', 'negative', 'outcomes', 'their', 'online', 'gaming', 'kardefelt', 'winther', 'horizons', 'temporar', 'shelter', 'provide', 'simple', 'happy', 'players', 'however', 'negative', 'outcomes', 'escapism', 'affect', 'psychological', 'being', 'should', 'concerned', 'future', 'studiesas', 'lonelysocial', 'interaction', 'another', 'highlight', 'success', 'ishighly', 'related', 'psychological', 'being', 'theloneliness', 'being', 'human', 'island', 'gamedoes', 'alone', 'there', 'fascinat', 'players', 'continue', 'socialize', 'tually', 'remain', 'physical', 'isolation', 'periods', 'duringthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'social', 'isolation', 'hassignificant', 'implications', 'mental', 'physical', 'health', 'there', 'onemeta', 'analysis', 'estimates', 'loneliness', 'social', 'isolation', 'canbe', 'damaging', 'health', 'smoking', 'cigarettes', 'edwards', 'research', 'shown', 'people', 'experiencedsocially', 'isolated', 'greater', 'becoming', 'lonely', 'thatbeing', 'surrounded', 'social', 'network', 'meaningful', 'personal', 'tionships', 'crucial', 'feeling', 'socially', 'embedded', 'allevia', 'loneliness', 'gierveld', 'tilburg', 'dykstra', 'benefits', 'playing', 'games', 'others', 'online', 'beenhighlighted', 'research', 'griffiths', 'found', 'that75', 'participants', 'appropriate', 'taking', 'inonline', 'games', 'romantic', 'associate', 'thesefriendships', 'often', 'excessive', 'quality', 'threepeople', 'pointing', 'their', 'online', 'friends', 'about', 'would', 'speak', 'their', 'offline', 'friends', 'platinum', 'horizons', 'provides', 'perfect', 'social', 'platform', 'toexpand', 'personal', 'relationships', 'others', 'matter', 'intro', 'verts', 'extraverts', 'gamers', 'invite', 'others', 'theirislands', 'trade', 'items', 'virtually', 'thereare', 'stories', 'people', 'having', 'weddings', 'aftertheir', 'ceremonies', 'canceled', 'thoughtfulway', 'memories', 'laughs', 'during', 'theycannot', 'person', 'horizons', 'fulfills', 'players', 'desire', 'tinue', 'social', 'contact', 'other', 'during', 'covid', 'epidemicand', 'further', 'reducing', 'their', 'feelings', 'loneliness', 'conclusionthe', 'coronavirus', 'outbreak', 'heavy', 'stone', 'everyone', 'sshoulder', 'everyone', 'trying', 'their', 'their', 'ownway', 'global', 'epidemic', 'brought', 'painful', 'memories', 'pressure', 'anxiety', 'caused', 'viruses', 'lifemake', 'people', 'attention', 'mental', 'health', 'problems', 'video', 'games', 'always', 'appeared', 'public', 'relativelynegative', 'image', 'however', 'crisis', 'their', 'players', 'arebenefited', 'horizons', 'opened', 'parallel', 'world', 'bought', 'spiritual', 'comfort', 'sustenance', 'their', 'people', 'peace', 'escape', 'suffering', 'ofreality', 'alleviate', 'psychological', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'however', 'atthe', 'negative', 'outcomes', 'escapism', 'affect', 'people', 'spsychological', 'being', 'should', 'concerned', 'future', 'studies', 'thegame', 'continuing', 'social', 'interaction', 'friends', 'making', 'could', 'relaxing', 'connected', 'loved158', 'zhuones', 'helps', 'people', 'loneliness', 'caused', 'social', 'lation', 'overall', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'matter', 'experi', 'ences', 'anxiety', 'escapism', 'social', 'isolation', 'loneliness', 'horizons', 'realize', 'psychology', 'behind', 'video', 'games', 'hasfar', 'already', 'known', 'front', 'treasures', 'arewaiting', 'explored', 'future', 'studies', 'orcidnew', 'paper']
['positive', 'education', 'school', 'psychology', 'during', 'covid', 'pandamicjolanta', 'burke', 'gokmen', 'arslanjournal', 'positive', 'school', 'psychology2020', '139http', 'journalppw', 'jppwhttps', '47602', '2431department', 'education', 'maynooth', 'university', 'kildare', 'ireland', '2department', 'guidance', 'psychological', 'counseling', 'burdur', 'mehmet', 'ersoy', 'university', 'burdur', 'turkeyas', 'coronavirus', 'rages', 'around', 'globe', 'impactextends', 'billion', 'students', 'learnerpopulation', 'across', 'almost', 'countries', 'adequate', 'resources', 'fullyengage', 'remote', 'learning', 'coronavirus', 'pandemic', 'quickly', 'changed', 'contextin', 'which', 'people', 'increasing', 'exposure', 'risks', 'thepandemic', 'disruptions', 'reaching', 'compared', 'topre', 'pandemic', 'indicators', 'young', 'people', 'arecraving', 'social', 'aspect', 'their', 'school', 'lives', 'burke', 'dempsey', 'reporting', 'engagement', 'moore', 'lower', 'levels', 'wellbeing', 'quinn', 'teachers', 'school', 'leaders', 'findremote', 'instruction', 'challenging', 'devitt', 'andthe', 'prospect', 'operating', 'schools', 'thepandemic', 'fills', 'apprehension', 'burke', 'these', 'unsettled', 'times', 'positive', 'schoolpsychology', 'research', 'required', 'academic', 'databases', 'indicate', 'ofthe', 'current', 'covid', 'related', 'research', 'considers', 'apositive', 'psychological', 'perspective', 'there', 'evenfewer', 'studies', 'field', 'positive', 'education', 'duringthe', 'pandemic', 'growing', 'number', 'academicpublications', 'demonstrate', 'potential', 'positivepsychology', 'educators', 'manage', 'distancelearning', 'during', 'pandemic', 'successfully', 'followingpast', 'positive', 'education', 'research', 'findings', 'recognizethe', 'significant', 'meaning', 'making', 'psychologicalflexibility', 'resilience', 'belonging', 'positive', 'affect', 'canplay', 'during', 'global', 'crisis', 'arslan', 'arslan', 'fredrickson', 'frydenberg', 'tugade', 'fredrickson', 'yıldırım', 'güler', 'yıldırım', 'solmaz', 'nonetheless', 'expanded', 'positive', 'school', 'psychologyresearch', 'bridges', 'science', 'practice', 'isneeded', 'counteract', 'impact', 'covid', 'theschool', 'communities', 'worldwide', 'theories', 'suggest', 'close', 'family', 'schoolrelations', 'foster', 'young', 'people', 'mental', 'health', 'andpromote', 'their', 'psychological', 'resilience', 'during', 'thepandemic', 'arslan', 'prime', 'someauthors', 'acknowledge', 'potential', 'covid', 'toinitiate', 'traumatic', 'growth', 'individuals', 'andcommunities', 'shakespeare', 'finch', 'arapid', 'survey', 'carried', 'merely', 'after', 'thepandemic', 'related', 'school', 'closure', 'almost', '000school', 'leaders', 'reported', 'schoolclosure', 'would', 'positively', 'affect', 'their', 'staff', 'students', 'burke', 'dempsey', 'similar', 'findings', 'werereported', 'pandemic', 'study', 'themajority', 'people', 'directly', 'affected', 'sarsvirus', 'acknowledged', 'benefits', 'experiencing', 'cheng', 'traumatic', 'covid', 'tomany', 'could', 'become', 'springboard', 'forpositive', 'change', 'especially', 'schools', 'onpositive', 'education', 'research', 'support', 'staff', 'wellbeingand', 'sustain', 'programs', 'services', 'foster', 'students', 'social', 'emotional', 'health', 'growing', 'evidence', 'demonstrates', 'positivechanges', 'indeed', 'emerging', 'among', 'pandemic', 'affected', 'school', 'communities', 'example', 'surveyof', 'almost', 'school', 'principals', 'during', 'earlypandemic', 'related', 'lockdown', 'leaders', 'reportedthey', 'began', 'hobbies', 'created', 'healthier', 'personalroutines', 'started', 'exercise', 'regularly', 'theyalso', 'enjoyed', 'hectic', 'hadbefore', 'pandemic', 'lockdown', 'dempsey', 'burke', 'parents', 'reported', 'similar', 'experiences', 'burke', 'arslan', '138found', 'caring', 'their', 'children', 'during', 'lockdownresulted', 'positive', 'affect', 'levels', 'increasedexercising', 'going', 'walks', 'gardening', 'pursuing', 'ahobby', 'lades', 'studies', 'areneeded', 'highlight', 'conditions', 'incidents', 'ofpositive', 'changes', 'during', 'pandemic', 'although', 'public', 'health', 'crisis', 'endsoon', 'pandemic', 'signifies', 'extended', 'thaninitially', 'expected', 'positive', 'school', 'psychology', 'literacyis', 'necessary', 'developing', 'science', 'informedevidence', 'helping', 'students', 'challenges', 'regard', 'encourage', 'researchers', 'counsellors', 'mental', 'health', 'providers', 'school', 'authorities', 'todevelop', 'effective', 'interventions', 'school', 'context', 'online', 'where', 'applicable', 'supportstudents', 'mental', 'health', 'academic', 'development', 'forexample', 'given', 'countries', 'education', 'hasbeen', 'online', 'during', 'pandemic', 'which', 'potentialto', 'affect', 'students', 'sense', 'belonging', 'school', 'andmental', 'health', 'implementation', 'interventionswould', 'particularly', 'important', 'promote', 'positivemental', 'health', 'therefore', 'believe', 'applicationof', 'principles', 'positive', 'psychology', 'emphasizeshuman', 'strengths', 'school', 'context', 'rolefor', 'promotion', 'positive', 'education', 'schoolpsychology', 'journal', 'positive', 'school', 'psychologythus', 'supports', 'these', 'efforts', 'invites', 'manuscriptsinforming', 'educators', 'mental', 'health', 'providers', 'bestpractices', 'sustain', 'staff', 'parents', 'students', 'coping', 'resilience', 'wellbeing', 'during', 'challengingworldwide', 'emergency', 'paper']
['epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter', 'evolution', 'responses', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'maria', 'aiello1', 'daniele', 'quercia1', 'zhou1', 'marios', 'constantinides1', 'sanja', 'scepanovic1', 'sagar', 'joglekar1abstract', 'disruptions', 'resulting', 'epidemic', 'might', 'often', 'appear', 'amount', 'chaos', 'reality', 'beunderstood', 'systematic', 'through', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'according', 'philip', 'strong', 'founderof', 'sociological', 'study', 'epidemic', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'epidemic', 'biological', 'there', 'potentialfor', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'moralization', 'action', 'empirically', 'tests', 'strong', 'modelat', 'scale', 'studying', 'language', 'tweets', 'related', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'posted', 'during', 'whole', 'twitter', 'identified', 'three', 'distinct', 'phases', 'characterized', 'bydifferent', 'regimes', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'refusal', 'phase', 'users', 'refused', 'accept', 'reality', 'despitethe', 'increasing', 'number', 'deaths', 'other', 'countries', 'anger', 'phase', 'started', 'after', 'announcement', 'thefirst', 'death', 'country', 'users', 'translated', 'anger', 'about', 'looming', 'feeling', 'things', 'about', 'tochange', 'finally', 'acceptance', 'phase', 'which', 'began', 'after', 'authorities', 'imposed', 'physical', 'distancing', 'measures', 'users', 'settled', 'normal', 'their', 'daily', 'activities', 'overall', 'refusal', 'accepting', 'reality', 'gradually', 'offas', 'while', 'acceptance', 'increasingly', 'during', 'cases', 'surged', 'waves', 'anger', 'emerging', 'cyclically', 'operationalization', 'strong', 'model', 'designed', 'thatmakes', 'possible', 'embed', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'models', 'epidemiological', 'mobility', 'models', 'introductionin', 'daily', 'lives', 'dominant', 'perception', 'order', 'every', 'chaos', 'threatens', 'order', 'epidemicsdramatically', 'break', 'revolutions', 'erupt', 'empires', 'suddenly', 'stock', 'markets', 'crash', 'epidemics', 'particular', 'present', 'collective', 'health', 'hazards', 'special', 'challenges', 'mental', 'health', 'public', 'order', 'needto', 'addressed', 'social', 'behavioral', 'sciences', 'bavel', 'almost', 'years', 'theaids', 'epidemic', 'philip', 'strong', 'founder', 'sociological', 'study', 'epidemic', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'reflected', 'thehuman', 'origin', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'unruly', 'passions', 'threat', 'epidemic', 'diseaseto', 'everyday', 'assumptions', 'strong', 'recent', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'brooks', 'ongoingpandemic', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'shown', 'source', 'uncertainty', 'anxiety', 'indeedcome', 'disruption', 'alfred', 'shutz', 'called', 'routines', 'recipes', 'daily', 'schutz', 'every', 'simple', 'eating', 'visiting', 'parents', 'takes', 'meanings', 'chaos', 'resulting', 'epidemic', 'turns', 'predictable', 'would', 'initially', 'expect', 'philip', 'strong', 'observed', 'health', 'epidemic', 'resulted', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'moraliza', 'action', 'epidemic', 'represents', 'catching', 'disease', 'which', 'comes', 'suspicionagainst', 'alleged', 'disease', 'carriers', 'which', 'spark', 'panic', 'irrational', 'behavior', 'epidemic', 'alization', 'characterized', 'moral', 'responses', 'viral', 'epidemic', 'itself', 'epidemic', 'whichmay', 'result', 'either', 'positive', 'reactions', 'cooperation', 'negative', 'stigmatization', 'epidemic', 'ofaction', 'accounts', 'rational', 'irrational', 'changes', 'daily', 'habits', 'people', 'response', 'diseaseor', 'result', 'other', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'strong', 'writing', 'crisis', 'based', 'model', 'studies', 'europe', 'black', 'death', 'century', 'importantly', 'heshowed', 'these', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'created', 'language', 'incrementally', 'through', 'languagetransmits', 'infection', 'existential', 'threat', 'humanity', 'going', 'languagedepicts', 'epidemic', 'verdict', 'human', 'failings', 'moral', 'judgment', 'minorities', 'language', 'shapesthe', 'means', 'through', 'which', 'people', 'collectively', 'intend', 'however', 'pointless', 'against', 'threat', 'there', 'numerous', 'studies', 'information', 'propagated', 'social', 'media', 'during', 'epidemic', 'outbreaksoccurred', 'decade', 'sommariva', 'ebola', 'oyeyemi1nokia', 'cambridge', 'united', 'kingdom2it', 'university', 'copenhagen', 'denmark3centre', 'urban', 'science', 'progress', 'college', 'london', 'united', 'kingdom', 'corresponding', 'author', 'quercia', 'cantab', 'netarxiv', '13169v2', '20212', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitteret', 'influenza', 'eysenbach', 'similarly', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'peoplearound', 'world', 'collectively', 'expressing', 'their', 'thoughts', 'concerns', 'about', 'pandemic', 'social', 'media', 'researchers', 'studied', 'epidemic', 'multiple', 'angles', 'social', 'media', 'posts', 'analyzed', 'terms', 'ofcontent', 'behavioral', 'markers', 'tracking', 'diffusion', 'covid', 'relatedinformation', 'cinelli', 'misinformation', 'pulido', 'ferrara', 'kouzy', 'yanget', 'search', 'queries', 'suggested', 'specific', 'information', 'seeking', 'responses', 'pandemic', 'bento', 'psychological', 'responses', 'covid', 'studied', 'mostly', 'though', 'surveys', 'qiuet', 'hitherto', 'there', 'never', 'large', 'scale', 'empirical', 'study', 'whether', 'language', 'during', 'epidemicreflects', 'strong', 'model', 'opportunity', 'having', 'sufficiently', 'large', 'scale', 'testwhether', 'strong', 'model', 'twitter', 'during', 'covid', 'scale', 'entire', 'country', 'thatof', 'united', 'states', 'running', 'study', 'twitter', 'expose', 'interpretation', 'results', 'number', 'oflimitations', 'notably', 'issues', 'representativeness', 'presentation', 'biases', 'waterloo', 'noise', 'ferrara', 'indeed', 'recent', 'surveys', 'estimated', 'adults', 'twitter', 'wojcik', 'hughes', 'characteristics', 'these', 'users', 'deviate', 'generalpopulation', 'compared', 'average', 'adult', 'twitter', 'users', 'younger', 'likely', 'havecollege', 'degrees', 'slightly', 'likely', 'identify', 'democratic', 'party', 'despite', 'limitations', 'socialmedia', 'represents', 'response', 'relevant', 'general', 'population', 'global', 'events', 'scaleand', 'granularity', 'unattainable', 'publicly', 'available', 'sources', 'after', 'operationalizing', 'strong', 'model', 'using', 'lexicons', 'psycholinguistic', 'analysis', 'collection', 'of122m', 'tweets', 'about', 'epidemic', 'february', 'december', 'conducted', 'quantitative', 'analysis', 'thedifferences', 'language', 'style', 'thematic', 'analysis', 'actual', 'social', 'media', 'posts', 'temporal', 'scope', 'ourstudy', 'capture', 'pandemic', 'still', 'ongoing', 'writing', 'includes', 'three', 'majorcontagion', 'waves', 'characterizing', 'entire', 'first', 'captured', 'initial', 'diffusion', 'ofthe', 'virus', 'world', 'arrival', 'first', 'following', 'waves', 'captured', 'subsequentperiods', 'alarming', 'diffusion', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'theorized', 'strong', 'evolve', 'concurrently', 'particular', 'caseof', 'period', 'study', 'found', 'concurrent', 'evolution', 'resulted', 'three', 'regimes', 'phases', 'which', 'arenot', 'strong', 'theoretical', 'framework', 'experimentally', 'emerged', 'first', 'phase', 'refusal', 'phase', 'thepsycho', 'social', 'epidemic', 'began', 'twitter', 'users', 'refused', 'accept', 'reality', 'feared', 'uncertaintycreated', 'disruption', 'considered', 'normal', 'focused', 'their', 'moral', 'concerns', 'others', 'actof', 'distancing', 'oneself', 'others', 'despite', 'refused', 'change', 'normal', 'course', 'action', 'afterthe', 'announcement', 'first', 'death', 'country', 'second', 'phase', 'anger', 'phase', 'began', 'psycho', 'socialepidemic', 'intensified', 'while', 'epidemics', 'morality', 'action', 'kicked', 'abruptly', 'twitter', 'users', 'expressedmore', 'anger', 'about', 'looming', 'feeling', 'things', 'about', 'change', 'focused', 'their', 'moral', 'concerns', 'ononeself', 'reckoning', 'happening', 'suspended', 'their', 'daily', 'activities', 'after', 'authoritiesimposed', 'physical', 'distancing', 'measures', 'third', 'phase', 'acceptance', 'phase', 'epidemic', 'startedto', 'while', 'epidemics', 'morality', 'action', 'turned', 'constructive', 'forward', 'looking', 'socialprocesses', 'twitter', 'users', 'expressed', 'sadness', 'anger', 'focused', 'their', 'moral', 'concerns', 'collectiveand', 'doing', 'promoted', 'social', 'behavior', 'found', 'normal', 'their', 'daily', 'activities', 'which', 'consistedof', 'their', 'daily', 'activities', 'being', 'physically', 'restricted', 'their', 'homes', 'neighborhoods', 'phase', 'acceptancedominated', 'twitter', 'conversations', 'although', 'anger', 'phase', 'emerged', 'cyclically', 'therise', 'waves', 'contagion', 'particular', 'observed', 'peaks', 'anger', 'death', 'reached', 'people', 'second', 'contagion', 'president', 'trump', 'tested', 'positive', 'covid', 'thirdcontagion', 'datasetfrom', 'existing', 'collection', 'covid', 'related', 'tweets', 'gathered', 'tweets', 'postedbetween', 'february', 'december', 'focused', 'analysis', 'united', 'states', 'country', 'wheretwitter', 'penetration', 'highest', 'identify', 'twitter', 'users', 'living', 'parsed', 'location', 'description', 'oftheir', 'profile', 'francisco', 'using', 'custom', 'regular', 'expressions', 'matchvariations', 'expression', 'united', 'states', 'america', 'names', 'cities', 'states', 'their', 'combinations', 'albeit', 'always', 'accurate', 'matching', 'location', 'strings', 'against', 'known', 'location', 'names', 'tested', 'approach', 'yields', 'results', 'coarse', 'grained', 'localization', 'state', 'country', 'level', 'dredze', 'overall', 'unique', 'users', 'posted', 'tweets', 'english', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter', '3before', 'analyzing', 'language', 'categories', 'unfolded', 'experimentally', 'tested', 'whether', 'number', 'ofdata', 'points', 'sufficient', 'compute', 'metrics', 'indeed', 'number', 'active', 'usersper', 'varied', 'minimum', 'february', 'maximum', 'march', 'averageof', 'small', 'number', 'accounts', 'tweeted', 'disproportionately', 'number', 'times', 'reaching', 'maximum', 'tweets', 'those', 'clearly', 'automated', 'accounts', 'which', 'discarded', 'methodology', 'shall', 'discussin', 'methods', 'normalized', 'aggregate', 'temporal', 'measures', 'affected', 'fluctuatingvolume', 'tweets', 'methodscoding', 'strong', 'model', '1990s', 'philip', 'strong', 'describe', 'psychological', 'impactof', 'epidemics', 'social', 'order', 'model', 'observed', 'early', 'reaction', 'major', 'fatal', 'epidemicsis', 'distinctive', 'psycho', 'social', 'modeled', 'along', 'three', 'dimensions', 'morality', 'action', 'during', 'large', 'scale', 'epidemic', 'basic', 'assumptions', 'about', 'social', 'interaction', 'generally', 'about', 'social', 'order', 'aredisrupted', 'specifically', 'others', 'competing', 'moralities', 'responses', 'theepidemic', 'crucially', 'these', 'three', 'elements', 'created', 'transmitted', 'mediated', 'language', 'language', 'transmitsfears', 'elaborates', 'stigmatization', 'minorities', 'shapes', 'means', 'through', 'which', 'people', 'collectively', 'respondto', 'epidemic', 'strong', 'goffman', 'opposed', 'existing', 'attempts', 'model', 'psychological', 'social', 'aspects', 'epidemic', 'crises', 'mcconnell', 'huremovi', 'strong', 'model', 'meets', 'three', 'choice', 'criteria', 'grounded', 'proposes', 'comprehensive', 'highly', 'cited', 'still', 'relevant', 'theoretical', 'model', 'which', 'isbased', 'extensive', 'review', 'studies', 'large', 'scale', 'epidemics', 'centuries', 'different', 'nature', 'speaking', 'generalizability', 'framework', 'focused', 'psycho', 'social', 'aspects', 'characterize', 'people', 'psychological', 'social', 'responsesto', 'epidemics', 'rather', 'describing', 'epidemic', 'unfolds', 'directly', 'operationalizable', 'language', 'description', 'psycho', 'social', 'responses', 'provided', 'bystrong', 'lends', 'itself', 'operationalization', 'defining', 'concepts', 'mapped', 'language', 'markers', 'byprevious', 'literature', 'table', 'shows', 'operationalized', 'strong', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'theoretical', 'framework', 'steps', 'first', 'three', 'authors', 'coded', 'strong', 'seminal', 'paper', 'strong', 'using', 'coding', 'gibbs', 'identify', 'keywords', 'thatcharacterize', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'three', 'authorsgenerated', 'independent', 'lists', 'keywords', 'conservatively', 'combined', 'intersecting', 'words', 'thatwere', 'intersection', 'mostly', 'synonyms', 'catching', 'disease', 'synonym', 'contagion', 'discard', 'important', 'concept', 'according', 'strong', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'intertwinedand', 'concepts', 'define', 'specific', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemic', 'might', 'relevant', 'remaining', 'twoas', 'example', 'suspicion', 'element', 'epidemic', 'tightly', 'related', 'stigmatization', 'phenomenon', 'strong', 'describes', 'typical', 'epidemic', 'moralization', 'coding', 'exercise', 'adheredas', 'possible', 'description', 'strong', 'paper', 'obtained', 'strict', 'partition', 'keywords', 'across', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'second', 'three', 'authors', 'mapped', 'these', 'keywords', 'language', 'categories', 'namely', 'words', 'reflect', 'these', 'concepts', 'expressed', 'natural', 'language', 'words', 'expressing', 'angeror', 'trust', 'these', 'categories', 'existing', 'language', 'lexicons', 'widely', 'psychometric', 'studies', 'linguistic', 'inquiry', 'count', 'tausczik', 'pennebaker', 'lexicon', 'words', 'wordstems', 'grouped', 'categories', 'reflecting', 'emotions', 'social', 'processes', 'basic', 'functions', 'amongothers', 'lexicon', 'based', 'premise', 'words', 'people', 'communicate', 'provideclues', 'their', 'psychological', 'states', 'tausczik', 'pennebaker', 'allows', 'written', 'passages', 'analyzedsyntactically', 'words', 'together', 'phrases', 'sentences', 'semantically', 'analysisof', 'meaning', 'words', 'phrases', 'emolex', 'mohammad', 'turney', 'lexicon', 'classifies', 'words', 'stems', 'eightprimary', 'emotions', 'plutchik', 'psychoevolutionary', 'theory', 'plutchik', 'moral', 'foundation', 'lexicon', 'graham', 'lexicon', 'words', 'stems', 'which', 'grouped', 'into5', 'categories', 'moral', 'foundations', 'graham', 'fairness', 'group', 'authority', 'purity', 'which', 'further', 'split', 'expressions', 'virtue', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter', 'social', 'behavior', 'frimer', 'lexicon', 'social', 'words', 'stems', 'which', 'beenfound', 'frequently', 'people', 'describe', 'social', 'goals', 'frimer', 'three', 'authors', 'grouped', 'similar', 'keywords', 'together', 'mapped', 'groups', 'keywords', 'languagecategories', 'grouping', 'mapping', 'procedure', 'informed', 'previous', 'studies', 'investigated', 'thesekeywords', 'expressed', 'through', 'language', 'these', 'studies', 'listed', 'table', 'language', 'categories', 'considered', 'tweet', 'contained', 'language', 'category', 'least', 'oneof', 'tweet', 'words', 'stems', 'belonged', 'category', 'tweet', 'category', 'association', 'binary', 'disregardsthe', 'number', 'matching', 'words', 'within', 'tweet', 'mainly', 'because', 'short', 'snippets', 'tweetsare', 'limited', 'characters', 'multiple', 'occurrences', 'necessarily', 'reflect', 'intensity', 'egory', 'russell', 'language', 'category', 'counted', 'number', 'users', 'posted', 'leastone', 'tweet', 'containing', 'category', 'obtained', 'fraction', 'users', 'mentioned', 'category', 'bydividing', 'total', 'number', 'users', 'tweeted', 'computing', 'fraction', 'users', 'rather', 'fraction', 'tweets', 'prevents', 'biases', 'introduced', 'exceptionally', 'activeusers', 'capturing', 'faithfully', 'prevalence', 'different', 'language', 'categories', 'twitter', 'population', 'helps', 'discounting', 'impact', 'social', 'which', 'anomalous', 'levels', 'activity', 'especiallyretweeting', 'bessi', 'ferrara', 'different', 'categories', 'might', 'verbalized', 'considerably', 'different', 'frequencies', 'example', 'language', 'category', 'first', 'person', 'pronoun', 'lexicon', 'naturally', 'occurred', 'frequently', 'category', 'death', 'lexicon', 'enable', 'comparison', 'across', 'categories', 'standardized', 'fractions', 'where', 'represent', 'standard', 'deviation', 'scores', 'whole', 'period', 'february', 'april', 'these', 'scores', 'interpretation', 'results', 'asthey', 'represent', 'relative', 'variation', 'category', 'prevalence', 'compared', 'average', 'values', 'higher', 'lower', 'original', 'value', 'higher', 'lower', 'average', 'other', 'behavioral', 'markers', 'assess', 'validity', 'operationalization', 'strong', 'model', 'compared', 'itsresults', 'output', 'alternative', 'state', 'mining', 'techniques', 'world', 'mobility', 'patterns', 'interaction', 'types', 'compared', 'results', 'obtained', 'matching', 'state', 'learning', 'toolfor', 'natural', 'language', 'processing', 'designed', 'capture', 'fundamental', 'types', 'social', 'interactions', 'conversationallanguage', 'short', 'memory', 'neural', 'networks', 'lstms', 'hochreiter', 'andschmidhuber', 'input', 'dimensional', 'glove', 'representation', 'words', 'pennington', 'output', 'series', 'confidence', 'scores', 'range', 'estimate', 'likelihood', 'expresses', 'certaintypes', 'social', 'interactions', 'classifiers', 'exhibited', 'classification', 'performance', 'underthe', 'curve', 'performance', 'metric', 'measures', 'ability', 'model', 'assignhigher', 'confidence', 'scores', 'positive', 'examples', 'characterized', 'interaction', 'interest', 'tonegative', 'examples', 'independent', 'fixed', 'decision', 'threshold', 'expected', 'value', 'random', 'classification', 'whereas', 'indicates', 'perfect', 'classification', 'interaction', 'types', 'classify', 'three', 'detected', 'frequently', 'withlikelihood', 'twitter', 'conflict', 'expressions', 'contrast', 'diverging', 'views', 'tajfel', 'socialsupport', 'giving', 'emotional', 'practical', 'companionship', 'fiske', 'power', 'expressions', 'thatmark', 'person', 'power', 'behavior', 'outcomes', 'another', 'given', 'tweet', 'textual', 'message', 'interaction', 'classifier', 'compute', 'likelihoodscore', 'message', 'contains', 'interaction', 'binarized', 'confidence', 'scores', 'using', 'athreshold', 'based', 'indicator', 'function', 'otherwisefollowing', 'original', 'approach', 'different', 'threshold', 'interaction', 'thedistributions', 'their', 'likelihood', 'scores', 'considerably', 'picked', 'conservatively', 'value', 'ofthe', 'percentile', 'distribution', 'confidence', 'scores', 'favoring', 'precision', 'recall', 'similar', 'tohow', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter', 'peakkeywords', 'supporting', 'literature', 'categories', '3rdfearemotional', 'maelstrom', 'swear', '14anger', '16negemo', '02these', 'categories', 'analyzecomplex', 'emotional', 'responses', 'traumatic', 'events', 'characterize', 'language', 'peoplesuffering', 'mental', 'health', 'coppersmith', 'sadness', '19fear', 'related', 'words', 'included', 'emolex', 'havebeen', 'often', 'measure', 'tangible', 'andintangible', 'threats', 'emolex', '03death', '03anxiety', 'panic', 'anxiety', 'category', 'study', 'ferent', 'forms', 'anxiety', 'social', 'media', 'rudzicz', 'anxiety', '15disorientation', 'definition', 'tentative', 'category', 'expressesuncertainty', 'tausczik', 'pennebaker', 'tentative', '03suspicion', 'suspicion', 'often', 'formalized', 'trust', 'deutsch', 'trust', '12irrationality', 'negate', 'category', 'measurecognitive', 'distorsions', 'irrational', 'interpretations', 'ality', 'simms', 'negate', '07religion', 'religious', 'expressions', 'studyhow', 'people', 'appeal', 'religious', 'entities', 'during', 'moments', 'ofhardship', 'religion', '22contagion', 'these', 'categories', 'study', 'theperception', 'diseases', 'cancer', 'support', 'groups', 'peopleaffected', 'eating', 'disorder', 'alcoholics', 'alpers', 'kornfield', '13feel', '03moralizationwarn', 'avoidance', 'perceptiona', 'category', 'model', 'perception', 'connectedto', 'epidemics', '08polarization', 'segregation', 'different', 'personal', 'pronouns', 'study', 'group', 'dynamics', 'characterize', 'languagemarkers', 'racism', 'arguello', 'personalpronouns', 'markers', 'differentiation', 'beenconsidered', 'studies', 'racist', 'language', 'figea', '22they', '10differ', '05stigmatization', 'blame', 'abusepronouns', 'quantify', 'blame', 'inpersonal', 'borelli', 'sbarra', 'political', 'windsor', 'speech', 'associated', 'withthey', 'oriented', 'statements', 'elsherief', 'categories', 'asprevious', 'cooperation', 'coordination', 'collectiveconsciousnessthe', 'moral', 'value', 'expresses', 'protectingothers', 'graham', 'cooperation', 'oftenverbalized', 'referencing', 'group', 'expressingaffiliation', 'rezapour', 'affiliation', '22care', 'moral', 'virtue', '19prosocial', 'prosocial', '25faith', 'authority', 'moral', 'value', 'authority', 'expresses', 'playingby', 'rules', 'hierarchy', 'versus', 'challenging', 'rezapouret', 'authority', 'moralvirtue', '13authority', 'enforcement', 'power', 'category', 'expresses', 'exertion', 'inance', 'tausczik', 'pennebaker', 'power', '14actionrestrictions', 'travel', 'vacymotion', '06home', '20work', '22social', '08daily', 'habits', 'concern', 'mainly', 'people', 'experience', 'ofhome', 'leisure', 'movement', 'betweenthem', 'gonzalez', 'leisure', '10table', 'operationalization', 'strong', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'theoretical', 'framework', 'strong', 'paper', 'three', 'annotators', 'extracted', 'keywords', 'characterize', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'mapped', 'torelevant', 'language', 'categories', 'existing', 'language', 'lexicons', 'psychometric', 'studies', 'category', 'names', 'arefollowed', 'their', 'corresponding', 'lexicon', 'parenthesis', 'support', 'association', 'between', 'keywordsand', 'language', 'categories', 'examples', 'supporting', 'literature', 'summarize', 'language', 'egories', 'varies', 'across', 'three', 'temporal', 'states', 'computed', 'values', 'different', 'language', 'categories', 'their', 'standardized', 'fractions', 'reached', 'maximum', 'reported', 'percentage', 'increase', 'peakcompared', 'average', 'whole', 'period', 'maximum', 'value', 'highlighted', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitterhow', 'constructed', 'temporal', 'signals', 'language', 'categories', 'counted', 'number', 'users', 'postedat', 'least', 'tweet', 'contains', 'interaction', 'obtained', 'fraction', 'users', 'mentionedinteraction', 'dividing', 'total', 'number', 'users', 'tweeted', 'normalized', 'these', 'fractions', 'considering', 'minimum', 'maximum', 'values', 'during', 'whole', 'timeperiod', 'mentions', 'medical', 'entities', 'state', 'learning', 'method', 'medical', 'entity', 'extraction', 'toidentify', 'medical', 'symptoms', 'twitter', 'relation', 'covid', 'scepanovic', 'applied', 'tweets', 'method', 'extracts', 'grams', 'representing', 'medical', 'symptoms', 'feeling', 'method', 'based', 'thebi', 'sequence', 'tagging', 'architecture', 'huang', 'combination', 'glove', 'embeddings', 'nington', 'roberta', 'contextual', 'embeddings', 'optimize', 'entity', 'extractionperformance', 'noisy', 'textual', 'social', 'media', 'trained', 'sequence', 'tagging', 'architecture', 'micromeddatabase', 'jimeno', 'yepes', 'collection', 'tweets', 'manually', 'labeled', 'medical', 'entities', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'hidden', 'units', 'batch', 'learning', 'which', 'gradually', 'halvedwhenever', 'there', 'performance', 'improvement', 'after', 'epochs', 'trained', 'maximum', 'epochs', 'orbefore', 'learning', 'became', 'small', 'final', 'model', 'achieved', 'score', 'micromed', 'score', 'performance', 'measure', 'combines', 'precision', 'fraction', 'extracted', 'entities', 'actuallymedical', 'entities', 'recall', 'fraction', 'medical', 'entities', 'present', 'method', 'retrieve', 'based', 'implementation', 'flair', 'akbik', 'pytorch', 'paszke', 'popular', 'deeplearning', 'libraries', 'python', 'unique', 'medical', 'entity', 'counted', 'number', 'users', 'posted', 'least', 'tweet', 'tthat', 'mentioned', 'entity', 'obtained', 'fraction', 'users', 'mentioned', 'medical', 'entity', 'dividingue', 'total', 'number', 'users', 'tweeted', 'normalize', 'these', 'fractions', 'considering', 'minimum', 'maximum', 'values', 'during', 'whole', 'timeperiod', 'mobility', 'traces', 'foursquare', 'local', 'search', 'discovery', 'mobile', 'application', 'relies', 'users', 'mobilityrecords', 'recommend', 'places', 'might', 'application', 'localization', 'estimate', 'theuser', 'position', 'infer', 'places', 'visited', 'response', 'covid', 'crisis', 'foursquare', 'publiclyavailable', 'gathered', 'million', 'users', 'these', 'users', 'always', 'during', 'period', 'ofdata', 'collection', 'meaning', 'allowed', 'application', 'gather', 'location', 'times', 'theapplication', 'published', 'through', 'visitdata', 'website', 'consists', 'daily', 'numberof', 'users', 'visiting', 'venue', 'state', 'starting', 'february', 'present', '256users', 'visited', 'schools', 'indiana', 'february', 'overall', 'distinct', 'location', 'categories', 'provided', 'obtaincountry', 'temporal', 'indicators', 'first', 'applied', 'normalization', 'values', 'averaged', 'values', 'across', 'states', '1sxsvs', 'where', 'total', 'number', 'states', 'weighting', 'state', 'equally', 'obtained', 'measure', 'morerepresentative', 'whole', 'territory', 'rather', 'being', 'biased', 'towards', 'density', 'regions', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter', '7time', 'series', 'smoothing', 'temporal', 'indicators', 'affected', 'large', 'fluctuations', 'extractmore', 'consistent', 'trends', 'series', 'applied', 'smoothing', 'function', 'common', 'practice', 'analyzingtemporal', 'extracted', 'social', 'media', 'connor', 'given', 'varying', 'signal', 'apply', 'boxcar', 'moving', 'average', 'window', 'previous', 'selected', 'window', 'weekly', 'windows', 'typically', 'smooth', 'dayvariations', 'weekly', 'periodicities', 'connor', 'applied', 'smoothing', 'series', 'language', 'categories', 'mentions', 'medical', 'entities', 'interaction', 'types', 'thefoursquare', 'visits', 'change', 'point', 'detection', 'identify', 'phases', 'characterized', 'different', 'combinations', 'language', 'categories', 'identified', 'change', 'points', 'periods', 'which', 'values', 'categories', 'varied', 'considerably', 'quantifysuch', 'variations', 'language', 'category', 'computed', 'namely', 'daily', 'average', 'squared', 'gradi', 'utkepohl', 'smoothed', 'standardized', 'fractions', 'category', 'calculate', 'gradient', 'usedthe', 'python', 'function', 'numpy', 'gradient', 'gradient', 'provides', 'measure', 'increase', 'decrease', 'thesignal', 'consider', 'absolute', 'value', 'gradient', 'account', 'magnitude', 'change', 'rather', 'direc', 'change', 'identify', 'periods', 'consistent', 'change', 'opposed', 'quick', 'instantaneous', 'shifts', 'apply', 'temporalsmoothing', 'equation', 'series', 'gradients', 'denote', 'smoothed', 'squared', 'gradients', 'average', 'gradients', 'language', 'categories', 'obtain', 'overall', 'gradient', 'peaks', 'series', 'represent', 'highest', 'variation', 'marked', 'change', 'points', 'usingthe', 'python', 'function', 'scipy', 'signal', 'peaks', 'identified', 'peaks', 'local', 'maxima', 'whose', 'values', 'higherthan', 'average', 'standard', 'deviations', 'common', 'practice', 'palshikar', 'resultslanguage', 'until', 'first', 'contagion', 'during', 'first', 'residents', 'experienced', 'thepandemic', 'entailed', 'first', 'going', 'through', 'entire', 'cycle', 'making', 'contagion', 'waveself', 'contained', 'arrival', 'unknown', 'virus', 'skepticism', 'isolation', 'measures', 'first', 'reopening', 'figure', 'shows', 'standardized', 'fractions', 'language', 'categories', 'formula', 'changed', 'fromfebruary', 'april', 'which', 'restrictions', 'states', 'lifted', 'color', 'encodes', 'valueshigher', 'average', 'lower', 'partitioned', 'language', 'categories', 'according', 'threepsycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'figure', 'shows', 'value', 'average', 'squared', 'gradient', 'formula', 'peaks', 'curve', 'represent', 'local', 'variation', 'marked', 'peaks', 'above', 'standard', 'deviationsfrom', 'change', 'points', 'found', 'change', 'points', 'coincide', 'events', 'february', 'announcement', 'first', 'infection', 'country', 'march', 'announcementof', 'orders', 'these', 'change', 'points', 'identify', 'three', 'phases', 'which', 'described', 'dwelling', 'onthe', 'peaks', 'different', 'language', 'categories', 'their', 'standardized', 'fractions', 'reached', 'maximum', 'andreporting', 'percentage', 'increase', 'increase', 'compared', 'average', 'february', 'april', 'denoted', 'table', 'first', 'phase', 'refusal', 'phase', 'characterized', 'anxietyand', 'death', 'frequently', 'mentioned', 'february', 'compared', 'average', 'duringthe', 'whole', 'period', 'pronoun', 'temporal', 'state', 'average', 'suggests', 'thatthe', 'focus', 'discussion', 'implications', 'viral', 'epidemic', 'others', 'infection', 'hadbeen', 'discovered', 'other', 'language', 'categories', 'exhibited', 'significant', 'variations', 'which', 'reflectedan', 'overall', 'situation', 'business', 'usual', 'second', 'phase', 'anger', 'phase', 'began', 'february', 'outburst', 'negative', 'emotions', 'predominantlyanger', 'right', 'after', 'first', 'covid', 'contagion', 'announced', 'abstract', 'death', 'replacedby', 'expressions', 'concrete', 'health', 'concerns', 'words', 'expressing', 'mentions', 'parts', 'march', 'federal', 'government', 'announced', 'state', 'national', 'emergency', 'followed', 'enforcementof', 'state', 'level', 'orders', 'during', 'those', 'observed', 'sharp', 'increase', 'pronoun', 'swear', 'words', 'march', 'which', 'hints', 'climate', 'discussion', 'characterized', 'byconflict', 'polarization', 'observed', 'increase', 'words', 'related', 'daily', 'habitsaffected', 'impending', 'restriction', 'policies', 'motion', 'social', 'activities', 'leisure', 'mentions', 'words8', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitterfeardeathanxietynegemoangersweartentativenegatebodyfeelreligionposemosadnesstrustfearrefusal', 'phase', 'anger', 'phase', 'acceptance', 'phaseatheyriskdifferiweaffiliationauthoritypowercareprosocialmoralitythey', 'focus', 'focus', 'focusbmotionhomesocialleisureactionworkas', 'usual', 'beyond', 'homecavg', 'gradientd0', '0custom', 'wordsealcohol', 'exercising', 'economic0', '0interactionsfsupport', 'power', 'conflict0', '0medicalgphysical', 'health', 'mental', 'health2020', '0mobilityfeb', '27first', 'casemar', '24stay', 'homehgrocery', 'travel', 'transport', 'outdoors', 'recreation', '2022020', '15figure', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'twitter', 'during', 'first', 'contagion', 'evolution', 'useof', 'different', 'language', 'categories', 'tweets', 'related', 'covid', 'heatmaps', 'representsa', 'language', 'category', 'words', 'expressing', 'anxiety', 'manual', 'coding', 'associated', 'threepsycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'color', 'represents', 'daily', 'standardized', 'fraction', 'people', 'words', 'relatedto', 'category', 'values', 'higher', 'average', 'those', 'lower', 'categories', 'arepartitioned', 'three', 'groups', 'according', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'model', 'morality', 'action', 'average', 'gradient', 'instantaneous', 'variation', 'language', 'categories', 'peaks', 'gradient', 'identifychange', 'points', 'dates', 'around', 'which', 'considerable', 'change', 'multiple', 'language', 'categories', 'happened', 'atonce', 'dashed', 'vertical', 'lines', 'cross', 'plots', 'represent', 'these', 'change', 'points', 'temporal', 'evolution', 'offour', 'families', 'indicators', 'corroborate', 'validity', 'trends', 'identified', 'language', 'categories', 'checked', 'internal', 'validity', 'comparing', 'language', 'categories', 'custom', 'keyword', 'search', 'approach', 'andtwo', 'learning', 'tools', 'extract', 'types', 'social', 'interactions', 'mentions', 'medical', 'symptoms', 'wechecked', 'external', 'validity', 'looking', 'mobility', 'patterns', 'different', 'venue', 'categories', 'estimated', 'gpsgeo', 'localization', 'service', 'foursquare', 'mobile', 'timeline', 'bottom', 'figure', 'marks', 'thekey', 'events', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'announcements', 'first', 'infection', 'covid', '19recorded', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter', '9related', 'peaked', 'march', 'federal', 'government', 'announced', 'social', 'distancingguidelines', 'place', 'least', 'weeks', 'third', 'phase', 'acceptance', 'phase', 'started', 'march', 'after', 'first', 'physical', 'distancing', 'measures', 'wereimposed', 'increased', 'words', 'power', 'authority', 'likely', 'reflected', 'emergence', 'discussionaround', 'policies', 'enforced', 'government', 'officials', 'public', 'agencies', 'death', 'raised', 'steadily', 'hitting', 'deaths', 'march', 'expressions', 'conflict', 'faded', 'words', 'sadness', 'becamepredominant', 'those', 'hardship', 'sentiment', 'others', 'expressions', 'prosocial', 'behavior', 'becamemore', 'frequent', 'respectively', 'mentions', 'related', 'activities', 'peaked', 'peopleeither', 'their', 'compelled', 'result', 'lockdown', 'thematic', 'analysis', 'language', 'categories', 'capture', 'broad', 'concepts', 'related', 'strong', 'epidemic', 'psychologytheory', 'allow', 'analysis', 'grained', 'topics', 'within', 'category', 'study', 'combinations', 'language', 'category', 'phase', 'language', 'categories', 'phases', 'listedthe', 'retweeted', 'tweets', 'popular', 'tweets', 'containing', 'anxiety', 'posted', 'refusal', 'phase', 'toidentify', 'overarching', 'themes', 'followed', 'steps', 'commonly', 'adopted', 'thematic', 'analysis', 'braun', 'andclarke', 'smith', 'shinebourne', 'first', 'applied', 'coding', 'identify', 'concepts', 'emergedacross', 'multiple', 'tweets', 'specifically', 'authors', 'tweets', 'marked', 'keywords', 'thatreflected', 'concepts', 'expressed', 'axial', 'coding', 'identify', 'relationships', 'between', 'themost', 'frequent', 'keywords', 'summarize', 'semantically', 'cohesive', 'themes', 'themes', 'reviewed', 'recursivemanner', 'rather', 'linear', 'evaluating', 'adjusting', 'tweets', 'parsed', 'table', 'summarizesthe', 'recurring', 'themes', 'together', 'their', 'representative', 'tweets', 'refusal', 'phase', 'statements', 'ofskepticism', 'tweeted', 'widely', 'table', 'epidemic', 'frequently', 'depicted', 'foreign', 'problem', 'activities', 'business', 'usual', 'anger', 'phase', 'discussion', 'characterized', 'outrage', 'against', 'three', 'categories', 'foreigners', 'especiallychinese', 'individuals', 'supplementary', 'materials', 'detail', 'political', 'opponents', 'people', 'adopteddifferent', 'behavioral', 'responses', 'outbreak', 'level', 'conflict', 'corroborates', 'strong', 'postulate', 'against', 'other', 'science', 'religion', 'prominent', 'topics', 'discussion', 'lively', 'debate', 'ragedaround', 'validity', 'scientists', 'recommendations', 'social', 'groups', 'their', 'hopes', 'rather', 'thanon', 'science', 'mentions', 'people', 'isolating', 'became', 'frequent', 'highlighted', 'contrastbetween', 'judicious', 'individuals', 'careless', 'crowds', 'finally', 'during', 'acceptance', 'phase', 'outburst', 'anger', 'sorrow', 'caused', 'mourning', 'ofthousands', 'people', 'accepting', 'threat', 'virus', 'twitter', 'users', 'findcollective', 'solutions', 'problem', 'overcome', 'although', 'positive', 'attitude', 'towardsthe', 'authorities', 'seemed', 'prevalent', 'users', 'expressed', 'disappointment', 'against', 'restrictions', 'imposed', 'those', 'isolated', 'started', 'imagining', 'beyond', 'isolation', 'especially', 'relation', 'reopeningbusinesses', 'comparison', 'other', 'behavioral', 'markers', 'assess', 'validity', 'approach', 'compared', 'previousresults', 'output', 'alternative', 'mining', 'techniques', 'applied', 'internal', 'validity', 'withreal', 'world', 'mobility', 'traces', 'external', 'validity', 'comparison', 'other', 'mining', 'techniques', 'processed', 'social', 'media', 'posts', 'three', 'alternativetext', 'mining', 'techniques', 'figure', 'table', 'reported', 'three', 'language', 'categories', 'strongestcorrelations', 'behavioral', 'marker', 'first', 'allow', 'interpretable', 'explainable', 'results', 'applied', 'simple', 'matching', 'method', 'relies', 'custom', 'lexicon', 'containing', 'three', 'categories', 'words', 'reflecting', 'consumption', 'alcohol', 'physical', 'exercising', 'andeconomic', 'concerns', 'those', 'aspects', 'found', 'characterize', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'economist', 'measured', 'daily', 'fraction', 'users', 'mentioning', 'words', 'those', 'categories', 'figure', 'therefusal', 'phase', 'frequency', 'these', 'words', 'significantly', 'increase', 'anger', 'phase', 'frequencyof', 'words', 'related', 'economy', 'peaked', 'related', 'alcohol', 'consumption', 'peaked', 'shortly', 'after', 'table', '4shows', 'economy', 'related', 'words', 'highly', 'correlated', 'anxiety', 'words', 'which', 'inline', 'studies', 'indicating', 'degree', 'apprehension', 'declining', 'economy', 'comparable', 'ofhealth', 'hazard', 'concerns', 'fetzer', 'bareket', 'bojmel', 'words', 'alcohol', 'consumption', 'mostcorrelated', 'language', 'dimensions', 'period', 'werehealth', 'concerns', 'their', 'isolation', 'caused', 'rising', 'alcohol', 'finlay', 'andgilmore', 'finally', 'acceptance', 'phase', 'frequency', 'words', 'related', 'physical', 'exercise', 'significant', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twittertheme', 'example', 'tweetsthe', 'refusal', 'phase1', 'denial', 'cases', 'result', 'death', 'approximately', 'equivalent', 'seasonal', 'relaxpeople', 'focus', 'continue', 'wuhanvirus', 'which', 'exactly', 'business', 'usual', 'agriculture', 'specialists', 'dulles', 'airport', 'continue', 'protect', 'nation', 'vital', 'agriculturalresources', 'anger', 'phase4', 'anger', 'foreign', 'there', 'anything', 'hatred', 'against', 'foreigner', 'covid19', 'aglobal', 'pandemic', 'anger', 'politicalopponents', 'level', 'sickness', 'entered', 'politic', 'monster', 'mouthing', 'offgrotesque', 'about', 'cheering', 'coronavirus', 'street', 'crashing', 'because', 'wantan', 'father', 'winning', 'streak', 'anger', 'eachother', 'coronavirus', 'going', 'workwhen', 'unwell', 'science', 'debate', 'comes', 'fight', 'coronaviruspandemic', 'making', 'decisions', 'based', 'onhealthcare', 'professionals', 'fauci', 'others', 'political', 'punditry', 'religion', 'problem', 'handle', 'overcome', 'threat', 'focus', 'people', 'upset', 'annoyed', 'tweet', 'about', 'coronavirus', 'peopleto', 'avoid', 'crowds', 'category', 'coronavirus', 'afavor', 'others', 'acceptance', 'phase10', 'sadness', 'deeply', 'mourn', 'yorkers', 'yesterday', 'covid', 'notnumb', 'number', 'lives', 'forever', 'focus', 'thankful', 'japan', 'friendship', 'cooperation', 'stand', 'together', 'defeatthe', 'covid19', 'pandemic', 'during', 'tough', 'times', 'friends', 'stick', 'together', 'isthankful', 'taiwan', 'donating', 'million', 'masks', 'support', 'healthcare', 'nowmore', 'choose', 'covid', 'overcomethis', 'together', 'authority', 'church', 'seeds', 'paint', 'operate', 'business', 'beach', 'takeyour', 'masks', 'public', 'payyour', 'taxes', 'hopefully', 'celebrate', 'freedom', 'resuming', 'working', 'families', 'small', 'businesses', 'possible', 'workers', 'whohave', 'their', 'their', 'hours', 'slashed', 'families', 'struggling', 'rentand', 'table', 'immediately', 'there', 'waste', 'table', 'recurring', 'themes', 'three', 'phases', 'found', 'means', 'thematic', 'analysis', 'tweets', 'themes', 'arepaired', 'examples', 'popular', 'tweets', 'happened', 'positive', 'words', 'expressing', 'togetherness', 'highest', 'affiliation', 'posemo', 'these', 'results', 'match', 'previous', 'interpretations', 'peaks', 'forour', 'language', 'categories', 'second', 'since', 'unclear', 'whether', 'simple', 'count', 'approach', 'effective', 'studying', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'unfolded', 'additionally', 'applied', 'learning', 'approach', 'extracts', 'mentions', 'ofexpressions', 'conflict', 'social', 'support', 'power', 'figure', 'shows', 'normalized', 'scores', 'fractionof', 'users', 'posting', 'tweets', 'labeled', 'these', 'three', 'interaction', 'types', 'formula', 'refusal', 'phase', 'conflict', 'increased', 'anxiety', 'blaming', 'foreigners', 'recurring', 'themes', 'twitter', 'angerphase', 'conflict', 'peaked', 'similar', 'anxiety', 'words', 'since', 'first', 'measures', 'announced', 'initial', 'expressions', 'power', 'social', 'support', 'gradually', 'increased', 'finally', 'acceptance', 'phase', 'social', 'support', 'peaked', 'support', 'correlated', 'categories', 'affiliation', 'positive', 'emotions', 'table', 'power', 'correlated', 'prosocial', 'andauthority', 'again', 'previous', 'interpretations', 'concerning', 'existence', 'phase', 'conflict', 'followed', 'aphase', 'social', 'support', 'further', 'confirmed', 'learning', 'which', 'opposed', 'dictionary', 'basedapproaches', 'matching', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter', '11phase', 'positive', 'negativerefusal', 'death', 'anger', 'swear', 'anxiety', 'death', 'sadness', 'prosocial', 'acceptance', 'affiliation', 'prosocial', 'anxiety', 'swear', 'table', 'three', 'positive', 'bottom', 'negative', 'coefficients', 'logistic', 'regression', 'models', 'threephases', 'categories', 'those', 'included', 'composite', 'temporal', 'score', 'third', 'learning', 'extracts', 'mentions', 'medical', 'entities', 'scepanovic', 'entities', 'extracted', 'focused', 'frequently', 'mentioned', 'grouped', 'twofamilies', 'symptoms', 'respectively', 'those', 'related', 'physical', 'health', 'fever', 'cough', 'those', 'relatedto', 'mental', 'health', 'depression', 'stress', 'brooks', 'normalized', 'fractions', 'usersposting', 'tweets', 'containing', 'mentions', 'these', 'symptoms', 'formula', 'shown', 'figure', 'refusal', 'phase', 'frequency', 'symptom', 'mentions', 'change', 'anger', 'phase', 'instead', 'physical', 'symptoms', 'started', 'bementioned', 'correlated', 'language', 'categories', 'expressing', 'panic', 'physical', 'health', 'concerns', 'swear', 'negate', 'acceptance', 'phase', 'mentions', 'mental', 'symptomsbecame', 'frequent', 'interestingly', 'mental', 'symptoms', 'peaked', 'twitter', 'discourse', 'characterized', 'bypositive', 'feelings', 'prosocial', 'interactions', 'affiliation', 'posemo', 'recent', 'studies', 'found', 'psychological', 'covid', 'similar', 'traits', 'traumaticstress', 'disorders', 'symptoms', 'might', 'several', 'weeks', 'period', 'initial', 'panic', 'forced', 'isolation', 'galeaet', 'liang', 'dutheil', 'comparison', 'mobility', 'traces', 'external', 'validity', 'language', 'categories', 'compared', 'theirtemporal', 'trends', 'mobility', 'foursquare', 'picked', 'three', 'venue', 'categories', 'grocery', 'shops', 'travel', 'transport', 'outdoors', 'recreation', 'reflect', 'three', 'different', 'types', 'fundamental', 'human', 'needs', 'maslow', 'primary', 'getting', 'supplies', 'secondary', 'moving', 'around', 'freely', 'limit', 'mobilityfor', 'safety', 'higher', 'level', 'being', 'entertained', 'figure', 'normalized', 'numberof', 'visits', 'formula', 'periods', 'higher', 'variations', 'normalized', 'number', 'visits', 'match', 'thetransitions', 'between', 'three', 'phases', 'refusal', 'phase', 'mobility', 'patterns', 'change', 'anger', 'phase', 'instead', 'travel', 'started', 'grocery', 'shopping', 'peaked', 'supporting', 'interpretation', 'phase', 'characterizedby', 'panic', 'induced', 'stockpiling', 'compulsion', 'oneself', 'occurred', 'ofthe', 'pronoun', 'rather', 'helping', 'others', 'finally', 'acceptance', 'phase', 'panic', 'around', 'groceryshopping', 'faded', 'number', 'visits', 'parks', 'outdoor', 'spaces', 'increased', 'embedding', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'models', 'embed', 'operationalization', 'epidemic', 'chology', 'models', 'epidemiological', 'models', 'urban', 'mobility', 'models', 'measures', 'atany', 'point', 'during', 'pandemic', 'given', 'their', 'current', 'definitions', 'because', 'arenormalized', 'values', 'whole', 'period', 'study', 'figure', 'designed', 'composite', 'measurethat', 'temporal', 'knowledge', 'corresponding', 'detection', 'method', 'determines', 'which', 'thethree', 'phases', 'given', 'point', 'first', 'language', 'category', 'computed', 'average', 'value', 'formula', 'during', 'first', 'ofthe', 'epidemic', 'specifically', 'during', 'first', 'users', 'tweeted', 'experimented', 'longer', 'periods', 'users', 'obtained', 'qualitatively', 'similar', 'results', 'averages', 'computed', 'thisinitial', 'period', 'reference', 'values', 'later', 'measurements', 'assumption', 'behind', 'approach', 'modelerwould', 'relevant', 'hashtags', 'initial', 'stages', 'pandemic', 'which', 'reasonable', 'considering', 'thatthis', 'major', 'pandemics', 'occurred', 'decade', 'oyeyemi', 'eysenbach', 'starting', 'second', 'calculated', 'percent', 'change', 'valuescompared', 'reference', 'values', 'phase', 'defined', 'parsimonious', 'measure', 'composed', 'dimensions', 'dimension', 'positivelyassociated', 'phase', 'expressed', 'percent', 'change', 'minus', 'negatively', 'associated', 'death', 'refusal', 'phase', 'identify', 'dimensions', 'trained', 'three', 'logistic', 'regression', 'binary', 'classifiers', 'oneper', 'phase', 'phase', 'marked', 'label', 'included', 'phase', 'thosethat', 'trained', 'classifier', 'estimate', 'probability', 'pphasei', 'belongs', 'phase', 'out12', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twittercorrelation', 'phasesmarker', 'correlated', 'language', 'categories', 'refusal', 'anger', 'acceptancecustom', 'wordsalcohol', '12economic', 'anxiety', 'negemo', 'negate', '53exercising', 'affiliation', 'posemo', '89interactionsconflict', 'anxiety', 'death', 'negemo', '92support', 'affiliation', 'posemo', '90power', 'prosocial', 'authority', '88medicalphysical', 'health', 'swear', 'negate', '32mental', 'health', 'affiliation', 'posemo', '85mobilitytravel', 'death', 'anxiety', '82grocery', 'leisure', '29outdoors', 'posemo', 'affiliation', '72table', 'correlation', 'language', 'categories', 'behavioral', 'markers', 'computed', 'alternative', 'niques', 'datasets', 'marker', 'three', 'categories', 'strongest', 'correlations', 'reported', 'together', 'withtheir', 'pearson', 'correlation', 'values', 'parenthesis', 'right', 'pearson', 'correlation', 'between', 'values', 'behavioralmarkers', 'being', 'given', 'phase', 'values', 'indicate', 'highest', 'values', 'marker', 'acrossthe', 'three', 'phases', 'reported', 'correlations', 'statistically', 'significant', 'values', 'categories', 'during', 'training', 'logistic', 'regression', 'learned', 'coefficients', 'thecategories', 'average', 'classifiers', 'identify', 'correct', 'phase', 'regressions', 'coefficients', 'language', 'category', 'their', 'predictive', 'power', 'table', 'showsthe', 'three', 'positive', 'coefficients', 'bottom', 'three', 'negative', 'three', 'phases', 'topand', 'bottom', 'categories', 'phases', 'belong', 'lexicon', 'phase', 'subtracted', 'categoryfrom', 'bottom', 'category', 'without', 'considering', 'their', 'coefficients', 'these', 'would', 'require', 'again', 'temporalknowledge', 'refusal', 'death', 'anger', 'swear', 'death', 'acceptance', 'anxiety', 'resulting', 'composite', 'measure', 'change', 'points', 'figure', 'knowledge', 'measure', 'figure', 'suggesting', 'parsimonious', 'computation', 'compromise', 'original', 'trends', 'timescenario', 'transition', 'between', 'phases', 'captured', 'changes', 'dominant', 'measure', 'example', 'therefusal', 'curve', 'overtaken', 'anger', 'curve', 'addition', 'correlated', 'composite', 'measures', 'thebehavioral', 'markers', 'validation', 'figure', 'which', 'markers', 'typically', 'associatedwith', 'phases', 'reported', 'correlations', 'table', 'during', 'refusal', 'phase', 'conflictual', 'interactionswere', 'frequent', 'range', 'mobility', 'common', 'during', 'anger', 'phase', 'mobilityreduced', 'engle', 'people', 'hoarded', 'groceries', 'alcohol', 'finlay', 'andgilmore', 'expressed', 'concerns', 'their', 'physical', 'health', 'economy', 'fetzer', 'bareket', 'bojmel', 'during', 'acceptance', 'phase', 'people', 'ventured', 'outdoors', 'started', 'exercisingmore', 'expressed', 'stronger', 'support', 'other', 'rising', 'deaths', 'andmental', 'health', 'symptoms', 'galea', 'liang', 'dutheil', 'language', 'after', 'first', 'contagion', 'after', 'first', 'theend', 'march', 'remaining', 'there', 'other', 'contagion', 'waves', 'figure', 'thebeginning', 'other', 'beginning', 'october', 'similar', 'first', 'these', 'othershow', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter', '130250500cases', 'milliona1st', 'wave2020', 'gradientbfeb', '27thmar', '24thmay', '27thjun', '9thoct', '2ndfigure', 'number', 'recorded', 'infections', 'average', 'gradient', 'instantaneousvariation', 'language', 'categories', 'there', 'three', 'contagion', 'waves', 'shaded', 'areas', 'there', 'peaks', 'gradient', 'marked', 'circles', 'which', 'identify', 'change', 'points', 'thatis', 'periods', 'which', 'language', 'considerably', 'changed', 'first', 'casestay', 'homearefusal', 'anger', 'acceptance2020', 'first', 'casestay', 'home100k', 'deathstrump', 'positivebrefusal', 'anger', 'acceptancefigure', 'evolution', 'language', 'categories', 'associated', 'refusal', 'those', 'associated', 'anger', 'andof', 'those', 'associated', 'acceptance', 'zooming', 'first', 'contagion', 'three', 'waves', 'during', 'theentire', 'associated', 'significant', 'changes', 'language', 'figure', 'change', 'peaks', 'thesecond', 'third', 'october', 'comes', 'surprise', 'these', 'twoperiods', 'corresponded', 'widely', 'discussed', 'events', 'first', 'deaths', 'president', 'donald', 'trumptesting', 'positive', 'covid', 'particular', 'figure', 'shows', 'these', 'changes', 'rumpingup', 'categories', 'associated', 'anger', 'phase', 'discussions', 'changes', 'mobility', 'posts', 'characterizedby', 'anger', 'generally', 'negative', 'emotions', 'predominant', 'contrast', 'categories', 'associated', 'withrefusal', 'acceptance', 'diverged', 'other', 'unsurprisingly', 'throughout', 'refusal', 'gradually', 'while', 'acceptance', 'increasingly', 'overall', 'observed', 'classes', 'pattern', 'figure', 'first', 'threephases', 'always', 'orthogonal', 'blended', 'together', 'times', 'during', 'second', 'contagion', 'example', 'anger', 'acceptance', 'predominant', 'several', 'months', 'second', 'languagehad', 'cyclical', 'nature', 'during', 'contagion', 'three', 'consecutive', 'local', 'peaks', 'local', 'maxima', 'observed', 'refusal', 'first', 'anger', 'finally', 'acceptance', 'observed', 'three', 'contagion', 'waves', 'cyclicalnature', 'reflected', 'behavioral', 'markers', 'figure', 'mentions', 'conflict', 'peaked', 'tothen', 'followed', 'mentions', 'support', 'power', 'figure', 'medical', 'conditions', 'mentionsof', 'physical', 'health', 'peaked', 'followed', 'mentions', 'mental', 'health', 'figure', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter0250500casesper', 'millionfirstcasestayat', 'home100kdeathstrumppositive1st', 'wavefeardeathanxietynegemoangersweartentativenegatebodyfeelreligionposemosadnesstrustfearatheyriskdifferiweaffiliationauthoritypowercareprosocialmoralitybmotionhomesocialleisureactionworkcavg', 'gradientd0', '0custom', 'wordsealcohol', 'exercising', 'economic0', '0interactionsfsupport', 'power', 'conflict0', '0medicalgphysical', 'health', 'mental', 'health2020', '0mobilityhgrocery', 'travel', 'transport', 'outdoors', 'recreation', '2024figure', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'twitter', 'during', 'three', 'contagion', 'waves', 'shown', 'panel', 'during', 'entire', 'temporally', 'expands', 'figure', 'difference', 'theheatmaps', 'values', 'standardized', 'using', 'standard', 'deviation', 'calculated', 'onthe', 'whole', 'period', 'study', 'february', 'december', 'discussionfindings', 'beyond', 'strong', 'model', 'strong', 'theory', 'offers', 'framework', 'which', 'operationalize', 'threepsycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'language', 'specifically', 'describe', 'these', 'epidemics', 'unfold', 'based', 'driven', 'results', 'confirmed', 'three', 'epidemics', 'indeed', 'present', 'social', 'conversationsspanning', 'almost', 'unfolded', 'allowed', 'enrich', 'strong', 'initially', 'hypothesizedin', 'relation', 'aspects', 'first', 'strong', 'theory', 'predicts', 'presence', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'describe', 'theywould', 'related', 'other', 'found', 'three', 'epidemics', 'expressed', 'relative', 'presenceof', 'their', 'relevant', 'language', 'categories', 'simultaneously', 'raised', 'relation', 'another', 'demarcating', 'three', 'specific', 'temporal', 'phases', 'identified', 'three', 'specific', 'combinations', 'epidemicsthat', 'generated', 'three', 'phases', 'twitter', 'users', 'through', 'initial', 'refusal', 'phase', 'anger', 'phase', 'finalacceptance', 'phase', 'since', 'these', 'temporal', 'phases', 'partly', 'resemble', 'stages', 'grief', 'ubler', 'apromising', 'direction', 'future', 'explore', 'relationship', 'between', 'these', 'phases', 'stages', 'grief', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter', '15second', 'strong', 'narration', 'slightly', 'hints', 'typical', 'sequence', 'events', 'according', 'which', 'epidemic', 'fearactivates', 'before', 'morality', 'which', 'followed', 'action', 'indeed', 'observed', 'similar', 'ofevents', 'these', 'events', 'strictly', 'sequential', 'rather', 'cyclical', 'interestingly', 'every', 'cycle', 'started', 'inconjunction', 'specific', 'event', 'diffusion', 'virus', 'reaching', 'local', 'maximum', 'shortly', 'afterevery', 'sharp', 'increase', 'diffusion', 'cycle', 'refusal', 'anger', 'acceptance', 'unfolded', 'among', 'twitterusers', 'third', 'strong', 'framework', 'explicit', 'distinction', 'between', 'initial', 'stages', 'epidemic', 'itsfinal', 'stages', 'found', 'regimes', 'considerably', 'separated', 'initial', 'stages', 'later', 'stages', 'initialcycle', 'variation', 'three', 'epidemics', 'larger', 'magnitude', 'those', 'subsequent', 'cycles', 'strong', 'theory', 'should', 'descriptive', 'framework', 'cannot', 'explore', 'short', 'termvariations', 'contrast', 'driven', 'experimental', 'point', 'variationspotentially', 'place', 'figure', 'shows', 'future', 'these', 'points', 'change', 'could', 'subject', 'qualitativeinquiry', 'which', 'might', 'enrich', 'original', 'formulation', 'theory', 'implications', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'break', 'abruptly', 'public', 'health', 'agencies', 'detailedplanning', 'often', 'themselves', 'improvise', 'around', 'their', 'playbook', 'constantly', 'confronting', 'onlythe', 'health', 'epidemic', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'measuring', 'effects', 'epidemics', 'societaldynamics', 'population', 'mental', 'health', 'research', 'problem', 'multidisciplinaryapproaches', 'called', 'holmes', 'contributed', 'research', 'operationalizingstrong', 'model', 'successfully', 'testing', 'twitter', 'since', 'methodology', 'applied', 'anytextual', 'future', 'study', 'alternative', 'cross', 'cultural', 'population', 'segments', 'since', 'languagecategories', 'tailored', 'specific', 'epidemic', 'reflect', 'specific', 'symptom', 'epidemic', 'isassociated', 'approach', 'applied', 'future', 'epidemic', 'provided', 'relevant', 'hashtagsassociated', 'epidemic', 'known', 'reasonable', 'assumption', 'though', 'considering', 'theconsensus', 'twitter', 'hashtags', 'reached', 'quickly', 'baronchelli', 'several', 'epidemics', 'occurred', 'inthe', 'decade', 'sparked', 'discussions', 'twitter', 'since', 'their', 'early', 'oyeyemi', 'chewand', 'eysenbach', 'method', 'complements', 'numerous', 'cross', 'sectional', 'studies', 'psychological', 'impact', 'health', 'epidemicsconducted', 'representative', 'population', 'samples', 'shultz', 'brooks', 'least', 'because', 'itcollects', 'statistics', 'implicit', 'behavioral', 'signals', 'which', 'orthogonal', 'survey', 'responses', 'computer', 'science', 'researchers', 'method', 'could', 'provide', 'starting', 'point', 'developing', 'sophisticatedtools', 'monitoring', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'furthermore', 'theoretical', 'standpoint', 'provides', 'thefirst', 'operationalization', 'strong', 'model', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'widens', 'theoretical', 'implications', 'byobserving', 'cyclical', 'phases', 'diffusion', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'finally', 'ability', 'systematically', 'characterize', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'language', 'onsocial', 'media', 'makes', 'possible', 'embed', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'models', 'currently', 'tackle', 'epidemics', 'asmobility', 'models', 'bansal', 'consider', 'digital', 'epidemiology', 'salathe', 'bauchand', 'galvani', 'parameters', 'epidemic', 'models', 'initialized', 'adjusted', 'based', 'variety', 'digitaldata', 'account', 'determinants', 'spreading', 'process', 'quantify', 'traditional', 'sources', 'especially', 'first', 'stages', 'outbreak', 'particularly', 'useful', 'modeling', 'social', 'psychologicalprocesses', 'perception', 'bagnoli', 'moinet', 'interestingly', 'these', 'approaches', 'aredesigned', 'partial', 'therefore', 'benefit', 'digital', 'incomplete', 'inthe', 'twitter', 'based', 'study', 'necessarily', 'representative', 'whole', 'population', 'salathe', 'limitations', 'future', 'could', 'improve', 'aspects', 'first', 'focused', 'viralepidemic', 'without', 'being', 'compare', 'others', 'obtain', 'social', 'media', 'duringthe', 'outbreaks', 'diseases', 'ebola', 'oyeyemi', 'influenza', 'chewand', 'eysenbach', 'could', 'apply', 'methodology', 'those', 'contexts', 'identify', 'similarities', 'anddifferences', 'example', 'could', 'study', 'mortality', 'rates', 'speed', 'spreading', 'influence', 'representation', 'ofstrong', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'social', 'media', 'second', 'geographical', 'focus', 'entire', 'united', 'states', 'coarse', 'limited', 'scope', 'insupplementary', 'materials', 'broke', 'analysis', 'temporal', 'phases', 'individual', 'states', 'andobserved', 'substantial', 'differences', 'across', 'states', 'future', 'could', 'conduct', 'systematic', 'analysis', 'finer', 'geographical', 'granularity', 'relate', 'differences', 'between', 'states', 'known', 'events', 'governor', 'decisions', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitterprevalence', 'cases', 'media', 'landscape', 'residents', 'cultural', 'traits', 'particular', 'recent', 'studies', 'suggested', 'thatthe', 'public', 'reaction', 'covid', 'varied', 'across', 'states', 'depending', 'their', 'political', 'leaning', 'painter', 'andqiu', 'grossman', 'could', 'apply', 'methodology', 'other', 'english', 'speaking', 'countries', 'toinvestigate', 'cultural', 'dimensions', 'hofstede', 'cross', 'cultural', 'personality', 'trait', 'variations', 'bleidornet', 'might', 'influence', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'third', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'always', 'orthogonal', 'other', 'blend', 'together', 'times', 'future', 'could', 'focus', 'those', 'particular', 'periods', 'determine', 'whether', 'either', 'finer', 'grainedcategorizations', 'language', 'event', 'detection', 'techniques', 'other', 'change', 'point', 'detection', 'aiello', 'could', 'disentangle', 'those', 'periods', 'theoretically', 'meaningful', 'fourth', 'study', 'limited', 'twitter', 'mainly', 'because', 'twitter', 'largest', 'stream', 'social', 'mediadata', 'practice', 'using', 'twitter', 'modeling', 'psychological', 'state', 'country', 'carries', 'ownlimitations', 'despite', 'having', 'rather', 'penetration', 'around', 'adults', 'according', 'latestestimates', 'perrin', 'anderson', 'representative', 'general', 'population', 'additionally', 'twitter', 'notoriously', 'populated', 'ferrara', 'varol', 'automated', 'accountsthat', 'often', 'amplify', 'specific', 'topics', 'points', 'played', 'important', 'steer', 'discussionon', 'several', 'events', 'broad', 'public', 'interest', 'bessi', 'ferrara', 'broniatowski', 'reasonable', 'toexpect', 'covid', 'related', 'discussions', 'studies', 'suggest', 'partly', 'discount', 'their', 'impact', 'since', 'anomalous', 'levels', 'activity', 'especially', 'retweeting', 'bessiand', 'ferrara', 'performed', 'tests', 'first', 'computed', 'measures', 'level', 'rather', 'tweet', 'level', 'which', 'counter', 'anomalous', 'levels', 'activity', 'second', 'replicated', 'temporal', 'analysis', 'excluding', 'retweets', 'obtained', 'similar', 'results', 'future', 'could', 'attempt', 'adapt', 'framework', 'different', 'sources', 'ofonline', 'example', 'search', 'queries', 'which', 'proven', 'useful', 'identify', 'different', 'phases', 'publicreactions', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'husnayain', 'strong', 'himself', 'acknowledged', 'seminal', 'paper', 'sharp', 'separation', 'between', 'different', 'types', 'epidemicpsychology', 'dubious', 'business', 'operationalized', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemic', 'independently', 'thefuture', 'modeling', 'relationships', 'among', 'three', 'epidemics', 'might', 'identify', 'hitherto', 'hidden', 'emergent', 'properties', 'referencesl', 'aiello', 'petkos', 'martin', 'corney', 'papadopoulos', 'skraba', 'kompatsiaris', 'jaimes', 'sensing', 'trending', 'topics', 'twitter', 'transactions', 'multimedia', 'akbik', 'bergmann', 'blythe', 'rasul', 'schweter', 'vollgraf', 'flair', 'framework', 'forstate', 'proceedings', 'conference', 'north', 'american', 'chapter', 'association', 'forcomputational', 'linguistics', 'pages', 'alpers', 'winzelberg', 'classen', 'roberts', 'koopman', 'taylor', 'evaluation', 'ofcomputerized', 'analysis', 'internet', 'breast', 'cancer', 'support', 'group', 'computers', 'human', 'behavior', 'arguello', 'butler', 'joyce', 'kraut', 'foundations', 'forsuccessful', 'individual', 'group', 'interactions', 'online', 'communities', 'proceedings', 'sigchi', 'conference', 'onhuman', 'factors', 'computing', 'systems', 'pages', 'bagnoli', 'sguanci', 'perception', 'epidemic', 'modeling', 'physical', 'review', '061904', 'bansal', 'chowell', 'simonsen', 'vespignani', 'viboud', 'infectious', 'disease', 'surveillance', 'andmodeling', 'journal', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'suppl', 'bareket', 'bojmel', 'shahar', 'margalit', 'covid', 'related', 'economic', 'anxiety', 'health', 'anxiety', 'findings', 'israel', 'international', 'journal', 'cognitive', 'therapy', 'baronchelli', 'emergence', 'consensus', 'primer', 'royal', 'society', 'science', '172189', 'bauch', 'galvani', 'social', 'factors', 'epidemiology', 'science', 'bento', 'nguyen', 'lozano', 'rojas', 'simon', 'evidence', 'internet', 'search', 'datashows', 'information', 'seeking', 'responses', 'local', 'covid', 'cases', 'proceedings', 'national', 'academy', 'ofsciences', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter', 'bessi', 'ferrara', 'social', 'distort', 'presidential', 'election', 'online', 'discussion', 'first', 'monday', 'exchange', 'power', 'social', 'transaction', 'publishers', 'bleidorn', 'klimstra', 'denissen', 'rentfrow', 'potter', 'gosling', 'personality', 'maturationaround', 'world', 'cross', 'cultural', 'examination', 'social', 'investment', 'theory', 'psychological', 'science', 'borelli', 'sbarra', 'trauma', 'history', 'linguistic', 'focus', 'moderate', 'course', 'psychologicaladjustment', 'divorce', 'journal', 'social', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'braun', 'clarke', 'using', 'thematic', 'analysis', 'psychology', 'qualitative', 'research', 'psychology', 'broniatowski', 'jamison', 'alkulaib', 'benton', 'quinn', 'dredze', 'weaponized', 'health', 'communication', 'twitter', 'russian', 'trolls', 'amplify', 'vaccine', 'debate', 'american', 'journalof', 'public', 'health', 'brooks', 'webster', 'smith', 'woodland', 'wessely', 'greenberg', 'rubin', 'thepsychological', 'impact', 'quarantine', 'reduce', 'rapid', 'review', 'evidence', 'lancet', 'language', 'communicating', 'threat', 'public', 'discourse', 'springer', 'lerman', 'ferrara', 'tracking', 'social', 'media', 'discourse', 'about', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'development', 'public', 'coronavirus', 'twitter', 'public', 'health', 'surveillance', 'e19273', '19273', 'eysenbach', 'pandemics', 'twitter', 'content', 'analysis', 'tweets', 'during', 'h1n1outbreak', 'aiello', 'varga', 'quercia', 'social', 'dimensions', 'conversations', 'relationships', 'inproceedings', 'conference', 'cinelli', 'quattrociocchi', 'galeazzi', 'valensise', 'brugnoli', 'schmidt', 'zollo', 'scala', 'covid', 'social', 'media', 'infodemic', 'arxiv', 'preprint', 'arxiv', '05004', 'coppersmith', 'dredze', 'harman', 'quantifying', 'mental', 'health', 'signals', 'twitter', 'proceedings', 'theworkshop', 'computational', 'linguistics', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'linguistic', 'signal', 'clinical', 'reality', 'pages51', 'schiano', 'covid', 'hangover', 'rising', 'alcohol', 'disorder', 'alcohol', 'associatedliver', 'disease', 'hepatology', 'rappaz', 'aiello', 'quercia', 'coloring', 'links', 'capturing', 'social', 'perceived', 'proceedings', 'conference', 'computer', 'supported', 'cooperative', 'social', 'computing', 'pages', 'deutsch', 'trust', 'suspicion', 'journal', 'conflict', 'resolution', 'dredze', 'bergsma', 'carmen', 'twitter', 'geolocation', 'system', 'applications', 'publichealth', 'workshops', 'twenty', 'seventh', 'conference', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'dutheil', 'mondillon', 'navel', 'second', 'tsunami', 'pandemic', 'psychologicalmedicine', 'pages', 'elsherief', 'kulkarni', 'nguyen', 'belding', 'lingo', 'target', 'based', 'linguistic', 'analysisof', 'speech', 'social', 'media', 'twelfth', 'international', 'conference', 'social', 'media', 'engle', 'stromme', 'staying', 'mobility', 'effects', 'covid', 'available', 'ferrara', 'covid', 'twitter', 'conspiracies', 'social', 'media', 'activism', 'arxiv', 'preprint', 'arxiv', '09531', 'ferrara', 'varol', 'davis', 'menczer', 'flammini', 'social', 'communications', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twittert', 'fetzer', 'hensel', 'hermle', 'coronavirus', 'perceptions', 'economic', 'anxiety', 'review', 'economicsand', 'statistics', 'pages', 'figea', 'kaati', 'scrivens', 'measuring', 'online', 'affects', 'white', 'supremacy', 'forum', 'conferenceon', 'intelligence', 'security', 'informatics', 'pages', 'finlay', 'gilmore', 'covid', 'alcohol', 'dangerous', 'cocktail', 'fiske', 'cuddy', 'glick', 'universal', 'dimensions', 'social', 'cognition', 'warmth', 'competence', 'trendsin', 'cognitive', 'sciences', 'frimer', 'schaefer', 'oakes', 'moral', 'actor', 'selfish', 'agent', 'journal', 'personality', 'social', 'psychology', 'liang', 'saroha', 'people', 'react', 'virus', 'outbreakson', 'twitter', 'computational', 'content', 'analysis', 'american', 'journal', 'infection', 'control', 'galea', 'merchant', 'lurie', 'mental', 'health', 'consequences', 'covid', 'physical', 'distancing', 'theneed', 'prevention', 'early', 'intervention', 'internal', 'medicine', 'liang', 'kruse', 'mapping', 'county', 'level', 'mobility', 'pattern', 'changes', 'unitedstates', 'response', 'covid', 'sigspatial', 'special', 'gibbs', 'thematic', 'coding', 'categorizing', 'analyzing', 'qualitative', 'london', 'pages', 'french', 'gergle', 'oberlander', 'language', 'emotion', 'short', 'texts', 'proceedingsof', 'conference', 'computer', 'supported', 'cooperative', 'pages', 'goffman', 'stigma', 'notes', 'management', 'spoiled', 'identity', 'simon', 'schuster', 'gonzalez', 'hidalgo', 'barabasi', 'understanding', 'individual', 'human', 'mobility', 'patterns', 'nature', 'graham', 'haidt', 'nosek', 'liberals', 'conservatives', 'different', 'moral', 'foundations', 'journal', 'personality', 'social', 'psychology', 'graham', 'haidt', 'koleva', 'motyl', 'wojcik', 'ditto', 'moral', 'foundations', 'theory', 'thepragmatic', 'validity', 'moral', 'pluralism', 'advances', 'experimental', 'social', 'psychology', 'volume', 'pages', 'elsevier', 'grossman', 'rexer', 'thirumurthy', 'political', 'partisanship', 'influences', 'behavioral', 'responses', 'togovernors', 'recommendations', 'covid', 'prevention', 'united', 'states', 'available', '3578695', 'hebert', 'clemow', 'pbert', 'ockene', 'ockene', 'social', 'desirability', 'dietary', 'report', 'maycompromise', 'validity', 'dietary', 'intake', 'measures', 'international', 'journal', 'epidemiology', 'hochreiter', 'schmidhuber', 'short', 'memory', 'neural', 'computation', 'hofstede', 'hofstede', 'minkov', 'cultures', 'organizations', 'software', 'volume', 'mcgraw', 'holmes', 'connor', 'perry', 'tracey', 'wessely', 'arseneault', 'ballard', 'christensen', 'silver', 'everall', 'multidisciplinary', 'research', 'priorities', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'action', 'mentalhealth', 'science', 'lancet', 'psychiatry', 'jiang', 'assessment', 'public', 'attention', 'perception', 'emotional', 'andbehavioural', 'responses', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'social', 'media', 'surveillance', 'china', 'perception', 'emotionaland', 'behavioural', 'responses', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'social', 'media', 'surveillance', 'china', 'huang', 'bidirectional', 'models', 'sequence', 'tagging', 'arxiv', 'preprint', 'arxiv', '01991', 'auriemma', 'cashaw', 'report', 'underreporting', 'depression', 'journal', 'ofpersonality', 'assessment', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter', 'husnayain', 'applications', 'google', 'search', 'trends', 'communication', 'infectiousdisease', 'management', 'study', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'taiwan', 'international', 'journal', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'jimeno', 'yepes', 'mackinlay', 'identifying', 'diseases', 'drugs', 'symptoms', 'twitter', 'studies', 'health', 'technology', 'informatics', 'johnson', 'fendrich', 'modeling', 'sources', 'report', 'survey', 'epidemiology', 'annals', 'ofepidemiology', 'tobin', 'massey', 'anderson', 'measuring', 'emotional', 'expression', 'linguisticinquiry', 'count', 'american', 'journal', 'psychology', 'pages', 'huremovi', 'psychology', 'pandemic', 'psychiatry', 'pandemics', 'pages', 'springer', 'kornfield', 'gustafson', 'before', 'relapse', 'howlanguage', 'online', 'discussion', 'forum', 'predicts', 'risky', 'drinking', 'among', 'those', 'recovery', 'healthcommunication', 'kouzy', 'jaoude', 'kraitem', 'karam', 'zarka', 'traboulsi', 'baddour', 'coronavirus', 'viral', 'quantifying', 'covid', 'misinformation', 'epidemic', 'twitter', 'cureus', 'ubler', 'wessler', 'avioli', 'death', 'dying', 'goodchild', 'spatial', 'temporal', 'socioeconomic', 'patterns', 'twitter', 'flickr', 'cartography', 'geographic', 'information', 'science', 'impact', 'covid', 'epidemic', 'declaration', 'psychologicalconsequences', 'study', 'active', 'weibo', 'users', 'international', 'journal', 'environmental', 'research', 'public', 'health', 'liang', 'effect', 'covid', 'youth', 'mental', 'health', 'psychiatric', 'quarterly', 'pages', 'goyal', 'joshi', 'lewis', 'zettlemoyer', 'stoyanov', 'roberta', 'robustly', 'optimized', 'pretraining', 'approach', 'arxiv', 'preprint', 'arxiv', '11692', 'utkepohl', 'introduction', 'multiple', 'series', 'analysis', 'springer', 'science', 'business', 'media', 'maslow', 'theory', 'human', 'motivation', 'psychological', 'review', 'mcconnell', 'banks', 'avian', 'planning', 'possible', 'pandemic', 'trading', 'technology', 'mohammad', 'turney', 'crowdsourcing', 'emotion', 'association', 'lexicon', 'computational', 'intelligence', 'moinet', 'pastor', 'satorras', 'barrat', 'effect', 'perception', 'epidemic', 'spreading', 'temporal', 'networks', 'physical', 'review', '012313', 'connor', 'balasubramanyan', 'routledge', 'smith', 'tweets', 'polls', 'linking', 'sentimentto', 'public', 'opinion', 'series', 'fourth', 'international', 'conference', 'weblogs', 'social', 'media', 'oyeyemi', 'gabarron', 'ebola', 'twitter', 'misinformation', 'dangerous', 'combination', 'g6178', 'painter', 'political', 'beliefs', 'affect', 'compliance', 'covid', 'social', 'distancing', 'orders', 'available', 'ssrn3569098', 'palshikar', 'simple', 'algorithms', 'detection', 'series', 'advanced', 'dataanalysis', 'business', 'analytics', 'intelligence', 'volume', 'paszke', 'gross', 'chintala', 'chanan', 'devito', 'desmaison', 'antiga', 'lerer', 'automatic', 'differentiation', 'pytorch', 'proceedings', 'advances', 'neural', 'information', 'processing', 'systemsautodiff', 'workshop', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitterj', 'pennington', 'socher', 'manning', 'glove', 'global', 'vectors', 'representation', 'proceedings', 'theconference', 'empirical', 'methods', 'natural', 'language', 'processing', 'pages', 'association', 'computationallinguistics', 'perrin', 'anderson', 'share', 'adults', 'using', 'social', 'media', 'including', 'facebook', 'ismostly', 'unchanged', 'since', 'https', 'pewresearch', 'share', 'adults', 'using', 'social', 'media', 'including', 'facebook', 'mostly', 'unchanged', 'since', 'plutchik', 'emotions', 'university', 'press', 'america', 'pulido', 'villarejo', 'carballido', 'redondo', 'covid', 'infodemic', 'retweetsfor', 'science', 'based', 'information', 'coronavirus', 'false', 'information', 'international', 'sociology', 'page0268580920914755', 'nationwide', 'survey', 'psychological', 'distress', 'among', 'chinesepeople', 'covid', 'epidemic', 'implications', 'policy', 'recommendations', 'general', 'psychiatry', 'rezapour', 'diesner', 'enhancing', 'measurement', 'social', 'effects', 'capturing', 'morality', 'inproceedings', 'tenth', 'workshop', 'computational', 'approaches', 'subjectivity', 'sentiment', 'social', 'mediaanalysis', 'pages', 'russell', 'mining', 'social', 'mining', 'facebook', 'twitter', 'linkedin', 'google', 'github', 'reilly', 'media', 'alani', 'alleviating', 'sparsity', 'twitter', 'sentiment', 'analysis', 'workshop', 'proceedings', 'salathe', 'bengtsson', 'bodnar', 'brewer', 'brownstein', 'buckee', 'campbell', 'cattuto', 'khandelwal', 'mabry', 'digital', 'epidemiology', 'comput', 'e1002616', 'scepanovic', 'martin', 'lopez', 'quercia', 'baykaner', 'extracting', 'medical', 'entities', 'social', 'media', 'inproceedings', 'conference', 'health', 'inference', 'learning', 'pages', 'schutz', 'luckmann', 'zaner', 'engelhardt', 'structures', 'world', 'number', 'northwest', 'university', 'studies', 'phenomenology', 'existential', 'philosophy', 'northwestern', 'university', 'press', 'isbn9780810106222', 'https', 'books', 'google', 'books', 'lgxbxi0xsh8c', 'gustafson', 'hawkins', 'cleary', 'mctavish', 'pingree', 'eliason', 'lumpkins', 'effects', 'prayer', 'religious', 'expression', 'within', 'computer', 'support', 'groups', 'women', 'breastcancer', 'psycho', 'oncology', 'journal', 'psychological', 'social', 'behavioral', 'dimensions', 'cancer', 'rudzicz', 'detecting', 'anxiety', 'through', 'reddit', 'proceedings', 'fourth', 'workshop', 'compu', 'tational', 'linguistics', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'linguistic', 'signal', 'clinical', 'reality', 'pages', 'shultz', 'baingana', 'neria', 'ebola', 'outbreak', 'mental', 'health', 'current', 'status', 'recom', 'mended', 'response', 'simms', 'ramstedt', 'richards', 'martinez', 'giraud', 'carrier', 'detecting', 'cognitive', 'distortionsthrough', 'machine', 'learning', 'analytics', 'international', 'conference', 'healthcare', 'informatics', 'pages', 'smith', 'shinebourne', 'interpretative', 'phenomenological', 'analysis', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'sommariva', 'vamos', 'mantzarlis', 'martinez', 'tyson', 'spreading', 'exploringhealth', 'messages', 'social', 'media', 'implications', 'health', 'professionals', 'using', 'study', 'american', 'journalof', 'health', 'education', 'strong', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'model', 'sociology', 'health', 'illness', 'tajfel', 'turner', 'austin', 'worchel', 'integrative', 'theory', 'intergroup', 'conflict', 'organizationalidentity', 'tausczik', 'pennebaker', 'psychological', 'meaning', 'words', 'computerized', 'analysismethods', 'journal', 'language', 'social', 'psychology', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter', '21the', 'economist', 'millions', 'stuck', 'online', 'wellness', 'dustry', 'booming', 'https', 'economist', 'international', 'millions', 'stuck', 'online', 'wellness', 'industry', 'booming', 'bavel', 'baicker', 'boggio', 'capraro', 'cichocka', 'cikara', 'crockett', 'douglas', 'druckman', 'using', 'social', 'behavioural', 'science', 'support', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'response', 'nature', 'human', 'behaviour', 'pages', 'varol', 'ferrara', 'davis', 'menczer', 'flammini', 'online', 'human', 'interactions', 'detection', 'estimation', 'characterization', 'eleventh', 'international', 'conference', 'social', 'media', 'immediate', 'psychological', 'responses', 'associatedfactors', 'during', 'initial', 'stage', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'epidemic', 'among', 'general', 'populationin', 'china', 'international', 'journal', 'environmental', 'research', 'public', 'health', 'waterloo', 'baumgartner', 'peter', 'valkenburg', 'norms', 'online', 'expressions', 'emotion', 'comparing', 'facebook', 'twitter', 'instagram', 'whatsapp', 'media', 'society', 'windsor', 'dowell', 'graesser', 'language', 'autocrats', 'leaders', 'language', 'natural', 'disaster', 'crises', 'hazards', 'crisis', 'public', 'policy', 'wojcik', 'hughes', 'sizing', 'twitter', 'users', 'washington', 'research', 'center', 'theis', 'kordy', 'language', 'eating', 'disorder', 'blogs', 'psychological', 'implications', 'social', 'onlineactivity', 'journal', 'language', 'social', 'psychology', 'propagating', 'debunking', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'twitter', 'during', 'virus', 'outbreak', 'cyberpsychology', 'behavior', 'social', 'networking', 'torres', 'menczer', 'prevalence', 'credibility', 'information', 'twitter', 'during', 'thecovid', 'outbreak', 'arxiv', 'preprint', 'arxiv', '14484', 'acknowledgmentswe', 'thank', 'sarah', 'konrath', 'rosta', 'farzan', 'licia', 'capra', 'their', 'useful', 'feedback', 'manuscript', 'researchwas', 'partly', 'supported', 'grant', 'green', 'routes', '869764', 'availabilitythe', 'daily', 'aggregates', 'measurements', 'available', 'https', 'figshare', '14892642', 'tweet', 'available', 'https', 'github', 'echen102', 'covid', 'tweetids', 'other', 'datasetsand', 'visualizations', 'available', 'project', 'social', 'dynamics', 'epidemicpsychology', 'competing', 'intereststhe', 'author', 'declare', 'competing', 'interests', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twittersupplementary', 'materialsspatial', 'representativeness', 'twitter', 'geographical', 'penetration', 'twitterdata', 'reflects', 'spatial', 'distribution', 'population', 'compared', 'activity', 'state', 'withthe', 'census', 'population', 'figure', 'shows', 'number', 'twitter', 'users', 'volume', 'their', 'tweetscorrelate', 'strongly', 'census', 'population', 'population', 'estimates', 'level', 'states', 'https', 'census', '17log', 'population', '1213141516log', 'tweets', '08814', '17log', 'population', '91011121314log', 'users', '106figure', 'correlation', 'census', 'population', 'states', 'estimated', 'thenumber', 'tweets', 'posted', 'those', 'states', 'number', 'unique', 'twitter', 'users', 'postedat', 'least', 'tweet', 'right', 'during', 'period', 'analysis', 'linear', 'shown', 'together', 'thecoefficient', 'determination', 'linear', 'regression', 'pearson', 'correlation', 'coefficient', 'andthe', 'coefficient', 'number', 'tweets', 'twitter', 'users', 'scale', 'almost', 'linearlywith', 'population', 'estimates', 'signals', 'racism', 'twitter', 'discussions', 'corroborate', 'qualitative', 'intuition', 'first', 'phase', 'wascharacterized', 'discussions', 'depicted', 'pandemic', 'foreign', 'problem', 'often', 'using', 'racist', 'undertones', 'wemeasured', 'volume', 'tweets', 'containing', 'hashtags', 'clear', 'indicators', 'content', 'either', 'racist', 'oraimed', 'antagonizing', 'china', 'manually', 'selected', 'those', 'hashtags', 'hashtags', 'appeared', 'atleast', 'times', 'dataset', 'figure', 'shows', 'normalized', 'volume', 'those', 'hashtags', 'theypeak', 'during', 'first', 'phase', 'related', 'mentions', 'focus', 'twitter', 'discussions', 'china', 'asianforeigners', 'their', 'peaks', 'breakdown', 'phases', 'state', 'during', 'period', 'analysis', 'country', 'fragmented', 'regions', 'thatwere', 'dealing', 'different', 'stages', 'outbreak', 'policies', 'contrast', 'varied', 'across', 'states', 'assesswhether', 'those', 'differences', 'impacted', 'unfolding', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'across', 'states', 'computed', 'themeasures', 'represent', 'relative', 'presence', 'three', 'phases', 'refusal', 'anger', 'acceptance', 'state', 'individually', 'results', 'shown', 'figure', 'despite', 'minor', 'differences', 'state', 'level', 'curvesindicate', 'three', 'phases', 'place', 'states', 'sequence', 'phases', 'consistent', 'across', 'states', 'refusal', 'followed', 'anger', 'which', 'followed', 'acceptance', 'there', 'little', 'variation', 'thetimes', 'transition', 'between', 'phases', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitternew', 'paper']
['focusing', 'positive', 'during', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'mentalhealth', 'perspective', 'positive', 'psychologykeiko', 'yamaguchinational', 'center', 'neurology', 'psychiatry', 'tokyo', 'japanyoshitake', 'takebayashinational', 'center', 'neurology', 'psychiatry', 'tokyo', 'japan', 'andfukushima', 'medical', 'universitymitsuhiro', 'miyamae', 'asami', 'komazawa', 'chika', 'yokoyama', 'masaya', 'itonational', 'center', 'neurology', 'psychiatry', 'tokyo', 'japanthis', 'paper', 'discusses', 'positive', 'emotions', 'maintain', 'improve', 'mental', 'health', 'during', 'thecovid', 'outbreak', 'taking', 'account', 'examples', 'social', 'interaction', 'positive', 'psychology', 'researchefforts', 'japanese', 'context', 'keywords', 'positive', 'emotion', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'strengththe', 'uncontrollable', 'spread', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'promulgating', 'sense', 'hopelessness', 'andthere', 'seems', 'longer', 'exist', 'place', 'anywhere', 'theworld', 'mental', 'health', 'crises', 'occurring', 'worldwide', 'affectingindividuals', 'variety', 'including', 'stress', 'anxiety', 'helplessness', 'depression', 'although', 'number', 'ofcovid', 'infections', 'mortality', 'rates', 'japan', 'mained', 'relatively', 'compared', 'those', 'western', 'tries', 'country', 'still', 'explosive', 'spread', 'ofinfection', 'there', 'rising', 'public', 'interestin', 'mental', 'health', 'previously', 'shown', 'positiveemotions', 'comfort', 'happiness', 'gratitude', 'maintain', 'improve', 'human', 'mental', 'health', 'however', 'given', 'positive', 'emotions', 'often', 'experienced', 'inter', 'personal', 'relationships', 'current', 'situation', 'requires', 'taining', 'social', 'distance', 'inhibits', 'development', 'positiveemotions', 'forms', 'basis', 'mental', 'health', 'crisis', 'current', 'situation', 'various', 'initiatives', 'imple', 'mented', 'worldwide', 'throughout', 'japan', 'maintain', 'andemotional', 'connections', 'through', 'social', 'interaction', 'while', 'maintain', 'physical', 'distance', 'example', 'japanese', 'musician', 'genhoshino', 'proposed', 'relish', 'dancing', 'theinside', 'layering', 'sounds', 'images', 'different', 'andpeople', 'responded', 'uploading', 'their', 'enjoyable', 'moments', 'socialnetworking', 'sites', 'attracting', 'attention', 'online', 'there', 'isanother', 'example', 'nintendo', 'online', 'videogame', 'calledanimal', 'crossing', 'horizons', 'which', 'players', 'freelyback', 'forth', 'between', 'other', 'houses', 'engage', 'socialinteraction', 'virtual', 'space', 'strampe', 'efforts', 'areput', 'together', 'facilitate', 'joyful', 'emotional', 'connection', 'evenwhile', 'maintaining', 'physical', 'distance', 'represent', 'positive', 'changeduring', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'based', 'findings', 'psychology', 'research', 'positive', 'emotionshave', 'shown', 'important', 'psychological', 'covery', 'process', 'individuals', 'experienced', 'intense', 'stressor', 'developed', 'mental', 'disorders', 'depression', 'ample', 'emotion', 'regulation', 'utilizing', 'positive', 'emotion', 'during', 'ative', 'emotional', 'states', 'explained', 'depressive', 'symptoms', 'prospec', 'tively', 'questionnaire', 'survey', 'conducted', 'university', 'students', 'yamaguchi', 'takebayashi', 'additionally', 'previousresearch', 'shown', 'deliberately', 'savoring', 'ordinary', 'casualbehavior', 'using', 'senses', 'amplify', 'positive', 'emotions', 'quoidbach', 'berry', 'hansenne', 'mikolajczak', 'based', 'onthese', 'findings', 'positive', 'valence', 'system', 'focused', 'cognitive', 'behavioral', 'therapy', 'anhedonia', 'developed', 'dergoing', 'clinical', 'trial', 'japan', 'therefore', 'whereas', 'normal', 'anxious', 'exhausted', 'during', 'theongoing', 'crisis', 'focusing', 'savoring', 'positive', 'emotions', 'thatcan', 'midst', 'could', 'serve', 'first', 'feelingmore', 'before', 'editor', 'commentary', 'received', 'rapid', 'review', 'sensitive', 'nature', 'content', 'reviewed', 'journal', 'editor', 'kktthis', 'article', 'published', 'online', 'first', 'keiko', 'yamaguchi', 'national', 'center', 'cognitive', 'behavior', 'therapyand', 'research', 'national', 'center', 'neurology', 'psychiatry', 'tokyo', 'japan', 'yoshitake', 'takebayashi', 'national', 'center', 'cognitive', 'behavior', 'research', 'national', 'center', 'neurology', 'psychiatry', 'anddepartment', 'health', 'communication', 'school', 'medicine', 'shima', 'medical', 'university', 'mitsuhiro', 'miyamae', 'national', 'center', 'forcognitive', 'behavior', 'therapy', 'research', 'national', 'institute', 'roscience', 'national', 'center', 'neurology', 'psychiatry', 'asami', 'azawa', 'chika', 'yokoyama', 'masaya', 'national', 'center', 'cogni', 'behavior', 'therapy', 'research', 'national', 'center', 'neurology', 'andpsychiatry', 'authors', 'declare', 'conflict', 'interests', 'correspondence', 'concerning', 'article', 'should', 'addressed', 'yoshitaketakebayashi', 'department', 'health', 'communication', 'school', 'fukushima', 'medical', 'university', 'hikarigaoka', 'fukushima', 'shima', 'japan', 'ytake2', 'jpthis', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'psychological', 'trauma', 'theory', 'research', 'practice', 'policy', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 's50issn', 'tra0000807s49moreover', 'psychological', 'crisis', 'facing', 'right', 'canprove', 'turning', 'point', 'looking', 'mostimportant', 'discovering', 'aspects', 'about', 'ourselves', 'example', 'recognizing', 'physical', 'social', 'psychologicalresources', 'present', 'around', 'searching', 'their', 'strengths', 'wereflect', 'small', 'daily', 'experiences', 'provide', 'further', 'hints', 'forbuilding', 'personal', 'resilience', 'strengths', 'based', 'cognitive', 'behavioraltherapy', 'komazawa', 'ishimura', 'padesky', 'mooney', 'serve', 'opportunity', 'observe', 'experience', 'ofpsychological', 'being', 'reflect', 'purpose', 'lives', 'cosci', 'guidi', 'tomba', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'could', 'rightly', 'termed', 'lonelinesspandemic', 'santos', 'however', 'focusing', 'positive', 'sidewill', 'alleviate', 'loneliness', 'thestrength', 'survive', 'difficult', 'phase', 'although', 'crisis', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'portends', 'prolonged', 'initially', 'expected', 'therefore', 'continue', 'merely', 'endure', 'negative', 'emotions', 'patience', 'tolerance', 'devising', 'allows', 'feelings', 'happiness', 'crisis', 'situation', 'helpin', 'maintenance', 'mental', 'health', 'japan', 'where', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'would', 'beworthwhile', 'learn', 'world', 'previous', 'outbreaks', 'andtackle', 'stress', 'current', 'pandemic', 'better', 'through', 'ofpreventive', 'mental', 'health', 'strategies', 'positive', 'psycho', 'logical', 'perspective', 'should', 'considered', 'mentalhealth', 'strategies', 'introduced', 'paper', 'thevarious', 'approaches', 'available', 'approach', 'should', 'beapplied', 'according', 'social', 'situation', 'individual', 'needs', 'paper']
['invited', 'reviewexperiences', 'learnings', 'professional', 'psychology', 'trainingpartners', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'impacts', 'challenges', 'opportunitiesvina', 'goghariuniversity', 'torontosara', 'hagstromnorthern', 'ontario', 'psychology', 'internship', 'consortium', 'joseph', 'group', 'thunder', 'ontario', 'canada', 'andcanadian', 'council', 'professional', 'psychology', 'programsstewart', 'madonaccreditation', 'canadian', 'psychological', 'association', 'ottawa', 'ontario', 'canadakaren', 'messer', 'engelassociation', 'canadian', 'psychology', 'regulatory', 'organizations', 'saskatchewan', 'college', 'psychologists', 'regina', 'saskatchewanthe', 'declaration', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'march', 'impacted', 'ofsociety', 'unprecedented', 'transformational', 'effects', 'professional', 'psychology', 'training', 'within', 'fewmonths', 'review', 'gathers', 'knowledge', 'leaders', 'three', 'training', 'partners', 'canada', 'thecanadian', 'council', 'professional', 'psychology', 'programs', 'ccppp', 'accreditation', 'panel', 'canadianpsychological', 'association', 'association', 'canadian', 'psychology', 'regulatory', 'organisations', 'acpro', 'editor', 'canadian', 'psychology', 'share', 'experiences', 'learnings', 'about', 'profoundeffect', 'covid', 'academic', 'programs', 'internships', 'accreditation', 'regulatory', 'functions', 'thereview', 'discusses', 'training', 'pathway', 'student', 'learner', 'licensed', 'psychologist', 'prominent', 'educa', 'tional', 'advocacy', 'regulatory', 'bodies', 'associated', 'psychology', 'training', 'canada', 'pandemic', 'relatedchallenges', 'training', 'ethical', 'decision', 'making', 'framework', 'developed', 'canadian', 'context', 'mayhelp', 'mitigating', 'these', 'challenges', 'resulting', 'guiding', 'aspirational', 'principles', 'decision', 'makingduring', 'pandemic', 'personal', 'examples', 'pandemic', 'impact', 'roles', 'affiliated', 'organisa', 'tions', 'although', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'created', 'challenges', 'professional', 'training', 'pandemichas', 'catalyst', 'change', 'within', 'profession', 'encouraging', 'expansion', 'education', 'andtelehealth', 'practices', 'pandemic', 'encouraged', 'enhanced', 'communication', 'within', 'whole', 'trainingcommunity', 'consensus', 'based', 'ethical', 'decision', 'making', 'encouraged', 'focus', 'defining', 'profes', 'sional', 'priorities', 'professional', 'psychology', 'training', 'community', 'faced', 'continue', 'facemultifaceted', 'complex', 'problems', 'result', 'pandemic', 'however', 'emerge', 'fromthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'resilient', 'reflective', 'cohesive', 'professional', 'psychology', 'trainingcommunity', 'editor', 'invited', 'review', 'received', 'editorial', 'review', 'byelizabeth', 'votta', 'bleeker', 'vgvina', 'goghari', 'graduate', 'department', 'psychological', 'clinical', 'university', 'toronto', 'hagstrom', 'northern', 'ontario', 'psychologyinternship', 'consortium', 'joseph', 'group', 'thunder', 'ontario', 'canada', 'canadian', 'council', 'professional', 'psychology', 'programs', 'stewart', 'madon', 'accreditation', 'canadian', 'psychological', 'association', 'ontario', 'canada', 'karen', 'messer', 'engel', 'association', 'canadianpsychology', 'regulatory', 'organizations', 'saskatchewan', 'college', 'chologists', 'regina', 'saskatchewan', 'indebted', 'deanna', 'toews', 'editorial', 'assistance', 'thankthe', 'executive', 'members', 'canadian', 'council', 'professional', 'psychol', 'programs', 'their', 'assistance', 'canadian', 'training', 'committeeduring', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'brooke', 'beatie', 'elena', 'bilevicius', 'jacquiecohen', 'catherine', 'costigan', 'jason', 'doiron', 'lesley', 'lutes', 'amanda', 'maran', 'kerri', 'ritchie', 'vandermorris', 'thank', 'carole', 'sinclair', 'chairof', 'canadian', 'psychological', 'association', 'committee', 'ethics', 'deborah', 'dobson', 'chair', 'accreditation', 'panel', 'theireditorial', 'comments', 'suggestions', 'thank', 'members', 'thecpa', 'accreditation', 'panel', 'their', 'responsiveness', 'efforts', 'during', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'douglas', 'damien', 'cormier', 'fitzgerald', 'elaine', 'guise', 'anusha', 'kassan', 'matthew', 'mcdaniel', 'olver', 'thank', 'directors', 'acpro', 'their', 'consultation', 'supportin', 'addressing', 'issues', 'arisen', 'result', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'stéphane', 'beaulieu', 'gordon', 'butler', 'harnett', 'andreakowaz', 'morris', 'jacques', 'richard', 'slusky', 'philip', 'smith', 'andrichard', 'spelliscy', 'correspondence', 'concerning', 'article', 'should', 'addressed', 'goghari', 'graduate', 'department', 'psychological', 'clinical', 'science', 'univer', 'toronto', 'military', 'trail', 'toronto', 'canada', 'goghari', 'utoronto', 'cacanadian', 'psychology', 'psychologie', 'canadienneissn', 'canadian', 'psychological', 'association', 'cap0000250167public', 'significance', 'statementthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'present', 'relatively', 'short', 'period', 'caused', 'largedisruptions', 'professional', 'psychology', 'training', 'canada', 'aspects', 'professional', 'psychologytraining', 'pathway', 'student', 'learner', 'licensed', 'psychologist', 'impacted', 'review', 'detail', 'prominent', 'challenges', 'academic', 'programs', 'internships', 'accreditory', 'andregulatory', 'bodies', 'discuss', 'opportunities', 'arisen', 'enhance', 'professionalpsychology', 'training', 'including', 'education', 'telehealth', 'enhanced', 'communication', 'collab', 'oration', 'between', 'training', 'partners', 'practicing', 'refining', 'ethical', 'decision', 'making', 'insummary', 'leave', 'readership', 'aspirational', 'thoughts', 'learnings', 'experi', 'ences', 'including', 'value', 'being', 'community', 'focused', 'student', 'centred', 'where', 'feasible', 'facili', 'tating', 'equity', 'diversity', 'inclusion', 'being', 'transparent', 'humble', 'communication', 'andknowledge', 'rapidly', 'evolving', 'situation', 'keywords', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'counselling', 'psychology', 'education', 'psychology', 'health', 'service', 'providers', 'school', 'psychologythe', 'psychology', 'professional', 'training', 'community', 'vibrantgroup', 'students', 'trainers', 'educational', 'advocacy', 'regulatory', 'organisations', 'together', 'train', 'licenseethical', 'competent', 'psychologists', 'process', 'professionalpsychology', 'training', 'complex', 'requires', 'effective', 'partnershipsbetween', 'academic', 'institutions', 'hospitals', 'other', 'clinical', 'trainingsites', 'accreditation', 'regulatory', 'bodies', 'however', 'earlymarch', 'normal', 'complexities', 'training', 'became', 'furthercomplicated', 'march', 'world', 'health', 'organisation', 'announced', 'worldwide', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'owing', 'spread', 'impact', 'thesevere', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'which', 'affected', 'aspects', 'society', 'facets', 'professionaltraining', 'tedros', 'adhanom', 'ghebreyesus', 'director', 'general', 'ofthe', 'stated', 'public', 'health', 'crisis', 'acrisis', 'touch', 'every', 'sector', 'every', 'sector', 'everyindividual', 'involved', 'fight', 'thebeginning', 'countries', 'whole', 'government', 'whole', 'society', 'approach', 'built', 'around', 'comprehensive', 'strategy', 'toprevent', 'infections', 'lives', 'minimise', 'impact', 'world', 'healthorganisation', 'indeed', 'after', 'announcement', 'inter', 'national', 'travel', 'highly', 'restricted', 'individuals', 'began', 'workingfrom', 'wherever', 'possible', 'nonessential', 'services', 'closed', 'physical', 'distancing', 'enforced', 'public', 'settings', 'thesenecessary', 'public', 'health', 'policies', 'greatly', 'disrupted', 'canadianpsychology', 'professional', 'training', 'community', 'capacity', 'provideits', 'typical', 'quality', 'education', 'sectors', 'response', 'pandemic', 'psychology', 'professional', 'trainingunderwent', 'rapid', 'widespread', 'changes', 'universities', 'moved', 'toonline', 'platforms', 'graduate', 'classes', 'research', 'labouratoriesclosed', 'practicum', 'training', 'paused', 'jurisdictions', 'thenature', 'internship', 'training', 'affected', 'service', 'provision', 'shiftedtoward', 'telehealth', 'exams', 'required', 'licensure', 'theexamination', 'professional', 'practice', 'psychology', 'poned', 'short', 'every', 'aspect', 'psychology', 'professional', 'trainingwas', 'affected', 'within', 'short', 'frame', 'educational', 'advocacy', 'latory', 'organisations', 'associations', 'charge', 'ducing', 'guiding', 'principles', 'letters', 'statements', 'advise', 'bothacademic', 'internship', 'training', 'directors', 'students', 'about', 'howto', 'pertinent', 'sensitive', 'issues', 'thesedocuments', 'provided', 'direction', 'variety', 'issues', 'arisingfrom', 'impact', 'covid', 'including', 'following', 'overall', 'principles', 'guide', 'decision', 'making', 'problem', 'solving', 'specific', 'guidance', 'decisions', 'regarding', 'dealingwith', 'reductions', 'clinical', 'hours', 'students', 'interns', 'reentry', 'clinical', 'settings', 'because', 'great', 'quantity', 'information', 'produced', 'avery', 'short', 'review', 'bring', 'togetherknowledge', 'gathered', 'various', 'training', 'partners', 'fromour', 'experiences', 'throughout', 'process', 'regarding', 'demic', 'programs', 'internships', 'accreditation', 'regulatory', 'tions', 'affected', 'covid', 'personally', 'editorof', 'canadian', 'psychology', 'member', 'canadian', 'psychologicalassociation', 'accreditation', 'panel', 'panel', 'graduate', 'chairof', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'program', 'university', 'toronto', 'whois', 'navigating', 'disruption', 'academic', 'clinical', 'trainingenvironments', 'program', 'result', 'covid', 'assist', 'professional', 'training', 'community', 'compiling', 'knowl', 'information', 'accumulated', 'continuing', 'versation', 'regarding', 'ongoing', 'issues', 'invitedsome', 'colleagues', 'leaders', 'training', 'community', 'toshare', 'their', 'knowledge', 'experiences', 'learnings', 'hagstrom', 'psych', 'president', 'canadian', 'council', 'ofprofessional', 'psychology', 'programs', 'ccppp', 'pandemicfirst', 'emerged', 'serving', 'continuesto', 'serve', 'ccppp', 'executive', 'president', 'thedirector', 'training', 'northern', 'ontario', 'psychology', 'intern', 'consortium', 'norpic', 'stewart', 'madon', 'psych', 'hasbeen', 'registrar', 'accreditation', 'canadian', 'psychologicalassociation', 'since', 'ethics', 'officer', 'thecpa', 'karen', 'messer', 'engel', 'psych', 'chair', 'theassociation', 'canadian', 'psychology', 'regulatory', 'organisations', 'acpro', 'executive', 'director', 'registrar', 'thesaskatchewan', 'college', 'psychologists', 'previouslyserved', 'member', 'board', 'directors', 'association', 'ofstate', 'provincial', 'psychology', 'boards', 'asppb', 'acknowledge', 'review', 'cannot', 'wholly', 'comprehensive168', 'goghari', 'hagstrom', 'madon', 'messer', 'engelof', 'issues', 'facing', 'trainers', 'students', 'institutions', 'associationsrelated', 'professional', 'psychology', 'simply', 'snapshot', 'thecurrent', 'continuously', 'evolving', 'picture', 'review', 'first', 'provides', 'summary', 'training', 'pathwayfrom', 'student', 'learner', 'licensed', 'psychologist', 'referred', 'aregistered', 'psychologist', 'overview', 'prominenteducational', 'advocacy', 'regulatory', 'bodies', 'associated', 'train', 'canada', 'second', 'detail', 'training', 'beenaffected', 'covid', 'perspective', 'academic', 'grams', 'internship', 'settings', 'regulatory', 'bodies', 'third', 'scribe', 'ethical', 'decision', 'making', 'framework', 'generatedand', 'develop', 'guiding', 'aspirational', 'principles', 'fordecision', 'making', 'during', 'pandemic', 'provide', 'summaryof', 'fourth', 'provide', 'personal', 'examples', 'howour', 'roles', 'professional', 'training', 'impacted', 'wehave', 'attempted', 'guiding', 'principles', 'adjudicate', 'issueswe', 'facing', 'because', 'stress', 'systemprovides', 'opportunities', 'learn', 'strengthen', 'various', 'elements', 'ofour', 'pathways', 'provide', 'suggestions', 'field', 'regarding', 'howwe', 'build', 'robust', 'training', 'environment', 'training', 'pathway', 'student', 'learner', 'tolicensed', 'psychologistthe', 'pathway', 'licensure', 'working', 'professional', 'chologist', 'involves', 'numerous', 'steps', 'different', 'organisa', 'tions', 'documented', 'figure', 'there', 'single', 'authorityor', 'organisation', 'within', 'pathway', 'provides', 'exclusive', 'sight', 'depending', 'particular', 'stages', 'students', 'withinthe', 'pathway', 'different', 'organisations', 'programs', 'relativelylarger', 'roles', 'their', 'success', 'progression', 'toward', 'their', 'students', 'first', 'contemplate', 'career', 'psychologist', 'theymust', 'enroll', 'undergraduate', 'academic', 'institution', 'offering', 'abachelor', 'degree', 'major', 'psychology', 'affiliated', 'field', 'undergraduate', 'students', 'focus', 'typically', 'developingand', 'fostering', 'relationships', 'within', 'academic', 'world', 'gainingresearch', 'experience', 'maintaining', 'grade', 'point', 'average', 'andapplying', 'federal', 'provincial', 'funding', 'where', 'relevant', 'onekey', 'consideration', 'students', 'hoping', 'obtain', 'graduate', 'levelapplied', 'training', 'ensure', 'graduate', 'programs', 'whichthey', 'apply', 'provincially', 'territorially', 'chartered', 'versities', 'graduate', 'professional', 'psychology', 'training', 'atacademic', 'institutionsafter', 'graduate', 'professional', 'psychology', 'training', 'program', 'student', 'academic', 'institution', 'responsible', 'ensuringthat', 'student', 'progressing', 'successfully', 'through', 'variousdegree', 'requirements', 'university', 'programs', 'offer', 'combinedmaster', 'doctoral', 'degrees', 'require', 'separate', 'applicationsto', 'degree', 'almost', 'require', 'students', 'complete', 'prehensive', 'examinations', 'thesis', 'master', 'level', 'adissertation', 'doctoral', 'level', 'predoc', 'toral', 'internship', 'referred', 'residency', 'completed', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'accreditedinternship', 'program', 'equivalent', 'process', 'ofapplying', 'predoctoral', 'internship', 'closely', 'resembles', 'thenational', 'matching', 'service', 'process', 'medical', 'residents', 'undertakewhen', 'applying', 'their', 'specialty', 'residency', 'students', 'obtain', 'consent', 'support', 'their', 'academic', 'institution', 'througha', 'verification', 'letter', 'attests', 'their', 'readiness', 'proceed', 'tointernship', 'training', 'familiarize', 'themselves', 'completethe', 'association', 'doctoral', 'internship', 'centers', 'applica', 'psychology', 'internships', 'obtain', 'three', 'referencesfrom', 'practicum', 'research', 'supervisors', 'apply', 'theirdesired', 'internship', 'sites', 'internshipinternship', 'directors', 'review', 'completed', 'applicationforms', 'length', 'averages', 'pages', 'offer', 'interviews', 'topotential', 'candidates', 'might', 'internshiprotations', 'experiences', 'offered', 'application', 'process', 'happensduring', 'months', 'academic', 'interviews', 'occurat', 'beginning', 'winter', 'academic', 'session', 'typically', 'finishingin', 'january', 'internship', 'applicants', 'internship', 'programsdecide', 'whether', 'other', 'parties', 'submit', 'theirrankings', 'national', 'matching', 'service', 'february', 'results', 'ofthe', 'match', 'released', 'second', 'phase', 'match', 'occurs', 'smaller', 'scale', 'applicants', 'programs', 'remainunmatched', 'after', 'first', 'phase', 'positions', 'unmatched', 'appli', 'cants', 'remain', 'after', 'phases', 'national', 'matching', 'process', 'arecomplete', 'informal', 'clearinghouse', 'phase', 'provides', 'oppor', 'tunity', 'those', 'positions', 'while', 'student', 'completes', 'internship', 'formally', 'accredited', 'internship', 'externalto', 'student', 'academic', 'program', 'internship', 'recom', 'internship', 'decision', 'confera', 'student', 'predoctoral', 'internship', 'solely', 'withthe', 'academic', 'program', 'further', 'academic', 'program', 'thatdetermines', 'whether', 'degree', 'requirements', 'anddecides', 'whether', 'degree', 'conferred', 'accreditationthe', 'plays', 'vital', 'student', 'career', 'pathway', 'throughthe', 'accreditation', 'academic', 'internship', 'programs', 'partic', 'accreditation', 'panel', 'registrar', 'serve', 'vitalfigure', 'depiction', 'relationships', 'between', 'organisations', 'associatedwith', 'doctoral', 'level', 'professional', 'psychology', 'training', 'canada', 'theonline', 'article', 'color', 'version', 'figure', 'covid', 'learnings', 'psychology', 'training', '169function', 'protecting', 'learner', 'ultimately', 'public', 'throughensuring', 'adherence', 'national', 'standards', 'training', 'which', 'arederived', 'through', 'inclusive', 'consultation', 'profession', 'thetraining', 'community', 'academic', 'internship', 'programs', 'canapply', 'accreditation', 'process', 'includes', 'documentaryand', 'person', 'review', 'program', 'staff', 'students', 'andfacilities', 'obtained', 'programs', 'ensure', 'continueto', 'national', 'standards', 'delivery', 'education', 'train', 'professional', 'psychology', 'through', 'annual', 'reporting', 'thecpa', 'accreditation', 'panel', 'periodic', 'reaccreditation', 'visits', 'accreditation', 'issued', 'terms', 'lasting', 'three', 'seven', 'years', 'applying', 'licensureonce', 'individual', 'successfully', 'earns', 'graduate', 'degree', 'inpsychology', 'academic', 'institution', 'graduate', 'beginsthe', 'process', 'applying', 'provincial', 'territorial', 'regulatorybody', 'regulatory', 'mandate', 'public', 'protection', 'partof', 'meeting', 'mandate', 'involves', 'ensuring', 'those', 'applying', 'forlicensure', 'established', 'standards', 'training', 'fession', 'carried', 'regulatory', 'bodies', 'prescribed', 'byprovincial', 'territorial', 'legislation', 'which', 'varies', 'across', 'jurisdic', 'tions', 'example', 'jurisdictions', 'unique', 'requirements', 'interms', 'number', 'practice', 'hours', 'types', 'training', 'experi', 'ences', 'individuals', 'eligible', 'apply', 'licen', 'additionally', 'jurisdictions', 'necessarily', 'license', 'thesame', 'competency', 'areas', 'related', 'professional', 'psychology', 'train', 'regulatory', 'bodies', 'closely', 'together', 'collaboratewith', 'training', 'community', 'assuring', 'thatthose', 'trained', 'profession', 'competent', 'ethical', 'preparedto', 'enter', 'practice', 'interest', 'protecting', 'public', 'organisations', 'involved', 'professional', 'traininggiven', 'complexity', 'professional', 'psychology', 'training', 'thetraining', 'community', 'supported', 'various', 'organisations', 'eachwith', 'different', 'scope', 'mission', 'these', 'membership', 'bodiescomprise', 'groupings', 'programs', 'regulatory', 'bodies', 'organisations', 'corporations', 'associations', 'share', 'common', 'orsimilar', 'objectives', 'although', 'membership', 'groups', 'differingmandates', 'share', 'common', 'priority', 'ensure', 'thatthose', 'enter', 'profession', 'competent', 'ethical', 'wellequipped', 'challenges', 'professional', 'psycholo', 'regulatory', 'organisations', 'mandate', 'protect', 'public', 'achieved', 'through', 'licensing', 'psychologists', 'overseeingthe', 'provision', 'psychological', 'services', 'addressing', 'concernsraised', 'regarding', 'members', 'profession', 'mandate', 'vocacy', 'organisations', 'promote', 'profession', 'psychology', 'influence', 'public', 'opinion', 'toward', 'policy', 'improvementsthat', 'enhance', 'people', 'quality', 'educational', 'organisationshave', 'common', 'mandate', 'ensuring', 'ongoing', 'delivery', 'ofhigh', 'quality', 'standardized', 'education', 'training', 'individual', 'learners', 'different', 'organisations', 'world', 'withinnorth', 'america', 'within', 'canada', 'fulfill', 'these', 'various', 'mandates', 'figure', 'presents', 'organisations', 'germane', 'canadian', 'professionalpsychology', 'regulatory', 'organisationsthe', 'regulation', 'psychology', 'canada', 'occurs', 'provincialand', 'territorial', 'level', 'jurisdictions', 'differ', 'their', 'standardsfor', 'licensure', 'licensure', 'processes', 'regulatory', 'philosophies', 'theassociation', 'canadian', 'psychology', 'regulatory', 'organisations', 'acpro', 'corporation', 'whose', 'members', '10provincial', 'territorial', 'northwest', 'territories', 'ulatory', 'organisations', 'psychology', 'canada', 'mission', 'volves', 'facilitating', 'information', 'sharing', 'among', 'organisationsthat', 'regulate', 'practice', 'psychology', 'canada', 'appro', 'priate', 'together', 'address', 'issues', 'common', 'concern', 'strive', 'excellence', 'public', 'protection', 'meanwhile', 'themission', 'asppb', '2020a', 'support', 'member', 'regulatoryjurisdictions', 'canada', 'united', 'states', 'fulfilling', 'theirresponsibility', 'public', 'protection', 'organisation', 'ownsand', 'administers', 'examination', 'professional', 'practice', 'chology', 'advocacy', 'organisationsadvocacy', 'organisations', 'exist', 'various', 'jurisdictional', 'levels', 'toinfluence', 'public', 'policy', 'promote', 'excellence', 'within', 'profes', 'psychology', 'provincial', 'territorial', 'advocacy', 'associa', 'tions', 'composed', 'members', 'practice', 'psychology', 'withintheir', 'jurisdictions', 'association', 'strivesto', 'advance', 'profession', 'within', 'province', 'territory', 'thenational', 'level', 'council', 'professional', 'associations', 'chology', 'promotes', 'collaboration', 'resource', 'among', 'provincial', 'territorial', 'national', 'psychologicalfigure', 'organisations', 'associated', 'canadian', 'context', 'ulatory', 'advocacy', 'educational', 'missions', 'professional', 'psychology', 'acpro', 'association', 'canadian', 'psychology', 'regulatory', 'organisations', 'asppb', 'association', 'state', 'provincial', 'psychology', 'boards', 'canadian', 'psychological', 'association', 'council', 'professionalassociations', 'psychology', 'appic', 'association', 'psychology', 'doctoral', 'internship', 'centers', 'council', 'canadian', 'depart', 'ments', 'psychology', 'ccppp', 'canadian', 'council', 'professional', 'chology', 'programs', 'council', 'chairs', 'training', 'councils', 'cudcp', 'council', 'university', 'directors', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'theonline', 'article', 'color', 'version', 'figure', 'goghari', 'hagstrom', 'madon', 'messer', 'engelassociations', 'national', 'professional', 'association', 'practice', 'education', 'psychology', 'canada', 'psychological', 'association', '2020a', 'country', 'slargest', 'association', 'psychology', 'vision', 'society', 'whichunderstanding', 'diverse', 'human', 'needs', 'behaviours', 'aspirationsdrive', 'legislation', 'policies', 'programs', 'individuals', 'organisa', 'tions', 'communities', 'mission', 'advance', 'research', 'knowl', 'application', 'psychology', 'service', 'societythrough', 'advocacy', 'support', 'collaboration', 'educational', 'organisationsthe', 'membership', 'educational', 'organisations', 'consists', 'repre', 'sentatives', 'universities', 'internship', 'sites', 'typically', 'trainingdirectors', 'inclusion', 'occurs', 'based', 'their', 'shared', 'mandates', 'missions', 'values', 'supports', 'academicprograms', 'internships', 'canada', 'through', 'accreditation', 'asadjudicated', 'accreditation', 'panel', '2020b', 'themembership', 'panel', 'consists', 'primarily', 'currenttraining', 'directors', 'professionals', 'working', 'provision', 'fessional', 'psychology', 'education', 'training', 'student', 'panel', 'supported', 'registrar', 'ofaccreditation', 'mandate', 'accreditation', 'panel', 'topromote', 'excellence', 'innovation', 'psychological', 'educationthrough', 'accreditation', 'standards', 'procedures', 'doctoral', 'andinternship', 'programs', 'professional', 'psychology', 'panel', 'accred', 'training', 'programs', 'accredit', 'register', 'license', 'certify', 'individuals', 'practice', 'psychology', 'canada', 'ccppp', '2020b', 'represents', 'various', 'university', 'based', 'profes', 'sional', 'psychology', 'programs', 'internship', 'settings', 'canada', 'thattrain', 'professional', 'psychologists', 'clinical', 'psychologists', 'counselling', 'psychologists', 'clinical', 'neuropsychologists', 'wellas', 'those', 'other', 'branches', 'professional', 'psychology', 'councilof', 'chairs', 'training', 'councils', '2020b', 'consists', 'heads', 'ofnorth', 'american', 'training', 'councils', 'mission', 'provide', 'aforum', 'communication', 'among', 'doctoral', 'internship', 'doctoral', 'training', 'associations', 'psychology', 'association', 'ofpsychology', 'postdoctoral', 'internship', 'centers', 'appic', '2020a', 'membership', 'organisation', 'internships', 'postdoctoral', 'grams', 'professional', 'psychology', 'dedicated', 'providingresources', 'training', 'directors', 'psychology', 'interns', 'internapplicants', 'organisation', 'facilitates', 'national', 'match', 'forinternships', 'council', 'university', 'directors', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'cudcp', 'membership', 'organisation', 'academic', 'insti', 'tutions', 'based', 'primarily', 'united', 'states', 'however', 'nadian', 'university', 'training', 'directors', 'belong', 'group', 'cudcp', 'purpose', 'promote', 'advancement', 'graduateeducation', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'produces', 'psychologiststrained', 'generate', 'integrate', 'scientific', 'professional', 'exper', 'further', 'psychological', 'science', 'professional', 'practice', 'ofpsychology', 'human', 'welfare', 'finally', 'council', 'canadian', 'departments', 'psychology', 'membership', 'organisation', 'mainly', 'composed', 'ofchairs', 'heads', 'departments', 'psychology', 'servesan', 'advocacy', 'informational', 'relation', 'regional', 'andnational', 'agencies', 'provide', 'research', 'scholarship', 'funds', 'italso', 'provides', 'leadership', 'perspective', 'regard', 'undergradu', 'graduate', 'education', 'research', 'taking', 'place', 'withinpsychology', 'departments', 'impact', 'covid', 'academic', 'trainingthe', 'impact', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'academic', 'trainingprograms', 'widespread', 'encompassing', 'courses', 'research', 'practicum', 'internships', 'graduation', 'phased', 'recovery', 'beginsin', 'different', 'provinces', 'territories', 'universities', 'begin', 'toreopen', 'institutions', 'judicious', 'deciding', 'toprovide', 'environment', 'allows', 'physical', 'distancing', 'aswell', 'supplying', 'personal', 'protective', 'equipment', 'ensur', 'sufficient', 'cleaning', 'accordance', 'public', 'health', 'require', 'ments', 'additionally', 'programs', 'assess', 'carefully', 'whenand', 'allow', 'student', 'learners', 'return', 'practicum', 'based', 'onsite', 'learner', 'client', 'considerations', 'coursescampus', 'closures', 'cancellation', 'person', 'classes', 'wereamong', 'first', 'impacts', 'covid', 'postsecondary', 'institu', 'tions', 'universities', 'declaring', 'remote', 'instructionbeginning', 'march', 'within', 'instructors', 'learn', 'howto', 'various', 'video', 'conferencing', 'online', 'teaching', 'tools', 'todeliver', 'academic', 'programming', 'fortunately', 'institutionswere', 'approaching', 'winter', 'semester', 'approxi', 'mately', 'three', 'weeks', 'classes', 'complete', 'launching', 'coursesonline', 'motion', 'issues', 'protecting', 'theintellectual', 'property', 'online', 'teaching', 'delivery', 'methods', 'ensuringthe', 'academic', 'integrity', 'exams', 'guarding', 'protected', 'testing', 'rials', 'teaching', 'across', 'zones', 'accommodate', 'students', 'whohad', 'returned', 'universities', 'continue', 'operatelargely', 'online', 'semester', 'manybeyond', 'broad', 'implications', 'launching', 'entirecurriculum', 'online', 'quite', 'different', 'challenge', 'using', 'onlinetools', 'finish', 'delivering', 'small', 'portion', 'person', 'curricu', 'instructors', 'training', 'directors', 'experts', 'inonline', 'educational', 'pedagogy', 'challenging', 'offerexperiential', 'courses', 'neuropsychological', 'assessment', 'afully', 'online', 'format', 'training', 'community', 'addressthese', 'complex', 'issues', 'researchthe', 'ensure', 'physical', 'distancing', 'compelled', 'majorityof', 'research', 'labouratories', 'closure', 'disruptedin', 'person', 'research', 'activities', 'institutions', 'presently', 'porting', 'online', 'research', 'critical', 'research', 'dents', 'meant', 'having', 'defend', 'theses', 'based', 'smallersample', 'sizes', 'removing', 'certain', 'studies', 'their', 'theses', 'shift', 'their', 'studies', 'conducted', 'online', 'students', 'thepandemic', 'require', 'reformulate', 'their', 'research', 'ideas', 'andmethods', 'completely', 'pivot', 'their', 'research', 'phased', 'recoveryand', 'reopening', 'commence', 'across', 'country', 'person', 'humanresearch', 'likely', 'research', 'activity', 'restart', 'uncertain', 'research', 'vulnerable', 'populations', 'willbe', 'permitted', 'again', 'restart', 'might', 'beethical', 'recruit', 'participants', 'physically', 'research', 'sites', 'disruption', 'research', 'create', 'several', 'issues', 'trainingand', 'learners', 'students', 'longer', 'complete', 'their', 'degreescovid', 'learnings', 'psychology', 'training', '171relative', 'their', 'prepandemic', 'timelines', 'students', 'needtuition', 'waivers', 'extensions', 'their', 'funding', 'cohort', 'additionalmoney', 'required', 'support', 'students', 'facilitate', 'adaptationsof', 'conduct', 'their', 'research', 'furthermore', 'goeson', 'supervisors', 'increasingly', 'compromised', 'position', 'interms', 'their', 'funding', 'continue', 'employ', 'studentsand', 'staff', 'while', 'their', 'research', 'haveextra', 'money', 'graduate', 'students', 'extended', 'lines', 'fortunately', 'individual', 'institutions', 'offering', 'tuitionwaivers', 'funding', 'students', 'pivot', 'their', 'research', 'thetri', 'council', 'agencies', 'extended', 'funding', 'monthsfor', 'scholarship', 'fellowship', 'holders', 'canada', 'graduate', 'schol', 'arships', 'master', 'doctoral', 'vanier', 'streams', 'banting', 'postdoc', 'toral', 'fellowships', 'agency', 'specific', 'doctoral', 'postdoctoralprograms', 'ending', 'between', 'march', 'august', 'socialsciences', 'humanities', 'research', 'council', 'sshrc', '2020a', 'represents', 'million', 'investment', 'training', 'federalgovernment', 'council', 'agencies', 'allowed', 'forextensions', 'grants', 'extension', 'funds', 'additional', 'funds', 'forprincipal', 'investigators', 'which', 'support', 'students', 'canadian', 'institutes', 'health', 'research', 'national', 'sciencesand', 'engineering', 'research', 'council', 'sshrc', '2020b', 'practicum', 'hoursthe', 'pandemic', 'profoundly', 'affected', 'students', 'practicum', 'virtually', 'person', 'clinical', 'experiences', 'paused', 'ahandful', 'sites', 'offering', 'remote', 'telehealth', 'during', 'early', 'ofthe', 'pandemic', 'unclear', 'disruption', 'andwhen', 'hospitals', 'other', 'clinical', 'sites', 'either', 'totransition', 'fully', 'telehealth', 'reopen', 'person', 'services', 'thevarious', 'closures', 'obviously', 'result', 'reductions', 'practicumhours', 'students', 'particular', 'specialties', 'neuropsy', 'chology', 'likely', 'impacted', 'others', 'given', 'their', 'useof', 'physical', 'testing', 'materials', 'requiring', 'person', 'administration', 'aswell', 'maintain', 'security', 'latemarch', 'appic', 'allowed', 'telephone', 'based', 'telehealth', 'tervention', 'assessment', 'counted', 'within', 'twonewly', 'created', 'categories', 'telephone', 'based', 'telemental', 'health', 'terventions', 'telephone', 'based', 'telemental', 'health', 'assessment', 'appic', '2020c', 'meanwhile', 'video', 'conference', 'based', 'telementalhealth', 'services', 'continued', 'logged', 'hours', 'theexisting', 'assessment', 'intervention', 'categories', 'sites', 'using', 'different', 'telehealth', 'modalities', 'allowingstudents', 'include', 'telephone', 'telehealth', 'service', 'delivery', 'aspart', 'their', 'practice', 'hours', 'bolster', 'their', 'ability', 'obtainclinical', 'training', 'accumulate', 'their', 'required', 'hours', 'moreover', 'being', 'conduct', 'telehealth', 'services', 'competently', 'repre', 'further', 'opportunity', 'growth', 'training', 'practicumsites', 'begin', 'reopen', 'during', 'successive', 'phases', 'recovery', 'academic', 'practicum', 'training', 'directors', 'ensure', 'asafe', 'developmentally', 'appropriate', 'training', 'environment', 'forstudents', 'hospitals', 'shift', 'their', 'service', 'provision', 'rapidly', 'toprioritize', 'clients', 'urgently', 'require', 'services', 'train', 'programs', 'based', 'clinics', 'decisionssimilarly', 'difficult', 'those', 'clinics', 'relation', 'adaptingtheir', 'clinic', 'functions', 'telehealth', 'implementing', 'public', 'healthpolicy', 'regarding', 'person', 'reentry', 'learners', 'supervisors', 'internship', 'readinessstudents', 'applying', 'internship', 'rience', 'challenges', 'acquiring', 'required', 'number', 'practicumhours', 'prior', 'their', 'internship', 'application', 'deadlines', 'applicantsthis', 'mixed', 'group', 'students', 'those', 'toaccrue', 'reasonable', 'number', 'practicum', 'hours', 'spite', 'theimpacts', 'pandemic', 'others', 'needed', 'summerand', 'practicum', 'reach', 'their', 'required', 'number', 'dents', 'typically', 'acquire', 'total', 'hours', 'directhours', 'required', 'accreditation', 'panel', 'apply', 'forinternship', 'anticipated', 'number', 'dents', 'impacted', 'issue', 'meeting', 'minimum', 'requiredhours', 'relatively', 'small', 'however', 'suggest', 'thatstudents', 'successful', 'match', 'sobased', 'higher', 'number', 'hours', 'minimum', 'additionally', 'joint', 'statement', 'released', 'ccppp', 'andacpro', 'appendix', 'recommends', 'trying', 'keepstudents', 'their', 'original', 'timelines', 'offering', 'holistic', 'training', 'cluding', 'practicum', 'courses', 'other', 'forms', 'professional', 'devel', 'opment', 'where', 'appropriate', 'exercising', 'flexibility', 'regardingthe', 'minimum', 'number', 'hours', 'required', 'sites', 'cpaaccreditation', 'standards', 'addition', 'recommended', 'thedirector', 'training', 'letters', 'issued', 'academic', 'programs', 'ofthe', 'application', 'highlight', 'covid', 'pandemicdisrupted', 'training', 'individual', 'students', 'resulted', 'reducedtraining', 'hours', 'experiences', 'conferring', 'degreesto', 'graduate', 'their', 'students', 'finish', 'programrequirements', 'including', 'successfully', 'completing', 'their', 'intern', 'successfully', 'defending', 'their', 'doctoral', 'dissertation', 'ademic', 'programs', 'ultimately', 'confer', 'internship', 'based', 'oninformation', 'provided', 'internship', 'sites', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'disrupts', 'interrupts', 'training', 'internship', 'sites', 'beproviding', 'records', 'academic', 'programs', 'regarding', 'ments', 'training', 'completed', 'individual', 'students', 'whetherthey', 'demonstrated', 'competence', 'regardless', 'number', 'ofhours', 'completed', 'students', 'internships', 'disrupted', 'cpaaccreditation', 'panel', 'ccppp', 'suggested', 'programsuse', 'their', 'holistic', 'training', 'record', 'including', 'practicum', 'hours', 'andother', 'program', 'activities', 'assess', 'competency', 'ccppp', 'additionally', 'confer', 'doctoral', 'degree', 'program', 'sexamining', 'committee', 'confer', 'student', 'doctoraldissertation', 'defense', 'students', 'graduate', 'their', 'master', 'degree', 'mustcomplete', 'program', 'requirements', 'which', 'typically', 'include', 'practi', 'course', 'research', 'project', 'thesis', 'canadianpsychology', 'graduate', 'programs', 'integrated', 'master', 'anddoctoral', 'degrees', 'assist', 'master', 'students', 'pensating', 'deficiencies', 'their', 'practicum', 'hours', 'during', 'theirsubsequent', 'degree', 'while', 'still', 'conferring', 'master', 'degreein', 'interim', 'however', 'where', 'master', 'degree', 'terminaldegree', 'academic', 'training', 'disrupted', 'programs', 'willhave', 'difficult', 'decisions', 'regarding', 'whether', 'students', 'whosetraining', 'interrupted', 'succeeded', 'gaining', 'required', 'petency', 'fulfilling', 'requirements', 'degree', 'beconferred', 'goghari', 'hagstrom', 'madon', 'messer', 'engeluniversities', 'largely', 'moved', 'remote', 'dissertation', 'defenses', 'enabling', 'students', 'graduate', 'ready', 'however', 'delays', 'tograduation', 'master', 'doctoral', 'level', 'occur', 'ifstudents', 'research', 'disrupted', 'changes', 'their', 'academicand', 'internship', 'environments', 'prompt', 'shift', 'their', 'researchfocus', 'create', 'delays', 'collecting', 'another', 'unfortunate', 'anduncontrollable', 'reality', 'pandemic', 'students', 'while', 'covid', 'restrictions', 'remain', 'effect', 'experiencedifficulty', 'moving', 'within', 'canada', 'internationally', 'start', 'theircareers', 'other', 'training', 'opportunities', 'postdoctoral', 'fellow', 'ships', 'impact', 'covid', 'internshipsmany', 'facets', 'internship', 'training', 'significantly', 'pacted', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'affectedgroups', 'along', 'training', 'pathway', 'which', 'identifiedearly', 'include', 'current', 'interns', 'prospective', 'interns', 'althoughindications', 'suggest', 'students', 'currently', 'completing', 'internshipswill', 'weather', 'disruptions', 'occasioned', 'demic', 'those', 'starting', 'internships', 'comingmonths', 'entirely', 'clear', 'their', 'training', 'according', 'match', 'statistics', 'canadian', 'psychologyprograms', 'internship', 'positions', 'filled', 'taking', 'consideration', 'additional', 'matches', 'occurred', 'usingthe', 'postmatch', 'vacancy', 'service', 'assume', 'roughly', '175students', 'employed', 'canadian', 'internship', 'positionsduring', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'provincially', 'andterritorially', 'declared', 'states', 'emergency', 'public', 'healthemergency', 'orders', 'issued', 'period', 'march', 'march', 'during', 'third', 'march', 'canadiantraining', 'community', 'became', 'aware', 'first', 'potential', 'training', 'ruptions', 'interns', 'currently', 'employed', 'second', 'natureand', 'types', 'disruption', 'internships', 'varied', 'widely', 'depending', 'onpractice', 'settings', 'locations', 'populations', 'geographic', 'cation', 'typically', 'canadian', 'internship', 'programs', 'start', 'septem', 'august', 'little', 'variation', 'theyrequire', 'supervised', 'experience', 'completion', 'accord', 'accreditation', 'standard', 'timeemergency', 'orders', 'issued', 'march', 'students', 'completingfull', 'internships', 'would', 'logged', 'approximately', 'slight', 'variations', 'owing', 'differences', 'weeks', 'weeks', 'vacation', 'taken', 'professionaleducation', 'taken', 'early', 'discussions', 'across', 'canada', 'reflected', 'during', 'criticalweek', 'march', 'country', 'shuttered', 'butessential', 'service', 'delivery', 'organisations', 'deemed', 'essential', 'wereadapting', 'their', 'workplaces', 'provide', 'remote', 'services', 'studentswith', 'internships', 'progress', 'asked', 'focus', 'professionaldevelopment', 'educational', 'opportunities', 'research', 'projects', 'these', 'activities', 'largely', 'place', 'traditional', 'service', 'deliv', 'because', 'could', 'completed', 'while', 'workplaces', 'stepsto', 'shift', 'virtual', 'modes', 'delivery', 'telephone', 'securevideo', 'conferencing', 'internship', 'programs', 'greatersuccess', 'others', 'integrating', 'remote', 'service', 'delivery', 'gener', 'internship', 'programs', 'success', 'minimising', 'disruptions', 'hasvaried', 'greatly', 'based', 'prepandemic', 'technical', 'expertise', 'organi', 'sational', 'constraints', 'location', 'local', 'covid', 'numbers', 'understanding', 'writing', 'article', 'nointernships', 'formally', 'terminated', 'students', 'whowere', 'process', 'completing', 'internships', 'chosen', 'toreturn', 'their', 'provinces', 'their', 'families', 'areproviding', 'telehealth', 'service', 'delivery', 'their', 'existing', 'clientsunder', 'supervision', 'their', 'supervisors', 'within', 'sameprovince', 'these', 'clients', 'although', 'redeployment', 'nonpsycho', 'logical', 'service', 'delivery', 'occurred', 'small', 'percentage', 'ofinternships', 'majority', 'students', 'either', 'providing', 'psycho', 'logical', 'services', 'remotely', 'practicing', 'social', 'distancing', 'ppeprotocols', 'inpatient', 'services', 'redeployed', 'otherpsychology', 'delivery', 'experiences', 'small', 'percentage', 'beenredeployed', 'providing', 'psychological', 'first', 'within', 'theirsettings', 'other', 'frontline', 'staff', 'facilitating', 'connectionsbetween', 'patients', 'families', 'challenges', 'prevalent', 'assessment', 'rotations', 'wheremost', 'interactive', 'testing', 'ceased', 'cannot', 'maintain', 'appropri', 'physical', 'distancing', 'requirements', 'course', 'agreater', 'impact', 'neuropsychology', 'internships', 'rotations', 'other', 'somewhat', 'surprising', 'consequence', 'covid', 'beenthe', 'temporary', 'closure', 'redeployment', 'allied', 'health', 'depart', 'ments', 'diabetes', 'bariatrics', 'hospital', 'settings', 'meaning', 'students', 'achieve', 'specified', 'practice', 'hours', 'during', 'their', 'internships', 'establish', 'compe', 'tencies', 'required', 'register', 'within', 'specific', 'healthcompetency', 'postdegree', 'variability', 'occurred', 'between', 'internship', 'settings', 'within', 'internship', 'settings', 'particularly', 'consortium', 'tings', 'where', 'types', 'rotations', 'experiences', 'studentsreceive', 'varied', 'greatly', 'small', 'number', 'cases', 'studentshave', 'experienced', 'minimal', 'internship', 'disruption', 'majority', 'oftheir', 'service', 'provision', 'already', 'occurring', 'telehealth', 'whereas', 'internship', 'different', 'setting', 'might', 'student', 'either', 'reassigned', 'still', 'deemed', 'essential', 'acute', 'mental', 'health', 'inpatient', 'redeployed', 'completely', 'finally', 'covid', 'impacts', 'continue', 'result', 'decreasedmovement', 'result', 'travel', 'restrictions', 'internship', 'programshave', 'shifted', 'their', 'focus', 'challenges', 'involved', 'intransitioning', 'their', 'current', 'interns', 'graduation', 'postgradu', 'ation', 'plans', 'example', 'internship', 'programs', 'fieldingrequests', 'students', 'directors', 'training', 'demic', 'programs', 'earlier', 'certification', 'successful', 'completion', 'support', 'students', 'planned', 'mobility', 'increased', 'timecommitment', 'associated', 'geographical', 'moves', 'quarantinerules', 'which', 'region', 'region', 'typically', 'involve', 'amandated', 'quarantine', 'period', 'incoming', 'students', 'arescheduled', 'begin', 'their', 'internships', 'share', 'concerns', 'andrequirements', 'regarding', 'mandatory', 'quarantine', 'prior', 'startingtheir', 'placements', 'these', 'located', 'province', 'ofcountry', 'impact', 'covid', 'regulatory', 'bodiesto', 'weigh', 'impact', 'challenges', 'presented', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'regulatory', 'bodies', 'important', 'tounderstand', 'regulation', 'psychology', 'profession', 'canadaoccurs', 'within', 'unique', 'geographic', 'political', 'social', 'contexts', 'resulted', 'differences', 'between', 'jurisdictionsregarding', 'licensure', 'requirements', 'expectations', 'profes', 'covid', 'learnings', 'psychology', 'training', '173sion', 'however', 'canadian', 'psychology', 'regulators', 'minimise', 'jurisdictional', 'differences', 'regulatory', 'philoso', 'phies', 'processes', 'collaborative', 'projectsfocused', 'issues', 'licensing', 'foreign', 'trained', 'psychologistsand', 'developing', 'minimum', 'dataset', 'profession', 'purpose', 'legislated', 'mandate', 'professional', 'regulatoryorganisations', 'protect', 'public', 'their', 'decisions', 'actionstake', 'place', 'within', 'frame', 'canada', 'regulation', 'profes', 'occurs', 'provinces', 'nunavut', 'psychol', 'regulated', 'profession', 'canadian', 'jurisdictionsexcept', 'territories', 'country', 'regulatorywork', 'carried', 'elected', 'representatives', 'professionitself', 'government', 'involvement', 'regulatory', 'activitiesvaries', 'jurisdiction', 'limited', 'cases', 'delegationof', 'legislative', 'authority', 'limitations', 'regulatory', 'adjustmentsthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'presented', 'unique', 'regulatory', 'lenges', 'profession', 'physical', 'distancing', 'hasbeen', 'necessity', 'public', 'mental', 'health', 'needs', 'increasing', 'profession', 'ability', 'provide', 'services', 'impacted', 'pandemic', 'required', 'regulators', 'agile', 'adaptable', 'tosay', 'least', 'always', 'comfortable', 'regulatorsare', 'rising', 'challenge', 'example', 'regulators', 'estab', 'lished', 'agreement', 'process', 'enabling', 'licensed', 'psychologistsfrom', 'canadian', 'jurisdiction', 'provide', 'telepsychology', 'servicesduring', 'pandemic', 'another', 'jurisdiction', 'without', 'having', 'licen', 'receiving', 'jurisdiction', 'support', 'their', 'establishedclients', 'themselves', 'unable', 'return', 'result', 'thepandemic', 'keeping', 'emphasis', 'public', 'interest', 'andpublic', 'protection', 'jurisdictions', 'agreed', 'assume', 'responsibil', 'addressing', 'concerns', 'about', 'practice', 'conduct', 'oftheir', 'licensees', 'allows', 'continuity', 'congruentwith', 'profession', 'ethical', 'responsibility', 'practice', 'meeting', 'rising', 'demand', 'psychological', 'servicesregulators', 'jurisdictions', 'being', 'challenged', 'tofoster', 'adequate', 'supply', 'qualified', 'practitioners', 'thedemand', 'mental', 'health', 'services', 'which', 'anticipated', 'becomeincreasingly', 'prominent', 'immediate', 'physical', 'threat', 'posed', 'bythe', 'pandemic', 'subsides', 'working', 'healthauthorities', 'government', 'ministries', 'their', 'jurisdictions', 'toestablish', 'emergency', 'licensure', 'provisions', 'processes', 'enableformer', 'licensees', 'reactivated', 'should', 'demand', 'servicesoutstrip', 'existing', 'jurisdictional', 'resources', 'furthermore', 'psychol', 'ogists', 'challenged', 'adapt', 'their', 'range', 'methods', 'servicedelivery', 'light', 'normal', 'created', 'pandemic', 'regulators', 'challenged', 'provide', 'appropriate', 'guidance', 'tothe', 'profession', 'about', 'issues', 'ethical', 'privacy', 'consider', 'ations', 'governing', 'telepsychology', 'practice', 'selection', 'videoconferencing', 'platforms', 'public', 'health', 'orders', 'requiring', 'contacttracing', 'about', 'resume', 'person', 'serviceprovision', 'ensuring', 'continuity', 'member', 'licensurethe', 'pandemic', 'impacted', 'licensure', 'members', 'ofthe', 'profession', 'could', 'imagined', 'sixmonths', 'necessitated', 'rapid', 'adaptation', 'licenseesand', 'regulators', 'pandemic', 'temporarily', 'stymied', 'access', 'theeppp', 'asppb', '2020b', 'knowledge', 'examination', 'requiredfor', 'independent', 'licensure', 'jurisdictions', 'canada', 'oralexaminations', 'essential', 'licensure', 'process', 'canadianjurisdictions', 'postponed', 'because', 'public', 'health', 'orders', 'stricting', 'gathering', 'sizes', 'stipulating', 'physical', 'distancing', 'quirements', 'result', 'independent', 'licensure', 'unfortunatelybeen', 'delayed', 'regulators', 'forced', 'toconsider', 'deliver', 'exams', 'light', 'these', 'challenges', 'withoutcompromising', 'integrity', 'process', 'inwhich', 'regulators', 'receive', 'review', 'documentation', 'alsonecessarily', 'impacted', 'modified', 'somejurisdictions', 'moving', 'fully', 'electronic', 'communications', 'plication', 'processes', 'licensees', 'required', 'super', 'vised', 'practice', 'hours', 'postlicensure', 'their', 'positions', 'fined', 'redeployed', 'address', 'effects', 'pandemic', 'thehealth', 'system', 'cases', 'unfortunately', 'lostpositions', 'consideration', 'modifications', 'requirements', 'willoccur', 'where', 'possible', 'appropriate', 'maintaining', 'regulatory', 'standardsregulators', 'training', 'programs', 'accreditation', 'panelshare', 'responsibility', 'ensuring', 'those', 'ofthe', 'profession', 'competent', 'ethical', 'fulfill', 'sponsibilities', 'professional', 'practice', 'psychologist', 'regulatorsunderstand', 'pandemic', 'impacted', 'training', 'arecognizant', 'student', 'concerns', 'training', 'disruptions', 'might', 'atively', 'impact', 'their', 'licensure', 'pandemic', 'alter', 'lators', 'obligation', 'protect', 'public', 'however', 'alterregulators', 'responsibility', 'transparent', 'making', 'theseregulatory', 'decisions', 'because', 'different', 'jurisdictions', 'differentlicensure', 'requirements', 'regulators', 'continue', 'consider', 'appli', 'cations', 'individually', 'their', 'merits', 'jurisdictionsare', 'required', 'consider', 'equivalence', 'where', 'appropriate', 'suchsituations', 'where', 'deficiencies', 'training', 'noted', 'owing', 'thepandemic', 'regulators', 'option', 'considering', 'therelevance', 'other', 'education', 'training', 'experience', 'appli', 'cants', 'previously', 'gained', 'academic', 'coursework', 'might', 'possible', 'allow', 'applicants', 'augment', 'theirgraduate', 'training', 'additional', 'education', 'address', 'deficienciesin', 'meeting', 'application', 'requirements', 'licensure', 'perspective', 'applicants', 'possess', 'anacceptable', 'academic', 'credential', 'conferred', 'training', 'programand', 'demonstrate', 'established', 'required', 'practicecompetencies', 'established', 'accreditation', 'standardsor', 'their', 'degree', 'terminal', 'master', 'level', 'nonac', 'credited', 'mutual', 'recognition', 'agreement', 'vital', 'applicants', 'demonstrate', 'mettheir', 'academic', 'course', 'requirements', 'known', 'founda', 'tional', 'knowledge', 'requirements', 'similar', 'competencies', 'requirements', 'required', 'licen', 'across', 'canada', 'demonstrated', 'ofapplication', 'jurisdictions', 'terms', 'stipulated', 'tical', 'experience', 'requirements', 'hours', 'activities', 'dents', 'obtain', 'during', 'their', 'graduate', 'training', 'postdegreeexperience', 'apply', 'licensure', 'applicants', 'obtaining', 'theirqualifications', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'essential', 'to174', 'goghari', 'hagstrom', 'madon', 'messer', 'engelensure', 'modifications', 'training', 'programs', 'madeto', 'their', 'academic', 'curriculum', 'practical', 'experience', 'cluding', 'practicum', 'predoctoral', 'internships', 'postdoctoraltraining', 'clearly', 'documented', 'regulator', 'those', 'obtain', 'their', 'license', 'should', 'start', 'process', 'consultingthe', 'website', 'regulatory', 'jurisdiction', 'which', 'tobecome', 'licensed', 'familiarize', 'themselves', 'currentlicensure', 'standards', 'contact', 'regulator', 'theyhave', 'questions', 'about', 'their', 'unique', 'situation', 'additionaldocumentary', 'evidence', 'provide', 'along', 'withtheir', 'application', 'light', 'impact', 'pandemic', 'theirtraining', 'ethics', 'decision', 'making', 'processabove', 'outlined', 'major', 'areas', 'which', 'academicprograms', 'internships', 'regulatory', 'bodies', 'makedecisions', 'address', 'rapidly', 'evolving', 'disruptions', 'resultingfrom', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'decisions', 'madequickly', 'often', 'reactive', 'nonetheless', 'involving', 'significant', 'ambiguity', 'multiple', 'stakeholders', 'considering', 'respond', 'novel', 'situation', 'ascovid', 'decision', 'makers', 'apply', 'ethical', 'decision', 'making', 'process', 'outlined', 'canadian', 'ofethics', 'psychologists', 'steps', 'model', 'reproducedbelow', 'focal', 'points', 'analysis', 'accreditationpanel', 'ccppp', 'acpro', 'leadership', 'deemed', 'critical', 'intheir', 'usage', 'documented', 'figure', 'identification', 'individuals', 'groups', 'potentiallyaffected', 'decision', 'identification', 'ethically', 'relevant', 'issues', 'practices', 'including', 'moral', 'rights', 'values', 'being', 'inter', 'other', 'relevant', 'characteristics', 'individ', 'groups', 'involved', 'cultural', 'social', 'historical', 'economic', 'institutional', 'legal', 'political', 'other', 'circumstances', 'which', 'ethical', 'problemarose', 'consideration', 'biases', 'external', 'sures', 'personal', 'needs', 'interest', 'cultural', 'social', 'historical', 'economic', 'institutional', 'legal', 'political', 'background', 'might', 'influence', 'development', 'choice', 'between', 'courses', 'action', 'development', 'alternative', 'courses', 'action', 'analysis', 'likely', 'short', 'ongoing', 'termrisks', 'benefits', 'course', 'action', 'figure', 'canadian', 'psychological', 'association', 'ethical', 'decision', 'making', 'process', 'online', 'article', 'forthe', 'color', 'version', 'figure', 'covid', 'learnings', 'psychology', 'training', '175viduals', 'groups', 'involved', 'likely', 'affected', 'taking', 'account', 'relevant', 'individual', 'cultural', 'historical', 'economic', 'institutional', 'legal', 'politi', 'contextual', 'factors', 'choice', 'course', 'action', 'after', 'conscientious', 'applicationof', 'existing', 'principles', 'values', 'standards', 'which', 'cludes', 'would', 'limited', 'relevant', 'andregulations', 'action', 'commitment', 'assume', 'responsibility', 'forthe', 'consequences', 'action', 'evaluation', 'results', 'course', 'action', 'assumption', 'responsibility', 'consequences', 'theaction', 'including', 'correction', 'negative', 'consequences', 'reengaging', 'decision', 'making', 'process', 'ifthe', 'ethical', 'issue', 'resolved', 'appropriate', 'action', 'warranted', 'feasible', 'future', 'occurrences', 'dilemma', 'commu', 'nication', 'problem', 'solving', 'colleagues', 'teammembers', 'other', 'collaborators', 'changes', 'proceduresand', 'practices', 'scope', 'problems', 'caused', 'covid', 'widespread', 'andglobal', 'suggesting', 'broadly', 'apply', 'certain', 'ethical', 'ciples', 'outlined', 'under', 'present', 'circumstances', 'usingguidance', 'likely', 'potentialcourses', 'action', 'although', 'following', 'section', 'attempts', 'toaddress', 'individual', 'steps', 'ethical', 'decision', 'making', 'process', 'perspective', 'offered', 'general', 'underlying', 'premise', 'isthat', 'single', 'solution', 'likely', 'exist', 'regardless', 'theactions', 'taken', 'psychology', 'professional', 'training', 'community', 'ccppp', 'acpro', 'accreditation', 'panel', 'individualissues', 'context', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'betaken', 'account', 'determining', 'forward', 'respect', 'identification', 'individuals', 'groupspotentially', 'affected', 'decision', 'three', 'parties', 'began', 'withthe', 'assumption', 'global', 'pandemic', 'nature', 'global', 'possible', 'anyone', 'could', 'affected', 'thedecisions', 'regarding', 'psychology', 'training', 'however', 'notedpreviously', 'article', 'primary', 'stakeholders', 'identified', 'arelearners', 'doctoral', 'internship', 'training', 'programs', 'staff', 'versities', 'hospitals', 'other', 'health', 'centres', 'intern', 'programs', 'members', 'public', 'served', 'training', 'organi', 'sations', 'their', 'staff', 'psychology', 'regulatory', 'bodies', 'andprofessional', 'psychology', 'accrediting', 'bodies', 'aforementioned', 'organisational', 'stakeholders', 'dividual', 'though', 'overlapping', 'concerns', 'priorities', 'relation', 'toany', 'psychology', 'training', 'decisions', 'students', 'general', 'dominantly', 'concerned', 'completing', 'their', 'training', 'timelymanner', 'continue', 'along', 'their', 'licensure', 'andindependent', 'practice', 'training', 'programs', 'doctoral', 'andinternship', 'based', 'concerned', 'providing', 'theirstudents', 'adequate', 'training', 'supervision', 'withmaintaining', 'their', 'operations', 'within', 'parameters', 'their', 'hostinstitutions', 'doctoral', 'programs', 'includes', 'tinuing', 'teach', 'classes', 'coordinate', 'practicum', 'provide', 'search', 'support', 'supervision', 'internship', 'programs', 'includes', 'continuing', 'train', 'supervise', 'students', 'practice', 'providing', 'services', 'public', 'meanwhile', 'psychologyregulatory', 'bodies', 'concerned', 'ensuring', 'adherence', 'latory', 'professional', 'standards', 'protecting', 'public', 'nally', 'psychology', 'accrediting', 'bodies', 'concerned', 'maintain', 'quality', 'training', 'within', 'accredited', 'programs', 'identifying', 'ethically', 'relevant', 'issues', 'practices', 'themost', 'germane', 'concepts', 'emerged', 'guide', 'torespond', 'concept', 'vulnerability', 'multiple', 'stakehold', 'involved', 'principle', 'respect', 'dignity', 'ofpersons', 'peoples', 'principle', 'responsible', 'caring', 'thecode', 'emphasise', 'importance', 'identifying', 'vulnerablestakeholders', 'determine', 'greatest', 'ethical', 'responsibilities', 'inour', 'decision', 'making', 'process', 'identified', 'students', 'andmembers', 'public', 'seeking', 'psychological', 'services', 'mostvulnerable', 'effects', 'disruptions', 'psychology', 'training', 'bycovid', 'students', 'little', 'control', 'types', 'amountof', 'training', 'receiving', 'result', 'various', 'changes', 'ininstitutional', 'policies', 'response', 'covid', 'example', 'students', 'working', 'hospital', 'setting', 'might', 'redeployed', 'othertasks', 'their', 'training', 'rotations', 'might', 'interrupted', 'result', 'ofsupervisors', 'being', 'available', 'members', 'public', 'alsovulnerable', 'terms', 'potential', 'disruptions', 'theirimmediate', 'access', 'psychological', 'services', 'students', 'providein', 'settings', 'continued', 'disrupted', 'forregulators', 'accreditors', 'ensure', 'competence', 'futurepsychologists', 'begin', 'independent', 'practice', 'biases', 'external', 'pressures', 'organisational', 'stakeholders', 'regulators', 'accreditors', 'training', 'programs', 'necessarilyrevolve', 'around', 'maintaining', 'quality', 'training', 'ofensuring', 'those', 'applying', 'licensure', 'after', 'completing', 'theirtraining', 'competent', 'ethical', 'practitioners', 'however', 'inworking', 'achieve', 'these', 'goals', 'important', 'consider', 'theoperational', 'limitations', 'individual', 'sites', 'programs', 'thepossible', 'closure', 'sites', 'nonessential', 'personnel', 'redeploymentof', 'supervisors', 'cancellation', 'practicum', 'training', 'addition', 'light', 'suddenness', 'which', 'government', 'health', 'author', 'ities', 'implement', 'measures', 'spread', 'ofcovid', 'given', 'address', 'changes', 'training', 'andwork', 'environments', 'within', 'reasonable', 'frame', 'scope', 'ofactions', 'taken', 'training', 'community', 'early', 'beenlimited', 'three', 'cohorts', 'students', 'namely', 'students', 'currentlycompleting', 'internships', 'students', 'applying', 'internships', 'thefall', 'whose', 'practicum', 'placements', 'affected', 'bypandemic', 'related', 'closures', 'students', 'beginning', 'internshipsin', 'analysing', 'likely', 'risks', 'benefits', 'choosing', 'courseof', 'action', 'important', 'recognise', 'internship', 'isone', 'culminating', 'activities', 'students', 'seeking', 'doctoraldegrees', 'professional', 'psychology', 'training', 'place', 'serves', 'opportunity', 'students', 'consolidate', 'andsynthesize', 'didactic', 'practical', 'training', 'completed', 'thecourse', 'their', 'doctoral', 'training', 'first', 'cohort', 'students', 'those', 'currently', 'completing', 'their', 'internships', 'activity', 'mightbe', 'truncated', 'modified', 'instances', 'consequence', 'students', 'unable', 'complete', 'requirement', 'samerigour', 'might', 'expected', 'prepandemic', 'programsand', 'accreditors', 'decided', 'allow', 'flexibility', 'completing176', 'goghari', 'hagstrom', 'madon', 'messer', 'engelthis', 'training', 'requirement', 'flexibility', 'allows', 'students', 'beawarded', 'their', 'degrees', 'progress', 'toward', 'licensing', 'theiruniversity', 'training', 'programs', 'satisfied', 'competentto', 'understood', 'programs', 'accreditors', 'because', 'thecancellation', 'practicum', 'placements', 'second', 'cohort', 'dents', 'those', 'applying', 'internships', 'arelikely', 'accrued', 'fewer', 'practicum', 'hours', 'would', 'havebeen', 'typical', 'previous', 'years', 'response', 'encouragedinternship', 'programs', 'consider', 'reviewing', 'applications', 'ensured', 'these', 'students', 'unfairly', 'disadvantagedwhen', 'seeking', 'internship', 'placements', 'complete', 'their', 'degrees', 'article', 'production', 'still', 'unclear', 'todecision', 'makers', 'measures', 'would', 'place', 'thirdcohort', 'students', 'those', 'beginning', 'internships', 'although', 'decision', 'makers', 'again', 'suggested', 'programstake', 'flexible', 'approaches', 'accommodating', 'incoming', 'cohort', 'little', 'known', 'about', 'restrictions', 'might', 'still', 'place', 'forthese', 'students', 'regard', 'travel', 'advisories', 'other', 'institutionalpolicies', 'intended', 'prevent', 'transmission', 'covid', 'lastly', 'because', 'effects', 'pandemic', 'yetunknown', 'little', 'information', 'available', 'evaluate', 'resultsof', 'decisions', 'taken', 'during', 'these', 'early', 'stages', 'keeping', 'withthe', 'ethical', 'decision', 'making', 'process', 'decision', 'makers', 'namely', 'ccppp', 'acpro', 'accreditation', 'panel', 'committed', 'meeting', 'ongoing', 'basis', 'carefully', 'weighand', 'consider', 'necessary', 'decisions', 'their', 'potential', 'impact', 'aswell', 'discuss', 'sequelae', 'decisions', 'already', 'taken', 'inaddition', 'these', 'bodies', 'ensure', 'further', 'actions', 'thatmay', 'necessary', 'implemented', 'timely', 'manner', 'tomitigate', 'negative', 'impacts', 'public', 'students', 'inkeeping', 'maintaining', 'quality', 'psychology', 'training', 'psychology', 'professional', 'training', 'community', 'hasproduced', 'statements', 'jointly', 'appic', 'asppb', 'ccppp', 'appendixes', 'guide', 'psychologytraining', 'through', 'modifications', 'needed', 'respond', 'demic', 'additional', 'important', 'statements', 'thetraining', 'communityin', 'addition', 'canadian', 'based', 'joint', 'statements', 'providedin', 'document', 'other', 'associations', 'provided', 'relevant', 'state', 'ments', 'warrant', 'mention', 'produced', 'statementon', 'education', 'training', 'considerations', 'during', 'covid', 'demic', 'march', 'guide', 'early', 'transitioningtraining', 'delivery', '2020c', 'statement', 'provided', 'fourprinciples', 'guide', 'decisions', 'about', 'training', 'balance', 'velopmentally', 'sensitive', 'student', 'focus', 'flexibility', 'creativityin', 'developing', 'students', 'competency', 'meeting', 'their', 'responsi', 'bilities', 'social', 'responsiveness', 'provided', 'sixspecific', 'recommendations', 'limiting', 'person', 'contact', 'justing', 'educational', 'licensing', 'requirements', 'minimisingadverse', 'impact', 'students', 'finances', 'program', 'completion', 'pursuing', 'access', 'training', 'beyond', 'distance', 'education', 'mising', 'critical', 'resource', 'disparities', 'using', 'consultation', 'toaddress', 'challenges', 'early', 'released', 'statement', 'resumption', 'person', 'psychological', 'vices', 'training', 'address', 'considerations', 'resuming', 'person', 'services', 'training', '2020a', 'although', 'theseconsiderations', 'applied', 'largely', 'american', 'context', 'ofthe', 'general', 'principles', 'applicable', 'canadian', 'context', 'aswell', 'health', 'safety', 'precautions', 'additionally', 'whenresuming', 'person', 'psychological', 'services', 'training', 'importantconsiderations', 'include', 'factors', 'following', 'timing', 'avail', 'ability', 'staff', 'availability', 'phasing', 'tasks', 'notrequire', 'patient', 'contact', 'phasing', 'person', 'services', 'trainingwith', 'sensitivity', 'service', 'patient', 'trainee', 'characteristics', 'andinstitutional', 'constraints', 'appic', 'board', 'directors', 'released', 'covid', '19statement', 'march', 'providing', 'principles', 'sider', 'decisions', 'related', 'potential', 'training', 'modifications', 'cluding', 'inherent', 'power', 'differential', 'resource', 'differential', 'anddisproportionate', 'professional', 'student', 'trainees', 'appic', '2020b', 'recommendations', 'included', 'immediately', 'employing', 'orpreparing', 'telehealth', 'immediately', 'considering', 'options', 'adhering', 'guidelines', 'centers', 'fordisease', 'control', 'attending', 'appic', 'membership', 'criteria', 'priori', 'tizing', 'training', 'service', 'delivery', 'preserving', 'protectingstudent', 'stipends', 'benefits', 'leave', 'maintaining', 'thematch', 'agreement', 'consulting', 'appic', 'regarding', 'problemsituations', 'concerns', 'appic', 'statement', 'addressed', 'therole', 'psychologist', 'medical', 'settings', 'compared', 'ofphysicians', 'understanding', 'particular', 'challenges', 'medicalsettings', 'helpful', 'recognise', 'ethical', 'obligationsand', 'principles', 'common', 'psychologists', 'safeguardwelfare', 'rights', 'patients', 'trainees', 'differ', 'thoseof', 'physicians', 'treat', 'patients', 'despite', 'conditions', 'ofpersonal', 'appic', '2020b', 'additionally', 'early', 'april', 'canadian', 'council', 'profes', 'sional', 'psychology', 'programs', 'ccppp', 'released', 'guiding', 'ciples', 'response', 'covid', 'ccppp', '2020a', 'specifically', 'toguide', 'canadian', 'programs', 'document', 'recognised', 'thepandemic', 'impacted', 'students', 'ability', 'accrue', 'practi', 'internship', 'hours', 'apply', 'internship', 'complete', 'theirinternship', 'ccppp', 'principles', 'recommended', 'programsconsider', 'students', 'needs', 'central', 'their', 'decision', 'making', 'transparent', 'communication', 'every', 'effort', 'tominimise', 'disruptions', 'students', 'training', 'flexible', 'andcreative', 'helping', 'students', 'attain', 'their', 'competencies', 'maintaintheir', 'original', 'training', 'timelines', 'ccppp', '2020a', 'notably', 'andall', 'previous', 'statements', 'overlap', 'useful', 'guidingpsychology', 'training', 'partners', 'decision', 'making', 'under', 'standing', 'ethical', 'obligations', 'examples', 'pandemic', 'impact', 'relateddecision', 'makingbelow', 'provide', 'examples', 'covid', 'pandemichas', 'affected', 'training', 'offered', 'academic', 'program', 'aninternship', 'relevant', 'tenets', 'aspirational', 'statements', 'guidelines', 'their', 'leadership', 'implemented', 'their', 'decisionmaking', 'provide', 'example', 'accredita', 'panel', 'regulatory', 'impacted', 'covid', 'thought', 'readers', 'might', 'particularly', 'appreciate', 'theperspectives', 'accrediting', 'regulator', 'given', 'theirfocus', 'public', 'protection', 'ensuring', 'licensees', 'arecompetent', 'ethical', 'practitioners', 'covid', 'learnings', 'psychology', 'training', '177example', 'goghari', 'clinical', 'psychologyprogram', 'university', 'toronto', 'scarboroughrapid', 'decision', 'making', 'young', 'program', 'providesome', 'context', 'experience', 'graduate', 'department', 'ofclinical', 'psychological', 'science', 'university', 'toronto', 'borough', 'students', 'quite', 'young', 'program', 'having', 'admitted', 'first', 'cohort', 'first', 'accreditedin', 'first', 'university', 'toronto', 'quality', 'assuranceprocess', 'visit', 'march', 'first', 'cohort', 'ofstudents', 'began', 'their', 'internships', 'looking', 'forward', 'toour', 'first', 'dissertation', 'defenses', 'summer', 'taken', 'aschair', 'graduate', 'program', 'completednot', 'quite', 'already', 'incredibly', 'busychairing', 'young', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'program', 'milestonesto', 'prepare', 'every', 'single', 'expecting', 'pandemic', 'focal', 'first', 'first', 'after', 'covid', 'would', 'simply', 'withmy', 'computer', 'deluge', 'mails', 'andemergency', 'meetings', 'staying', 'developmentsunfolding', 'every', 'stressful', 'atthat', 'apprehensive', 'about', 'decisions', 'would', 'tomake', 'regarding', 'graduate', 'department', 'academic', 'continuityand', 'short', 'repercussions', 'those', 'decisions', 'forsafety', 'training', 'concerned', 'would', 'tomodify', 'program', 'before', 'first', 'cohort', 'graduated', 'andapplied', 'licensure', 'people', 'aremodifying', 'experiment', 'before', 'results', 'after', 'weeks', 'marked', 'constant', 'influx', 'information', 'start', 'thinking', 'proactively', 'about', 'program', 'informed', 'guidance', 'university', 'toronto', 'school', 'ofgraduate', 'studies', 'guidelines', 'letters', 'jointstatements', 'professional', 'psychology', 'training', 'bodies', 'association', 'psychology', 'postdoctoral', 'internship', 'centers', '2020b', 'ccppp', '2020a', 'ccppp', 'acpro', '2020a', '2020c', 'passed', 'events', 'choice', 'toact', 'adjusted', 'normal', 'making', 'decision', 'after', 'gained', 'confidence', 'abilities', 'thankful', 'thesupport', 'guidance', 'received', 'professional', 'trainingcommunity', 'especially', 'grateful', 'openness', 'patience', 'support', 'students', 'staff', 'faculty', 'below', 'describemy', 'efforts', 'provide', 'academic', 'continuity', 'program', 'thedecisions', 'regarding', 'program', 'mitigating', 'student', 'stress', 'program', 'acknowl', 'edged', 'during', 'covid', 'central', 'priority', 'provide', 'thebest', 'possible', 'academic', 'environment', 'students', 'while', 'ensur', 'safety', 'students', 'staff', 'faculty', 'program', 'wealso', 'recognise', 'students', 'experienced', 'different', 'levels', 'ofdisruption', 'minimal', 'fundamental', 'their', 'personal', 'andprofessional', 'lives', 'program', 'cultivating', 'community', 'ofcaring', 'consistent', 'philosophy', 'university', 'toronto', 'sschool', 'graduate', 'studies', 'where', 'demonstrate', 'flexibility', 'andcompassion', 'interactions', 'students', 'started', 'holdmonthly', 'halls', 'students', 'apprised', 'restart', 'recov', 'initiatives', 'elicit', 'their', 'feedback', 'program', 'andany', 'unique', 'stressors', 'experiencing', 'additionally', 'anextra', 'packet', 'money', 'became', 'available', 'result', 'reducedtraining', 'costs', 'given', 'disruption', 'students', 'professional', 'activ', 'ities', 'reallocated', 'money', 'students', 'granting', 'spend', 'online', 'courses', 'books', 'other', 'activities', 'program', 'decisions', 'institutional', 'support', 'school', 'graduate', 'studies', 'theuniversity', 'toronto', 'scarborough', 'provided', 'emergency', 'bursariesto', 'support', 'graduate', 'students', 'facing', 'financial', 'difficulty', 'directconsequence', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'school', 'graduatestudies', 'provided', 'covid', 'mentorship', 'forms', 'studentsand', 'supervisors', 'submit', 'program', 'chronicle', 'disrup', 'experienced', 'different', 'areas', 'graduate', 'training', 'thisinformation', 'deans', 'faculty', 'theschool', 'graduate', 'studies', 'could', 'assess', 'level', 'ofdisruption', 'students', 'training', 'develop', 'procedures', 'toaddress', 'school', 'graduate', 'studies', 'other', 'divisions', 'atthe', 'university', 'toronto', 'continued', 'reducetuition', 'costs', 'students', 'forced', 'extend', 'their', 'timelines', 'toprovide', 'pivot', 'funding', 'students', 'radically', 'change', 'theirresearch', 'focus', 'unprecedented', 'disruption', 'alsofortunate', 'belong', 'university', 'toronto', 'council', 'healthsciences', 'working', 'group', 'curriculum', 'licensing', 'alterna', 'tives', 'which', 'meets', 'weekly', 'discuss', 'issues', 'facing', 'professionaltraining', 'programs', 'health', 'sciences', 'share', 'information', 'andtools', 'participate', 'developing', 'policies', 'regarding', 'thereentry', 'learners', 'hospitals', 'community', 'training', 'sites', 'ihave', 'grateful', 'opportunity', 'participate', 'andbenefit', 'collective', 'decision', 'making', 'course', 'continuity', 'priorities', 'ensure', 'ourprogram', 'could', 'mount', 'courses', 'online', 'graduate', 'studentscould', 'complete', 'final', 'three', 'weeks', 'their', 'winter', 'semester', 'iasked', 'instructors', 'complete', 'describe', 'thedisruption', 'experienced', 'their', 'classes', 'modificationsthey', 'addition', 'ensure', 'transparency', 'equitable', 'cesses', 'students', 'course', 'instructors', 'required', 'discuss', 'anymodifications', 'course', 'syllabi', 'students', 'given', 'opportu', 'these', 'changes', 'planning', 'offer', 'ourfall', 'semester', 'courses', 'online', 'planning', 'semesterpresents', 'stark', 'contrast', 'sudden', 'transition', 'undertaken', 'thefinal', 'weeks', 'winter', 'semester', 'because', 'saving', 'threeweeks', 'semester', 'considerably', 'different', 'undertaking', 'thanlaunching', 'curriculum', 'fully', 'online', 'outset', 'inaddition', 'program', 'think', 'through', 'launchonline', 'adaptations', 'experiential', 'courses', 'cognitive', 'assess', 'fortunate', 'benefit', 'sharing', 'experiences', 'andresources', 'through', 'various', 'professional', 'training', 'programs', 'ganisations', 'research', 'continuity', 'research', 'labouratories', 'closed', 'search', 'continuity', 'great', 'concern', 'andattention', 'university', 'unified', 'wanting', 'students', 'research', 'progress', 'suffer', 'little', 'necessary', 'weekafter', 'research', 'closed', 'instituted', 'process', 'program', 'toallow', 'students', 'changes', 'their', 'proposed', 'master', 'thesesand', 'doctoral', 'dissertations', 'proposals', 'often', 'tract', 'between', 'students', 'their', 'supervisory', 'committee', 'couraged', 'students', 'shift', 'their', 'research', 'online', 'venues', 'reducesample', 'sizes', 'forth', 'approval', 'their', 'supervisorycommittee', 'graduate', 'chair', 'ensure', 'procedural', 'consistencyand', 'fairness', 'across', 'students', 'supervisors', 'committees', 'studentsthen', 'completed', 'academic', 'continuity', 'describe', 'thisconsultation', 'process', 'resulting', 'changes', 'their', 'proposals', 'goghari', 'hagstrom', 'madon', 'messer', 'engeland', 'documentation', 'forms', 'their', 'supersedestheir', 'previously', 'defended', 'proposal', 'intend', 'ofpivot', 'funding', 'research', 'available', 'through', 'tuitionwaivers', 'through', 'school', 'graduate', 'studies', 'additionally', 'theuniversity', 'allowing', 'fully', 'remote', 'dissertation', 'defenses', 'though', 'program', 'disappointed', 'unable', 'thesedefenses', 'person', 'celebrate', 'foremost', 'milestone', 'withour', 'first', 'cohort', 'students', 'nonetheless', 'grateful', 'ourstudents', 'graduate', 'clinical', 'continuity', 'clinical', 'practicum', 'equallyimportant', 'focus', 'program', 'person', 'practicum', 'arecurrently', 'paused', 'greater', 'toronto', 'until', 'early', 'witha', 'limited', 'number', 'placements', 'having', 'implemented', 'telehealth', 'early', 'pandemic', 'checked', 'students', 'theirvarious', 'sites', 'confirm', 'engaging', 'personpracticum', 'experience', 'addition', 'program', 'contract', 'withthe', 'centre', 'addiction', 'mental', 'health', 'provideour', 'students', 'summer', 'clinical', 'experience', 'which', 'dents', 'primary', 'assessment', 'experience', 'their', 'second', 'master', 'syear', 'unfortunately', 'experience', 'cancelled', 'because', 'ofcovid', 'demands', 'clinics', 'supervisors', 'becauseour', 'program', 'views', 'master', 'doctoral', 'degrees', 'single', 'integrated', 'training', 'experience', 'students', 'makeup', 'missed', 'assessment', 'experience', 'through', 'other', 'practicumexperiences', 'course', 'their', 'however', 'summer', 'clinical', 'experience', 'meant', 'thatour', 'master', 'students', 'fulfilling', 'their', 'degree', 'requirements', 'receive', 'course', 'credit', 'their', 'assessment', 'practicum', 'sincewe', 'equivalent', 'experience', 'offer', 'students', 'applied', 'standard', 'reduction', 'program', 'requirement', 'allow', 'change', 'master', 'requirements', 'accordingly', 'dents', 'could', 'their', 'master', 'degree', 'without', 'interruption', 'beconsistent', 'their', 'original', 'covid', 'timelines', 'keepingwith', 'covid', 'guidelines', 'provided', 'several', 'training', 'ccppp', '2020a', '2020c', 'typically', 'ofexception', 'rarely', 'granted', 'context', 'covid', 'goodalternatives', 'unfortunately', 'often', 'lacking', 'doctoral', 'internships', 'already', 'underway', 'march2020', 'checked', 'doctoral', 'level', 'students', 'their', 'internshiptraining', 'directors', 'assess', 'risks', 'these', 'placements', 'fortu', 'nately', 'students', 'sites', 'reported', 'major', 'disrup', 'tions', 'internship', 'training', 'raise', 'concerns', 'would', 'beunable', 'fulfill', 'minimum', 'requirements', 'their', 'intern', 'ships', 'students', 'applying', 'internships', 'coming', 'follow', 'practice', 'allowing', 'apply', 'based', 'onexpected', 'hours', 'accumulated', 'competencies', 'previously', 'devel', 'ccppp', 'program', 'particular', 'cohortof', 'students', 'group', 'exhibiting', 'highest', 'levels', 'anxiety', 'asfor', 'practicum', 'training', 'scheduledto', 'complete', 'summer', 'continue', 'disrupted', 'pandemic', 'encouraged', 'these', 'students', 'tomeet', 'early', 'apply', 'internships', 'wemay', 'review', 'their', 'training', 'assess', 'steps', 'realisticallytake', 'strengthen', 'their', 'applications', 'these', 'students', 'alsosubmit', 'internship', 'readiness', 'latest', 'summary', 'pandemic', 'profound', 'effect', 'ourtraining', 'program', 'terms', 'courses', 'research', 'clinical', 'train', 'utmost', 'importance', 'attempt', 'convey', 'humility', 'ourdecision', 'making', 'based', 'limited', 'information', 'lookingforward', 'uncertain', 'future', 'encourage', 'stakeholdersin', 'program', 'reach', 'questions', 'concerns', 'fortunately', 'despite', 'being', 'physically', 'distanced', 'another', 'maintain', 'actually', 'increase', 'sense', 'ofcommunity', 'instituting', 'frequent', 'conversations', 'betweenstudents', 'myself', 'their', 'graduate', 'chair', 'further', 'ensure', 'thatstudents', 'program', 'activities', 'continu', 'offer', 'usual', 'programming', 'albeit', 'remote', 'format', 'including', 'summer', 'celebration', 'student', 'welcome', 'orienta', 'addition', 'pandemic', 'provided', 'opportunities', 'forour', 'program', 'discuss', 'privilege', 'equity', 'professional', 'chology', 'training', 'lives', 'engage', 'collectivedecision', 'making', 'learn', 'experiences', 'other', 'programsand', 'training', 'partners', 'personally', 'found', 'pandemic', 'hasmade', 'individuals', 'program', 'kinder', 'patient', 'knowof', 'occasions', 'individual', 'students', 'faculty', 'havereached', 'another', 'myself', 'check', 'offersupport', 'relay', 'gratitude', 'example', 'hagstrom', 'northern', 'ontariopsychology', 'internship', 'consortiumtraining', 'challenges', 'opportunities', 'northern', 'ontario', 'provide', 'context', 'experience', 'norpic', 'admitted', 'itsfirst', 'intern', 'internship', 'program', 'first', 'devel', 'associate', 'director', 'sites', 'itook', 'consortium', 'director', 'training', 'thenext', 'years', 'proceeded', 'internship', 'toward', 'bership', 'ccppp', 'appic', 'eventually', 'towardobtaining', 'accreditation', 'visit', 'takingplace', 'awarded', 'ourfirst', 'accreditation', 'cycle', 'norpic', 'located', 'northwestern', 'ontario', 'fourstudents', 'training', 'different', 'organisations', 'during', 'student', 'placed', 'sioux', 'lookout', 'ontario', 'withinthe', 'sioux', 'lookout', 'first', 'nations', 'health', 'authority', 'isworking', 'dilico', 'anishinabek', 'family', 'ontario', 'regular', 'weekly', 'travel', 'scheduled', 'thesurrounding', 'first', 'nations', 'communities', 'these', 'students', 'health', 'other', 'virtual', 'delivery', 'already', 'standard', 'practicedue', 'large', 'geographical', 'organisations', 'serve', 'students', 'training', 'these', 'locations', 'therefore', 'easily', 'ableto', 'virtual', 'service', 'delivery', 'primary', 'method', 'withfew', 'challenges', 'consequently', 'example', 'below', 'focuses', 'onour', 'other', 'students', 'internship', 'experiences', 'hospital', 'andoutpatient', 'settings', 'these', 'positions', 'within', 'acute', 'pital', 'settings', 'community', 'clinic', 'outpatient', 'settings', 'thunderbay', 'prior', 'covid', 'neither', 'student', 'utilizing', 'technologyto', 'provide', 'these', 'settings', 'institutional', 'support', 'organisation', 'consor', 'employer', 'interns', 'joseph', 'group', 'hasstayed', 'ahead', 'curve', 'covid', 'safety', 'measures', 'andprecautions', 'march', 'almost', 'before', 'govern', 'ontario', 'implemented', 'province', 'emergency', 'orders', 'allst', 'joseph', 'group', 'employees', 'strongly', 'discouragedfrom', 'travelling', 'either', 'personal', 'reasons', 'choseto', 'continue', 'doing', 'required', 'isolate', 'daysupon', 'their', 'return', 'minimise', 'transmitting', 'covid', 'travel', 'northwestern', 'ontario', 'reported', 'allcovid', 'learnings', 'psychology', 'training', '179work', 'related', 'travel', 'activities', 'cancelled', 'physical', 'distanc', 'measures', 'implemented', 'immediately', 'screening', 'tions', 'required', 'entry', 'health', 'carefacilities', 'thunder', 'april', 'staff', 'includingtrainees', 'completing', 'internships', 'restricted', 'working', 'onesite', 'preceding', 'provincial', 'order', 'practice', '12days', 'starting', 'april', 'required', 'surgicalmasks', 'workplace', 'first', 'cases', 'covid', 'regionwere', 'announced', 'until', 'third', 'march', 'ofwriting', 'article', 'region', 'experienced', 'death', 'andfewer', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'hospital', 'outpatient', 'clinic', 'settings', 'within', 'group', 'thunder', 'regional', 'health', 'sciencescentre', 'implemented', 'screening', 'staff', 'complete', 'andsubmit', 'before', 'entering', 'workplace', 'setting', 'flaggedany', 'staff', 'members', 'reported', 'symptoms', 'consistent', 'withcovid', 'staff', 'members', 'identified', 'subsequentlyrequired', 'undergo', 'follow', 'before', 'being', 'permitted', 'enter', 'theworkplace', 'continually', 'frequently', 'updatedas', 'medical', 'evidence', 'suggested', 'protocols', 'publichealth', 'departments', 'changed', 'students', 'basedin', 'hospital', 'acute', 'settings', 'using', 'clinical', 'training', 'continuity', 'fortunate', 'circumstance', 'forour', 'students', 'completing', 'internships', 'thunder', 'thatmid', 'march', 'already', 'scheduled', 'toswitch', 'organisations', 'reduction', 'direct', 'service', 'hoursduring', 'couple', 'weeks', 'transition', 'already', 'built', 'ourschedule', 'allow', 'complete', 'their', 'client', 'service', 'oneorganisation', 'begin', 'rotation', 'march', 'thetime', 'students', 'transitioned', 'their', 'organisations', 'servicehad', 'already', 'operating', 'virtually', 'outpatient', 'clinics', 'theywere', 'start', 'their', 'clients', 'virtually', 'anddistancing', 'processes', 'already', 'established', 'inpatientsetting', 'staff', 'student', 'interns', 'asked', 'transition', 'andservice', 'delivery', 'adhere', 'physical', 'distancing', 'requirements', 'andnone', 'students', 'outpatient', 'settings', 'providing', 'personcare', 'march', 'onward', 'student', 'working', 'inpatientsetting', 'given', 'option', 'either', 'transition', 'completely', 'anoutpatient', 'setting', 'offered', 'virtual', 'telehealth', 'tocontinue', 'offering', 'inpatient', 'person', 'service', 'using', 'appropriateppe', 'social', 'distancing', 'interacting', 'withclients', 'regard', 'considered', 'principle', 'students', 'needs', 'being', 'centre', 'decision', 'making', 'based', 'theccppp', 'guiding', 'principles', 'response', 'covid', 'ccppp', '2020a', 'student', 'charge', 'making', 'decisions', 'thatfelt', 'comfortable', 'unfortunately', 'healthrotation', 'programs', 'bariatrics', 'categorised', 'electiveservices', 'provincial', 'directives', 'start', 'pandemic', 'andthus', 'rotations', 'available', 'settings', 'though', 'theseexperiences', 'temporarily', 'resumingvirtually', 'virtual', 'options', 'norpic', 'purchasedmicrophone', 'enabled', 'cameras', 'residents', 'beenmade', 'available', 'student', 'interns', 'obtain', 'experience', 'supervision', 'continuity', 'consortium', 'program', 'composed', 'ofmultiple', 'organisations', 'central', 'agency', 'addressnumerous', 'organisational', 'challenges', 'ensuring', 'effective', 'communi', 'cation', 'between', 'organisations', 'supervisors', 'regardingthe', 'potential', 'disruptions', 'training', 'vitally', 'important', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'contacted', 'supervisors', 'andencouraged', 'contact', 'concerns', 'withrespect', 'internship', 'experiences', 'given', 'global', 'magnitude', 'ofthe', 'pandemic', 'impact', 'everyone', 'general', 'functioning', 'starting', 'march', 'checked', 'interns', 'morefrequently', 'replacing', 'monthly', 'group', 'meetings', 'terly', 'individual', 'meetings', 'weekly', 'individual', 'super', 'vision', 'internship', 'students', 'having', 'weekly', 'connectionwith', 'helpful', 'ensuring', 'ongoing', 'continuity', 'theirfour', 'hours', 'weekly', 'doctoral', 'supervision', 'during', 'pandemic', 'supervisors', 'themselves', 'potentially', 'experiencing', 'ruptions', 'their', 'schedules', 'ensured', 'program', 'wewere', 'considering', 'second', 'guiding', 'principle', 'ccpppstatement', 'ensure', 'ongoing', 'clear', 'transparent', 'communica', 'ccppp', '2020a', 'ongoing', 'connection', 'helpfulfor', 'tracking', 'monitoring', 'anticipated', 'disruptions', 'thetraining', 'schedule', 'professional', 'development', 'continuity', 'major', 'ofconcern', 'related', 'person', 'education', 'seminars', 'socialdistancing', 'measures', 'place', 'could', 'longer', 'smalltelehealth', 'which', 'accommodates', 'people', 'sociallydistancing', 'virtual', 'connection', 'options', 'education', 'seminars', 'wereexplored', 'hospitals', 'early', 'constraints', 'regard', 'usingvirtual', 'platforms', 'appeared', 'where', 'wouldstruggle', 'thankfully', 'innovative', 'partnership', 'localuniversity', 'graduate', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'training', 'programemerged', 'program', 'provided', 'meeting', 'links', 'oureducation', 'seminars', 'extended', 'invitation', 'their', 'clinical', 'training', 'students', 'attend', 'weekly', 'educationseminars', 'needed', 'changes', 'lineup', 'viduals', 'providing', 'seminars', 'based', 'their', 'comfort', 'levels', 'withtechnology', 'unfilled', 'wereable', 'because', 'seminars', 'beenscheduled', 'owing', 'annual', 'convention', 'which', 'cancelled', 'result', 'covid', 'worked', 'inthis', 'align', 'consortium', 'third', 'principle', 'theccppp', 'statement', 'programs', 'should', 'every', 'effort', 'tominimise', 'disruptions', 'students', 'training', 'ccppp', '2020a', 'summary', 'ability', 'weather', 'pandemic', 'related', 'disrup', 'tions', 'greatly', 'assisted', 'geographical', 'isolation', 'layed', 'spread', 'covid', 'region', 'lucky', 'happenstanceof', 'previously', 'scheduled', 'transition', 'happening', 'conjunction', 'withthe', 'outbreak', 'internship', 'director', '5days', 'dedicated', 'running', 'internship', 'stepsinclude', 'forging', 'ahead', 'planning', 'arrival', 'matchedinterns', 'entry', 'structure', 'beendeveloped', 'address', 'training', 'covid', 'remainunchanged', 'during', 'current', 'internship', 'ensure', 'clinical', 'experiences', 'education', 'supervision', 'continue', 'thestandard', 'expected', 'anticipate', 'circumstances', 'remain', 'thesame', 'challenges', 'arise', 'mandatory', 'dayself', 'isolation', 'required', 'entry', 'region', 'develop', 'orientation', 'platform', 'primarily', 'virtual', 'withscheduling', 'place', 'rotation', 'based', 'reading', 'professionaldevelopment', 'minimise', 'delays', 'commencing', 'internships', 'students', 'applying', 'norpic', 'entry', 'veryaware', 'potential', 'their', 'hours', 'disrupted', 'fewerdirect', 'hours', 'overall', 'reduced', 'breadth', 'experiences', 'willnot', 'penalize', 'applicants', 'goghari', 'hagstrom', 'madon', 'messer', 'engelexample', 'stewart', 'madon', 'registrar', 'ofaccreditation', 'canadian', 'psychological', 'associationthe', 'primary', 'function', 'accreditation', 'panel', 'uphold', 'standards', 'education', 'training', 'professionalpsychology', 'defined', 'accreditation', 'standards', 'exercisesjudgment', 'making', 'decisions', 'about', 'programs', 'applied', 'orreapplied', 'accreditation', 'three', 'primary', 'tions', 'registrar', 'accreditation', 'serve', 'advisor', 'tothe', 'panel', 'oversee', 'logistical', 'operations', 'associatedwith', 'accreditation', 'processes', 'liaise', 'other', 'national', 'andinternational', 'training', 'partners', 'regarding', 'training', 'accreditationmatters', 'professional', 'psychology', 'accreditation', 'standardsthemselves', 'though', 'partially', 'prescriptive', 'offer', 'programs', 'flexibil', 'meeting', 'indeed', 'panel', 'intend', 'grams', 'homogeneous', 'intend', 'manage', 'theday', 'operation', 'accredited', 'programs', 'rather', 'panelacknowledges', 'individual', 'programs', 'their', 'administrationare', 'significantly', 'better', 'suited', 'decisions', 'themselvesbased', 'local', 'needs', 'realities', 'their', 'faculty', 'students', 'provided', 'these', 'decisions', 'align', 'accreditation', 'dards', 'given', 'these', 'functions', 'registrar', 'panel', 'primary', 'cerns', 'during', 'pandemic', 'identify', 'providemechanisms', 'which', 'programs', 'could', 'continue', 'creditation', 'standards', 'adapt', 'panel', 'evaluative', 'functionin', 'response', 'restrictions', 'imposed', 'pandemic', 'thisend', 'panel', 'response', 'threefold', 'through', 'registrar', 'collaborating', 'other', 'training', 'stakeholders', 'ccppp', 'andacpro', 'coordinate', 'canadian', 'response', 'pandemic', 'including', 'allowing', 'flexibility', 'meeting', 'certain', 'accreditationstandards', 'cancelling', 'postponing', 'reaccreditation', 'visits', 'travel', 'restrictions', 'voting', 'grant', 'programs', 'affectedby', 'pandemic', 'automatic', 'extension', 'their', 'accredita', 'terms', 'ensure', 'program', 'accreditation', 'would', 'lapsebecause', 'inability', 'visit', 'within', 'their', 'scheduledreaccreditation', 'these', 'responses', 'panel', 'considered', 'intern', 'plays', 'establishing', 'competence', 'although', 'completing', 'aninternship', 'considered', 'capstone', 'culminating', 'activityof', 'professional', 'psychology', 'doctorate', 'degree', 'discussion', 'withtraining', 'partners', 'including', 'regulators', 'panel', 'considerthe', 'preinternship', 'practicum', 'training', 'determining', 'petence', 'professional', 'domains', 'ethics', 'assessment', 'andintervention', 'primary', 'function', 'these', 'training', 'experienceshad', 'typically', 'envisioned', 'preparing', 'students', 'apply', 'forinternships', 'pandemic', 'allowed', 'considered', 'astraining', 'toward', 'prelicensing', 'competency', 'benchmarks', 'another', 'factor', 'panel', 'considered', 'technologyin', 'teaching', 'training', 'quality', 'assurance', 'noted', 'above', 'manyprograms', 'blended', 'online', 'coursedelivery', 'methods', 'students', 'completing', 'practicum', 'internshipshave', 'trained', 'telehealth', 'methods', 'where', 'methodsare', 'accessible', 'appropriate', 'given', 'uncertainty', 'surroundinginstitutional', 'reopenings', 'following', 'pandemic', 'panel', 'mightalso', 'consider', 'technology', 'evaluationprocesses', 'virtual', 'reaccreditation', 'visits', 'registrarand', 'panel', 'working', 'responsive', 'ongoing', 'develop', 'ments', 'frequent', 'changes', 'multiple', 'needs', 'stake', 'holders', 'overall', 'although', 'pandemic', 'continues', 'asignificant', 'impact', 'training', 'panel', 'function', 'remains', 'thesame', 'ensuring', 'quality', 'professional', 'psychology', 'training', 'incanada', 'through', 'upholding', 'accreditation', 'standards', 'anisms', 'processes', 'which', 'panel', 'accomplishes', 'mayneed', 'modified', 'further', 'coming', 'months', 'years', 'tomaintain', 'continuity', 'function', 'example', 'karen', 'messer', 'engel', 'saskatchewancollege', 'psychologistschallenges', 'regulatory', 'licensure', 'manyof', 'regulatory', 'colleagues', 'canada', 'first', 'practitioner', 'itrained', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'years', 'toremember', 'worked', 'mental', 'health', 'years', 'ijoined', 'saskatchewan', 'college', 'psychologists', 'almost', 'yearsago', 'deputy', 'registrar', 'later', 'assumed', 'current', 'thecollege', 'years', 'joined', 'staff', 'member', 'incredibly', 'challenging', 'interesting', 'still', 'struck', 'prominently', 'first', 'joined', 'ulatory', 'world', 'regulation', 'about', 'asmembers', 'regulating', 'profession', 'needto', 'together', 'ensure', 'profession', 'psychology', 'isethical', 'competent', 'group', 'which', 'proud', 'bepart', 'since', 'learned', 'although', 'responsibilityas', 'regulator', 'protect', 'public', 'interest', 'responsibility', 'isnot', 'antithetical', 'supporting', 'profession', 'meeting', 'respon', 'sibilities', 'ethics', 'competence', 'normal', 'created', 'pandemic', 'presented', 'nificant', 'challenges', 'college', 'regulatory', 'difficulteven', 'remember', 'normal', 'began', 'seems', 'asthough', 'going', 'forever', 'members', 'profes', 'understandably', 'questions', 'particular', 'havequestions', 'about', 'future', 'practice', 'expectations', 'appearshighly', 'unlikely', 'practice', 'return', 'yearat', 'future', 'members', 'profession', 'importantconcerns', 'ranging', 'unable', 'criminal', 'record', 'checkor', 'access', 'official', 'transcripts', 'agencies', 'shuttered', 'theiroperations', 'remote', 'internship', 'hours', 'shortenedbecause', 'program', 'close', 'pandemic', 'clared', 'these', 'important', 'issues', 'college', 'sympatheticto', 'additional', 'stress', 'pandemic', 'added', 'alreadystressful', 'process', 'applying', 'licensure', 'practicing', 'amember', 'regulated', 'health', 'profession', 'important', 'phasise', 'college', 'occur', 'within', 'confines', 'oflegislation', 'congruent', 'values', 'endeavour', 'berespectful', 'collaborative', 'responsive', 'accountable', 'legislation', 'governing', 'profession', 'saskatchewan', 'thepsychologists', 'requires', 'applicants', 'professionto', 'initially', 'licensed', 'provisional', 'members', 'until', 'havesuccessfully', 'requirements', 'independent', 'licensure', 'these', 'requirements', 'include', 'completing', 'asppb', '2020b', 'logging', 'supervised', 'practice', 'under', 'approvedsupervision', 'supervision', 'agreement', 'supervisor', 'pleting', 'competency', 'based', 'examination', 'interview', 'estab', 'lished', 'college', 'saskatchewan', 'college', 'psychologists', 'covid', 'learnings', 'psychology', 'training', '181the', 'college', 'understands', 'appreciates', 'after', 'yearsof', 'education', 'mounting', 'debts', 'resulting', 'education', 'learners', 'anxious', 'begin', 'their', 'professional', 'careers', 'alsounderstood', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'necessitated', 'changesin', 'practice', 'within', 'academia', 'applying', 'licensure', 'lengthyprocess', 'requires', 'submitting', 'multiple', 'documents', 'refer', 'ences', 'regulator', 'picture', 'possible', 'isapplying', 'their', 'suitability', 'licensure', 'applicants', 'being', 'required', 'submit', 'multiple', 'forms', 'documents', 'aspecific', 'format', 'frustrating', 'appears', 'excessive', 'theregulatory', 'perspective', 'however', 'information', 'essential', 'toensure', 'public', 'protection', 'negotiable', 'theapplication', 'process', 'college', 'requires', 'official', 'transcriptbe', 'directly', 'academic', 'institution', 'showing', 'theapplicant', 'awarded', 'graduate', 'degree', 'psychology', 'thecollege', 'anticipates', 'because', 'pandemic', 'applicantsmay', 'unable', 'submit', 'their', 'transcript', 'accompany', 'theirinitial', 'application', 'because', 'universities', 'shift', 'online', 'opera', 'tions', 'cases', 'having', 'fewer', 'administrative', 'staff', 'forming', 'although', 'ideal', 'cases', 'college', 'willconsider', 'initially', 'accepting', 'other', 'documentation', 'verify', 'thecredential', 'minimise', 'delays', 'application', 'process', 'modifi', 'cations', 'documentary', 'requirements', 'considered', 'acase', 'basis', 'impact', 'training', 'disruptions', 'licensure', 'anacpro', 'member', 'college', 'requires', 'applicants', 'licensure', 'tohave', 'completed', 'certain', 'academic', 'course', 'acquiredcore', 'practice', 'competencies', 'application', 'namely', 'thefk', 'requirements', 'mutual', 'recognition', 'agreement', 'practice', 'competencies', 'respectively', 'prior', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'considering', 'requirements', 'andmra', 'practice', 'competencies', 'college', 'accepted', 'theacademic', 'program', 'study', 'accredited', 'applicant', 'sdegree', 'awarded', 'requirements', 'corepractice', 'competencies', 'necessary', 'licensure', 'bydefinition', 'adaptations', 'academic', 'course', 'resultingimpacts', 'occurred', 'result', 'pandemic', 'importantthat', 'applicants', 'college', 'aware', 'these', 'changes', 'asverified', 'their', 'training', 'director', 'consistent', 'mandate', 'ofpublic', 'protection', 'college', 'consider', 'impact', 'ofany', 'significant', 'program', 'modifications', 'applicants', 'eligibility', 'forlicensure', 'applications', 'considered', 'their', 'merits', 'andwith', 'appreciation', 'current', 'reality', 'nonac', 'credited', 'programs', 'master', 'level', 'training', 'modified', 'accredited', 'program', 'which', 'requirements', 'fullymet', 'college', 'consider', 'allowing', 'applicant', 'obtain', 'thenecessary', 'course', 'prior', 'being', 'accepted', 'licensure', 'legislation', 'governing', 'licensure', 'contains', 'provision', 'allow', 'registration', 'committee', 'college', 'itappropriate', 'waive', 'logged', 'supervised', 'practice', 'foronly', 'those', 'applicants', 'successfully', 'completed', 'accredited', 'predoctoral', 'internship', 'provisional', 'licensees', 'still', 'mustbe', 'under', 'direct', 'supervision', 'until', 'awarded', 'anindependent', 'license', 'practice', 'required', 'submitpractice', 'midpoint', 'endpoint', 'theirsupervisor', 'required', 'submit', 'midpoint', 'endpointevaluations', 'applicant', 'request', 'consideration', 'andmust', 'provide', 'documentary', 'evidence', 'their', 'internship', 'regard', 'accreditation', 'practice', 'hours', 'logged', 'supervision', 'received', 'activities', 'undertaken', 'overall', 'evaluation', 'applicant', 'scompetency', 'decision', 'waive', 'requirements', 'resides', 'theregistration', 'committee', 'appeal', 'should', 'applicant', 'internship', 'truncated', 'mannerdue', 'pandemic', 'deemed', 'their', 'programto', 'passed', 'their', 'internship', 'within', 'registration', 'mittee', 'authority', 'accept', 'either', 'portion', 'hours', 'ofthe', 'hours', 'waive', 'portion', 'supervisedpractice', 'requirement', 'conversely', 'depending', 'number', 'ofhours', 'successfully', 'logged', 'minimum', 'hours', 'thedecision', 'could', 'waive', 'entire', 'requirementeven', 'internship', 'fully', 'completed', 'according', 'thetraining', 'program', 'college', 'approach', 'always', 'involved', 'being', 'reasonableand', 'flexible', 'dealing', 'challenging', 'situations', 'whereappropriate', 'where', 'permitted', 'legislative', 'authority', 'thing', 'pandemic', 'definitely', 'presenting', 'andchallenging', 'situations', 'predict', 'certainty', 'theimpacts', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'students', 'applicants', 'licensees', 'confidently', 'thatthe', 'psychology', 'regulatory', 'community', 'continue', 'exhibitfairness', 'transparency', 'decisions', 'regarding', 'licensure', 'andregulation', 'opportunities', 'learned', 'canwe', 'build', 'robust', 'profession', 'manage', 'personal', 'lives', 'byroutines', 'although', 'training', 'pathway', 'learner', 'autono', 'practitioner', 'complex', 'training', 'partners', 'rarely', 'dwellon', 'details', 'pathway', 'itself', 'disruption', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'provided', 'opportunity', 'tofocus', 'greater', 'attention', 'pathway', 'explore', 'areas', 'wherechange', 'beneficial', 'required', 'anticipate', 'profes', 'sional', 'psychology', 'training', 'ultimately', 'benefit', 'inten', 'collaborative', 'rethinking', 'processes', 'emerged', 'inresponse', 'structural', 'logistical', 'challenges', 'posed', 'bycovid', 'first', 'necessary', 'shift', 'education', 'health', 'created', 'opportunities', 'provide', 'education', 'psycho', 'logical', 'services', 'broader', 'inclusive', 'manner', 'second', 'thecoordination', 'required', 'navigate', 'difficult', 'period', 'worldhistory', 'highlighted', 'training', 'partners', 'interconnectivityand', 'interdependence', 'academic', 'institutions', 'internship', 'programs', 'accreditation', 'regulatory', 'bodies', 'resulted', 'essary', 'important', 'conversations', 'between', 'these', 'groups', 'thepandemic', 'caused', 'bring', 'focus', 'attention', 'tothe', 'specific', 'goals', 'objectives', 'training', 'achievethese', 'short', 'disruption', 'caused', 'pandemic', 'seems', 'beresulting', 'change', 'fundamental', 'nature', 'training', 'itself', 'education', 'telehealtha', 'positive', 'effect', 'being', 'thrust', 'world', 'virtualtechnology', 'virtual', 'platforms', 'increased', 'opportunity', 'thesetools', 'offer', 'providing', 'services', 'trainees', 'clients', 'adirect', 'result', 'pandemic', 'students', 'typically', 'haveaccess', 'telehealth', 'experiences', 'within', 'their', 'practicum', 'intern', 'ships', 'prior', 'pandemic', 'chance', 'learn', 'newmodality', 'offering', 'psychological', 'services', 'profession', 'has182', 'goghari', 'hagstrom', 'madon', 'messer', 'engelalso', 'challenged', 'reimagine', 'training', 'delivery', 'thenext', 'months', 'technology', 'enabled', 'methods', 'forteaching', 'students', 'clinical', 'technology', 'enabled', 'training', 'reality', 'critical', 'ensure', 'studentshave', 'access', 'practicum', 'placements', 'consider', 'practicalexperience', 'offered', 'proliferation', 'virtual', 'telehealthoptions', 'service', 'provision', 'possible', 'dents', 'access', 'practicum', 'experiences', 'variety', 'sites', 'toaugment', 'their', 'person', 'training', 'development', 'would', 'allowfor', 'greater', 'equity', 'access', 'training', 'sites', 'differentpopulations', 'clients', 'students', 'present', 'service', 'delivery', 'methods', 'represent', 'significant', 'depar', 'common', 'modalities', 'prior', 'pandemic', 'profession', 'cautious', 'about', 'embracingthings', 'unfamiliar', 'especially', 'relation', 'principles', 'ofprivacy', 'confidentiality', 'cornerstones', 'profession', 'concern', 'about', 'unfamiliar', 'impact', 'those', 'ciples', 'therefore', 'surprising', 'historically', 'numbersof', 'practitioners', 'provided', 'technology', 'aided', 'service', 'delivery', 'hagstrom', 'maranzan', 'moreover', 'thetime', 'evaluate', 'critically', 'which', 'technology', 'beable', 'support', 'augment', 'training', 'service', 'provision', 'recent', 'survey', 'canadian', 'academic', 'internship', 'programsrevealed', 'limited', 'uptake', 'integration', 'technology', 'profes', 'sional', 'psychology', 'training', 'service', 'delivery', 'hagstrom', 'maranzan', 'survey', 'conducted', 'today', 'results', 'likely', 'would', 'reveal', 'greater', 'technology', 'andinnovation', 'shift', 'likely', 'attributable', 'large', 'theworldwide', 'experience', 'covid', 'played', 'ofour', 'settings', 'clinics', 'which', 'propelled', 'forward', 'asignificant', 'unified', 'technology', 'faced', 'limitedoptions', 'compelled', 'embrace', 'discomfort', 'technological', 'innovations', 'practice', 'appreciate', 'plexity', 'adaptations', 'asked', 'clients', 'trainees', 'areas', 'practice', 'typically', 'viewed', 'amenableto', 'telehealth', 'education', 'neuropsychology', 'nowthe', 'subject', 'discussion', 'about', 'offer', 'training', 'servicesthrough', 'virtual', 'formats', 'historically', 'training', 'associations', 'accreditation', 'bodies', 'haverelied', 'evaluation', 'discretion', 'training', 'programs', 'garding', 'education', 'telehealth', 'training', 'andhow', 'these', 'methods', 'translate', 'development', 'competenciesthat', 'professional', 'psychologists', 'require', 'jurisdictions', 'differ', 'interms', 'accepting', 'distance', 'education', 'licensure', 'widespread', 'technology', 'presents', 'opportunity', 'theprofession', 'examine', 'issue', 'scientific', 'rigour', 'informbest', 'practices', 'finally', 'present', 'moment', 'provides', 'opportunity', 'torethink', 'training', 'programs', 'structure', 'routine', 'offerings', 'national', 'level', 'academic', 'internship', 'training', 'communitycould', 'explore', 'feasibility', 'offering', 'virtual', 'professional', 'devel', 'opment', 'seminars', 'relevant', 'training', 'needs', 'canadianstudents', 'possible', 'would', 'promote', 'greater', 'equity', 'andstandardization', 'training', 'opportunities', 'similarly', 'conferencesand', 'other', 'discipline', 'meetings', 'could', 'offered', 'virtualand', 'person', 'formats', 'increase', 'access', 'program', 'offerings', 'reducing', 'geographical', 'inequities', 'experienced', 'attendeesliving', 'rural', 'isolated', 'locations', 'building', 'interconnected', 'training', 'communitythe', 'pandemic', 'positive', 'outcome', 'namely', 'ithas', 'highlighted', 'interconnectedness', 'different', 'training', 'underlined', 'enhanced', 'collaboration', 'andcooperation', 'between', 'organisations', 'noted', 'earlier', 'review', 'training', 'advocacy', 'educational', 'regulatory', 'groupshave', 'issued', 'individual', 'joint', 'statements', 'about', 'coming', 'togetherto', 'address', 'common', 'issues', 'provide', 'guidance', 'community', 'clarify', 'their', 'practices', 'pandemic', 'particularly', 'challenged', 'regulators', 'worktogether', 'reduce', 'jurisdictional', 'differences', 'where', 'possible', 'itcontinues', 'challenge', 'capitalize', 'gains', 'consensusthat', 'resulted', 'address', 'theimpacts', 'pandemic', 'going', 'forward', 'regulators', 'firmed', 'their', 'commitment', 'mandate', 'public', 'protection', 'andto', 'working', 'transparent', 'manner', 'their', 'regulatorywork', 'profession', 'regional', 'cross', 'disciplinary', 'partnerships', 'relationshipshave', 'forged', 'canadian', 'neuropsychology', 'covidcollaboration', 'forum', 'established', 'consists', 'than100', 'neuropsychologists', 'academia', 'hospitals', 'schools', 'practices', 'training', 'directors', 'brought', 'togetherthrough', 'ccppp', 'through', 'greater', 'resource', 'sharing', 'throughan', 'enhanced', 'level', 'assessing', 'programs', 'functioning', 'amidthe', 'pandemic', 'college', 'psychologists', 'ontario', 'alsobrought', 'academic', 'internship', 'training', 'directors', 'together', 'foryears', 'recently', 'there', 'frequentlyto', 'benefit', 'collective', 'decision', 'making', 'resource', 'sharing', 'andunderstanding', 'actions', 'other', 'programs', 'taking', 'ethical', 'decision', 'making', 'aspirationalprinciples', 'actionthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'occasioned', 'thorough', 'investiga', 'training', 'community', 'priorities', 'because', 'differenttraining', 'partners', 'associations', 'their', 'respective', 'prioritiescarry', 'weight', 'decision', 'making', 'ample', 'opportunityto', 'ethical', 'decision', 'making', 'principles', 'action', 'havediscovered', 'different', 'groups', 'necessarily', 'prioritize', 'differentstakeholders', 'regulatory', 'accreditation', 'bodies', 'primarily', 'prior', 'itize', 'protection', 'public', 'regulation', 'accreditation', 'andstudents', 'accreditation', 'achieved', 'establishing', 'standardsfor', 'training', 'accreditation', 'accreditation', 'bodies', 'licensureof', 'individuals', 'regulators', 'oversight', 'practice', 'regulators', 'academic', 'programs', 'internships', 'prioritizethe', 'public', 'their', 'learners', 'vulnerable', 'within', 'boththe', 'university', 'hospital', 'settings', 'interestingly', 'students', 'still', 'inresidence', 'their', 'university', 'quite', 'different', 'experiencesduring', 'pandemic', 'compared', 'those', 'students', 'completingtheir', 'internships', 'example', 'students', 'still', 'residence', 'theirprograms', 'university', 'courses', 'moved', 'online', 'delivery', 'andpracticum', 'paused', 'moved', 'virtual', 'formats', 'theearly', 'months', 'contrast', 'students', 'whose', 'internships', 'werealready', 'progress', 'continued', 'provide', 'services', 'often', 'inperson', 'hospitals', 'prioritize', 'needs', 'their', 'clients', 'thushave', 'focus', 'provide', 'practicum', 'andinternship', 'training', 'students', 'often', 'these', 'studentsmay', 'continue', 'clients', 'service', 'needs', 'lastly', 'covid', 'learnings', 'psychology', 'training', '183all', 'organisations', 'financial', 'needs', 'often', 'dictate', 'natureof', 'support', 'available', 'various', 'stakeholders', 'response', 'tothe', 'challenge', 'posed', 'pandemic', 'meeting', 'these', 'needs', 'hasresulted', 'students', 'being', 'redeployed', 'unrelated', 'totheir', 'original', 'internship', 'placement', 'pivoting', 'ofresearch', 'corresponding', 'tuition', 'support', 'graduate', 'students', 'offer', 'following', 'aspirational', 'principles', 'decision', 'makingbased', 'experiences', 'learnings', 'aspirational', 'principles', 'guiding', 'decision', 'makingcommunity', 'focus', 'important', 'principle', 'during', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'making', 'decisions', 'focus', 'safetyof', 'members', 'community', 'including', 'reopening', 'oftraining', 'sites', 'learners', 'manner', 'forthe', 'public', 'serve', 'additionally', 'adapt', 'trainingprogram', 'procedures', 'regulatory', 'practices', 'address', 'lenges', 'presented', 'pandemic', 'maintain', 'standard', 'oftraining', 'continues', 'public', 'interest', 'furthermore', 'longer', 'training', 'programs', 'continue', 'erate', 'virtual', 'platforms', 'important', 'ensure', 'thatwe', 'retain', 'sense', 'community', 'solidarity', 'within', 'grams', 'bigger', 'picture', 'question', 'training', 'programs', 'consideris', 'build', 'camaraderie', 'between', 'students', 'within', 'acohort', 'program', 'among', 'members', 'incom', 'cohort', 'suggest', 'important', 'wherever', 'possible', 'tostrive', 'continue', 'offer', 'programming', 'including', 'welcomes', 'orientations', 'albeit', 'remote', 'format', 'student', 'centred', 'approach', 'wesuggest', 'student', 'centred', 'approach', 'essential', 'academicand', 'internship', 'programs', 'parties', 'academic', 'intern', 'training', 'programs', 'affected', 'pandemic', 'students', 'group', 'vulnerable', 'students', 'often', 'notengaged', 'decision', 'making', 'processes', 'frequently', 'keptinformed', 'about', 'these', 'processes', 'during', 'covid', 'providing', 'thebest', 'training', 'environment', 'possible', 'students', 'while', 'ensuringtheir', 'safety', 'staff', 'faculty', 'clients', 'acentral', 'priority', 'recognise', 'students', 'personal', 'andprofessional', 'lives', 'disrupted', 'levels', 'withsome', 'students', 'experiencing', 'profound', 'disruptions', 'requiregreater', 'flexibility', 'their', 'training', 'sites', 'equity', 'diversity', 'inclusion', 'unfortunately', 'mostvulnerable', 'individuals', 'often', 'affected', 'events', 'suchas', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'groups', 'historicallyunderrepresented', 'higher', 'education', 'racialized', 'studentsand', 'those', 'lower', 'socioeconomic', 'status', 'perna', 'jones', 'historically', 'experienced', 'worse', 'overall', 'health', 'outcomesduring', 'pandemics', 'relative', 'other', 'groups', 'green', 'nguyen', 'westheimer', 'layton', 'lowcock', 'rosella', 'foisy', 'mcgeer', 'crowcroft', 'moran', 'kubale', 'noppert', 'malosh', 'zelner', 'placzek', 'madoff', 'covid', '19data', 'united', 'states', 'reveals', 'overall', 'mortality', 'ratefor', 'black', 'americans', 'times', 'higher', 'forwhites', 'asians', 'times', 'higher', 'latinos', 'research', 'after', 'black', 'americans', 'indigenousamericans', 'widely', 'affected', 'group', 'canada', 'ontario', 'neighbourhoods', 'oculturally', 'diverse', 'higher', 'rates', 'covid', 'relateddeaths', 'compared', 'diverse', 'neighbourhoods', 'public', 'healthontario', 'moreover', 'research', 'literature', 'demonstratessimilar', 'systemic', 'differences', 'terms', 'demographic', 'variablesassociated', 'postsecondary', 'students', 'require', 'supplementalsupports', 'during', 'their', 'academic', 'experience', 'holistic', 'checking', 'museus', 'neville', 'summary', 'isimperative', 'training', 'community', 'knowledgeable', 'aboutracial', 'disparities', 'health', 'these', 'differentially', 'affectour', 'learners', 'communities', 'serve', 'mitigate', 'pandemic', 'negative', 'effect', 'onunderrepresented', 'groups', 'academic', 'internship', 'settings', 'tobuild', 'inclusive', 'environment', 'could', 'include', 'providingaccess', 'information', 'students', 'through', 'student', 'townhalls', 'offer', 'students', 'chance', 'questions', 'hearresponses', 'other', 'students', 'questions', 'rather', 'waiting', 'forstudents', 'approach', 'moreover', 'should', 'circulate', 'informa', 'students', 'should', 'specifically', 'opportunities', 'tomore', 'vulnerable', 'individuals', 'these', 'supports', 'themost', 'typically', 'apply', 'fundamentally', 'tounderstand', 'students', 'profoundly', 'affected', 'bythe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'their', 'professional', 'personal', 'livesand', 'additional', 'support', 'resources', 'flexibility', 'finally', 'continues', 'crucial', 'examine', 'discuss', 'issues', 'accessand', 'privilege', 'academia', 'compounded', 'system', 'ically', 'reduced', 'opportunities', 'underrepresented', 'groups', 'transparency', 'humility', 'would', 'suggest', 'keypriority', 'these', 'challenging', 'times', 'transparent', 'aspossible', 'disclosing', 'training', 'related', 'decisions', 'informa', 'informs', 'decision', 'making', 'although', 'information', 'aboutcovid', 'coming', 'rapidly', 'continuously', 'think', 'vital', 'communicate', 'regularly', 'stakeholders', 'about', 'itsimpacts', 'decisions', 'prompts', 'should', 'acknowledgewith', 'humility', 'decision', 'making', 'based', 'limited', 'infor', 'mation', 'looking', 'ahead', 'uncertain', 'future', 'summaryas', 'write', 'article', 'pandemic', 'effect', 'forthree', 'months', 'projections', 'suggest', 'covid', 'usfor', 'society', 'adjust', 'continuedpresence', 'present', 'picture', 'offer', 'snapshot', 'currentexperiences', 'learning', 'priorities', 'particular', 'stake', 'holders', 'affected', 'shift', 'pandemic', 'course', 'weunderstand', 'stakeholders', 'desire', 'clarity', 'immediatedecisions', 'actions', 'however', 'certain', 'decisions', 'untilmore', 'facts', 'known', 'regulatory', 'bodies', 'contend', 'withcertain', 'questions', 'regarding', 'assess', 'learner', 'profiles', 'affectedby', 'covid', 'cohorts', 'previously', 'mentioned', 'either', 'stillprogressing', 'through', 'training', 'pathway', 'begin', 'similarly', 'academic', 'institutions', 'uncertainties', 'universitieswill', 'clear', 'indication', 'their', 'finances', 'until', 'studentenrollment', 'numbers', 'known', 'further', 'longer', 'pandemiclasts', 'longer', 'their', 'revenue', 'generating', 'ancillary', 'services', 'beclosed', 'meanwhile', 'internship', 'settings', 'control', 'overbroader', 'hospital', 'policies', 'redeployment', 'learner', 'safety', 'thecpa', 'accreditation', 'panel', 'grapple', 'varyingchoices', 'programs', 'adapt', 'covid', 'their', 'vidual', 'contexts', 'within', 'scope', 'flexibility', 'guidanceprovided', 'these', 'choices', 'align', 'accredita', 'standards', 'goghari', 'hagstrom', 'madon', 'messer', 'engelat', 'fundamental', 'level', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'impact', 'ontraining', 'questions', 'about', 'flexibility', 'boundaries', 'inprofessional', 'psychology', 'training', 'beginning', 'modify', 'ourtraining', 'programs', 'practice', 'consensus', 'based', 'decision', 'making', 'inthe', 'training', 'community', 'understand', 'positiveand', 'negative', 'consequences', 'decisions', 'would', 'muchcomfort', 'regulatory', 'advocacy', 'educational', 'bodies', 'providedexact', 'boundaries', 'dictating', 'flexible', 'training', 'requirements', 'minimum', 'number', 'practicum', 'hours', 'internshiphours', 'students', 'require', 'graduate', 'practice', 'hours', 'ultimatelyneeded', 'become', 'licensed', 'regulatory', 'unfortunately', 'simple', 'decisions', 'consider', 'unique', 'contextsof', 'individuals', 'settings', 'although', 'these', 'questions', 'difficult', 'inthe', 'sincerely', 'believe', 'emerge', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'stronger', 'resilient', 'reflective', 'training', 'munity', 'proud', 'learners', 'handled', 'crisis', 'todate', 'adaptable', 'group', 'individuals', 'future', 'theprofession', 'confident', 'profession', 'hands', 'résuméla', 'déclaration', 'pandémie', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'touché', 'toute', 'société', 'effets', 'transfor', 'mationnels', 'précédent', 'formation', 'psychologie', 'profes', 'sionnelle', 'quelques', 'seulement', 'présente', 'étude', 'recueilleles', 'connaissances', 'dirigeants', 'trois', 'principaux', 'partenairesde', 'formation', 'canada', 'conseil', 'canadien', 'programmes', 'depsychologie', 'professionnelle', 'ccppp', 'groupe', 'agrément', 'lasociété', 'canadienne', 'psychologie', 'association', 'organisa', 'tions', 'canadiennes', 'réglementation', 'psychologie', 'aocrp', 'ainsi', 'rédacteur', 'canadian', 'psychology', 'nouspartageons', 'expériences', 'apprentissages', 'concernantl', 'effet', 'profond', 'covid', 'programmes', 'scolaires', 'lesstages', 'accréditation', 'fonctions', 'réglementaires', 'étude', 'parcours', 'formation', 'étudiant', 'psychologue', 'agréé', 'desprincipaux', 'organismes', 'éducatifs', 'défense', 'droits', 'régle', 'mentation', 'associés', 'formation', 'psychologie', 'canada', 'desdéfis', 'formation', 'pandémie', 'élaboration', 'cadrede', 'prise', 'décisions', 'contexte', 'canadien', 'pouvant', 'aider', 'atténuer', 'défis', 'principes', 'directeurs', 'ambitieux', 'enrésultent', 'prise', 'décisions', 'pendant', 'pandémie', 'desexemples', 'personnels', 'impact', 'pandémie', 'rôles', 'etnos', 'organisations', 'affiliées', 'pandémie', 'covid', 'aitposé', 'nombreux', 'défis', 'formation', 'professionnelle', 'aégalement', 'catalyseur', 'changement', 'profes', 'favorisant', 'expansion', 'pratiques', 'télééducation', 'detélésanté', 'pandémie', 'favorisé', 'meilleure', 'communication', 'ausein', 'communauté', 'formation', 'entière', 'prises', 'décisionéthiques', 'fondées', 'consensus', 'encouragés', 'définirnos', 'priorités', 'professionnelles', 'communauté', 'formation', 'enpsychologie', 'professionnelle', 'confrontée', 'problèmescomplexes', 'multiples', 'facettes', 'suite', 'pandémie', 'compte', 'espérons', 'sortir', 'pandémie', 'decovid', 'communauté', 'formation', 'professionnelleen', 'psychologie', 'résiliente', 'réfléchie', 'cohésive', 'psychologie', 'clinique', 'psychologie', 'counseling', 'cation', 'prestataires', 'services', 'santé', 'psychologie', 'psycholo', 'scolaire', 'paper']
['commentary', 'reflections', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'health', 'disparities', 'pediatricpsychologyjessica', 'valenzuela', 'crosby', 'androger', 'harrison', 'phd1college', 'psychology', 'southeastern', 'university', '2division', 'behavioral', 'medicine', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'cincinnati', 'children', 'hospital', 'medical', 'center', '3college', 'medicine', 'university', 'cincinnati', '4nemours', 'alfredi', 'dupont', 'hospital', 'children', '5sydney', 'kimmel', 'medical', 'college', 'thomas', 'jefferson', 'universityall', 'correspondence', 'concerning', 'article', 'should', 'addressed', 'crosby', 'division', 'behavioralmedicine', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'cincinnati', 'children', 'hospital', 'medical', 'center', 'burnet', 'avenue', 'cincinnati', '45229', 'crosby', 'cchmc', 'orgreceived', 'revisions', 'received', 'accepted', '2020abstractthe', 'covid', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'pandemic', 'significant', 'economic', 'social', 'tional', 'public', 'health', 'impact', 'united', 'states', 'disturbing', 'trend', 'black', 'indigenous', 'people', 'color', 'bipoc', 'disproportionately', 'contracting', 'coronavirus', 'dyingfrom', 'covid', 'objective', 'methods', 'pandemic', 'potential', 'entrench', 'magnify', 'exist', 'health', 'disparities', 'families', 'marginalized', 'across', 'multiple', 'demographic', 'intersections', 'asrace', 'ethnicity', 'class', 'immigration', 'status', 'especially', 'vulnerable', 'these', 'inequities', 'underscored', 'recent', 'murders', 'black', 'americans', 'police', 'resulting', 'spotlight', 'onracial', 'injustice', 'united', 'states', 'results', 'efforts', 'lessen', 'spread', 'virus', 'resultedin', 'changes', 'pediatric', 'primary', 'subspecialty', 'service', 'delivery', 'which', 'affect', 'access', 'forbipoc', 'communities', 'bipoc', 'trainees', 'including', 'those', 'caregiving', 'responsibilities', 'maybe', 'faced', 'barriers', 'resulting', 'delays', 'completion', 'their', 'training', 'further', 'clinical', 'community', 'based', 'translational', 'research', 'disrupted', 'heightened', 'safety', 'precautionsand', 'social', 'distancing', 'which', 'affect', 'bipoc', 'representation', 'research', 'downstream', 'conclusionin', 'roles', 'clinicians', 'supervisors', 'trainees', 'researchers', 'primary', 'subspecialty', 'careas', 'academia', 'pediatric', 'psychologists', 'ethical', 'responsibility', 'address', 'dispro', 'portionate', 'burden', 'pandemic', 'vulnerable', 'communities', 'allocate', 'andresources', 'ensuring', 'health', 'equity', 'aftermath', 'covid', 'words', 'clinical', 'economic', 'disadvantage', 'ethnicity', 'research', 'training', 'introductionthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'affecting', 'segments', 'oflife', 'united', 'states', 'economic', 'social', 'emotional', 'public', 'health', 'every', 'state', 'territory', 'hasexperienced', 'significant', 'numbers', 'cases', 'deathsdue', 'covid', 'disturbing', 'trend', 'persisted', 'asstates', 'report', 'illness', 'hospitalizations', 'anddeaths', 'covid', 'black', 'indigenous', 'orpeople', 'color', 'bipoc', 'disproportionately', 'tracting', 'coronavirus', 'dying', 'covid', 'centers', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention', 'disparate', 'impact', 'coronavirus', 'bipochas', 'linked', 'preexisting', 'inequities', 'includingpoorer', 'access', 'healthcare', 'employment', 'author', 'published', 'oxford', 'university', 'press', 'behalf', 'society', 'pediatric', 'psychology', 'rights', 'reserved', 'permissions', 'please', 'journals', 'permissions', '839journal', 'pediatric', 'psychology', '841doi', 'jpepsy', 'jsaa063advance', 'access', 'publication', 'august', '2020commentarydownloaded', 'https', 'academic', 'jpepsy', 'article', '5885276', 'guest', '2021increased', 'likelihood', 'living', 'crowded', 'spaces', 'representation', 'detention', 'correction', 'facilities', 'andmore', 'fortuna', 'noted', 'current', 'president', 'americanpsychological', 'association', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'occurring', 'middle', 'racism', 'demic', 'highlighting', 'psychological', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'traumatic', 'stress', 'disorders', 'physicalhealth', 'racism', 'consequently', 'bipoc', 'communi', 'struggling', 'manage', 'effects', 'covid', 'burden', 'racial', 'injustice', 'underscored', 'recent', 'murders', 'black', 'citizens', 'bypolice', 'nationwide', 'protests', 'against', 'injustice', 'andpolice', 'brutality', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'significantchanges', 'pediatric', 'primary', 'subspecialty', 'servicedelivery', 'including', 'ability', 'pediatric', 'psycholo', 'gists', 'remain', 'integrated', 'medical', 'settings', 'partof', 'efforts', 'flatten', 'curve', 'spread', 'ofinfections', 'pediatric', 'healthcare', 'providers', 'limitedin', 'office', 'visits', 'implemented', 'social', 'distancing', 'during', 'visits', 'migrated', 'digital', 'telehealthplatforms', 'visits', 'would', 'ordinarily', 'resultin', 'referral', 'handoff', 'psychology', 'although', 'using', 'these', 'platforms', 'provide', 'patientcare', 'holds', 'promise', 'increasing', 'access', 'under', 'served', 'there', 'evidence', 'problematic', 'inequityin', 'accessibility', 'acceptability', 'platforms', 'vulnerable', 'families', 'limited', 'access', 'ternet', 'service', 'compatible', 'devices', 'support', 'health', 'visits', 'families', 'young', 'children', 'nothave', 'caregiver', 'present', 'during', 'because', 'oftheir', 'status', 'income', 'essential', 'employees', 'retail', 'childcare', 'workers', 'medical', 'assistants', 'house', 'keepers', 'greater', 'exposure', 'coronavirus', 'families', 'marginalized', 'across', 'multiple', 'demographicintersections', 'ethnicity', 'class', 'gration', 'status', 'especially', 'vulnerable', 'english', 'speaking', 'families', 'unique', 'barriers', 'including', 'diffi', 'culty', 'accessing', 'instructions', 'virtual', 'limitedinterpreter', 'services', 'virtual', 'platforms', 'furthermore', 'preliminary', 'research', 'bipoc', 'percep', 'tions', 'telehealth', 'services', 'suggests', 'black', 'patientsmay', 'experience', 'trust', 'services', 'where', 'provideris', 'physically', 'present', 'concerns', 'about', 'confidentiality', 'using', 'these', 'services', 'george', 'established', 'racial', 'ethnicminorities', 'likely', 'chronic', 'medicalconditions', 'diabetes', 'chronic', 'disease', 'cardio', 'vascular', 'disease', 'exacerbate', 'effects', 'ofcovid', 'hopkins', 'medicine', 'poten', 'tially', 'influencing', 'caregivers', 'willingness', 'bring', 'theirchildren', 'hospitals', 'clinics', 'furthermore', 'marginalized', 'families', 'levels', 'mistrust', 'ofthe', 'medical', 'system', 'those', 'experiencing', 'health', 'related', 'stigma', 'likely', 'avoid', 'preventivecare', 'immunizations', 'although', 'impact', 'ofunmet', 'delayed', 'unknown', 'anticipate', 'thatthese', 'inequities', 'consequences', 'fordisease', 'morbidity', 'health', 'related', 'quality', 'andmental', 'health', 'given', 'existing', 'disparities', 'morbidity', 'mortality', 'bipoc', 'trainees', 'likely', 'caring', 'sickor', 'elderly', 'relatives', 'furthermore', 'first', 'generation', 'andbipoc', 'trainees', 'likely', 'experience', 'delaysin', 'training', 'limited', 'savings', 'childcare', 'employment', 'during', 'pandemic', 'theseinequities', 'likely', 'negatively', 'affect', 'pipeline', 'ofunderrepresented', 'students', 'future', 'clinical', 'community', 'based', 'translational', 'search', 'especially', 'impacted', 'pandemic', 'bipoc', 'families', 'reluctant', 'participate', 'search', 'studies', 'requiring', 'clinic', 'hospital', 'visits', 'toconcerns', 'about', 'their', 'health', 'safety', 'addition', 'community', 'based', 'research', 'projects', 'beendisrupted', 'community', 'partners', 'shifttheir', 'focus', 'service', 'provision', 'these', 'changes', 'couldlead', 'problematic', 'representation', 'bipoc', 'commu', 'nities', 'research', 'opportunities', 'pediatric', 'psychologists', 'tofocus', 'inequitythe', 'current', 'pandemic', 'potential', 'entrench', 'andmagnify', 'existing', 'health', 'disparities', 'focusedpredominantly', 'impact', 'bipoc', 'communitiesand', 'noted', 'importance', 'marginalizedintersections', 'there', 'examples', 'unique', 'diverse', 'populations', 'warrant', 'considerationby', 'pediatric', 'psychologists', 'example', 'transgenderyouth', 'experienced', 'gender', 'affirmation', 'surgerydelays', 'cancelations', 'during', 'covid', 'youthwith', 'certain', 'disabilities', 'particularly', 'isolated', 'because', 'their', 'inability', 'facialcoverings', 'safely', 'however', 'noted', 'earlier', 'themedia', 'attention', 'surrounding', 'recent', 'police', 'murders', 'ofblack', 'individuals', 'especially', 'heightened', 'awareness', 'inthe', 'united', 'states', 'regarding', 'significant', 'social', 'injusticesfor', 'bipoc', 'roles', 'clinicians', 'supervisors', 'train', 'researchers', 'pediatric', 'psychologists', 'responsibility', 'beneficence', 'justice', 'respect', 'forpeople', 'dignity', 'address', 'disproportionate', 'burdenof', 'pandemic', 'vulnerable', 'communities', 'resources', 'ensuring', 'health', 'equitynow', 'aftermath', 'covid', 'americanpsychological', 'association', 'encourage', 'ourcolleagues', 'following', 'steps', 'advocate', 'capitalizing', 'understanding', 'social', 'andstructural', 'contributors', 'health', 'pediatric', 'psychologists', 'shouldadvocate', 'routine', 'assessment', 'psychosocial', 'factors840', 'valenzuela', 'crosby', 'harrisondownloaded', 'https', 'academic', 'jpepsy', 'article', '5885276', 'guest', 'insecurity', 'childcare', 'healthcare', 'settings', 'better', 'social', 'supports', 'transportation', 'internet', 'access', 'housing', 'assistance', 'access', 'medical', 'supplies', 'current', 'optionsoften', 'needs', 'bipoc', 'adapt', 'utilize', 'evidence', 'based', 'interventions', 'promote', 'resil', 'ience', 'mitigate', 'social', 'determinants', 'parent', 'training', 'based', 'interventions', 'fortuna', 'adapt', 'ourcurrent', 'interventions', 'needs', 'english', 'speakingfamilies', 'create', 'interventions', 'address', 'based', 'otherforms', 'identity', 'based', 'trauma', 'research', 'conduct', 'innovative', 'research', 'examines', 'structuralracism', 'index', 'related', 'stress', 'utsey', 'ponterotto', 'police', 'traffic', 'baumgartner', 'diator', 'moderator', 'neblett', 'impact', 'ofbias', 'health', 'outcomes', 'promote', 'pediatric', 'psychologists', 'should', 'promote', 'ongoing', 'effortsto', 'diversify', 'workforce', 'including', 'bipoc', 'bilingual', 'bicul', 'tural', 'psychologists', 'mentor', 'support', 'bipoc', 'pediatricpsychologists', 'positions', 'influence', 'across', 'field', 'train', 'transform', 'training', 'generation', 'psycholo', 'gists', 'incorporating', 'courses', 'specifically', 'examine', 'consequences', 'racism', 'graduatestudent', 'training', 'instruction', 'emphasizes', 'roleof', 'social', 'justice', 'racism', 'other', 'movements', 'designed', 'mantle', 'identity', 'based', 'oppression', 'injustice', 'fundingl', 'supported', 'cctst', 'theuniversity', 'cincinnati', 'which', 'funded', 'nationalinstitutes', 'health', 'clinical', 'translationalscience', 'award', 'program', 'grant', '2ul1tr001425', 'conflicts', 'interest', 'declared', 'paper']
['scholarship', 'teaching', 'learning', 'inpsychologypsychology', 'students', 'motivation', 'learning', 'response', 'shift', 'toremote', 'instruction', 'during', 'covid', '19ellen', 'usher', 'jonathan', 'golding', 'jaeyun', 'caiti', 'griffiths', 'mcgavran', 'christia', 'spears', 'brown', 'andelizabeth', 'sheehanonline', 'first', 'publication', 'stl0000256citationusher', 'golding', 'griffiths', 'mcgavran', 'brown', 'sheehan', 'psychology', 'students', 'motivation', 'learning', 'response', 'shift', 'remote', 'instruction', 'during', 'covid', 'scholarship', 'teaching', 'learning', 'psychology', 'advance', 'online', 'publication', 'stl0000256psychology', 'students', 'motivation', 'learning', 'response', 'shiftto', 'remote', 'instruction', 'during', 'covid', '19ellen', 'usher1', 'jonathan', 'golding2', 'jaeyun', 'caiti', 'griffiths1', 'mcgavran2', 'christia', 'spears', 'brown2', 'elizabeth', 'sheehan21', 'department', 'educational', 'school', 'counseling', 'psychology', 'university', 'kentucky', 'department', 'psychology', 'university', 'kentuckythe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'dramatic', 'shifts', 'teaching', 'learning', 'ofpsychology', 'purpose', 'study', 'document', 'impact', 'those', 'shifts', 'onundergraduate', 'psychology', 'students', 'motivation', 'regulation', 'learning', 'during', 'theinitial', 'transition', 'remote', 'instruction', 'psychology', 'majors', 'attending', 'public', 'grant', 'university', 'southeastern', 'voluntarily', 'completed', 'survey', 'thespring', 'semester', 'closed', 'ended', 'items', 'assessed', 'students', 'reportedbehavioral', 'psychological', 'wellness', 'motivation', 'learning', 'experiences', 'during', 'thecovid', 'outbreak', 'convergent', 'mixed', 'methods', 'analysis', 'which', 'endedquestions', 'provided', 'context', 'experiential', 'nuance', 'quantitative', 'findings', 'students', 'reportedincreases', 'sleep', 'social', 'media', 'gaming', 'procrastination', 'decreases', 'academicmotivation', 'regulation', 'focusing', 'juggling', 'responsibilities', 'reportedincreases', 'stress', 'which', 'attributed', 'frequently', 'motivational', 'academicchallenges', 'students', 'reported', 'learning', 'their', 'classes', 'following', 'shift', 'theyattributed', 'internal', 'factors', 'including', 'regulatory', 'motivational', 'difficulties', 'andexternal', 'factors', 'instructional', 'delivery', 'modality', 'although', 'perceived', 'theirinstructors', 'understanding', 'nearly', 'reported', 'decline', 'instructional', 'quality', 'andcommunication', 'after', 'shift', 'remote', 'instruction', 'third', 'students', 'reported', 'feelingless', 'certain', 'about', 'their', 'future', 'educational', 'plans', 'implications', 'provision', 'institutionaland', 'instructional', 'supports', 'college', 'students', 'during', 'beyond', 'pandemic', 'discussed', 'keywords', 'higher', 'education', 'covid', 'motivation', 'regulation', 'undergraduatepsychologythe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'created', 'large', 'scale', 'disruption', 'lives', 'college', 'studentsaround', 'globe', 'personpostsecondary', 'instruction', 'halted', 'march2020', 'instructors', 'scrambled', 'shift', 'theircourses', 'remote', 'formats', 'largely', 'onlinedelivery', 'coronavirus', 'upendinghigher', 'students', 'living', 'oncampuses', 'urged', 'vacate', 'their', 'residencesand', 'return', 'permanent', 'addresses', 'mostly', 'withfamily', 'members', 'beyond', 'boundaries', 'thecampus', 'businesses', 'parts', 'countryshuttered', 'local', 'officials', 'issued', 'homeorders', 'march', 'april', 'broad', 'thisinvestigation', 'document', 'impact', 'thesechanges', 'undergraduate', 'psychology', 'students', 'motivation', 'regulation', 'learning', 'duringthe', 'shift', 'remote', 'instruction', 'spring', 'human', 'behaviors', 'personal', 'cognitive', 'affective', 'motivational', 'factors', 'environmentalellen', 'usher', 'https', 'orcid', '8987jaeyun', 'https', 'orcid', '7191caiti', 'griffiths', 'https', 'orcid', '6958mary', 'mcgavran', 'https', 'orcid', '7992christia', 'spears', 'brown', 'https', 'orcid', '0077correspondence', 'concerning', 'article', 'should', 'beaddressed', 'ellen', 'usher', 'department', 'educational', 'school', 'counseling', 'psychology', 'university', 'kentucky', 'dickey', 'lexington', '40506', 'united', 'states', 'email', 'ellen', 'usher', 'edu1scholarship', 'teaching', 'learning', 'psychology', 'american', 'psychological', 'associationissn', 'https', 'stl0000256this', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'factors', 'dynamically', 'influence', 'another', 'bandura', 'changes', 'students', 'physical', 'psychological', 'educational', 'environment', 'canaffect', 'cognition', 'motivation', 'schunk', 'dibenedetto', 'basic', 'needs', 'threat', 'during', 'global', 'pandemic', 'individualsmay', 'redirect', 'their', 'goals', 'motives', 'maintaintheir', 'being', 'dweck', 'contextualconstraints', 'leave', 'students', 'feeling', 'anxious', 'uncer', 'students', 'begin', 'doubt', 'their', 'capaci', 'experience', 'distress', 'shift', 'their', 'goals', 'towardsomething', 'which', 'morecontrol', 'bandura', 'doubts', 'about', 'bility', 'learn', 'effectively', 'regulate', 'lifeunder', 'changing', 'learning', 'conditions', 'toincreased', 'stress', 'undermine', 'performance', 'researchers', 'begun', 'documenthow', 'global', 'pandemic', 'interrupted', 'indivi', 'duals', 'daily', 'social', 'relationships', 'whichhave', 'behavioral', 'psychologicalchanges', 'kazak', 'students', 'levelsof', 'education', 'faced', 'significant', 'changes', 'theywere', 'required', 'switch', 'abruptly', 'fully', 'onlinelearning', 'experience', 'first', 'during', 'winter', 'months', 'college', 'dents', 'showed', 'greater', 'increases', 'indepression', 'anxiety', 'previous', 'academicterms', 'huckins', 'elmer', 'similar', 'findings', 'swiss', 'students', 'china', 'college', 'students', 'similarly', 'reportedmore', 'changes', 'their', 'daily', 'lives', 'after', 'covid', 'increased', 'anxiety', 'pandemic', 'required', 'immediate', 'shift', 'toonline', 'remote', 'instruction', 'presenting', 'newchallenges', 'teachers', 'students', 'postsecond', 'educators', 'little', 'experienceteaching', 'their', 'content', 'online', 'needed', 'quicklyadapt', 'research', 'conducted', 'twodecades', 'shown', 'increasingly', 'postsec', 'ondary', 'teaching', 'effectiveness', 'requires', 'thanjust', 'expertise', 'content', 'teaching', 'effec', 'tiveness', 'relies', 'instructors', 'abilities', 'toeffectively', 'deliver', 'content', 'through', 'sound', 'gogical', 'practices', 'through', 'theeffective', 'integration', 'technology', 'frameworkreferred', 'technological', 'pedagogical', 'contentknowledge', 'tpack', 'mishra', 'koehler', 'however', 'postsecondary', 'instructorswere', 'prepared', 'transition', 'fullyonline', 'instruction', 'little', 'adapt', 'theirpedagogical', 'approach', 'abrupt', 'transitionaffected', 'learners', 'experiences', 'which', 'become', 'likely', 'frames', 'through', 'which', 'learnerswill', 'approach', 'their', 'educational', 'experiences', 'in2021', 'beyond', 'although', 'short', 'effects', 'ofthe', 'pandemic', 'academic', 'outcomes', 'yetfully', 'known', 'evidence', 'shown', 'thecovid', 'crisis', 'already', 'affected', 'students', 'academic', 'progress', 'survey', 'approximately1', 'undergraduates', 'female', 'white', 'conducted', 'april', 'showed', 'ofparticipants', 'expected', 'delay', 'their', 'graduation', 'lower', 'income', 'students', 'likelythan', 'higher', 'income', 'students', 'academicdelay', 'covid', 'aucejo', 'important', 'researchers', 'interested', 'improv', 'teaching', 'psychology', 'understand', 'thechallenges', 'successes', 'initial', 'shift', 'toremote', 'instruction', 'glean', 'implications', 'forhow', 'support', 'students', 'academic', 'andpsychological', 'being', 'purpose', 'exploratory', 'study', 'wasthreefold', 'first', 'sought', 'learn', 'abouthow', 'sudden', 'institutional', 'environmentalchanges', 'affected', 'psychological', 'academicexperiences', 'undergraduate', 'psychology', 'dents', 'particularly', 'regard', 'student', 'motiva', 'regulation', 'second', 'sought', 'toidentify', 'emergent', 'themes', 'related', 'inwhich', 'psychology', 'students', 'perceived', 'instruc', 'tional', 'quality', 'pedagogical', 'approaches', 'deliverymodality', 'instructor', 'support', 'during', 'covid', 'third', 'examined', 'effects', 'these', 'shiftson', 'students', 'future', 'academic', 'plans', 'follow', 'three', 'hypotheses', 'investigated', 'first', 'predicted', 'students', 'would', 'reportincreased', 'stress', 'stress', 'related', 'behaviors', 'increased', 'coping', 'behaviors', 'social', 'media', 'sleep', 'decreased', 'motivation', 'decreased', 'focus', 'after', 'shift', 'remote', 'instructioncompared', 'before', 'recent', 'systematicreview', 'suggested', 'covid', 'increases', 'dividuals', 'stress', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'thatthese', 'effects', 'positively', 'related', 'level', 'ofeducation', 'salari', 'perceived', 'difficul', 'regulating', 'stress', 'undermine', 'motivationand', 'learning', 'bandura', 'second', 'predicted', 'students', 'would', 'quality', 'teaching', 'learning', 'experi', 'ences', 'generally', 'worse', 'after', 'shift', 'remoteinstruction', 'compared', 'before', 'expectedstudents', 'attribute', 'instructional', 'shifts', 'creases', 'learning', 'motivation', 'ability', 'toself', 'regulate', 'navigating', 'sudden', 'widespreadchanges', 'environmental', 'circumstances2', 'usher', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'learning', 'context', 'living', 'situation', 'pandemic', 'related', 'constraints', 'requires', 'cognitive', 'tional', 'resources', 'involved', 'regulation', 'oflearning', 'zimmerman', 'their', 'stresslevelsincrease', 'learners', 'typically', 'experience', 'loweracademic', 'efficacy', 'decreased', 'motivation', 'tolearn', 'difficulty', 'managing', 'their', 'course', 'bandura', 'third', 'predicted', 'students', 'graduat', 'would', 'report', 'greater', 'uncertaintiesabout', 'their', 'educational', 'future', 'socialcognitive', 'perspective', 'contextual', 'changes', 'inone', 'immediate', 'learning', 'environment', 'inthe', 'broader', 'market', 'large', 'influencecareer', 'related', 'interests', 'goals', 'choices', 'brown', 'covid', 'pandemichas', 'produced', 'instability', 'global', 'economy', 'which', 'affect', 'students', 'financial', 'circum', 'stances', 'hinder', 'their', 'academic', 'progress', 'methodprocedurethe', 'researchers', 'email', 'studentsmajoring', 'psychology', 'large', 'research', 'intensive', 'university', 'southeastern', 'living', 'campus', 'invitingthem', 'participate', 'survey', 'abouttheir', 'learning', 'personal', 'experiences', 'duringthe', 'shift', 'person', 'remote', 'instructionfollowing', 'covid', 'ordersduring', 'spring', 'participation', 'voluntaryand', 'course', 'credit', 'offered', 'researchersadministered', 'survey', 'during', 'weeksof', 'semester', 'first', 'andkept', 'survey', 'after', 'endof', 'surveys', 'anonymous', 'requestedno', 'identifying', 'information', 'participants', 'university', 'institutional', 'review', 'boardapproved', 'study', 'consenting', 'participants', 'responserate', 'primarily', 'female', 'transgender', 'unreported', 'andwhite', 'black', 'african', 'american', 'hispanic', 'latinx', 'asian', 'pacific', 'islander', 'multiracial', 'middle', 'eastern', 'samplerepresentation', 'these', 'demographic', 'groups', 'wasslightly', 'higher', 'students', 'currentlymajoring', 'psychology', 'university', 'female', 'white', 'partici', 'ranged', 'years', 'students', 'asked', 'report', 'theircurrent', 'course', 'academic', 'standing', 'duringthe', 'spring', 'semester', 'average', 'participantswere', 'enrolled', 'courses', 'andreported', 'cumulative', 'grade', 'point', 'average', 'range', 'accordingto', 'students', 'reported', 'cumulative', 'credit', 'hoursearned', 'sample', 'comprised', 'freshmen', 'sophomores', 'juniors', 'seniors', 'degree', 'seeking', 'students', 'asked', 'students', 'about', 'their', 'living', 'ation', 'health', 'status', 'participantswho', 'reported', 'theirparents', 'start', 'semester', 'reportedhaving', 'moved', 'their', 'parents', 'aftermidterm', 'start', 'remote', 'instruction', 'eight', 'students', 'indicated', 'hadbeen', 'tested', 'covid', 'reportedtesting', 'positive', 'consider', 'students', 'covid', 'status', 'further', 'analyses', 'surveythe', 'research', 'designed', 'survey', 'avail', 'first', 'author', 'investigate', 'changesto', 'students', 'lives', 'after', 'orderswent', 'effect', 'during', 'covid', 'outbreakin', 'march', 'invited', 'students', 'torespond', 'closed', 'ended', 'items', 'relatto', 'three', 'broad', 'experiential', 'categories', 'changes', 'inbehaviors', 'psychological', 'processes', 'after', 'themove', 'remote', 'instruction', 'changes', 'theinstructional', 'environment', 'their', 'courses', 'andfuture', 'plans', 'asked', 'participants', 'compare', 'quency', 'which', 'engaged', 'dailybehaviors', 'exercise', 'sleep', 'before', 'afterthe', 'orders', 'began', 'students', 'reportedwhether', 'during', 'second', 'semester', 'engaged', 'behaviors', 'about', 'thesame', 'before', 'homeorders', 'effect', 'using', 'scale', 'studentsalso', 'indicated', 'whether', 'their', 'thoughts', 'andfeelings', 'areas', 'stress', 'motivation', 'changed', 'after', 'remote', 'instruction', 'students', 'given', 'opportunity', 'twoopen', 'ended', 'questions', 'describe', 'their', 'psycho', 'logical', 'stressful', 'behavioral', 'helpfulfor', 'coping', 'experiences', 'during', 'period', 'psychology', 'students', 'response', 'remote', 'instruction', '3this', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'pairs', 'closed', 'ended', 'ended', 'assess', 'students', 'perceptionsof', 'teaching', 'learning', 'environment', 'follow', 'orders', 'place', 'atmidterm', 'survey', 'directions', 'first', 'remindedstudents', 'number', 'courses', 'whichthey', 'indicated', 'being', 'enrolled', 'during', 'spring2020', 'semester', 'students', 'prompted', 'toindicate', 'their', 'courses', 'improved', 'stayed', 'manyworsened', 'following', 'remote', 'instruc', 'terms', 'instructional', 'quality', 'learn', 'evaluate', 'their', 'instructors', 'level', 'ofunderstanding', 'covid', 'impactedstudents', 'college', 'experience', 'lives', 'eachclosed', 'ended', 'followed', 'correspond', 'ended', 'question', 'inviting', 'students', 'toelaborate', 'researchers', 'calculated', 'proportionsfor', 'response', 'category', 'closed', 'endeditems', 'grouped', 'students', 'according', 'theydescribed', 'their', 'experience', 'majority', 'theirclasses', 'worse', 'about', 'better', 'noclear', 'majority', 'instructional', 'mensions', 'interest', 'three', 'survey', 'items', 'targeted', 'possible', 'effects', 'ofthe', 'pandemic', 'related', 'instructional', 'shifts', 'onstudents', 'future', 'plans', 'terms', 'their', 'levelcertainty', 'about', 'career', 'plans', 'decreased', 'stayedthe', 'increased', 'likelihood', 'return', 'university', 'graduating', 'thoughts', 'about', 'covid', 'mightaffect', 'their', 'progress', 'college', 'design', 'analysisa', 'convergent', 'mixed', 'methods', 'design', 'usedto', 'analyze', 'closed', 'endedquestions', 'creswell', 'plano', 'clark', 'weused', 'questionnaire', 'variant', 'approach', 'senting', 'participants', 'qualitative', 'questionsimmediately', 'after', 'responded', 'correspond', 'quantitative', 'questions', 'approach', 'canprovide', 'context', 'experiential', 'texture', 'thequantitative', 'findings', 'quantitative', 'qualitative', 'first', 'lyzed', 'independently', 'maxqda', 'respectively', 'inductive', 'coding', 'procedures', 'wereused', 'establish', 'coding', 'guide', 'theopen', 'ended', 'questions', 'based', 'emergent', 'themes', 'three', 'coders', 'reached', 'consensus', 'listof', 'codes', 'definitions', 'question', 'finalcodes', 'definitions', 'available', 'firstauthor', 'coding', 'guide', 'applied', '30randomly', 'selected', 'segments', 'ensurethat', 'coding', 'lists', 'weretenable', 'weadded', 'codes', 'refined', 'coding', 'definitions', 'asneeded', 'capture', 'emerging', 'patterns', 'searchers', 'independently', 'coded', 'responses', 'kappa', 'coefficients', 'reliability', 'maxqda', 'usesbrennan', 'prediger', 'formula', 'rangedfrom', 'question', 'researchersdiscussed', 'discordant', 'codes', 'reached', 'agree', 'responses', 'initially', 'coded', 'other', 'werefurther', 'examined', 'meaningful', 'patterns', 'didnot', 'original', 'coding', 'scheme', 'tabulated', 'coding', 'frequencies', 'means', 'ofdata', 'condensation', 'miles', 'propor', 'tions', 'calculated', 'dividing', 'codingfrequency', 'question', 'number', 'ofstudents', 'answered', 'question', 'thisenabled', 'determine', 'which', 'themes', 'weremost', 'salient', 'displays', 'created', 'acrossgroups', 'students', 'reported', 'having', 'similarexperiences', 'which', 'permitted', 'integrate', 'quantitative', 'qualitative', 'analysesand', 'examine', 'commonalities', 'distinctions', 'instudents', 'experiences', 'miles', 'resultsbehavioral', 'psychological', 'changesfollowing', 'shift', 'remote', 'instructionour', 'first', 'research', 'describe', 'behav', 'ioral', 'psychological', 'impact', 'covid', 'onpsychology', 'students', 'after', 'shift', 'remote', 'struction', 'table', 'presents', 'response', 'frequencies', 'forstudents', 'reported', 'behavioral', 'psycho', 'logical', 'changes', 'students', 'reported', 'sleepingmore', 'before', 'orders', 'wereissued', 'engaging', 'often', 'social', 'mediause', 'watching', 'talking', 'family', 'members', 'gaming', 'procrastinating', 'terms', 'psycho', 'logical', 'changes', 'thirds', 'students', 'reportedthat', 'their', 'stress', 'increased', 'three', 'fourthsof', 'students', 'reported', 'decreases', 'their', 'motivationfor', 'school', 'their', 'ability', 'focus', 'nearlyhalf', 'reported', 'decreased', 'sense', 'confidence', 'intheir', 'academic', 'abilities', 'students', 'responses', 'ended', 'questionabout', 'found', 'stressful', 'light', 'onthe', 'types', 'challenges', 'experiencing', 'seetable', 'coding', 'categories', 'frequencies', 'mentioned', 'multiple', 'sources', 'stress', 'nearlyone', 'three', 'respondents', 'described', 'stress4', 'usher', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'associated', 'their', 'ability', 'motivate', 'themselvesor', 'effectively', 'manage', 'their', 'responsibilities', 'which', 'coded', 'regulation', 'motivation', 'students', 'described', 'stress', 'related', 'their', 'perceivedinability', 'focus', 'periods', 'declinesin', 'academic', 'motivation', 'challenges', 'timemanagement', 'monitoring', 'goodat', 'setting', 'deadlines', 'externally', 'imposedstructures', 'class', 'meetings', 'lectures', 'thathad', 'place', 'before', 'pandemic', 'largelydisappeared', 'leaving', 'students', 'feeling', 'discon', 'certed', 'words', 'balance', 'juggle', 'peppered', 'students', 'responses', 'severalalso', 'stress', 'feeling', 'regulate', 'theiremotional', 'response', 'situation', 'second', 'frequently', 'mentioned', 'sourceof', 'stress', 'academic', 'school', 'relatedevents', 'which', 'mentioned', 'respon', 'dents', 'subthemes', 'similar', 'those', 'discussfurther', 'below', 'stress', 'induced', 'shifts', 'deliverymodality', 'changes', 'course', 'workload', 'poorcommunication', 'instructors', 'confusing', 'pectations', 'difficulty', 'learning', 'content', 'insuf', 'ficient', 'accommodations', 'instructors', 'about', 'students', 'described', 'stressrelated', 'having', 'collegeduring', 'semester', 'cases', 'meanthaving', 'renegotiate', 'family', 'roles', 'dynamics', 'several', 'students', 'their', 'siblings', 'orparents', 'lacked', 'understanding', 'their', 'academicresponsibilities', 'others', 'noted', 'stress', 'socialisolation', 'separation', 'peers', 'loved', 'related', 'source', 'distress', 'losing', 'onopportunities', 'access', 'resources', 'educa', 'abroad', 'campus', 'libraries', 'otherwisewould', 'available', 'students', 'mentioned', 'stressassociated', 'sense', 'uncertainty', 'lackof', 'control', 'their', 'situation', 'future', 'similar', 'number', 'students', 'troubledby', 'threats', 'their', 'basic', 'needs', 'foodinsecurity', 'unreliable', 'internet', 'access', 'housingchallenges', 'student', 'junior', 'noted', 'kicked', 'dorms', 'nowhere', 'tolive', 'because', 'riskfamily', 'members', 'anxious', 'anddepressed', 'friends', 'couch', 'bears', 'noting', 'students', 'stress', 'responsesvaried', 'degree', 'intensity', 'stressseemed', 'acute', 'family', 'andfriends', 'danger', 'tokeep', 'school', 'reconstantly', 'worried', 'other', 'smallsubset', 'students', 'reported', 'sources', 'stress', 'students', 'described', 'variety', 'coping', 'strate', 'managing', 'their', 'stress', 'table', 'spending', 'family', 'friends', 'exercising', 'being', 'outdoors', 'table', '1behavioral', 'psychological', 'changes', 'during', 'covid', 'orderbehavioral', 'changessince', 'order', 'began', 'would', 'yourate', 'behaviors', 'following', 'areas', 'decreased', 'stayed', 'increasedexercise', 'outdoor', 'activity', 'talking', 'friends', 'eating', 'sleep', 'procrastination', 'gaming', 'talking', 'family', 'watching', 'social', 'media', 'psychological', 'changessince', 'courses', 'moved', 'remote', 'instruction', 'would', 'describe', 'thoughts', 'feelings', 'decreased', 'stayed', 'increasedability', 'focus', 'motivation', 'school', 'confidence', 'academic', 'abilities', 'stress', 'psychology', 'students', 'response', 'remote', 'instruction', '5this', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'hobbies', 'leisure', 'activities', 'werehelpful', 'manage', 'additional', 'coping', 'strat', 'egies', 'included', 'spending', 'media', 'games', 'music', 'being', 'animals', 'establishing', 'routine', 'instructional', 'changes', 'following', 'shift', 'toremote', 'instructionour', 'second', 'research', 'objective', 'assesspsychology', 'students', 'perceptions', 'regardinginstruc', 'tional', 'quality', 'following', 'shift', 'remote', 'instruc', 'examined', 'students', 'perceptions', 'fouraspects', 'instructional', 'environment', 'instruc', 'tional', 'quality', 'instructors', 'understanding', 'workload', 'learning', 'lecture', 'delivery', 'format', 'tables', 'provide', 'descriptive', 'statistics', 'forstudents', 'responses', 'closed', 'ended', 'questionsand', 'frequencies', 'codes', 'assigned', 'their', 'ended', 'responses', 'instructional', 'quality', 'instructors', 'understandingwe', 'first', 'asked', 'students', 'about', 'changes', 'thequality', 'teaching', 'their', 'courses', 'after', 'shiftto', 'remote', 'instruction', 'asked', 'students', 'torate', 'their', 'instructors', 'situational', 'understandingduring', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'average', 'students', 'reported', 'their', 'classeswere', 'taught', 'worse', 'taught', 'abouttable', '2coding', 'frequencies', 'ended', 'questions', 'related', 'stress', 'coping', 'after', 'shift', 'remote', 'instructionwhat', 'stressful', 'aboutthe', 'period', 'sample', 'stress', 'leveldecreased', 'stress', 'levelstayed', 'stress', 'levelincreased', 'regulation', 'motivation', '70academic', 'school', 'stressors', '68home', 'environment', '49uncertainty', 'control', '25social', 'isolation', '22basic', 'needs', '28health', 'safety', 'concerns', '21loss', 'opportunities', 'access', '7emotional', 'challenges', '3nothing', '0other', '3what', 'helpful', 'copingduring', 'period', 'sample', 'stress', 'leveldecreased', 'stress', 'levelstayed', 'stress', 'levelincreased', 'family', 'friends', '69exercise', 'being', 'outdoors', '49hobbies', 'leisure', '17sleep', 'relaxing', '18media', '14professors', 'understanding', '15pets', 'animals', '12routine', '8meditation', '9autonomy', '5work', '3sense', 'shared', 'struggle', '8food', 'cooking', '7distractions', '7faith', '4drugs', 'alcohol', '5music', '4therapy', '4nothing', '4other', 'usher', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'taught', 'better', 'comparedto', 'before', 'students', 'nevertheless', 'reported', 'thattheir', 'instructors', 'somewhat', 'under', 'standing', 'their', 'classes', 'students', 'responses', 'corresponding', 'ended', 'tions', 'revealed', 'several', 'patterns', 'themes', 'emerged', 'frequently', 'fromstudents', 'responses', 'endedquestion', 'about', 'instructional', 'quality', 'first', 'manystudents', 'offered', 'evaluative', 'comments', 'related', 'toinstructors', 'pedagogical', 'skill', 'ability', 'adaptto', 'online', 'delivery', 'technology', 'adapt', 'coursework', 'assignments', 'second', 'andoften', 'related', 'theme', 'addressed', 'communicationbetween', 'instructors', 'students', 'among', 'theminority', 'students', 'reported', 'instruc', 'tional', 'quality', 'improved', 'after', 'remote', 'instruc', 'simply', 'noted', 'their', 'instructors', 'doing', 'their', 'during', 'challenging', 'anddifficult', 'students', 'praised', 'those', 'instructorswho', 'remained', 'accessible', 'openlines', 'communication', 'similar', 'patterns', 'reflected', 'students', 'comments', 'about', 'their', 'instructors', 'level', 'under', 'standing', 'students', 'acknowledged', 'theirinstructors', 'empathy', 'importantto', 'emotionally', 'motivationally', 'carewas', 'conveyed', 'through', 'proactive', 'communicationfrom', 'instructors', 'through', 'willingness', 'tomake', 'instructional', 'academic', 'accommodationsto', 'shift', 'remote', 'learning', 'leniencyin', 'grading', 'assignment', 'modifications', 'lightercoursework', 'workloadwe', 'asked', 'students', 'specifically', 'about', 'theircoursework', 'changed', 'during', 'shift', 'toremote', 'instruction', 'average', 'students', 'reportedthat', 'workload', 'increased', 'theirclasses', 'remained', 'about', 'oftheir', 'classes', 'decreased', 'theirclasses', 'after', 'shift', 'remote', 'instruction', 'terms', 'their', 'changed', 'aboutone', 'participants', 'described', 'changes', 'toassignments', 'requirements', 'dates', 'moststudents', 'these', 'changes', 'increased', 'theirworkload', 'noted', 'person', 'class', 'wasreplaced', 'assignments', 'which', 'casestripled', 'amount', 'before', 'stayat', 'order', 'exams', 'replaced', 'otherassignments', 'extra', 'reading', 'video', 'material', 'wasincluded', 'along', 'lectures', 'related', 'stress', 'compounded', 'nitive', 'emotional', 'burden', 'brought', 'theemerging', 'pandemic', 'nearly', 'responding', 'participants', 'notedthat', 'their', 'online', 'helpful', 'theirtable', '3descriptive', 'statistics', 'students', 'ratings', 'course', 'experiences', 'following', 'covid', 'ordersurvey', 'proportion', 'coursesm', 'mdninstructional', 'quality', 'taught', 'worse', 'taught', 'about', 'taught', 'better', 'course', 'workload', 'smaller', 'workload', 'about', 'workload', 'larger', 'workload', 'learning', 'learned', 'learned', 'about', 'learned', 'instructors', 'situational', 'understanding', 'understanding', 'somewhat', 'understanding', 'understanding', 'courses', 'included', 'video', 'lectures', 'students', 'asked', 'allocate', 'number', 'courses', 'descriptors', 'above', 'proportions', 'calculated', 'bydividing', 'students', 'total', 'number', 'courses', 'during', 'spring', 'semester', 'psychology', 'students', 'response', 'remote', 'instruction', '7this', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'table', '4coding', 'frequencies', 'ended', 'questions', 'related', 'instructional', 'changes', 'during', 'shift', 'remoteinstructionhow', 'course', 'experience', 'since', 'covid', 'order', 'effect', 'compared', 'before', 'quantitative', 'result', 'categorieshalf', 'morecoursesmajority', 'ofcourseshalf', 'morecoursesinstructional', 'qualityall', 'respondents', 'taught', 'worse', 'taught', 'about', 'thesame', 'taught', 'better', 'teacher', 'teaching', 'quality', '2communication', 'clarity', '5delivery', 'format', '2support', 'accommodation', '9work', 'quantity', 'quality', '5other', '1instructors', 'understandingall', 'respondents', 'allunderstanding', 'somewhatunderstanding', 'veryunderstanding', 'positive', '30mixed', '9negative', '8empathy', '19academic', 'accommodations', '18lack', 'accommodations', '9lack', 'empathy', '4good', 'communication', 'clarity', '2poor', 'communication', 'clarity', '1course', 'workloadall', 'respondents', 'smallerworkload', 'about', 'sameworkload', 'larger', 'workload', 'increased', 'workload', '19mixed', 'workload', '1same', 'workload', '0decreased', 'workload', '0changed', 'assignments', 'requirements', '3busy', '6difficulty', 'easiness', '0less', 'lecture', 'fewer', 'meetings', '1motivation', 'regulation', '2other', '3your', 'learningall', 'respondents', 'learned', 'learned', 'aboutthe', 'learned', 'learning', 'decreased', 'worse', '1learning', 'stayed', '0learning', 'increased', 'better', '5self', 'regulation', 'focus', 'motivation', '2environment', 'access', 'location', '1self', 'teaching', '0goal', 'orientation', 'shift', '1emotions', '2other', 'usher', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'learning', 'assignmentswere', 'doing', 'toget', 'points', 'actually', 'learn', 'amongstudents', 'perceived', 'their', 'overall', 'decreased', 'their', 'remoteclass', 'assignments', 'contribute', 'learningat', 'learningwhen', 'asked', 'explicitly', 'about', 'their', 'learning', 'students', 'reported', 'learning', 'theirclasses', 'about', 'minority', 'classes', 'after', 'shift', 'remote', 'instructioncompared', 'before', 'students', 'ended', 'sponses', 'revealed', 'attributed', 'changes', 'intheir', 'learning', 'least', 'factors', 'aslow', 'motivation', 'inability', 'regulate', 'theirlearning', 'shift', 'goals', 'student', 'sexperience', 'touched', 'attributionalthemes', 'typified', 'students', 'responses', 'erally', 'schedule', 'anymore', 'planwhen', 'anything', 'motivationand', 'terrible', 'motivational', 'attentionregulation', 'difficulties', 'often', 'worse', 'byenvironmental', 'constraints', 'distractions', 'reliable', 'internet', 'reduced', 'access', 'resources', 'online', 'delivery', 'modalities', 'bothsynchronous', 'asynchronous', 'barriers', 'tolearning', 'students', 'other', 'students', 'attributed', 'decline', 'learningto', 'internal', 'factors', 'their', 'shiftinggoals', 'priorities', 'several', 'students', 'mentioned', 'feeling', 'unpreparedfor', 'increased', 'personal', 'responsibility', 'learn', 'remotely', 'viewed', 'achallenge', 'learning', 'shifted', 'moretowards', 'myself', 'having', 'activerole', 'education', 'lecture', 'meetingor', 'structure', 'others', 'however', 'seemed', 'resentfulof', 'frustrated', 'learning', 'support', 'asthis', 'student', 'wrote', 'never', 'stupidthan', 'right', 'teachingmyself', 'blind', 'leadingthe', 'blind', 'generally', 'attributed', 'their', 'learningdeclines', 'shift', 'remote', 'instruction', 'losing', 'valuable', 'knowledgemoving', 'online', 'classes', 'their', 'ownbeliefs', 'about', 'their', 'capabilities', 'learn', 'online', 'better', 'person', 'environment', 'others', 'instructors', 'decisions', 'about', 'deliv', 'modality', 'unsupported', 'their', 'learn', 'classes', 'includesynchronous', 'meetings', 'minority', 'studentsreported', 'learning', 'after', 'shift', 'remoteinstruction', 'these', 'students', 'appreciated', 'theinstructional', 'flexibility', 'paced', 'learning', 'lecture', 'delivery', 'modalityto', 'learn', 'about', 'impact', 'instructionaldelivery', 'decisions', 'students', 'motivation', 'andlearning', 'asked', 'students', 'indicate', 'manyof', 'their', 'courses', 'included', 'video', 'lectures', 'duringremote', 'instruction', 'offer', 'their', 'opinion', 'onthis', 'delivery', 'format', 'students', 'reported', 'ontable', 'continued', 'course', 'experience', 'since', 'covid', 'order', 'effect', 'compared', 'before', 'percentage', 'courses', 'included', 'video', 'lectureslecture', 'delivery', 'modalityall', 'respondents', 'positive', '18mixed', '7negative', '10compared', 'person', '7self', 'regulated', 'learning', '12synchronous', 'lecture', '10asynchronous', 'video', 'lecture', 'video', 'lecture', '0teacher', 'teaching', 'quality', '3class', 'engagement', 'interaction', '1other', '1note', 'table', 'excludes', 'ended', 'responses', 'students', 'answer', 'corresponding', 'closed', 'ended', 'responses', 'forwhom', 'course', 'experiences', 'highly', 'variable', 'clear', 'experiential', 'trend', 'psychology', 'students', 'response', 'remote', 'instruction', '9this', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'average', 'their', 'courses', 'offered', 'videolectures', 'delivered', 'synchronously', 'asynchro', 'nously', 'after', 'transition', 'onlinelearning', 'students', 'providedmore', 'elaborate', 'responses', 'expressed', 'positive', 'nions', 'video', 'lectures', 'several', 'remarked', 'thatvideo', 'lectures', 'provided', 'instructional', 'experi', 'similar', 'person', 'instruc', 'others', 'found', 'video', 'lectures', 'helpedregulate', 'their', 'learning', 'conversely', 'dents', 'negatively', 'majority', 'referencedstruggles', 'regulation', 'reporting', 'theyfound', 'difficult', 'focused', 'attentiveduring', 'video', 'lectures', 'students', 'expressed', 'differing', 'opinions', 'aboutthe', 'merits', 'synchronous', 'versusasynchronous', 'lectures', 'frequently', 'relatedthe', 'delivery', 'method', 'their', 'ability', 'preferred', 'synchronous', 'lecturesbecause', 'allow', 'class', 'discussionsand', 'students', 'close', 'their', 'classesand', 'teachers', 'others', 'preferred', 'flexibilityafforded', 'asynchronous', 'lectures', 'students', 'ilarly', 'appreciated', 'having', 'access', 'recordedlectures', 'lectures', 'recorded', 'synchro', 'nously', 'later', 'available', 'reviewingbecause', 'could', 'watch', 'multipletimes', 'learn', 'students', 'mixed', 'opinions', 'about', 'video', 'lecturesalso', 'reflected', 'possible', 'variations', 'teachingskills', 'across', 'classes', 'dependenton', 'professor', 'quality', 'professors', 'haveperfectly', 'lectures', 'while', 'others', 'lackinggreatly', 'students', 'whose', 'instructors', 'lessskilled', 'successful', 'integration', 'technologyfound', 'harder', 'attention', 'class', 'theother', 'students', 'enthusiastically', 'linkedthe', 'lecture', 'delivery', 'their', 'motivation', 'andlearning', 'video', 'lectures', 'makeme', 'still', 'classroom', 'amgetting', 'learning', 'experience', 'beforecovid', 'professor', 'produced', 'amazingvideo', 'lectures', 'which', 'extremely', 'beneficialto', 'learning', 'effect', 'students', 'educational', 'progressto', 'answer', 'final', 'research', 'question', 'weexamined', 'impact', 'covid', 'disruptionson', 'students', 'perceptions', 'about', 'their', 'educationalfuture', 'third', 'students', 'reported', 'feelingless', 'certain', 'about', 'their', 'career', 'plans', 'following', 'theshift', 'remote', 'instruction', 'reportedthat', 'their', 'level', 'certainty', 'about', 'future', 'hadnot', 'changed', 'approximately', '252students', 'graduating', 'spring', 'summerof', 'indicated', 'certain', 'thatthey', 'would', 'return', 'however', 'students', 'ended', 'comments', 'revealed', 'underlying', 'certainties', 'about', 'pandemic', 'might', 'affecttheir', 'progress', 'college', 'example', '63students', 'comments', 'noted', 'thattheir', 'return', 'would', 'depend', 'whether', 'univer', 'chose', 'conduct', 'classes', 'person', 'versusonline', 'believed', 'their', 'progress', 'mightbe', 'slowed', 'would', 'contingent', 'themodality', 'instruction', 'beingdone', 'interest', 'safety', 'withonline', 'college', 'progress', 'delayed', 'orhalted', 'other', 'students', 'though', 'fewer', 'unable', 'manage', 'their', 'demic', 'spreading', 'campus', 'switchesto', 'person', 'unenroll', 'because', 'thepandemic', 'scary', 'collegecampus', 'discussionwe', 'aimed', 'investigate', 'initial', 'shift', 'toremote', 'instruction', 'following', 'covid', 'break', 'affected', 'psychological', 'academicexperiences', 'undergraduate', 'psychology', 'dents', 'particularly', 'terms', 'students', 'stress', 'motivation', 'regulatory', 'abilities', 'learn', 'themes', 'emerging', 'students', 'ended', 'response', 'provided', 'texture', 'students', 'survey', 'ratings', 'which', 'summarized', 'quanti', 'tatively', 'creswell', 'plano', 'clark', 'thirds', 'students', 'reported', 'increasedstress', 'reported', 'decreasedmotivation', 'academic', 'diminishedcapacity', 'regulate', 'remainingfocused', 'regulating', 'attention', 'establishing', 'tines', 'after', 'campus', 'closed', 'person', 'struction', 'experiences', 'stress', 'during', 'initialcovid', 'outbreak', 'uncommon', 'acrosssectors', 'society', 'however', 'chief', 'sources', 'ofstress', 'described', 'third', 'under', 'graduate', 'psychology', 'students', 'sample', 'weremotivational', 'regulatory', 'nature', 'dents', 'struggled', 'decreased', 'ability', 'focusand', 'remain', 'motivated', 'their', 'courses', 'whichcoincided', 'increases', 'overall', 'stress', 'several', 'possible', 'mechanisms', 'explain', 'thesudden', 'declines', 'academic', 'motivation', 'first', 'students', 'academic', 'goals', 'become10', 'usher', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'focal', 'personal', 'goals', 'ensuringtheir', 'their', 'families', 'health', 'safety', 'second', 'common', 'behavioral', 'reinforcements', 'accountability', 'rigid', 'gradingstructures', 'modified', 'university', 'wherethis', 'research', 'place', 'instance', 'studentshad', 'option', 'being', 'graded', 'inlieu', 'receiving', 'letter', 'grade', 'datasuggest', 'students', 'ented', 'toward', 'mastery', 'goals', 'learn', 'mustas', 'possible', 'before', 'pandemic', 'reported', 'orienting', 'toward', 'doing', 'enough', 'avoid', 'failinggrade', 'evidence', 'suggests', 'latter', 'goals', 'performance', 'avoidance', 'underminestudents', 'intrinsic', 'motivation', 'learning', 'urdan', 'kaplan', 'third', 'students', 'experi', 'enced', 'growing', 'doubts', 'about', 'their', 'capabili', 'learn', 'effectively', 'these', 'doubtswere', 'exacerbated', 'having', 'learn', 'challengingcontent', 'without', 'typical', 'instructional', 'supports', 'others', 'doubted', 'their', 'capability', 'learn', 'anonline', 'environment', 'amidst', 'distracting', 'cumstances', 'regulation', 'important', 'factor', 'students', 'academic', 'success', 'being', 'wolters', 'benzon', 'successful', 'learners', 'establish', 'routines', 'spendconsiderable', 'energy', 'structuring', 'theirlearning', 'environment', 'their', 'learninggoals', 'disruption', 'repertoire', 'seemed', 'toundermine', 'students', 'beliefs', 'their', 'bilities', 'learn', 'regulate', 'their', 'circum', 'stances', 'zimmerman', 'upsidewas', 'students', 'reported', 'engaging', 'inhealthy', 'coping', 'strategies', 'spending', 'timewith', 'family', 'nature', 'exercising', 'sleep', 'centers', 'disease', 'control', 'andprevention', 'taken', 'together', 'thesefindings', 'suggest', 'multifaceted', 'educationalefforts', 'needed', 'support', 'students', 'behav', 'ioral', 'psychological', 'regulation', 'duringthis', 'moment', 'second', 'focus', 'study', 'gaugestudents', 'perceptions', 'about', 'their', 'courseswere', 'taught', 'during', 'shift', 'remote', 'instruction', 'almost', 'students', 'theirinstructors', 'understanding', 'oftheir', 'challenges', 'during', 'semester', 'whencovid', 'began', 'spread', 'students', 'expressedtheir', 'appreciation', 'their', 'professors', 'efforts', 'tohelp', 'navigate', 'changes', 'their', 'courses', 'andlives', 'small', 'given', 'faculty', 'werecertainly', 'burdened', 'multiple', 'stressorsof', 'moment', 'level', 'support', 'beenavailable', 'coping', 'challenges', 'demic', 'would', 'difficult', 'nevertheless', 'approximately', 'dents', 'sample', 'reported', 'instructionalquality', 'their', 'learning', 'declined', 'themajority', 'their', 'courses', 'after', 'switch', 'remoteinstruction', 'small', 'number', 'studentsthought', 'their', 'instructors', 'adjusted', 'toteaching', 'effectively', 'remote', 'learning', 'understandable', 'light', 'reports', 'thattwo', 'thirds', 'nearly', 'higher', 'educationfaculty', 'administrators', 'surveyed', 'april', 'of2020', 'reported', 'having', 'online', 'teaching', 'experi', 'reported', 'having', 'learn', 'newmethods', 'their', 'teaching', 'johnson', 'addition', 'faculty', 'reported', 'semester', 'changes', 'their', 'courseassignments', 'exams', 'about', 'theyhad', 'lowered', 'their', 'expectations', 'about', 'amountof', 'students', 'would', 'theseinstructional', 'shifts', 'would', 'likely', 'stream', 'effects', 'students', 'perceptions', 'instruc', 'tional', 'quality', 'learning', 'workload', 'weexclusively', 'relied', 'students', 'quantitative', 'simply', 'concluded', 'gency', 'instructional', 'shifts', 'inevitably', 'affected', 'thequality', 'students', 'education', 'however', 'ended', 'responses', 'painted', 'amore', 'complex', 'picture', 'myriad', 'factorsaffecting', 'students', 'learning', 'experiences', 'ourdata', 'showed', 'personal', 'factors', 'motiva', 'focus', 'affected', 'wereaffected', 'changes', 'students', 'perceptionsof', 'their', 'learning', 'environment', 'example', 'intheir', 'written', 'responses', 'students', 'attributeddeclines', 'their', 'learning', 'their', 'waningmotivation', 'regulatory', 'challenges', 'theywere', 'facing', 'other', 'describedways', 'which', 'instructional', 'quality', 'theirclasses', 'might', 'altered', 'support', 'their', 'motiva', 'engagement', 'latter', 'severalareas', 'recommendation', 'improving', 'theteaching', 'psychology', 'supportstudents', 'motivation', 'regulation', 'duringchallenging', 'times', 'perceive', 'their', 'teachers', 'instruc', 'tional', 'quality', 'students', 'likelyto', 'strive', 'understanding', 'their', 'learning', 'lizzio', 'contrast', 'heavy', 'assignments', 'students', 'troubleseeing', 'relevant', 'students', 'asurface', 'approach', 'learning', 'another', 'implicationpsychology', 'students', 'response', 'remote', 'instruction', '11this', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'emerge', 'flexibility', 'important', 'studentsduring', 'although', 'students', 'varied', 'interms', 'their', 'preferences', 'synchronous', 'andasynchronous', 'delivery', 'formats', 'seemed', 'toappreciate', 'ability', 'watch', 'lectures', 'students', 'seemed', 'leastsome', 'degree', 'interactions', 'their', 'instruc', 'peers', 'enhanced', 'their', 'motivation', 'increas', 'regular', 'communication', 'particularlyuseful', 'helping', 'students', 'track', 'onlineclasses', 'online', 'learning', 'resource', 'center', 'departmental', 'institutional', 'level', 'effortsto', 'improve', 'instructional', 'environment', 'alsoneeded', 'assist', 'instructors', 'students', 'asthey', 'adapt', 'remote', 'learning', 'anderson', 'encouraged', 'psychol', 'students', 'study', 'displayeda', 'robust', 'intention', 'persist', 'completing', 'theircollege', 'degree', 'however', 'nearly', 'quarter', 'ofstudents', 'stated', 'their', 'return', 'dependenton', 'institution', 'would', 'reopen', 'thefall', 'semester', 'stated', 'would', 'returnunless', 'could', 'person', 'ofthis', 'writing', 'postsecondary', 'institutions', 'still', 'influx', 'deliver', 'instruction', 'in2020', 'college', 'crisis', 'initiative', 'davidson', 'college', 'furthermore', 'pewresearch', 'center', 'survey', 'conducted', 'of2020', 'shown', 'americans', 'believe', 'thatonline', 'classes', 'provide', 'educationalexperience', 'comparable', 'value', 'personclasses', 'parker', 'fects', 'remote', 'instructional', 'delivery', 'psychol', 'majors', 'still', 'unknown', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'introduced', 'stressorsinto', 'students', 'lives', 'navigate', 'collegecourse', 'loads', 'while', 'adapting', 'campusand', 'societal', 'norms', 'students', 'persistence', 'mayalso', 'negatively', 'associated', 'their', 'familialobligations', 'helping', 'familymembers', 'needing', 'contribute', 'financially', 'witkow', 'current', 'circumstancesunderscore', 'recent', 'undergraduatepsychology', 'courses', 'address', 'students', 'personaldevelopment', 'directly', 'curriculum', 'through', 'crisis', 'bachik', 'kitzman', 'researchers', 'should', 'continue', 'assess', 'hownew', 'personal', 'institutional', 'realities', 'mightinfluence', 'students', 'matriculation', 'major', 'instructors', 'design', 'implementbetter', 'lessons', 'remote', 'hybrid', 'delivery', 'elect', 'adopt', 'these', 'proaches', 'longer', 'similarly', 'thepandemic', 'wanes', 'students', 'better', 'informedabout', 'their', 'courses', 'delivered', 'ableto', 'prepare', 'learning', 'across', 'delivery', 'modalities', 'these', 'adaptations', 'significant', 'changesin', 'college', 'experience', 'social', 'demic', 'outcomes', 'psychology', 'students', 'andtheir', 'peers', 'other', 'disciplines', 'study', 'canserve', 'baseline', 'ongoing', 'investigation', 'limitations', 'future', 'directionsalthough', 'research', 'revealed', 'depic', 'psychology', 'undergraduates', 'lives', 'after', 'theshift', 'remote', 'instruction', 'caused', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'several', 'limitations', 'noting', 'first', 'sample', 'though', 'representative', 'chology', 'students', 'university', 'predomi', 'nantly', 'female', 'white', 'covid', 'hasdisproportionately', 'affected', 'people', 'color', 'cially', 'black', 'latinx', 'individuals', 'prised', 'small', 'proportion', 'tomeaningfully', 'analyze', 'separately', 'essentialthat', 'future', 'research', 'fully', 'represent', 'theexperiences', 'racially', 'ethnically', 'minoritizedindividuals', 'stokes', 'furthermore', 'sample', 'limited', 'those', 'accessto', 'reliable', 'internet', 'service', 'thesemester', 'therefore', 'represent', 'theexperiences', 'students', 'experienced', 'moresevere', 'disruptions', 'basic', 'needs', 'access', 'second', 'descriptively', 'investigated', 'dents', 'behavioral', 'psychological', 'changes', 'course', 'experiences', 'progress', 'college', 'although', 'students', 'descriptions', 'point', 'thepsychological', 'educational', 'impacts', 'thepandemic', 'cannot', 'causal', 'inferencesbetween', 'research', 'variables', 'moreover', 'thecross', 'sectional', 'design', 'study', 'preventscausal', 'inferencing', 'analyzed', 'thestudy', 'reported', 'students', 'however', 'mixed', 'methods', 'increases', 'conclu', 'validity', 'findings', 'totriangulate', 'contextualize', 'students', 'responsesto', 'closed', 'ended', 'questions', 'examining', 'theircorresponding', 'ended', 'responses', 'third', 'research', 'conducted', 'spring2020', 'semester', 'during', 'emergency', 'phase', 'thepandemic', 'agree', 'recent', 'editorialcomment', 'teaching', 'sociology', 'emergencyremote', 'instruction', 'onlinelearning', 'kozimor', 'experi', 'ences', 'students', 'reported', 'having', 'their', 'psychol', 'related', 'courses', 'taught', 'under12', 'usher', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'ideal', 'circumstances', 'courses', 'inten', 'tionally', 'designed', 'delivered', 'student', 'perceptions', 'instructor', 'behaviorswere', 'likely', 'influenced', 'externalstressors', 'traumatic', 'uncer', 'tainties', 'covid', 'order', 'would', 'effect', 'despite', 'these', 'caveats', 'agree', 'socialcognitive', 'premise', 'quite', 'often', 'yesterday', 'sperceptions', 'experiences', 'frame', 'tomorrow', 'sperceptions', 'behaviors', 'believe', 'experi', 'ences', 'shared', 'psychology', 'students', 'willbe', 'rules', 'which', 'moveforward', 'their', 'educational', 'careers', 'there', 'instructive', 'ongoing', 'pedagogical', 'sions', 'colleges', 'fluid', 'plans', 'place', 'thatwould', 'result', 'immediate', 'shifts', 'between', 'courseformats', 'response', 'local', 'changes', 'covid', '19infection', 'rates', 'regard', 'further', 'examinationsare', 'needed', 'document', 'these', 'shifts', 'affectstudents', 'short', 'relationshipsbetween', 'course', 'delivery', 'formats', 'students', 'learn', 'experiences', 'motivation', 'regulation', 'andachievement', 'college', 'fully', 'investi', 'gated', 'future', 'studies', 'including', 'measures', 'ofinstructor', 'perceptions', 'would', 'enrich', 'paper']
['psychol', 'wileyonlinelibrary', 'journal', 'wiley', 'periodicals', '1173doi', '22969commentaryrapid', 'telepsychology', 'deployment', 'during', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'special', 'issuecommentary', 'lessons', 'primary', 'carepsychology', 'trainingpaul', 'perrin1', 'bruce', 'rybarczyk1', 'bradford', 'pierce1', 'heather', 'jones1', 'carla', 'shaffer1', 'leila', 'islam21department', 'psychology', 'virginia', 'commonwealth', 'university', 'richmond', 'virginia2department', 'psychiatry', 'virginia', 'commonwealth', 'university', 'richmond', 'virginiacorrespondencepaul', 'perrin', 'health', 'psychology', 'departmentsof', 'psychology', 'physical', 'medicine', 'andrehabilitation', 'virginia', 'commonwealthuniversity', '842018', 'richmond', 'va23284', 'email', 'pperrin', 'edufunding', 'informationhealth', 'resources', 'services', 'administration', 'grant', 'award', 'numbers', 'd40hp33378', 'm01hp31388abstractobjective', 'article', 'positions', 'special', 'issue', 'epsychology', 'amidst', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'which', 'hasdramatically', 'accelerated', 'adoption', 'disseminationof', 'telepsychology', 'method', 'article', 'makes', 'general', 'observations', 'about', 'thethemes', 'emerging', 'special', 'issue', 'considerations', 'forapplication', 'training', 'theory', 'driven', 'research', 'policy', 'itthen', 'presents', 'example', 'rapid', 'deploymentduring', 'pandemic', 'telepsychology', 'doctoral', 'training', 'andservices', 'virginia', 'commonwealth', 'university', 'primary', 'psychology', 'collaborative', 'results', 'facilitators', 'telepsychology', 'deploymentincluded', 'trainee', 'supervisor', 'resources', 'strong', 'psychology', 'training', 'prior', 'experience', 'barriers', 'toovercome', 'included', 'limited', 'clinic', 'capacity', 'scheduling', 'technology', 'accessibility', 'diversity', 'issues', 'lessonslearned', 'involved', 'presenting', 'clinical', 'issues', 'supervision', 'working', 'children', 'adolescents', 'conclusions', 'telepsychology', 'crucial', 'psychologicalservice', 'provision', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'morethan', 'unlikely', 'change', 'psychologistsand', 'patients', 'increasingly', 'continue', 'appreciate', 'value', 'keywordscovid', 'integrated', 'primary', 'psychology', 'telehealth', 'telemedicine', 'telepsychology', 'training1', 'introductionour', 'commentary', 'journal', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'special', 'issue', 'telepsychology', 'research', 'training', 'practice', 'policy', 'several', 'purposes', 'begin', 'making', 'general', 'observations', 'about', 'themes', 'emerging', 'inthe', 'special', 'issue', 'considerations', 'application', 'training', 'theory', 'driven', 'research', 'policy', 'positiontelepsychology', 'amidst', 'backdrop', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'which', 'arguably', 'historical', 'event', 'hadthe', 'largest', 'impact', 'provision', 'telepsychology', 'services', 'since', 'invention', 'webcam', 'article', 'willpresent', 'example', 'rapid', 'deployment', 'during', 'pandemic', 'telepsychology', 'doctoral', 'training', 'andservices', 'virginia', 'commonwealth', 'university', 'primary', 'psychology', 'collaborative', 'which', 'fundedby', 'grants', 'health', 'resources', 'services', 'administration', 'given', 'trains', 'over30', 'psychology', 'doctoral', 'students', 'across', 'dozen', 'primary', 'psychology', 'training', 'sites', 'article', 'focuson', 'changes', 'being', 'adapt', 'person', 'services', 'training', 'telepsychology', 'successes', 'andsupports', 'adaptation', 'barriers', 'encountered', 'lessons', 'learned', 'telepsychology', 'training', 'serviceprovision', 'telepsychology', 'special', 'issuemore', 'other', 'theme', 'articles', 'special', 'issue', 'underscore', 'critical', 'nature', 'strong', 'telepsychologytraining', 'growth', 'opportunity', 'field', 'pierce', 'perrin', 'mcdonald', 'found', 'their', 'model', 'thatthe', 'strongest', 'predictors', 'psychologists', 'telepsychology', 'subjective', 'norms', 'perceived', 'andperceived', 'usefulness', 'telepsychology', 'simply', 'psychologists', 'telepsychology', 'thatothers', 'using', 'useful', 'these', 'nearly', 'psychologists', 'change', 'andthe', 'primary', 'through', 'strong', 'telepsychology', 'training', 'implemented', 'trainees', 'early', 'often', 'intheir', 'training', 'practicing', 'psychologists', 'various', 'phases', 'their', 'careers', 'indeed', 'training', 'themost', 'frequently', 'endorsed', 'barrier', 'telepsychology', 'among', 'mental', 'health', 'providers', 'perry', 'shearer', 'caver', 'describe', 'excellent', 'telepsychology', 'training', 'programing', 'offered', 'bythe', 'department', 'veterans', 'affairs', 'strong', 'efforts', 'overcome', 'barriers', 'training', 'andimplementation', 'forefront', 'efforts', 'support', 'telepsychology', 'provision', 'dissemination', 'andimplementation', 'science', 'sorely', 'needed', 'arena', 'determine', 'variables', 'facilitated', 'oftelepsychology', 'telemedicine', 'within', 'other', 'technologically', 'progressive', 'health', 'systems', 'wellas', 'apply', 'those', 'findings', 'other', 'systems', 'settings', 'opening', 'editorial', 'elliott', 'identifies', 'another', 'substantial', 'barriers', 'adoption', 'oftelepsychology', 'ourselves', 'psychologists', 'against', 'telepsychology', 'times', 'profound', 'runscounter', 'overwhelming', 'evidence', 'suggesting', 'telepsychology', 'effective', 'person', 'treatmentfor', 'majority', 'presenting', 'concerns', 'varker', 'brand', 'terhaag', 'phelps', 'anexcellent', 'extension', 'person', 'services', 'aiding', 'assessment', 'heesacker', 'perez', 'quinn', 'benton', 'seemingly', 'obvious', 'exceptions', 'general', 'apply', 'specific', 'clinical', 'services', 'as1174', 'perrin', 'neuropsychological', 'assessment', 'although', 'evidence', 'mounting', 'certain', 'neuropsychological', 'assessments', 'canfeasibly', 'administered', 'through', 'telepsychology', 'galusha', 'glasscock', 'horton', 'weiner', 'cullum', 'telepsychology', 'trainings', 'readings', 'spend', 'substantial', 'countering', 'preconceived', 'biases', 'cating', 'psychologists', 'trainees', 'telepsychology', 'works', 'extend', 'person', 'services', 'pierceet', 'theory', 'driven', 'intervention', 'research', 'would', 'identify', 'barriers', 'present', 'forpsychologists', 'perry', 'exactly', 'types', 'information', 'experiences', 'effectively', 'helppsychologists', 'strong', 'biases', 'against', 'telepsychology', 'overcome', 'although', 'psychologists', 'sometimes', 'voice', 'negative', 'views', 'about', 'telepsychology', 'field', 'known', 'longtime', 'potential', 'patients', 'negative', 'views', 'about', 'traditional', 'psychological', 'treatment', 'ironically', 'psychological', 'approaches', 'wearable', 'devices', 'actually', 'appealing', 'people', 'holding', 'negativeviews', 'toward', 'psychological', 'treatment', 'experience', 'seeking', 'hunkin', 'zajac', 'other', 'extremely', 'promising', 'based', 'approaches', 'potential', 'reach', 'individuals', 'entering', 'ditional', 'treatment', 'supplement', 'traditional', 'treatment', 'showcased', 'special', 'issue', 'includingacceptance', 'commitment', 'therapy', 'college', 'students', 'viskovich', 'pakenham', 'avatar', 'based', 'inter', 'vention', 'military', 'family', 'caregivers', 'wilcox', 'management', 'positive', 'psychology', 'intervention', 'görges', 'oehler', 'hirschhausen', 'hegerl', 'rummel', 'kluge', 'heesacker', 'basedinterventions', 'these', 'showing', 'respectable', 'levels', 'feasibility', 'efficacy', 'although', 'treatment', 'compu', 'terization', 'represents', 'extension', 'traditional', 'mental', 'health', 'providers', 'replacement', 'despite', 'intrapsychologist', 'variables', 'highlighted', 'articles', 'special', 'issue', 'limit', 'telepsychology', 'preparedness', 'concerns', 'about', 'usefulness', 'efficacy', 'substantial', 'portion', 'ofbarriers', 'exist', 'external', 'environment', 'which', 'forefront', 'during', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'noted', 'detail', 'below', 'substantial', 'psychologist', 'reimbursement', 'issues', 'whichare', 'present', 'probably', 'account', 'telepsychology', 'telemedicine', 'relative', 'successthere', 'private', 'insurance', 'companies', 'reimburse', 'telepsychology', 'services', 'personservices', 'federal', 'legislation', 'critical', 'mandating', 'insurance', 'companies', 'reimbursement', 'policies', 'alignwith', 'comparative', 'outcome', 'effectiveness', 'telepsychology', 'person', 'treatment', 'further', 'widespreadadoption', 'interstate', 'practice', 'agreements', 'united', 'states', 'necessary', 'success', 'telepsychology', 'psychology', 'interjurisdictional', 'compact', 'psypact', 'which', 'facilitates', 'telepsychology', 'practice', 'acrossjurisdictional', 'boundaries', 'states', 'psychologist', 'patient', 'physically', 'state', 'inwhich', 'psychologist', 'licensed', 'contrast', 'licensed', 'psychologist', 'working', 'medical', 'center', 'treat', 'aveteran', 'other', 'state', 'again', 'showing', 'forward', 'thinking', 'these', 'issues', 'potential', 'publicpolicy', 'expand', 'reach', 'telepsychology', 'covid', 'pandemicit', 'could', 'fortuitous', 'special', 'issue', 'scheduled', 'print', 'amidst', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'which', 'dramatically', 'altered', 'telepsychology', 'telemedicine', 'landscape', 'united', 'states', 'otherglobal', 'regions', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'informed', 'december', 'several', 'cases', 'ofpneumonia', 'unknown', 'etiology', 'detected', 'within', 'china', 'hubei', 'province', '2020a', 'january', 'chinese', 'health', 'authorities', 'announced', 'identified', 'isolated', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'coronavirus', 'associated', 'cluster', 'detected', 'respiratory', 'infections', 'within', 'wuhan', 'fivedays', 'later', 'china', 'shared', 'genetic', 'sequence', 'virus', 'other', 'countries', 'develop', 'diagnostic', 'testing', 'byjanuary', 'total', 'cases', 'covid', 'detected', 'across', 'china', 'thailand', 'japan', 'republic', 'ofkorea', '2020a', 'january', 'entered', 'urgent', 'clinic', 'within', 'washington', 'state', 'after', 'several', 'ofcoughing', 'nausea', 'fever', 'before', 'seeking', 'treatment', 'visiting', 'family', 'wuhan', 'china', 'hadperrin', '1175returned', 'united', 'states', 'following', 'centers', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention', 'confirmed', 'nasopharyngeal', 'oropharyngeal', 'swabs', 'tested', 'positive', 'covid', 'holshueet', 'february', 'covid', 'cases', 'confirmed', 'globally', 'total', 'casesconfirmed', 'within', 'united', 'states', '2020b', 'march', 'director', 'announced', 'thatthey', 'characterized', 'covid', 'virus', 'pandemic', '2020d', 'during', 'crisis', 'related', 'surges', 'health', 'needs', 'effective', 'strategies', 'developed', 'patients', 'andcommunities', 'manage', 'acute', 'stress', 'preserve', 'medical', 'supplies', 'maintain', 'mental', 'physical', 'health', 'ofpatients', 'health', 'staff', 'tadmor', 'mcmanus', 'koenig', 'example', 'anticipation', 'higher', 'demand', 'decrease', 'virus', 'transmission', 'between', 'individuals', 'american', 'college', 'surgeons', 'recommended', 'health', 'providers', 'postpone', 'elective', 'procedures', 'routine', 'patient', 'visits', 'projections', 'revealed', 'major', 'metropolitan', 'areas', 'insufficient', 'capacity', 'anticipateddemand', 'temporary', 'health', 'facilities', 'established', 'public', 'spaces', 'orleans', 'conventioncenter', 'associated', 'press', 'javits', 'center', 'lardieri', 'central', 'torres', 'hospital', 'ships', 'united', 'states', 'naval', 'comfort', 'mercy', 'deployed', 'andlos', 'angeles', 'serve', 'patients', 'without', 'virus', 'correll', 'naval', 'institute', 'based', 'speed', 'transmission', 'delayed', 'onset', 'symptoms', 'covid', 'strongly', 'commended', 'physical', 'distancing', 'between', 'individuals', '2020c', 'avoid', 'overwhelming', 'health', 'infrastructure', 'guided', 'large', 'gatherings', 'canceled', 'schools', 'shifted', 'based', 'learning', 'companies', 'adoptedtelecommuting', 'employees', 'adalja', 'toner', 'inglesby', 'health', 'organizations', 'greatly', 'expanded', 'theiruse', 'telehealth', 'nitkin', 'stiepan', 'physical', 'distancing', 'during', 'pandemiccomes', 'psychological', 'communities', 'there', 'exists', 'literature', 'revealing', 'relationship', 'betweensocial', 'support', 'mental', 'health', 'harandi', 'taghinasab', 'nayeri', 'catastrophes', 'disasters', 'associatedwith', 'higher', 'levels', 'psychological', 'distress', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'panic', 'posttraumatic', 'stress', 'disorder', 'inter', 'personal', 'problems', 'affected', 'communities', 'norris', 'friedman', 'watson', 'norris', 'friedman', 'watson', 'byrne', 'furthermore', 'stress', 'anxiety', 'communities', 'experience', 'during', 'periods', 'heavy', 'mediacoverage', 'disease', 'associated', 'surge', 'patient', 'volume', 'within', 'emergency', 'departments', 'severaldays', 'before', 'actual', 'arrival', 'epidemic', 'within', 'community', 'mcdonnell', 'nelson', 'schunk', 'physicianshave', 'reported', 'experiencing', 'distress', 'psychological', 'trauma', 'after', 'being', 'forced', 'difficult', 'ethicaldecisions', 'about', 'allocation', 'resources', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'shurkin', 'national', 'deployment', 'telemedicine', 'amidst', 'covid', '19this', 'troubling', 'isolation', 'psychological', 'distress', 'makes', 'vital', 'psychologists', 'flexible', 'options', 'fortreating', 'patients', 'communities', 'noted', 'special', 'issue', 'telepsychology', 'telemedicine', 'canenable', 'skilled', 'providers', 'mental', 'physical', 'health', 'quickly', 'shift', 'their', 'focus', 'locations', 'where', 'theyare', 'needed', 'given', 'allows', 'treat', 'people', 'areas', 'difficult', 'dangerous', 'totravel', 'would', 'limit', 'productive', 'required', 'travel', 'person', 'multiple', 'sites', 'darkins', 'tadmor', 'telepsychology', 'provides', 'opportunity', 'psychologists', 'rural', 'areas', 'contribute', 'tothe', 'surge', 'capacity', 'larger', 'communities', 'during', 'crisis', 'tadmor', 'recognizing', 'several', 'longstanding', 'impediments', 'telepsychology', 'telemedicine', 'adoption', 'agencieswithin', 'government', 'quickly', 'pivoted', 'multiple', 'policies', 'unleashing', 'telepsychology', 'telemedicine', 'sability', 'important', 'delivery', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'march', 'person', 'requirement', 'forth', 'haight', 'suspended', 'indefinitely', 'allowing', 'practitioners', 'toprescribe', 'schedule', 'controlled', 'substances', 'occurred', 'using', 'audio', 'visual', 'timecommunication', 'system', 'enforcement', 'administration', 'diversion', 'control', 'division', 'additionally', 'medicare', 'medicaid', 'temporarily', 'increased', 'access', 'allowing', 'psychologists', 'licensed', 'clinical', 'social1176', 'perrin', 'workers', 'physicians', 'nurse', 'practitioners', 'reimbursed', 'telepsychology', 'telemedicine', 'visits', 'withpatients', 'across', 'country', 'including', 'within', 'patients', 'homes', 'rates', 'person', 'visits', 'centersfor', 'medicare', 'medicaid', 'services', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'advocated', 'reimbursementparity', 'telepsychology', 'sessions', 'conducted', 'phone', 'deangelis', 'department', 'health', 'andhuman', 'services', 'office', 'civil', 'rights', 'temporarily', 'waived', 'hipaa', 'security', 'privacy', 'rulerequirements', 'previously', 'prevented', 'common', 'communications', 'facetime', 'skype', 'department', 'health', 'human', 'services', 'office', 'civil', 'rights', '2020a', '2020b', 'these', 'important', 'changes', 'inresponse', 'global', 'emergency', 'highlighted', 'numerous', 'standing', 'obstacles', 'telepsychology', 'medicine', 'adoption', 'resulted', 'policies', 'regulations', 'within', 'united', 'states', 'response', 'unprecedented', 'public', 'demand', 'their', 'services', 'telepsychology', 'telemedicine', 'providerssuch', 'doctor', 'demand', 'teladoc', 'american', 'began', 'recruiting', 'psychologists', 'physicians', 'demandoutstripped', 'their', 'current', 'capacity', 'pifer', 'unfortunately', 'increased', 'video', 'conferencing', 'streamingservices', 'demands', 'pushed', 'limits', 'infrastructure', 'personnel', 'support', 'internet', 'ookla', 'companythat', 'monitors', 'provides', 'network', 'speed', 'reports', 'observed', 'diminished', 'global', 'network', 'speeds', 'higher', 'latencylevels', 'during', 'march', 'ookla', 'atlas', 'virtual', 'private', 'network', 'provider', 'reported', 'increasein', 'usage', 'during', 'second', 'march', 'comparison', 'previous', 'atlas', 'result', 'thismade', 'telepsychology', 'telemedicine', 'adoption', 'difficult', 'example', 'employees', 'experienced', 'problemswith', 'transfer', 'rates', 'network', 'instability', 'difficult', 'patients', 'psychologists', 'andphysicians', 'trying', 'leverage', 'videoconnect', 'telemedicine', 'platform', 'tahir', 'laying', 'thetechnological', 'challenges', 'still', 'present', 'telemedicine', 'primary', 'psychology', 'training', 'vcuamidst', 'shifting', 'pandemic', 'psychologists', 'psychology', 'training', 'sites', 'across', 'united', 'states', 'scrambledboth', 'continue', 'adapt', 'their', 'services', 'training', 'models', 'decade', 'training', 'modelbuilt', 'placing', 'psychology', 'doctoral', 'students', 'integrated', 'settings', 'primary', 'psychologytraining', 'collaborative', 'pcptc', 'pcpsych', 'began', 'initiative', 'train', 'psychologists', 'meetthe', 'national', 'workforce', 'demand', 'psychologists', 'trained', 'integrated', 'primary', 'anewly', 'emerging', 'specialty', 'integrated', 'behavioral', 'health', 'unique', 'competencies', 'delivery', 'ofservice', 'include', 'interdisciplinary', 'collaboration', 'provision', 'brief', 'problem', 'focused', 'interventions', 'mentalhealth', 'health', 'behavior', 'concerns', 'briefer', 'frequent', 'sessions', 'flexibility', 'accepting', 'dayhandoffs', 'other', 'providers', 'integrated', 'widely', 'recognized', 'particularly', 'important', 'model', 'forreducing', 'mental', 'health', 'disparities', 'minimizing', 'barriers', 'enhancing', 'access', 'underserved', 'populations', 'wheremental', 'health', 'services', 'otherwise', 'limited', 'funding', 'training', 'programs', 'integrated', 'primary', 'carebecause', 'doing', 'meets', 'their', 'mission', 'filling', 'health', 'underserved', 'populations', 'trainee', 'provided', 'services', 'developing', 'workforce', 'skills', 'motivation', 'serve', 'these', 'communities', 'thevcu', 'pcptc', 'continuously', 'funded', 'since', 'funded', 'trainees', 'providedmore', 'sessions', 'during', 'currently', 'operate', 'different', 'adult', 'andpediatric', 'safety', 'clinics', 'community', 'faculty', 'supervisors', 'funded', 'doctoral', 'trainees', 'another15', 'junior', 'practicum', 'trainees', 'clinics', 'partner', 'gamut', 'large', 'university', 'based', 'trainingclinics', 'primarily', 'serving', 'income', 'patients', 'smaller', 'clinics', 'operate', 'private', 'funding', 'aworkforce', 'volunteer', 'clinicians', 'supplement', 'limited', 'number', 'staff', 'partners', 'clinicswhich', 'their', 'house', 'mental', 'health', 'clinics', 'being', 'large', 'federally', 'funded', 'clinic', 'serving', 'dividuals', 'homelessness', 'services', 'provided', 'trainees', 'address', 'range', 'issues', 'children', 'adults', 'includingmental', 'health', 'concerns', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'anger', 'management', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'grief', 'neurocognitiveperrin', '1177screenings', 'parent', 'child', 'relationship', 'issues', 'postpartum', 'depression', 'psychosis', 'screenings', 'assessment', 'tential', 'others', 'stress', 'management', 'trauma', 'informed', 'common', 'health', 'behavior', 'issues', 'thatare', 'addressed', 'include', 'adjustment', 'chronic', 'medical', 'conditions', 'diabetes', 'management', 'chronic', 'insomnia', 'smoking', 'cessation', 'substance', 'weight', 'overall', 'focus', 'equipping', 'future', 'psychologists', 'theskills', 'paced', 'world', 'primary', 'psychology', 'providing', 'first', 'behavioral', 'health', 'services', 'inthe', 'place', 'where', 'patients', 'receive', 'their', 'routine', 'medical', 'these', 'patients', 'general', 'array', 'ofenvironmental', 'stressors', 'traumatic', 'experiences', 'baylor', 'williams', 'having', 'received', 'either', 'adequate', 'behavioral', 'health', 'services', 'studies', 'shown', 'brief', 'services', 'delivered', 'ourteam', 'effective', 'reducing', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'sadock', 'perrin', 'grinnell', 'rybarczyk', 'auerbach', 'andreducing', 'preventable', 'hospitalizations', 'lanoye', 'telepsychology', 'deployment', 'amidst', 'covid', '19very', 'shortly', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'became', 'apparent', 'large', 'network', 'person', 'integrated', 'caretraining', 'service', 'provision', 'going', 'viable', 'though', 'eventually', 'turned', 'across', 'theboard', 'nationally', 'among', 'integrated', 'professionals', 'social', 'distancing', 'became', 'parent', 'early', 'going', 'training', 'because', 'clinicians', 'trainees', 'studentsfirst', 'clinicians', 'second', 'creates', 'different', 'calculus', 'about', 'considerations', 'clinicians', 'especially', 'inlight', 'differential', 'power', 'trainees', 'which', 'limits', 'their', 'perceived', 'ability', 'express', 'safety', 'concerns', 'totheir', 'supervisors', 'serve', 'gatekeepers', 'their', 'entry', 'profession', 'unfortunately', 'unique', 'strategic', 'advantages', 'integrated', 'primary', 'psychology', 'turned', 'intodisadvantages', 'context', 'pandemic', 'quarantine', 'sharing', 'clinic', 'space', 'conference', 'rooms', 'examsrooms', 'physicians', 'their', 'acutely', 'patients', 'became', 'hazard', 'psychology', 'trainees', 'thepatients', 'going', 'primary', 'clinic', 'solely', 'their', 'mental', 'health', 'visit', 'staying', 'second', 'longerperiod', 'combining', 'visits', 'thereby', 'increasing', 'their', 'potential', 'exposure', 'normal', 'times', 'highly', 'fective', 'reduce', 'mental', 'health', 'disparities', 'income', 'racial', 'ethnic', 'minority', 'patients', 'situationput', 'those', 'populations', 'greater', 'having', 'those', 'treatments', 'occur', 'medical', 'environment', 'oftennecessitating', 'traveling', 'public', 'transportation', 'creating', 'exposure', 'furthermore', 'percentageof', 'patients', 'safety', 'settings', 'multiple', 'chronic', 'health', 'conditions', 'making', 'vulnerable', 'threatening', 'complications', 'covid', 'large', 'portion', 'safety', 'patients', 'black', 'africanamerican', 'early', 'demonstrating', 'group', 'disproportionately', 'affected', 'covid', 'ahmed', 'ahmed', 'pissarides', 'stiglitz', 'facilitators', 'telepsychology', 'deploymentfor', 'these', 'reasons', 'faculty', 'supervisors', 'decision', 'early', 'going', 'pandemic', 'begin', 'animmediate', 'transition', 'telepsychology', 'services', 'across', 'primary', 'training', 'sites', 'aware', 'itwas', 'going', 'large', 'undertaking', 'because', 'large', 'number', 'clinics', 'culture', 'responseto', 'covid', 'several', 'advantages', 'going', 'first', 'large', 'program', 'fundedtrainees', 'faculty', 'supervisors', 'funded', 'their', 'mandated', 'person', 'clinical', 'pended', 'immediately', 'clinics', 'university', 'university', 'closed', 'weeks', 'ableto', 'bring', 'tremendous', 'amount', 'person', 'power', 'toward', 'drafting', 'start', 'plans', 'allowed', 'haveseparate', 'teams', 'establish', 'procedures', 'contacting', 'consenting', 'scheduling', 'patients', 'whowere', 'shifting', 'exclusive', 'telepsychology', 'services', 'second', 'because', 'funded', 'grants', 'mandatedthat', 'telepsychology', 'service', 'training', 'program', 'working', 'months', 'were1178', 'perrin', 'already', 'moving', 'toward', 'training', 'policy', 'changes', 'necessary', 'delivery', 'telepsychology', 'third', 'wereable', 'leverage', 'online', 'training', 'created', 'university', 'clinic', 'their', 'transition', 'telepsychology', 'services', 'student', 'required', 'complete', 'guided', 'online', 'training', 'before', 'seeing', 'their', 'first', 'telepsychologypatient', 'fortunate', 'enough', 'several', 'faculty', 'supervisors', 'substantial', 'prior', 'experience', 'astelepsychology', 'clinicians', 'instance', 'robust', 'research', 'grant', 'related', 'experience', 'oftelepsychology', 'challenges', 'telepsychology', 'deployment5', 'limited', 'clinic', 'capacityas', 'rapid', 'transition', 'telepsychology', 'needed', 'adjust', 'unique', 'parameters', 'therefore', 'supervisors', 'collaborated', 'personnel', 'individual', 'sites', 'medical', 'directors', 'nurses', 'headadministrators', 'identify', 'specific', 'changes', 'procedures', 'example', 'sites', 'provided', 'admin', 'istrative', 'support', 'reach', 'already', 'scheduled', 'patients', 'inform', 'telepsychology', 'whereasothers', 'preferred', 'contacting', 'patients', 'similarly', 'while', 'clinics', 'electronicmedical', 'records', 'could', 'accessed', 'remotely', 'sites', 'capacity', 'remotely', 'enterappointments', 'their', 'scheduling', 'system', 'create', 'password', 'protected', 'encryptedschedules', 'those', 'schedules', 'shared', 'medical', 'staff', 'could', 'patient', 'needed', 'andknow', 'which', 'patients', 'attended', 'telepsychology', 'appointments', 'fundamental', 'premise', 'primary', 'psychology', 'provide', 'brief', 'services', 'cross', 'section', 'ofpatients', 'possible', 'aiming', 'improve', 'behavioral', 'health', 'entire', 'clinic', 'population', 'achieve', 'promiseof', 'population', 'based', 'approach', 'primary', 'steady', 'referrals', 'physicians', 'routinescreenings', 'needed', 'however', 'nationally', 'within', 'primary', 'clinics', 'there', 'dramaticcutback', 'primary', 'visits', 'especially', 'visits', 'aimed', 'chronic', 'conditions', 'routine', 'check', 'prevention', 'furthermore', 'clinic', 'partners', 'volunteers', 'provide', 'percentage', 'their', 'tofurlough', 'those', 'volunteers', 'safety', 'reasons', 'seeing', 'fewer', 'patients', 'leads', 'fewer', 'referrals', 'additionally', 'primary', 'colleagues', 'medicine', 'embarking', 'their', 'steep', 'learning', 'curve', 'shifting', 'telehealth', 'clinicians', 'bandwidth', 'usually', 'discuss', 'behavioral', 'health', 'issues', 'their', 'patients', 'lastly', 'without', 'physical', 'presence', 'their', 'workspace', 'medical', 'colleagues', 'usual', 'visualreminders', 'verbal', 'prompts', 'clinicians', 'asking', 'referrals', 'sudden', 'referrals', 'perienced', 'across', 'spectrum', 'integrated', 'providers', 'nationally', 'weighing', 'daily', 'listservsabout', 'their', 'challenges', 'similar', 'transitions', 'integrated', 'schedulinganother', 'advantage', 'integrated', 'model', 'being', 'schedule', 'medical', 'behavioral', 'health', 'chology', 'appointments', 'decreases', 'barriers', 'transportation', 'efficiency', 'taking', 'offfrom', 'finding', 'child', 'telepsychology', 'actually', 'poses', 'greater', 'challenge', 'cases', 'withsome', 'medical', 'appointments', 'still', 'taking', 'place', 'person', 'patients', 'private', 'space', 'right', 'before', 'aftertheir', 'appointment', 'entering', 'leaving', 'clinic', 'making', 'difficult', 'attend', 'their', 'telepsychologyappointment', 'while', 'shows', 'generally', 'common', 'telepsychology', 'patients', 'sometimes', 'clinician', 'stime', 'granted', 'attach', 'importance', 'sessions', 'where', 'investment', 'ofshowing', 'person', 'patients', 'always', 'available', 'their', 'appointment', 'woman', 'sperrin', '1179partner', 'answered', 'phone', 'shared', 'message', 'getting', 'nails', 'available', 'other', 'times', 'patients', 'sleeping', 'woken', 'engaged', 'session', 'eating', 'during', 'asession', 'spent', 'initial', 'minutes', 'session', 'trying', 'quiet', 'location', 'within', 'their', 'residence', 'thelatter', 'especially', 'challenging', 'patients', 'children', 'roommates', 'given', 'greater', 'possibility', 'expected', 'disruptions', 'plans', 'uncommon', 'patients', 'clinicians', 'later', 'technologyanother', 'challenge', 'rolling', 'telepsychology', 'services', 'getting', 'patients', 'comfortable', 'using', 'video', 'conferencing', 'services', 'initially', 'telepsychology', 'visits', 'conducted', 'telephone', 'patientpreference', 'concerns', 'about', 'using', 'unfamiliar', 'technology', 'integrated', 'professional', 'concluded', 'aftersurveying', 'colleagues', 'about', 'clinicians', 'finding', 'challenge', 'despite', 'efforts', 'setup', 'videoconferencing', 'telephone', 'still', 'result', 'trend', 'therapists', 'having', 'learn', 'tonavigate', 'telepsychology', 'sessions', 'relying', 'solely', 'verbal', 'voice', 'initial', 'toward', 'choosing', 'telephone', 'services', 'continued', 'toward', 'providing', 'moreand', 'services', 'videoconferencing', 'obvious', 'advantages', 'affords', 'communication', 'rapportbuilding', 'another', 'barrier', 'comfort', 'level', 'trainees', 'phone', 'easieradjustment', 'thought', 'walking', 'patient', 'through', 'navigating', 'additional', 'hurdle', 'ourtrainees', 'became', 'confident', 'telepsychology', 'delivery', 'became', 'comfortable', 'selling', 'thisupgraded', 'service', 'patients', 'begin', 'using', 'video', 'service', 'other', 'health', 'providers', 'socialvisits', 'family', 'friends', 'during', 'extended', 'period', 'social', 'distancing', 'anticipating', 'morecomfort', 'technology', 'accessibility', 'diversity', 'issuesour', 'primary', 'psychology', 'contended', 'number', 'accessibility', 'diversity', 'challenges', 'theprovision', 'telepsychology', 'services', 'marginalized', 'communities', 'difficultyreaching', 'patients', 'recognize', 'masked', 'blocked', 'phone', 'number', 'calling', 'others', 'voicemail', 'systems', 'voicemail', 'boxes', 'accessibility', 'concerns', 'asrestricted', 'video', 'telepsychology', 'calls', 'limited', 'prepaid', 'phones', 'constrained', 'patients', 'ability', 'engage', 'telepsychology', 'furthermore', 'subset', 'patients', 'undocumented', 'immigrants', 'hadundocumented', 'family', 'members', 'recognize', 'wanted', 'video', 'theirlocation', 'during', 'telepsychology', 'similarly', 'patients', 'their', 'families', 'wanted', 'theirhomes', 'video', 'either', 'contrast', 'patients', 'telepsychology', 'delivered', 'telephone', 'ifthey', 'concerns', 'about', 'video', 'another', 'inclusion', 'related', 'challenge', 'realized', 'needed', 'translate', 'telepsychology', 'informedconsent', 'script', 'spanish', 'clinics', 'reliable', 'translation', 'services', 'duringthis', 'therefore', 'spanish', 'speaking', 'doctoral', 'trainees', 'providing', 'those', 'patients', 'theirfamilies', 'needed', 'sessions', 'spanish', 'spanish', 'speaking', 'clinicians', 'translate', 'translate', 'consent', 'script', 'their', 'bilingual', 'supervisor', 'checking', 'their', 'finally', 'across', 'nation', 'income', 'families', 'include', 'adults', 'essential', 'workers', 'construction', 'service', 'nursing', 'found', 'patients', 'families', 'having', 'balance', 'trying', 'other', 'possiblecontamination', 'person', 'returned', 'which', 'contributing', 'stress', 'level', 'patientsand', 'their', 'families', 'perrin', 'lessons', 'learned', 'telepsychology', 'transition5', 'presenting', 'issuesthough', 'anticipated', 'patients', 'would', 'primarily', 'focused', 'covid', 'resumed', 'services', 'manywere', 'ready', 'their', 'primary', 'issues', 'focused', 'pandemic', 'beenanticipating', 'referrals', 'however', 'primary', 'driver', 'often', 'current', 'pandemic', 'anxiety', 'panic', 'attacks', 'worry', 'about', 'covid', 'common', 'stressors', 'lower', 'income', 'patients', 'included', 'employment', 'being', 'furloughed', 'financial', 'strain', 'increased', 'presence', 'children', 'stressful', 'somefamilies', 'patients', 'chronic', 'health', 'conditions', 'worried', 'about', 'being', 'nerable', 'worst', 'covid', 'outcomes', 'addition', 'patients', 'included', 'those', 'without', 'consistenthousing', 'sources', 'reported', 'being', 'homeless', 'living', 'their', 'worried', 'about', 'total', 'shutdown', 'being', 'allowed', 'street', 'their', 'being', 'unable', 'shelter', 'working', 'primary', 'behavioral', 'health', 'issues', 'preceded', 'pandemic', 'there', 'newtwists', 'problems', 'exacerbated', 'significant', 'concern', 'exacerbation', 'intimate', 'partnerviolence', 'result', 'additional', 'factors', 'associated', 'being', 'unable', 'leave', 'often', 'andincreased', 'stress', 'patients', 'substance', 'depression', 'particularly', 'discussing', 'engaging', 'behaviorsubstitutions', 'enjoyable', 'pleasurable', 'activities', 'especially', 'difficult', 'orders', 'individuals', 'trying', 'smoking', 'often', 'found', 'themselves', 'returning', 'higher', 'level', 'smoking', 'similarly', 'individuals', 'working', 'weight', 'reducing', 'calorie', 'consumption', 'increasingexercise', 'tended', 'difficulty', 'adhering', 'those', 'plans', 'became', 'clear', 'underserved', 'patients', 'chronic', 'conditions', 'being', 'dissuaded', 'social', 'tancing', 'policies', 'crisis', 'medical', 'community', 'having', 'routine', 'visits', 'their', 'physiciansat', 'their', 'primary', 'clinics', 'combined', 'reduced', 'availability', 'other', 'safety', 'services', 'community', 'social', 'services', 'banks', 'patients', 'began', 'reporting', 'feeling', 'behind', 'ordeemed', 'lower', 'priority', 'during', 'pandemic', 'clinicians', 'noted', 'patients', 'often', 'expressed', 'relief', 'titude', 'continued', 'available', 'usual', 'level', 'services', 'accessible', 'nowthat', 'travel', 'appointment', 'found', 'subset', 'patients', 'actually', 'preferred', 'telepsychology', 'services', 'person', 'visits', 'hadonly', 'formerly', 'offered', 'meant', 'reach', 'patients', 'previously', 'declined', 'services', 'because', 'oftransportation', 'issues', 'partner', 'clinic', 'particular', 'focuses', 'utilizing', 'patients', 'number', 'ofchronic', 'medical', 'conditions', 'least', 'seven', 'qualify', 'clinic', 'trainees', 'clinic', 'historically', 'troublegetting', 'patients', 'longer', 'behaviorally', 'focused', 'sessions', 'shows', 'common', 'after', 'shift', 'totelepsychology', 'number', 'appointments', 'soared', 'shows', 'became', 'issue', 'similarly', 'another', 'clinicwhere', 'physicians', 'invested', 'making', 'referrals', 'behavioral', 'health', 'increase', 'number', 'ofpatients', 'accepting', 'referrals', 'because', 'barriers', 'became', 'lower', 'attending', 'these', 'sessions', 'result', 'thislesson', 'already', 'greatly', 'increase', 'telepsychology', 'offerings', 'after', 'pandemic', 'recedes', 'havediscussed', 'probably', 'first', 'session', 'occur', 'person', 'where', 'rapport', 'built', 'andassessment', 'instruments', 'easily', 'filled', 'offer', 'future', 'session', 'phone', 'orvideoconferencing', 'supervisionsupervision', 'which', 'shifted', 'strictly', 'telephone', 'videoconferencing', 'change', 'substantially', 'ofthe', 'distinct', 'advantages', 'integrated', 'primary', 'efficiency', 'formal', 'informal', 'andteam', 'supervision', 'occurs', 'trainees', 'clinicians', 'often', 'space', 'between', 'patient', 'visits', 'discussperrin', '1181patients', 'among', 'themselves', 'supervisor', 'often', 'present', 'medical', 'providers', 'whoalso', 'typically', 'space', 'notes', 'referrals', 'reviewed', 'before', 'session', 'there', 'adiscussion', 'members', 'trainee', 'support', 'about', 'approach', 'might', 'taken', 'norms', 'ofprimary', 'there', 'opportunity', 'interrupt', 'session', 'sultation', 'peers', 'other', 'medical', 'providers', 'advantages', 'upended', 'shift', 'toward', 'virtualteam', 'videoconference', 'contact', 'supervisor', 'other', 'peers', 'members', 'trainees', 'operating', 'delivering', 'antithesis', 'about', 'integratedcare', 'found', 'supervisor', 'trainee', 'adapted', 'supportby', 'developing', 'parallel', 'virtual', 'meeting', 'before', 'shift', 'trainees', 'connected', 'through', 'videoconfer', 'encing', 'shift', 'check', 'beginning', 'shift', 'discussing', 'shift', 'responsibilities', 'responding', 'clinicmessages', 'ensuring', 'followed', 'through', 'commitments', 'clinic', 'given', 'effects', 'pandemic', 'reaching', 'everyone', 'across', 'world', 'owngraduate', 'student', 'therapists', 'might', 'experiencing', 'their', 'challenges', 'indeed', 'there', 'initial', 'anxietyabout', 'transitioning', 'quickly', 'telepsychology', 'anxiety', 'generally', 'outweighed', 'desire', 'toprovide', 'services', 'patients', 'strategy', 'which', 'aided', 'transition', 'telepsychology', 'thegradual', 'start', 'graduate', 'student', 'therapists', 'delivering', 'telepsychology', 'started', 'senior', 'fourth', 'graduate', 'students', 'providing', 'initial', 'telepsychology', 'services', 'started', 'juniortherapists', 'staggered', 'training', 'allowed', 'senior', 'graduate', 'student', 'therapists', 'through', 'anywrinkles', 'initial', 'decrease', 'their', 'anxiety', 'around', 'telepsychology', 'before', 'starting', 'morenovice', 'trainees', 'additionally', 'helpful', 'discuss', 'which', 'psychology', 'provision', 'services', 'similar', 'teaching', 'parenting', 'skill', 'having', 'caregiverbrainstorm', 'could', 'working', 'children', 'adolescentsdelivering', 'telepsychology', 'vulnerable', 'population', 'children', 'adolescents', 'presented', 'aunique', 'challenges', 'which', 'compelled', 'pediatric', 'behavioral', 'health', 'number', 'operationalchanges', 'adapting', 'shifting', 'service', 'delivery', 'landscape', 'medical', 'center', 'first', 'steps', 'pediatrics', 'wereto', 'check', 'medical', 'partners', 'familiarize', 'ourselves', 'policies', 'around', 'pediatric', 'sickvisits', 'obtain', 'their', 'feedback', 'tentative', 'telepsychology', 'deployment', 'generally', 'tooffer', 'telepsychology', 'families', 'referred', 'their', 'pediatrician', 'emphasis', 'prioritizing', 'those', 'senting', 'problems', 'behavioral', 'health', 'services', 'adolescents', 'young', 'adultswith', 'internalizing', 'concerns', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'children', 'behavioral', 'concerns', 'hypothesized', 'subsequently', 'confirmed', 'patients', 'caregivers', 'school', 'related', 'concerns', 'would', 'chooseto', 'pause', 'their', 'sessions', 'given', 'current', 'school', 'closures', 'being', 'would', 'besuspended', 'after', 'conferring', 'primary', 'psychology', 'supervisors', 'medical', 'leaders', 'directors', 'primary', 'clinics', 'nursing', 'patient', 'services', 'approved', 'telepsychology', 'continuethe', 'provision', 'behavioral', 'health', 'services', 'pediatric', 'patients', 'would', 'check', 'regularly', 'discussongoing', 'clinic', 'needs', 'feedback', 'about', 'pediatric', 'primary', 'telepsychology', 'services', 'place', 'began', 'start', 'telepsychology', 'services', 'their', 'telepsychologytraining', 'detailed', 'above', 'complete', 'graduate', 'student', 'therapists', 'began', 'calling', 'patients', 'their', 'givers', 'schedule', 'upcoming', 'inform', 'moving', 'telepsychology', 'model', 'ofcare', 'during', 'pandemic', 'gauge', 'their', 'interest', 'continuing', 'under', 'model', 'families', 'gladto', 'behavioral', 'health', 'services', 'their', 'child', 'longer', 'their', 'priority', 'approximately', 'current', 'patient', 'decided', 'continue', 'telepsychology', 'using', 'astructured', 'consent', 'obtained', 'documented', 'verbal', 'informed', 'consent', 'treat', 'telepsychology1182', 'perrin', 'these', 'families', 'pediatric', 'primary', 'psychology', 'delivered', 'telepsychology', 'services', 'ofour', 'teens', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'which', 'exacerbated', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'thesocial', 'distancing', 'orders', 'locale', 'given', 'increased', 'amount', 'caregivers', 'andchildren', 'spending', 'together', 'school', 'closings', 'caregivers', 'stressed', 'stressmanagement', 'techniques', 'behavioral', 'parent', 'training', 'provided', 'those', 'therapeutic', 'strategies', 'viatelepsychology', 'additionally', 'while', 'structured', 'crisis', 'management', 'place', 'acute', 'issues', 'suicidality', 'communication', 'medical', 'colleagues', 'hadsome', 'initial', 'worries', 'about', 'being', 'colocated', 'clinics', 'during', 'losing', 'facetime', 'seemed', 'vital', 'maintaining', 'presence', 'members', 'however', 'communication', 'secureemail', 'electronic', 'medical', 'records', 'seamless', 'worked', 'toward', 'common', 'ofproviding', 'family', 'centered', 'despite', 'successes', 'there', 'barriers', 'serving', 'pediatric', 'families', 'telepsychology', 'forinstance', 'adult', 'clinics', 'patient', 'decreased', 'referrals', 'school', 'based', 'concerns', 'additionally', 'longer', 'obtaining', 'referrals', 'there', 'familieswho', 'other', 'significant', 'concerns', 'paying', 'losing', 'their', 'taking', 'family', 'member', 'given', 'thatour', 'patient', 'population', 'communities', 'being', 'hardest', 'covid', 'income', 'predominantlyblack', 'african', 'american', 'families', 'surprise', 'child', 'behavioral', 'health', 'concerns', 'ofthe', 'priorities', 'families', 'providing', 'evidence', 'based', 'services', 'telepsychology', 'through', 'pediatric', 'clinics', 'presented', 'another', 'lenge', 'difficult', 'telepsychology', 'sessions', 'caregivers', 'young', 'children', 'those', 'childrenwere', 'often', 'making', 'noise', 'needing', 'their', 'caregivers', 'attention', 'clinic', 'graduatestudent', 'therapist', 'assist', 'childcare', 'possible', 'telepsychology', 'therefore', 'still', 'navigatingthe', 'provide', 'telepsychology', 'parents', 'chaotic', 'environments', 'scheduling', 'anappointment', 'during', 'child', 'naptime', 'conclusionas', 'articles', 'special', 'issue', 'recent', 'experiences', 'rapid', 'transition', 'telepsychology', 'asthose', 'larger', 'field', 'telepsychology', 'crucial', 'psychological', 'service', 'provision', 'telepsychology', 'demonstrated', 'ability', 'expand', 'services', 'underserved', 'reach', 'populations', 'andits', 'applicability', 'makes', 'extremely', 'suited', 'become', 'permanent', 'fixture', 'profession', 'particularlywith', 'support', 'strong', 'public', 'policies', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'likely', 'influence', 'daily', 'ofpeople', 'across', 'globe', 'foreseeable', 'future', 'perhaps', 'positive', 'lasting', 'feature', 'historicinfluence', 'telepsychology', 'acknowledgmentsthis', 'manuscript', 'funded', 'awards', 'd40hp33378', 'rybarczyk', 'm01hp31388', 'jones', 'thehealth', 'resources', 'services', 'administration', 'orcidpaul', 'perrin', 'orcid', '215xheather', 'jones', 'orcid', '7004new', 'paper']
['original', 'researchpublished', 'march', '2021doi', 'fpsyg', '571257frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'march', 'volume', 'article', '571257edited', 'changiz', 'mohiyeddini', 'oakland', 'university', 'william', 'beaumontschool', 'medicine', 'united', 'statesreviewed', 'rubina', 'hanif', 'quaid', 'university', 'pakistananna', 'maria', 'meneghini', 'university', 'verona', 'italy', 'correspondence', 'daniela', 'marzanadaniela', 'marzana', 'unicatt', 'itspecialty', 'section', 'article', 'submitted', 'tohealth', 'psychology', 'section', 'journalfrontiers', 'psychologyreceived', '2020accepted', 'february', '2021published', 'march', '2021citation', 'napoli', 'guidi', 'arcidiacono', 'esposito', 'marta', 'novara', 'procentese', 'guazzini', 'agueli', 'gonzáles', 'leone', 'meringolo', 'andmarzana', 'italian', 'communitypsychology', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'shared', 'feelings', 'andthoughts', 'storytelling', 'ofuniversity', 'students', 'front', 'psychol', '571257', 'fpsyg', '571257italian', 'community', 'psychology', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'sharedfeelings', 'thoughts', 'thestorytelling', 'university', 'studentsimmacolata', 'napoli', 'elisa', 'guidi', 'caterina', 'arcidiacono1', 'esposito1', 'elena', 'marta3', 'cinzia', 'novara4', 'fortuna', 'procentese1', 'andrea', 'guazzini', 'barbara', 'agueli', 'florencia', 'gonzáles', 'leone1', 'patrizia', 'meringolo2', 'daniela', 'marzana3', 'department', 'humanities', 'university', 'naples', 'federico', 'naples', 'italy', 'department', 'education', 'literatures', 'interculturalstudies', 'languages', 'psychology', 'university', 'florence', 'florence', 'italy', 'catholic', 'university', 'sacred', 'heart', 'milano', 'italy', 'department', 'psychology', 'educational', 'science', 'human', 'movement', 'university', 'palermo', 'palermo', 'italythis', 'study', 'investigated', 'young', 'italian', 'people', 'experienced', 'period', 'spreadof', 'covid', 'their', 'country', 'probing', 'their', 'emotions', 'thoughts', 'events', 'actionsrelated', 'interpersonal', 'community', 'bonds', 'approach', 'pandemic', 'willhighlight', 'social', 'dimensions', 'characterized', 'contextual', 'interactions', 'specificperspective', 'community', 'psychology', 'investigate', 'young', 'people', 'sexperiences', 'because', 'fragile', 'group', 'their', 'difficulty', 'stayinghome', 'apart', 'their', 'peers', 'because', 'mostpotentially', 'dangerous', 'people', 'their', 'gather', 'groups', 'research', 'involved568', 'university', 'students', 'females', 'males', 'average', '82years', 'collected', 'analyzed', 'grounded', 'theorymethodology', 'using', 'atlas', 'software', 'textual', 'representative', 'codeswere', 'defined', 'grouped', 'categories', 'which', 'reflect', 'individuals', 'prosocialattitudes', 'behaviors', 'values', 'these', 'categories', 'formed', 'three', 'macro', 'categories', 'called', 'collective', 'dimensions', 'which', 'includes', 'connectedness', 'solidarity', 'italian', 'social', 'problems', 'collective', 'mourning', 'prosocial', 'orientation', 'which', 'includes', 'trustand', 'collective', 'values', 'which', 'includes', 'values', 'freedom', 'respect', 'socialrules', 'civic', 'mindedness', 'these', 'macro', 'categories', 'indicative', 'sharedfeelings', 'experienced', 'italians', 'during', 'first', 'pandemic', 'further', 'practicalimplications', 'these', 'results', 'discussed', 'including', 'consideration', 'ofdeveloping', 'distress', 'improving', 'being', 'promoting', 'preventive', 'behaviors', 'keywords', 'emotional', 'action', 'connectedness', 'solidarity', 'trust', 'collective', 'mourning', 'covid', 'civic', 'mindednessintroductionthis', 'article', 'examine', 'perceived', 'burden', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'lives', 'youngpeople', 'specific', 'perspective', 'community', 'psychology', 'lewin', 'perspective', 'situated', 'discipline', 'boundary', 'between', 'individual', 'socialevents', 'amerio', 'kagan', 'orford', 'therefore', 'hallmark', 'ecologicaldi', 'napoli', 'italian', 'community', 'psychology', 'covid', 'pandemicapproach', 'capable', 'analyzing', 'interplay', 'individual', 'relational', 'social', 'experiences', 'prilleltensky', 'napoliet', '2019a', 'examined', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'consideringindividual', 'emotions', 'thoughts', 'actions', 'andsignificant', 'events', 'individual', 'model', 'aimed', 'todetect', 'perceptions', 'representations', 'individuals', 'theiremotional', 'cognitive', 'dimensions', 'events', 'whichinfluence', 'their', 'experience', 'together', 'significantactions', 'behaviors', 'arcidiacono', 'wepropose', 'narrative', 'setting', 'capable', 'depicting', 'their', 'experiencein', 'individual', 'dimensions', 'emotions', 'thoughts', 'actions', 'events', 'ecological', 'perspective', 'considered', 'theindividual', 'domain', 'feelings', 'thoughts', 'tooka', 'cognitive', 'emotional', 'perspective', 'meanwhile', 'followingamerio', 'ajzen', 'kruglanski', 'consideredactions', 'individual', 'expression', 'interaction', 'withthe', 'external', 'world', 'furthermore', 'events', 'concern', 'experiencesthat', 'occur', 'around', 'people', 'expression', 'contextsin', 'which', 'people', 'immersed', 'literaturelewin', 'stated', 'groups', 'being', 'becauseof', 'perceived', 'similarity', 'because', 'members', 'realize', 'their', 'fatesdepend', 'group', 'whole', 'lewin', 'brown', 'townley', 'certainly', 'applies', 'community', 'community', 'considered', 'terms', 'ofthe', 'emotional', 'psychological', 'connections', 'exist', 'betweenpeople', 'groups', 'means', 'which', 'peoplecommunicate', 'community', 'exists', 'through', 'sharedmeaning', 'kagan', 'community', 'characterized', 'presence', 'somecollective', 'dimensions', 'emotional', 'connectedness', 'andsolidarity', 'trust', 'civic', 'values', 'these', 'assume', 'differentmeanings', 'circumstances', 'change', 'worth', 'mentioningthat', 'walker', 'emphasizes', 'andof', 'create', 'shared', 'specifically', 'timesof', 'emergency', 'emotional', 'connectedness', 'solidarityin', 'times', 'crisis', 'social', 'trauma', 'covid', 'individualsand', 'families', 'change', 'their', 'relationship', 'social', 'world', 'andthe', 'community', 'journal', 'nature', 'recently', 'published', 'article', 'social', 'andbehavioral', 'response', 'covid', 'asserting', 'fighting', 'globalpandemic', 'requires', 'large', 'scale', 'cooperation', 'bavel', 'pandemic', 'there', 'several', 'collectives', 'example', 'family', 'community', 'national', 'international', 'which', 'makedecisions', 'cooperate', 'faced', 'unexpectedsocial', 'event', 'awareness', 'fostered', 'pulcini', 'being', 'unitedwith', 'other', 'human', 'beings', 'through', 'perception', 'vulnerabilityand', 'weakness', 'leads', 'people', 'renewed', 'desire', 'bondingand', 'generates', 'reinvigorates', 'desire', 'community', 'andthe', 'organize', 'themselves', 'forms', 'shared', 'sociality', 'inother', 'words', 'desire', 'coexistence', 'sense', 'ofcommunity', 'maria', 'marta', 'procentese', 'andgatti', 'under', 'review', 'recent', 'research', 'showed', 'sense', 'community', 'centralto', 'program', 'protecting', 'citizens', 'being', 'during', 'pandemicconditions', 'neill', 'stated', 'conditions', 'disaster', 'sense', 'community', 'favors', 'theprotection', 'communities', 'increases', 'citizens', 'aretaken', 'consideration', 'their', 'community', 'dimensions', 'collective', 'refer', 'sense', 'ofcommunity', 'defined', 'feeling', 'members', 'feelthey', 'belong', 'important', 'other', 'group', 'shared', 'trust', 'needs', 'members', 'satisfiedthrough', 'commitment', 'together', 'mcmillan', 'chavis', 'fundamental', 'elements', 'sense', 'ofcommunity', 'evident', 'definition', 'first', 'element', 'isthe', 'sense', 'belonging', 'which', 'refers', 'feeling', 'being', 'partof', 'community', 'experience', 'emotional', 'securitythat', 'derives', 'second', 'concept', 'involving', 'senseof', 'belonging', 'identification', 'community', 'theexperience', 'feeling', 'adequate', 'integrated', 'finally', 'sense', 'belonging', 'includes', 'sharing', 'system', 'ofsymbols', 'which', 'purpose', 'initially', 'creating', 'andthen', 'maintaining', 'sense', 'community', 'second', 'element', 'makes', 'sense', 'communityis', 'influence', 'concept', 'understoodboth', 'influence', 'community', 'members', 'andvice', 'versa', 'third', 'fundamental', 'element', 'integration', 'andsatisfaction', 'needs', 'members', 'certainty', 'theirneeds', 'thanks', 'belonging', 'group', 'since', 'within', 'itthere', 'sharing', 'needs', 'themselves', 'purposes', 'beliefs', 'values', 'studies', 'shown', 'psychological', 'sense', 'communityis', 'important', 'component', 'community', 'initiatives', 'ispositively', 'related', 'higher', 'levels', 'being', 'associatedwith', 'social', 'behaviors', 'civic', 'participation', 'promotion', 'ofsocial', 'capital', 'chavis', 'wandersman', 'prezza', 'roussi', 'pozzi', 'ornelas', 'other', 'words', 'community', 'members', 'togetherwill', 'better', 'chances', 'satisfying', 'their', 'personal', 'andtheir', 'collective', 'needs', 'fourth', 'final', 'element', 'sharedemotional', 'connection', 'presence', 'strong', 'emotionalbonds', 'between', 'members', 'coexistence', 'therefore', 'favored', 'sense', 'communitythat', 'configured', 'catalyst', 'active', 'shared', 'visible', 'socialparticipation', 'entire', 'community', 'belonging', 'chavis', 'andwandersman', 'hughey', 'piccoli', 'christens', 'literature', 'effectively', 'confirmed', 'associatedwith', 'community', 'participation', 'florin', 'wandersman', 'chavis', 'wandersman', 'brodsky', 'bothcommunity', 'participation', 'interrelated', 'factorsthat', 'promote', 'community', 'development', 'improve', 'chancesthat', 'communities', 'solve', 'problems', 'enhancing', 'their', 'internalhuman', 'resources', 'promoting', 'social', 'empowerment', 'talòet', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'march', 'volume', 'article', '571257di', 'napoli', 'italian', 'community', 'psychology', 'covid', 'pandemictrustin', 'pandemic', 'situation', 'social', 'trust', 'institutional', 'trust', 'arevery', 'important', 'issues', 'overcoming', 'crisis', 'literaturehas', 'widely', 'demonstrated', 'indeed', 'trust', 'assumes', 'central', 'rolein', 'acceptance', 'recommended', 'measures', 'vaughan', 'tinker', 'several', 'studies', 'examined', 'trust', 'during', 'theh1n1', 'influenza', 'highlighting', 'importance', 'building', 'publictrust', 'promoting', 'compliance', 'recommended', 'behaviors', 'gilles', 'prati', 'quinn', 'freimuthet', 'moreover', 'weerd', 'highlightedthe', 'during', 'influenza', 'pandemic', 'trust', 'ininstitutions', 'increased', 'trust', 'always', 'assure', 'adherenceto', 'proactive', 'measures', 'recently', 'sibley', 'reportedthat', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'lockdown', 'institutionaltrust', 'attitudes', 'toward', 'nation', 'governmentincreased', 'trust', 'science', 'trust', 'police', 'conversely', 'italy', 'stanzani', 'observed', 'endof', 'lockdown', 'institutional', 'trust', 'decreased', 'among', 'italians', 'andthey', 'experienced', 'levels', 'trust', 'toward', 'activities', 'carriedout', 'institutional', 'trust', 'lewis', 'weigert', 'barbalet', 'luhmann', 'expresses', 'judgmentsabout', 'performance', 'institutions', 'government', 'hetherington', 'moreover', 'rönnerstrand', 'observed', 'contextual', 'generalized', 'trust', 'linked', 'immunization', 'withthe', 'literature', 'argues', 'being', 'trustful', 'individual', 'andresiding', 'community', 'characterized', 'trust', 'among', 'membersinfluences', 'health', 'health', 'behavior', 'kawachi', 'hyyppä', 'subramanian', 'dinapoli', '2019b', 'finally', 'generalized', 'social', 'trust', 'refers', 'trust', 'towardgeneralized', 'others', 'directly', 'known', 'bjørnskov', 'nannestad', 'which', 'occurs', 'community', 'shares', 'setof', 'moral', 'values', 'create', 'regular', 'expectations', 'ofregular', 'honest', 'behavior', 'fukuyama', 'furthermore', 'recent', 'study', 'conducted', 'amonghealth', 'workers', 'during', 'covid', 'emergency', 'showed', 'trustbetween', 'organizations', 'workers', 'essential', 'improvingwork', 'motivation', 'social', 'interaction', 'cooperation', 'civic', 'valuesduring', 'pandemic', 'sharing', 'values', 'strong', 'impact', 'onsocial', 'shared', 'identities', 'social', 'values', 'important', 'addressing', 'thepandemic', 'emergency', 'jarynowski', 'sindividual', 'perception', 'others', 'share', 'social', 'valuesenhances', 'adherence', 'norms', 'behaviors', 'curbing', 'thespread', 'virus', 'specifically', 'flanagan', 'flanagan', 'introduced', 'values', 'respect', 'civic', 'attitudes', 'definedengagement', 'values', 'explain', 'position', 'taken', 'relativeimportance', 'attributed', 'people', 'issues', 'social', 'politicalnature', 'their', 'constitutive', 'element', 'civic', 'values', 'theexperience', 'group', 'membership', 'together', 'experience', 'ofsocialization', 'family', 'community', 'general', 'sherrodet', 'marta', 'marzana', 'alfieriet', 'conducted', 'analysis', 'civicvalues', 'found', 'civic', 'values', 'order', 'mostwidely', 'studied', 'least', 'political', 'tolerance', 'understood', 'thedesire', 'extend', 'civil', 'rights', 'groups', 'notlike', 'volunteerism', 'understood', 'contribution', 'timeto', 'support', 'activities', 'community', 'organizations', 'politicalknowledge', 'understood', 'awareness', 'political', 'system', 'current', 'events', 'political', 'leaders', 'social', 'capital', 'extentto', 'which', 'person', 'networked', 'within', 'their', 'community', 'civicskills', 'understood', 'experience', 'familiarity', 'withactivities', 'influence', 'political', 'process', 'patriotism', 'understood', 'visceral', 'positive', 'connection', 'country', 'andrespect', 'national', 'symbols', 'rituals', 'researchgiving', 'voice', 'people', 'allowing', 'people', 'express', 'theirneeds', 'desires', 'acquiring', 'awareness', 'about', 'theirworld', 'among', 'significant', 'goals', 'communitypsychology', 'rappaport', 'rooted', 'freire', 'conscientization1970', 'martín', 'community', 'actions', 'should', 'alsobe', 'recalled', 'discipline', 'being', 'anindividual', 'matter', 'concerns', 'community', 'interactions', 'being', 'martino', 'napoli', '2019a', 'therefore', 'social', 'emotional', 'connectedness', 'community', 'interactions', 'pratiet', 'conviviality', 'procentese', '2019a', 'participation', 'albanesi', 'cicognani', 'arcidiacono', 'churchman', 'pozzi', 'social', 'pillars', 'understanding', 'psychic', 'enrich', 'merely', 'individual', 'dimensions', 'compounded', 'byindividual', 'emotions', 'interpersonal', 'relations', 'afamily', 'friendship', 'level', 'onset', 'covid', 'decided', 'explore', 'thesedimensions', 'group', 'italian', 'students', 'specifically', 'wereinterested', 'probing', 'inner', 'world', 'young', 'people', 'faced', 'withthis', 'unexpected', 'event', 'discipline', 'vision', 'regarding', 'individual', 'being', 'investigated', 'people', 'express', 'these', 'dimensions', 'materials', 'methodsaims', 'scopethe', 'study', 'acquire', 'informationabout', 'lockdown', 'experience', 'during', 'pandemic', 'tounderstand', 'meaning', 'symbolization', 'individual', 'local', 'national', 'levels', 'framed', 'within', 'community', 'psychology', 'approach', 'ourinterest', 'analyze', 'social', 'interactions', 'between', 'individualand', 'social', 'levels', 'during', 'therefore', 'asked', 'ourparticipants', 'freely', 'about', 'emotions', 'thoughts', 'events', 'andactions', 'considered', 'significant', 'share', 'askedto', 'refer', 'their', 'personal', 'experience', 'feelings', 'actionsrelated', 'their', 'relatives', 'friends', 'generally', 'attributed', 'tothis', 'global', 'pandemic', 'investigate', 'young', 'people', 'experience', 'becausethey', 'fragile', 'group', 'their', 'difficulty', 'stayingfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'march', 'volume', 'article', '571257di', 'napoli', 'italian', 'community', 'psychology', 'covid', 'pandemichome', 'apart', 'their', 'peers', 'because', 'thesame', 'potentially', 'dangerous', 'people', 'theirurge', 'gather', 'groups', 'therefore', 'storytelling', 'collect', 'their', 'stories', 'probe', 'their', 'meaning', 'andsymbolization', 'developing', 'their', 'reflectivity', 'esposito', 'salvatore', 'missionof', 'community', 'psychology', 'voice', 'young', 'people', 'amongthe', 'affected', 'people', 'pandemic', 'social', 'implications', 'weasked', 'students', 'freely', 'express', 'their', 'thoughts', 'emotionsrelated', 'their', 'lockdown', 'experience', 'companion', 'papers', 'carefully', 'describe', 'their', 'onlineteaching', 'experience', 'novara', 'forthcoming', 'theirindividual', 'feelings', 'thoughts', 'marzana', 'forthcoming', 'migliorini', 'probe', 'emotional', 'connectedness', 'sharedactions', 'undertaken', 'people', 'during', 'lockdown', 'participantsthe', 'recruitment', 'participants', 'place', 'through', 'themediation', 'lecturers', 'field', 'community', 'psychologyat', 'universities', 'different', 'italian', 'regions', 'north', 'center', 'south', 'instructor', 'invited', 'students', 'intheir', 'course', 'participate', 'research', 'filling', 'outan', 'online', 'questionnaire', 'created', 'distributed', 'through', 'thesurveymonkey', 'digital', 'platform', 'collection', 'place', 'march', 'april', 'during', 'which', 'number', 'cases', 'covid', '19contagion', 'reached', 'italy', 'participants', 'consisted', 'university', 'students', 'femalesand', 'males', 'average', 'years', 'participant', 'characteristics', 'table', 'methods', 'proceduresstudents', 'asked', 'describe', 'meaningful', 'events', 'actionsrelated', 'their', 'lockdown', 'experience', 'focalizedapproach', 'arcidiacono', 'stimulus', 'asked', 'delve', 'specificdimensions', 'emotions', 'thoughts', 'actions', 'events', 'single', 'student', 'could', 'expressed', 'fewwords', 'totaling', 'characters', 'filling', 'surveymonkey', 'platform', 'students', 'asked', 'provide', 'informed', 'consent', 'those', 'students', 'offered', 'opportunity', 'receiveindividual', 'actions', 'express', 'social', 'support', 'oftheir', 'student', 'community', 'analysisthe', 'textual', 'material', 'written', 'online', 'platform', 'analyzedby', 'means', 'grounded', 'theory', 'methodology', 'corbinand', 'strauss', 'charmaz', 'belgrave', 'using', 'theatlas', 'grounded', 'theory', 'basic', 'level', 'remains', 'approach', 'which', 'researchers', 'developtheory', 'bottom', 'rasmussen', 'process', 'analysis', 'starts', 'after', 'first', 'texts', 'providedwere', 'analyzed', 'entire', 'research', 'sharecommon', 'meanings', 'attributed', 'written', 'material', 'thepreliminary', 'coding', 'phase', 'started', 'bottom', 'approach', 'bytable', 'characteristics', 'participants', 'sexmale', '93female', '475territorial', 'areanorth', '159center', '61south', '348sexual', 'orientationheterosexual', '517homosexual', '17bisexual', '30other', 'sexual', 'orientation', '4housing', 'conditionwith', 'parents', '483alone', '16with', 'partner', '25with', 'roommates', '19with', 'other', 'family', 'members', '25universityuniversity', 'valle', 'aosta', '65università', 'cattolica', 'sacro', 'ccuore', 'milan', '98university', 'florence', '56university', 'naples', 'federico', '293university', 'palermo', '52other', 'italian', 'universities', '4coding', 'significant', 'words', 'sentences', 'shapedinto', 'larger', 'groups', 'framed', 'wider', 'categories', 'several', 'online', 'meetings', 'place', 'usually', 'theparticipation', 'researchers', 'reflexivity', 'based', 'iterativeprocess', 'undertaken', 'among', 'members', 'notes', 'theoretical', 'memos', 'preliminary', 'codes', 'identifyingconceptual', 'categories', 'shared', 'common', 'meanings', 'werediscussed', 'reflective', 'procedure', 'esposito', 'undertaken', 'researchers', 'asked', 'questionthemselves', 'better', 'interpret', 'findings', 'emerged', 'fromthe', 'texts', 'heterogeneity', 'research', 'particularly', 'interms', 'professional', 'background', 'prior', 'experience', 'withgtm', 'resource', 'better', 'interpret', 'content', 'andthe', 'meaning', 'texts', 'shared', 'procedure', 'produced', 'severalsubsequent', 'coding', 'frames', 'reaching', 'final', 'shared', 'categoricalframe', 'consensual', 'strategy', 'activity', 'parallel', 'tothe', 'coding', 'activity', 'brought', 'material', 'finally', 'codes', 'framed', 'shared', 'categories', 'collectedin', 'common', 'repository', 'google', 'drive', 'folder', 'tostart', 'writing', 'final', 'report', 'after', 'categories', 'codes', 'andquotations', 'discussed', 'again', 'reached', 'thedefinition', 'final', 'missing', 'aspects', 'least', 'studentsof', 'universities', 'asked', 'share', 'results', 'preliminary', 'discussion', 'collected', 'texts', 'sharedwith', 'students', 'during', 'course', 'study', 'preliminaryfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'march', 'volume', 'article', '571257di', 'napoli', 'italian', 'community', 'psychology', 'covid', 'pandemicfigure', 'categories', 'macrocategories', 'results', 'shared', 'groups', 'students', 'directlyinvolved', 'research', 'during', 'seminars', 'which', 'researcher', 'steam', 'invited', 'brief', 'report', 'provided', 'students', 'involved', 'inthe', 'research', 'highlighting', 'principal', 'results', 'allreferences', 'published', 'articles', 'through', 'docent', 'websites', 'orfacebook', 'pages', 'resultsthe', 'results', 'showed', 'presence', 'sensitizing', 'conceptsin', 'student', 'storytelling', 'blumer', 'other', 'words', 'thoughts', 'hunches', 'researchers', 'starteddoing', 'research', 'texts', 'categorized', 'collective', 'dimensionssuch', 'connectedness', 'solidarity', 'social', 'problems', 'collectivemourning', 'coding', 'encompassed', 'specificunexpected', 'thoughts', 'concerning', 'national', 'belonging', 'werenamed', 'italian', 'collective', 'dimensions', 'macro', 'category', 'included', 'severaldifferent', 'categories', 'figure', 'connectedness', 'peculiar', 'aspect', 'consistent', 'situationcharacterized', 'being', 'better', 'thesame', 'storm', 'refers', 'sharing', 'destiny', 'widercommunity', 'perceives', 'especially', 'contagion', 'aclose', 'relationship', 'feeling', 'unity', 'facing', 'misfortunes', 'interdependence', 'lesson', 'learned', 'lewin', 'scontributions', 'powerful', 'mechanism', 'building', 'groups', 'cohesion', 'especially', 'small', 'local', 'communities', 'regionsmore', 'heavily', 'affected', 'infection', 'aspect', 'quicklybecame', 'toward', 'achieving', 'great', 'sometimes', 'unexpected', 'level', 'social', 'cohesion', 'other', 'interviewees', 'refer', 'aspects', 'related', 'everyday', 'sharing', 'useful', 'information', 'exchanging', 'recipes', 'becausefrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'march', 'volume', 'article', '571257di', 'napoli', 'italian', 'community', 'psychology', 'covid', 'pandemiccooking', 'favorite', 'pastimes', 'during', 'lockdown', 'sense', 'expressing', 'creativity', 'enrichingthe', 'ritual', 'enjoying', 'meals', 'together', 'table', 'addition', 'other', 'shared', 'suggestions', 'concerned', 'exercise', 'andworkouts', 'discomfort', 'caused', 'forced', 'inactivityand', 'movement', 'perceived', 'particularly', 'firstdays', 'confinement', 'above', 'important', 'topicis', 'sharing', 'emotions', 'worry', 'uncertainty', 'aboutthe', 'future', 'participants', 'wrote', 'about', 'connectedness', 'wroteabout', 'their', 'perceptions', 'related', 'micro', 'macro', 'belonging', 'consequently', 'about', 'cohesion', 'experienced', 'intheir', 'proximal', 'networks', 'their', 'neighborhood', 'partner', 'andfamily', 'value', 'having', 'meals', 'together', 'around', 'table', 'singing', 'playing', 'popular', 'songs', 'hymns', 'balconies', 'toasting', 'another', 'street', 'other', 'aswell', 'playing', 'traditional', 'bingo', 'tombola', 'socially', 'together', 'whilestanding', 'windows', 'overlooking', 'courtyards', 'suddenlybecame', 'relevant', 'express', 'value', 'beingtogether', 'shared', 'community', 'emotional', 'connectedness', 'becamea', 'social', 'issue', 'community', 'level', 'interesting', 'theimportance', 'attributed', 'social', 'cohesion', 'perceived', 'localcommunity', 'great', 'sense', 'community', 'never', 'perceived', 'beforecovid', 'students', 'spending', 'oftheir', 'outside', 'social', 'networks', 'importantway', 'close', 'significant', 'others', 'solidarity', 'possible', 'outcome', 'feelings', 'growthof', 'solidarity', 'opinion', 'people', 'rediscover', 'solidarity', 'unselfishness', 'thinking', 'about', 'interests', 'interviewees', 'referred', 'community', 'solidarity', 'timesit', 'involve', 'residents', 'these', 'feelings', 'widelyshared', 'anyway', 'solidarity', 'often', 'defined', 'rediscoveredhumanity', 'generally', 'referring', 'local', 'community', 'wasalso', 'detailed', 'specifying', 'fragile', 'inhabitants', 'theelderly', 'people', 'disabilities', 'previous', 'illnesses', 'thosewho', 'adverse', 'event', 'sometimes', 'worthless', 'particular', 'attention', 'healthcare', 'workers', 'andprofessionals', 'participants', 'highlighted', 'solidarity', 'shownby', 'toward', 'whole', 'local', 'community', 'inhabitants', 'appreciation', 'their', 'heroes', 'pandemic', 'times', 'addition', 'similar', 'praise', 'expressed', 'toward', 'volunteersengaged', 'providing', 'meals', 'other', 'basic', 'necessities', 'orindividual', 'protection', 'devices', 'often', 'lacking', 'first', 'phaseof', 'lockdown', 'another', 'aspect', 'emerging', 'particular', 'emphasis', 'somecontexts', 'underscored', 'refers', 'internationalsolidarity', 'demonstrated', 'physicians', 'coming', 'abroad', 'tohelp', 'areas', 'italy', 'seriously', 'affected', 'virus', 'providing', 'medical', 'devices', 'financial', 'support', 'people', 'particularly', 'young', 'people', 'generally', 'think', 'about', 'othercountries', 'producers', 'goods', 'places', 'worth', 'visiting', 'notas', 'possible', 'helpers', 'normal', 'participants', 'consideredsolidarity', 'dimension', 'coming', 'lucky', 'healthy', 'medium', 'income', 'privileged', 'people', 'toward', 'mostdeprived', 'individuals', 'during', 'lockdown', 'experiencedthe', 'meaning', 'resources', 'rediscoveringpeer', 'solidarity', 'italian', 'social', 'relationships', 'experience', 'daily', 'lifealso', 'satisfy', 'members', 'community', 'thatis', 'territorially', 'recognized', 'confined', 'specific', 'physical', 'andmental', 'space', 'feeling', 'being', 'italian', 'being', 'recognizedby', 'others', 'called', 'italian', 'includesthose', 'anthropological', 'cultural', 'territorial', 'characteristics', 'thatconnote', 'being', 'italian', 'question', 'charactersthat', 'objectively', 'unique', 'nation', 'symbol', 'ageographical', 'border', 'founding', 'fundamental', 'aspectis', 'common', 'feeling', 'which', 'being', 'ofsomething', 'bigger', 'important', 'independent', 'ofindividual', 'stances', 'includes', 'reicherand', 'hopkin', 'emerges', 'research', 'pandemicconnected', 'people', 'nation', 'extent', 'thepopulace', 'renewed', 'feeling', 'italian', 'among', 'thesymbols', 'tricolor', 'displayed', 'windows', 'italiannational', 'anthem', 'unison', 'balconies', 'thehouses', 'other', 'songs', 'grounded', 'national', 'memory', 'recurredin', 'texts', 'posters', 'displayed', 'facades', 'houses', 'words', 'everything', 'alright', 'consolingif', 'proactive', 'effect', 'these', 'actions', 'through', 'whichthe', 'population', 'alone', 'rather', 'isolated', 'probablyalso', 'world', 'closer', 'italian', 'citizens', 'asnever', 'before', 'participant', 'wrote', 'people', 'excited', 'andsing', 'moment', 'collective', 'generatereflected', 'collective', 'action', 'outlines', 'action', 'national', 'coping', 'summary', 'pandemic', 'bonded', 'people', 'nationin', 'renewed', 'feeling', 'italian', 'highlighting', 'anemergency', 'there', 'borders', 'social', 'problems', 'social', 'perspective', 'descriptionof', 'problems', 'seems', 'generate', 'certain', 'polarity', 'somecases', 'intrinsically', 'social', 'collective', 'vision', 'problemprevailed', 'current', 'situation', 'italian', 'families', 'leftwithout', 'poverty', 'complicated', 'situationis', 'general', 'elderly', 'family', 'progressively', 'moreand', 'alarming', 'generated', 'strong', 'futureof', 'country', 'isolation', 'necessary', 'physical', 'health', 'issues', 'inthe', 'risks', 'damaging', 'people', 'mental', 'health', 'other', 'there', 'expressions', 'ofidentification', 'others', 'where', 'social', 'concern', 'focused', 'onthe', 'individual', 'suffering', 'other', 'therefore', 'summativecharacter', 'sufferings', 'individual', 'emerges', 'social', 'inthis', 'regard', 'texts', 'collected', 'presented', 'great', 'narrativeexpressing', 'attention', 'social', 'problems', 'yesterday', 'shospital', 'elderly', 'committed', 'suicide', 'because', 'beeninfected', 'afraid', 'having', 'infected', 'someone', 'afraidthese', 'episodes', 'occur', 'again', 'think', 'manypeople', 'alone', 'greater', 'variety', 'intensity', 'meaning', 'beencapsulated', 'entirely', 'within', 'single', 'statement', 'anxiety', 'fromfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'march', 'volume', 'article', '571257di', 'napoli', 'italian', 'community', 'psychology', 'covid', 'pandemicmultiple', 'points', 'people', 'hospitals', 'andtherefore', 'disabled', 'virus', 'doctors', 'nurses', 'healthcare', 'andlaw', 'enforcement', 'workers', 'grandparents', 'elderly', 'forall', 'those', 'people', 'unfortunately', 'means', 'safeand', 'italy', 'which', 'brought', 'knees', 'collective', 'mourning', 'social', 'mourning', 'dimension', 'seemsabove', 'emphasize', 'emergence', 'community', 'meaningof', 'death', 'opposed', 'contemporary', 'tendency', 'considerdeath', 'private', 'event', 'mourning', 'personal', 'elaboration', 'represented', 'participants', 'texts', 'therefore', 'afact', 'itself', 'above', 'novelty', 'surprise', 'differencecompared', 'usual', 'living', 'conditions', 'sense', 'aspects', 'appear', 'significant', 'ofthese', 'frequency', 'which', 'participants', 'speak', 'about', 'thedeath', 'strangers', 'fortunately', 'probably', 'related', 'incidence', 'family', 'mourning', 'recurrence', 'thistheme', 'underlines', 'impact', 'community', 'level', 'including', 'forthe', 'people', 'directly', 'involved', 'seeing', 'these', 'peopledie', 'longer', 'cemeteries', 'sitting', 'hearing', 'numberof', 'deaths', 'every', 'desire', 'speak', 'smile', 'people', 'dying', 'military', 'vehicles', 'leaving', 'thebergamo', 'hospital', 'interesting', 'feature', 'these', 'statements', 'althoughthey', 'about', 'strangers', 'categories', 'meaning', 'thediscursive', 'styles', 'private', 'dimension', 'mourning', 'andpersonal', 'mainly', 'attuning', 'families', 'ofthe', 'deceased', 'strangers', 'discourse', 'there', 'therefore', 'pointof', 'contact', 'between', 'collective', 'entity', 'events', 'affectiveand', 'family', 'sphere', 'attribution', 'meaning', 'coffin', 'ready', 'cremated', 'without', 'family', 'members', 'havingthe', 'opportunity', 'farewell', 'celebrated', 'withdignity', 'impossibility', 'saying', 'goodbye', 'deceased', 'forthose', 'someone', 'another', 'element', 'seems', 'refer', 'communitydimension', 'mourning', 'frequency', 'which', 'imagesof', 'coffins', 'military', 'vehicles', 'bergamo', 'arerecalled', 'various', 'cities', 'distant', 'refers', 'avisual', 'representation', 'experiences', 'conveyed', 'media', 'however', 'aspect', 'taken', 'better', 'definition', 'ofthe', 'experiences', 'mourning', 'because', 'sometimes', 'addressing', 'lossappears', 'private', 'dimension', 'linked', 'direct', 'experienceof', 'participants', 'death', 'friend', 'eventthat', 'surely', 'struck', 'death', 'caused', 'thecoronavirus', 'neighbor', 'grandmother', 'other', 'cases', 'absence', 'mourning', 'social', 'sense', 'communityritual', 'concerning', 'stranger', 'mourning', 'portrayed', 'imagesof', 'military', 'trucks', 'bergamo', 'seems', 'emphasized', 'thissense', 'assumed', 'there', 'subtle', 'dissonance', 'betweenamplified', 'public', 'representations', 'those', 'conveyed', 'bythe', 'media', 'underestimated', 'individual', 'experiences', 'directexperiences', 'mourning', 'finally', 'cases', 'speed', 'contagion', 'transmissionnumber', 'associated', 'social', 'mourning', 'macro', 'category', 'occurrence', 'suggest', 'profound', 'impressionaroused', 'extent', 'losses', 'above', 'allby', 'occurrence', 'rampant', 'emergency', 'coming', 'cause', 'anxiety', 'respect', 'practical', 'possibility', 'tocombat', 'collective', 'values', 'collective', 'values', 'macro', 'categoryincludes', 'different', 'categories', 'refer', 'behaviors', 'attitudes', 'values', 'related', 'respect', 'other', 'people', 'rules', 'livingin', 'community', 'respect', 'rules', 'responsibility', 'wellas', 'values', 'freedom', 'civic', 'mindedness', 'civic', 'sense', 'forexample', 'collects', 'codes', 'referring', 'staying', 'aform', 'respect', 'rules', 'adherence', 'restrictionsrequired', 'institutions', 'action', 'emerges', 'crucial', 'inthis', 'period', 'believe', 'respect', 'rules', 'decrees', 'issued', 'respecting', 'rules', 'decrees', 'being', 'selfless', 'while', 'staying', 'participants', 'therefore', 'stated', 'opinions', 'concerning', 'sense', 'ofjustice', 'referred', 'failure', 'people', 'complywith', 'rules', 'injustice', 'toward', 'those', 'conversely', 'nottransgress', 'collective', 'values', 'connected', 'thisaspect', 'justice', 'expressed', 'individualism', 'selfishness', 'responsibility', 'refers', 'attitude', 'focusing', 'oneself', 'needswhile', 'ignoring', 'those', 'others', 'different', 'people', 'puttingtheir', 'personal', 'needs', 'before', 'collective', 'needs', 'which', 'reflected', 'inbehaviors', 'denote', 'respect', 'community', 'andnegligence', 'people', 'behavior', 'examples', 'these', 'behaviors', 'escaping', 'lockdown', 'bytrain', 'return', 'moving', 'called', 'zones', 'ofitaly', 'which', 'considered', 'highly', 'contagious', 'irresponsibleshopping', 'supermarket', 'items', 'possible', 'theselfishness', 'these', 'people', 'makes', 'understand', 'there', 'noemotional', 'holds', 'faced', 'dying', 'these', 'peoplewould', 'their', 'devil', 'egoism', 'never', 'broughtbenefits', 'society', 'individual', 'lives', 'people', 'cannotunderstand', 'happen', 'without', 'thinking', 'leastabout', 'other', 'important', 'value', 'which', 'interviewees', 'focusedwas', 'freedom', 'during', 'period', 'lockdown', 'assumedthe', 'connotation', 'rediscovered', 'value', 'freedom', 'became', 'afundamental', 'dimension', 'daily', 'often', 'taken', 'granted', 'great', 'importance', 'taken', 'particular', 'attention', 'dimension', 'theenvironment', 'participants', 'wondered', 'about', 'effect', 'thatthe', 'pandemic', 'would', 'nature', 'often', 'speaking', 'worldthat', 'being', 'purified', 'planet', 'earth', 'reborn', 'coming', 'tothe', 'conclusion', 'negative', 'experience', 'human', 'beings', 'isbecoming', 'positive', 'nature', 'prosocial', 'orientationthe', 'prosocial', 'orientation', 'macro', 'category', 'contains', 'differentcategories', 'trust', 'trust', 'concerned', 'theinterviewees', 'declared', 'state', 'emergency', 'increasedtheir', 'confidence', 'conscious', 'importanceof', 'trusting', 'their', 'fellow', 'citizens', 'humanity', 'above', 'thepublic', 'institutions', 'increasing', 'trust', 'others', 'fundamentalpremise', 'moving', 'forward', 'overcoming', 'crisis', 'situation', 'trust', 'fellow', 'citizens', 'basically', 'considered', 'veryimportant', 'empowering', 'everybody', 'adopt', 'precautionarybehaviors', 'protect', 'themselves', 'other', 'people', 'really', 'needfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'march', 'volume', 'article', '571257di', 'napoli', 'italian', 'community', 'psychology', 'covid', 'pandemicthis', 'trust', 'which', 'trust', 'others', 'believe', 'peoplereally', 'realize', 'currently', 'experiencing', 'moreover', 'students', 'refer', 'increased', 'confidence', 'inpublic', 'institutions', 'above', 'prime', 'minister', 'thanks', 'thecloseness', 'understanding', 'institutions', 'showed', 'towardthe', 'citizens', 'leaving', 'aside', 'political', 'opinion', 'beenimpressed', 'positively', 'governmental', 'promptnessin', 'sending', 'message', 'strength', 'safety', 'trust', 'great', 'confidence', 'recognition', 'expressed', 'theitalian', 'lockdown', 'model', 'since', 'displayed', 'emphasis', 'relieved', 'little', 'reassured', 'because', 'feelingthat', 'state', 'putting', 'place', 'actions', 'peoplewere', 'alone', 'mercy', 'disease', 'trust', 'authorities', 'increased', 'gratitude', 'thepresence', 'checks', 'compliance', 'lockdown', 'somethingpositive', 'noticed', 'number', 'checks', 'thepolice', 'carrying', 'neighborhood', 'police', 'passingcontinuously', 'stopping', 'passers', 'however', 'there', 'portion', 'students', 'distrusttoward', 'fellow', 'citizens', 'authorities', 'regarding', 'managementof', 'emergency', 'distrust', 'mainly', 'toward', 'careless', 'attitudesadopted', 'other', 'inhabitants', 'institutions', 'ignoring', 'rulesimposed', 'authorities', 'regarding', 'coronavirus', 'emergency', 'itmakes', 'esteem', 'trust', 'society', 'interviewees', 'symbol', 'representedby', 'drawings', 'italian', 'children', 'recognized', 'symbolsof', 'positivity', 'toward', 'future', 'children', 'drawings', 'alsorepresented', 'trigger', 'serenity', 'relieving', 'worries', 'andsadness', 'lockdown', 'period', 'saying', 'andràtuttobene', 'everything', 'alright', 'became', 'symbol', 'individual', 'collective', 'ofrecovering', 'returning', 'normality', 'category', 'emotional', 'future', 'directednetwork', 'describes', 'subjects', 'desired', 'right', 'after', 'theemergency', 'phase', 'however', 'carries', 'different', 'attributes', 'theinterviewees', 'interviewees', 'revolutioncompared', 'existed', 'before', 'onset', 'covid', 'thatis', 'possibility', 'adopting', 'different', 'living', 'inthe', 'future', 'revolution', 'means', 'importing', 'newways', 'establishing', 'interpersonal', 'relationships', 'taking', 'ofthe', 'vulnerable', 'having', 'greater', 'environment', 'rebuild', 'world', 'creative', 'responsible', 'moreaware', 'united', 'normality', 'anymore', 'masterpiece', 'moment', 'would', 'bring', 'areal', 'revolution', 'inside', 'outside', 'ourselves', 'learn', 'thelesson', 'moment', 'ofwhat', 'taught', 'youth', 'return', 'resume', 'livingas', 'prior', 'everyday', 'before', 'covid', 'emergency', 'ihope', 'moment', 'panta', 'everythingflows', 'important', 'ancient', 'greek', 'philosopher', 'tosay', 'stress', 'country', 'sufferingwill', 'weaken', 'everything', 'soonis', 'strong', 'interviewees', 'refer', 'asthe', 'inability', 'imagine', 'themselves', 'future', 'inability', 'toforesee', 'emergency', 'makes', 'intervieweesafraid', 'discouraged', 'discussionthe', 'coffins', 'behind', 'bergamo', 'morgue', 'continuouslybroadcast', 'media', 'several', 'image', 'reportedby', 'frequent', 'dreams', 'iorio', 'expressed', 'thedimension', 'collective', 'mourning', 'conversely', 'people', 'talking', 'toeach', 'other', 'balconies', 'voice', 'connectedness', 'herevisual', 'representations', 'symbolic', 'meaning', 'shared', 'byour', 'respondents', 'therefore', 'consider', 'imageas', 'category', 'encompassing', 'shared', 'meaning', 'attributed', 'tothis', 'pandemic', 'community', 'level', 'lines', 'coffins', 'andpeople', 'singing', 'toasting', 'balconies', 'respectively', 'expressthis', 'emotional', 'sharing', 'collective', 'mourning', 'toexpress', 'shared', 'feelings', 'connectedness', 'assumedas', 'category', 'sentence', 'visual', 'imagesreported', 'texts', 'worth', 'mentioning', 'visualcommunication', 'expresses', 'feelings', 'thoughts', 'arcidiaconoet', 'beginning', 'lockdown', 'aspirationto', 'share', 'connected', 'first', 'spontaneous', 'reactionto', 'media', 'reports', 'deaths', 'infections', 'signs', 'reciprocalsolidarity', 'expressed', 'described', 'according', 'walker', 'psychological', 'researchsuggests', 'being', 'emergency', 'create', 'commonidentity', 'amongst', 'those', 'affected', 'emergencies', 'appear', 'leasttemporarily', 'dissolve', 'social', 'division', 'development', 'thisidentity', 'facilitates', 'degree', 'cooperative', 'altruism', 'whenamongst', 'strangers', 'threatening', 'situations', 'confirming', 'reported', 'introduction', 'thewords', 'participants', 'renewed', 'desire', 'bonding', 'andcommunity', 'evident', 'response', 'situation', 'collectivetrauma', 'ntontis', 'rocha', 'unity', 'strengthens', 'thebelief', 'greater', 'ability', 'emergency', 'nottrivial', 'point', 'rediscovered', 'unity', 'occurredthrough', 'recovery', 'traditions', 'social', 'games', 'cooking', 'which', 'represent', 'anchor', 'something', 'known', 'somethingthat', 'change', 'through', 'generations', 'timewhen', 'lives', 'turned', 'upside', 'interesting', 'atime', 'freedom', 'escape', 'curtailed', 'traditionretains', 'consoling', 'meaning', 'community', 'which', 'tocling', 'certainties', 'while', 'adapting', 'needs', 'evenwhen', 'these', 'completely', 'unusual', 'unpredictable', 'found', 'renewed', 'interest', 'bonds', 'whatwe', 'could', 'define', 'behavioral', 'solidarity', 'toward', 'humanity', 'inparticular', 'places', 'isolated', 'social', 'categories', 'theelderly', 'homeless', 'professional', 'categories', 'valuedby', 'government', 'policies', 'doctors', 'nurses', 'whole', 'healthsystem', 'center', 'attention', 'collective', 'sensitivity', 'found', 'epidemic', 'individual', 'citizens', 'tohave', 'shared', 'emotional', 'experience', 'develop', 'socialidentity', 'called', 'italian', 'withthe', 'intergroup', 'emotions', 'theory', 'smith', 'mackie', 'dramatic', 'event', 'involved', 'italian', 'regions', 'different', 'degree', 'triggered', 'group', 'based', 'emotions', 'italians', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'march', 'volume', 'article', '571257di', 'napoli', 'italian', 'community', 'psychology', 'covid', 'pandemicthese', 'common', 'emotions', 'independent', 'individuallevel', 'linked', 'sense', 'belonging', 'commonidentity', 'studies', 'people', 'exposed', 'emergencies', 'suggest', 'drury', 'sharing', 'crisis', 'situation', 'fostereda', 'sense', 'belonging', 'among', 'individuals', 'which', 'managed', 'toovercome', 'profound', 'differences', 'characterize', 'differentregions', 'national', 'territory', 'identity', 'strengthened', 'italywas', 'european', 'country', 'severelyaffected', 'epidemic', 'during', 'period', 'whichthe', 'collected', 'there', 'image', 'fueled', 'fearand', 'social', 'media', 'italians', 'spreaders', 'virus', 'aspostulated', 'again', 'intergroup', 'emotions', 'theory', 'smithand', 'mackie', 'discriminatory', 'experience', 'favored', 'socialidentity', 'thanks', 'opposition', 'outgroup', 'represented', 'othereuropean', 'countries', 'addition', 'dovidio', 'argue', 'delocalizationof', 'virus', 'affected', 'entire', 'globe', 'configured', 'itselfas', 'global', 'threat', 'exported', 'threat', 'ingroup', 'ofbelonging', 'lowering', 'level', 'intra', 'group', 'conflict', 'couldexplain', 'generalized', 'newly', 'found', 'trust', 'other', 'which', 'higher', 'level', 'categorization', 'creates', 'commoningroup', 'identity', 'which', 'belongs', 'gaertner', 'respondents', 'recognize', 'people', 'solution', 'problem', 'jetten', 'theybecome', 'problem', 'respect', 'civic', 'normsthat', 'protect', 'global', 'community', 'which', 'everyone', 'duringthe', 'pandemic', 'feels', 'other', 'alsobe', 'source', 'mirroring', 'identification', 'novaraet', 'awakening', 'empathic', 'capacity', 'thefeeling', 'collective', 'mourning', 'concern', 'economicdifficulties', 'families', 'workers', 'fieldrun', 'community', 'these', 'things', 'needto', 'taken', 'better', 'future', 'including', 'reawakeningenvironmental', 'responsibility', 'moreover', 'literature', 'rönnerstrand', 'sibleyet', 'there', 'increased', 'sense', 'trust', 'politicalinstitutions', 'which', 'interviewees', 'recognize', 'attitude', 'ofcare', 'attention', 'toward', 'other', 'citizens', 'therefore', 'trust', 'interviewees', 'necessary', 'condition', 'overcoming', 'thecrisis', 'situation', 'finally', 'interesting', 'feeling', 'solnit', 'results', 'regarding', 'prospective', 'imageof', 'together', 'after', 'covid', 'theretrospective', 'image', 'future', 'based', 'onwhat', 'conscious', 'collective', 'learning', 'indeed', 'despite', 'being', 'little', 'explored', 'implicationsin', 'pandemic', 'situation', 'important', 'issue', 'moreoverconsidering', 'socially', 'constructed', 'emotion', 'connected', 'thequality', 'scioli', 'probably', 'benefit', 'storytelling', 'methodthat', 'research', 'allowed', 'interviewees', 'notonly', 'report', 'their', 'experiences', 'narrate', 'thepsychological', 'sense', 'accessing', 'emotional', 'meaningfulelaboration', 'their', 'experiences', 'muchthis', 'promote', 'preventive', 'caring', 'behavior', 'duringmass', 'emergencies', 'finally', 'study', 'confirms', 'young', 'people', 'attentiveand', 'sensitive', 'social', 'issues', 'elsewhere', 'described', 'alfieri', 'developed', 'concern', 'community', 'limitsthis', 'research', 'without', 'limits', 'study', 'collectedexperiences', 'students', 'classes', 'included', 'there', 'greater', 'number', 'females', 'number', 'participants', 'alsodiffers', 'among', 'various', 'universities', 'quite', 'balanced', 'amongthe', 'northern', 'southern', 'central', 'regions', 'italy', 'furthermore', 'participants', 'university', 'students', 'studying', 'humanitiesdepartments', 'therefore', 'sample', 'represent', 'italianuniversity', 'students', 'young', 'italians', 'broadly', 'future', 'study', 'would', 'interesting', 'develop', 'situateddifferences', 'among', 'young', 'italians', 'different', 'social', 'contexts', 'andto', 'compare', 'results', 'youth', 'other', 'countries', 'facing', 'thepandemic', 'different', 'strategies', 'conclusionthis', 'study', 'reveals', 'initial', 'emotions', 'thoughts', 'actionsundertaken', 'collective', 'level', 'students', 'north', 'south', 'center', 'italy', 'value', 'grasp', 'primaryreaction', 'lockdown', 'emergency', 'highlights', 'arounditaly', 'people', 'undertook', 'actions', 'aimed', 'maintaining', 'continuityamong', 'people', 'overcoming', 'forced', 'closure', 'society', 'community', 'psychologists', 'connectednessexpresses', 'community', 'interactions', 'pillar', 'social', 'italian', 'understood', 'ofshared', 'national', 'identity', 'makes', 'possible', 'common', 'identity', 'furthermore', 'references', 'whole', 'world', 'andenvironmental', 'needs', 'demonstrate', 'wider', 'social', 'identificationwith', 'planet', 'human', 'beings', 'referring', 'elaborated', 'social', 'identity', 'model', 'crowd', 'behavior', 'developed', 'cocking', 'carlwalker', 'suggests', 'common', 'identity', 'resultin', 'people', 'helping', 'supporting', 'other', 'arecomplete', 'strangers', 'coronavirus', 'functions', 'similar', 'positioning', 'groups', 'people', 'being', 'under', 'attack', 'acommon', 'indiscriminate', 'enemy', 'therefore', 'isnot', 'surprising', 'connectedness', 'actions', 'among', 'firstcollective', 'reactions', 'students', 'similarly', 'solidarity', 'occupied', 'significant', 'place', 'collectivedescriptions', 'respondents', 'evidence', 'range', 'ofdifferent', 'disasters', 'different', 'countries', 'drury', 'confirms', 'between', 'sense', 'shared', 'sharedsocial', 'identity', 'between', 'emergent', 'social', 'identity', 'andsolidarity', 'narratives', 'coming', 'collected', 'communitiesat', 'first', 'astonished', 'frightened', 'persistence', 'thecontagion', 'suddenly', 'disease', 'death', 'pervaded', 'everyday', 'psychosocial', 'collective', 'response', 'order', 'restorean', 'acceptable', 'threshold', 'being', 'according', 'nelson', 'andprilleltensky', 'prilleltensky', 'senseof', 'whole', 'experience', 'undertake', 'behaviorsneeded', 'mental', 'social', 'health', 'socialdistancing', 'affecting', 'opportunities', 'closer', 'physicalfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'march', 'volume', 'article', '571257di', 'napoli', 'italian', 'community', 'psychology', 'covid', 'pandemicrelationships', 'alternative', 'measures', 'imagined', 'virtualconnectedness', 'sense', 'cohesion', 'expressed', 'shared', 'rituals', 'playing', 'singing', 'toasting', 'organization', 'community', 'andneighborhood', 'support', 'first', 'addressed', 'toward', 'mostfragile', 'citizens', 'opposite', 'reasons', 'young', 'peoplewho', 'wished', 'peers', 'elderly', 'people', 'heartbroken', 'bythe', 'loneliness', 'perceived', 'infection', 'creativityadvanced', 'order', 'provide', 'unusual', 'effective', 'actionsfor', 'increasing', 'mutual', 'caregiving', 'individual', 'communityhealth', 'being', 'sense', 'community', 'chavis', 'andwandersman', 'adverse', 'events', 'complexity', 'depth', 'these', 'potentialityof', 'storytelling', 'offered', 'students', 'opportunityto', 'think', 'reprocess', 'traumatic', 'events', 'space', 'reworkthem', 'proved', 'value', 'itself', 'butalso', 'effects', 'storytelling', 'helped', 'young', 'peoplebuild', 'meaning', 'their', 'experiences', 'elaborate', 'fears', 'butalso', 'voice', 'creative', 'expression', 'those', 'experiences', 'storytelling', 'empowered', 'young', 'people', 'powerful', 'toimprove', 'their', 'overall', 'wellbeing', 'community', 'psychology', 'perspective', 'withthe', 'covid', 'statement', 'hopethat', 'collective', 'feelings', 'described', 'young', 'italianrespondents', 'during', 'pandemic', 'build', 'ofunderstanding', 'networks', 'communities', 'building', 'trust', 'solidarity', 'process', 'involvingpublic', 'private', 'sectors', 'capone', 'procentese', 'communities', 'countries', 'amazingly', 'active', 'instrengthening', 'their', 'feeling', 'belonging', 'building', 'formsof', 'community', 'helping', 'preserve', 'treasure', 'engaged', 'creative', 'grown', 'ideas', 'popup', 'solutions', 'beimportant', 'maintain', 'sense', 'community', 'andco', 'creation', 'which', 'emerging', 'societies', 'therefore', 'hoped', 'these', 'preliminaryconsiderations', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'experience', 'willreach', 'larger', 'audience', 'therefore', 'become', 'lever', 'socialchange', 'special', 'issue', 'proposed', 'castelnuovo', 'intends', 'availability', 'statementthe', 'supporting', 'conclusions', 'article', 'bemade', 'available', 'authors', 'without', 'undue', 'reservation', 'ethics', 'statementthe', 'studies', 'involving', 'human', 'participants', 'reviewedand', 'approved', 'university', 'federico', 'department', 'ofhumanities', 'ethics', 'board', 'research', 'psychology', 'thepatients', 'participants', 'provided', 'their', 'written', 'informed', 'consent', 'toparticipate', 'study', 'author', 'contributionsall', 'authors', 'listed', 'substantial', 'direct', 'intellectualcontribution', 'approved', 'publication', 'paper']
['covid', 'emergency', 'hospital', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'unitis', 'respondingeugenia', 'marcosanti', 'paolo', 'carlo', 'hospital', 'milan', 'italyjulia', 'menichettiuniversity', 'osloelena', 'vegnisanti', 'paolo', 'carlo', 'hospital', 'milan', 'italy', 'university', 'milanthe', 'present', 'commentary', 'describes', 'services', 'implemented', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'unitof', 'italian', 'hospital', 'covid', 'emergency', 'outbreak', 'tosupport', 'protect', 'health', 'professionals', 'relatives', 'hospitalized', 'patients', 'patients', 'themselvesfrom', 'further', 'psychological', 'distress', 'details', 'insights', 'shared', 'keywords', 'covid', 'hospital', 'psychological', 'servicesnowadays', 'italy', 'third', 'affected', 'country', 'worldfrom', 'coronavirus', 'after', 'united', 'states', 'spain', 'gardner', 'according', 'based', 'johns', 'hopkins', 'univer', 'which', 'tracking', 'disease', 'globally', 'current', 'april', 'exactly', 'months', 'after', 'outbreak', '237people', 'italy', 'treated', 'either', 'hospital', 'homefor', 'covid', 'virus', 'people', 'these', 'numbers', 'partially', 'reliable', 'because', 'people', 'private', 'facilities', 'arenot', 'included', 'therefore', 'number', 'covid', 'victims', 'beeven', 'higher', 'northern', 'italy', 'third', 'allconfirmed', 'coronavirus', 'cases', 'located', 'region', 'bardy', 'where', 'covid', 'mortality', 'significantlyabove', 'everywhere', 'department', 'civil', 'protection', 'lombardy', 'health', 'capacity', 'under', 'pressure', 'andhospital', 'intensive', 'units', 'saturated', 'potentially', 'explainingthe', 'impressive', 'mortality', 'rates', 'favero', 'because', 'situation', 'italian', 'population', 'under', 'strain', 'especially', 'those', 'living', 'lombardy', 'dealing', 'gency', 'front', 'health', 'professionals', 'covid', '19patients', 'their', 'families', 'psychologists', 'observing', 'awide', 'range', 'ongoing', 'latent', 'psychological', 'responses', 'fromthese', 'groups', 'individuals', 'hypervigilance', 'emotionalavoidance', 'moral', 'distress', 'which', 'could', 'develop', 'acutestress', 'disorder', 'posttraumatic', 'stress', 'disorder', 'becausethe', 'extreme', 'circumstances', 'allow', 'emotion', 'process', 'ofthe', 'ongoing', 'traumatic', 'experience', 'horesh', 'brown', 'present', 'commentary', 'aimed', 'describe', 'clinicalpsychology', 'biggest', 'public', 'hospitals', 'theregional', 'capital', 'lombardy', 'milan', 'working', 'supportthe', 'groups', 'involved', 'emergency', 'health', 'careprofessionals', 'relatives', 'covid', 'patients', 'thepatients', 'themselves', 'psychological', 'services', 'beenconstructed', 'activated', 'emergency', 'logic', 'which', 'toreact', 'immediate', 'ongoing', 'clinical', 'needs', 'anticipatethe', 'moreover', 'offer', 'psychological', 'support', 'coherentwith', 'ongoing', 'clinical', 'priorities', 'needs', 'emergency', 'relatedpsychological', 'services', 'coordinated', 'hospitalmedical', 'practice', 'possible', 'example', 'ensuringdirect', 'phone', 'lines', 'operators', 'covid', 'units', 'theclinical', 'psychology', 'moment', 'andprevent', 'psychological', 'distress', 'particular', 'acute', 'stress', 'disorderand', 'health', 'professionals', 'families', 'covid', '19patients', 'patients', 'health', 'professionals', 'types', 'psychological', 'organized', 'decompression', 'small', 'groupsessions', 'decompression', 'physical', 'mental', 'spacethat', 'created', 'offer', 'place', 'where', 'decompress', 'reflect', 'relax', 'touch', 'emotions', 'andexpress', 'during', 'after', 'music', 'cozyarmchairs', 'there', 'psychologist', 'ready', 'listen', 'roomallows', 'health', 'professionals', 'think', 'about', 'happeningto', 'situation', 'makes', 'importantespecially', 'beginning', 'emergency', 'everybody', 'constant', 'physically', 'activated', 'adrenaline', 'focusing', 'oneditor', 'commentary', 'received', 'rapid', 'review', 'sensitive', 'nature', 'content', 'reviewed', 'journal', 'editor', 'kktthis', 'article', 'published', 'online', 'first', 'eugenia', 'marco', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'santi', 'paoloand', 'carlo', 'hospital', 'milan', 'italy', 'julia', 'menichetti', 'institute', 'clinicalmedicine', 'university', 'elena', 'vegni', 'clinical', 'psychol', 'santi', 'paolo', 'carlo', 'hospital', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'departmentof', 'health', 'sciences', 'university', 'milan', 'authors', 'conflicts', 'interest', 'disclose', 'correspondence', 'concerning', 'article', 'should', 'addressed', 'eugeniacao', 'marco', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'santi', 'paolo', 'carlohospital', 'antonio', 'rudinì', '20142', 'milan', 'italy', 'caodisanmarco', 'gmail', 'comthis', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'psychological', 'trauma', 'theory', 'research', 'practice', 'policy', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 's44issn', 'tra0000684s43only', 'selye', 'nevertheless', 'alsohelpful', 'second', 'phase', 'emergency', 'adrenalinefades', 'leaving', 'depression', 'fatigue', 'other', 'negativefeelings', 'addressed', 'small', 'group', 'sessions', 'acomplementary', 'psychologist', 'doctors', 'andnurses', 'debrief', 'defuse', 'about', 'happening', 'alltogether', 'share', 'their', 'recent', 'clinical', 'experiences', 'enhancingtheir', 'mutual', 'resources', 'decompression', 'andthe', 'small', 'groups', 'moral', 'distress', 'lamiani', 'borghi', 'argentero', 'themes', 'addressed', 'emergencies', 'isnormal', 'think', 'doing', 'enough', 'clinicalpsychology', 'shared', 'experience', 'notsomething', 'professionals', 'alone', 'second', 'intervention', 'concerning', 'therelatives', 'hospitalized', 'covid', 'patients', 'ableto', 'their', 'loved', 'social', 'distancing', 'antine', 'extreme', 'death', 'death', 'process', 'caring', 'hospital', 'notonly', 'offer', 'decided', 'active', 'intaking', 'death', 'dying', 'among', 'other', 'calls', 'supportfamilies', 'psychologists', 'implementing', 'phone', 'therelatives', 'approximately', 'after', 'death', 'theirdear', 'phone', 'different', 'meanings', 'first', 'tohelp', 'mourning', 'process', 'enhances', 'family', 'emotionalresources', 'helps', 'family', 'finding', 'creative', 'saygoodbye', 'nowadays', 'funerals', 'option', 'moreover', 'family', 'their', 'loved', 'notalone', 'process', 'death', 'because', 'hospital', 'staff', 'withthem', 'hospital', 'institutional', 'mandate', 'furthermore', 'family', 'itself', 'alone', 'psychologicalcare', 'available', 'eventually', 'phonecall', 'relieve', 'medical', 'staff', 'doctors', 'lonelyin', 'relationship', 'patient', 'family', 'apsychologist', 'caring', 'about', 'least', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'takingcare', 'covid', 'hospitalized', 'patients', 'themselves', 'notpossible', 'straight', 'after', 'emergency', 'breakout', 'because', 'there', 'wasso', 'practical', 'level', 'nurses', 'doctors', 'therewas', 'space', 'think', 'psychological', 'needs', 'aside', 'themedical', 'nonetheless', 'after', 'couple', 'weeks', 'whichthe', 'medical', 'emergency', 'became', 'stable', 'psychologistswere', 'start', 'attending', 'those', 'patients', 'either', 'because', 'thepatients', 'themselves', 'started', 'psychological', 'interventionor', 'because', 'health', 'staff', 'detect', 'psychologicalneeds', 'these', 'covid', 'patients', 'offeredprivate', 'sessions', 'psychologists', 'about', 'their', 'ongoing', 'situa', 'better', 'understand', 'process', 'their', 'feelings', 'emotions', 'patients', 'suffer', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'which', 'compro', 'their', 'physical', 'wellness', 'suffer', 'fromtheir', 'condition', 'isolation', 'covid', 'requires', 'otherpatients', 'dealing', 'mourning', 'process', 'someone', 'cently', 'conditions', 'fighting', 'thepatients', 'recover', 'experience', 'survival', 'guiltand', 'other', 'negative', 'feelings', 'shock', 'their', 'traumaticdisease', 'experience', 'these', 'actions', 'clinical', 'psychologyunit', 'currently', 'prioritized', 'mobilized', 'theemergency', 'related', 'hospital', 'needs', 'covid', 'relateddistress', 'among', 'those', 'greatest', 'actions', 'revealingcritical', 'areas', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'tackle', 'contribute', 'tomental', 'health', 'promotion', 'response', 'expect', 'areasand', 'related', 'needs', 'change', 'require', 'ongoing', 'processof', 'adaptation', 'adjustment', 'psychological', 'action', 'forthose', 'paper']
['editorialschool', 'psychology', 'reflections', 'covid', 'antiracism', 'gender', 'andracial', 'disparities', 'publishingrobin', 'coddingnortheastern', 'universitymelissa', 'collier', 'meekuniversity', 'massachusetts', 'bostonshane', 'jimersonuniversity', 'california', 'santa', 'barbaradavid', 'klingbeiluniversity', 'wisconsin', 'madisonmatthew', 'mayerrutgers', 'universityfaith', 'milleruniversity', 'minnesotaschool', 'psychology', 'outlet', 'research', 'children', 'youth', 'educators', 'families', 'scientific', 'practice', 'policy', 'implications', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'significantlydisrupted', 'schooling', 'university', 'training', 'impacting', 'educational', 'attainment', 'highlight', 'longstanding', 'inequality', 'furthermore', 'killing', 'breonna', 'taylor', 'george', 'floyd', 'precip', 'itated', 'worldwide', 'protests', 'against', 'antiblack', 'racism', 'white', 'supremacy', 'police', 'brutality', 'thiseditorial', 'highlight', 'potential', 'impacts', 'field', 'including', 'prioritizing', 'research', 'related', 'toeducational', 'equity', 'identifying', 'research', 'questions', 'related', 'technology', 'utilizing', 'researchmethods', 'consider', 'impact', 'gender', 'racial', 'disparities', 'publications', 'during', 'finally', 'given', 'these', 'events', 'discuss', 'editorial', 'serve', 'field', 'impact', 'implicationsthe', 'editorial', 'reflects', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'pandemic', 'antiracism', 'gender', 'andracial', 'disparities', 'publishing', 'considerations', 'field', 'school', 'psychology', 'discussed', 'andthoughts', 'editorial', 'serve', 'journal', 'readers', 'contemplated', 'keywords', 'covid', 'antiracism', 'publishing', 'disparitiesschool', 'psychology', 'always', 'prided', 'itself', 'enhancing', 'thescience', 'practice', 'policy', 'immediately', 'pertinent', 'issues', 'forchildren', 'youth', 'adults', 'support', 'offerscholars', 'practitioners', 'access', 'cutting', 'knowledge', 'isgrounded', 'practical', 'applications', 'addresses', 'current', 'issues', 'inthe', 'united', 'states', 'around', 'world', 'impact', 'globalhealth', 'crisis', 'brought', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'pandemic', 'covid', 'field', 'school', 'psychology', 'swift', 'wehave', 'contemplated', 'national', 'organizations', 'national', 'sociation', 'school', 'psychologists', 'american', 'psychological', 'ciation', 'effectively', 'complete', 'graduate', 'training', 'ethicallyincorporate', 'telehealth', 'advise', 'educational', 'systems', 'administra', 'bolster', 'multitiered', 'prevention', 'systems', 'effective', 'sible', 'efficient', 'service', 'delivery', 'advocate', 'physical', 'mental', 'health', 'being', 'education', 'sudden', 'school', 'closures', 'planning', 'school', 'reentry', 'theuniversity', 'levels', 'consuming', 'thwarted', 'rapidlychanging', 'guidelines', 'recommendations', 'addition', 'ofknowledge', 'regarding', 'impact', 'covid', 'educa', 'tional', 'family', 'health', 'systems', 'furthermore', 'write', 'editorial', 'ourselves', 'themidst', 'significant', 'calls', 'social', 'justice', 'modernx', 'robin', 'codding', 'department', 'applied', 'psychology', 'bouve', 'college', 'ofhealth', 'sciences', 'northeastern', 'university', 'melissa', 'collier', 'department', 'ofcounseling', 'school', 'psychology', 'university', 'massachusetts', 'boston', 'shanejimerson', 'department', 'counseling', 'clinical', 'school', 'psychology', 'universityof', 'california', 'santa', 'barbara', 'david', 'klingbeil', 'department', 'educationalpsychology', 'university', 'wisconsin', 'madison', 'matthew', 'mayer', 'department', 'ofeducational', 'psychology', 'rutgers', 'university', 'faith', 'miller', 'department', 'educa', 'tional', 'psychology', 'university', 'minnesota', 'author', 'order', 'alphabetical', 'after', 'robin', 'codding', 'correspondence', 'concerning', 'article', 'should', 'addressed', 'robin', 'codding', 'department', 'applied', 'psychology', 'bouve', 'college', 'healthsciences', 'northeastern', 'university', 'huntington', 'avenue', 'interna', 'tional', 'village', 'boston', '02115', 'codding', 'northeastern', 'eduthis', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'content', 'shared', 'requests', 'reuse', 'content', 'whole', 'through', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'school', 'psychology', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', '232issn', 'spq0000399227history', 'precipitated', 'killing', 'breonna', 'taylor', 'georgefloyd', 'these', 'deaths', 'representing', 'instances', 'continuingpattern', 'horrific', 'racial', 'injustice', 'triggered', 'protests', '50states', 'countries', 'across', 'world', 'against', 'antiblack', 'racism', 'whitesupremacy', 'police', 'brutality', 'these', 'events', 'significant', 'pacts', 'matters', 'great', 'importance', 'society', 'field', 'convergence', 'these', 'longer', 'challenges', 'thevaried', 'interwoven', 'impacts', 'multiple', 'facets', 'oflife', 'require', 'reassessment', 'priorities', 'strategies', 'actions', 'withinschool', 'psychology', 'accordingly', 'editorial', 'consideringhow', 'serve', 'field', 'impact', 'children', 'infrastructure', 'schooling', 'inthe', 'united', 'states', 'around', 'world', 'result', 'covid', 'isspeculative', 'forecasts', 'suggest', 'consider', 'shiftingthe', 'focus', 'projections', 'indicate', 'should', 'schools', 'reopen', 'students', 'could', 'simply', 'experience', 'lossof', 'learning', 'reading', 'mathematics', 'outpaces', 'general', 'summerloss', 'students', 'could', 'experience', 'substantial', 'learning', 'retainingonly', 'previous', 'learning', 'gains', 'mathematics', 'and70', 'learning', 'gains', 'reading', 'huffman', 'kuhfeld', 'tarasawa', 'availability', 'educational', 'content', 'during', 'schoolclosures', 'varied', 'across', 'nation', 'depending', 'state', 'local', 'inter', 'pretations', 'federal', 'recommendations', 'impacted', 'nationwideinfrastructure', 'problems', 'access', 'speed', 'internet', 'perrin', 'exposure', 'asynchronous', 'synchronous', 'other', 'learningopportunities', 'affected', 'school', 'resources', 'availability', 'ofdigital', 'devices', 'potential', 'dissemination', 'paper', 'basedlearning', 'materials', 'herold', 'onset', 'covid', 'demic', 'highlighted', 'intensified', 'longstanding', 'inequities', 'oppor', 'tunity', 'within', 'public', 'education', 'system', 'illustrating', 'racialdisparities', 'disparities', 'between', 'wealthy', 'school', 'districts', 'anddisparities', 'between', 'rural', 'urban', 'suburban', 'districts', 'groeger', 'waldman', 'herold', 'litvinov', 'studentswho', 'english', 'learners', 'benefiting', 'special', 'education', 'serviceshave', 'experienced', 'adjustments', 'their', 'service', 'delivery', 'inadequate', 'unlikely', 'reflect', 'their', 'educational', 'goals', 'fallingshort', 'adequately', 'meeting', 'these', 'students', 'needs', 'students', 'willexperience', 'trauma', 'grief', 'directly', 'because', 'loved', 'wereimpacted', 'covid', 'indirectly', 'economic', 'fallouts', 'foodshortages', 'domestic', 'violence', 'child', 'abuse', 'bauer', 'huffman', 'minke', 'issues', 'further', 'exacerbated', 'current', 'socioculturalclimate', 'following', 'killing', 'george', 'floyd', 'breonna', 'taylor', 'somany', 'others', 'before', 'these', 'events', 'impact', 'collective', 'sense', 'ofsafety', 'belonging', 'being', 'particularly', 'harmful', 'formembers', 'black', 'communities', 'venkataramani', 'williams', 'exposure', 'viral', 'videos', 'depicting', 'events', 'hasdeleterious', 'consequences', 'persons', 'color', 'tynes', 'willis', 'stewart', 'hamilton', 'ahead', 'cognizant', 'impacts', 'ofracial', 'trauma', 'children', 'return', 'schoolwith', 'existing', 'emerging', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'discomfort', 'educators', 'families', 'children', 'school', 'systems', 'serve', 'support', 'outreach', 'professional', 'development', 'trauma', 'informed', 'practices', 'minke', 'field', 'address', 'these', 'realities', 'during', 'pandemicand', 'address', 'impacts', 'perhaps', 'fieldwill', 'deeper', 'research', 'around', 'educational', 'equity', 'prioritize', 'workthat', 'culturally', 'informed', 'include', 'participants', 'underrepre', 'sented', 'racial', 'ethnic', 'groups', 'doing', 'consider', 'howcritical', 'culturally', 'responsive', 'practices', 'widely', 'imple', 'mented', 'identify', 'novel', 'address', 'longstanding', 'systematicbarriers', 'within', 'public', 'education', 'types', 'researchquestions', 'related', 'benefits', 'barriers', 'educational', 'nology', 'equitable', 'access', 'effective', 'instruction', 'promo', 'wellness', 'mental', 'health', 'integration', 'trauma', 'informed', 'practices', 'perhaps', 'embrace', 'opportunities', 'engagewith', 'international', 'community', 'conduct', 'research', 'iscross', 'national', 'aftermath', 'global', 'experience', 'perhaps', 'wewill', 'build', 'partnerships', 'bridge', 'research', 'practice', 'andaccess', 'implement', 'consider', 'learning', 'aboutor', 'incorporating', 'methodological', 'approaches', 'within', 'researchagendas', 'farmer', 'sullivan', 'editorial', 'thinking', 'about', 'future', 'scienceand', 'publishing', 'speculation', 'experts', 'implies', 'publication', 'cords', 'reveal', 'within', 'years', 'parents', 'demia', 'relative', 'nonparents', 'disadvantaged', 'duringthe', 'pandemic', 'consequence', 'schooling', 'daycareclosures', 'minello', 'preliminary', 'within', 'science', 'andeconomic', 'fields', 'distributed', 'numerous', 'outletsdescribing', 'women', 'rates', 'journal', 'submissions', 'during', 'thepandemic', 'these', 'submission', 'rates', 'likely', 'impacted', 'thereality', 'women', 'often', 'carry', 'larger', 'burden', 'academichousekeeping', 'within', 'higher', 'education', 'institutions', 'domestic', 'sponsibilities', 'elder', 'child', 'these', 'datasuggest', 'these', 'submission', 'rates', 'disproportionally', 'served', 'within', 'early', 'career', 'faculty', 'flaherty', 'viglione', 'vincent', 'lamarre', 'sugimoto', 'larivière', 'analysis', 'covid', 'related', 'research', 'proposals', 'gency', 'grant', 'funding', 'likewise', 'illustrates', 'gender', 'disparities', 'particularly', 'among', 'early', 'career', 'scholars', 'vincent', 'lamarre', 'these', 'suggest', 'covid', 'exacerbated', 'already', 'existing', 'discrepancies', 'grant', 'dollars', 'awarded', 'women', 'searchers', 'color', 'ginther', 'womenscientists', 'color', 'predicted', 'impacted', 'whitewomen', 'scholars', 'women', 'scientists', 'documentedthat', 'pandemic', 'disproportionate', 'impact', 'african', 'american', 'latinx', 'communities', 'result', 'structural', 'racism', 'centers', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention', 'women', 'scientists', 'should', 'field', 'recognize', 'thedisproportionate', 'impact', 'productivity', 'pandemic', 'likely', 'tobring', 'parents', 'women', 'faculty', 'faculty', 'color', 'weconsider', 'scholarship', 'recognition', 'should', 'purposely', 'womenscholars', 'scholars', 'color', 'editorial', 'dedicated', 'toidentifying', 'incorporating', 'practical', 'strategies', 'thoughtful', 'facilitate', 'change', 'short', 'longer', 'stand', 'withour', 'colleagues', 'support', 'school', 'psychology', 'unified', 'antira', 'statement', 'action', 'appendix', 'reprinted', 'thepermission', 'authors', 'table', 'editorial', 'school', 'psychology', 'dedicated', 'continuingpeer', 'review', 'operations', 'during', 'unprecedented', 'period', 'however', 'considering', 'covid', 'impact', 'people', 'daily', 'activities', 'mindful', 'difficult', 'accordingly', 'wehave', 'extended', 'review', 'timeline', 'weeks', 'weeks', 'invitation', 'reaching', 'areunable', 'commit', 'understand', 'please', 'alsohappy', 'offer', 'extended', 'options', 'would', 'tocomplete', 'review', 'asked', 'senior', 'scholars', 'considertaking', 'article', 'reviews', 'serving', 'guest', 'editor', 'roles', 'tothis', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'content', 'shared', 'requests', 'reuse', 'content', 'whole', 'through', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'codding', 'alleviate', 'demands', 'early', 'career', 'scholars', 'maybe', 'likely', 'parenting', 'schooling', 'their', 'children', 'fromhome', 'offer', 'sincerest', 'appreciation', 'those', 'senior', 'scholarswho', 'already', 'served', 'journal', 'capacity', 'reachfarther', 'often', 'reviewer', 'board', 'ableto', 'engage', 'frequently', 'review', 'process', 'please', 'usknow', 'sensitive', 'extended', 'manyauthors', 'require', 'permit', 'adequate', 'attention', 'revisions', 'beforeresubmission', 'happy', 'authors', 'deadlines', 'striking', 'aspect', 'about', 'crisis', 'exacerbation', 'standing', 'inequities', 'society', 'embedded', '12educational', 'university', 'systems', 'stakes', 'thisrecognition', 'comes', 'great', 'opportunity', 'shape', 'alter', 'future', 'ofthe', 'field', 'impact', 'systems', 'within', 'creativityand', 'community', 'words', 'describe', 'solutionsare', 'generated', 'challenges', 'together', 'wecan', 'cultivate', 'ideas', 'address', 'systemic', 'barriers', 'inequalities', 'invite', 'contact', 'thoughts', 'journal', 'canaddress', 'these', 'challenges', 'editorial', 'looks', 'forward', 'porting', 'reading', 'papers', 'listening', 'ideas', 'references500', 'women', 'scientists', 'scientist', 'mothers', 'extra', 'lenges', 'covid', 'scientific', 'american', 'retrieved', 'fromhttps', 'blogs', 'scientificamerican', 'voices', 'scientist', 'mothers', 'extra', 'challengesin', 'covid', 'bauer', 'covid', 'crisis', 'already', 'childrenhungry', 'america', 'retrieved', 'https', 'brookings', 'front', 'covid', 'crisis', 'already', 'children', 'hungry', 'america', 'venkataramani', 'williams', 'policekillings', 'their', 'spillover', 'effects', 'mental', 'health', 'black', 'icans', 'population', 'based', 'quasi', 'experimental', 'study', 'lancet', 's0140', '31130', '9centers', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention', 'covid', 'racialand', 'ethnic', 'minority', 'groups', 'retrieved', 'https', 'coronavirus', 'extra', 'precautions', 'racial', 'ethnic', 'minorities', 'htmlflaherty', 'inside', 'higher', 'retrievedfrom', 'https', 'insidehighered', 'early', 'journal', 'submission', 'suggest', 'covid', 'tanking', 'womens', 'research', 'productivitygarg', 'whitaker', 'halloran', 'cummings', 'holstein', 'hospitalization', 'rates', 'characteristics', 'ofpatients', 'hospitalized', 'laboratory', 'confirmed', 'coronavirus', 'disease2019', 'covid', 'states', 'march', 'morbidity', 'mortalityweekly', 'report', '15585', 'mm6915e3ginther', 'schaffer', 'schnell', 'masimore', 'kington', 'ethnicity', 'research', 'awards', 'science', 'science', '1196783groeger', 'waldman', 'october', 'miseduca', 'there', 'racial', 'inequality', 'school', 'proppublica', 'retreivedfrom', 'https', 'projects', 'propublica', 'miseducation', 'herold', 'march', 'scramble', 'america', 'schoolsonline', 'education', 'retrieved', 'https', 'edweek', 'articles', 'scramble', 'americas', 'schools', 'online', 'htmlhuffman', 'march', 'homeschooling', 'during', 'coronaviruswill', 'generation', 'children', 'washington', 'retrieved', 'fromhttps', 'washingtonpost', 'outlook', 'coronavirus', 'homeschooling', 'students', 'badly', 'f639882a', 'e4ce3fbd85b5_story', 'htmlkuhfeld', 'tarasawa', 'covid', 'slide', 'summerlearning', 'about', 'potential', 'impact', 'school', 'closures', 'onstudent', 'academic', 'achievement', 'portland', 'litvinov', 'coronovirus', 'brings', 'homework', 'theforefront', 'neatoday', 'retrieved', 'neatoday', 'coronavirus', 'brings', 'homework', 'forefront', 'farmer', 'sullivan', 'coping', 'covid', 'early', 'career', 'scholar', 'about', 'research', 'appealto', 'early', 'career', 'scholars', 'early', 'career', 'forum', 'society', 'thestudy', 'school', 'psychology', 'retrieved', 'https', 'research', 'earlycareerforum', 'covid2', 'minello', 'pandemic', 'female', 'academic', 'nature', 'retrieved', 'https', 'nature', 'articles', 'd41586', '01135', '9minke', 'pandemic', 'causing', 'widespread', 'emotional', 'trauma', 'schools', 'ready', 'education', 'retrieved', 'https', 'edweek', 'articles', 'pandemic', 'causing', 'widespread', 'emotional', 'trauma', 'htmlperrin', 'digital', 'between', 'rural', 'nonruralamerica', 'persists', 'washington', 'research', 'center', 'retrievedfrom', 'https', 'pewresearch', 'digital', 'between', 'rural', 'nonrural', 'america', 'persists', 'gender', 'despite', 'improvements', 'femalescientists', 'continue', 'discrimination', 'unequal', 'fundingdisparities', 'nature', '495022atynes', 'willis', 'stewart', 'hamilton', 'related', 'traumatic', 'events', 'online', 'mental', 'health', 'among', 'adoles', 'cents', 'color', 'journal', 'adolescent', 'health', 'jadohealth', '006viglione', 'women', 'publishing', 'during', 'pandemic', 'nature', 'd41586', '01294', '9vincent', 'lamarre', 'sugimoto', 'larivière', 'declineof', 'women', 'research', 'production', 'during', 'coronavirus', 'pandemic', 'index', 'retrieved', 'https', 'natureindex', 'decline', 'women', 'scientist', 'research', 'publishing', 'production', 'coronavirus', 'pandemic', 'appendix', 'follows', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'content', 'shared', 'requests', 'reuse', 'content', 'whole', 'through', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'school', 'psychology', 'reflections', '229appendixschool', 'psychology', 'unified', 'antiracism', 'statement', 'actiondear', 'school', 'psychology', 'community', 'psychologists', 'aspire', 'recognize', 'understand', 'historicaland', 'contemporary', 'experiences', 'power', 'privilege', 'oppres', 'address', 'institutional', 'barriers', 'andrelated', 'inequities', 'disproportionalities', 'disparities', 'enforce', 'administration', 'criminal', 'justice', 'educational', 'mentalhealth', 'other', 'systems', 'promote', 'justice', 'humanrights', 'access', 'quality', 'equitable', 'mental', 'behavioralhealth', 'services', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'multicultural', 'guidelines', 'recognize', 'outraged', 'mourn', 'deaths', 'ericgarner', 'trayvon', 'martin', 'michael', 'brown', 'tante', 'parker', 'tamirrice', 'walter', 'scott', 'breonna', 'taylor', 'ahmaud', 'arbery', 'georgefloyd', 'mcdade', 'countless', 'other', 'victims', 'police', 'tality', 'racist', 'violence', 'recognize', 'current', 'protests', 'aresponse', 'longstanding', 'systemic', 'injustices', 'target', 'proportionately', 'impact', 'black', 'community', 'these', 'injusticesinclude', 'incarceration', 'inadequate', 'access', 'quality', 'healthcare', 'educational', 'resources', 'inequitable', 'access', 'stablesources', 'affordable', 'housing', 'gainful', 'employ', 'school', 'psychologists', 'ethical', 'responsibility', 'toengage', 'social', 'justice', 'antiracist', 'action', 'school', 'psychologyorganizations', 'graduate', 'education', 'programs', 'importantrole', 'shaping', 'future', 'generations', 'school', 'psychologists', 'leadthe', 'mental', 'health', 'educational', 'research', 'advocacy', 'initia', 'tives', 'promote', 'equity', 'school', 'personnel', 'students', 'families', 'communities', 'serve', 'possible', 'fieldacknowledges', 'evaluates', 'works', 'reconstruct', 'existing', 'structures', 'policies', 'inequitable', 'outcomes', 'forsome', 'groups', 'others', 'school', 'psychologycommunity', 'serve', 'diverse', 'society', 'which', 'withoutexplicit', 'intentional', 'education', 'growth', 'tohelp', 'answer', 'question', 'division', 'trainers', 'schoolpsychologists', 'council', 'directors', 'school', 'psychologyprograms', 'society', 'study', 'school', 'psychology', 'theamerican', 'board', 'school', 'psychology', 'national', 'associ', 'ation', 'school', 'psychologists', 'together', 'reaffirm', 'ourcommitment', 'ensure', 'current', 'future', 'school', 'psychologists', 'areempowered', 'antiracist', 'agents', 'change', 'declaration', 'understandinghow', 'school', 'psychologists', 'respond', 'horrificdisplays', 'racism', 'recent', 'weeks', 'specifically', 'recentdeaths', 'breonna', 'taylor', 'ahmaud', 'arbery', 'george', 'floyd', 'acknowledge', 'action', 'healing', 'aredisheartened', 'black', 'lives', 'handsof', 'police', 'acknowledge', 'these', 'murders', 'grounded', 'ourcountry', 'history', 'systemic', 'racism', 'oppres', 'overpolicing', 'black', 'individuals', 'persons', 'ofcolor', 'recognize', 'colleagues', 'color', 'theunfair', 'position', 'having', 'shoulder', 'undueburden', 'related', 'racism', 'inequities', 'andbigotry', 'longer', 'continue', 'recognize', 'direct', 'traumatic', 'stress', 'experi', 'daily', 'response', 'death', 'george', 'floydand', 'others', 'stand', 'solidarity', 'black', 'community', 'members', 'colleagues', 'friends', 'neighbors', 'pledge', 'inour', 'power', 'address', 'dismantle', 'systemicinequities', 'society', 'knowingly', 'knowingly', 'perpetuate', 'scholars', 'practitioners', 'andfriends', 'acknowledge', 'confront', 'internalizedracism', 'implicit', 'biases', 'learn', 'think', 'inways', 'affirm', 'support', 'students', 'staff', 'faculty', 'community', 'members', 'identifying', 'black', 'africanamerican', 'native', 'american', 'american', 'indian', 'indige', 'latinx', 'asian', 'american', 'pacific', 'islander', 'acknowledge', 'confront', 'explicit', 'biases', 'inprek', 'schools', 'university', 'training', 'programs', 'andlearn', 'think', 'affirm', 'support', 'ourstudents', 'staff', 'faculty', 'community', 'members', 'identify', 'black', 'african', 'american', 'latinx', 'asian', 'americanand', 'native', 'american', 'american', 'indian', 'indigenous', 'promise', 'support', 'protect', 'children', 'color', 'whoare', 'disproportionately', 'targeted', 'schools', 'commu', 'nities', 'recognize', 'these', 'incidents', 'unfolded', 'while', 'nation', 'isstill', 'reeling', 'health', 'pandemic', 'further', 'exempli', 'disparate', 'health', 'economic', 'impacts', 'corona', 'virus', 'communities', 'color', 'requiring', 'dress', 'longstanding', 'racial', 'inequities', 'people', 'colorexperience', 'daily', 'basis', 'those', 'within', 'profession', 'thatare', 'antithetical', 'values', 'espouse', 'declarationof', 'understanding', 'appendix', 'continues', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'content', 'shared', 'requests', 'reuse', 'content', 'whole', 'through', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'codding', 'voices', 'statements', 'issued', 'sandra', 'shull', 'president', 'american', 'psychologicalassociation', 'naming', 'racism', 'pandemic', 'asalways', 'stands', 'against', 'racism', 'formsand', 'supports', 'efforts', 'researchers', 'enforcement', 'clinicians', 'teachers', 'policymakers', 'eliminate', 'hatecrimes', 'police', 'brutality', 'national', 'association', 'ofschool', 'psychologists', 'definition', 'social', 'justice', 'recognize', 'social', 'justice', 'process', 'thatrequires', 'action', 'school', 'psychologists', 'ensure', 'theprotection', 'educational', 'rights', 'opportunities', 'being', 'children', 'especially', 'those', 'whose', 'voices', 'havebeen', 'muted', 'identities', 'obscured', 'needs', 'ignored', 'socialjustice', 'requires', 'promoting', 'nondiscriminatory', 'practices', 'andthe', 'empowerment', 'families', 'communities', 'school', 'chologists', 'enact', 'social', 'justice', 'through', 'culturally', 'responsiveprofessional', 'practice', 'advocacy', 'create', 'schools', 'munities', 'systems', 'ensure', 'equity', 'fairness', 'allchildren', 'youth', 'adopted', 'national', 'association', 'ofschool', 'psychologists', 'board', 'directors', 'april', 'action', 'communitywe', 'recognize', 'statements', 'enough', 'isimperative', 'individually', 'collectively', 'proac', 'tively', 'influence', 'enact', 'change', 'therefore', 'provide', 'somesuggestions', 'direct', 'action', 'steps', 'stand', 'solidarity', 'ourblack', 'community', 'members', 'colleagues', 'friends', 'students', 'school', 'psychology', 'commitment', 'mission', 'advance', 'research', 'practice', 'policy', 'advocacy', 'education', 'continues', 'light', 'thistragedy', 'sharpened', 'focus', 'reduce', 'systemic', 'racism', 'andinequities', 'schools', 'communities', 'across', 'nation', 'musttake', 'affirmative', 'action', 'through', 'active', 'antiracist', 'create', 'library', 'resources', 'trainers', 'andprograms', 'social', 'justice', 'equity', 'inclusion', 'beginestablishing', 'general', 'literature', 'establish', 'mentoring', 'program', 'provide', 'early', 'career', 'psychologists', 'students', 'especially', 'those', 'color', 'increased', 'opportunities', 'collaboration', 'support', 'reaffirm', 'support', 'student', 'school', 'psychologyorganizations', 'financial', 'support', 'collaboration', 'their', 'mentoring', 'programs', 'professionaldevelopment', 'actively', 'recruit', 'diverse', 'voices', 'leadership', 'tions', 'within', 'professional', 'organizations', 'committees', 'commit', 'ensuring', 'diverse', 'voices', 'engaged', 'andrepresented', 'across', 'issues', 'before', 'field', 'commit', 'ensuring', 'scholarly', 'outlets', 'newsletters', 'regularly', 'include', 'science', 'research', 'clusive', 'voices', 'perspectives', 'scholars', 'commu', 'nities', 'color', 'commit', 'using', 'psychological', 'science', 'combat', 'temic', 'racism', 'implicit', 'levels', 'foster', 'changeincluding', 'training', 'supporting', 'collaborating', 'schoolpersonnel', 'parents', 'other', 'community', 'stakeholdersin', 'advancing', 'schools', 'inclusive', 'policiesaddressing', 'racism', 'other', 'forms', 'discriminationand', 'actions', 'embody', 'these', 'policies', 'preparing', 'decision', 'makers', 'collect', 'information', 'thatincludes', 'representation', 'relevant', 'groups', 'formed', 'sources', 'deliver', 'responsesthat', 'culturally', 'sensitive', 'preparing', 'current', 'future', 'school', 'psychologists', 'toengage', 'public', 'policy', 'advocacy', 'politi', 'cally', 'difficult', 'combat', 'systemic', 'racism', 'implicitbias', 'levels', 'foster', 'change', 'mentoring', 'supporting', 'researchers', 'color', 'search', 'publications', 'recommit', 'addressing', 'these', 'structural', 'pervasivechallenges', 'training', 'programs', 'research', 'serviceactivities', 'addressing', 'decision', 'making', 'representation', 'sitivity', 'fairness', 'solidarity', 'division', 'school', 'psychologytrainers', 'school', 'psychologistscouncil', 'directors', 'school', 'psychology', 'programssociety', 'study', 'school', 'psychologyamerican', 'board', 'school', 'psychologynational', 'association', 'school', 'psychologistsreceived', '2020accepted', 'table', 'a1acknowledging', 'contributorsenedina', 'garcía', 'vázquez', 'linda', 'reddyprerna', 'arora', 'shane', 'jimerson', 'kisha', 'radlifffranci', 'crepeau', 'hobson', 'celeste', 'malone', 'rainespam', 'fenning', 'tammy', 'hughes', 'songclifford', 'kathleen', 'minke', 'kelly', 'vaillancourt', 'strobachthis', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'content', 'shared', 'requests', 'reuse', 'content', 'whole', 'through', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'school', 'psychology', 'reflections', '231responses', 'comments', 'related', 'school', 'psychology', 'unifiedanti', 'racism', 'statement', 'actionthe', 'school', 'psychology', 'unified', 'racism', 'statement', 'action', 'writing', 'proudlycommitted', 'racism', 'agents', 'change', 'focus', 'racism', 'notinclude', 'intersectionality', 'plays', 'black', 'lives', 'other', 'lives', 'color', 'missedopportunity', 'named', 'mcdade', 'expand', 'intersectional', 'contributesto', 'heinous', 'community', 'believes', 'important', 'recognize', 'intersection', 'ality', 'racism', 'support', 'people', 'color', 'inclusive', 'their', 'intersectionality', 'acknowledgethe', 'following', 'acknowledge', 'persons', 'intersecting', 'marginalized', 'identities', 'particularly', 'those', 'whoidentify', 'black', 'transgender', 'experience', 'significant', 'discrimination', 'harassment', 'lence', 'murder', 'these', 'unspeakable', 'often', 'unreported', 'resulting', 'ofawareness', 'injustice', 'among', 'persons', 'intersecting', 'identities', 'understand', 'individuals', 'multiple', 'marginalized', 'identities', 'experienceunique', 'challenges', 'greater', 'disparities', 'developmental', 'health', 'social', 'psychological', 'educational', 'economic', 'access', 'outcomes', 'promise', 'support', 'protect', 'children', 'color', 'especially', 'girls', 'color', 'oftentargets', 'abuse', 'discipline', 'unrecognized', 'those', 'identify', 'transgenderand', 'disproportionately', 'targeted', 'schools', 'communities', 'action', 'include', 'those', 'intersecting', 'identities', 'including', 'those', 'subjected', 'lgbtqbias', 'commit', 'using', 'psychological', 'science', 'combat', 'systemic', 'racism', 'intersectional', 'andimplicit', 'levels', 'foster', 'change', 'including', 'training', 'preparing', 'researchers', 'conductand', 'consume', 'intersectional', 'decolonizing', 'racist', 'applied', 'school', 'psychology', 'research', 'acknowledge', 'while', 'original', 'statement', 'remain', 'continue', 'evolve', 'forward', 'action', 'appreciate', 'welcome', 'comments', 'ourprocess', 'thank', 'kelly', 'edyburn', 'guidance', 'addressing', 'other', 'forms', 'injustice', 'acknowledging', 'contributorsenedina', 'garcia', 'vázquezprerna', 'arorafranci', 'crepeau', 'hobsonpam', 'fenningclifford', 'hattlinda', 'reddyshane', 'jimersonceleste', 'malonetammy', 'hugheskathleen', 'minkekisha', 'radlifftara', 'rainessam', 'songkelly', 'vaillancourt', 'strobachthis', 'document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers', 'content', 'shared', 'requests', 'reuse', 'content', 'whole', 'through', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'codding', 'alnew', 'paper']
['research', 'agenda', 'covid', 'world', 'theory', 'andresearch', 'social', 'psychologydolores', 'albarracin', 'haesung', 'jungdepartment', 'psychology', 'college', 'business', 'university', 'illinois', 'urbana', 'champaign', 'champaign', 'illinois', 'usathe', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'likely', 'beencirculating', 'around', 'globe', 'since', 'november', 'atthe', 'writing', 'january', 'timescovid', 'tracker', 'documented', 'million', 'cases', 'million', 'deaths', 'coronavirus', 'world', 'inaddition', 'morbidity', 'mortality', 'ratesbrought', 'pandemic', 'global', 'local', 'outbreakshave', 'dislocated', 'economies', 'social', 'conditions', 'asreviewed', 'dennis', 'asian', 'developmentbank', 'announced', 'covid', 'could', 'globaleconomy', 'between', 'trillion', 'estimatednumber', 'million', 'asianpacific', 'region', 'international', 'labour', 'organization', '2020a', 'million', 'latin', 'america', 'caribbean2020', 'international', 'labour', 'organization', '22million', 'united', 'states', 'ponciano', 'unprecedented', 'devastation', 'reinstates', 'scientificquestions', 'brings', 'social', 'psychologistswho', 'study', 'attitudes', 'persuasion', 'regulation', 'vioural', 'change', 'these', 'questions', 'inspired', 'needto', 'systematically', 'identify', 'content', 'persuasive', 'sages', 'regulatory', 'consequences', 'pandemic', 'processing', 'prevalence', 'incidence', 'information', 'changes', 'prosocial', 'behaviour', 'group', 'identitiesbrought', 'about', 'pandemic', 'developing', 'selecting', 'public', 'healthmessagesthe', 'pandemic', 'brought', 'imperative', 'producing', 'arapid', 'flexible', 'public', 'health', 'response', 'addressrapidly', 'evolving', 'risks', 'underscores', 'dence', 'based', 'guidelines', 'select', 'message', 'andintervention', 'contents', 'change', 'attitudes', 'behaviours', 'traditionally', 'approach', 'selecting', 'beliefs', 'themesfor', 'health', 'promotion', 'campaign', 'intuition', 'loosely', 'designed', 'market', 'probes', 'identification', 'salient', 'beliefs', 'creative', 'agencies', 'illustrate', 'intuition', 'andfairly', 'informal', 'market', 'research', 'focus', 'groups', 'aniconic', 'example', 'health', 'campaign', 'designed', 'byadvertisers', 'truth', 'truth', 'efforts', 'beendocumented', 'academic', 'publications', 'example', 'hicks', 'wrote', 'article', 'explaining', 'thedecisions', 'campaign', 'implemented', 'thestate', 'florida', 'related', 'theydesigned', 'campaign', 'interacting', 'young', 'people', 'including', 'through', 'focus', 'groups', 'considering', 'productsthat', 'successfully', 'marketed', 'youth', 'themain', 'breakthrough', 'concerned', 'realisation', 'youngpeople', 'smoked', 'control', 'therefore', 'design', 'reasoned', 'making', 'young', 'people', 'rebel', 'againstmanipulation', 'tobacco', 'industry', 'could', 'cessful', 'approach', 'surprise', 'thead', 'executions', 'words', 'engagingbrand', 'creative', 'surprise', 'rather', 'based', 'images', 'expected', 'theory', 'guide', 'campaign', 'interven', 'design', 'example', 'could', 'soned', 'action', 'approach', 'ajzen', 'albarrac', 'ajzenet', 'information', 'motivation', 'behavioralskills', 'model', 'fisher', 'decisionsabout', 'behavioural', 'precursors', 'target', 'messagescan', 'create', 'norms', 'health', 'behaviours', 'appearmore', 'desirable', 'increase', 'efficacy', 'training', 'behavioural', 'skills', 'research', 'estab', 'lishes', 'behaviour', 'controlled', 'attitudes', 'norms', 'efficacy', 'there', 'methods', 'elicit', 'underly', 'salient', 'beliefs', 'example', 'questionsabout', 'positive', 'negative', 'outcomes', 'performinga', 'behaviour', 'outcomes', 'listed', 'least', 'thepopulation', 'would', 'deemed', 'salient', 'ajzen', 'fishbein', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'required', 'tinue', 'require', 'designing', 'campaigns', 'other', 'interven', 'tions', 'encourage', 'health', 'behaviours', 'wearing', 'vaccination', 'social', 'psychologists', 'facing', 'thisdaunting', 'however', 'intuitive', 'andtheoretical', 'approaches', 'partially', 'satisfying', 'usassume', 'determine', 'possible', 'belief', 'emotionalreaction', 'address', 'point', 'following', 'questionsarise', 'multiple', 'candidate', 'beliefs', 'should', 'wedecide', 'which', 'choose', 'thesebeliefs', 'could', 'address', 'these', 'beliefs', 'beadditively', 'combined', 'without', 'detriment', 'should', 'weprioritise', 'beliefs', 'based', 'theory', 'intuition', 'correspondence', 'dolores', 'albarracin', 'university', 'illinois', 'aturbana', 'champaign', 'daniel', 'champaign', 'illinois61820', 'dalbarra', 'illinois', 'edureceived', 'january', 'accepted', 'january', 'asian', 'association', 'social', 'psychology', 'wiley', 'australia', 'asian', 'journal', 'social', 'psychology', '12469bs_bs_bannerasian', 'journal', 'social', 'psychologywe', 'believe', 'social', 'psychologists', 'ideally', 'poisedto', 'address', 'these', 'questions', 'design', 'methods', 'todesign', 'messages', 'systematic', 'fashion', 'approachwould', 'integrate', 'theory', 'driven', 'methods', 'illustration', 'could', 'gather', 'salientbeliefs', 'elicitation', 'study', 'health', 'personnelwho', 'direct', 'contact', 'those', 'beencouraged', 'perform', 'preventive', 'behaviours', 'fromexperts', 'provide', 'solutions', 'based', 'theory', 'however', 'procedure', 'could', 'beliefs', 'froman', 'elicitation', 'study', 'additional', 'thematic', 'recommen', 'dations', 'health', 'personnel', 'number', 'variablesfrom', 'theory', 'threat', 'models', 'protection', 'motiva', 'theory', 'floyd', 'maddux', 'rogers', 'tannenbaum', 'incorporate', 'threat', 'whichincludes', 'perceptions', 'susceptibility', 'asperceptions', 'severity', 'efficacy', 'perceptions', 'whichcomprise', 'sense', 'recommended', 'behaviour', 'willavert', 'threat', 'normative', 'approaches', 'those', 'bycialdini', 'colleagues', 'cialdini', 'cialdini', 'would', 'prescribe', 'highlighting', 'approval', 'andactual', 'performance', 'recommended', 'behaviour', 'inthe', 'population', 'reasoned', 'action', 'approach', 'ajzen', 'albarrac', 'would', 'recommend', 'addressing', 'normsas', 'outcomes', 'behaviour', 'thecaveat', 'importance', 'norms', 'attitudes', 'shouldbe', 'first', 'verified', 'population', 'under', 'study', 'social', 'cognitive', 'theory', 'bandura', 'soned', 'action', 'approach', 'ajzen', 'albarrac', 'would', 'recommend', 'inducing', 'perceptions', 'control', 'overthe', 'behaviour', 'integrative', 'models', 'informa', 'motivation', 'behavioral', 'skills', 'model', 'fisher', 'health', 'belief', 'model', 'becker', 'would', 'incorporate', 'norms', 'attitudes', 'efficacy', 'behavioural', 'skills', 'review', 'possible', 'theory', 'based', 'recommendationsup', 'point', 'includes', 'theories', 'possiblethemes', 'address', 'intervention', 'reactance', 'theory', 'brehm', 'would', 'further', 'suggest', 'strategy', 'thatemphasises', 'people', 'freedom', 'engage', 'behaviour', 'particularly', 'those', 'oppose', 'recom', 'mended', 'measures', 'social', 'determination', 'theory', 'would', 'highlightthe', 'opposition', 'between', 'intrinsic', 'extrinsic', 'motivation', 'recommending', 'interventions', 'promote', 'sense', 'ofautonomy', 'hagger', 'chatzisarantis', 'together', 'reactance', 'social', 'determination', 'theories', 'suggestautonomy', 'additional', 'theme', 'introduce', 'anintervention', 'action', 'theory', 'albarracin', 'provides', 'furtherthemes', 'intervention', 'particular', 'people', 'front', 'challenge', 'setting', 'general', 'goals', 'action', 'orsetting', 'specific', 'goals', 'plans', 'because', 'demic', 'forced', 'people', 'inactive', 'instilling', 'ageneral', 'action', 'beneficial', 'however', 'general', 'action', 'goals', 'insufficient', 'guides', 'behaviourand', 'require', 'setting', 'specific', 'goals', 'consequently', 'additional', 'intervention', 'themes', 'include', 'ageneral', 'appeal', 'action', 'benefits', 'combiningsuch', 'appeal', 'specific', 'goals', 'altruism', 'relevant', 'health', 'behaviours', 'thathave', 'benefits', 'munity', 'large', 'alessandri', 'grant', 'context', 'pandemic', 'people', 'reportgreater', 'intentions', 'their', 'hands', 'practice', 'socialdistancing', 'prevent', 'coronavirus', 'public', 'private', 'benefits', 'doing', 'emphasised', 'jordanet', 'people', 'report', 'higher', 'intentions', 'cinate', 'considering', 'benefit', 'others', 'themselves', 'betsch', 'altruisicmotivation', 'alone', 'always', 'produce', 'desirablehealth', 'behaviours', 'however', 'example', 'andalbarrac', 'showed', 'highlighting', 'socialbenefits', 'vaccination', 'effective', 'encouragingvaccination', 'people', 'believe', 'their', 'actions', 'willmake', 'personal', 'impact', 'others', 'subtle', 'contex', 'social', 'density', 'affect', 'perceptions', 'sonal', 'impact', 'people', 'living', 'crowded', 'areas', 'responsive', 'prosocial', 'appealsfor', 'vaccination', 'because', 'expect', 'their', 'behaviour', 'tohave', 'greater', 'community', 'impact', 'other', 'important', 'themes', 'inferred', 'thealtruism', 'literature', 'example', 'because', 'people', 'oftenattach', 'value', 'activities', 'require', 'painand', 'effort', 'festinger', 'carlsmith', 'olivola', 'shafir', 'contributing', 'charitable', 'cause', 'isconsidered', 'valuable', 'contributing', 'money', 'reedet', 'comes', 'vaccine', 'develop', 'investments', 'effort', 'moreappreciated', 'investments', 'money', 'conferring', 'moretrust', 'vaccine', 'developers', 'trust', 'increase', 'bymerely', 'providing', 'information', 'about', 'rigor', 'development', 'process', 'addition', 'political', 'psychology', 'uncovered', 'differ', 'values', 'associated', 'conservative', 'liberal', 'ideol', 'albarracin', 'shavitt', 'individualising', 'values', 'defining', 'liberal', 'ideology', 'include', 'concern', 'about', 'nurturing', 'protecting', 'vulnerable', 'individualsfrom', 'graham', 'binding', 'values', 'defin', 'conservative', 'ideology', 'involve', 'ingroup', 'loyalty', 'authority', 'respect', 'purity', 'graham', 'research', 'value', 'based', 'persuasion', 'compared', 'twomessages', 'humanity', 'theworld', 'which', 'helping', 'nerable', 'natural', 'environment', 'foryour', 'country', 'joining', 'fight', 'protect', 'purity', 'ofamerica', 'natural', 'environment', 'wolsko', 'although', 'liberals', 'supported', 'environmental', 'conservation', 'asian', 'association', 'social', 'psychology', 'wiley', 'australia', 'social', 'psychology', 'covid', 'agenda', '11regardless', 'appeal', 'conservatives', 'morepersuaded', 'binding', 'message', 'byeither', 'individualising', 'message', 'control', 'message', 'wolsko', 'review', 'eight', 'theories', 'would', 'provide', 'leasteight', 'themes', 'explore', 'researchers', 'andpractitioners', 'these', 'decisions', 'begin', 'design', 'interventions', 'should', 'beyond', 'preferred', 'theoryand', 'incorporate', 'factors', 'maximiserecipients', 'benefits', 'method', 'empirically', 'reduc', 'these', 'themes', 'seems', 'necessary', 'demonstrate', 'weconducted', 'study', 'possible', 'method', 'selectpromising', 'combinations', 'messages', 'implementing', 'afactorial', 'design', 'estimating', 'theeffects', 'particular', 'combinations', 'message', 'themes', 'design', 'autonomy', 'goals', 'investment', 'prosociality', 'vaccinedevelopment', 'norms', 'which', 'resulted', '304combinations', 'reduce', 'number', 'dimensions', 'werandomly', 'assigned', 'group', 'participants', 'recruitedfrom', 'amazon', 'mechanical', 'females', 'sdage', 'cells', 'factorialdesign', 'presented', 'message', 'thenreported', 'their', 'intentions', 'receive', 'vaccine', 'sures', 'intention', 'included', 'vaccinatedonce', 'covid', 'vaccine', 'available', 'getvaccinated', 'covid', 'vaccine', 'youcan', 'unlikely', 'unlikely', 'likely', 'likely', 'items', 'demonstrated', 'internalconsistency', 'these', 'items', 'first', 'standard', 'averaged', 'create', 'single', 'score', 'ofvaccination', 'intention', 'score', 'average', 'impact', 'combinations', 'threefactors', 'obtaining', 'means', 'cells', 'ofthe', 'three', 'interactions', 'procedureallowed', 'select', 'groups', 'messages', 'withmeans', 'between', 'another', 'meansabove', 'currently', 'testing', 'method', 'selection', 'message', 'contents', 'mental', 'health', 'impacts', 'regulationthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'raised', 'concerns', 'about', 'itsimpact', 'mental', 'health', 'farkhad', 'albarrac', 'riehm', 'however', 'believe', 'mostinsidious', 'psychological', 'problems', 'during', 'pandemicconcern', 'inability', 'regulate', 'behaviour', 'protect', 'infection', 'virus', 'research', 'collective', 'forms', 'regulation', 'thuscritical', 'illuminate', 'dynamic', 'behaviours', 'asmask', 'wearing', 'social', 'distancing', 'within', 'popula', 'example', 'impact', 'isolation', 'onloneliness', 'inability', 'avoid', 'socialgatherings', 'impact', 'similar', 'cesses', 'promoting', 'pandemiccauses', 'mental', 'health', 'problems', 'increase', 'people', 'stendency', 'ignore', 'preventive', 'recommendations', 'research', 'isolation', 'social', 'networks', 'affectthe', 'regulation', 'specific', 'behaviours', 'critical', 'typically', 'social', 'support', 'studied', 'relation', 'tomental', 'health', 'research', 'showing', 'having', 'tional', 'instrumental', 'decreases', 'depres', 'other', 'symptoms', 'kessler', 'mcleod', 'lakey', 'orehek', 'turner', 'however', 'effect', 'others', 'regulation', 'beyond', 'sooth', 'affect', 'planning', 'orientation', 'andselection', 'beneficial', 'courses', 'action', 'apandemic', 'social', 'links', 'deprive', 'individualsfrom', 'mechanisms', 'social', 'regulation', 'behaviour', 'important', 'research', 'future', 'people', 'information', 'impact', 'prevalence', 'incidencehealth', 'statistics', 'dominated', 'publichealth', 'communications', 'since', 'beginning', 'demic', 'curves', 'representing', 'accumulation', 'cases', 'aredisplayed', 'daily', 'mainly', 'interactive', 'forms', 'thesecurves', 'present', 'epidemiological', 'metrics', 'prevalence', 'incidence', 'prevalence', 'numberof', 'people', 'disease', 'inhabitants', 'atany', 'given', 'incidence', 'occurrence', 'ofnew', 'cases', 'given', 'period', 'numberof', 'cases', 'inhabitants', 'month', 'oryear', 'although', 'prevalence', 'incidence', 'importantmarkers', 'course', 'pandemic', 'people', 'inter', 'information', 'clear', 'intheory', 'prevalence', 'could', 'signal', 'level', 'infectivity', 'population', 'potential', 'contract', 'within', 'geographic', 'correspondingly', 'dence', 'allows', 'inferences', 'about', 'undiagnosedcases', 'inferences', 'about', 'behavioural', 'normof', 'population', 'example', 'incidence', 'wemay', 'conclude', 'prevalence', 'signalling', 'large', 'undiagnosed', 'infec', 'tions', 'however', 'incidence', 'concludethat', 'people', 'currently', 'following', 'recommendedbehaviours', 'which', 'follow', 'ignorepublic', 'health', 'recommendations', 'despite', 'their', 'importance', 'understandinghuman', 'behaviour', 'during', 'pandemic', 'designing', 'health', 'communications', 'these', 'issues', 'beenaddressed', 'research', 'therefore', 'social', 'psycholo', 'gists', 'could', 'investigate', 'degree', 'which', 'people', 'payattention', 'prevalence', 'incidence', 'their', 'asian', 'association', 'social', 'psychology', 'wiley', 'australia', 'dolores', 'albarracin', 'haesung', 'junginterpretations', 'meaning', 'these', 'indexes', 'wouldalso', 'important', 'examine', 'these', 'determinations', 'aremade', 'elaborative', 'spontaneous', 'fashion', 'andwhether', 'inform', 'behavioural', 'decisions', 'dissemination', 'information', 'withinnetworkseven', 'though', 'public', 'policy', 'address', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'focused', 'individuals', 'staying', 'exercising', 'social', 'distance', 'seeking', 'neces', 'pandemics', 'definition', 'beyond', 'individuals', 'people', 'decisions', 'about', 'behave', 'basisof', 'their', 'individual', 'interpretation', 'publichealth', 'communications', 'mandates', 'theirobservations', 'others', 'doing', 'point', 'however', 'scientific', 'understanding', 'those', 'observationsis', 'limited', 'first', 'though', 'there', 'richand', 'important', 'literature', 'normative', 'influences', 'beckeret', 'centola', '2019b', 'watts', 'theoriesand', 'evidence', 'about', 'normative', 'influences', 'withindigital', 'networks', 'scratched', 'surface', 'second', 'surprisingly', 'literature', 'norms', 'albarrac', 'shavitt', 'cialdini', 'goldstein', 'schultzet', 'integrated', 'literatureon', 'behavioural', 'influences', 'attitudes', 'leading', 'anabsence', 'study', 'contexts', 'where', 'people', 'areboth', 'observers', 'actors', 'prior', 'examined', 'diffusion', 'information', 'andbehaviour', 'function', 'network', 'properties', 'includingtie', 'strength', 'granovetter', 'asymmetry', 'almaatouq', 'homophily', 'becker', 'centola', '2019a', 'among', 'other', 'factors', 'despite', 'great', 'advances', 'prior', 'generalisation', 'processes', 'albarrac', 'handley', 'albarrac', 'hepler', 'albarrac', 'jiang', 'recip', 'rocal', 'influences', 'attitude', 'evaluation', 'behaviour', 'overt', 'actions', 'including', 'posting', 'badge', 'behaviour', 'attitudes', 'albarracin', 'albarrac', 'glasman', 'albarrac', 'although', 'behaviours', 'matic', 'reflexive', 'processes', 'posture', 'easily', 'beadopted', 'mimicry', 'albarracin', 'understandinghow', 'attitudes', 'influence', 'collective', 'adoption', 'behavioursthat', 'require', 'deliberation', 'violating', 'social', 'distancing', 'public', 'health', 'contexts', 'person', 'posts', 'image', 'badge', 'socialmedia', 'emergence', 'additional', 'poststhat', 'agenda', 'central', 'topic', 'posts', 'agenda', 'naturally', 'general', 'views', 'figure', 'trast', 'agenda', 'naturally', 'specific', 'oneviews', 'specific', 'posts', 'bottom', 'offigure', 'agenda', 'people', 'general', 'attitudes', 'toward', 'support', 'forcovid', 'efforts', 'specific', 'attitudes', 'toward', 'vitamin', 'prevent', 'infection', 'agenda', 'general', 'presence', 'risky', 'viours', 'within', 'network', 'poses', 'producing', 'ageneral', 'risky', 'attitude', 'presence', 'healthbehaviours', 'within', 'network', 'general', 'agendacan', 'amplify', 'generalisation', 'human', 'prosocialitybecause', 'behaviours', 'designed', 'prevent', 'infectionsprotect', 'actor', 'society', 'large', 'thepandemic', 'serves', 'reminder', 'decisions', 'haveconsequences', 'other', 'people', 'accordingly', 'consider', 'research', 'highlighted', 'prosocial', 'transcendent', 'concerns', 'motivate', 'covid', 'prevention', 'behaviours', 'jordan', 'pfattheicher', 'vaccination', 'albarracin', 'known', 'however', 'about', 'theimplications', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'itself', 'prosociality', 'discuss', 'several', 'hypotheses', 'thatwarrant', 'attention', 'restrictions', 'imposed', 'pandemic', 'havebrought', 'considerable', 'losses', 'terms', 'social', 'contact', 'other', 'elements', 'safety', 'these', 'sonal', 'adversities', 'impair', 'people', 'ability', 'attend', 'toothers', 'needs', 'because', 'individuals', 'cognitive', 'andmotivational', 'resources', 'implement', 'actions', 'common', 'dewall', 'important', 'question', 'toencourage', 'concern', 'others', 'while', 'helping', 'individualsdeal', 'their', 'hardships', 'propose', 'shiftingpeople', 'focus', 'impact', 'pandemic', 'thempersonally', 'similar', 'impacts', 'other', 'people', 'maysimultaneously', 'increase', 'ability', 'solutions', 'forone', 'personal', 'problems', 'while', 'heightening', 'concernfor', 'other', 'people', 'rationale', 'people', 'moresympathetic', 'toward', 'others', 'share', 'similar', 'experiences', 'loewenstein', 'small', 'merely', 'perceivingthat', 'others', 'going', 'through', 'similar', 'difficulties', 'increase', 'intentions', 'bouchard', 'promote', 'personal', 'resilience', 'walsh', 'addition', 'cultures', 'extent', 'which', 'theyprimarily', 'construe', 'pandemic', 'individual', 'experi', 'impacted', 'collective', 'shared', 'experience', 'impacted', 'thisdifference', 'could', 'yield', 'different', 'prosocial', 'comes', 'across', 'cultures', 'during', 'postpandemic', 'indeed', 'collectivistic', 'individualistic', 'cultures', 'which', 'aremore', 'likely', 'pandemic', 'shared', 'experi', 'cooperate', 'perform', 'covid', 'preventive', 'asian', 'association', 'social', 'psychology', 'wiley', 'australia', 'social', 'psychology', 'covid', 'agenda', '13behaviours', 'huang', 'whatis', 'known', 'however', 'whether', 'because', 'demic', 'those', 'collectivistic', 'cultures', 'engage', 'inmore', 'mutual', 'support', 'other', 'domains', 'social', 'isola', 'economic', 'challenges', 'therefore', 'tively', 'impacted', 'pandemic', 'psychologically', 'covid', 'related', 'depression', 'compared', 'those', 'inindividualistic', 'cultures', 'pandemic', 'highlighted', 'whichpeople', 'others', 'prepandemic', 'large', 'charity', 'works', 'united', 'nations', 'childre', 'served', 'aprimary', 'vehicle', 'coordinate', 'donations', 'volunteering', 'givingusa', 'during', 'pandemic', 'however', 'commu', 'nities', 'created', 'solutions', 'support', 'people', 'ordering', 'takeout', 'local', 'restaurants', 'continuing', 'local', 'services', 'could', 'useduring', 'lockdowns', 'paying', 'covid', 'tests', 'forneighbours', 'limited', 'financial', 'means', 'individu', 'helped', 'their', 'neighbors', 'through', 'covid', 'italians', 'forward', 'lecting', 'donations', 'covid', 'tests', 'importantly', 'these', 'smaller', 'community', 'based', 'efforts', 'wereable', 'address', 'challenges', 'posed', 'pandemicmore', 'quickly', 'effectively', 'charitynetworks', 'research', 'questions', 'couldthus', 'involve', 'pandemic', 'changed', 'people', 'sphilanthropic', 'priorities', 'example', 'pandemic', 'mayhave', 'increased', 'people', 'preference', 'through', 'localrather', 'national', 'global', 'community', 'organisations', 'moreover', 'people', 'attentive', 'thosewho', 'spatially', 'closer', 'their', 'neighbours', 'people', 'farther', 'alternatively', 'cooperation', 'smaller', 'community', 'works', 'could', 'ripple', 'effect', 'large', 'scale', 'coopera', 'local', 'experiences', 'mutual', 'support', 'withintheir', 'communities', 'extending', 'other', 'communitiesand', 'countries', 'changes', 'group', 'identityone', 'noticeable', 'restrictions', 'pandemichas', 'physical', 'boundaries', 'including', 'reduced', 'motivation', 'travel', 'other', 'countries', 'bansto', 'entry', 'foreign', 'nationals', 'countries', 'animportant', 'question', 'social', 'psychologists', 'whetherthese', 'measures', 'increased', 'decreased', 'salienceof', 'national', 'identities', 'least', 'three', 'possible', 'mechanismscould', 'increase', 'nationalism', 'first', 'restrictions', 'mayfigure', 'examples', 'social', 'media', 'posts', 'preventing', 'covid', 'colour', 'figure', 'viewed', 'wileyonlinelibrary', 'asian', 'association', 'social', 'psychology', 'wiley', 'australia', 'dolores', 'albarracin', 'haesung', 'jungsimply', 'amplify', 'distance', 'between', 'nation', 'andothers', 'tajfel', 'second', 'restrictions', 'signalsthat', 'excluding', 'other', 'groups', 'modelxenophobia', 'tankard', 'paluck', 'third', 'travelrestrictions', 'reduce', 'globalisation', 'immigrationmay', 'limit', 'exposure', 'social', 'diversity', 'theperception', 'group', 'brileyet', 'gerbner', 'decline', 'insocial', 'diversity', 'likely', 'prominent', 'regionsthat', 'ethnically', 'diverse', 'begin', 'includingsouth', 'korea', 'decreases', 'salience', 'group', 'boundaries', 'sible', 'given', 'communications', 'during', 'thepandemic', 'conducted', 'online', 'physical', 'location', 'hascurrently', 'little', 'influence', 'people', 'about', 'doingwork', 'attending', 'workshops', 'connecting', 'others', 'therefore', 'during', 'pandemic', 'people', 'haveincreasingly', 'relied', 'individuating', 'characteristics', 'personality', 'evaluating', 'interacting', 'others', 'correspondingly', 'characteristics', 'associatedwith', 'their', 'physical', 'location', 'nationality', 'ethnicity', 'indeed', 'focusing', 'individuating', 'informa', 'shown', 'reduce', 'stereotyping', 'implicitand', 'explicit', 'person', 'perception', 'rubinstein', 'however', 'whether', 'indeed', 'pandemic', 'magnified', 'orminimised', 'perceived', 'differences', 'among', 'groups', 'itsconsequences', 'intergroup', 'cooperation', 'should', 'tematically', 'addressed', 'future', 'research', 'final', 'notethe', 'extraordinary', 'circumstances', 'covid', 'demic', 'raised', 'number', 'theoretical', 'practicalchallenges', 'traditional', 'fields', 'within', 'social', 'psychology', 'challenge', 'identifying', 'testing', 'systematicmethods', 'develop', 'integrate', 'contents', 'healthcampaigns', 'interventions', 'though', 'number', 'oftheories', 'inspire', 'these', 'decisions', 'contents', 'popula', 'specific', 'combined', 'meaningful', 'andefficacious', 'another', 'challenge', 'defining', 'inves', 'tigating', 'pandemic', 'impacts', 'depressionand', 'anxiety', 'externalizing', 'behaviours', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'created', 'spectrum', 'ofimpulsive', 'behaviour', 'addition', 'traditional', 'manifesta', 'tions', 'substance', 'behaviours', 'involverisky', 'socialisation', 'ignoring', 'fairly', 'nuanced', 'healthrecommendations', 'pandemic', 'introduced', 'number', 'tions', 'about', 'social', 'networks', 'cooperative', 'behaviour', 'irstsocial', 'media', 'networks', 'become', 'casesthe', 'which', 'people', 'social', 'contact', 'there', 'mechanisms', 'transmission', 'behaviouralnorms', 'attitudes', 'investigatedin', 'propose', 'research', 'generalisationprocesses', 'methods', 'encapsulating', 'risky', 'behaviourswhile', 'amplifying', 'healthy', 'furthermore', 'explicatingthe', 'forms', 'which', 'people', 'might', 'prosocial', 'goalswhile', 'satisfy', 'individual', 'important', 'investigating', 'generalisation', 'specific', 'prosocialgoals', 'arenas', 'finally', 'pandemic', 'lighted', 'possible', 'impact', 'travel', 'restrictions', 'groupand', 'other', 'forms', 'national', 'identity', 'conflict', 'interestthe', 'authors', 'declare', 'conflicts', 'inter', 'respect', 'their', 'authorship', 'publication', 'ofthis', 'article', 'paper']
['https', '0022167820937498journal', 'humanistic', 'psychology2020', 'author', '2020article', 'reuse', 'guidelines', 'sagepub', 'journals', 'permissionsdoi', '0022167820937498journals', 'sagepub', 'jhparticlepsychology', 'andsurveillance', 'capitalism', 'pushingmental', 'health', 'appsduring', 'covid', '19pandemiclisa', 'cosgrove1', 'justin', 'karter1', 'zenobia', 'morrill1', 'mallaigh', 'mcginley1abstractduring', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'telehealth', 'technologies', 'mental', 'health', 'appshave', 'promoted', 'manage', 'distress', 'public', 'augment', 'existingmental', 'health', 'services', 'humanistic', 'perspective', 'promotion', 'useof', 'mobile', 'raises', 'ethical', 'concerns', 'regarding', 'autonomy', 'personusing', 'however', 'there', 'other', 'dangers', 'arise', 'technologicalfixes', 'embraced', 'crisis', 'naomi', 'klein', 'shoshanna', 'zuboff', 'haverecently', 'warned', 'about', 'disaster', 'surveillance', 'capitalism', 'using', 'crises', 'passlegislation', 'benefit', 'deepen', 'inequality', 'using', 'anonymizedbehavioral', 'commercial', 'purposes', 'analysis', 'reveals', 'mentalhealth', 'individuals', 'their', 'vulnerable', 'hidden', 'supply', 'chain', 'marketplace', 'provide', 'study', 'mentalhealth', 'digital', 'phenotyping', 'predict', 'negative', 'states', 'wedescribe', 'logic', 'digital', 'phenotyping', 'assess', 'efficacy', 'whichclaims', 'validity', 'based', 'drawing', 'frameworks', 'disaster', 'andsurveillance', 'capitalism', 'humanistic', 'psychology', 'identify', 'theethical', 'entanglements', 'unintended', 'consequences', 'promoting', 'usingthis', 'technology', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', '1university', 'massachusetts', 'boston', 'boston', 'usacorresponding', 'author', 'justin', 'karter', 'department', 'counselling', 'school', 'psychology', 'university', 'ofmassachusetts', 'boston', 'morrissey', 'boulevard', 'boston', '02125', 'email', 'justin', 'karter001', 'edu937498jhpxxx10', '0022167820937498journal', 'humanistic', 'psychologycosgrove', 'research', 'article2020612', 'journal', 'humanistic', 'psychology', 'keywordscovid', 'humanistic', 'psychology', 'surveillance', 'capitalism', 'disastercapitalism', 'mental', 'health', 'appsas', 'psychologists', 'other', 'mental', 'health', 'professionals', 'struggle', 'provideservices', 'social', 'distancing', 'telehealth', 'initiatives', 'technologieshave', 'promoted', 'manage', 'distress', 'public', 'large', 'toaugment', 'treatment', 'those', 'already', 'engaged', 'mental', 'health', 'services', 'telehealth', 'providing', 'health', 'remotely', 'means', 'telecommunicationstechnology', 'telepsychology', 'various', 'modalities', 'assist', 'clients', 'behavioral', 'mental', 'health', 'needs', 'becomingincreasingly', 'common', 'however', 'during', 'crises', 'magnitude', 'there', 'thepotential', 'uncritically', 'adopt', 'interventions', 'mental', 'health', 'thatmay', 'effective', 'privacy', 'risks', 'additionally', 'froma', 'humanistic', 'perspective', 'promotion', 'mobile', 'shouldbe', 'approached', 'cautiously', 'because', 'ethical', 'concerns', 'regarding', 'agencyand', 'autonomy', 'person', 'using', 'however', 'there', 'other', 'dangers', 'arise', 'technological', 'fixes', 'areembraced', 'crisis', 'naomi', 'klein', 'recently', 'warned', 'about', 'disastercapitalism', 'political', 'economic', 'elites', 'using', 'covid', 'islation', 'policies', 'benefit', 'deepen', 'inequality', 'frame', 'disaster', 'capitalism', 'serve', 'highlight', 'dangers', 'artificialintelligence', 'surveillance', 'telehealth', 'technologies', 'mobile', 'quickly', 'promoted', 'during', 'pandemic', 'attention', 'theways', 'which', 'behavioral', 'captured', 'through', 'telehealth', 'technologiesmay', 'repurposed', 'commercial', 'example', 'surveillancecapitalism', 'zuboff', '2019c', 'utilized', 'better', 'understand', 'potential', 'harmsthat', 'anonymized', 'behavioral', 'being', 'third', 'party', 'entitieswhenever', 'interface', 'internet', 'whether', 'through', 'social', 'media', 'downloading', 'mobile', 'mental', 'health', 'benign', 'wayto', 'reach', 'people', 'mental', 'health', 'needs', 'social', 'distancing', 'following', 'commentary', 'provide', 'study', 'mindstrong', 'acompany', 'developed', 'mobile', 'digital', 'phenotyping', 'predictthe', 'development', 'mental', 'health', 'conditions', 'depression', 'todetect', 'worsening', 'symptoms', 'users', 'preexisting', 'mental', 'disor', 'drawing', 'frameworks', 'disaster', 'surveillance', 'capitalism', 'humanistic', 'psychology', 'identify', 'ethical', 'entanglementsand', 'unintended', 'consequences', 'promoting', 'using', 'technologyduring', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'cosgrove', '613the', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'disaster', 'capitalism', 'andthe', 'mental', 'health', 'pushaccording', 'history', 'disaster', 'capitalism', 'outlined', 'klein', 'moments', 'economic', 'crisis', 'often', 'industry', 'powerful', 'specialinterest', 'groups', 'through', 'unpopular', 'legislation', 'deepens', 'inequalityand', 'undermines', 'civil', 'rights', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'already', 'being', 'bygovernments', 'forward', 'neoliberal', 'economic', 'policies', 'regulationsand', 'civil', 'rights', 'protections', 'adams', 'there', 'increasing', 'reportsof', 'distress', 'response', 'pandemic', 'public', 'large', 'clinicians', 'denly', 'found', 'person', 'their', 'clients', 'these', 'conditions', 'created', 'ideological', 'environment', 'thatklein', 'argues', 'conducive', 'machinations', 'disaster', 'capitalism', 'social', 'distancing', 'restrictions', 'began', 'impede', 'person', 'mental', 'healthtreatments', 'across', 'united', 'states', 'leading', 'medical', 'journals', 'thenew', 'england', 'journal', 'medicine', 'lancet', 'commentaries', 'callingfor', 'rapid', 'expansion', 'remote', 'service', 'options', 'beyond', 'video', 'sessions', 'inthese', 'commentaries', 'there', 'clear', 'emphasis', 'urgent', 'removelegal', 'barriers', 'would', 'prevent', 'widespread', 'novel', 'telehealth', 'tiatives', 'keesara', 'while', 'expertssought', 'normalize', 'experience', 'emotional', 'distress', 'during', 'crisis', 'pfefferbaum', 'north', 'others', 'raised', 'alarm', 'arguing', 'urgentaction', 'required', 'transform', 'health', 'delivery', 'scale', 'unleashing', 'power', 'digital', 'technologies', 'keesara', 'china', 'moved', 'mental', 'health', 'treatment', 'remote', 'initial', 'outbreak', 'public', 'policy', 'experts', 'recommended', 'aiscreening', 'programs', 'surveillance', 'tools', 'means', 'develop', 'innovativetelehealth', 'platforms', 'could', 'improve', 'effectiveness', 'clinical', 'andemergency', 'interventions', 'other', 'countries', 'movedto', 'regulations', 'telepsychology', 'practices', 'example', 'unitedstates', 'department', 'health', 'human', 'services', 'office', 'civil', 'rightschanged', 'policies', 'reduce', 'privacy', 'protections', 'march', 'thedepartment', 'health', 'human', 'services', 'office', 'civil', 'rights', 'announcedthat', 'would', 'waive', 'penalties', 'health', 'insurance', 'portability', 'andaccountability', 'violations', 'against', 'health', 'providers', 'insecurecommunication', 'technologies', 'facetime', 'skype', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'centers', 'medicare', 'medicaid', 'service', 'expand', 'telepsychology', 'services', 'privacy', 'restrictionsgoes', 'beyond', 'video', 'visits', 'includes', 'dissemination', 'mental', 'healthapps', 'designed', 'augment', 'replace', 'traditional', 'mental', 'health', 'services', 'theseapps', 'proliferated', 'years', 'because', 'journal', 'humanistic', 'psychology', 'accessible', 'portable', 'reach', 'people', 'because', 'offinancial', 'other', 'reasons', 'research', 'mental', 'health', 'raisedsignificant', 'concerns', 'about', 'privacy', 'protections', 'potentialfor', 'overdiagnosis', 'review', 'mental', 'health', 'found', 'thelanguage', 'these', 'tools', 'often', 'promoted', 'flawed', 'pathologizing', 'emotional', 'responses', 'stressors', 'result', 'abnormalneurophysiology', 'parker', 'researchers', 'found', 'majority', 'these', 'trans', 'parent', 'about', 'collect', 'recentreview', 'mental', 'health', 'found', 'facebookor', 'google', 'analytics', 'marketing', 'toother', 'third', 'parties', 'authors', 'concluded', 'users', 'these', 'mental', 'healthapps', 'denied', 'informed', 'choice', 'about', 'whether', 'sharing', 'accept', 'emphasis', 'added', 'huckvale', 'despite', 'these', 'concerns', 'policy', 'makers', 'rushed', 'promote', 'mentalhealth', 'during', 'pandemic', 'example', 'state', 'yorkrecently', 'collaborated', 'headspace', 'provide', 'mental', 'health', 'tonew', 'yorkers', 'response', 'pandemic', 'headspace', 'biomarkers', 'digital', 'phenotyping', 'usinghuman', 'computer', 'interactions', 'predict', 'moodevery', 'shunting', 'parties', 'goliaths', 'thismarketplace', 'facebook', 'google', 'means', 'downloadan', 'doesn', 'there', 'anonymized', 'behavioral', 'surplus', 'isgoing', 'parties', 'primarily', 'facebook', 'google', 'zuboff', '2019d', 'mental', 'health', 'scope', 'example', 'headspace', 'provide', 'meditation', 'improving', 'sleep', 'offer', 'diagnostic', 'ortherapeutic', 'services', 'access', 'therapist', 'other', 'mental', 'health', 'gowell', 'beyond', 'offering', 'mindfulness', 'based', 'interventions', 'machine', 'learning', 'algorithms', 'attempt', 'predict', 'diagnosemental', 'distress', 'based', 'users', 'digital', 'fingerprints', 'mindstrong', 'siliconvalley', 'based', 'start', 'described', 'health', 'companyhybrid', 'current', 'leader', 'technology', 'former', 'chieftechnology', 'officer', 'antipiracy', 'software', 'company', 'markmonitor', 'dagum', 'founded', 'company', 'thomas', 'insel', 'former', 'director', 'ofthe', 'national', 'institute', 'mental', 'health', 'richard', 'klausner', 'founderand', 'director', 'therapeutics', 'pharmaceutical', 'company', 'cofound', 'world', 'digital', 'health', 'mindstrong', 'funded', 'backed', 'tensof', 'millions', 'venture', 'capitalist', 'firms', 'including', 'bezos', 'expeditions', 'inmay', 'company', 'developed', 'smartphone', 'cosgrove', '615depressed', 'before', 'using', 'paradigm', 'shifting', 'technology', 'detect', 'symptoms', 'getting', 'worse', 'predict', 'measuring', 'human', 'computer', 'interactions', 'using', 'machine', 'learning', 'todevelop', 'breakthrough', 'technology', 'technology', 'integrated', 'careplatform', 'guide', 'targeted', 'proactive', 'mindstrong', '2020a', 'paradigm', 'shifting', 'technology', 'which', 'mindstrong', 'refers', 'digitalphenotyping', 'unlike', 'other', 'mental', 'health', 'mindstrong', 'interestedin', 'mining', 'content', 'health', 'explicit', 'personal', 'information', 'rather', 'digital', 'phenotyping', 'focused', 'users', 'interact', 'withtheir', 'smartphones', 'scrolling', 'clicking', 'tapping', 'other', 'touch', 'screen', 'behav', 'analyzed', 'machine', 'learning', 'predict', 'their', 'cognition', 'mindstrong', '2020c', 'human', 'computer', 'interaction', 'model', 'analyzingthe', 'information', 'presented', 'repeated', 'measures', 'sresponse', 'described', 'provid', 'passive', 'ecological', 'moment', 'insight', 'cognitive', 'emotional', 'state', 'dagum', 'ecological', 'information', 'obtained', 'tracking', 'analyz', 'digital', 'devices', 'being', 'theorized', 'approximationfor', 'mental', 'processing', 'speed', 'empirical', 'support', 'theory', 'based', 'asmall', 'study', 'correlated', 'neurocognitive', 'scale', 'results', 'predic', 'tions', 'derived', 'kernel', 'principal', 'components', 'analysis', '000human', 'computer', 'interactions', 'dagum', 'aggregated', 'resultsof', 'these', 'interactions', 'patterns', 'timings', 'activity', 'touchscreen', 'devices', 'referred', 'digital', 'biomarkers', 'these', 'digital', 'markers', 'keystroke', 'captured', 'application', 'running', 'passively', 'inthe', 'background', 'device', 'should', 'noted', 'kernel', 'principal', 'components', 'analysis', 'common', 'inbiomarker', 'research', 'enables', 'detection', 'analysis', 'massive', 'amounts', 'ofdata', 'related', 'variable', 'often', 'nonlinear', 'under', 'investiga', 'schölkopf', 'shiokawa', 'central', 'questionremains', 'evidence', 'support', 'digital', 'biomarkersand', 'phenotyping', 'predict', 'mental', 'health', 'symptoms', 'disturbances', 'there', 'small', 'prospective', 'cohort', 'study', 'registered', 'clinicaltri', 'whose', 'validate', 'mindstrong', 'clinicaltrials', 'although', 'study', 'completed', 'there', 'study', 'resultsposted', 'reviewed', 'papers', 'published', 'scientific', 'erature', 'moreover', 'cognitive', 'tests', 'proven', 'accurate', 'predic', 'depression', 'scult', 'there', 'could', 'reasons', 'aperson', 'typing', 'slowly', 'gloves', 'however', 'dagum', 'published', 'chapter', 'which', 'reports', 'subset', 'journal', 'humanistic', 'psychology', 'participants', 'support', 'mindstrong', 'technology', 'potential', 'continuousecological', 'surrogate', 'laboratory', 'based', 'assessments', 'disorders', 'andof', 'clinical', 'severity', 'dagum', 'viewed', 'through', 'disaster', 'capitalism', 'surprisingthat', 'despite', 'limited', 'empirical', 'support', 'product', 'mindstrongrecently', 'modified', 'website', 'encouraged', 'viewers', 'download', 'titled', 'supporting', 'through', 'covid', 'mindstrong', '2020b', 'there', 'proliferation', 'stories', 'bender', 'pannett', 'brooks', 'daley', 'reporting', 'mental', 'health', 'conditions', 'particu', 'larly', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'disorders', 'developing', 'worsening', 'aresult', 'pandemic', 'using', 'mental', 'health', 'totrack', 'mental', 'health', 'appears', 'critical', 'innovation', 'duringa', 'pandemic', 'social', 'distancing', 'there', 'reportsthat', 'mental', 'health', 'since', 'pandemic', 'began', 'heilweil', 'including', 'specifically', 'targets', 'children', 'adoles', 'cents', 'staines', 'other', 'consider', 'limiteddata', 'available', 'support', 'digital', 'phenotyping', 'prediction', 'ofmental', 'health', 'conditions', 'conflicted', 'nature', 'empirical', 'evidence', 'appears', 'cofounders', 'company', 'datethat', 'assessed', 'efficacy', 'company', 'product', 'large', 'finan', 'incentive', 'promote', 'following', 'section', 'frame', 'surveillance', 'capitalism', 'identify', 'obvious', 'equallyconcerning', 'iatrogenic', 'effect', 'technology', 'users', 'toboth', 'predict', 'shape', 'behavior', 'mindstrong', 'surveillance', 'capitalism', 'writingthe', 'music', 'danceit', 'longer', 'enough', 'automate', 'information', 'flows', 'about', 'automate', 'zuboff', 'quoted', 'naughton', 'shoshanna', 'zuboff', '2019c', 'coined', 'surveillance', 'capitalism', 'todescribe', 'capitalism', 'behavioral', 'futures', 'marketplace', 'theterm', 'surveillance', 'capitalism', 'points', 'connection', 'between', 'digital', 'tools', 'collecting', 'monitoring', 'large', 'swaths', 'population', 'andthe', 'promotion', 'consumer', 'oriented', 'behavior', 'further', 'interests', 'liberal', 'capitalism', 'significant', 'debates', 'exist', 'regarding', 'provide', 'genuineinformed', 'consent', 'personal', 'information', 'shared', 'online', 'developtargeted', 'advertisements', 'zuboff', 'exposes', 'however', 'beyond', 'debates', 'reveals', 'significant', 'lected', 'utilized', 'digital', 'technologies', 'content', 'shared', 'cosgrove', '617online', 'behavioral', 'about', 'navigates', 'online', 'environment', 'these', 'produce', 'advanced', 'predictions', 'human', 'behavior', 'surveillance', 'capitalism', 'behavioral', 'asposting', 'facebook', 'going', 'dinner', 'collected', 'behavioral', 'surplus', 'concerning', 'whether', 'meetyou', 'later', 'whether', 'valued', 'zuboff', '2019b', 'indeed', 'within', 'information', 'panopticon', 'zuboff', 'points', 'thathealth', 'significant', 'harvesting', 'dataand', 'feeding', 'prediction', 'markets', 'third', 'parties', 'architecture', 'ofpower', 'christens', 'other', 'zuboff', 'level', 'behavioralsurplus', 'analyzed', 'utilized', 'predictive', 'value', 'download', 'diabetes', 'takes', 'phone', 'takes', 'microphone', 'ittakes', 'camera', 'takes', 'contacts', 'maybe', 'helps', 'manage', 'yourdiabetes', 'little', 'whole', 'supply', 'chain', 'dynamicfor', 'behavioral', 'surplus', 'flows', 'stuff', 'taking', 'nothingto', 'diabetes', 'functionality', 'which', 'downloaded', 'absolutely', 'nothing', 'simply', 'siphoning', 'third', 'parties', 'otherrevenue', 'streams', 'these', 'surveillance', 'capitalists', 'ecosystems', 'zuboff', '2019a', 'light', 'public', 'looking', 'being', 'encouraged', 'toaccess', 'mental', 'health', 'advice', 'services', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'mental', 'health', 'mindstrong', 'great', 'appeal', 'although', 'users', 'ofmindstrong', 'thinking', 'about', 'boundary', 'between', 'dicting', 'shaping', 'controlling', 'behavior', 'course', 'tenuous', 'zuboff', 'quotes', 'scientist', 'stating', 'engineer', 'context', 'arounda', 'particular', 'behavior', 'force', 'change', 'learning', 'towrite', 'music', 'music', 'dance', 'zuboff', '2019b', 'hacking', 'looping', 'effect', 'human', 'kinds', 'hacking', 'demonstrates', 'attempts', 'classify', 'patterns', 'behavior', 'simultaneously', 'createpossibilities', 'subjectivity', 'looping', 'effect', 'describes', 'recursive', 'processwhere', 'development', 'classifications', 'leads', 'those', 'classified', 'classification', 'increasingly', 'behave', 'conformwith', 'expectations', 'classification', 'brinkmann', 'fields', 'ofpsychiatry', 'psychology', 'develop', 'propose', 'constructs', 'classify', 'people', 'these', 'classifications', 'inevitably', 'reflect', 'philosophical', 'assump', 'tions', 'those', 'proposing', 'framework', 'particularly', 'those', 'concerning', 'agencyand', 'personhood', 'kirmayer', 'gómez', 'carrillo', 'these', 'classificationsare', 'circulated', 'societal', 'discourses', 'reinforced', 'machinations', 'ofinstitutions', 'which', 'serves', 'maintain', 'perceived', 'legitimacy', 'initial', 'journal', 'humanistic', 'psychology', 'assumptions', 'limiting', 'possibilities', 'paradigmatic', 'change', 'example', 'exposed', 'biomedical', 'explanations', 'depression', 'people', 'morelikely', 'attribute', 'causality', 'stable', 'internal', 'processes', 'rather', 'theresult', 'social', 'environmental', 'conditions', 'lebowitz', 'appelbaum', 'zimmermann', 'disciplines', 'institutions', 'oftenposit', 'legitimate', 'these', 'classifications', 'participate', 'production', 'offorms', 'subjectivity', 'satisfy', 'needs', 'current', 'ideological', 'systems', 'neoliberal', 'capitalism', 'undermine', 'efforts', 'reform', 'prevailingstructures', 'cosgrove', 'karter', 'within', 'framing', 'mental', 'health', 'mindstrong', 'under', 'stood', 'operate', 'powerful', 'intersection', 'digital', 'surveillance', 'technologiesin', 'service', 'markets', 'cultural', 'legitimacy', 'granted', 'disci', 'plines', 'casting', 'behavioral', 'surplus', 'seemingly', 'objective', 'scientificlanguage', 'mental', 'disorders', 'serve', 'legitimate', 'naturalize', 'chiatric', 'classification', 'systems', 'while', 'simultaneously', 'shaping', 'behavior', 'ofthe', 'person', 'using', 'toward', 'demands', 'capitalism', 'additionally', 'behavioral', 'counter', 'humanistic', 'focus', 'dignity', 'meaning', 'making', 'sociopolitical', 'determinants', 'being', 'theneeds', 'market', 'expertise', 'disciplines', 'reign', 'supreme', 'analyzing', 'promotion', 'mental', 'health', 'during', 'pandemic', 'especially', 'through', 'double', 'disaster', 'surveillancecapitalism', 'humanistic', 'perspective', 'raises', 'complicated', 'ethicalquestions', 'issues', 'cursory', 'review', 'mindstrong', 'disclosurereveals', 'zuboff', 'warning', 'about', 'siphoning', 'behavioral', 'surplusdata', 'profit', 'entities', 'should', 'strongly', 'heeded', 'following', 'state', 'ments', 'personal', 'information', 'create', 'identified', 'inaccordance', 'hipaa', 'other', 'applicable', 'organizationagreements', 'applicable', 'organizations', 'identified', 'information', 'isnot', 'personal', 'information', 'because', 'cannot', 'identify', 'beused', 'lawful', 'purpose', 'share', 'identified', 'informationand', 'other', 'identified', 'personal', 'information', 'legally', 'permissibleways', 'mindstrong', 'italics', 'added', 'ethical', 'entanglements', 'promoting', 'mentalhealth', 'pandemic', 'lessons', 'fromhumanistic', 'psychologyhumanistic', 'psychologists', 'historically', 'forefront', 'lenging', 'conceptual', 'models', 'reduce', 'human', 'experience', 'quantifiable', 'cosgrove', '619measures', 'metrics', 'aanstoos', 'elkins', 'taylor', 'wertz', 'third', 'force', 'humanistic', 'psychology', 'arose', 'opposition', 'tobehaviorist', 'interventions', 'meant', 'produce', 'populations', 'beyond', 'freedom', 'anddignity', 'decarvalho', 'humanistic', 'psychologists', 'remain', 'front', 'scholarly', 'opposition', 'advocacy', 'efforts', 'reform', 'diagnostic', 'tices', 'based', 'limited', 'emotional', 'distress', 'kamens', 'kinderman', 'although', 'advent', 'digital', 'phenotyping', 'presentscategorizations', 'behavior', 'patterns', 'markedly', 'increased', 'complexity', 'thesephenotypes', 'remain', 'abstractions', 'based', 'cognitions', 'behaviors', 'capturedwithin', 'particular', 'context', 'through', 'smartphones', 'there', 'remains', 'problem', 'chalmers', 'stands', 'between', 'anyattempt', 'diagnoses', 'phenotypes', 'neurobiological', 'processes', 'karter', 'there', 'ethical', 'imperative', 'avoid', 'measurement', 'based', 'symptom', 'reduction', 'models', 'witness', 'distressedperson', 'unique', 'circumstances', 'claims', 'digital', 'phenotyping', 'canpredict', 'neuronal', 'function', 'should', 'interrogated', 'philosophicaland', 'humanistic', 'psychologists', 'alike', 'important', 'algorithmic', 'model', 'which', 'mental', 'health', 'arebased', 'takes', 'major', 'depressive', 'disorder', 'object', 'neglects', 'theunique', 'experiences', 'person', 'midst', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'computational', 'analysis', 'substitutes', 'empathetic', 'attunement', 'world', 'individual', 'moods', 'detected', 'however', 'asheidegger', 'argued', 'human', 'beings', 'rational', 'creatures', 'neutral', 'moodstates', 'sometimes', 'experience', 'episodes', 'major', 'depres', 'episode', 'invoked', 'concept', 'befindlichkeit', 'order', 'todemonstrate', 'impossibility', 'having', 'stimmung', 'human', 'always', 'situated', 'attuned', 'world', 'heidegger', 'indeed', 'focus', 'prediction', 'moods', 'antithetical', 'humanisticpsychologists', 'understand', 'personhood', 'because', 'always', 'found', 'emotions', 'engage', 'impede', 'engagement', 'intersubjec', 'world', 'dasein', 'always', 'immersed', 'particular', 'comportment', 'toward', 'theconcerns', 'everyday', 'activities', 'heidegger', 'cosgroveet', 'measuring', 'human', 'computer', 'interactions', 'proxy', 'forunderstanding', 'person', 'predicting', 'their', 'moods', 'reduces', 'subject', 'lection', 'points', 'identified', 'computational', 'systems', 'fails', 'appreci', 'people', 'always', 'absorbed', 'world', 'worldis', 'fabric', 'dasein', 'existence', 'person', 'using', 'becomesreified', 'through', 'mathematical', 'modeling', 'machine', 'learning', 'modern', 'dayexample', 'whitehead', 'notion', 'misplaced', 'concreteness', 'james', 'vicious', 'abstractionism', 'james', 'whitehead', 'digitaltracking', 'computational', 'analysis', 'replacement', 'contemplative', 'journal', 'humanistic', 'psychology', 'clinical', 'practice', 'undermines', 'possibilities', 'agency', 'autonomy', 'peoplestruggling', 'emotional', 'distress', 'moreover', 'client', 'agency', 'autonomy', 'reducedthrough', 'digital', 'phenotyping', 'clinician', 'humanity', 'larly', 'reduced', 'needed', 'predicts', 'shift', 'toward', 'anegative', 'robotic', 'technician', 'intuitive', 'talent', 'caring', 'fessional', 'strives', 'deeply', 'attunement', 'other', 'churchill', 'critical', 'importance', 'contemplative', 'practice', 'place', 'inthis', 'brave', 'algorithmic', 'world', 'mindstrong', 'example', 'offers', 'minutetext', 'therapy', 'sessions', 'credible', 'therapists', 'based', 'techniques', 'ascbt', 'emotion', 'regulation', 'details', 'about', 'constitutes', 'credibletherapist', 'provided', 'humanistic', 'psychologists', 'decried', 'nical', 'training', 'cannot', 'substitute', 'attunement', 'affairs', 'conscious', 'churchill', 'depressed', 'anxious', 'person', 'effortfulexisting', 'insofar', 'these', 'credible', 'therapists', 'conceptual', 'structuralcompetence', 'karter', 'kamens', 'facilitate', 'tended', 'human', 'rights', 'violations', 'forced', 'treatment', 'example', 'orwellian', 'though', 'sound', 'imagine', 'thetechno', 'therapist', 'receives', 'alert', 'person', 'digital', 'behavior', 'correlateswith', 'suicidality', 'first', 'responders', 'called', 'hospitalize', 'conclusionby', 'conflating', 'being', 'narrowly', 'defined', 'technological', 'fixes', 'mentalhealth', 'cannot', 'address', 'psychosocial', 'sociopolitical', 'determinants', 'ofmental', 'health', 'context', 'which', 'people', 'experience', 'emotional', 'distress', 'clearly', 'technology', 'counter', 'humanistic', 'psychology', 'appreciationfor', 'individual', 'unique', 'lifeworld', 'concomitantly', 'importance', 'templative', 'clinical', 'practice', 'brief', 'study', 'thereare', 'limited', 'support', 'digital', 'phenotyping', 'predict', 'negativemood', 'states', 'symptom', 'worsening', 'double', 'disaster', 'surveil', 'lance', 'capitalism', 'shows', 'something', 'nefarious', 'happening', 'thepromotion', 'diagnostic', 'validated', 'mental', 'health', 'thatuse', 'digital', 'phenotyping', 'other', 'surveillance', 'technologies', 'position', 'people', 'asunwitting', 'profit', 'makers', 'individuals', 'their', 'vulnerable', 'andmake', 'hidden', 'supply', 'chain', 'marketplace', 'acknowledgmentsthe', 'authors', 'would', 'thank', 'following', 'people', 'their', 'comments', 'earlierdrafts', 'article', 'rebecca', 'troeger', 'chiapo', 'cheng', 'meital', 'simhi', 'christine', 'tosti', 'samantha', 'lilly', 'cosgrove', '621declaration', 'conflicting', 'intereststhe', 'author', 'declared', 'potential', 'conflicts', 'interest', 'respect', 'research', 'authorship', 'publication', 'article', 'fundingthe', 'author', 'received', 'financial', 'support', 'research', 'authorship', 'publi', 'cation', 'article', 'orcid', 'idsjustin', 'karter', 'https', 'orcid', '994xzenobia', 'morrill', 'https', 'orcid']

# LSA Model
number_of_topics=30
words=word_count_psy
model_psy=create_gensim_lsa_model(clean_text,number_of_topics,words)
words_from_psychology =dict(model_psy.show_topic(0, topn=words))#dict and encoding matrix values

#These variables are for further experimentation in vertical comparission mantel test
model_psy_articles=create_gensim_lsa_model(clean_text,number_of_topics,words)

dict(model_psy.show_topic(0,topn=5))

{'psycholog': 0.3166750431095782,
 'covid': 0.29324164057198565,
 'student': 0.2900412043705133,
 'train': 0.26795580949551717,
 'pandem': 0.2188306861058129}

from wordcloud import WordCloud
text = dict(model_psy.show_topic(0, topn=20))
l=list(text.keys())
wordcloud = WordCloud(width=150, height=200,max_font_size=25, max_words=20, background_color="white").generate(" ".join(l))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation='bilinear')
plt.axis("off")
plt.savefig('graph22.png')

# LSA Model

a=pd.DataFrame()

for i in range(number_of_topics):
    words_psy =dict(model_psy.show_topic(i, topn=words))
    b=pd.DataFrame(words_psy,index=[i])
    a=a.append(b)

a=a.transpose()

top_words = dict(model_psy.show_topic(0,topn=5))

df = pd.DataFrame(columns=list(top_words.keys()), 
                  index = list(top_words.keys()))

l = list(top_words.keys())
print('cosine-similarity')
for i in l:
    for j in l:
            matrix=np.array([a.loc[i],a.loc[j]])
            n = s.metrics.pairwise.cosine_similarity(matrix, matrix, dense_output=True)
            df.loc[[i],[j]] = n[0,1]
print(df)

dfi.export(df, 'df_styled25.png')

cosine-similarity
           psycholog      covid    student      train     pandem
psycholog          1   0.166527  0.0572926  0.0530091   0.016191
covid       0.166527          1  0.0107449 -0.0122306   0.279669
student    0.0572926  0.0107449          1   0.144694  0.0215532
train      0.0530091 -0.0122306   0.144694          1   0.255639
pandem      0.016191   0.279669  0.0215532   0.255639          1

df = df.apply(pd.to_numeric, errors='coerce')

df=df.round(4)

l = list(top_words.keys())

df_adj = pd.DataFrame(df.to_numpy(), index=l, columns=l)
G = nx.from_pandas_adjacency(df)
pos = {l[0]: (0, 0),l[1]: (1, 0), l[2]: (0, 1), l[3]: (1, 1), l[4]: (0.5, 0.8)}
a=list(G.edges(data=True))

b=[]
for i in a:
    b.append(i[:][2]['weight'])
w = [x *10  for x in b]

colors = range(4)
nx.draw(G,pos, alpha=1, width=w, with_labels = True,node_size=200, edge_color='r',node_color='b')
labels = nx.get_edge_attributes(G,'weight')
nx.draw_networkx_nodes(G, pos, nodelist=l, node_color="w")
nx.draw_networkx_edge_labels(G,pos,edge_labels=labels)
plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = (8,5)
plt.savefig('fig25.png')

def mantel_test(n):
    words_science = dict(model_science.show_topic(0, topn=word_count_science))
    words_psy = dict(model_psy.show_topic(0, topn=word_count_psy))

    top_words_science = dict(model_science.show_topic(0, topn=n)) 
    top_words_psy = dict(model_psy.show_topic(0,topn=n)) 


    c={} #law words in non law
    for key in top_words_science:
        try:
            c[key] = words_psy[key]
        except KeyError:
            c[key] = 0

    top_words_psy.update(c)

    b={} #non law words in law
    for key in top_words_psy:
        try:
            b[key] = words_science[key]
        except KeyError:
            b[key] = 0

    b.update(top_words_science)
    top_words_science=b

    #pairwise distance for law
    a=pd.DataFrame()

    for i in range(number_of_topics):
        words_from_science =dict(model_science.show_topic(i, topn=word_count_science))
        b=pd.DataFrame(words_from_science,index=[i])
        a=a.append(b)

    a=a.transpose()

    df = pd.DataFrame(columns=list(top_words_science.keys()), 
                      index = list(top_words_science.keys()))

    l = list(top_words_science.keys())

    print('Pairwise-distance')
    for i in l:
        for j in l:
            try:
                matrix=np.array([a.loc[i],a.loc[j]])
            except KeyError:
                matrix=np.zeros((2,3))
            n = s.metrics.pairwise.nan_euclidean_distances(matrix, matrix)
            df.loc[[i],[j]] = n[0,1]
    print(df)
    df1 = df.to_numpy()
    #pairwise distace for non-law
    a=pd.DataFrame()

    for i in range(number_of_topics):
        words_from_psy =dict(model_psy.show_topic(i, topn=word_count_psy))
        b=pd.DataFrame(words_from_psy,index=[i])
        a=a.append(b)

    a=a.transpose()

    df = pd.DataFrame(columns=list(top_words_psy.keys()), 
                      index = list(top_words_psy.keys()))

    l = list(top_words_psy.keys())
    print('Pairwise-distance')
    for i in l:
        for j in l:
            try:
                matrix=np.array([a.loc[i],a.loc[j]])
            except KeyError:
                matrix=np.zeros((2,3))
            n = s.metrics.pairwise.nan_euclidean_distances(matrix, matrix)
            df.loc[[i],[j]] = n[0,1]
    print(df)
    df2 = df.to_numpy()
    

    dist1 = list(df1[np.triu_indices(len(top_words_science), k = 1)])

    

    dist2 = list(df2[np.triu_indices(len(top_words_psy), k = 1)])

    return mantel.test(dist1, dist2, perms=10000, method='pearson', tail='upper')

mantel_test(5)

Pairwise-distance
             psycholog        covid   student     train    pandem      imag  \
psycholog  9.01749e-11     0.816579  0.622792   0.38925  0.306859  0.897931   
covid         0.816579  2.30848e-08   1.04356  0.822351  0.804158   1.16049   
student       0.622792      1.04356         0  0.777984  0.734672   1.08699   
train          0.38925     0.822351  0.777984         0  0.484324  0.807562   
pandem        0.306859     0.804158  0.734672  0.484324         0  0.973345   
imag          0.897931      1.16049   1.08699  0.807562  0.973345         0   
model         0.785539      1.10842   1.03352  0.807451  0.829399   1.25052   
dataset       0.699286       1.1172  0.950961  0.834674   0.78568   1.03181   
infect        0.723903      1.04633  0.989905     0.743  0.748457   1.17826   

                 model      dataset    infect  
psycholog     0.785539     0.699286  0.723903  
covid          1.10842       1.1172   1.04633  
student        1.03352     0.950961  0.989905  
train         0.807451     0.834674     0.743  
pandem        0.829399      0.78568  0.748457  
imag           1.25052      1.03181   1.17826  
model      1.63234e-08      1.04493   1.04204  
dataset        1.04493  1.15424e-08   1.08742  
infect         1.04204      1.08742         0  
Pairwise-distance
             psycholog        covid   student     train       pandem  \
psycholog  1.05367e-08     0.816404  0.936257   0.79398      0.77745   
covid         0.816404  1.49012e-08  0.973621  0.838255     0.686247   
student       0.936257     0.973621         0  0.843129     0.870287   
train          0.79398     0.838255  0.843129         0     0.615951   
pandem         0.77745     0.686247  0.870287  0.615951  1.29048e-08   
imag          0.630552     0.639869  0.740605   0.53528      0.47259   
model         0.662684     0.642423  0.775488  0.568328     0.500137   
dataset       0.620721     0.643587  0.737871  0.526422     0.480196   
infect        0.655487     0.654855  0.721606  0.588405     0.545931   

                  imag     model    dataset    infect  
psycholog     0.630552  0.662684   0.620721  0.655487  
covid         0.639869  0.642423   0.643587  0.654855  
student       0.740605  0.775488   0.737871  0.721606  
train          0.53528  0.568328   0.526422  0.588405  
pandem         0.47259  0.500137   0.480196  0.545931  
imag       9.31323e-10  0.203732  0.0572527  0.219126  
model         0.203732         0   0.181427  0.248711  
dataset      0.0572527  0.181427          0  0.207653  
infect        0.219126  0.248711   0.207653         0  

(-0.44085914260131626, 0.9074, -1.3372906426116458)

mantel_test(10)

Pairwise-distance
              psycholog        covid   student     train    pandem    program  \
psycholog   9.01749e-11     0.816579  0.622792   0.38925  0.306859  0.0659961   
covid          0.816579  2.30848e-08   1.04356  0.822351  0.804158   0.823755   
student        0.622792      1.04356         0  0.777984  0.734672   0.628998   
train           0.38925     0.822351  0.777984         0  0.484324   0.392055   
pandem         0.306859     0.804158  0.734672  0.484324         0   0.307627   
program       0.0659961     0.823755  0.628998  0.392055  0.307627          0   
health         0.222706     0.793277  0.628922  0.459826   0.29227   0.223288   
social         0.484506     0.952515  0.793976  0.620905  0.541152   0.480121   
internship            0            0         0         0         0          0   
group          0.132837      0.81529  0.635026  0.416287  0.331218   0.138806   
imag           0.897931      1.16049   1.08699  0.807562  0.973345    0.90484   
model          0.785539      1.10842   1.03352  0.807451  0.829399   0.781622   
dataset        0.699286       1.1172  0.950961  0.834674   0.78568   0.704481   
infect         0.723903      1.04633  0.989905     0.743  0.748457   0.732814   
class          0.572552     0.902972  0.837846  0.664659  0.710126   0.562391   
learn           0.62959      1.00052  0.494158   0.66996  0.709034   0.632887   
perform        0.405523     0.854111  0.774844  0.488532  0.525559   0.393251   
detect         0.412218     0.858882  0.763349  0.509654   0.54624   0.424952   

              health    social internship     group      imag        model  \
psycholog   0.222706  0.484506          0  0.132837  0.897931     0.785539   
covid       0.793277  0.952515          0   0.81529   1.16049      1.10842   
student     0.628922  0.793976          0  0.635026   1.08699      1.03352   
train       0.459826  0.620905          0  0.416287  0.807562     0.807451   
pandem       0.29227  0.541152          0  0.331218  0.973345     0.829399   
program     0.223288  0.480121          0  0.138806   0.90484     0.781622   
health             0  0.515209          0  0.218421  0.947133     0.807937   
social      0.515209         0          0  0.485518   1.05368     0.918433   
internship         0         0          0         0         0            0   
group       0.218421  0.485518          0         0  0.900814     0.816639   
imag        0.947133   1.05368          0  0.900814         0      1.25052   
model       0.807937  0.918433          0  0.816639   1.25052  1.63234e-08   
dataset     0.744108  0.806458          0  0.738777   1.03181      1.04493   
infect      0.772697  0.848328          0  0.745782   1.17826      1.04204   
class       0.630836  0.767935          0  0.616413   1.03797     0.938221   
learn       0.655492  0.812866          0  0.633284   1.10244     0.978066   
perform     0.479123  0.660284          0  0.424482  0.962163     0.666823   
detect      0.507788  0.675018          0  0.431067   0.92293     0.803244   

                dataset    infect     class        learn   perform    detect  
psycholog      0.699286  0.723903  0.572552      0.62959  0.405523  0.412218  
covid            1.1172   1.04633  0.902972      1.00052  0.854111  0.858882  
student        0.950961  0.989905  0.837846     0.494158  0.774844  0.763349  
train          0.834674     0.743  0.664659      0.66996  0.488532  0.509654  
pandem          0.78568  0.748457  0.710126     0.709034  0.525559   0.54624  
program        0.704481  0.732814  0.562391     0.632887  0.393251  0.424952  
health         0.744108  0.772697  0.630836     0.655492  0.479123  0.507788  
social         0.806458  0.848328  0.767935     0.812866  0.660284  0.675018  
internship            0         0         0            0         0         0  
group          0.738777  0.745782  0.616413     0.633284  0.424482  0.431067  
imag            1.03181   1.17826   1.03797      1.10244  0.962163   0.92293  
model           1.04493   1.04204  0.938221     0.978066  0.666823  0.803244  
dataset     1.15424e-08   1.08742  0.872797     0.970555  0.805144  0.830385  
infect          1.08742         0   1.00611     0.895668  0.875466  0.817126  
class          0.872797   1.00611         0     0.801247  0.728538  0.675514  
learn          0.970555  0.895668  0.801247  1.15424e-08  0.699412  0.739387  
perform        0.805144  0.875466  0.728538     0.699412         0  0.523792  
detect         0.830385  0.817126  0.675514     0.739387  0.523792         0  
Pairwise-distance
              psycholog        covid   student     train       pandem  \
psycholog   1.05367e-08     0.816404  0.936257   0.79398      0.77745   
covid          0.816404  1.49012e-08  0.973621  0.838255     0.686247   
student        0.936257     0.973621         0  0.843129     0.870287   
train           0.79398     0.838255  0.843129         0     0.615951   
pandem          0.77745     0.686247  0.870287  0.615951  1.29048e-08   
program        0.653138     0.739719  0.749886  0.279494     0.512995   
health         0.851323     0.936263    1.0749    0.9016     0.726109   
social          0.82392     0.842273  0.949564  0.796879     0.683699   
internship     0.654082     0.711877  0.734697  0.310341     0.504184   
group           1.00632     0.997625   1.11499  0.946413     0.942881   
imag           0.630552     0.639869  0.740605   0.53528      0.47259   
model          0.662684     0.642423  0.775488  0.568328     0.500137   
dataset        0.620721     0.643587  0.737871  0.526422     0.480196   
infect         0.655487     0.654855  0.721606  0.588405     0.545931   
class          0.628147     0.651448  0.697561  0.537181     0.492397   
learn          0.683433      0.73373   0.59166  0.687029      0.59489   
perform        0.660168     0.678356  0.777376  0.569567     0.505225   
detect         0.619137     0.642644  0.742038  0.537628       0.4863   

                program    health    social internship     group         imag  \
psycholog      0.653138  0.851323   0.82392   0.654082   1.00632     0.630552   
covid          0.739719  0.936263  0.842273   0.711877  0.997625     0.639869   
student        0.749886    1.0749  0.949564   0.734697   1.11499     0.740605   
train          0.279494    0.9016  0.796879   0.310341  0.946413      0.53528   
pandem         0.512995  0.726109  0.683699   0.504184  0.942881      0.47259   
program     5.26836e-09   0.79049  0.673132  0.0796367  0.842314     0.334181   
health          0.79049         0   0.88044    0.78001   1.07335     0.718326   
social         0.673132   0.88044         0   0.642629  0.895982     0.531179   
internship    0.0796367   0.78001  0.642629          0  0.823677     0.288759   
group          0.842314   1.07335  0.895982   0.823677         0     0.799701   
imag           0.334181  0.718326  0.531179   0.288759  0.799701  9.31323e-10   
model          0.388008  0.741402  0.518672   0.349176  0.830385     0.203732   
dataset        0.326175  0.712776  0.549188   0.281654  0.789367    0.0572527   
infect         0.399603   0.71136  0.549346   0.356118   0.82599     0.219126   
class          0.349727   0.71623  0.553173   0.306207  0.794785      0.10426   
learn          0.529234    0.8126  0.668263   0.490858  0.876497      0.35034   
perform        0.414601  0.755353  0.583582   0.375131  0.823691     0.218816   
detect         0.340709  0.708908  0.551279   0.296059  0.793291    0.0836757   

               model    dataset    infect      class        learn   perform  \
psycholog   0.662684   0.620721  0.655487   0.628147     0.683433  0.660168   
covid       0.642423   0.643587  0.654855   0.651448      0.73373  0.678356   
student     0.775488   0.737871  0.721606   0.697561      0.59166  0.777376   
train       0.568328   0.526422  0.588405   0.537181     0.687029  0.569567   
pandem      0.500137   0.480196  0.545931   0.492397      0.59489  0.505225   
program     0.388008   0.326175  0.399603   0.349727     0.529234  0.414601   
health      0.741402   0.712776   0.71136    0.71623       0.8126  0.755353   
social      0.518672   0.549188  0.549346   0.553173     0.668263  0.583582   
internship  0.349176   0.281654  0.356118   0.306207     0.490858  0.375131   
group       0.830385   0.789367   0.82599   0.794785     0.876497  0.823691   
imag        0.203732  0.0572527  0.219126    0.10426      0.35034  0.218816   
model              0   0.181427  0.248711   0.215132     0.386531  0.282595   
dataset     0.181427          0  0.207653  0.0823629     0.344601  0.212249   
infect      0.248711   0.207653         0   0.225969      0.44463  0.309784   
class       0.215132  0.0823629  0.225969          0     0.297129  0.227297   
learn       0.386531   0.344601   0.44463   0.297129  5.26836e-09   0.39617   
perform     0.282595   0.212249  0.309784   0.227297      0.39617         0   
detect      0.164365  0.0520024  0.212293   0.103961     0.344788  0.221021   

               detect  
psycholog    0.619137  
covid        0.642644  
student      0.742038  
train        0.537628  
pandem         0.4863  
program      0.340709  
health       0.708908  
social       0.551279  
internship   0.296059  
group        0.793291  
imag        0.0836757  
model        0.164365  
dataset     0.0520024  
infect       0.212293  
class        0.103961  
learn        0.344788  
perform      0.221021  
detect              0  

(-0.1305205827425967, 0.7165, -0.58437819549746)

2. 2-3 paragraphs

covid-science.txt

def load_data(path,file_name):
    """
    Input  : path and file_name
    Purpose: loading text file
    Output : list of paragraphs/documents and
             title(initial 100 words considred as title of document)
    """
    documents_list = []
    titles=[]
    document = ''
    i=0
    with open( os.path.join(path, file_name) ,"r",encoding="utf8") as fin:
        data = fin.read()
        words = data.split()
        fin.seek(0)
        print('Number of words in text file :', len(words))
        for word in words:
                i=i+1
                document = document+word+' '
                if i == 200:
                    documents_list.append(document)
                    document,i = '',0
                    if len(documents_list) == 2:
                        break
    print("Total Number of Documents:",len(documents_list))
    #titles.append( text[0:min(len(text),100)] )
    return documents_list,titles,len(words)

document_list,titles,word_count_science=load_data("","covid-science-30.txt")

Number of words in text file : 205313
Total Number of Documents: 2

clean_text=preprocess_data(document_list)

['covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'predicting', 'covid', 'based', 'chest', 'images', 'tabik', 'gómez', 'martín', 'rodríguez', 'sevillano', 'garcía', 'charte', 'guirado', 'suárez', 'luengo', 'valero', 'gonzález', 'garcía', 'villanova', 'olmedo', 'sánchez', 'herrera', 'abstract', 'currently', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'century', 'diagnosed', 'using', 'testing', 'scans', 'chest', 'images', 'computed', 'tomography', 'scanners', 'testing', 'available', 'medical', 'centers', 'hence', 'cases', 'images', 'become', 'effective', 'assisting', 'clinicians', 'making', 'decisions', 'learning', 'neural', 'networks', 'great', 'potential', 'building', 'covid', 'triage', 'systems', 'detecting', 'covid', 'patients', 'especially', 'patients', 'severity', 'unfortunately', 'current', 'databases', 'allow', 'building', 'systems', 'highly', 'heterogeneous', 'biased', 'towards', 'severe', 'cases', 'article', 'threefold', 'demystify', 'sensitivities', 'achieved', 'recent', 'covid', 'classification', 'models', 'under', 'close', 'collaboration', 'hospital', 'universitario', 'clínico', 'cecilio', 'granada', 'spain', 'built', 'covidgr', 'homogeneous', 'balanced', 'database', 'includes', 'levels', 'manuscript', 'received', 'september', 'revised', 'october', 'accepted', 'november']
['publication', 'november', 'current', 'version', 'december', 'supported', 'project', 'deepscop', 'ayudas', 'fundación', 'equipos', 'investigación', 'científica', 'covid19_rx', 'ayudas', 'fundación', 'equipos', 'investigación', 'científica', 'covid', 'spanish', 'ministry', 'science', 'technology', 'under', 'project', 'tin2017', '89517', 'tabik', 'supported', 'ramon', 'cajal', 'programme', '18136', 'gómez', 'supported', 'programme', 'fpu16', '04765', 'charte', 'supported', 'programme', 'fpu17', '04069', 'suárez', 'supported', 'programme', 'fpu18', '05989', 'supported', 'european', 'research', 'council', 'grant', 'agreement', '647038', 'biodesert', 'project', 'approved', 'provincial', 'research', 'ethics', 'committee', 'granada', 'corresponding', 'author', 'siham', 'tabik', 'tabik', 'gómez', 'sevillano', 'garcía', 'charte', 'suárez', 'luengo', 'herrera', 'andalusian', 'research', 'institute', 'science', 'computational', 'intelligence', 'university', 'granada', '18071', 'granada', 'spain', 'siham', 'anabelgrios', 'decsai', 'isega24ivan', 'gmail', 'fdavidcl', 'jlsuarezdiaz', 'julianlm', 'decsai', 'herrera', 'decsai', 'martín', 'rodríguez', 'valero', 'gonzález', 'garcía', 'villanova', 'olmedo', 'sánchez', 'hospital', 'universitario', 'clínico', 'cecilio', 'granada', '36310', 'spain', 'joseluismartin', 'hotmail', 'valerogonzalez', 'yahoo', 'pgvillanova', 'gmail', 'euolm', 'yahoo', 'atlanttic', 'research', 'center']

# LSA Model
number_of_topics=2
words_nscience=len(clean_text[0])+len(clean_text[1])
model_science=create_gensim_lsa_model(clean_text,number_of_topics,words_nscience)
words_science =dict(model_science.show_topic(0, topn=words))##dict and encoding matrix values

#These variables are for further experimentation in vertical comparission mantel test
model_science_p=create_gensim_lsa_model(clean_text,number_of_topics,words_nscience)

words_nscience

238

dict(model_science.show_topic(0, topn=5))

{'support': 0.3289947178827896,
 'granada': 0.24814037209037243,
 'covid': 0.22769581399154293,
 'programm': 0.21932981192185974,
 'research': 0.21932981192185974}

from wordcloud import WordCloud
text = dict(model_science.show_topic(0, topn=20))
l=list(text.keys())
wordcloud = WordCloud(width=150, height=200,max_font_size=25, max_words=20, background_color="white").generate(" ".join(l))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation='bilinear')
plt.axis("off")
plt.savefig('graph23.png')

# LSA Model

a=pd.DataFrame()

for i in range(number_of_topics):
    words_science =dict(model_science.show_topic(i, topn = words_nscience))
    b=pd.DataFrame(words_science,index=[i])
    a=a.append(b)

a=a.transpose()

top_words = dict(model_science.show_topic(0,topn=5))

df = pd.DataFrame(columns=list(top_words.keys()), 
                  index = list(top_words.keys()))

l = list(top_words.keys())
print('cosine-similarity')
for i in l:
    for j in l:
            matrix=np.array([a.loc[i],a.loc[j]])
            n = s.metrics.pairwise.cosine_similarity(matrix, matrix, dense_output=True)
            df.loc[[i],[j]] = n[0,1]
print(df)

dfi.export(df, 'df_styled26.png')

cosine-similarity
            support   granada      covid   programm   research
support           1  0.956969 -0.0794645          1          1
granada    0.956969         1   0.213226   0.956969   0.956969
covid    -0.0794645  0.213226          1 -0.0794645 -0.0794645
programm          1  0.956969 -0.0794645          1          1
research          1  0.956969 -0.0794645          1          1

df = df.apply(pd.to_numeric, errors='coerce')

df=df.round(4)

l = list(top_words.keys())

df_adj = pd.DataFrame(df.to_numpy(), index=l, columns=l)
G = nx.from_pandas_adjacency(df)
pos = {l[0]: (0, 0),l[1]: (1, 0), l[2]: (0, 1), l[3]: (1, 1), l[4]: (0.5, 0.8)}
a=list(G.edges(data=True))

b=[]
for i in a:
    b.append(i[:][2]['weight'])
w = [x *10  for x in b]

colors = range(4)
nx.draw(G,pos, alpha=1, width=w, with_labels = True,node_size=200, edge_color='green',node_color='b')
labels = nx.get_edge_attributes(G,'weight')
nx.draw_networkx_nodes(G, pos, nodelist=l, node_color="w")
nx.draw_networkx_edge_labels(G,pos,edge_labels=labels)
plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = (8,5)
plt.savefig('fig26.png')

covid-psycology.txt

document_list,titles,word_count_psy=load_data("","covid-psychology-30.txt")

Number of words in text file : 143564
Total Number of Documents: 2

clean_text=preprocess_data(document_list)

['international', 'sociology', 'author', 'article', 'reuse', 'guidelines', 'sagepub', 'journals', 'permissions', '0268580920948807', 'journals', 'sagepub', 'psychology', 'politics', 'covid', 'misinfodemics', 'people', 'believe', 'misinfodemics', 'sonia', 'mukhtar', 'university', 'management', 'technology', 'lahore', 'pakistan', 'abstract', 'misinfodemics', 'related', 'covid', 'negatively', 'impacted', 'people', 'lives', 'adverse', 'health', 'psycho', 'sociopolitical', 'outcomes', 'scientific', 'community', 'seeks', 'communicate', 'evidence', 'based', 'information', 'regarding', 'misplaced', 'preventive', 'strategies', 'misinformed', 'helpseeking', 'behaviors', 'global', 'multifaceted', 'systems', 'secondary', 'emerged', 'effects', 'misinfodemics', 'public', 'published', 'articles', 'pubmed', 'embase', 'google', 'scholar', 'elsevier', 'about', 'covid', 'related', 'misinfodemics', 'considered', 'reviewed', 'article', 'review', 'examines', 'mechanisms', 'operational', 'structure', 'prevalence', 'predictive', 'factors', 'effects', 'responses', 'potential', 'curtailing', 'strategies', 'misinfodemics', 'covid', 'present', 'article', 'shows', 'popular', 'variants', 'covid', 'misinfodemics', 'could', 'joint', 'product', 'psychological', 'predisposition', 'which', 'either', 'reject', 'information', 'experts', 'perceive', 'crisis', 'situation', 'product', 'misinfodemics', 'mechanisms', 'partisan', 'ideological', 'motivations', 'psychological', 'foundations', 'political', 'disposition', 'misinfodemics', 'implications', 'development', 'strategies', 'designed', 'curtail', 'negative', 'consequences', 'public', 'health', 'keywords', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'covid']
['health', 'communication', 'misinformation', 'mistrust', 'science', 'mechanisms', 'misinfodemics', 'modern', 'mainstream', 'social', 'media', 'become', 'primary', 'source', 'information', 'people', 'around', 'world', 'misinfodemics', 'surrounding', 'corresponding', 'author', 'sonia', 'mukhtar', 'university', 'management', 'technology', 'block', 'phase', 'johar', 'lahore', 'punjab', '54770', 'pakistan', 'email', 'sonia', 'mukhtar12', 'gmail', '948807iss0010', '0268580920948807international', 'sociologymukhtar', 'research', 'article2020', 'article', 'international', 'sociology', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'challenging', 'ongoing', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'highlighted', 'interconnectedness', 'modern', 'globalized', 'world', 'where', 'public', 'health', 'threats', 'extend', 'beyond', 'their', 'point', 'origin', 'unvarying', 'reliance', 'misplaced', 'confidence', 'media', 'platforms', 'during', 'lockdown', 'quarantine', 'isolation', 'social', 'distancing', 'virtual', 'communication', 'become', 'major', 'source', 'interaction', 'holman', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'escalated', 'challenges', 'healthcare', 'social', 'educational', 'economic', 'political', 'environmental', 'cultural', 'socioeconomic', 'systems', 'world', 'gained', 'momentum', 'innumerable', 'misinfodemics', 'mechanisms', 'rumors', 'myths', 'superstitions', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'claims', 'hoaxes', 'false', 'misinformation', 'polarization', 'mistrust', 'science', 'times', 'crisis', 'absence', 'checking', 'misinformation', 'misleading', 'content', 'false', 'context', 'manipulated']

# LSA Model
number_of_topics=2
words_npsy=len(clean_text[0])+len(clean_text[1])
model_psy=create_gensim_lsa_model(clean_text,number_of_topics,words_npsy)
words_from_psychology =dict(model_psy.show_topic(0, topn=words))##dict and encoding matrix values

#These variables are for further experimentation in vertical comparission mantel test
model_psy_p = create_gensim_lsa_model(clean_text,number_of_topics,words_npsy)

dict(model_psy.show_topic(0, topn=5))

{'misinfodem': 0.5033743541941375,
 'covid': 0.36297115033235167,
 'articl': 0.21459251935197474,
 'commun': 0.14837863098037699,
 'mechan': 0.14837863098037687}

from wordcloud import WordCloud
text = dict(model_psy.show_topic(0, topn=20))
l=list(text.keys())
wordcloud = WordCloud(width=150, height=200,max_font_size=25, max_words=20, background_color="white").generate(" ".join(l))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation='bilinear')
plt.axis("off")
plt.savefig('graph24.png')

# LSA Model

a=pd.DataFrame()

for i in range(number_of_topics):
    words_psy =dict(model_psy.show_topic(i, topn=words_npsy))
    b=pd.DataFrame(words_psy,index=[i])
    a=a.append(b)

a=a.transpose()

top_words = dict(model_psy.show_topic(0,topn=5))

df = pd.DataFrame(columns=list(top_words.keys()), 
                  index = list(top_words.keys()))

l = list(top_words.keys())
print('cosine-similarity')
for i in l:
    for j in l:
            matrix=np.array([a.loc[i],a.loc[j]])
            n = s.metrics.pairwise.cosine_similarity(matrix, matrix, dense_output=True)
            df.loc[[i],[j]] = n[0,1]
print(df)

dfi.export(df, 'df_styled27.png')

cosine-similarity
           misinfodem     covid    articl    commun    mechan
misinfodem          1  0.976353  0.993795  0.755596  0.755596
covid        0.976353         1  0.946251  0.879335  0.879335
articl       0.993795  0.946251         1  0.678051  0.678051
commun       0.755596  0.879335  0.678051         1         1
mechan       0.755596  0.879335  0.678051         1         1

df = df.apply(pd.to_numeric, errors='coerce')

df=df.round(4)

l = list(top_words.keys())

df_adj = pd.DataFrame(df.to_numpy(), index=l, columns=l)
G = nx.from_pandas_adjacency(df)
pos = {l[0]: (0, 0),l[1]: (1, 0), l[2]: (0, 1), l[3]: (1, 1), l[4]: (0.5, 0.8)}
a=list(G.edges(data=True))

b=[]
for i in a:
    b.append(i[:][2]['weight'])
w = [x *10  for x in b]

colors = range(4)
nx.draw(G,pos, alpha=1, width=w, with_labels = True,node_size=200, edge_color='r',node_color='b')
labels = nx.get_edge_attributes(G,'weight')
nx.draw_networkx_nodes(G, pos, nodelist=l, node_color="w")
nx.draw_networkx_edge_labels(G,pos,edge_labels=labels)
plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = (8,5)
plt.savefig('fig27.png')

mantel_test(5)

Pairwise-distance
           misinfodem        covid       articl commun mechan      support  \
misinfodem          0            0            0      0      0            0   
covid               0  7.45058e-09     0.378443      0      0     0.628979   
articl              0     0.378443  1.31709e-09      0      0     0.423546   
commun              0            0            0      0      0            0   
mechan              0            0            0      0      0            0   
support             0     0.628979     0.423546      0      0  7.45058e-09   
granada             0      0.47364     0.266413      0      0     0.168269   
programm            0     0.545218     0.293443      0      0     0.133207   
research            0     0.545218     0.293443      0      0     0.133207   

              granada   programm   research  
misinfodem          0          0          0  
covid         0.47364   0.545218   0.545218  
articl       0.266413   0.293443   0.293443  
commun              0          0          0  
mechan              0          0          0  
support      0.168269   0.133207   0.133207  
granada             0  0.0775087  0.0775087  
programm    0.0775087          0          0  
research    0.0775087          0          0  
Pairwise-distance
           misinfodem     covid    articl    commun    mechan support granada  \
misinfodem          0  0.191325  0.296807  0.422574  0.422574       0       0   
covid        0.191325         0  0.160587  0.236438  0.236438       0       0   
articl       0.296807  0.160587         0  0.173786  0.173786       0       0   
commun       0.422574  0.236438  0.173786         0         0       0       0   
mechan       0.422574  0.236438  0.173786         0         0       0       0   
support             0         0         0         0         0       0       0   
granada             0         0         0         0         0       0       0   
programm            0         0         0         0         0       0       0   
research     0.533903  0.353741    0.2551  0.121646  0.121646       0       0   

           programm  research  
misinfodem        0  0.533903  
covid             0  0.353741  
articl            0    0.2551  
commun            0  0.121646  
mechan            0  0.121646  
support           0         0  
granada           0         0  
programm          0         0  
research          0         0  

(-0.12443276806076488, 0.6558, -0.5181483726137808)

mantel_test(10)

Pairwise-distance
           misinfodem        covid       articl commun mechan health strategi  \
misinfodem          0            0            0      0      0      0        0   
covid               0  7.45058e-09     0.378443      0      0      0        0   
articl              0     0.378443  1.31709e-09      0      0      0        0   
commun              0            0            0      0      0      0        0   
mechan              0            0            0      0      0      0        0   
health              0            0            0      0      0      0        0   
strategi            0            0            0      0      0      0        0   
psycholog           0            0            0      0      0      0        0   
misinform           0            0            0      0      0      0        0   
inform              0            0            0      0      0      0        0   
support             0     0.628979     0.423546      0      0      0        0   
granada             0      0.47364     0.266413      0      0      0        0   
research            0     0.545218     0.293443      0      0      0        0   
programm            0     0.545218     0.293443      0      0      0        0   
tabik               0     0.436747      0.19981      0      0      0        0   
garcía              0     0.331184     0.138524      0      0      0        0   
decsai              0     0.511267      0.22973      0      0      0        0   
project             0     0.511267      0.22973      0      0      0        0   
gómez               0     0.407471     0.133207      0      0      0        0   

           psycholog misinform inform      support    granada   research  \
misinfodem         0         0      0            0          0          0   
covid              0         0      0     0.628979    0.47364   0.545218   
articl             0         0      0     0.423546   0.266413   0.293443   
commun             0         0      0            0          0          0   
mechan             0         0      0            0          0          0   
health             0         0      0            0          0          0   
strategi           0         0      0            0          0          0   
psycholog          0         0      0            0          0          0   
misinform          0         0      0            0          0          0   
inform             0         0      0            0          0          0   
support            0         0      0  7.45058e-09   0.168269   0.133207   
granada            0         0      0     0.168269          0  0.0775087   
research           0         0      0     0.133207  0.0775087          0   
programm           0         0      0     0.133207  0.0775087          0   
tabik              0         0      0      0.22973  0.0666033   0.112805   
garcía             0         0      0     0.336537   0.168269    0.22561   
decsai             0         0      0      0.19981  0.0903451  0.0666033   
project            0         0      0      0.19981  0.0903451  0.0666033   
gómez              0         0      0     0.293443   0.133207   0.168269   

             programm      tabik     garcía       decsai      project  \
misinfodem          0          0          0            0            0   
covid        0.545218   0.436747   0.331184     0.511267     0.511267   
articl       0.293443    0.19981   0.138524      0.22973      0.22973   
commun              0          0          0            0            0   
mechan              0          0          0            0            0   
health              0          0          0            0            0   
strategi            0          0          0            0            0   
psycholog           0          0          0            0            0   
misinform           0          0          0            0            0   
inform              0          0          0            0            0   
support      0.133207    0.22973   0.336537      0.19981      0.19981   
granada     0.0775087  0.0666033   0.168269    0.0903451    0.0903451   
research            0   0.112805    0.22561    0.0666033    0.0666033   
programm            0   0.112805    0.22561    0.0666033    0.0666033   
tabik        0.112805          0   0.112805    0.0775087    0.0775087   
garcía        0.22561   0.112805          0     0.181739     0.181739   
decsai      0.0666033  0.0775087   0.181739  3.72529e-09  3.72529e-09   
project     0.0666033  0.0775087   0.181739  3.72529e-09  3.72529e-09   
gómez        0.168269  0.0666033  0.0775087     0.112805     0.112805   

                gómez  
misinfodem          0  
covid        0.407471  
articl       0.133207  
commun              0  
mechan              0  
health              0  
strategi            0  
psycholog           0  
misinform           0  
inform              0  
support      0.293443  
granada      0.133207  
research     0.168269  
programm     0.168269  
tabik       0.0666033  
garcía      0.0775087  
decsai       0.112805  
project      0.112805  
gómez               0  
Pairwise-distance
           misinfodem     covid     articl       commun       mechan  \
misinfodem          0  0.191325   0.296807     0.422574     0.422574   
covid        0.191325         0   0.160587     0.236438     0.236438   
articl       0.296807  0.160587          0     0.173786     0.173786   
commun       0.422574  0.236438   0.173786            0            0   
mechan       0.422574  0.236438   0.173786            0            0   
health       0.422574  0.236438   0.173786  1.86265e-09  1.86265e-09   
strategi     0.364939   0.24088  0.0802933     0.191551     0.191551   
psycholog    0.364939   0.24088  0.0802933     0.191551     0.191551   
misinform    0.510199  0.318875   0.290918     0.118949     0.118949   
inform        0.41268  0.243293    0.12755    0.0789346    0.0789346   
support             0         0          0            0            0   
granada             0         0          0            0            0   
research     0.533903  0.353741     0.2551     0.121646     0.121646   
programm            0         0          0            0            0   
tabik               0         0          0            0            0   
garcía              0         0          0            0            0   
decsai              0         0          0            0            0   
project             0         0          0            0            0   
gómez               0         0          0            0            0   

                 health     strategi  psycholog misinform     inform support  \
misinfodem     0.422574     0.364939   0.364939  0.510199    0.41268       0   
covid          0.236438      0.24088    0.24088  0.318875   0.243293       0   
articl         0.173786    0.0802933  0.0802933  0.290918    0.12755       0   
commun      1.86265e-09     0.191551   0.191551  0.118949  0.0789346       0   
mechan      1.86265e-09     0.191551   0.191551  0.118949  0.0789346       0   
health                0     0.191551   0.191551  0.118949  0.0789346       0   
strategi       0.191551  3.72529e-09          0   0.30895   0.118949       0   
psycholog      0.191551            0          0   0.30895   0.118949       0   
misinform      0.118949      0.30895    0.30895         0   0.191551       0   
inform        0.0789346     0.118949   0.118949  0.191551          0       0   
support               0            0          0         0          0       0   
granada               0            0          0         0          0       0   
research       0.121646     0.233213   0.233213  0.145904    0.12755       0   
programm              0            0          0         0          0       0   
tabik                 0            0          0         0          0       0   
garcía                0            0          0         0          0       0   
decsai                0            0          0         0          0       0   
project               0            0          0         0          0       0   
gómez                 0            0          0         0          0       0   

           granada  research programm tabik garcía decsai project gómez  
misinfodem       0  0.533903        0     0      0      0       0     0  
covid            0  0.353741        0     0      0      0       0     0  
articl           0    0.2551        0     0      0      0       0     0  
commun           0  0.121646        0     0      0      0       0     0  
mechan           0  0.121646        0     0      0      0       0     0  
health           0  0.121646        0     0      0      0       0     0  
strategi         0  0.233213        0     0      0      0       0     0  
psycholog        0  0.233213        0     0      0      0       0     0  
misinform        0  0.145904        0     0      0      0       0     0  
inform           0   0.12755        0     0      0      0       0     0  
support          0         0        0     0      0      0       0     0  
granada          0         0        0     0      0      0       0     0  
research         0         0        0     0      0      0       0     0  
programm         0         0        0     0      0      0       0     0  
tabik            0         0        0     0      0      0       0     0  
garcía           0         0        0     0      0      0       0     0  
decsai           0         0        0     0      0      0       0     0  
project          0         0        0     0      0      0       0     0  
gómez            0         0        0     0      0      0       0     0  

(-0.16750679673139607, 0.8834, -1.1533417111590423)

Paragraph level

covid-science.txt

def load_data(path,file_name):
    """
    Input  : path and file_name
    Purpose: loading text file
    Output : list of paragraphs/documents and
             title(initial 100 words considred as title of document)
    """
    documents_list = []
    titles=[]
    with open( os.path.join(path, file_name) ,"r",encoding='UTF8') as fin:
        data = fin.read()
        words = data.split()
        fin.seek(0)
        print('Number of words in text file :', len(words))
        for line in fin.readlines():
            text = line.strip()
            if text !='':
                documents_list.append(text)
    print("Total Number of Documents:",len(documents_list))
    titles.append( text[0:min(len(text),100)] )
    return documents_list,titles,len(words)

document_list,titles,word_count_science=load_data("","covid-science-30.txt")

Number of words in text file : 205313
Total Number of Documents: 23788

clean_text=preprocess_data(document_list)

['covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnet']
['methodology', 'predicting', 'covid']
['based', 'chest', 'images']
['tabik', 'gómez', 'martín', 'rodríguez', 'sevillano', 'garcía', 'charte']
['guirado', 'suárez', 'luengo', 'valero', 'gonzález', 'garcía', 'villanova']
['olmedo', 'sánchez', 'herrera']
['abstract', 'currently', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid']
['infectious', 'diseases', 'century', 'diagnosed', 'using', 'testing', 'scans']
['chest', 'images', 'computed', 'tomography']
['scanners', 'testing', 'available']
['medical', 'centers', 'hence', 'cases', 'images']
['become', 'effective', 'assisting', 'clinicians', 'making', 'decisions', 'learning', 'neural', 'networks']
['great', 'potential', 'building', 'covid', 'triage', 'systems']
['detecting', 'covid', 'patients', 'especially', 'patients']
['severity', 'unfortunately', 'current', 'databases', 'allow']
['building', 'systems', 'highly', 'heterogeneous']
['biased', 'towards', 'severe', 'cases', 'article', 'threefold', 'demystify', 'sensitivities', 'achieved']
['recent', 'covid', 'classification', 'models', 'under']
['close', 'collaboration', 'hospital', 'universitario', 'clínico']
['cecilio', 'granada', 'spain', 'built', 'covidgr', 'homogeneous', 'balanced', 'database', 'includes', 'levels']
['manuscript', 'received', 'september', 'revised', 'october']
['accepted', 'november', 'publication', 'november']
['current', 'version', 'december', 'supported']
['project', 'deepscop', 'ayudas', 'fundación', 'equipos', 'investigación', 'científica', 'covid19_rx', 'ayudas', 'fundación']
['equipos', 'investigación', 'científica', 'covid']
['spanish', 'ministry', 'science', 'technology', 'under']
['project', 'tin2017', '89517', 'tabik', 'supported', 'ramon', 'cajal']
['programme', '18136', 'gómez', 'supported']
['programme', 'fpu16', '04765', 'charte', 'supported']
['programme', 'fpu17', '04069', 'suárez', 'supported', 'programme', 'fpu18', '05989', 'supported', 'european', 'research']
['council', 'grant', 'agreement', '647038', 'biodesert', 'project']
['approved', 'provincial', 'research', 'ethics', 'committee', 'granada']
['corresponding', 'author', 'siham', 'tabik']
['tabik', 'gómez', 'sevillano', 'garcía', 'charte', 'suárez']
['luengo', 'herrera', 'andalusian', 'research', 'institute']
['science', 'computational', 'intelligence', 'university', 'granada']
['18071', 'granada', 'spain', 'siham', 'anabelgrios', 'decsai']
['isega24ivan', 'gmail', 'fdavidcl', 'jlsuarezdiaz']
['julianlm', 'decsai', 'herrera', 'decsai']
['martín', 'rodríguez', 'valero', 'gonzález', 'garcía', 'villanova']
['olmedo', 'sánchez', 'hospital', 'universitario', 'clínico']
['cecilio', 'granada', '36310', 'spain', 'joseluismartin']
['hotmail', 'valerogonzalez', 'yahoo', 'pgvillanova', 'gmail']
['euolm', 'yahoo']
['atlanttic', 'research', 'center', 'telecommunication', 'technologies', 'university', 'galicia', 'spain']
['mreyarea', 'gmail']
['guirado', 'multidisciplinary', 'institute', 'environment']
['studies', 'ramón', 'margalef', 'university', 'alicante', '03690', 'spain']
['geesecillo', 'gmail']
['digital', 'object', 'identifier', '3037127']
['severity', 'normal', 'positive', 'moderate', 'severe', 'covidgr', 'contains', 'positive']
['negative', 'posteroanterior', 'views']
['propose', 'covid', 'smart', 'based', 'network', 'covid', 'sdnet']
['methodology', 'improving', 'generalization', 'capacity']
['covid', 'classification', 'models', 'approach', 'reaches']
['stable', 'results', 'accuracy']
['severe', 'moderate']
['covid', 'severity', 'levels', 'approach', 'could']
['early', 'detection', 'covid', 'covidgr', 'along']
['severity', 'level', 'labels', 'available', 'scientific', 'community', 'through', 'https', 'dasci', 'transferencia']
['covidgr']
['index', 'terms', 'covid', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'networks']
['smart']
['introduction']
[]
['months', 'world', 'witnessing']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'increasingly', 'infecting', 'large']
['people', 'everywhere', 'world', 'trends']
['clear', 'research', 'confirm', 'problem']
['persist', 'until', 'besides', 'prevalence', 'studies', 'conducted']
['several', 'countries', 'reveal', 'proportion', 'population']
['developed', 'antibodies', 'after', 'exposure', 'virus']
['spain', 'means', 'frequently', 'large', 'number', 'patients']
['assessed', 'small', 'intervals', 'number']
['clinicians', 'resources']
['general', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'carried', 'using', 'least']
['these', 'three', 'tests', 'computed', 'tomography', 'scans', 'based', 'assessment']
['consists', 'analyzing', 'radiographic', 'images', 'different', 'angles', 'needed', 'equipment', 'assessment']
['available', 'hospitals', 'takes']
['minutes', 'patient', 'addition', 'required']
['decontamination']
['reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'rtpcr', 'detects', 'viral', 'sputum']
['online', 'available', 'https', 'english', 'elpais', 'society']
['antibody', 'study', 'shows', 'spaniards', 'contracted', 'coronavirus']
['online', 'available', 'advocacy', 'economics', 'acrposition', 'statements', 'recommendations', 'chest', 'radiography', 'forsuspected', 'covid19', 'infection']
['article', 'access', 'download', 'along', 'rights', 'mining', 'analysis']
['authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply']
['journal', 'biomedical', 'health', 'informatics', 'december']
['stratification', 'radiological', 'severity', 'covid', 'examples', 'index', 'calculated']
['nasopharyngeal', 'requires', 'specific', 'material']
['equipment', 'which', 'easily', 'accessible', 'takes']
['least', 'hours', 'which', 'desirable', 'positive', 'covid19', 'patients', 'should', 'identified', 'tracked', 'possible', 'studies', 'found', 'results', 'several']
['tests', 'different', 'points', 'patients', 'variable', 'during', 'course', 'illness', 'producing', 'falsenegative', 'authors', 'suggested']
['should', 'combined', 'other', 'clinical', 'tests']
['chest', 'required', 'equipment']
['assessment', 'cumbersome', 'lightweight']
['transportable', 'general', 'resources']
['available', 'required', 'tests']
['addition', 'takes', 'about', 'seconds', 'patient']
['which', 'makes', 'effective']
['assessment', 'tools']
['recent', 'studies', 'provide', 'estimates', 'expert', 'radiologists']
['sensitivity', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'based', 'scans']
['study', 'patients', 'chest']
['essay', 'performed', 'within', 'reported']
['sensitivity', 'compared', 'sensitivity']
['different', 'study', 'patients']
['years', 'reported', 'sensitivity', 'compared']
['initial', 'according', 'analysis']
['ambulatory', 'patients', 'patients', 'presenting', 'urgent']
['centers', 'confirmed', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'normal']
['mildly', 'abnormal', 'findings', 'these', 'patients']
['correctly', 'diagnosed', 'expert']
['recent', 'study', 'authors', 'proposed', 'simplifying', 'quantification', 'level', 'severity', 'adapting', 'previously', 'defined']
['radiographic', 'assessment', 'edema', 'score']
['covid', 'score', 'calculated', 'assigning', 'value']
['between', 'depending', 'extent', 'visual']
['features', 'consolidation', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities']
['parts', 'depicted', 'based', 'score']
['experts', 'identify', 'level', 'severity', 'infection', 'among']
['severity', 'stages', 'normal', 'moderate']
['severe', 'practice', 'patient', 'classified', 'expert', 'radiologist']
['authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply']
['tabik', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'predicting', 'covid', 'based', 'chest', 'images']
['normal', 'positive', 'refer', 'these', 'cases']
['normal', 'expert', 'annotation', 'adopted', 'based']
['score']
['automated', 'image', 'analysis', 'learning', 'models']
['great', 'potential', 'optimize', 'images']
['diagnosis', 'covid', 'robust', 'accurate']
['model', 'could', 'serve', 'triage', 'method', 'support']
['medical', 'decision', 'making', 'increasing', 'number', 'recent', 'works']
['claim', 'achieving', 'impressive', 'sensitivities', 'higher']
['expert', 'radiologists', 'these', 'sensitivities']
['covid', 'dataset', 'covid', 'image']
['collection', 'dataset', 'includes', 'small', 'number']
['covid', 'positive', 'cases', 'coming', 'highly', 'heterogeneous']
['sources', 'least', 'countries', 'cases', 'severe', 'patients']
['issue', 'drastically', 'reduces', 'clinical', 'value', 'populate']
['covid', 'healthy', 'classes', 'researchers', 'using']
['images', 'diverse', 'pulmonary', 'disease', 'repositories']
['obtained', 'models', 'clinical', 'value', 'since']
['unable', 'detect', 'patients', 'moderate', 'severity']
['which', 'target', 'clinical', 'triage', 'system']
['situation', 'there', 'still', 'higher', 'quality', 'datasets', 'built']
['under', 'clinical', 'protocol', 'under', 'close', 'collaboration']
['expert', 'radiologists']
['multiple', 'studies', 'proven', 'higher', 'quality', 'ensures']
['higher', 'quality', 'models', 'concept', 'smart', 'refers']
['process', 'converting', 'higher', 'quality']
['higher', 'concentration', 'useful', 'information', 'smart']
['includes', 'processing', 'methods', 'improve', 'value']
['veracity', 'examples', 'these', 'methods', 'include', 'noise']
['elimination', 'augmentation', 'transformation']
['among', 'other', 'techniques']
['designed', 'clinical', 'quality', 'dataset']
['named', 'covidgr', 'includes', 'levels', 'severity']
['normal', 'moderate', 'severe', 'identified', 'these']
['severity', 'levels', 'recent', 'covid', 'radiological', 'study']
['propose', 'covid', 'smart', 'based', 'network']
['covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'combines', 'segmentation', 'dataaugmentation', 'transformations', 'together', 'appropriate', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'inference']
['contributions', 'paper', 'summarized', 'follows']
['analyze', 'reliability', 'potential', 'limitations']
['covid', 'datasets', 'models']
['perspective', 'provide', 'first', 'public', 'dataset']
['called', 'covidgr', 'quantifies', 'covid', 'terms']
['severity', 'levels', 'normal', 'moderate', 'severe']
['building', 'triage', 'systems', 'clinical']
['value']
['processing', 'perspective', 'combined', 'several']
['methods', 'eliminate', 'irrelevant', 'information']
['input', 'images', 'processing', 'method']
['called', 'segmentation', 'based', 'cropping', 'increase', 'discrimination', 'capacity', 'classification', 'model']
['class', 'inherent', 'transformation', 'method', 'inspired']
['processing', 'perspective', 'proposed']
['inference', 'process', 'fuses', 'predictions']
['transformed', 'classes', 'obtained', 'class', 'inherent', 'transformation', 'method', 'calculate', 'final', 'prediction']
['global', 'perspective', 'designed', 'novel', 'methodology', 'named', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'generalization', 'capacity', 'covid', 'classification', 'based']
['images', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'combines', 'segmentation', 'datatransformation', 'augmentation', 'suitable']
['model', 'together', 'inference', 'approach', 'final']
['prediction']
['experiments', 'demonstrate', 'approach', 'reaches']
['stable', 'results', 'especially', 'moderate', 'severe', 'levels']
['respectively', 'lower', 'accuracies', 'obtained', 'normal', 'severity', 'levels']
['respectively']
['article', 'organized', 'follows', 'review']
['datasets', 'covid', 'classification', 'approaches', 'provided']
['section', 'section', 'describes', 'covidgr', 'built']
['organized', 'approach', 'presented', 'section', 'experiments', 'comparisons', 'results', 'provided', 'section']
['inspection', 'model', 'decision', 'using', 'heatmaps', 'provided']
['section', 'conclusions', 'pointed', 'section']
['related', 'works']
['months', 'known', 'increasing', 'number', 'works']
['exploring', 'potential', 'learning', 'models', 'automating']
['covid', 'diagnosis', 'based', 'images', 'results']
['promising', 'still', 'needs', 'level']
['models', 'design', 'given', 'potential']
['problems', 'several', 'studies', 'include', 'explication', 'methods', 'their']
['models', 'section', 'analyzes', 'advantages', 'limitations']
['current', 'datasets', 'models', 'building', 'automatic', 'covid']
['diagnosis', 'systems', 'without', 'decision', 'explication']
['datasets']
['there', 'exist', 'quality', 'collection']
['images', 'building', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'systems', 'clinical', 'value', 'currently', 'source', 'covid', 'class']
['covid', 'image', 'collection', 'contains', 'positive']
['negative', 'views', 'these', 'images', 'obtained', 'highly']
['heterogeneous', 'equipment', 'around', 'world', 'another']
['example', 'covid', 'dataset', 'figure', 'covid', 'chest']
['dataset', 'initiative', 'build', 'covid', 'classes']
['studies', 'using', 'multiple', 'public', 'pulmonary']
['disease', 'examples', 'these', 'repositories', 'pneumonia', 'challenge', 'dataset', 'kaggle']
['chestx', 'dataset']
['mimic', 'dataset']
['padchest', 'dataset']
['instance', 'covidx', 'built', 'combining', 'three']
['public', 'datasets', 'covid', 'image', 'collection']
['figure', 'covid', 'chest', 'dataset', 'initiative']
['pneumonia', 'detection', 'challenge', 'dataset', 'covidx']
['built', 'organizing', 'covidx', 'three', 'classes']
['normal', 'healthy', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'using']
['images', 'covid', 'class', 'including', 'posteroanterior']
['anteroposterior', 'views', 'seetable', 'notice', 'correct']
['learning', 'front', 'cannot', 'mixed']
['class']
['authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply']
['journal', 'biomedical', 'health', 'informatics', 'december']
['table']
['brief', 'description', 'covidx', 'dataset', 'views']
['counted']
['although', 'value', 'these', 'datasets', 'unquestionable']
['being', 'useful', 'carrying', 'first', 'studies', 'reformulations']
['guarantee', 'useful', 'triage', 'systems', 'reasons']
['clear', 'annotation', 'protocol', 'followed']
['constructing', 'positive', 'class', 'covid', 'image']
['collection', 'included', 'highly', 'heterogeneous', 'hence']
['models', 'other', 'aspects', 'covid', 'visual', 'features']
['differentiate', 'between', 'involved', 'classes', 'dataset']
['provide', 'representative', 'spectrum', 'covid', 'severity']
['levels', 'positive', 'cases', 'severe', 'patients', 'addition']
['interesting', 'critical', 'analysis', 'these', 'datasets', 'shown']
['models', 'obtain', 'similar', 'results', 'without', 'eliminating']
['lungs', 'input', 'images', 'which', 'confirms']
['again', 'there', 'covid', 'datasets']
['clinical', 'value']
['claim', 'design', 'quality', 'dataset']
['under', 'close', 'collaboration', 'between', 'expert', 'radiologists']
['experts', 'annotations', 'follow', 'protocol']
['representative', 'numbers', 'levels', 'severity', 'especially']
['moderate', 'levels', 'included']
['classification', 'models']
['existing', 'related', 'works', 'directly', 'comparable']
['consider', 'different', 'combinations', 'public', 'different']
['experimental', 'setup', 'brief', 'summary', 'these', 'works', 'provided']
['table']
['related', 'studies', 'proposed', 'different']
['models', 'typical', 'authors']
['designed', 'network', 'called', 'covidnet', 'affirmed']
['covidnet', 'reaches', 'overall', 'accuracy']
['sensitivity', 'normal', 'class', 'covid']
['covid', 'authors', 'smaller', 'network']
['called', 'covid', 'claim', 'their', 'model', 'achieved']
['accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'specificity']
['these', 'results', 'impressive', 'compared']
['expert', 'radiologist', 'sensitivity', 'explained']
['dataset', 'biased', 'severe', 'covid', 'cases']
['addition', 'performed', 'experiments', 'cited', 'works']
['statistically', 'reliable', 'evaluated', 'single']
['partition', 'stability', 'these', 'models', 'terms', 'standard']
['deviation', 'reported']
['classification', 'models', 'explanation']
['approaches']
['several', 'interesting', 'explanations', 'proposed', 'inspect', 'predictions', 'models', 'although', 'their']
['classification', 'models', 'trained', 'validated', 'variations']
['covidx', 'authors', 'first', 'ensemble']
['networks', 'predict', 'class', 'input', 'image', 'normal']
['pneumonia', 'covid', 'highlight', 'class', 'discriminating', 'regions', 'input', 'image', 'using', 'gradient', 'guided', 'class', 'activation', 'layer', 'relevance', 'propagation']
['authors', 'proposed', 'explaining', 'decision']
['classification', 'model', 'radiologists', 'using', 'different', 'saliency']
['types', 'together', 'uncertainty', 'estimations', 'certain', 'model', 'prediction']
['covidgr', 'acquisition']
['annotation', 'organization']
['instead', 'starting', 'extremely', 'large', 'noisy', 'dataset']
['build', 'small', 'smart', 'dataset', 'augment']
['increases', 'performance', 'model', 'approach']
['proven', 'effective', 'multiple', 'studies', 'particularly']
['medical', 'field', 'where', 'access', 'heavily', 'protected']
['privacy', 'concerns', 'costly', 'expert', 'annotation']
['under', 'close', 'collaboration', 'highly', 'trained', 'radiologists', 'hospital', 'universitario', 'clínico', 'cecilio', 'granada']
['spain', 'first', 'established', 'protocol', 'images']
['selected', 'annotated', 'included', 'dataset']
['image', 'annotated', 'covid', 'positive']
['expert', 'radiologist', 'confirm', 'decision', 'within']
['hours', 'positive', 'annotated', 'expert']
['radiologists', 'normal', 'labeled', 'normal', 'involved', 'radiologists', 'annotated', 'level', 'severity', 'positive']
['cases', 'based', 'score', 'normal', 'moderate']
['severe']
['covidgr', 'organized', 'classes', 'positive']
['negative', 'contains', 'images', 'distributed', 'positive']
['negative', 'cases', 'details', 'provided', 'table']
['images', 'obtained', 'equipment', 'under']
['regime', 'posterioranterior']
['considered', 'covidgr', 'along', 'severity', 'level', 'labels']
['available', 'scientific', 'community', 'through']
['https', 'dasci', 'transferencia', 'covidgr']
['covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology']
['section', 'describe', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology']
['detail', 'covering', 'processing', 'produce', 'smart', 'including']
['segmentation', 'transformation', 'increasing', 'discrimination', 'between', 'positive', 'negative', 'classes', 'combined']
['classification']
['pieces', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'based', 'classifier', 'selected', 'resnet', 'initialized', 'imagenet']
['weights', 'transfer', 'learning', 'approach', 'adapt']
['problem', 'removed', 'layer', 'added']
['neurons', 'layer', 'activation']
['neurons', 'layer', 'according', 'considered', 'number', 'classes']
['softmax', 'activation']
['images', 'total', 'number', 'classes']
['image', 'label']
['softmax', 'function', 'computes', 'probability', 'image']
['belongs', 'class']
['output', 'fully', 'connected', 'layer', 'before', 'softmax', 'activation', 'applied', 'function', 'defined']
['authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply']
['tabik', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'predicting', 'covid', 'based', 'chest', 'images']
['table']
['summary', 'related', 'works', 'analyze', 'variations', 'covidx']
['table']
['brief', 'summary', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'samples', 'covidgr', 'segmented', 'images', 'considering']
['softmax']
['softmax']
[]
[]
['class', 'prediction', 'network', 'image']
['argmax', 'softmax', 'where', 'output', 'vector']
['layer', 'before', 'softmax', 'applied', 'input']
['layers', 'network', 'tuned', 'batch']
['optimizer']
['stages', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'three', 'associated']
['processing', 'producing', 'quality', 'smart', 'stages']
['learning', 'inference', 'process', 'flowchart', 'covidsdnet', 'depicted']
['segmentation', 'based', 'cropping', 'unnecessary', 'information']
['elimination', 'different', 'equipment', 'brands', 'include', 'different']
['extra', 'information', 'about', 'patient', 'sides', 'contour']
['images', 'position', 'patient', 'imply']
['inclusion', 'parts', 'stomach']
['information', 'alter', 'learning', 'classification']
['model', 'first', 'segment', 'lungs', 'using', 'segmentation']
['model', 'provided', 'trained', 'tuberculosis', 'chest']
['image', 'datasets', 'pneumonia', 'challenge']
['dataset', 'calculate', 'smallest', 'rectangle']
['delimits', 'right', 'segmented', 'lungs', 'finally', 'avoid']
['eliminating', 'useful', 'information', 'pixels']
['right', 'sides', 'rectangle', 'resulting', 'rectangle']
['cropped', 'illustration', 'example', 'processing']
['shown']
['class', 'inherent', 'transformations', 'network', 'increase']
['discrimination', 'capacity', 'classification', 'model']
['fucitnet', 'class', 'inherent', 'transformations', 'network']
['inspired', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'networks']
['transformation', 'method', 'actually', 'array', 'generators']
['where', 'refers', 'positive', 'class', 'refers']
['negative', 'class', 'learns', 'inherent', 'class', 'transformations']
['positive', 'class', 'learns', 'inherent', 'class', 'transformations', 'negative', 'class', 'other', 'words', 'learns']
['transformations', 'bring', 'input', 'image', 'domain']
['class', 'domain', 'similarly', 'learns']
['transformations', 'bring', 'input', 'image', 'space']
['class', 'space', 'classification']
['introduced', 'generators', 'drive', 'learning', 'specific']
['class', 'transformations', 'generator', 'optimized']
['based', 'following', 'function']
['lgenk', 'lperceptual']
['where', 'pixel', 'square', 'error', 'lperceptual']
['perception', 'square', 'error', 'classifier']
['weighted', 'factor', 'indicates', 'generator']
['change', 'outcome', 'classifier', 'details', 'about', 'these']
['transformation', 'networks', 'found']
['architecture', 'generators', 'consists', 'identical', 'residual', 'blocks', 'block', 'convolutional', 'layers']
['kernels', 'feature', 'followed', 'batch', 'normalization']
['layers', 'parametric', 'activation', 'function']
['residual', 'block', 'followed', 'final', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'which']
['reduces', 'output', 'image', 'channels', 'match', 'input']
['dimensions', 'classifier', 'resnet', 'which', 'consists']
['initial', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'kernels', 'feature']
['followed', 'layer', 'blocks']
['convolutional', 'layers', 'kernels']
['feature', 'respectively', 'followed', 'average']
['pooling', 'fully', 'connected', 'layer', 'which', 'outputs', 'vector']
['elements', 'activation', 'function']
['generators', 'learn', 'corresponding', 'transformations']
['dataset', 'processed', 'using', 'images']
[]
['obtained', 'input', 'image']
['where']
[]
['respectively', 'positively']
['negatively', 'transformed', 'images', 'entire']
['dataset', 'processed', 'classes']
['authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply']
['journal', 'biomedical', 'health', 'informatics', 'december']
['flowchart', 'proposed', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology']
['instead', 'original', 'classes', 'class']
['produce', 'positive']
['transformation']
[]
['negative', 'transformation']
[]
['respectively']
['produce', 'positive', 'transformation']
[]
[]
['negative', 'transformation']
[]
['respectively']
['illustrates', 'example', 'transformations', 'applied']
['andgp', 'notice', 'these', 'transformations', 'meant']
['interpretable', 'human', 'rather', 'classification']
['model', 'better', 'distinguish', 'between', 'different', 'classes']
['learning', 'inference', 'based', 'fusion']
['twins', 'classification', 'model', 'described', 'above']
['section', 'resnet', 'trained', 'predict']
['classes', 'output', 'network', 'after', 'softmax', 'applied', 'transformed', 'image', 'associated', 'original', 'vector']
['where', 'probability', 'transformed', 'image']
['belong', 'class', 'herein', 'propose', 'inference', 'process', 'output']
['transformed', 'images']
[]
['predict', 'label']
['original', 'image']
[]
[]
['prediction', 'original', 'image', 'either']
[]
[]
['argmax', 'argmax']
[]
[]
['argmax', 'argmax']
['resnet', 'predictions']
[]
['respectively']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['above', 'applies']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['otherwise']
['experimentally', 'batch']
['optimizer']
['experiments', 'results']
['section', 'provide', 'information', 'about']
['experimental', 'setup', 'evaluate', 'state']
['covid', 'classification', 'models', 'fucitnet', 'alone']
['dataset', 'analyze', 'impact', 'processing']
['normal', 'severity', 'level', 'approach']
['experimental', 'setup']
['variations', 'between', 'different', 'executions']
['performed', 'different', 'cross', 'validations', 'experiments', 'experiment', 'covidgr']
['training', 'remaining', 'testing', 'choose']
['training', 'process', 'random']
['training', 'validation', 'experiment', 'proper']
['augmentation', 'techniques', 'carefully', 'selected', 'results']
['terms', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'precision', 'accuracy']
['presented', 'using', 'average', 'values', 'standard', 'deviation']
['executions', 'metrics', 'calculated', 'follows']
['recall', 'positive', 'class', 'sensitivity']
['actual', 'positives']
['recall', 'negative', 'class', 'specificity']
['actual', 'negatives']
['precision', 'positive', 'class']
['predicted', 'positives']
['precision', 'negative', 'class']
['predicted', 'negatives']
['accuracy']
['total', 'predictions']
['authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply']
['tabik', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'predicting', 'covid', 'based', 'chest', 'images']
['segmentation', 'based', 'cropping', 'processing', 'applied', 'input', 'image']
['class', 'inherent', 'transformations', 'applied', 'negative', 'sample', 'original', 'negative', 'sample', 'negative', 'transformation', 'positive']
['transformation']
[]
['precision', 'recall']
['precision', 'recall']
['refers', 'respectively', 'number', 'positives']
['negatives']
['analysis', 'covidnet', 'covid']
['compare', 'approach', 'related', 'approaches', 'covidnet', 'covid', 'covidnet', 'currently', 'authors', 'network', 'provide']
['three', 'versions', 'namely', 'available']
['largest', 'number', 'trainable', 'parameters', 'followed']
['performed', 'evaluations', 'network']
['results', 'comparable']
[]
['first', 'tested', 'covidnet', 'covidnet']
['covidnet', 'trained', 'covidx', 'directly']
['dataset', 'considering', 'classes', 'normal', 'negative', 'covid', 'positive', 'whole', 'dataset']
['positive', 'images', 'negative', 'images', 'evaluated', 'report', 'intable', 'recall', 'precision', 'results']
['normal', 'covid', 'classes']
['second', 'retrained', 'covidnet', 'dataset']
['important', 'checkpoint']
['model', 'available', 'could', 'remove', 'layer']
['these', 'networks', 'which', 'three', 'neurons']
['different', 'cross', 'validations', 'order']
['retrain', 'covidnet', 'models']
['third', 'pneumonia', 'class', 'dataset', 'randomly']
['selected', 'images', 'pneumonia', 'class']
['covidx', 'dataset', 'hyper', 'parameters']
['indicated', 'their', 'training', 'script']
['epochs', 'batch', 'learning']
['changed', 'covid_weight', 'covid_percent']
['since', 'number', 'images']
['classes', 'similarly', 'report', 'table', 'recall']
['precision', 'classes', 'normal', 'covid']
['recall', 'precision', 'pneumonia', 'class']
['accuracy', 'reported', 'table', 'takes']
['account', 'images', 'classes']
['authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply']
['journal', 'biomedical', 'health', 'informatics', 'december']
['table']
['covidnet', 'covid', 'results', 'dataset']
['table']
['results', 'covid', 'prediction', 'using', 'retrained', 'covidnet', 'retrained', 'covid', 'resnet', 'without', 'segmentation']
['fucitnet', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'levels', 'severity', 'positive', 'class', 'taken', 'account']
['models', 'report', 'standard', 'deviation']
['metrics']
['although', 'analyzed', 'three', 'variations']
['covidnet', 'simplicity', 'report', 'results']
[]
['covid', 'capsule', 'network', 'based', 'model']
['proposed', 'architecture', 'notably', 'smaller']
['covidnet', 'which', 'implies', 'dramatically', 'lower', 'number']
['trainable', 'parameters', 'since', 'authors', 'provide']
['checkpoint', 'weights', 'trained', 'covidx', 'dataset']
['follow', 'similar', 'procedure']
['covidnet']
['first', 'tested', 'pretrained', 'weights', 'using', 'covidx']
['covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'designed']
['predict', 'classes', 'reused', 'architecture', 'dataset', 'compute', 'evaluation']
['metrics', 'shown', 'table', 'second', 'covid', 'architecture', 'retrained']
['covidgr', 'dataset', 'process', 'finetunes']
['weights', 'improve', 'class', 'separation', 'retraining']
['process', 'performed', 'using', 'setup', 'hyperparameters', 'reported', 'authors', 'optimizer']
['across', 'epochs', 'batch', 'class']
['weights', 'omitted', 'covidnet', 'since']
['dataset', 'contains', 'balanced', 'classes', 'training']
['evaluation', 'metrics', 'computed']
['cross', 'validation', 'subsets', 'summarized']
['table']
['results', 'table', 'covidnet', 'covidcaps', 'trained', 'covidx', 'overestimate', 'covid', 'class']
['dataset', 'images', 'classified', 'positive', 'resulting']
['sensitivities', 'positive', 'predictive']
['value', 'however', 'covidnet', 'covid', 'retrained', 'covidgr', 'achieve', 'slightly', 'better', 'overall']
['accuracy', 'higher', 'balance', 'between', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'although', 'acquire', 'favoring', 'negative']
['class', 'general', 'these', 'models', 'perform', 'adequately']
['detection', 'disease', 'images', 'dataset']
['results', 'analysis', 'covid', 'prediction']
['results', 'baseline', 'covid', 'classification', 'model', 'considering', 'levels', 'severity', 'without', 'segmentation']
['fucitnet', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'shown', 'table']
['general', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'achieves', 'better', 'stable']
['results', 'approaches', 'particular', 'covid', 'sdnet']
['achieved', 'highest', 'balance', 'between', 'specificity', 'sensitivity']
['negative', 'class']
['positive', 'class', 'importantly', 'covid', 'sdnet']
['achieved', 'sensitivity', 'accuracy']
['fucitnet', 'provides', 'general', 'lower']
['stable', 'results', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'comparing']
['results', 'baseline', 'classification', 'model', 'without']
['segmentation', 'observe', 'segmentation', 'improves', 'substantially', 'sensitivity', 'which', 'important']
['criteria', 'triage', 'system', 'explained']
['segmentation', 'allows', 'model', 'focus', 'important']
['parts', 'image']
['analysis', 'severity', 'level']
['determine', 'which', 'levels', 'hardest', 'distinguish']
['approach', 'analyzed', 'accuracy', 'severity', 'level', 'accuracy', 'correct', 'predictions']
['total', 'number', 'where']
['normal', 'moderate', 'severe', 'results']
['shown', 'table']
['these', 'results', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'correctly']
['distinguish', 'moderate', 'severe', 'levels', 'accuracy']
['respectively']
['moderate', 'severe', 'images', 'contain', 'important']
['visual', 'features', 'normal', 'which']
['classification', 'normal', 'cases']
['difficult', 'identify', 'contain', 'visual', 'features']
['authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply']
['tabik', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'predicting', 'covid', 'based', 'chest', 'images']
['table']
['results', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'severity', 'level']
['table']
['results', 'baseline', 'classification', 'model', 'segmentation', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'retrained', 'covidnet', 'retrained']
['covid', 'three', 'levels', 'severity', 'considered', 'moderate', 'severe']
['table']
['results', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'severity', 'level', 'without', 'considering']
['normal']
['these', 'results', 'coherent', 'clinical', 'studies', 'provided']
['which', 'report', 'expert', 'sensitivity']
['normal', 'infection', 'levels', 'recall', 'expert']
['visual', 'signs', 'normal', 'although']
['positive', 'those', 'cases', 'actually', 'considered']
['asymptomatic', 'patients']
['analysis', 'impact', 'normal']
['analyze', 'impact', 'normal', 'class', 'covid']
['classification', 'trained', 'evaluated', 'baseline', 'model']
['fucitnet', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'classification', 'stage', 'covidnetcxr', 'covid', 'covidgr', 'eliminating']
['normal', 'results', 'summarized', 'table']
['overall', 'approaches', 'systematically', 'provide', 'better', 'results', 'eliminating', 'normal', 'training']
['processes', 'including', 'covidnet', 'covid']
['particular', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'still', 'represents']
['stable', 'approach']
['analysis', 'severity', 'level']
['further', 'analysis', 'accuracy', 'level', 'severity']
['degree', 'table', 'demonstrates', 'eliminating', 'normalpcr', 'decreases', 'accuracy', 'moderate', 'severity']
['levels', 'respectively']
['these', 'results', 'although', 'normal', 'hardest']
['level', 'predict', 'presence', 'improves', 'accuracy', 'lower']
['severity', 'levels', 'especially', 'level']
['inspection', 'model', 'decision']
['automatic', 'diagnosis', 'systems', 'alone', 'mature']
['replace', 'expert', 'radiologists', 'clinician', 'making', 'decisions']
['these', 'tools', 'interpretable', 'clinicians', 'decide']
['whether', 'trust', 'model', 'inspect']
['model', 'decision', 'showing', 'regions', 'input']
['image', 'triggered', 'decision', 'along', 'counterfactual']
['explanation', 'showing', 'parts', 'explain', 'opposite', 'class']
['adapted', 'method', 'explain', 'decision']
['negative', 'positive', 'class']
['original', 'image', 'visual']
['explanation', 'means', 'highlights', 'regions', 'pixels', 'which', 'model', 'output', 'actual', 'prediction']
['counterfactual', 'explanation', 'using']
['highlights', 'regions', 'pixels', 'which', 'highest', 'impact']
['predicting', 'opposite', 'class', 'higher', 'intensity']
['indicates', 'higher', 'importance', 'corresponding', 'pixel']
['decision', 'larger', 'higher', 'intensity', 'areas']
['determine', 'final', 'class', 'however', 'represents', 'first']
['counterfactual', 'explanation', 'represents', 'explanation', 'actual', 'decision']
['expected', 'negative', 'positive', 'interpretations', 'complementary', 'areas', 'which', 'triggered', 'correct', 'decision']
['opposite', 'cases', 'areas', 'triggered', 'decision', 'towards', 'negative', 'images', 'different', 'severity', 'levels', 'correctly', 'point', 'opaque', 'regions']
['different', 'levels', 'infiltrates', 'consolidations']
['osteoarthritis']
['particular', 'areas', 'right', 'points']
['region', 'infiltrates', 'osteoarthritis', 'spine']
['region', 'correctly', 'shows', 'moderate', 'infiltrates', 'right']
['lower', 'lower', 'middle', 'fields', 'addition', 'dilation']
['ascending', 'aorta', 'aortic', 'color', 'center']
['shows', 'normal', 'upper', 'middle', 'fields', 'lungs', 'important']
['aortic', 'dilation', 'indicates', 'important']
['bilateral', 'pulmonary', 'involvement', 'consolidations']
['authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply']
['journal', 'biomedical', 'health', 'informatics', 'december']
['heatmap', 'showing', 'parts', 'input', 'image', 'triggered', 'positive', 'prediction', 'counterfactual', 'explanation']
['heatmap', 'showing', 'parts', 'input', 'image', 'triggered', 'positive', 'prediction', 'counterfactual', 'explanation']
['heatmap', 'showing', 'parts', 'input', 'image', 'triggered', 'positive', 'prediction', 'counterfactual', 'explanation']
['heatmap', 'explains', 'parts', 'input', 'image', 'triggered', 'counterfactual', 'explanation', 'negative', 'actual', 'prediction']
['authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply']
['tabik', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'predicting', 'covid', 'based', 'chest', 'images']
['observed', 'explanation']
['negative', 'class', 'correctly', 'highlights', 'symmetric', 'bilateral', 'pattern']
['occupies', 'larger', 'volume', 'especially', 'regions']
['density', 'similar', 'pattern', 'shown']
['counterfactual', 'explanation', 'positive', 'class']
[]
['new_paper']
['mining', 'analytics']
['pp116']
['volume', 'number']
['26599', '9020016']
['author', 'articles', 'published', 'access', 'journal', 'distributed', 'under', 'terms']
['creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'international', 'license', 'creativecommons', 'licenses']
['prediction', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases']
['india', 'using', 'random', 'forest', 'model']
['vishan', 'kumar', 'gupta']
['avdhesh', 'gupta', 'dinesh', 'kumar', 'anjali', 'sardana']
['abstract', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'unusual', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'patients', 'first', 'found', 'december']
['latter', 'declared', 'pandemic', 'world', 'health', 'organizations', 'because', 'fatal', 'effects', 'public', 'health']
['present', 'cases', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'exponentially', 'increasing', 'whole', 'world']
['detecting', 'covid', 'cases', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'india', 'performing', 'analysis']
['based', 'cases', 'occurring', 'different', 'states', 'india', 'chronological', 'dates', 'dataset', 'contains', 'multiple', 'classes']
['performing', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'dataset', 'first', 'performed', 'cleansing', 'feature']
['selection', 'performed', 'forecasting', 'classes', 'using', 'random', 'forest', 'linear', 'model', 'support', 'vector', 'machine']
['decision', 'neural', 'network', 'where', 'random', 'forest', 'model', 'outperformed', 'others', 'therefore', 'random']
['forest', 'prediction', 'analysis', 'results', 'cross', 'validation', 'performed', 'measure']
['consistency', 'model']
['words', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'respiratory', 'tract', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'random', 'forest']
['introduction']
['virus', 'coronaviruses', 'special']
['virus', 'itself', 'disease', 'enhances']
['existing', 'disease', 'humans', 'which', 'makes']
['dangerous', 'virus', 'virus', 'results', 'wheezing']
['breathe', 'digestive', 'system', 'liverwort']
['effects', 'badly', 'human', 'nervous', 'system', 'center']
['harms', 'animals', 'horses']
['raised', 'people', 'different', 'animals']
['vishan', 'kumar', 'gupta', 'department', 'computer']
['science', 'engineering', 'graphic', 'deemed']
['university', 'dehradun', '248002', 'india']
['vishangupta', 'gmail']
['avdhesh', 'gupta', 'anjali', 'sardana', 'department']
['engineering', 'college', 'ghaziabad', '201009']
['india', 'avdhesh', 'gupta', 'imsec', 'sardana']
['gmail']
['dinesh', 'kumar', 'department']
['group', 'institutions', 'ghaziabad', '201206', 'india']
['dineshvashist', 'gmail']
['correspondence', 'should', 'addressed']
['manuscript', 'received', 'revised']
['accepted']
['epidemic', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory']
['syndrome', 'burst', 'middle']
['respiratory', 'syndrome', 'illustrated']
['probability', 'transferrable', 'newly', 'arrived', 'covid']
['human', 'human', 'animal', 'human', 'versa']
['though', 'there', 'fewer', 'cases']
['exists', 'december', 'effect', 'secret']
['pneumonia', 'whole', 'world', 'noticeable', 'topic']
['study']
[]
['india', 'first', 'coronavirus', 'disease']
['covid', 'announced', 'january']
['virus', 'extends', 'whole', 'india', 'their', 'different']
['districts', 'april', 'india', 'total', 'cases']
['announced', 'which', 'recovered']
['people', 'april', 'india']
['total', 'cases', 'announced', 'which']
['recovered', 'people']
['after', 'fresh', 'cases', 'still', 'coming']
['light', 'daily', 'which', 'around', 'india', 'infection']
['covid', 'lesser', 'other']
['countries', 'website', 'worldometers', 'gives']
['these', 'details', 'precise', 'manner', 'figure']
['vishan', 'kumar', 'gupta', 'prediction', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'india', 'using']
['structure', 'coronavirus']
['showing', 'structure', 'covid', 'structure', 'looks']
['crown', 'different', 'parts', 'virus']
['introduced', 'diagram']
[]
['objectives', 'surveillance', 'following']
['monitor', 'trends', 'covid', 'disease', 'national']
['levels']
['rapidly', 'detect', 'cases', 'countries', 'where']
['virus', 'started', 'circulate', 'monitor', 'cases']
['countries', 'where', 'virus', 'circulating']
['provide', 'epidemiological', 'information', 'conduct']
['assessments', 'national', 'state', 'level']
['provide', 'epidemiological', 'information', 'guide']
['preparedness', 'response', 'measures']
['transmission']
['china', 'covid', 'first', 'reported', 'huanan']
['seafood', 'wholesale', 'market', 'wuhan', 'reason']
['which', 'supposed', 'spread', 'virus']
['transmission', 'animal', 'human']
['upcoming', 'covid', 'cases', 'related']
['subjection', 'method', 'hence', 'conclusion', 'virus']
['transmission', 'humans', 'humans', 'people']
['viruses', 'indicative', 'recurrent', 'reason']
['spread', 'covid', 'before', 'symptoms', 'progress']
['transmission', 'probability', 'covid', 'appears']
['though', 'virus', 'transmission']
['prohibited', 'besides', 'these', 'advice', 'every', 'person']
['people', 'symptomless', 'asymptomatic']
['could', 'virus', 'social', 'distancing']
['secure', 'virus']
[]
['including', 'rhinovirus', 'additional', 'wheezing']
['bacterium', 'believed', 'droplets', 'sneeze']
['cough', 'person', 'reason', 'virus']
['imparting', 'closed', 'places', 'aerosol', 'transmission']
['possible', 'exposure', 'mouthed']
['aerosol', 'concentrations', 'china', 'result']
['analysis', 'spread', 'close', 'contact']
['people', 'demanded', 'condition', 'spread']
['virus', 'virus', 'extension', 'mainly', 'restricted']
['person', 'family', 'members', 'other', 'nearly', 'contacted', 'people']
['healthcare', 'experts']
[]
['treatment', 'prevention']
['currently', 'there', 'isolated', 'particular', 'antiviral']
['treatment', 'covid', 'virus', 'their', 'treatments']
['reassuring', 'effects', 'recombination']
['ribavirin', 'against', 'infection', 'covid']
['after', 'pandemic', 'several', 'valuable']
['efforts', 'provided', 'development']
['antivirals', 'targeting', 'proteases', 'polymerases']
['entry', 'proteins', 'nevertheless']
['proven', 'worthwhile', 'clinical', 'trials', 'nevertheless']
['proven', 'worthwhile', 'clinical', 'trials']
['patient', 'already', 'recovered', 'covid19', 'donate', 'their', 'plasma', 'antibodies', 'because']
['proved', 'beneficial', 'treatment', 'covid']
[]
['diverse', 'vaccine', 'schemes']
['disabling', 'viruses', 'attenuated', 'viruses', 'vaccine', 'based']
['viral', 'vector', 'subunit', 'injection', 'recombinant', 'proteins']
['vaccines', 'evolved']
['tested', 'animals']
['there', 'effective', 'injection', 'therapy']
['available', 'covid', 'finest', 'measures']
['control', 'source', 'infection', 'early', 'diagnosis']
['reporting', 'isolation', 'supportive', 'treatments']
['producing', 'outbreak', 'details', 'inessential']
['anxiety', 'every', 'person', 'exclusive', 'hygiene']
['wearing', 'shaped', 'suitable', 'ventilation']
['keeping', 'massed', 'areas', 'assist', 'block']
['covid', 'virus', 'inflammation']
[]
['guidance', 'directions', 'issued', 'world']
['health', 'organization', 'other', 'corporations']
['follows']
['adjacent', 'correspondence']
['people', 'suffering', 'serious', 'inflammation']
['clean', 'hands', 'regularly', 'mainly']
['close', 'contact', 'infected', 'people', 'place']
['where']
['unsafe', 'connections']
['animals']
['persons', 'having', 'symptoms', 'critical', 'shaft']
['inflammation', 'should', 'maintain', 'distance', 'other']
['peoples', 'enfold', 'wheeze', 'sneezes', 'throwaway']
['paper', 'napkin', 'material', 'clean', 'their', 'hands']
[]
['specifically', 'department', 'medical']
['emergency', 'proper', 'arrangement', 'strict', 'hygiene']
['measures', 'required', 'prevention', 'control']
['infections']
['individuals', 'immunocompromised', 'should']
['mining', 'analytics']
['avoid', 'public', 'gatherings']
['paper', 'proposes', 'machine', 'learning', 'schemes', 'based']
['driven', 'approach', 'approach', 'gives']
['prediction', 'about', 'number', 'infected', 'people']
['covid', 'upcoming', 'using', 'available']
['paper', 'proposes', 'model', 'which', 'easily']
['forecast', 'count', 'fresh', 'covid', 'cases']
['management', 'preparation', 'handle', 'these']
['cases']
['figure', 'shows', 'general', 'diagram', 'prediction']
['model', 'where', 'various', 'features', 'taken', 'their']
['multiple', 'cases', 'classes', 'predicted', 'through', 'random']
['forest', 'prediction', 'model']
['paper', 'organized', 'follows', 'section']
['explains', 'methodology', 'materials', 'prediction']
['covid', 'where', 'present', 'dataset', 'features']
['feature', 'selection', 'classes', 'procedure']
['prediction', 'model', 'clarified', 'section']
['description', 'various', 'machine', 'learning', 'models']
['their', 'performance', 'metric', 'presented']
['section', 'sections', 'present', 'result', 'analysis']
['comparison', 'reported', 'estimated', 'cases']
['conclusion', 'exhibited', 'section']
['methodology', 'material']
['dataset', 'features']
['coronaviruses', 'large', 'family', 'viruses']
['cause', 'illness', 'animals', 'humans', 'humans']
['several', 'coronaviruses', 'known', 'cause', 'respiratory']
['infections', 'ranging', 'common', 'severe']
['diseases', 'recently']
['discovered', 'coronavirus', 'causes', 'coronavirus', 'disease']
['covid']
[]
['number', 'cases', 'increasing']
['around', 'world', 'dataset', 'information']
['confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases']
['confirmed', 'indian', 'national']
['dataset', 'features']
['observation']
['state', 'union', 'territory']
['prediction', 'model']
['confirmed', 'foreign', 'national']
['state']
[]
['observation']
['prediction', 'method']
['states', 'union', 'territories', 'india', 'daily', 'effect']
['preventing', 'measures', 'social', 'distancing']
['lockdown', 'considered']
['dataset', 'consists', 'features', 'covid']
['which', 'taken', 'https', 'kaggle']
['sudalairajkumar', 'covid19', 'india']
['ministry', 'health', 'family', 'welfare', 'dataset']
['consists', 'samples', 'covid', 'cases']
['india', 'january', 'table']
['shows', 'attributes', 'features', 'study']
['glimpse', 'dataset', 'presented', 'table']
['feature', 'selection']
['during', 'process', 'model', 'building', 'feature', 'selection']
['select', 'relevant', 'features']
['features', 'reduces', 'complexity', 'prediction']
['model', 'performed', 'feature', 'selection', 'using']
['random', 'forest', 'importance', 'algorithm', 'programming']
['language', 'classification', 'model', 'features']
['calculated', 'using', 'above', 'algorithm', 'whose', 'input']
['parameters', 'features', 'dataset', 'covid']
['cases', 'india']
['three', 'features', 'which']
['building', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'model', 'using']
['random', 'forest', 'importance', 'algorithm', 'these']
['obervation', 'state', 'union', 'territory']
['features', 'discarded']
['confirmed', 'indian', 'national', 'confirmed']
['foreign', 'national', 'these', 'features', 'discarded', 'because']
['impact', 'beginning', 'covid']
['infection', 'patients', 'coming', 'abroad', 'later']
['table', 'feature', 'prediction', 'covid', 'cases']
['india']
['description']
['observation', 'which']
['covid', 'positive', 'cases']
['occurred']
['particular']
['which', 'covid']
['positive', 'cases', 'occurred']
['state', 'union', 'territory', 'state', 'union']
['territory', 'india', 'where', 'covid']
['cases', 'found']
['confirmed', 'indian', 'national', 'total', 'number', 'confirmed']
['covid', 'cases', 'found', 'india']
['itself', 'starting']
['india']
['confirmed', 'foreign', 'national', 'total', 'number', 'confirmed']
['covid', 'cases', 'found', 'india']
['which', 'foreign']
['countries', 'beginning', 'sarscov', 'cases', 'india']
['vishan', 'kumar', 'gupta', 'prediction', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'india', 'using']
['table', 'dataset', 'india']
['state', 'union']
['territory']
['confirmed', 'indian']
['national']
['confirmed', 'foreign']
['national']
['cured']
[]
['death']
[]
['confirmed']
['kerala']
['rajasthan']
['telengana']
['tamil']
['ladakh']
['telengana']
['jammu', 'kashmir']
['maharashtra']
['delhi']
['andhra', 'pradesh']
['maharashtra']
['gujarat']
['madhya', 'pradesh']
['bengal']
['cases', 'arisen', 'based', 'internal', 'infection']
['covid', 'communicable', 'property', 'therefore']
['values', 'these', 'fields', 'considered']
['target', 'classes', 'prediction', 'dataset']
['dataset', 'contains', 'three', 'target', 'classes', 'which']
['multiple', 'discrete', 'instances', 'these', 'target', 'classes']
['following']
['confirmed', 'cases', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases']
['particular', 'increased', 'decreased']
['according', 'location', 'specific']
['indian', 'states']
['death', 'cases', 'number', 'death', 'cases']
['particular', 'increased', 'decreased']
['according', 'location', 'specific']
['indian', 'states']
['cured', 'cases', 'number', 'cured', 'cases']
['particular', 'increased', 'decreased']
['according', 'location', 'specific']
['indian', 'states']
['procedure', 'prediction', 'model']
['developing', 'machine', 'learning', 'based']
['methodology', 'which', 'following', 'steps']
['methodology', 'depicted']
['building', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'model']
['using', 'training', 'testing', 'concept', 'dataset']
['covid', 'features', 'statewise', 'taken', 'kaggle', 'trained', 'tested']
['respectively']
['feature', 'selection', 'before', 'going', 'model']
['formation', 'selected', 'important', 'features']
['reduction', 'complexity', 'model']
['collection', 'kaggle']
['cleansing']
['feature', 'selection']
['model', 'building']
['result', 'analysis']
['methodology']
['applied', 'random', 'forest', 'importance', 'algorithm']
['section', 'describes', 'detail', 'formulas']
['prediction', 'model', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured']
['cases', 'following']
['confirmed', 'observation', 'timec']
['state', 'union', 'territory']
['death', 'observation', 'timec']
['state', 'union', 'territory']
['cured', 'observation', 'timec']
['state', 'union', 'territory']
['training', 'dataset', 'using', 'multi', 'class']
['classification', 'dataset', 'modeled', 'using', 'random']
['forest', 'support', 'vector', 'machine', 'decision']
['multinomial', 'logistic', 'regression', 'neural', 'network']
['training', 'dataset']
['testing', 'dataset', 'using', 'multi', 'class']
['mining', 'analytics']
['classification', 'tested', 'using', 'these']
['models', 'results', 'models', 'collected']
['found', 'random', 'forest', 'model', 'outperformed']
['other', 'models', 'prediction', 'confirmed', 'death']
['cured', 'cases', 'individually', 'therefore', 'considered']
['random', 'forest', 'model', 'prediction', 'multiclass', 'classification', 'model']
['machine', 'learning', 'models']
['study', 'their', 'performance', 'metrics']
['these', 'following', 'models', 'prediction']
['cases', 'covid', 'using', 'multi', 'class', 'classification']
['decision', 'rpart', 'build', 'decision', 'trees']
['rpart', 'method', 'programming', 'language']
[]
['random', 'forest', 'randomforest']
['ensemble', 'based', 'learning', 'algorithm', 'random']
['forest', 'classifier', 'decision', 'trees', 'randomly']
['selected', 'subset', 'training', 'aggregates', 'votes']
['different', 'decision', 'trees', 'decide', 'final', 'class']
['object', 'randomforest', 'method']
['programming', 'language', 'algorithm']
[]
['multinomial', 'logistic', 'regression', 'multinome']
['statistics', 'multinomial', 'logistic', 'regression']
['classification', 'method', 'generalizes', 'logistic', 'regression']
['multi', 'class', 'problems', 'possible']
['discrete', 'outcomes', 'multinome', 'method']
['package', 'programming', 'language']
['algorithm']
[]
['neural', 'networks', 'neural', 'networks']
['classification', 'regression']
['using', 'forward', 'neural', 'networks']
['single', 'hidden', 'layer', 'possibly', 'layer', 'connections']
['method', 'programming', 'language']
['algorithm']
[]
['support', 'vector', 'machine']
['classification', 'regression', 'represents']
['input', 'features', 'vectors', 'which', 'projected']
['higher', 'dimensional', 'space', 'optimal', 'hyperplane']
['constructed', 'separating', 'different', 'instances']
['confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases']
['method', 'e1071', 'package', 'programming', 'language']
['algorithm']
[]
['performance', 'tuning', 'prediction', 'models']
['table', 'shows', 'popular', 'prediction', 'models', 'which']
['study', 'packages', 'these', 'models']
['source', 'libraries', 'programming', 'language']
['licensed', 'under', 'packages']
['having', 'appropriate', 'method', 'model', 'formation']
['table', 'machine', 'learning', 'models', 'their', 'tuning']
['parameters']
['model', 'method', 'required']
['package']
['tuning']
['parameter']
['random', 'forest', 'randomforest', 'randomforest']
['ntree']
['e1071', 'kernal', 'radial']
['degree']
['decision', 'rpart', 'rpart', 'usesurrogate']
['neural']
['network']
['multinomial']
['logistic']
['regression']
['multinome', 'maxit']
['which', 'tuned', 'better', 'results']
[]
['accuracy']
['accuracy', 'computed', 'percentage', 'deviation']
['predicted', 'target', 'concerning', 'actual', 'target']
['acceptable', 'error', 'performance']
['evaluation', 'parameter', 'machine', 'learning']
['model']
[]
['accuracy']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['otherwise']
[]
['where']
['predicted', 'target']
['actual', 'target']
[]
['arbitrary', 'variable', 'which', 'contains', 'absolute']
['difference', 'predicted', 'target', 'value', 'actual', 'target']
['value']
['result', 'analysis', 'comparison']
['reported', 'estimated', 'cases']
['number', 'total', 'sample', 'training', 'testing']
['according', 'different', 'states', 'which']
['taken', 'website', 'kaggle', 'dataset']
['multi', 'class', 'classification', 'foresee', 'confirmed', 'death']
['recovered', 'cured', 'cases', 'calculated', 'through', 'various']
['decision', 'models', 'decision', 'multinomial', 'logistic']
['regression', 'neural', 'network', 'random', 'forest']
['distribution', 'training', 'testing']
['experiments', 'respectively']
['methods', 'comparative', 'performance']
['methods', 'prediction', 'confirmed', 'death']
['cured', 'cases', 'accuracy', 'highlighted', 'accuracy']
['computed', 'percent', 'deviation', 'predicted']
['target', 'concerning', 'actual', 'target', 'accuracy']
['calculated', 'using', 'table', 'lists']
['accuracy', 'models', 'results']
['vishan', 'kumar', 'gupta', 'prediction', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'india', 'using']
['table', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'calculated']
['various', 'machine', 'learning', 'models']
['model', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'death', 'cases', 'cured', 'cases']
['random', 'forest']
['decision']
['multinomial', 'logistic']
['regression']
['neural', 'network']
[]
['random', 'forest', 'method', 'outperforms', 'other', 'machine']
['learning', 'models', 'random', 'forest', 'ensemble', 'model']
['bagging', 'sampling', 'therefore', 'found']
['overwhelming', 'performance', 'comparison', 'other']
['models']
['prediction', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases']
['testing', 'dataset', 'random', 'forest', 'highest']
['accuracy', 'confirmed']
['death', 'cured', 'cases', 'respectively']
['figures', 'histogram']
['comparison', 'accuracy', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured']
['cases', 'respectively', 'using', 'random', 'forest', 'model']
['other', 'models', 'these', 'results']
['random', 'forest', 'model', 'outperformed', 'other']
['machine', 'learning', 'models']
['performance', 'comparison', 'random', 'forest', 'model']
['other', 'models', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'prediction']
['performance', 'comparison', 'random', 'forest', 'model']
['other', 'models', 'death', 'cases', 'prediction']
['performance', 'comparison', 'random', 'forest', 'model']
['other', 'models', 'cured', 'cases', 'prediction']
['cross', 'validation']
['cross', 'validation', 'technique', 'shows', 'robust']
['performance', 'accuracy', 'machine', 'learning']
['model', 'cross', 'validation']
['prediction', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases']
['frames', 'training']
['frame', 'testing', 'table', 'describes']
['accuracy', 'random', 'forest', 'model', 'different']
['folds', 'dataset', 'shows', 'accuracy']
['random', 'forest', 'model', 'graph']
['prediction', 'target', 'classes', 'which', 'depicts']
['consistent', 'performances', 'random', 'forest', 'model']
[]
['comparison', 'total', 'reported', 'estimated']
['confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases']
['driven', 'estimations', 'taken']
['january', 'different']
['states', 'india', 'comparison']
['daily', 'reported', 'positive', 'confirmed', 'cases']
['estimated', 'cases', 'driven', 'model', 'dates']
['states', 'tables', 'showing', 'comparison']
['confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases']
['respectively']
['conclusion']
['explore', 'machine', 'learning', 'models']
['three', 'important', 'features', 'estimating', 'confirmed']
['table', 'accuracy', 'provided', 'cross', 'validation']
[]
['confirmed', 'cases', 'death', 'cases', 'cured', 'cases']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['mining', 'analytics']
['confirmed', 'cases']
['death', 'cases']
['cured', 'cases']
['results', 'cross', 'validation']
['table', 'comparison', 'total', 'reported', 'estimated']
['confirmed', 'cases']
['state', 'official', 'estimation', 'error']
['rajasthan']
['bihar']
['maharashtra']
['gujarat']
['delhi']
['table', 'comparison', 'total', 'reported', 'estimated', 'death']
['cases']
['state', 'official', 'estimation', 'error']
['rajasthan']
['bihar']
['maharashtra']
['gujarat']
['delhi']
['death', 'cured', 'cases', 'covid', 'various', 'states']
['india', 'qualitative', 'measures', 'confirmed']
['death', 'cured', 'cases', 'machine', 'learning', 'methods']
['embody', 'additional', 'information', 'different']
['models', 'different', 'templet', 'structures', 'models']
['evaluated', 'accuracy', 'through', 'intensive']
['experiments', 'found', 'random', 'forest', 'method']
['table', 'comparison', 'total', 'reported', 'estimated', 'cured']
['cases']
['state', 'official', 'estimation', 'error']
['rajasthan']
['bihar']
['maharashtra']
['gujarat']
['delhi']
['outperforms', 'other', 'machine', 'learning', 'methods', 'therefore']
['considered', 'final', 'prediction', 'model']
['prediction', 'various', 'cases', 'crossvalidation', 'measure', 'consistency', 'random']
['forest', 'model', 'which', 'provided', 'nearly', 'linear', 'performance']
['prediction', 'these', 'cases']
['acknowledgment']
['thankful', 'indian', 'ministry']
['health', 'family', 'welfare', 'mohfw', 'making']
['available', 'general', 'public', 'thanks', 'covid19india']
['providing', 'individual', 'states', 'level', 'details']
['general', 'public', 'thankful', 'kaggle']
['worldometer', 'website', 'which', 'provide', 'datewise', 'perform', 'analytics']
['new_paper']
['predictive', 'modeling', 'covid']
['adaptive', 'phase', 'space', 'approach']
['vasilis', 'marmarelis', 'fellow']
['abstract', 'there', 'currently', 'intensified', 'efforts']
['scientific', 'community', 'world', 'analyze', 'dynamics']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'order', 'predict', 'epidemiological', 'effects', 'assist', 'proper', 'planning']
['clinical', 'management', 'guide', 'sociopolitical']
['decision', 'making', 'regarding', 'proper', 'mitigation', 'measures']
['efforts', 'follow', 'variants', 'established']
['methodological', 'framework', 'divides', 'population']
['susceptible', 'infectious', 'recovered', 'removed']
['fractions', 'defines', 'their', 'dynamic', 'inter', 'relationships']
['first', 'order', 'differential', 'equations', 'paper', 'proposes']
['novel', 'approach', 'based', 'guided', 'detection']
['concatenation', 'infection', 'waves', 'described']
['riccati', 'equation', 'adaptively', 'estimated', 'parameters']
['methods', 'approach', 'applied', 'covid', 'daily']
['series', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'resulting']
['decomposition', 'epidemic', 'course']
['riccati', 'modules', 'representing', 'major', 'infection', 'waves']
['results', 'waves', 'passed']
['point', 'infection', 'fifth', 'expected']
['obtained', 'parameter', 'estimates']
['indicate', 'gradual', 'reduction', 'infectivity', 'although']
['latest', 'expected', 'largest', 'conclusions']
['analysis', 'suggests', 'waves', 'infection']
['emerge', 'covid', 'epidemic', 'controlled']
['daily', 'cases', 'september']
['maximum', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'reach']
['importantly', 'approach', 'detect']
['rigorous', 'statistical', 'methods', 'emergence', 'possible']
['waves', 'infections', 'future', 'analysis']
['individual', 'states', 'countries', 'quantify', 'distinct']
['effects', 'different', 'mitigation', 'measures']
['index', 'terms', 'adaptive', 'modeling', 'covid', 'series']
['epidemiological', 'predictive', 'modeling', 'riccati', 'based']
['phase', 'space', 'modeling', 'statistical', 'detection', 'covid', 'infection', 'waves']
['impact', 'statement', 'analysis', 'covid', 'yielded']
['representing', 'dynamics', 'infection', 'waves']
['further', 'application', 'approach', 'could', 'allow', 'interregional', 'comparison', 'obtained', 'decompositions']
['manuscript', 'received', 'revised', 'accepted']
['publication', 'current', 'version']
['supported', 'under', 'grant', 'ag058162']
['awarded', 'biomedical', 'modeling', 'simulations', 'center', 'university', 'southern', 'california']
['author', 'department', 'biomedical', 'engineering', 'university', 'southern', 'california', 'angeles', '90089']
[]
['digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'ojemb', '3008313']
['introduction']
['efforts', 'recently', 'analyze']
['course', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'daily']
['various', 'countries', 'regions', 'predict', 'aspects', 'eventual', 'growth', 'order', 'assist', 'proper', 'planning', 'healthcare']
['resources', 'related', 'socioeconomic', 'decision', 'making', 'among']
['dominant', 'played', 'class', 'compartmental']
['epidemiological', 'models', 'introduced', 'about', 'century']
['kermack', 'mckendrick', 'variants']
['years', 'generally', 'utilize', 'compartments']
['susceptible', 'infectious', 'removed', 'fractions']
['population', 'which', 'interconnected', 'dynamic', 'relationships', 'described', 'nonlinear', 'ordinary', 'differential', 'equations', 'another', 'commonly', 'approach', 'employs', 'linear', 'regressive']
['integrated', 'moving', 'average', 'arima', 'models']
['popular', 'econometrics', 'policy', 'planning', 'point']
['practical', 'importance', 'attained', 'predictive', 'modeling']
['methods', 'provide', 'reliable', 'estimates', 'parameters']
['unfolding', 'infectious', 'process', 'point']
['adaptive', 'basis', 'offer', 'useful', 'insights', 'dynamic']
['structure', 'infectious', 'process', 'example', 'adaptive']
['methods', 'offer', 'useful', 'predictions', 'maximum', 'number']
['total', 'infections', 'upper', 'bound', 'daily', 'confirmed']
['cases', 'purpose', 'planning', 'proper', 'clinical', 'management']
['epidemic', 'furthermore', 'obtained', 'model', 'should']
['interpretable', 'terms', 'dynamic', 'characteristics', 'epidemic', 'process', 'infectivity', 'order', 'assist', 'policy']
['planning', 'operational', 'implementation', 'these', 'observations', 'arise', 'aspects', 'desirable', 'modeling', 'approach']
['suitable', 'model', 'employed', 'model']
['capture', 'essential', 'dynamic', 'characteristics', 'epidemic', 'process', 'point', 'manner']
['scientifically', 'interpretable', 'operationally', 'useful']
['robust', 'estimation', 'adaptive', 'modeling', 'robust', 'estimation', 'model', 'parameters', 'point']
['feasible', 'using', 'tested', 'statistical', 'methods', 'manner']
['detect', 'possible', 'changes', 'underlying', 'modeling']
['assumptions', 'offer', 'means', 'model']
['adaptation']
['these', 'aspects', 'secured', 'would']
['possible', 'predict', 'maximum', 'spread', 'anticipated', 'infections']
['maximum', 'infections', 'their', 'respective']
['timing', 'order', 'assist', 'rational', 'decision', 'making']
['paper', 'presents', 'approach', 'employs']
['adaptive', 'modeling', 'estimation', 'strategy', 'based']
['licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'creativecommons', 'licenses']
['volume']
['journal', 'engineering', 'medicine', 'biology']
['concatenated', 'riccati', 'modules', 'described']
['parabolic', 'phase', 'space', 'representation', 'suitable', 'adaptive', 'statistical', 'estimation', 'methods', 'potential', 'utility', 'approach']
['initially', 'demonstrated', 'adaptive', 'analysis', 'daily']
['reported', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'present']
[]
['extensive', 'literature', 'subject', 'epidemiological']
['modeling', 'reviewed', 'interest', 'space']
['basic', 'comparisons', 'proposed', 'approach']
['widely', 'class', 'models', 'discussed']
['representative', 'recent', 'modeling', 'applications', 'covid']
['interest', 'readers', 'include', 'simulation', 'study']
['model', 'variant', 'model', 'includes']
['compartment', 'exposed', 'individuals', 'covid', 'northern', 'italy', 'model', 'seeks', 'estimate', 'transmission']
['epidemic', 'model', 'spread', 'epidemic']
['china', 'there', 'covid', 'related', 'modeling', 'studies']
['posted', 'preprints', 'under', 'review']
['citations', 'available']
['materials', 'methods']
['modeling', 'element', 'proposed', 'approach']
['riccati', 'module', 'defined', 'riccati', 'equation']
['constant', 'coefficients', 'defining', 'quadratic', 'relation', 'between', 'change', 'number', 'infectionsx']
['additive', 'stochastic', 'represents']
['unknown', 'random', 'influences', 'unknown', 'external', 'factors']
['errors', 'noise', 'affecting', 'reported', 'series']
[]
['equation', 'captures', 'essential', 'limiting', 'aspect']
['infectious', 'process', 'gradually', 'acquired', 'immunity', 'countervailing', 'factors', 'relatively', 'simple', 'manner']
['considering', 'effective', 'which', 'relates', 'derivative']
['function', 'being', 'reduced', 'linearly', 'rising']
['instead', 'being', 'constant', 'conventional']
['processes']
['parameter', 'initial', 'infectivity', 'constant']
['dominant', 'initial', 'exponential', 'growth']
['infection', 'quantifies', 'degree', 'contagiousness']
['infectious', 'agent', 'along', 'level', 'contagious', 'interactions']
['given', 'infection', 'other', 'parameter']
['depends', 'susceptible', 'population']
['quantifies', 'degree', 'which', 'aforementioned', 'acquired']
['immunity', 'countervailing', 'factors', 'natural']
['socially', 'administratively', 'imposed', 'infected', 'community', 'constrain', 'initial', 'rapid', 'growth', 'infection']
['eventually', 'achieve', 'control', 'process', 'described']
['sigmoidal', 'curve', 'defined', 'equation', 'which', 'general']
['solution', 'riccati', 'equation', 'absence', 'random']
['perturbations', 'where', 'maximum', 'number', 'total']
['infections', 'anticipated', 'riccati', 'model', 'plateau']
['sigmoidal', 'curve', 'given', 'ratio', 'parameters']
[]
[]
['where', 'being', 'initial', 'value']
['start', 'respective', 'single', 'infection']
['parameters', 'attain', 'useful', 'interpretations', 'offer', 'insights', 'dynamic', 'characteristics']
['infectious', 'process', 'which', 'generally', 'decomposed', 'cascade', 'estimated', 'proposed', 'adaptive', 'methodology']
['representing', 'ongoing', 'recruitment', 'distinct', 'major']
['model', 'derived', 'knowledge', 'assist', 'effective']
['management', 'epidemic', 'describable', 'model', 'composed']
['concatenated', 'latent']
['clearly', 'desirable', 'obtain', 'reliable', 'running', 'estimates']
['these', 'parameters', 'series', 'daily', 'covid']
['given', 'point', 'riccati', 'equation', 'model']
['shown', 'previously', 'represent', 'limiting', 'infectious', 'processes']
['confined', 'within', 'single', 'isolated', 'infection', 'pools']
['challenge', 'study', 'covid', 'epidemic']
['highly', 'contagious', 'nature', 'there', 'multiple']
['communicating', 'recruited', 'during', 'course']
['epidemic', 'contribute', 'reported', 'respective', 'national', 'international', 'multi', 'community', 'level', 'presents']
['daunting', 'separating', 'superimposed', 'sigmoidal']
['courses', 'multiple', 'corresponding', 'various']
['without', 'benefit', 'separate', 'individual']
['perform', 'propose', 'methodology', 'utilizes']
['adaptive', 'estimation', 'procedure', 'detect', 'running', 'statistical', 'hypothesis', 'separate', 'concatenated', 'parabolic']
['phase', 'space', 'representations', 'present']
['given', 'point']
['phase', 'space', 'representation', 'dynamic', 'process']
['pertains', 'relation', 'between', 'derivative']
['absence', 'random', 'perturbations', 'riccati', 'equation']
['indicates', 'relation', 'parabolic', 'discrete']
['covid', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'cascade']
['parabolic', 'phase', 'plots', 'fitted', 'available', 'phase', 'space']
['estimates', 'parameters', 'timestep', 'obtained', 'these', 'parameter', 'estimates']
['predict', 'multi', 'sigmoidal', 'course', 'infectious', 'process']
['according', 'superposition', 'cascaded', 'sigmoidal', 'curves']
['described', 'equation', 'distinct', 'parameters']
['estimation', 'begins', 'statistical', 'detection']
['estimation', 'first', 'described', 'discretized']
['riccati', 'model']
[]
['where', 'denotes', 'fixed']
['following', 'adaptive', 'estimation']
['first', 'below', 'perform', 'statistical', 'hypothesis']
['testing', 'using', 'properly', 'constructed', 'statistic', 'timestep', 'detect', 'possible', 'emergence', 'another']
['detected', 'estimate', 'distinct', 'parameters']
['separate', 'contributions', 'total', 'reported', 'cases']
['below', 'procedure', 'repeated', 'until']
['daily', 'analyzed', 'obtain', 'adaptive', 'estimates']
['distinct', 'parameters', 'correspond']
['detected']
['regarding', 'robust', 'estimation', 'parameters']
['initial', 'analysis', 'indicated', 'standard', 'deviation']
['marmarelis', 'predictive', 'modeling', 'covid', 'adaptive', 'phase', 'space', 'approach']
['residual', 'valuesr', 'depends', 'roughly', 'linearly', 'nonstationary', 'residual', 'variance', 'implies', 'least', 'squares', 'fitting']
['model', 'equation', 'would', 'yield', 'unreliable', 'parameter']
['estimates', 'however', 'reliable', 'estimates']
['obtained', 'least', 'squares', 'regression', 'normalized']
['change', 'equivalent', 'logarithmic', 'derivative']
['according', 'equation']
[]
['equation', 'since', 'residual']
['expected', 'approximately', 'stationary']
['standard', 'deviation', 'reliable', 'parameter', 'estimates', 'obtained']
['furthermore', 'slope', 'parameter']
['equation', 'evaluated', 'statistical', 'significance']
['testing', 'hypothesis', 'slope']
['parameter', 'significantly', 'different', 'specified']
['confidence', 'level', 'assess', 'whether', 'equation', 'remains']
['appropriate', 'representation', 'hypothesis', 'rejected', 'adaptive', 'parameter']
['estimates', 'begin', 'adaptive', 'prediction']
['sigmoidal', 'course', 'infection', 'accounted', 'respective']
[]
['adaptive', 'estimation', 'procedure', 'repeated']
['point', 'until', 'linear', 'relationship', 'expressed', 'equation']
['ceases', 'represent', 'evolution', 'event']
['identified', 'adaptively', 'examining', 'statistical', 'significance']
['reduction', 'residual', 'variance', 'using', 'hypothesis', 'testing']
['statistic', 'regression', 'normalized']
['change', 'values', 'linear', 'relationship']
['equation', 'versus', 'second', 'degree', 'polynomial', 'expression']
['would', 'indicate', 'emergence']
['second', 'degree', 'polynomial', 'expression', 'equation']
['starting', 'positive', 'value', 'since']
['positive', 'crossing', 'phase']
['normalized', 'change', 'necessary', 'because']
['simply', 'quantifies', 'divergence', 'hypothesis']
['alternative', 'hypothesis', 'represent']
['dynamic', 'characterisitcs', 'infectious', 'process']
['construct', 'adaptive', 'statistical', 'using', 'alternative']
['hypothesis', 'normalized', 'change', 'follows']
['quadratic', 'model', 'equation']
[]
[]
['tested', 'point', 'against', 'hypothesis']
['linear', 'model', 'equation', 'statistical', 'hypothesis']
['testing', 'following', 'statistic', 'degrees']
['freedom', 'represents', 'normalized', 'reduction', 'residual']
['variance', 'between', 'linear', 'quadratic', 'expressions']
[]
[]
['where', 'q1and', 'q2denote', 'computed', 'residual', 'variances']
['linear', 'quadratic', 'expression', 'respectively']
['number', 'points', 'regression']
['table']
['estimated', 'parameters', 'model', 'components']
['computed', 'compared', 'point']
['proper', 'critical', 'value', 'fcrit', 'significance', 'level']
['fcrit', 'hypothesis', 'rejected']
['confidence', 'level', 'deemed', 'emerging']
['included', 'model', 'separating', 'contributions']
['parameters', 'those', 'other', 'previous', 'contributions', 'concatenated', 'model', 'components', 'included']
['total', 'model', 'prediction', 'application', 'approach']
['demonstrated', 'following', 'section', 'using', 'daily', 'reported']
['covid', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'march', 'until']
['completion', 'manuscript', 'while', 'epidemic']
['still', 'ongoing']
['results']
['analyzed', 'publicly', 'reported', 'daily', 'covid']
['confirmed', 'cases', 'database', 'curated', 'johns', 'hopkins']
['university', 'cumulative', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'since']
['march', 'cumulative', 'cases', 'first', 'exceeded']
['until', 'completion']
['manuscript', 'period', 'covers', 'total', 'application']
['aforementioned', 'methodology', 'identified', 'latent', 'riccati']
['modules', 'distinct', 'parameters', 'given']
['table', 'along', 'parameters', 'equation']
['respective', 'predictions', 'maximum', 'number', 'anticipated']
['cumulative', 'cases', 'model', 'component', 'other']
['parameters', 'component']
['timing', 'infection', 'reported']
['table', 'timing', 'infection']
['given', 'expression']
[]
['corresponding', 'determined']
[]
['equation', 'indicates', 'strong', 'dependence']
['since', 'value', 'critical', 'planning', 'clinical']
['management', 'pandemic', 'finite', 'resources']
['healthcare', 'system', 'temporarily', 'overwhelmed', 'equation']
['underlines', 'importance', 'minimizing', 'controlling']
['given', 'these', 'parameter', 'estimates']
['given', 'table', 'along', 'their']
['earliest', 'detection', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'units']
['these', 'parameter', 'values', 'following']
['journal', 'engineering', 'medicine', 'biology']
['cumulative', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'march']
['present', 'circles', 'total', 'concatenated']
['model', 'prediction', 'along', 'predictions', 'components', 'green', 'dashed', 'dotted', 'purple', 'dashed', 'brown', 'dotted']
['black', 'dashed']
['cases', 'unitless', 'cases', 'cases']
['since', 'march']
['declining', 'values', 'estimated', 'parametersafor']
['indicate', 'there', 'gradual', 'reduction', 'infectivity']
['which', 'partially', 'effect', 'imposed']
['social', 'distancing', 'other', 'mitigation', 'measures', 'discussion', 'these', 'parameter', 'values', 'updated', 'daily', 'basis']
['shown', 'rather', 'stable', 'introduction', 'estimated', 'parameters']
['depend', 'inversely', 'susceptible', 'exposed']
['population', 'respective', 'infection', 'combination']
['effect', 'mitigation', 'measures', 'discussion']
['consistent', 'model', 'predicted', 'maximum', 'numbers']
['confirmed', 'cases', 'total', 'maximum', 'number']
['cumulative', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'predicted', 'these']
['components', 'model', 'substantially', 'higher']
['current', 'cumulative', 'total', 'cases', 'course']
['prediction', 'contingent', 'assumption']
['infection', 'waves', 'occur', 'detected', 'algorithm']
['future', 'connection', 'assumption']
['statistic', 'rising', 'recently', 'approaching', 'critical', 'value']
['trigger', 'detection', 'emergent', 'infection']
['shows', 'cumulative', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases']
['since', 'march', 'along', 'total', 'model', 'prediction']
['predictions', 'components', 'depicted']
['decomposition', 'course', 'cumulative', 'number']
['confirmed', 'cases', 'offers', 'useful', 'insight', 'course']
['epidemic', 'unfolding', 'major', 'defined', 'source']
['statistically', 'significant', 'between', 'march']
['present', 'consistent', 'estimates']
['shown', 'table', 'indicates', 'model']
['component', 'expected', 'largest', 'contribution']
['total', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'relative', 'previous']
['discussion']
['analysis', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'offers']
['informative', 'decomposition', 'shown', 'along']
['actual', 'series', 'total', 'model', 'prediction']
['result', 'demonstrates', 'ability', 'proposed', 'approach']
['daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'march']
['present', 'circles', 'total', 'concatenatedrm', 'model', 'prediction', 'along', 'predictions']
['components', 'green', 'dashed', 'dotted', 'purple', 'dashed', 'browndotted', 'black', 'dashed']
['model', 'multi', 'modal', 'patterns', 'dynamic', 'changes', 'infectious']
['process', 'merging', 'distinct', 'infection', 'pools', 'unlike']
['unimodal', 'patterns', 'widely', 'models']
['allows', 'timely', 'detection', 'emerging', 'distinct', 'waves']
['infection', 'discussion']
['number', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases']
['given', 'expression']
[]
[]
['exhibits', 'single', 'point']
['equations', 'which', 'corresponds', 'inflection', 'point']
['respective', 'sigmoidal', 'curve', 'level']
['sigmoidal', 'plateau', 'foretells', 'maximum', 'value']
['cumulative', 'cases', 'reached']
['evident', 'first', 'passed', 'their']
['points', 'table', 'expected', 'reach']
['point', 'based']
['model', 'predicts', 'unless', 'recruited', 'future']
['covid', 'infection', 'below', 'daily']
['confirmed', 'cases', 'september', 'marked']
['arrow', 'shows', 'simulated', 'prediction']
['model', 'components', 'until']
['september', 'evident', 'infection']
['expected', 'larger', 'combined', 'total']
['other', 'discussion']
['forward', 'prediction', 'based', 'model', 'cumulative', 'confirmed', 'cases']
['provided', 'infection', 'emerges', 'shown']
['illustrates', 'dominant', 'contribution', 'infection']
['reached', 'inflection', 'point']
['expected']
['cyclical', 'ripple', 'evident', 'actual', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'accounted', 'based']
['model', 'probably', 'varying', 'influences', 'related']
['weekly', 'cycle', 'social', 'based', 'model', 'expected']
['account', 'varying', 'influences', 'although']
['fundamental', 'riccati', 'equation', 'extended']
['marmarelis', 'predictive', 'modeling', 'covid', 'adaptive', 'phase', 'space', 'approach']
['forward', 'prediction', 'based', 'model', 'daily']
['confirmed', 'cases', 'september']
['along', 'actual', 'series']
['circles', 'predictions', 'components', 'green', 'dashed', 'dotted', 'purple', 'dashed', 'brown', 'dotted']
['black', 'dashed']
['forward', 'prediction', 'based', 'model', 'cumulative', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'september', 'along', 'actual']
['circles', 'predictions', 'components', 'green', 'dashed', 'dotted', 'purple', 'dashed', 'brown', 'dotted']
['black', 'dashed']
['future', 'varying', 'coefficientsain', 'order', 'account']
['these', 'weekly', 'variations', 'examine', 'dominant', 'frequencies']
['these', 'variations', 'shows', 'frequency', 'spectrum']
['residuals', 'model', 'prediction', 'daily', 'confirmed']
['cases', 'clearly', 'depicts', 'spectral', 'located']
['cycles']
['finally', 'since', 'simple', 'curve', 'fitting']
['cumulative', 'cases', 'sigmoidal', 'expression']
['adequate', 'examine', 'whether', 'direct', 'least', 'squares', 'fitting']
['sigmoidal', 'expression', 'equation', 'series']
['cumulative', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'yield']
['reasonable', 'approximation', 'course']
['result', 'shown', 'demonstrates', 'inferiority']
['simple', 'curve', 'fitting', 'terms', 'approximation', 'accuracy']
['comparing', 'model', 'approximation']
['terms', 'misleading', 'parameter', 'estimates', 'infectivity']
['estimate', 'prediction', 'maximum']
['number', 'confirmed', 'cases']
['frequency', 'spectrum', 'residuals', 'model']
['prediction', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'depicts']
['spectral', 'millicycles']
['direct', 'least', 'squares', 'cumulative', 'cases']
['confirmed', 'covid', 'patients', 'march']
['circles', 'results', 'inferior', 'their', 'counterparts']
['proposed', 'based', 'modeling', 'methodology', 'shown']
['direct', 'least', 'squares', 'daily', 'cases', 'confirmed']
['covid', 'patients', 'march']
['circles', 'results', 'inferior', 'their', 'counterparts', 'proposed']
['based', 'modeling', 'methodology', 'shown']
['daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'direct', 'least', 'squares']
['approximation', 'shown', 'demonstrates', 'inferiority', 'curve', 'fitting', 'terms', 'approximation', 'accuracy']
['comparing', 'model', 'approximation']
['fundamental', 'inability', 'direct', 'sigmoidal', 'fitting', 'approximate']
['journal', 'engineering', 'medicine', 'biology']
['multi', 'modal', 'phase', 'plots', 'detect', 'emergence']
['major', 'infection', 'waves']
['discussion', 'conclusion']
['novel', 'adaptive', 'methodology', 'predictive', 'modeling']
['course', 'daily', 'cumulative', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'covid19', 'presented', 'application', 'reported']
['demonstrated', 'methodology', 'achieves']
['decomposition', 'course', 'covid']
['terms', 'concatenated', 'riccati', 'modules', 'provides']
['potentially', 'useful', 'predictions', 'valuable', 'insights']
['dynamic', 'characteristics', 'infectious', 'process']
['specifically', 'advocated', 'approach', 'detects', 'presence']
['multiple', 'overlapping', 'infection', 'waves', 'correspond', 'major']
['infection', 'pools', 'described', 'distinct', 'concatenated']
['defined', 'fundamental', 'riccati', 'equation']
['distinct', 'parameters', 'quantify', 'critical']
['dynamic', 'aspects', 'infectious', 'course', 'respective', 'parameter', 'infectivity', 'constant']
['determines', 'initial', 'exponential', 'growth', 'infection']
['depends', 'degree', 'contagiousness', 'level']
['contagious', 'interactions', 'given', 'sense']
['reproduction', 'conventional', 'models']
['parameter', 'depends', 'susceptible', 'exposed']
['population', 'quantifies', 'degree', 'which']
['gradually', 'acquired', 'immunity', 'mitigating', 'factors', 'measures', 'constrain', 'initial', 'rapid', 'growth', 'infection']
['eventually', 'achieve', 'control', 'according', 'sigmoidal']
['course', 'defined', 'equation', 'reaching', 'plateau']
['maximum', 'number', 'infections']
['achieve', 'decomposition', 'series']
['proposed', 'approach', 'employs', 'regression', 'analysis', 'phasespace', 'statistical', 'hypothesis', 'testing', 'using', 'statistic']
['methods', 'detect', 'emergence', 'infection', 'waves']
['specified', 'level', 'statistical', 'significance', 'running', 'adaptive']
['estimates', 'parameters', 'obtained', 'point']
['found', 'rather', 'stable', 'points', 'where']
['introduced', 'model']
['analysis', 'covid', 'daily', 'march']
['manuscript', 'completed', 'yielded']
['concatenated', 'shown']
['deemed', 'represent', 'distinct', 'dynamics', 'infection']
['waves', 'major', 'characteristics', 'defined']
['their', 'respective', 'parameters', 'given', 'table', 'small', 'initial']
['possibly', 'corresponding', 'initial', 'infection']
['seattle', 'followed', 'larger', 'possibly', 'corresponding', 'rapid', 'urban', 'surge']
['subsequently', 'other', 'urban', 'centers', 'northeast']
['respectively', 'broader', 'epidemic', 'spread', 'across', 'smaller', 'towns']
['rural', 'areas', 'under', 'local', 'mitigation', 'measures']
['correspond', 'slower', 'growth', 'moderate']
['emergence', 'largest', 'infection', 'described']
['detected', 'proposed', 'algorithm']
['appears', 'coincide', 'relaxation']
['mitigation', 'measures', 'across', 'total', 'number']
['infections', 'anticipated', 'model', 'about']
['table']
['units', 'magnetic', 'properties']
['vertical', 'lines', 'optional', 'tables', 'statements', 'serve', 'captions', 'entire', 'table']
['footnote', 'letters']
['agaussian', 'units', 'magnetostatics', 'maxwell', 'gauss']
['oersted', 'weber', 'second', 'tesla', 'meter', 'ampere']
['joule', 'kilogram', 'henry']
['double', 'current', 'cumulative', 'number', 'provided', 'there']
['added', 'model', 'because', 'covid']
['spreading', 'caused', 'significant', 'change']
['current', 'mitigation', 'measures', 'under', 'assumptions']
['current', 'model', 'predicts', 'number', 'confirmed']
['cases', 'below', 'september']
[]
['results', 'shown', 'table', 'indicate', 'early']
['rapid', 'reduction', 'parameter', 'successive', 'which']
['plays', 'determining', 'critical', 'stressor']
['healthcare', 'system', 'infection']
['provided', 'parameter', 'drastically', 'reduced']
['anticipates', 'occur', 'without']
['exceeding', 'previous', 'peaks', 'worth']
['noting', 'between', 'detection', 'infection']
['increases', 'decreasing']
['analysis', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'shows', 'individual']
['contributions', 'components']
['demonstrates', 'versatility', 'proposed', 'approach', 'detect']
['statistically', 'rigorous', 'manner', 'emerging', 'waves', 'infection']
['applicable', 'cases', 'where', 'pattern', 'daily', 'changes']
['unimodal', 'constitutes', 'important', 'advantage']
['proposed', 'approach', 'widely', 'models']
['other', 'unimodal', 'approaches', 'another', 'difference', 'proposed']
['approach', 'popular', 'model']
['account', 'number', 'recovered', 'cases', 'require']
['immunity', 'latter', 'further', 'explore', 'comparison']
['three', 'equations', 'classic', 'model', 'combined']
['single', 'nonlinear', 'differential', 'equation', 'takes', 'second', 'order']
['marmarelis', 'predictive', 'modeling', 'covid', 'adaptive', 'phase', 'space', 'approach']
[]
[]
['where', 'integral', 'infected', 'fraction']
['population', 'recovery', 'infection']
['initial', 'susceptible', 'population', 'equation']
['indicates', 'estimation', 'unknown', 'parameter']
['iterative', 'methods', 'which', 'robust', 'reliable']
['regression', 'utilized', 'proposed', 'approach']
['differential', 'equation', 'stable', 'equilibrium', 'point']
['tends', 'infinity', 'flexible', 'notion', 'multiple', 'finite']
['stable', 'equilibrium', 'points', 'concatenated', 'riccati', 'equations']
['achieved', 'reaches', 'individual']
['plateau', 'respective', 'these', 'comparisons']
['explored', 'further', 'future']
['regarding', 'cyclical', 'variations', 'evident', 'timeseries', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'accounted']
['based', 'model', 'noted', 'fundamental']
['riccati', 'equation', 'extended', 'future', 'timevarying', 'coefficients', 'account', 'observed']
['cycle', 'revealed', 'spectrum', 'residuals', 'model']
['prediction', 'cycle', 'peaks']
['increased', 'social', 'interactions', 'during']
['previous', 'weekend', 'noting', 'average', 'covid', 'incubation', 'period']
[]
['emphasized', 'based', 'predictive', 'modeling']
['distinct', 'simple', 'curve', 'fitting', 'methods', 'demonstrated', 'above', 'contrasting', 'results', 'direct', 'sigmoidal']
['least', 'squares', 'fitting', 'showing', 'latter']
['serious', 'estimation', 'parameters']
['infectious', 'process', 'smaller', 'infectivity', 'estimate']
['smaller', 'predicted', 'maximum', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases']
['addition', 'misconceptions', 'regarding', 'dynamic', 'structure']
['process', 'unimodal', 'versus', 'multi', 'modal', 'phase', 'space']
['representation']
['interesting', 'question', 'arises', 'respect', 'effect']
['changing', 'testing', 'rates', 'obtained', 'parameter', 'estimates']
['incidence', 'apparent', 'incidence']
['varying', 'testing', 'function']
['shown', 'parameters']
['corresponding', 'unknown', 'values', 'related']
['apparent', 'parameter', 'estimates', 'obtained']
['available', 'according', 'expressions']
['where', 'since']
['ought', 'positive', 'times', 'always']
['overestimation', 'overestimates']
['testing', 'increasing', 'constant', 'testing']
['estimated', 'maximum', 'number', 'cases']
['relation']
['others', 'covid', 'predictive', 'modeling']
['published', 'under', 'unique', 'unprecedented', 'circumstances']
['ongoing', 'pandemic', 'which', 'render', 'validation', 'future']
['publicly', 'reported', 'predictions']
['paper', 'infections', 'occurs']
['proposed', 'approach', 'applied', 'future']
['additional', 'covid', 'other', 'countries', 'various', 'regions', 'order', 'compare', 'obtained', 'rmdecompositions', 'revealing', 'dynamic', 'structure', 'infection']
['waves', 'these', 'infectious', 'processes', 'associated', 'parameter', 'estimates', 'distinct', 'rmdecompositions', 'various', 'countries', 'regions', 'respective']
['parameter', 'estimates', 'reveal', 'valuable', 'correlations']
['mitigation', 'policies', 'followed', 'examine', 'their', 'effectiveness', 'within', 'specific', 'socio', 'cultural', 'context', 'order']
['guide', 'future', 'decision', 'making', 'examining']
['respective', 'policies', 'socio', 'cultural', 'conditions', 'influence', 'estimated', 'parameters', 'consequently']
[]
['new_paper']
['diagnosis', 'covid', 'chest', 'images', 'using']
['wavelets', 'based', 'depthwise', 'convolution', 'network']
['krishna', 'singh', 'akansha', 'singh']
['abstract', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'known', 'covid', 'become', 'pandemic', 'disease', 'caused']
['coronavirus', 'called', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'severity']
['disease', 'understood', 'massive', 'number', 'deaths', 'affected', 'patients', 'globally', 'diagnosis']
['paced', 'disease', 'controlled', 'better', 'manner', 'laboratory', 'tests', 'available', 'diagnosis']
['bounded', 'available', 'testing', 'radiological', 'examinations', 'comprise', 'computed']
['tomography', 'diagnosis', 'disease', 'specifically', 'chest', 'images', 'analysed']
['identify', 'presence', 'covid', 'patient', 'paper', 'automated', 'method', 'diagnosis', 'covid']
['chest', 'images', 'proposed', 'method', 'presents', 'improved', 'depthwise', 'convolution', 'neural', 'network']
['analysing', 'chest', 'images', 'wavelet', 'decomposition', 'applied', 'integrate', 'multiresolution', 'analysis']
['network', 'frequency', 'bands', 'obtained', 'input', 'images', 'network', 'identifying', 'disease']
['network', 'designed', 'predict', 'class', 'input', 'image', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'covid']
['predicted', 'output', 'model', 'combined', 'visualization', 'diagnosis', 'comparative', 'study']
['existing', 'methods', 'performed', 'metrics', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'measure', 'calculated']
['performance', 'evaluation', 'performance', 'proposed', 'method', 'better', 'existing', 'methodologies']
['effective', 'diagnosis', 'disease']
['words', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'learning', 'convolution', 'neural', 'network', 'images']
['introduction']
['pandemic', 'outbreak', 'disease', 'globally']
['affecting', 'populations', 'world', 'witnessed']
['pandemics', 'century', 'viruses']
['major', 'cause', 'pandemics', 'these', 'viruses']
['changing', 'behaviour', 'changing', 'seasons']
['their', 'behaviour', 'needs', 'predicted']
['krishna', 'singh', 'department', 'group']
['institutions', 'delhi', 'ghaziabad', '201206', 'india']
['krishnaiitr2011', 'gmail']
['akansha', 'singh', 'department', 'amity']
['university', 'uttar', 'pradesh', 'noida', '201310', 'india']
['akanshasing', 'gmail']
['correspondence', 'should', 'addressed']
['manuscript', 'received', 'revised']
['accepted']
['prevention', 'health', 'professionals', 'generally']
['correct', 'predictions', 'about', 'viruses']
['viruses', 'exceptional', 'behaviour', 'difficult']
['predict', 'viruses', 'cause', 'pandemics', 'humans']
['immunity', 'resist', 'virus']
['latest', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'known', 'covid']
['appeared', 'spread', 'extremely', 'since']
['discovery', 'december', 'wuhan', 'china']
['disease', 'already', 'spread', 'countries']
['territories', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory']
['syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'causes']
['covid', 'virus', 'ribonucleic']
['virus', 'coronavirus', 'family', 'viruses']
['family', 'cause', 'common', 'severe']
['variety', 'coronaviruses', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory']
['syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'middle']
['krishna', 'singh', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'chest', 'images', 'using']
['respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus']
['covid', 'causes', 'respiratory', 'ailments', 'ranging']
['common', 'serious', 'diseases', 'pneumonia']
['number', 'cases', 'worldwide', 'reached']
['causing', 'deaths', 'individuals']
['situation', 'report', 'published']
['world', 'health', 'organization', 'accurate']
['information', 'about', 'emergence', 'covid']
['still', 'unknown', 'initial', 'cases', 'established']
['links', 'huanan', 'southern', 'china', 'seafood']
['wholesale', 'market', 'disease', 'contagious']
['virus', 'spread', 'amongst', 'humans', 'respiratory']
['droplets', 'physical', 'contact', 'through', 'fecal']
['transmission', 'numerous', 'cases', 'pneumonia']
['unknown', 'cause', 'reported', 'wuhan', 'china']
['december', 'cases', 'showed', 'similar', 'clinical']
['characteristics', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'patients']
['suffering', 'covid', 'infection', 'observed']
['serious', 'pneumonia', 'abnormal', 'observations']
['chest', 'computed', 'tomography', 'examination']
[]
['unavailability', 'medicine', 'disease', 'requires']
['efficient', 'diagnosis', 'methods', 'controlling', 'disease']
['common', 'pneumonia', 'caused', 'group']
['viruses', 'known', 'these', 'diseases', 'include']
['respiratory', 'enteric', 'renal', 'neurological', 'diseases']
['these', 'viruses', 'grouped', 'genres', 'namely']
['alpha', 'gamma', 'delta']
[]
['figure', 'gives', 'overview', 'disease']
['virus', 'affects', 'individuals', 'groups']
['genders', 'research', 'study', 'reveals', 'groups']
['people', 'specifically', 'affected', 'disease', 'first']
['overview', 'covid']
['group', 'individuals', 'those', 'above', 'years']
['second', 'group', 'those', 'individuals']
['underlying', 'medical', 'condition', 'diabetes']
['cardiovascular', 'disease', 'hypertension', 'common']
['symptoms', 'covid', 'include', 'fever', 'cough']
['respiratory', 'problems', 'shortness', 'breath', 'muscular']
['soreness', 'fatigue', 'cases', 'diarrhoea']
['vomiting', 'reported', 'severity', 'disease']
['ranges', 'pneumonia', 'causing', 'respiratory']
['ailments', 'advance', 'stage', 'disease']
['causes', 'organ', 'failures', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'distress']
['syndrome', 'leading', 'deaths', 'patients']
['paced', 'human', 'human', 'transmission']
['disease', 'matter', 'great', 'concern', 'regulatory']
['authorities', 'globally', 'control', 'covid', 'largely']
['depends', 'diagnosis', 'right', 'available']
['methods', 'diagnosis', 'comprise', 'laboratory', 'tests']
['reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction']
['reverse']
['transcription', 'mediated', 'isothermal', 'amplification']
['laboratory', 'tests']
['limitations', 'firstly', 'requires', 'testing', 'which']
['limited', 'availability', 'supply', 'chain', 'secondly']
['consuming', 'laboratory']
['processes', 'involved', 'facilities', 'easily']
['accessible', 'parts', 'world', 'results']
['produced', 'therefore', 'chest', 'images', 'utilized', 'detecting', 'presence']
['covid', 'development', 'automated']
['method', 'based', 'chest', 'images', 'support']
['clinical', 'decision', 'making', 'significant']
['disease', 'control', 'according', 'disease']
['controlled', 'stopping', 'chain', 'transmission']
['officials', 'reported', 'testing', 'isolation']
['actions', 'useful', 'breaking', 'chain']
['transmission', 'therefore', 'accurate', 'diagnosis']
['significant', 'controlling', 'covid']
['detection', 'covid', 'earlier']
['stage', 'chest', 'images', 'compared', 'testing']
['chest', 'images', 'analyzed', 'using']
['artificial', 'intelligence', 'techniques']
[]
['numerous', 'techniques', 'diagnosis', 'covid']
['using', 'machine', 'learning', 'techniques', 'radiological']
['images', 'available', 'literature', 'transfer', 'learning']
['model', 'diagnosis', 'coronavirus', 'chest']
['images', 'presented', 'another', 'method']
['improved', 'accuracy', 'presented', 'segmentation', 'based']
['approach', 'method', 'classified', 'input', 'images']
['mining', 'analytics']
['normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'covid']
['learning', 'based', 'model', 'applied', 'images']
['detection', 'covid', 'researchers']
['developed', 'public', 'datasets', 'comprising', 'chest']
['images', 'covid', 'patients', 'method', 'named']
['covid', 'developed', 'applied', 'these', 'public']
['datasets', 'diagnosis', 'covid']
['learning', 'diagnosis', 'chest', 'images']
['provides', 'results', 'learning', 'models', 'being']
['widely', 'medical', 'image', 'processing']
['detection', 'pneumonia', 'using', 'convolution']
['neural', 'networks', 'paper', 'automated', 'method']
['diagnosis', 'covid', 'network']
['proposed', 'proposed', 'network', 'utilizes', 'feature']
['generated', 'multiresolution', 'analysis', 'combination']
['wavelet', 'transforms', 'along', 'network']
['brings', 'multiple', 'advantages', 'wavelet', 'decomposition']
['network', 'network']
['traditional', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network']
['depthwise', 'separable', 'network', 'utilized']
['background']
['section', 'wavelet', 'technique', 'depthwise']
['convolution', 'neural', 'network', 'discussed']
['wavelet']
['wavelet', 'theory', 'transform', 'based', 'image', 'processing']
['technique', 'makes', 'wavelet', 'transforms']
['wavelets', 'derived', 'small', 'waves', 'changing']
['frequency', 'limited', 'duration', 'these', 'useful']
['provide', 'temporal', 'frequency']
['information', 'images']
['scaling', 'functions', 'including']
[]
[]
[]
['required']
['dimensional', 'multiresolution', 'analysis', 'these']
['scaling', 'functions', 'obtained', 'multiplying', 'onedimensional', 'functions', 'product', 'these', 'produces']
['dimensional', 'separable', 'scaling', 'function']
['separable', 'directionally', 'sensitive', 'wavelets']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['these', 'functions', 'record', 'variance', 'horizontal']
['vertical', 'diagonal', 'directions', 'separabilty']
['major', 'cause', 'directional']
['sensitivity', 'computational', 'complexity']
['transform', 'remains', 'scaled', 'translated']
['basis', 'functions', 'defined']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['discrete', 'wavelet', 'transform', 'image']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['where', 'arbitrary', 'starting', 'scale']
['coefficients', 'define', 'approximation']
['scale']
['coefficients']
['horizontal', 'vertical', 'diagonal', 'details', 'scales']
['greater', 'generally', 'selected']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['given']
[]
['obtained', 'performing', 'inverse', 'discrete', 'wavelet']
['transform']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['depthwise', 'separable', 'convolution', 'neural']
['network']
['standard', 'convolution', 'layer', 'neural', 'network']
['large', 'number', 'parameters', 'leads']
['fitting', 'network', 'depthwise', 'convolution']
['depthwise', 'separable', 'convolution', 'layers', 'overcome']
['problem', 'these', 'convolution', 'layers', 'reduce']
['computational', 'number', 'parameters']
['depthwise', 'convolution', 'layers', 'reduce']
['computational', 'parameter', 'space']
['reduction', 'parameters', 'reduces', 'efficiency']
['network', 'standard', 'convolution', 'divided']
['depthwise', 'pointwise', 'convolution', 'depthwise']
['convolution', 'responsible', 'applying', 'convolution']
['every', 'input', 'output', 'depthwise', 'convolution']
['merged', 'using', 'pointwise', 'convolution', 'layer']
['network', 'having', 'input', 'tensor']
[]
['krishna', 'singh', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'chest', 'images', 'using']
[]
[]
[]
['where', 'represent']
['height', 'weight', 'depth', 'input', 'vector']
['convolution', 'layer', 'output']
[]
['represents']
['point', 'location', 'channel', 'layer']
['computed', 'using']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['where', 'pointwise', 'filter']
['depthwise', 'separable', 'convolution', 'performs']
['operation', 'steps', 'first', 'depthwise']
['convolution', 'applied', 'input', 'thereafter']
['pointwise', 'convolution', 'applied', 'output']
['depthwise', 'convolution', 'spatial', 'correlations']
['obtained', 'depthwise', 'convolution']
['channel', 'correlations', 'obtained', 'pointwise']
['convolution', 'combination', 'these', 'forms']
['feature']
['proposed', 'method']
['proposed', 'method', 'based', 'depthwise', 'separable']
['convolution', 'network', 'spectral', 'pooling', 'using', 'wavelet']
['transforms', 'network', 'formulated', 'combining']
['multiresolution', 'analysis', 'learning']
['traditional', 'layers', 'suffer', 'fitting']
['computational', 'large', 'number', 'parameters']
['generated', 'layer', 'powerful', 'properties']
['discrete', 'wavelet', 'transform', 'spectral', 'domain']
['spectral', 'pooling', 'spectral', 'parameterization']
['convolutional', 'layers', 'utilized', 'means', 'improve']
['improving', 'training', 'convergence', 'allowing']
['flexible', 'pooling', 'dimensions', 'retaining', 'improving']
['competitive', 'classification', 'accuracies']
['filters', 'network', 'learn', 'spectral']
['domain', 'instead', 'spatial', 'domain']
['frequency', 'spectrum', 'input', 'contains']
['details', 'frequency', 'spectrum', 'contains']
['noise', 'information', 'uniformity', 'spectrum']
['power', 'enables', 'removal', 'frequencies']
['minimal', 'damage', 'input', 'information', 'spectral', 'pooling']
['truncates', 'spectral', 'representation', 'image', 'kernel']
['product', 'simply', 'spectral', 'pooling', 'simple', 'lowpass', 'filter', 'technique', 'desirable', 'because']
['combined', 'convolution', 'theorem', 'achieve']
['training', 'results', 'convolution', 'theorem', 'states']
['convolution', 'considerably', 'being']
['performed', 'spectral', 'domain', 'element']
['multiplication', 'details', 'proposed', 'network']
['discussed', 'following', 'section', 'given', 'image']
['divided', 'subbands']
['using', 'discrete', 'wavelet', 'transform']
['convolution', 'filters', 'these', 'filters']
['fixed', 'parameters', 'stride', 'stride']
['provides', 'sampling', 'result', 'obtained']
['convolution', 'these', 'bands']
['depthwise', 'separable', 'network', 'further', 'processing']
['chart', 'proposed', 'method', 'shown']
[]
['proposed', 'method', 'comprises', 'following']
['steps']
['input', 'image', 'covid', 'dataset', 'comprises']
['chest', 'images', 'these', 'images']
['detection', 'images', 'different', 'sizes']
['resized']
['image', 'normalization', 'input', 'images']
['normalized', 'prior', 'further', 'processing', 'normalized']
['images', 'enhanced', 'images', 'errors']
['lightening', 'conditions']
['image', 'decomposition', 'wavelet']
['significant', 'steps', 'convert', 'spatial']
['domain', 'input', 'frequency', 'domain', 'input', 'images']
['decomposed', 'bands', 'wavelet']
['transform', 'decompose', 'image']
['bands', 'dataset', 'augmented', 'split', 'training']
['testing']
['convolution', 'layers', 'comprises', 'three']
['standard', 'convolution', 'blocks', 'input', 'convolved']
['these', 'three', 'blocks']
['spectral', 'pooling', 'batch', 'normalization']
['layer', 'pooling', 'layer', 'which', 'combines']
['features', 'output', 'different', 'layers']
['paper', 'average', 'pooling', 'performed', 'which']
['convolution', 'followed', 'sampling']
['output', 'layer', 'layer', 'fully']
['connected', 'layer', 'softmax', 'optimizer', 'applied']
['layer', 'predict', 'output']
['output', 'visualization']
['prediction', 'output', 'obtained', 'network', 'needs']
['visualized', 'building', 'trust', 'network']
['making', 'diagnosis', 'decision', 'utilizes']
['gradient', 'information', 'layer', 'network']
['visually', 'represent', 'class', 'activation']
['diagnosis', 'decision', 'finally', 'given', 'input']
['chest', 'image', 'classified', 'three', 'classes']
['normal', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia']
['details', 'network', 'architecture', 'discussed']
['following', 'sections']
['mining', 'analytics']
['proposed', 'methodology']
['network', 'architecture']
['input', 'layer', 'network', 'chest']
['images', 'network', 'comprises', 'eighteen', 'convolution']
['layers', 'network', 'comprises', 'regular']
['depthwise', 'convolution', 'layers', 'batch', 'fixed']
['eight', 'there', 'regular', 'twelve', 'depthwise']
['layers', 'multiresolution', 'analysis', 'integrated']
['network', 'after', 'first', 'convolution', 'block', 'between']
['convolution', 'layers', 'pooling', 'layers', 'added']
['batch', 'normalization', 'layers', 'solve', 'local']
['minima', 'problem', 'mapping', 'activations']
['variance', 'makes', 'convergence']
['network', 'fitting', 'problem']
['solved', 'using', 'dropout', 'specifications']
['network', 'layers', 'given', 'table']
['convolution', 'layer']
['given', 'input', 'vector', 'components']
[]
[]
['output', 'vector']
['krishna', 'singh', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'chest', 'images', 'using']
['table', 'model', 'summary']
['layer', 'output', 'shape', 'number', 'parameters', 'kernel', 'dropout', 'number', 'filters']
['input']
['wavelet', 'lambda']
['separable']
['batch', 'normalization']
['maxpooling']
['separable']
['batch', 'normalization']
['maxpooling']
['separable']
['batch', 'normalization']
['maxpooling']
['separable']
['batch', 'normalization']
['maxpooling']
['separable']
['batch', 'normalization']
['maxpooling']
['separable']
['batch', 'normalization']
['maxpooling']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['where']
['indices', 'neighbours']
['weight', 'computation']
['equivalent']
['convolution', 'operation', 'input', 'weight', 'vector']
['written', 'using', 'convolution', 'operator']
[]
[]
['where']
[]
[]
['pooling', 'layer']
['after', 'convolution', 'layer', 'pooling', 'layer']
['paper', 'average', 'pooling', 'connection']
['multiresolution', 'analysis', 'output', 'pooling', 'layer']
['vector', 'fewer', 'number', 'components']
['compared', 'input', 'vector', 'output', 'pooling']
['layer', 'defined']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['xpjck']
[]
['where', 'support', 'pooling']
[]
[]
[]
['value', 'defines', 'value', 'which', 'number']
['parameters', 'reduced', 'example', 'value']
['number', 'parameters', 'reduced']
['third', 'taking', 'triplets', 'average', 'pooling']
['written', 'sampling', 'follows']
[]
['average', 'pooling', 'performs', 'convolution', 'followed']
['sampling']
['activation', 'function']
['activation', 'function', 'function']
['activation', 'function', 'significant', 'convergence']
['network', 'rectified', 'linear', 'activation']
['function', 'activation', 'function']
[]
['function', 'overcomes', 'vanishing', 'gradient']
['problem', 'makes', 'model', 'efficient', 'faster']
['mathematically', 'expressed']
[]
['function', 'brings', 'negative', 'values']
['whereas', 'positive', 'values', 'remain']
['function', 'hidden', 'layers']
['layer', 'softmax', 'activation', 'function', 'softmax']
['function']
['softmax']
[]
['mining', 'analytics']
['where']
['observed', 'output', 'divided']
['possible', 'output']
['training', 'method']
['training', 'network']
['significant', 'tasks', 'weight', 'vector', 'network']
['updated', 'minimize', 'value', 'function']
['probabilities', 'classes', 'classification']
['computed', 'function', 'paper']
['categorical', 'cross', 'entropy', 'other', 'important']
['training', 'balance', 'dataset']
['balanced', 'augmentation']
['augmentation', 'samples', 'generated', 'rotation']
['angle', 'degrees', 'degrees']
['augmenting', 'dataset', 'optimization', 'method']
['optimization', 'weight', 'decay']
['leads', 'faster', 'convergence', 'higher', 'performance']
['network', 'other', 'parameters', 'number']
['epochs', 'which', 'chosen', 'batch']
['model', 'evaluated', 'using', 'metrics']
['score', 'precision', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity']
['specificity', 'which', 'detailed', 'section']
['dataset']
['dataset', 'experiments', 'comprises', 'chest']
['images', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'patients']
['healthy', 'individuals', 'annotated', 'anterior']
['chest', 'images', 'total']
['images', 'three', 'classes', 'available']
['dataset', 'number', 'images', 'covid']
['viral', 'pneumonia', 'number', 'images']
['normal', 'images', 'males']
['females', 'world', 'model', 'building']
['process', 'split', 'dataset', 'training']
['training', 'model', 'validation']
['purpose', 'table', 'presents', 'distribution', 'images']
['present', 'dataset', 'sample', 'images', 'depicting']
['normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'patients']
['shown']
[]
['table', 'distribution', 'images', 'train']
['image', 'train']
['normal']
['viral', 'pneumonia']
['covid']
['total']
['experiment', 'result']
['implementation', 'proposed', 'network']
['using', 'keras', 'library', 'python', 'experimental', 'setup']
['results', 'presented', 'section', 'model']
['tuned', 'obtain', 'results', 'decomposition']
['image', 'using', 'wavelet', 'transform']
['total', 'twelve', 'separable', 'convolution', 'layers']
['optimizer', 'weighted', 'decay']
['optimization', 'network', 'quantitative']
['analysis', 'results', 'obtained', 'using', 'sensitivity']
['precision', 'score', 'these', 'metrics', 'computed']
['using', 'sensitivity', 'represents']
['correctness', 'classification', 'computed']
['sensitivity']
[]
[]
[]
['misclassifications', 'reported', 'precision']
['there', 'misclassifications', 'precision']
['score', 'harmonic', 'precision']
['sensitivity', 'score', 'value', 'represents', 'perfect']
['precision', 'sensitivity']
['precision']
[]
[]
[]
['score']
['precision', 'sensitivity']
['precision', 'sensitivity']
[]
['accuracy']
[]
[]
[]
['where', 'represent', 'positive']
['false', 'positive', 'false', 'negative', 'respectively']
['confusion', 'matrix', 'three', 'classes', 'normal', 'covid19', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'shown', 'table', 'values']
['sample', 'images', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'infected', 'patients']
['krishna', 'singh', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'chest', 'images', 'using']
['table', 'confusion', 'matrix']
['disease', 'predicted', 'result']
['normal', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia']
['normal']
['covid']
['viral', 'pneumonia']
['obtained', 'proposed', 'method', 'summarized']
['table']
['figure', 'shows', 'three', 'classes']
['visualization', 'along']
['classifier', 'predictions', 'diagnosis', 'disease']
['accurately']
['performance', 'proposed', 'method']
['table', 'value', 'proposed', 'method']
['disease', 'accuracy', 'precision', 'sensitivity', 'score']
['normal']
['covid']
['viral', 'pneumonia']
['visualization', 'normal', 'covid19', 'viral', 'pneumonia']
['compared', 'other', 'existing', 'methods', 'results']
['compared', 'latest', 'techniques']
['learning', 'models', 'diagnosis', 'covid']
['using', 'chest', 'images', 'results', 'summarized']
['table', 'analyses', 'results', 'reveal']
['proposed', 'method', 'outperforms', 'existing', 'methods']
['darkcovidnet']
['network', 'layers', 'detection', 'covid']
['chest', 'images', 'performance']
['darkcovidnet', 'average', 'overall', 'accuracy']
['approximately', 'second', 'third', 'methods']
['based', 'efficientnet', 'variations', 'method']
['presented', 'namely', 'hierarchical', 'these']
['methods', 'overall', 'accuracy', 'approximately']
['detrac', 'resnet18', 'performs', 'better', 'these']
['methods', 'overall', 'accuracy']
['proposed', 'method', 'further', 'improved', 'overall']
['accuracy', 'overall', 'accuracy', 'proposed', 'method']
['graph', 'comparative', 'study']
['shown']
['conclusion']
['paper', 'presented', 'automated', 'method']
['detection', 'covid', 'chest', 'images']
['improved', 'depthwise', 'convolution', 'network', 'designed']
['incorporates', 'spectral', 'analysis', 'convolution']
['pooling', 'layers', 'reformulated', 'generalized']
['filtering', 'sampling', 'reformulation']
['multiresolution', 'analysis', 'integrated', 'depthwise']
['table', 'comparative', 'analysis']
['method', 'accuracy', 'precision', 'sensitivity', 'score']
['darkcovidnet']
['efficientnet']
['hierarchicalefficientnet']
['detrac', 'resnet18']
['proposed']
['comparative', 'study']
['mining', 'analytics']
['network', 'input', 'images', 'decomposed', 'using']
['wavelet', 'multiresolution', 'analysis', 'wavelet']
['applied', 'fixed', 'weight', 'filters']
['developed', 'model', 'applied', 'chest', 'images']
['detection', 'covid', 'disease', 'model', 'classifies']
['images', 'three', 'classes', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia']
['covid', 'comparative', 'study', 'performed']
['evaluate', 'performance', 'proposed', 'method']
['developed', 'methodology', 'diagnosis']
['covid', 'chest', 'images', 'images', 'controlling', 'disease']
['new_paper']
['effect', 'learning', 'public', 'health', 'environment', 'during']
['covid', 'lockdown']
['avani', 'agarwal', 'sahil', 'sharma', 'vijay', 'kumar', 'manjit']
['abstract', 'learning', 'promising', 'venture', 'entire', 'world', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'learning']
['successfully', 'providing', 'potential', 'information', 'students', 'researchers', 'developing', 'nations', 'india']
['limited', 'resources', 'learning', 'tools', 'platforms', 'provide', 'chance', 'education', 'available', 'middle']
['income', 'households', 'paper', 'gives', 'insights', 'about', 'three', 'different', 'online', 'services', 'namely', 'google', 'classroom']
['microsoft', 'teams', 'being', 'three', 'different', 'educational', 'institutions', 'analyze', 'efficiency']
['acceptability', 'learning', 'tools', 'among', 'indian', 'students', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'paper']
['evaluate', 'impact', 'learning', 'environment', 'public', 'health', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'found']
['learning', 'potential', 'reduce', 'carbon', 'emissions', 'which', 'beneficial', 'impact', 'environment', 'however']
['mental', 'health', 'impacted', 'learning', 'isolation', 'reduction', 'academic', 'achievements']
['anxiety', 'mental', 'depression', 'usage', 'electronic', 'devices', 'learning', 'muscles']
['strain', 'having', 'deleterious', 'effects', 'physical', 'health']
['words', 'learning', 'environment', 'health', 'covid']
['introduction']
['learning', 'online', 'education', 'provide', 'opportunity']
['students', 'increase', 'their', 'knowledge']
['flexible', 'environment', 'while', 'using', 'limited', 'resources']
['capital', 'developing', 'country', 'india']
['online', 'tools', 'students', 'achieve', 'productive']
['diverse', 'education', 'incorporating', 'various', 'themes']
['different', 'areas', 'interest', 'online', 'platforms']
['slowly', 'gaining', 'popularity', 'improvements']
['design', 'visuals', 'navigation', 'quality', 'content']
['avani', 'agarwal', 'sahil', 'sharma', 'department']
['computer', 'science', 'thapar', 'institute', 'engineering']
['technology', 'patiala', '147001', 'india']
['vijay', 'kumar', 'department', 'computer', 'science']
['engineering', 'national', 'institute', 'technology', 'hamirpur']
['himachal', 'pradesh', '177005', 'india']
['manjit', 'department', 'computer', 'science']
['engineering', 'school', 'engineering', 'applied', 'sciences']
['bennett', 'university', 'greater', 'noida', '201310', 'india']
['manjit', 'bennett']
['correspondence', 'should', 'addressed']
['manuscript', 'received', 'accepted']
['studies', 'shown', 'learning']
['improve', 'knowledge', 'understanding']
['concepts', 'easier', 'providing', 'sized', 'collaborative']
['interactive', 'content', 'studies', 'proven']
['personalized', 'assisted', 'learning', 'based', 'curriculum']
['better', 'traditional', 'curriculum', 'quality']
['education', 'provided', 'through', 'learning', 'tools']
['personalizing', 'guidance', 'mentorship', 'according']
['needs', 'students', 'learning', 'platforms']
['students', 'flexibility', 'empower', 'students', 'allowing']
['learn', 'their', 'schedule', 'student']
['choose', 'learn', 'consume']
['content', 'provided', 'these', 'various', 'platforms']
['material', 'available', 'disposal', 'which', 'either']
['lifetime', 'limited']
['amount']
['moreover', 'content', 'consumed', 'online', 'platform']
['consistent', 'standardized', 'comparison']
['different', 'teaching', 'styles', 'professors', 'diverse', 'range']
['options', 'provided', 'users', 'learning']
['online', 'course', 'providers', 'udacity', 'coursera']
['udemy', 'provides', 'online', 'courses']
['avani', 'agarwal', 'effect', 'learning', 'public', 'health', 'environment', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown']
['cover', 'various', 'topics', 'diverse', 'fields', 'these']
['online', 'platforms', 'fulfill', 'current']
['educators', 'create', 'demands', 'which']
['improve', 'current', 'services', 'being', 'provided']
['students', 'there', 'websites', 'geeksforgeeks']
['tutorials', 'point', 'which', 'enjoy', 'popularity', 'among']
['engineering', 'students', 'youtube', 'provides', 'content']
['students', 'pursuing', 'different', 'majors', 'fields']
['example', 'academy', 'youtube']
['channels', 'helped', 'build', 'basic', 'concepts', 'school']
['students', 'keeping', 'material', 'understanding']
['participation', 'interaction', 'youtube', 'channel']
['posts', 'videos', 'after', 'thoroughly', 'researching', 'topics']
['students', 'understand', 'small', 'hidden']
['concepts', 'mathematics']
[]
['india', 'universities', 'colleges', 'integrate', 'internet']
['pages', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'teaching']
['staff', 'makes', 'lecture', 'slides', 'assignments', 'important']
['notifications', 'available', 'students', 'course']
['study', 'material', 'downloadable']
['powerpoint', 'students', 'participate', 'onlinediscussion', 'forums', 'examinations', 'conducted']
['using', 'learning', 'however', 'despite']
['advancing', 'technologies', 'higher', 'education', 'institutes']
['failed', 'incorporate', 'learning', 'practices']
['stream', 'activities', 'benefits', 'online']
['learning', 'teachers', 'interested', 'adopting']
['online', 'tools', 'however', 'student', 'attitude', 'aptitude']
['learning', 'towards', 'online', 'platforms', 'standardization']
['interactive', 'content', 'online', 'platform', 'critical']
['roles', 'determining', 'behavior', 'roles', 'students']
['towards', 'learning', 'environment']
[]
['usually', 'instruction', 'through', 'learning']
['platforms', 'designed', 'professionals']
['knowledge', 'psychological', 'aspects', 'domain']
['students', 'quality', 'interactive', 'content', 'needs']
['controlled', 'updates', 'regularly', 'capture']
['interests', 'students', 'learning', 'context', 'model', 'helps']
['realize', 'adaptive', 'technological', 'implementations']
['personalizing', 'learning', 'environments', 'environments']
['improve', 'quality', 'increase', 'quantity', 'learnings']
['students', 'recent', 'years', 'robots', 'helped']
['increase', 'learning', 'science', 'technology', 'engineering']
['mathematics', 'concepts', 'constructionbased', 'approach', 'which', 'collaborates', 'educational', 'robots']
['teach', 'complex', 'principles', 'algorithms']
['computer', 'science', 'programming', 'languages']
['multi', 'robots', 'construction', 'based']
['approach', 'towards', 'collaborating', 'learning']
[]
['objective', 'paper', 'evaluate']
['impact', 'learning', 'environment', 'paper']
['evaluates', 'effects', 'learning', 'health']
['students', 'researchers', 'finally', 'study']
['learning', 'tools', 'adopted', 'india', 'during', 'covid']
['lockdown', 'considered']
['remaining', 'paper', 'organized', 'follows', 'section']
['discusses', 'impact', 'learning', 'environment']
['section', 'discusses', 'implication', 'learning']
['social', 'section', 'presents', 'study', 'learning']
['during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'section', 'concludes']
['paper']
['impact', 'learning', 'environment']
['learning', 'effectively', 'reduce', 'energy', 'usage']
['emission', 'carbon', 'dioxide', 'according', 'study']
['netherlands', 'learning', 'potential', 'reduce']
['carbon', 'emissions', 'helps', 'decrease', 'carbon']
['footprint', 'carbon', 'impact', 'students', 'travel', 'staff']
['moreover', 'learning', 'reduces']
['helpful', 'restore', 'environment']
['helpful', 'eliminate', 'necessity', 'traveling']
['place', 'another', 'there', 'impacts', 'environment']
['learning']
[]
['impact', 'forest']
['according', 'national', 'wildlife', 'foundation']
['schools', 'universities', 'waste', 'paper', 'sixteen', 'trees']
['needed', 'generate', 'paper', 'recycling']
['paper', 'equivalent', 'barrels']
['crude', 'learning', 'reduces', 'cutting']
['trees', 'paper', 'generation', 'reduces', 'resource']
['required', 'recycling', 'paper', 'registration']
['administration', 'curriculum', 'study', 'materials']
['digitalized', 'reduce', 'students']
['impact']
['university', 'georgia', 'studied', 'hundred']
['students', 'travel', 'schools', 'universities', 'carbon']
['dioxide', 'emissions', 'reduced']
['study', 'netherlands', 'reported', 'learning', 'reduced']
['percentage', 'carbon', 'dioxide', 'emissions', 'carbon']
['footprint', 'students', 'staff', 'literature']
['million', 'printer', 'cartridges', 'became', 'every']
['years', 'required', 'decay', 'these', 'cartridges']
['these', 'materials', 'easily', 'eliminated', 'through']
['learning']
[]
['implication', 'learning', 'social']
['learning', 'contents', 'responsible', 'solving']
['environmental', 'issues', 'however', 'significantly', 'affect']
['mining', 'analytics']
['social', 'mental', 'health', 'students']
[]
['impact', 'mental', 'health']
['excessive', 'exposure', 'electronic', 'device', 'greatly']
['affected', 'mental', 'health', 'users', 'according']
['american', 'psychiatric', 'association', 'extreme']
['learning', 'social', 'isolation', 'learning']
['reduces', 'academic', 'achievement']
['responsible', 'mental', 'depression', 'learning']
['responsible', 'sleep', 'deprivation', 'deadline']
['assignment', 'submissions', 'according', 'harvard', 'analysis']
['observed', 'sleep', 'deprivation', 'direct', 'relation']
['academic', 'outcomes']
['impact', 'physical', 'health']
['study', 'materials', 'completion', 'assignment']
['digital', 'media', 'require', 'electronic', 'devices']
['excessive', 'electronic', 'device', 'great', 'effect']
['physical', 'health', 'users', 'these', 'responsible']
['mortality', 'sitting', 'electronic', 'gadgets']
['eyestrain', 'muscle', 'injuries', 'possible']
['overuse', 'computers']
['learning', 'tools', 'adopted', 'during']
['covid', 'lockdown', 'india']
['march', 'india', 'prime', 'minister']
['narendra', 'imposed', 'nationwide', 'lockdown']
['countermeasure', 'control', 'coronavirus', 'pandemic']
['lockdown', 'later', 'extended', 'april']
['various', 'states', 'india', 'increase']
['number', 'coronavirus', 'patients', 'across', 'different', 'regions']
['country', 'universities', 'schools', 'educational']
['institutions', 'closed', 'students', 'their']
['homes', 'hence', 'educational', 'institutions']
['learning', 'online', 'education', 'tools', 'provide']
['students', 'necessary', 'study', 'material', 'schedule', 'lectures']
['conduct', 'examinations', 'lockdown', 'acted']
['catalyst', 'teachers', 'adopt', 'online', 'tools', 'april']
['according', 'ministry', 'human', 'resource']
['development', 'india', 'platforms', 'diksha', 'pathshala']
['nroer', 'yantra', 'fossee', 'endeavors']
['government', 'educate', 'masses', 'online']
['swayam', 'initiative', 'indian', 'government']
['views', 'daily', 'other', 'online', 'methods', 'adopted']
['different', 'universities', 'across', 'india', 'video']
['audio', 'meetings', 'tools', 'gotomeeting']
['skype', 'bluejeans', 'webex', 'google', 'being']
['discussion', 'collaboration', 'boards']
['slack', 'flock', 'storage', 'sharing', 'files']
['supported', 'dropbox', 'nextcloud', 'document']
['presentation', 'spreadsheet', 'videos', 'using']
['suite', 'prezi', 'gitbook', 'confluence', 'office365']
['adobe', 'acrobat', 'teachers', 'adopting', 'using', 'elearning', 'techniques', 'tools', 'educate', 'students']
['analyze', 'efficacy', 'acceptability', 'teaching']
['provided', 'adopted', 'among', 'students', 'educational']
['institutions', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'india']
['conducting', 'survey', 'three', 'different', 'educational']
['institutions', 'google', 'classroom', 'microsoft']
['teams', 'objective', 'analyze', 'students']
['willing', 'adopt', 'learning', 'practices', 'their']
['classroom', 'learning', 'conducting', 'surveys', 'various']
['educational', 'institutions']
['while', 'conducting', 'surveys', 'three', 'educational']
['institutions', 'presumed', 'students']
['internet', 'connection', 'access', 'mobile', 'laptop']
['previous', 'knowledge', 'operate', 'mobile', 'phone']
['personal', 'digital', 'device', 'understood', 'default', 'language']
['platform', 'sampling', 'mapped']
['larger', 'scales', 'minimum', 'errors']
['study', 'thapar', 'institute', 'engineering']
['technology', 'patiala', 'india']
['thapar', 'institute', 'engineering', 'technology']
['private', 'engineering', 'college', 'located', 'patiala', 'punjab']
['india', 'educational', 'institution', 'offers', 'various', 'courses']
['different', 'fields', 'engineering', 'traditional', 'methods']
['classroom', 'teaching', 'whiteboard', 'blackboard']
['smart', 'board', 'enable', 'teachers', 'display']
['presentations', 'write', 'notes', 'laboratories']
['computers', 'necessary', 'hardware', 'software']
['provided', 'students', 'experimentation']
['performing', 'assignments', 'attendance', 'mandatory']
['course', 'course', 'official', 'website']
['where', 'course', 'coordinators', 'important', 'information']
['syllabus', 'marking', 'scheme', 'lecture', 'slides', 'laboratory']
['assignments', 'details', 'regarding', 'quizzes', 'tests']
['notified', 'students', 'group', 'representatives']
['update', 'course', 'semester', 'tests']
['semester', 'tests', 'conducted', 'every', 'semester', 'which']
['scheduled', 'according', 'sheet']
['available', 'portal', 'webkiosk', 'which']
['allocated', 'every', 'student', 'apart', 'these', 'official']
['websites', 'students', 'access', 'myherupa', 'initiative']
['taken', 'thapar', 'students', 'where', 'updates', 'regarding']
['coursework', 'subject', 'available']
['first', 'second', 'third', 'engineering']
['students', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'college']
['avani', 'agarwal', 'effect', 'learning', 'public', 'health', 'environment', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown']
['temporarily', 'classroom', 'activities']
['lectures', 'suspended', 'campus', 'students']
['teaching', 'faculty', 'members', 'their']
['homes', 'situated', 'college', 'teachers']
['university', 'learning', 'tools', 'methods']
['provide', 'education', 'online', 'students', 'lectures']
['recorded', 'shared', 'whatsapp', 'google']
['drive', 'links', 'videos', 'laboratory', 'assignments', 'prerecorded', 'uploaded', 'course', 'sites', 'teachers']
['scheduled', 'online', 'lectures', 'using', 'application']
['material', 'accessible', 'students', 'video']
['communication', 'provides', 'remote', 'conferencing', 'service']
['allows', 'video', 'conferencing', 'participants']
['forty', 'minutes', 'subscriptions']
['available', 'allow', 'participants', 'increase']
['limit', 'service', 'allows', 'video']
['conferencing', 'group', 'conferencing', 'allows', 'users']
['message', 'members', 'meeting', 'message']
['selective', 'group', 'people', 'providing', 'stimuli', 'activate']
['students', 'auditory', 'visual', 'senses', 'enhancing']
['replicating', 'their', 'person', 'interactions', 'slides']
['uploaded', 'course', 'students', 'notified']
['courses', 'image', 'processing', 'ucs615']
['innovation', 'entrepreneurship', 'uta012', 'thirdyear', 'students', 'pursuing', 'degree', 'computer']
['science', 'submitted', 'their', 'assignments', 'google', 'forums']
['google', 'circulated', 'among', 'students']
['thapar', 'institute', 'engineering', 'technology']
['where', 'students', 'answered', 'questions', 'regarding', 'elearning', 'platforms', 'educators', 'impart', 'education']
['online']
['study', 'national', 'institute', 'technology']
['hamirpur', 'india']
['national', 'institute', 'technology', 'public', 'college']
['located', 'hamirpur', 'himachal', 'pradesh', 'india']
['ministry', 'human', 'resource', 'development', 'india']
['funds', 'engineering', 'college', 'undergraduate']
['students', 'various', 'engineering', 'courses', 'campus']
['practices', 'include', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'using', 'tools']
['whiteboards', 'blackboards', 'teachers', 'sometimes']
['slides', 'deliver', 'their', 'lectures', 'apart', 'these']
['tools', 'there', 'portal', 'students', 'which']
['notifies', 'about', 'their', 'semester', 'grades', 'relevant']
['information', 'circulated', 'using', 'messaging', 'applications']
['whatsapp', 'smartphones', 'helps']
['material', 'accessible', 'students', 'study']
['material', 'available', 'conduct', 'tests', 'first']
['students', 'pursuing', 'degree', 'computer']
['vision', 'image', 'processing', 'during', 'covid']
['lockdown', 'google', 'classroom', 'adopted']
['important', 'feature', 'learning', 'thapar', 'institutes']
['preference', 'learning', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown']
['mining', 'analytics']
['response', 'question', 'whether', 'learning']
['methods', 'should', 'adopted', 'daily', 'classroom', 'teaching']
['institute', 'platform']
['google', 'classroom', 'while', 'using', 'suite']
['education', 'account', 'clicks', 'whether']
['teacher', 'student', 'suite', 'account']
['accredited', 'college', 'using', 'google', 'classroom']
['services', 'slides', 'uploaded', 'assignments']
['given', 'students', 'study', 'material', 'available']
['students', 'google', 'classroom']
['their', 'assignments', 'submitting', 'private']
['electronic', 'account', 'video', 'links', 'provided']
['using', 'google', 'classroom', 'marks', 'grades']
['students', 'available', 'platform', 'timed']
['scheduled', 'quizzes', 'being', 'conducted']
['platform', 'computer', 'vision', 'image', 'understanding']
['assignments', 'submitted', 'google', 'classroom']
['platform', 'survey', 'conducted', 'circulating']
['google', 'forum', 'among', 'first', 'students', 'pursuing']
['degree', 'computer', 'vision', 'feedback']
['viewpoint', 'students', 'learning', 'tools']
['teaching', 'being', 'provided', 'during', 'covid']
['lockdown']
['study', 'manav', 'rachna', 'international', 'school']
['mohali', 'india']
['manav', 'rachna', 'international', 'school', 'private', 'school']
['primary', 'secondary', 'education', 'school']
['traditional', 'tools', 'whiteboards', 'blackboards']
['teach', 'students', 'class', 'class']
['school', 'smart', 'boards', 'smart', 'class', 'projector']
['which', 'allow', 'teachers', 'display', 'slides', 'videos']
['interactive', 'content', 'students']
['pupils', 'class', 'notes', 'their', 'notebooks', 'these']
['notebooks', 'evaluative', 'checked', 'assigned']
['teacher', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'online']
['feature', 'google', 'classroom', 'according', 'national', 'institute', 'technology', 'hamirput', 'students']
['online', 'education', 'preferred', 'students']
['avani', 'agarwal', 'effect', 'learning', 'public', 'health', 'environment', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown']
['response', 'towards', 'learning', 'methods']
['education', 'office365', 'solution', 'provided']
['microsoft', 'products', 'provided', 'office365']
['educators', 'teachers', 'include', 'outlook', 'teams']
['excel', 'powerpoint', 'onenote', 'publisher']
['access', 'according', 'official', 'office365', 'website']
['school', 'using', 'learning', 'teams', 'provided']
['office365', 'lockdown', 'initiated', 'process']
['providing', 'official', 'teachers', 'students', 'using']
['manavrachna', 'teachers', 'various', 'teams']
['different', 'classes', 'option', 'allows', 'teachers']
['parents', 'students', 'either']
['making', 'group', 'students', 'selected']
['students', 'assignment', 'section', 'provided', 'teams']
['allows', 'teachers', 'assignments', 'design', 'notifies']
['teachers', 'student', 'viewed', 'assignment']
['turned', 'assignment', 'student']
['opened', 'assignment', 'displaying', 'turned']
['turned', 'respectively', 'students', 'submit']
['their', 'assignments', 'clicking', 'button']
['upload', 'their', 'solved', 'assignments', 'class', 'notebook']
['section', 'allows', 'students', 'solve', 'mathematics', 'questions']
['easily', 'friendly', 'design', 'allows', 'teachers']
['notebooks', 'however', 'students']
['their', 'notebook', 'quizzes', 'tasks', 'assigned']
['timed', 'bounds', 'facilitated']
['class', 'notebook', 'section', 'files', 'allows', 'teachers']
['relevant', 'study', 'material', 'reading', 'material']
['students', 'along', 'these', 'options']
['notifications', 'tasks']
['assignments', 'uploaded', 'teachers', 'different']
['subjects', 'students', 'class']
['class', 'surveyed', 'insight', 'about']
['acceptability', 'learning', 'tools', 'being', 'combat']
['covid', 'lockdown', 'among', 'young', 'children']
['years']
['results', 'study', 'thapar', 'institute']
['engineering', 'technology']
['students', 'pursuing', 'degree', 'different']
['majors', 'thapar', 'institute', 'technology']
['surveyed', 'students', 'surveyed', 'males']
['females', 'students', 'surveyed', 'thirdyear', 'students', 'going', 'fourth', 'while']
['students', 'surveyed', 'firstyear', 'second', 'fourth', 'students', 'respectively']
['although', 'number', 'female', 'students', 'surveyed']
['significantly', 'students', 'modal']
['choice', 'preferences', 'every', 'question', 'asked']
['survey', 'genders', 'hence']
['gender', 'influence', 'learning']
['survey', 'conducted', 'april', 'questions']
['included', 'important', 'feature', 'students']
['learning', 'platform', 'there', 'preferred', 'choice', 'online']
['education', 'tools', 'often', 'users', 'using']
['application', 'college', 'lectures', 'weekly']
['basis', 'users', 'satisfied', 'learning', 'methods']
['adopted', 'their', 'institution', 'thinks']
['educational', 'institutions', 'should', 'adopt', 'tools', 'provided']
['learning', 'platforms', 'daily', 'basis', 'students']
['students', 'regarded', 'quality', 'services']
['provided', 'learning', 'platforms', 'important', 'feature']
['while', 'students', 'students', 'support']
['accessibility', 'interface', 'respectively']
['other', 'students', 'regarded', 'price', 'point', 'learning']
['tools', 'important', 'feature', 'learning']
['platform', 'students', 'surveyed', 'preferred', 'prerecorded', 'video', 'lectures', 'provided', 'youtube', 'links']
['convenient', 'learning', 'recorder']
['lectures', 'provided', 'google', 'drive', 'links', 'slides']
['uploaded', 'course', 'sites', 'enjoyed', 'majority']
['students', 'students', 'respectively', 'observed']
['students', 'satisfied', 'learning', 'tools']
['however', 'students', 'satisfied', 'these']
['tools', 'students', 'agreed', 'using']
['application', 'lectures', 'least', 'three', 'times']
['majority', 'students']
['satisfied', 'learning', 'methods', 'adopted']
['institute', 'however', 'students', 'thought']
['educators', 'should', 'utilize', 'tools', 'provided', 'online']
['education', 'platforms', 'daily', 'table']
['mining', 'analytics']
['table', 'students', 'response', 'survey', 'conducted', 'regarding', 'learning', 'practices', 'adopted', 'teaching', 'faculty', 'thapar', 'institute']
['engineering', 'technology']
['detail']
['number']
['students']
[]
['number']
['males']
['nd126']
['number']
['females']
[]
['model']
['distribution']
['students']
['first', 'students']
[]
['second', 'students']
['third', 'students']
['fourth', 'students']
['important']
['feature', 'elearning', 'platform']
['multiple', 'choice']
['correct']
[]
['interface', 'important', 'feature']
['learning', 'platforms']
['quality', 'service']
['important']
['feature', 'elearning', 'platforms']
[]
['quality', 'service', 'important', 'feature']
['learning', 'platforms']
[]
['access', 'important', 'feature']
['learning', 'platforms']
['preferred', 'choice']
['learning']
['during', 'covid']
['lockdown', 'multiple']
['choice', 'correct']
[]
['recorded', 'lectures', 'shared', 'youtube', 'links']
['preferred', 'choice', 'online', 'education', 'tools']
['during', 'covid', 'lockdown']
[]
['recorded']
['lectures', 'shared']
['youtube', 'links']
['preferred']
['choice', 'online']
['education', 'tools']
['during', 'covid']
['lockdown']
[]
['recorded', 'lectures', 'shared', 'google', 'drive']
['links', 'preferred', 'choice', 'online', 'education']
['tools', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown']
[]
[]
['google', 'slides', 'uploaded', 'official', 'course']
['preferred', 'choice', 'online', 'education']
['tools', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown']
[]
[]
['lectures', 'using', 'application']
['preferred', 'choice', 'online', 'education', 'tools']
['during', 'covid', 'lockdown']
[]
['frequently']
[]
['application']
['weekly', 'access']
['lectures', 'single']
['choice', 'correct']
[]
['application', 'least', 'thrice']
['access', 'lectures']
['application']
['least', 'thrice']
['access']
['lectures']
[]
['application', 'twice', 'access']
['lectures']
[]
['application', 'access']
['lectures']
['student', 'satisfied']
['learning']
['tools', 'adopted']
['institute', 'during']
['covid', 'lockdown']
['single', 'choice', 'correct']
[]
['satisfied', 'learning', 'methods']
['adopted', 'institute', 'during', 'covid']
['lockdown']
[]
['satisfied']
['learning']
['methods', 'adopted']
['institute']
['during', 'covid']
['lockdown']
[]
['satisfied', 'satisfied', 'elearning', 'methods', 'adopted', 'institute']
['during', 'covid', 'lockdown']
[]
['should', 'learning']
['tools', 'adopted']
['daily', 'classroom']
['teaching', 'single']
['choice', 'correct']
[]
['learning', 'tools', 'should', 'adopted']
['daily', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'learning', 'tools']
['should']
['adopted', 'daily']
['classroom', 'teaching']
['learning', 'tools', 'should', 'adopted', 'daily']
['classroom', 'teaching']
['results', 'study', 'national', 'institute']
['technology', 'hamirpur']
['sixteen', 'first', 'students', 'pursuing', 'computer', 'vision']
['surveyed', 'april', 'students']
['females', 'males', 'table', 'shows']
['survey', 'google', 'classroom', 'services', 'being']
['during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'questions', 'included']
['survey', 'google', 'classroom', 'helpful']
['teaching', 'outside', 'classroom']
['feature', 'google', 'classroom', 'according', 'students']
['students', 'satisfied', 'google', 'classroom', 'teaching']
['submission', 'assignment', 'computer', 'vision']
['image', 'processing', 'using', 'google', 'classroom']
['convenient', 'conduct', 'quizzes']
['online', 'platform', 'access', 'google', 'classroom']
['material', 'laptop', 'mobile', 'devices', 'preferred']
['avani', 'agarwal', 'effect', 'learning', 'public', 'health', 'environment', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown']
['table', 'students', 'response', 'survey', 'conducted', 'regarding', 'learning', 'practices', 'adopted', 'teaching', 'faculty', 'national']
['institution', 'technology', 'hamirpur']
['detail']
['number', 'students']
[]
['number', 'males']
[]
['number', 'females']
[]
['important']
['feature', 'elearning', 'platform']
['multiple', 'choice']
['correct']
[]
['accessibility']
['critical', 'feature', 'learning', 'platforms']
[]
['interface', 'essential', 'feature']
['learning', 'platforms']
[]
['quality', 'services', 'crucial']
['feature', 'learning', 'platforms']
['preferred', 'choice']
['learning', 'during']
['covid', 'lockdown']
['other', 'google']
['classroom', 'multiple']
['choice', 'correct']
[]
['recorded', 'lectures', 'shared']
['youtube', 'links', 'preferred', 'choice']
['online', 'education', 'tools', 'during']
['covid', 'lockdown']
[]
[]
['recorded', 'lectures', 'shared']
['google', 'drive', 'links', 'preferred']
['choice', 'online', 'education', 'tools']
['during', 'covid', 'lockdown']
[]
[]
['lectures', 'google']
['preferred', 'choice', 'online']
['education', 'tools', 'during', 'covid']
['lockdown']
[]
['benefits']
['learning']
['multiple', 'choice']
['correct']
[]
['online', 'learning', 'there']
['access']
[]
['online', 'learning', 'there']
['consistency']
[]
['online', 'learning', 'schedule']
['flexible']
[]
['online', 'learning', 'there']
['limited', 'resources']
['student', 'satisfied']
['learning']
['tools', 'adopted']
['institute', 'during']
['covid', 'lockdown']
['single', 'choice', 'correct']
[]
['satisfied', 'satisfied']
['learning', 'methods', 'adopted']
['institute', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown']
[]
[]
['satisfied', 'learning']
['methods', 'adopted', 'institute']
['during', 'covid', 'lockdown']
[]
['should', 'features']
['online', 'learning']
['adopted', 'daily']
['classroom', 'teaching']
['single', 'choice', 'correct']
[]
['features', 'online', 'learning']
['should', 'adopted', 'daily']
['classroom', 'teaching']
[]
[]
['features', 'online', 'learning']
['should', 'adopted', 'daily']
['classroom', 'teaching']
[]
['access', 'google', 'classroom', 'feature']
['platform', 'provided', 'according', 'students']
['another', 'online', 'educational', 'students', 'preferred']
['advantages', 'online', 'education', 'according']
['students', 'students', 'satisfied', 'online']
['learning', 'adopted', 'university', 'students']
['wanted', 'incorporate', 'features', 'online', 'education']
['daily', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'questions']
['responses', 'recorded', 'scale', 'being']
['unsatisfactory', 'being', 'satisfactory']
['students', 'surveyed', 'thought', 'accessibility']
['feature', 'google', 'classroom', 'prerecorded', 'lectures', 'shared', 'youtube', 'links', 'enjoyed']
['majority', 'students', 'preferred', 'online']
['education', 'table', 'majority', 'students']
['voted', 'flexibility', 'schedule', 'advantage']
['online', 'education']
['results', 'study', 'manav', 'rachna']
['international', 'school']
['table', 'shows', 'survey', 'conducted', 'manav', 'rachna']
['mining', 'analytics']
['table', 'students', 'response', 'survey', 'conducted', 'regarding', 'google', 'classroom', 'practices', 'adopted', 'teaching', 'faculty', 'national']
['institute', 'technology', 'hamirpur', 'scale', 'being', 'maximum', 'values', 'averaged']
['number', 'students']
[]
['number', 'males']
[]
['number', 'females']
[]
[]
['google', 'classroom', 'helped', 'teaching', 'outside']
['classroom']
[]
['students', 'satisfied', 'google', 'classroom']
['learning', 'during', 'covid']
['lockdown']
[]
[]
['submission', 'digital', 'image', 'processing']
['assignments', 'using', 'google', 'classroom']
['convenient']
[]
[]
['convenient', 'answer', 'quizzes', 'google']
['classroom']
[]
['access', 'learning', 'material', 'google']
['classroom']
[]
['easier', 'google', 'classroom']
['laptop', 'mobile']
['table', 'students', 'response', 'survey', 'conducted', 'regarding', 'learning', 'practices', 'adopted', 'teaching', 'faculty', 'manav', 'rachna']
['international', 'school', 'mohali']
['detail']
['number']
['students']
[]
['number']
['males']
[]
['number']
['females']
[]
['students', 'division', 'among']
['various', 'levels', 'nursery']
['class']
['nursery', 'kindergarten']
['grades']
['grades']
['students', 'satisfied']
['microsoft', 'teams']
['being', 'during', 'covid19', 'lockdown', 'single']
['answer', 'correct']
[]
['students', 'satisfied', 'satisfied']
['microsoft', 'being', 'during', 'covid']
['lockdown']
[]
[]
['students', 'satisfied', 'microsoft', 'teams']
['being', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown']
['features', 'microsoft']
['teams', 'preferred']
['students', 'multiple', 'answers']
['correct']
[]
['students', 'feature', 'supported']
['teams']
[]
['students', 'assignment', 'feature']
['supported', 'teams']
[]
['students', 'section', 'feature']
['supported', 'teams']
[]
['students', 'files', 'section', 'feature', 'supported']
['teams']
[]
['students', 'class', 'notebook', 'feature']
['supported', 'teams']
['students', 'achieve']
['their', 'learning', 'outcomes']
['through', 'learning', 'single']
['choice', 'correct']
[]
['achieve', 'required']
['learning', 'outputs', 'these', 'sessions']
[]
['achieve', 'required']
['learning', 'outputs', 'these', 'sessions']
['benefits', 'elearning', 'multiple', 'choice']
['correct']
['online', 'learning', 'there', 'access']
['online', 'learning', 'schedule', 'flexible']
[]
['online', 'learning', 'there', 'interactive']
['content']
[]
['should', 'features', 'online']
['learning', 'adopted']
['daily', 'classroom', 'teaching']
['single', 'choice', 'correct']
[]
['features', 'online', 'learning', 'should']
['adopted', 'daily', 'classroom', 'teaching']
[]
['features', 'online', 'learning', 'should']
['adopted', 'daily', 'classroom', 'teaching']
['avani', 'agarwal', 'effect', 'learning', 'public', 'health', 'environment', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown']
['international', 'school', 'mohali', 'india', 'students']
['surveyed', 'students', 'males']
['students', 'females', 'students']
['satisfied', 'microsoft', 'teams', 'being']
['during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'students', 'preferred']
['interaction', 'personalization', 'students']
['favored', 'option', 'microsoft', 'teams']
['application']
['students', 'liked', 'assignment', 'section', 'files']
['class', 'notebook', 'feature', 'respectively']
['students', 'could', 'achieve', 'their', 'learning']
['outcomes', 'microsoft', 'teams', 'application', 'being']
['during', 'covid', 'lockdown']
['students', 'access', 'flexibility']
['schedule', 'interactive', 'sized', 'content']
['benefits', 'learning', 'platforms', 'students']
['favor', 'adoption', 'online', 'learning', 'tools', 'daily']
['classroom', 'teaching', 'table']
['results', 'three', 'studies']
['three', 'institutions', 'majority', 'agreed']
['adopting', 'learning', 'practices', 'daily', 'classroom']
['education', 'students', 'preference']
['leaning', 'recorded', 'lectures', 'youtube']
['links', 'students', 'preference']
['recorded', 'lectures', 'youtube', 'links', 'apart']
['google', 'classroom', 'preferred', 'choice', 'learning']
['majority', 'students', 'manav', 'rachna', 'international']
['school', 'found', 'access']
['advantage', 'learning', 'platforms', 'surveys']
['students', 'three', 'educations']
['would', 'features', 'learning', 'tools']
['adopted', 'daily', 'classroom', 'education']
['conclusion']
['paper', 'initially', 'impact', 'covid']
['lockdown', 'discussed', 'environment', 'thereafter']
['impact', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'discussed']
['health', 'students', 'researchers', 'finally', 'elearning', 'environment', 'three', 'educational', 'institutions']
['during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'discussed']
['google', 'classroom', 'microsoft', 'teams']
['being', 'previously', 'manav']
['rachna', 'international', 'school', 'respectively', 'student']
['preferences', 'choices', 'successfully', 'identified']
['noted', 'three', 'institutions', 'conducting', 'surveys']
['surveys', 'students']
['three', 'educations', 'would', 'features']
['learning', 'tools', 'adopted', 'daily']
['classroom', 'teaching', 'manav', 'rachna']
['international', 'school', 'successfully', 'identified']
['students', 'enjoyed', 'access', 'material']
['learning', 'tools', 'tools', 'thought']
['incorporated', 'daily', 'classroom', 'teaching']
['students', 'already', 'online', 'portals', 'where', 'information']
['updated', 'regularly', 'apart', 'students']
['manav', 'rachna', 'international', 'school', 'satisfied']
['learning', 'platforms', 'being', 'during']
['covid', 'lockdown', 'survey', 'conducted']
['thapar', 'institution', 'engineering', 'technology']
['students']
['satisfied', 'learning', 'practices', 'being']
['their', 'institution', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown']
['students', 'still', 'willing', 'incorporate', 'learning']
['practices', 'their', 'daily', 'classroom', 'education']
['three', 'surveys', 'conducted']
['majority', 'students', 'eager', 'adopt', 'learning']
['platform', 'features', 'their', 'regular', 'classroom', 'teaching']
['students', 'students']
['learning', 'platforms', 'features', 'should']
['integrated', 'daily', 'classroom', 'teaching']
['maximum', 'number', 'students']
['universities', 'preferred', 'recorded', 'lectures', 'being']
['provided', 'youtube', 'links', 'preferred', 'means']
['learning', 'practice', 'during', 'covid', 'youtube', 'links']
['allow', 'students', 'access', 'videos']
['making', 'material', 'easily', 'accessible', 'providing']
['flexibility', 'schedule', 'students']
['answered', 'prefer', 'feature', 'online', 'education']
['supported', 'access', 'supported']
['flexibility', 'schedule', 'students', 'preferred']
['table', 'students', 'three', 'institutions', 'respond', 'adoption', 'learning', 'practices', 'daily', 'classroom', 'education']
['detail', 'number', 'students']
[]
['number']
['males']
['number']
['females']
['should', 'features']
['online', 'learning']
['adopted']
['daily', 'classroom']
['teaching', 'single']
['choice', 'correct']
[]
['features', 'online', 'learning']
['should', 'adopted']
['daily', 'classroom', 'teaching']
[]
['features']
['online', 'learning']
['should']
['adopted']
['daily', 'classroom']
['teaching']
[]
['features', 'online', 'learning']
['should', 'adopted', 'daily']
['classroom', 'teaching']
[]
['mining', 'analytics']
['interaction', 'personalization', 'students']
['favored', 'option', 'microsoft', 'teams']
['application', 'manav', 'rachna', 'international', 'school']
['national', 'institute', 'technology', 'hamirpur']
['students', 'satisfied', 'google', 'classroom']
['practices', 'adopted', 'their', 'institution', 'manav', 'rachna']
['international', 'school', 'mohali', 'students']
['satisfied', 'microsoft', 'teams', 'platform', 'adopted']
['during', 'covid', 'platform']
['access', 'these', 'platforms', 'mobile', 'device']
['internet', 'connection', 'required', 'necessary']
['student', 'proficient', 'english', 'language']
['which', 'standard', 'default', 'language']
['learning', 'platforms', 'there', 'million', 'internet']
['connections', 'india', 'making', 'second', 'largest', 'online']
['market', 'world', 'after', 'china', 'during', 'covid19', 'lockdown', 'india', 'institutions', 'adopted']
['learning', 'practices', 'world', 'moving', 'towards']
['digitization', 'covid', 'catalyst']
['education', 'online', 'students', 'teachers', 'using']
['these', 'services', 'educate', 'themselves', 'masses']
['problems', 'solutions', 'discovered', 'which']
['popularize', 'online', 'education', 'india', 'future']
['studies', 'three', 'studies', 'choices']
['preferences', 'students', 'should', 'implemented']
['learning', 'platforms', 'depth', 'analysis', 'student']
['behavior', 'their', 'choices', 'regarding', 'interface']
['flexibility', 'should', 'underscored']
['new_paper']
['proactive', 'practical', 'covid']
['testing', 'strategy']
[]
['beijing', '100870', 'china']
['shiqi']
['beijing', '100870', 'china']
['qiang']
['beijing', '100870', 'china']
['huitao']
['zhejiang', 'hangzhou', '311122', 'china']
['corresponding', 'author']
['3017648']
['abstract', 'reopen', 'economy', 'safely', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['governments', 'capability', 'proactively', 'identify', 'often']
['asymptomatic', 'infections', 'contact', 'tracing', 'policymakers', 'public']
['health', 'professionals', 'sampling', 'testing', 'method', 'achieve', 'broad']
['population', 'coverage', 'without', 'overwhelming', 'medical', 'workers', 'observe']
['covid', 'groups', 'located', 'cliques', 'social', 'network', 'formed', 'close', 'encounters', 'people', 'during', 'daily']
['these', 'individuals', 'facto', 'canary', 'propose']
['nations', 'offer', 'anonymous', 'testing', 'service', 'source']
['computer', 'algorithms', 'datasets', 'small', 'fraction', 'population']
['selected', 'covid', 'testing', 'cover', 'majority', 'exposure']
['individuals', 'sampled', 'testing', 'megacity', 'covers', 'entire']
['population', 'sampled', 'testing', 'rural', 'covers', 'entire']
['population', 'government', 'oversight', 'public', 'consent', 'approach']
['serve', 'province', 'state', 'township', 'decentralized', 'daily', 'testing']
['planning', 'however', 'protect', 'privacy', 'recommend', 'constructing', 'social', 'network', 'anonymized', 'cellphones', 'named', 'individuals']
['infrastructure', 'should', 'dismantled', 'pandemic', 'largely']
['achieved', 'policymakers', 'health', 'workers', 'engineers', 'together']
['solidarity']
['words', 'covid', 'decisions', 'under', 'uncertainty', 'social']
['networks', 'network', 'theory', 'sampling', 'strategy']
['problem', 'formulation']
['covid', 'pandemic']
['global', 'governments', 'dilemma']
['before', 'social', 'distancing', 'orders', 'rapid', 'chain', 'infection']
['happened', 'strict', 'orders']
['lives', 'economic']
['recession', 'public', 'opinions']
['growing', 'increasingly', 'polarized']
['armed', 'protesting']
['economy', 'collapses', 'nation']
['ensuing', 'unemployment']
['social', 'unrest', 'expose']
['fragile', 'families', 'pandemic']
['reopening', 'economy', 'safely']
['necessary', 'public', 'health', 'policy']
['however', 'recklessly', 'loosening']
['policies', 'reopening']
['economy', 'nations']
['risky', 'asymptomatic', 'covid']
['patients', 'infect', 'others', 'offices']
['onboard', 'public', 'transportation']
['droplets', 'aerosols', 'people']
['talking', 'carry', 'virus']
['chain', 'community', 'infection']
['undetected', 'wildfire']
['hospitals', 'again', 'overwhelmed']
['pandemic', 'become']
['endemic', 'prerequisite']
['reopening', 'economy', 'ability']
['rapidly', 'identify', 'cases', 'among']
['asymptomatic', 'population']
['enables', 'contact', 'tracing', 'community']
['infection', 'subsequent', 'containing']
['local', 'outbreaks', 'there', 'other']
['prerequisites', 'declining']
['number', 'patients', 'universal']
['availability', 'which']
['important', 'discussed']
['study']
['gates', 'prescribed']
['drastically', 'increase', 'nucleic', 'testing']
['capability', 'covid']
['engineering', 'management', 'review', 'third', 'quarter', 'september']
['licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'meanwhile', 'harvard', 'panel', 'report']
['proposed', 'daily', 'proactive', 'testing']
['million', 'people', 'united', 'states']
['alone', 'total', 'population']
['study', 'specify']
['estimation']
['estimation']
['challenge', 'testing', 'capability']
['production']
['distribution']
['crucially', 'logistics', 'actual']
['tests', 'there', 'might', 'enough']
['medical', 'workers', 'technicians']
['conduct', 'million', 'tests']
['advocate', 'universal']
['weekly', 'random', 'testing']
['population', 'reach']
['coverage', 'translates']
['daily', 'testing', 'entire', 'population']
['logistic', 'challenge']
['similar', 'random']
['sampling', 'schemes', 'being']
['developed', 'india', 'however']
['these', 'testing', 'schemes']
['materialized', 'since', 'their', 'conception']
['probably', 'because']
['governments', 'impractical']
['logistical', 'challenge']
['readily', 'solved', 'selected']
['sample', 'total']
['population', 'needed', 'tested']
['daily', 'weekly', 'megacities']
['united', 'states', 'europe']
['china', 'already', 'testing']
['capacity']
['propose', 'daily', 'testing']
['small', 'subset', 'asymptomatic']
['population', 'specifically', 'targeting']
['cliques', 'social']
['network', 'anonymous', 'cellphones']
['result', 'comes', 'positive']
['people', 'around', 'further']
['testing', 'contact', 'tracing', 'social', 'network', 'anonymous']
['cellphones', 'given', 'during']
['given', 'period', 'consists', 'vertices']
['links', 'vertices']
['cellphones', 'carried', 'their', 'owners']
['active', 'economy', 'links']
['among', 'indicate', 'significant', 'close']
['encounter', 'working']
['office', 'living', 'house']
['sharing']
['following', 'graph', 'illustrates']
['simple', 'social', 'network', 'three']
['young', 'working', 'professionals']
['giuseppe', 'small']
['consulting', 'shares']
['house', 'partner']
['group', 'people']
['office', 'daily', 'giuseppe', 'shares', 'house']
['parents', 'siblings']
['drives', 'alone', 'office', 'daily']
['lives', 'alone', 'condo', 'takes']
['metro', 'office', 'daily']
['people', 'train']
['social', 'network', 'graph']
['denote', 'family', 'members']
['denote', 'commuters']
['daily', 'simplicity', 'assume']
['other', 'family', 'members', 'strictly']
['commuters', 'interact']
['people']
['graph', 'asymptomatic']
['given', 'social', 'network']
['should', 'administer', 'covid']
['tests', 'three']
['available', 'every', 'about']
['meager']
['might']
['reserve', 'testing', 'people']
['exposed', 'virus']
['highest', 'potential', 'infect']
['others', 'often', 'people']
['criteria', 'naturally']
['would', 'choose', 'first']
['giuseppe', 'because']
['connect', 'people', 'others']
['highest', 'exposure']
['because', 'packed', 'subway']
['dozens', 'commuters']
['should']
['available', 'opinion']
['municipality', 'office', 'should']
['tools', 'automatically']
['analyze', 'social', 'networks']
['provide', 'testing', 'service']
['individuals', 'highest', 'exposure']
['risks']
['there', 'exists', 'scale', 'study']
['covid', 'exposure', 'individuals']
['patients', 'existing', 'medical', 'conditions']
['highest', 'death', 'infected']
['necessarily', 'highest', 'exposure']
['chances', 'before', 'getting']
['observed', 'types', 'people']
['might', 'exposed']
['covid', 'their', 'distinctive', 'social', 'network', 'niches', 'could']
['focus', 'limited', 'testing', 'capabilities']
[]
['around', 'world', 'senior', 'government']
['officials', 'disproportionately']
['covid', 'includes']
['prime', 'ministers', 'britain', 'russia']
['first', 'ladies', 'spain', 'canada']
['first', 'family', 'brazil', 'countless']
['ministers', 'around', 'world', 'likely']
['situation', 'resulted', 'their', 'daily']
['schedule', 'large', 'number']
['people', 'often', 'internationally']
['other', 'words', 'social', 'network', 'exposed']
['infection', 'risks', 'sense']
['canary', 'timely']
['testing', 'could']
['their', 'local', 'communities']
['people', 'spending', 'hours']
['close', 'quarters', 'horrendous']
['local', 'outbreaks', 'covid']
['known', 'cases', 'include']
['diamond', 'princess', 'theodore']
['roosevelt']
['hospital', 'wards', 'retirement', 'homes']
['factories', 'prisons', 'around']
['world', 'social', 'network']
['these', 'communities', 'known']
['clique', 'because', 'member']
['within', 'close', 'vicinity', 'other']
['members', 'therefore', 'socially']
['interconnected', 'cliques']
['often', 'exposed', 'airborne', 'droplets']
['carrying', 'virus', 'which', 'leads']
['unusually', 'percentages', 'local']
['infection']
['identify']
['social', 'network', 'workforce']
['embracing', 'economic', 'reopening']
['clique', 'people', 'daily']
['covid', 'testing', 'though']
['asymptomatic']
['clique', 'individual', 'turns', 'positive']
['covid', 'social', 'network']
['immediate', 'daily', 'interaction']
['circle', 'needs', 'tested']
['patients', 'quarantined', 'argue']
['efficient', 'sampling', 'strategy']
['engineering', 'management', 'review', 'third', 'quarter', 'september', '2020for', 'covid', 'testing', 'reopened']
['economy']
['logistical']
['constraints', 'testing', 'cities']
['afford', 'daily']
['workforce', 'others', 'afford']
['which', 'testing', 'percentage']
['sufficient', 'measure']
['sufficiency']
['perform', 'rapid', 'assessment']
['daily', 'basis']
['methodology']
['experiment']
['address', 'abovementioned']
['questions', 'conducted', 'pilot', 'study']
['using', 'existing', 'social', 'network', 'tools']
['world', 'social', 'network']
['datasets', 'simplest', 'approach']
['single', 'individuals']
['links', 'social', 'network']
['testing', 'problem']
['approach', 'those', 'individuals']
['often', 'local', 'community']
['highly', 'overlapped']
['social', 'networks', 'example']
['doctors', 'nurses', 'working']
['congress']
['members', 'nation']
['concentrate', 'testing', 'resources']
[]
['picture', 'population']
['social', 'inequality', 'issue']
['individuals']
['links', 'social']
['network', 'while', 'individuals', 'directly']
['linked', 'cover', 'maximum']
['percentage', 'population']
['achieved', 'dividing', 'social', 'network', 'cities']
['wuhan', 'small']
['communities', 'cliques']
['identify', 'community']
['unfortunately', 'mathematics']
['computer', 'science', 'problem']
['exact', 'optimal']
['solution', 'takes', 'exponentially']
['computation']
['population', 'grows', 'there', 'exist']
['heuristic', 'solutions', 'produce']
['imperfect', 'useable', 'solutions']
['limited', 'budget', 'these', 'solutions']
['developed']
['decades', 'analyze', 'social']
['networks', 'internet', 'traffic']
['these', 'algorithms']
['workhorses', 'behind', 'internet', 'search']
['engines', 'google']
['microsoft']
['heuristic', 'algorithms', 'examined']
['developed', 'academia']
['source', 'share', 'crude']
['simple', 'python', 'snippets']
['these', 'models']
['world', 'datasets']
['public', 'health', 'sector', 'integrate']
['these', 'methods', 'without', 'hiccups']
['pilot', 'study', 'algorithms']
['analyze', 'social', 'networks']
['millions', 'vertices', 'people', 'several']
['minutes', 'linux', 'workstation']
['indicates', 'feasibility']
['decentralized', 'operations']
['municipality', 'without', 'additional']
['charges']
['louvain', 'algorithm', 'created']
['blondel']
['university', 'louvain', 'belgium']
['bottom', 'clustering', 'algorithm']
['communities', 'large', 'small', 'often']
['different', 'metis', 'algorithm']
['created', 'karypis']
['kumar', 'university']
['minnesota', 'enables', 'parallel', 'processing', 'partition', 'social']
['networks', 'communities', 'similar']
['figure', 'selecting', 'sample', 'social', 'network', 'sizes']
['figure', 'sample', 'social', 'network', 'small', 'consulting', 'company']
['proactive', 'practical', 'covid', 'testing', 'strategy', '65the', 'first', 'dataset', 'tested']
['googleþ', 'social', 'network', 'dataset']
['including', 'people']
['links', 'among', 'average']
['person', 'connected']
['others', 'number', 'comparable']
['number', 'people', 'working']
['professional', 'meets', 'daily']
['metropolis', 'using', 'public']
['transportation', 'densely']
['connected', 'network']
['second', 'dataset', 'tested']
['internet', 'server', 'topology', 'dataset']
['originally', 'assembled', 'study']
['transmission', 'computer', 'viruses']
['vertices', 'machines']
['links', 'among']
['average', 'machine', 'connected']
['others', 'number']
['comparable', 'number', 'people']
['working', 'professional', 'meets', 'daily']
['small', 'without', 'using', 'public']
['transportation', 'sparsely']
['connected', 'network']
['clear', 'assume']
['covid', 'transmits', 'along', 'cyber', 'social', 'networks', 'consider']
['datasets', 'previously', 'because']
['network', 'structures', 'similar']
['social', 'networks', 'workforce']
['which', 'close', 'range', 'physical']
['interactions', 'daily', 'reopened']
['economy']
['study', 'designed', 'following']
['steps', 'first', 'partition']
['network', 'datasets', 'clusters']
['using', 'metis', 'algorithm']
['louvain', 'algorithm']
['cluster', 'single', 'individuals']
['connections']
['within', 'cluster', 'total']
[]
['individuals', 'chosen', 'covid']
['testing', 'simpler', 'baseline', 'choice']
['single']
['individuals']
['connection', 'links']
['complete', 'social', 'network']
['adopted', 'value', 'parameter']
['total', 'number', 'individuals']
['divided']
['total', 'amount', 'individuals', 'chosen']
[]
['percentage', 'total']
['population', 'evaluation', 'metric']
['coverage', 'tested', 'individuals']
['defined', 'number', 'individuals']
['immediately', 'linked', 'tested']
['individuals', 'divided', 'total']
['number', 'individuals', 'steps']
['illustrated', 'figure', 'using']
['sample', 'described', 'figure']
['findings']
['following', 'tables']
['coverage', 'rates', 'three', 'different']
['algorithms', 'world']
['datasets', 'extent']
['social', 'network']
['sampling', 'testing', 'cover']
['population', 'reopened', 'economy']
['coverage', 'percentages']
['calculated', 'percentage']
['people', 'close', 'contacts']
['covid', 'subjects']
['general', 'population']
['datasets', 'sampling']
['percentages', 'metis', 'algorithm']
['steadily', 'outperforms', 'other', 'algorithms']
['terms', 'coverage']
['indicate', 'louvain']
['algorithm', 'inferior', 'designed']
['identify', 'natural', 'looking']
['subcommunities', 'large', 'small']
['suitable', 'would']
['visualize', 'trace', 'local', 'community']
['transmission']
['densely', 'connected', 'googleþ']
['dataset', 'indeed', 'running']
['simulation', 'urban']
['wuhan', 'results', 'listed']
['table', 'indicates', 'metis']
['algorithm', 'sample']
['population', 'effectively', 'represent']
['table', 'coverage', 'percentage', 'social', 'network', 'sampling']
['skitter', 'dataset']
['table', 'coverage', 'percentage', 'social', 'network', 'sampling']
['googleþ', 'dataset']
['engineering', 'management', 'review', 'third', 'quarter', 'september', '2020an', 'immediate', 'connection', 'coverage']
['population', 'sampling']
['population']
['effectively', 'represent', 'immediate', 'connection', 'coverage']
['population', 'beyond', 'sampling']
['extra', 'sampling', 'testing', 'offer']
['marginal', 'benefit']
['sparsely', 'connected', 'skitter']
['dataset', 'indeed', 'running']
['simulation', 'quiet', 'small']
['ithaca', 'upstate']
['suifenhe', 'china', 'results', 'listed']
['table', 'indicates', 'metis']
['algorithm', 'sample']
['population', 'effectively', 'represent']
['immediate', 'connection', 'coverage']
['population', 'sampling']
['population']
['effectively', 'represent', 'immediate', 'connection', 'coverage']
['population', 'beyond', 'sampling']
['extra', 'sampling', 'testing', 'offer']
['marginal', 'benefit']
['discussions']
['summary', 'study', 'shows']
['highly', 'efficient', 'sampling', 'testing']
['tracing', 'scheme', 'achieved']
['constructing', 'social', 'network']
['township', 'safeguarding']
['economy', 'reopening', 'busier']
['smaller', 'percentage']
['covid']
['estimate', 'monitor']
['covid', 'transmission', 'covering']
['majority', 'population']
['sampling']
['covid', 'happening', 'rather']
['realistic', 'managed', 'occurrence']
['covid', 'approach']
['arguably', 'important']
['universal', 'wearing', 'masks']
[]
['pilot', 'study', 'assumes', 'social', 'network', 'dataset']
['township', 'constructed', 'every']
['indeed', 'public']
['consensus', 'government']
['oversight', 'cellphones', 'currently']
['produce', 'multiple', 'location', 'tracking']
['streams', 'including']
['telecommunication', 'tracking']
['operating', 'system', 'tracking']
['based', 'tracking', 'nation']
['cellphone', 'service', 'providers']
['acquire', 'coarse', 'resolution', 'tracking']
['streams', 'triangulation']
['stations', 'operating']
['system', 'tracking', 'stream', 'exists']
['android', 'phone', 'iphone']
['essential', 'service', 'integrating']
['signals', 'addition']
['cellphone']
['market', 'various', 'precision']
['location', 'service', 'google']
['baidu']
['tencent']
['location', 'tracking']
['computes', 'signal', 'along']
['current']
['records', 'location', 'unique']
['cellphone', 'individual']
['persons', 'these', 'records']
['highly', 'confidential', 'literally']
['guarded', 'european']
['against', 'wanton', 'usage']
['societies', 'already', 'embraced']
['their', 'usages']
['google', 'traffic', 'alert', 'hence']
['social', 'network', 'anonymous']
['cellphones', 'quickly', 'computed']
['existing', 'streams']
['right', 'permission', 'clearance']
['study', 'advocate', 'collecting']
['cellphone', 'location', 'personal']
[]
['social', 'network', 'could']
['constructed', 'through', 'another']
['process', 'arguably', 'intrusive']
['google', 'apple', 'developing']
['bluetooth', 'contact', 'alert', 'service']
['whether']
['phone', 'within', 'bluetooth']
['distance', 'covid', 'patient']
['phone', 'recently', 'however']
['feature', 'valid', 'everyone']
['turns', 'bluetooth']
['eventually']
['effort', 'largely']
['location', 'sitting']
['telecommunication', 'service', 'providers']
['giants', 'general', 'public']
['national', 'governments']
['discuss', 'decide', 'whether']
['during', 'pandemic']
['people', 'valid', 'reasons']
['worry', 'about', 'privacy', 'these']
['normal', 'times']
['moral', 'usages', 'require']
['mandatory', 'erasure']
['personal', 'details', 'dataset']
['render', 'anonymous', 'except']
['oneself', 'example', 'citizen']
['herself']
['social', 'network']
['wants', 'without']
['endangering', 'coworkers']
['needs', 'covid']
['patient', 'comes']
['positive', 'people']
['recent', 'interaction']
['right', 'notified', 'their']
['phones', 'automatic', 'contact', 'tracing']
['technology', 'instead']
['spreading', 'medical']
['workforce', 'field']
['pandemic', 'about', 'fully']
['eliminated']
['infrastructure', 'should', 'dismantled']
['abused', 'peacetime']
['logistically', 'feasible']
['local', 'facilities', 'operate', 'daily']
['routine', 'first', 'every', 'night', 'local']
['locational', 'flows', 'either']
['telecommunication', 'providers']
['giants', 'construct', 'social', 'network', 'previous']
['residents', 'identified']
['network']
['morning']
['message', 'notification', 'quick']
['before', 'showing', 'testing']
['capacities', 'region', 'region']
['developed', 'nations', 'might', 'afford']
['every', 'developing']
['nations', 'might', 'afford']
['either', 'helps']
['further', 'alleviate', 'pressure']
['logistics', 'nations', 'consider']
['recent', 'practice', 'wuhan']
['china', 'during']
['nasal', 'swabs', 'multiple', 'persons']
['neighborhood']
['mixed', 'testing']
['known', 'pooled', 'testing', 'reduces']
['logistics', 'pressure', 'testing']
['compared']
['proactive', 'practical', 'covid', 'testing', 'strategy', '67conducting']
['individual', 'united', 'states']
['importance', 'pooled', 'testing']
['gaining', 'recognition']
['implemented', 'masse']
['pooled', 'testing', 'social']
['network', 'sampling', 'boost']
['other', 'first', 'batch']
['pooled', 'testing', 'consist']
['individuals', 'clique']
['social', 'network', 'because']
['share', 'similar', 'risks', 'infection']
['second', 'testing', 'resources']
['scarce', 'pooled', 'testing']
['selected', 'social']
['network', 'highly', 'efficient', 'third']
['tracing', 'infection', 'chains']
['achieved', 'social', 'networks']
['after', 'pooled', 'testing']
['another', 'possibility', 'improve']
['approach', 'integrate', 'infection']
['population', 'groups', 'social', 'network', 'vanilla', 'social']
['network', 'measure', 'chance']
['exposure', 'infection']
['multiplied', 'infection']
['groups', 'measure', 'chance']
['infection']
['around', 'world', 'pilot', 'experiments']
['locational', 'tracking', 'fight']
['pandemic', 'sprouting', 'example']
['israel', 'south', 'korea']
['china', 'china', 'alibaba']
['tencent', 'scrambled']
['government', 'oversight', 'creating']
['location', 'based', 'health', 'checkup']
['starting', 'january']
['initial', 'version', 'online', 'february']
['after', 'weeks', 'intensive']
['development', 'trace']
['location', 'blocks']
['whether']
['covid', 'zones']
['majority', 'chinese']
['public', 'chose', 'adopt']
['infrastructure', 'along', 'other']
['measures', 'universal', 'wearing', 'quarantines']
['contributed', 'significantly']
['chinese', 'effort', 'containing']
['almost', 'total', 'elimination', 'covid']
['effort', 'released', 'openly']
['technical', 'whitepapers']
['however', 'being']
['there', 'reported', 'effort']
['infrastructure', 'proactive']
['nucleic', 'antibody', 'testing']
['general', 'public']
['april', 'science', 'magazine']
['recently', 'called', 'utilization']
['mobile', 'phone', 'modeling']
['contact', 'tracing', 'gradually']
['policymakers', 'scientists']
['engineers', 'globally', 'coming']
['realize', 'mobile', 'phones']
['combat', 'covid']
['important', 'peoples', 'aware']
['option', 'debate', 'about']
['decision', 'their', 'nation']
[]
['pandemic', 'lasts']
['therefore', 'options', 'should']
['table', 'epicenters']
['pandemic', 'government', 'might']
['integrate', 'possible', 'measures']
['together', 'against']
['pandemic']
['pilot', 'study']
['introduce', 'field', 'public', 'health']
['importance', 'social', 'network']
['analyses', 'already']
['traditional', 'modeling']
['infectious', 'diseases', 'since', 'onset']
['pandemic', 'models']
['assume', 'equal', 'infection']
['individuals', 'insufficient']
['alone', 'social', 'network', 'analyses']
['provide', 'insights', 'exposure', 'risks']
['individual']
['integrated', 'models']
['modeling', 'assume']
['everyone', 'equal', 'immunity']
['model', 'because', 'limited']
['possible', 'collect', 'detailed']
['information', 'about', 'individuals']
['improve', 'model']
['considering', 'covariates', 'affecting']
['personal', 'immunity', 'battle']
['pandemic', 'potentially', 'endemic']
['covid', 'planetary', 'challenge']
['interdisciplinary', 'teamwork', 'among']
['epidemiologists', 'computer', 'scientists']
['scientists', 'lawmakers']
['needed', 'model']
['revised', 'applied', 'policies']
['operations', 'modeling']
['politics']
['bottom', 'against']
['dystopian', 'location']
['construct', 'social', 'network']
['anonymous', 'cellphones', 'people']
['without', 'privacy', 'service']
['instead', 'surveillance']
['service', 'should', 'temporary']
['during', 'pandemic', 'planet', 'after']
['pandemic']
['geoslavery']
['contributors']
['conceptualization']
['programming', 'analysis']
['writing']
['acknowledgment']
['authors', 'would', 'thank']
['jiang']
['rounds', 'fruitful']
['discussions', 'access']
['article', 'provided']
['beijing', 'china']
['new_paper']
['received', 'accepted', 'publication', 'current', 'version']
['digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3003810']
['iteratively', 'pruned', 'learning', 'ensembles']
['covid', 'detection', 'chest']
['sivaramakrishnan', 'rajaraman']
['member', 'jenifer', 'siegelman2']
[]
['philip', 'alderson3']
['lucas', 'folio4', 'folio6']
[]
['sameer', 'antani']
['senior', 'member']
['1lister', 'national', 'center', 'biomedical', 'communications', 'national', 'library', 'medicine', 'bethesda', '20894']
['2takeda', 'pharmaceuticals', 'cambridge', '02139']
['3school', 'medicine', 'saint', 'louis', 'university', 'louis', '63104']
['4functional', 'applied', 'biomechanics', 'section', 'clinical', 'center', 'national', 'institutes', 'health', 'bethesda', '20892']
['5walt', 'whitman', 'school', 'bethesda', '20817']
['6radiological', 'imaging', 'sciences', 'clinical', 'center', 'national', 'institutes', 'health', 'bethesda', '20894']
['corresponding', 'author', 'sivaramakrishnan', 'rajaraman', 'sivaramakrishnan', 'rajaraman']
['supported', 'intramural', 'research', 'program', 'national', 'library', 'medicine', 'national', 'institutes']
['health']
['abstract', 'demonstrate', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'learning', 'model', 'ensembles', 'detecting']
['pulmonary', 'manifestations', 'covid', 'chest', 'disease', 'caused', 'novel', 'severe']
['acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'virus', 'known', 'novel', 'coronavirus']
['custom', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'selection', 'imagenet', 'pretrained', 'models']
['trained', 'evaluated', 'patient', 'level', 'publicly', 'available', 'collections', 'learn', 'modality', 'specific']
['feature', 'representations', 'learned', 'knowledge', 'transferred', 'tuned', 'improve', 'performance']
['generalization', 'related', 'classifying', 'normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia']
['covid', 'viral', 'abnormalities', 'performing', 'models', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'reduce', 'complexity']
['improve', 'memory', 'efficiency', 'predictions', 'performing', 'pruned', 'models', 'combined', 'through']
['different', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'improve', 'classification', 'performance', 'empirical', 'evaluations', 'demonstrate']
['weighted', 'average', 'performing', 'pruned', 'models', 'significantly', 'improves', 'performance', 'resulting']
['accuracy', 'under', 'curve', 'detecting', 'covid', 'findings']
['combined', 'modality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'iterative', 'model', 'pruning', 'ensemble', 'learning']
['resulted', 'improved', 'predictions', 'expect', 'model', 'quickly', 'adopted', 'covid', 'screening']
['using', 'chest', 'radiographs']
['index', 'terms', 'covid', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'learning', 'ensemble', 'iterative', 'pruning']
['introduction']
['novel', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'caused']
['severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome']
['coronavirus', 'originated', 'wuhan']
['hubei', 'province', 'china', 'spread', 'worldwide']
['world', 'health', 'organization', 'declared', 'break', 'pandemic', 'march', 'disease']
['rapidly', 'affecting', 'worldwide', 'population', 'statistics', 'quickly']
['falling', 'april', 'there']
['million', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'reported', 'globally']
['reported', 'deaths', 'disease', 'causes', 'difficulty']
['breathing', 'reported', 'early', 'indicator', 'along']
['hyperthermia', 'covid', 'infected', 'population']
['associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript']
['approving', 'publication', 'victor', 'albuquerque']
['abnormalities', 'caused', 'viruses']
['observed', 'peripheral', 'hilar', 'visually', 'similar']
['often', 'distinct', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'other', 'bacterial']
['pathogens']
['reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction']
['tests', 'performed', 'detect', 'presence']
['virus', 'considered', 'standard', 'diagnose']
['covid', 'infection', 'however', 'reported']
['variable', 'sensitivity', 'geographic', 'regions']
['widely', 'available', 'while', 'currently', 'recommended']
['primary', 'diagnostic', 'tools', 'chest', 'puted', 'tomography', 'scans', 'screen']
['covid', 'infection', 'evaluate', 'disease', 'progression']
['hospital', 'admitted', 'cases', 'while', 'chest', 'offers', 'greater']
['sensitivity', 'pulmonary', 'disease', 'there', 'several', 'challenges']
['these', 'include', 'portability', 'requirement']
['volume', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '115041s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection']
['figure', 'graphical', 'abstract', 'proposed', 'study']
['sanitize', 'equipment', 'between', 'patients', 'followed']
['delay', 'least', 'exposing']
['hospital', 'staff', 'other', 'patients', 'persons', 'under']
['investigation', 'virus', 'although', 'sensitive']
['portable', 'considered', 'acceptable', 'alternative']
['since', 'imaged', 'isolated', 'rooms']
['limiting', 'personnel', 'exposure', 'because', 'sanitation']
['complex', 'obtain']
['automated', 'computer', 'aided', 'diagnostic', 'tools']
['driven', 'automated', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'methods']
['designed', 'detect', 'differentiate', 'covid', 'related', 'racic', 'abnormalities', 'should', 'highly', 'valuable', 'given', 'heavy']
['burden', 'infected', 'patients', 'especially', 'important']
['locations', 'insufficient', 'availability', 'radiological']
['expertise', 'produce', 'throughput', 'triage']
['casualty', 'automated', 'approaches', 'dated', 'shown', 'reduce', 'inter', 'intra', 'observer']
['variability', 'radiological', 'assessments', 'additionally']
['tools', 'gained', 'immense', 'significance', 'clinical']
['medicine', 'supplementing', 'medical', 'decision', 'making']
['improving', 'screening', 'diagnostic', 'accuracy', 'these', 'tools']
['combine', 'elements', 'radiological', 'image', 'processing']
['computer', 'vision', 'identifying', 'typical', 'disease', 'manifesta', 'tions', 'localizing', 'suspicious', 'regions', 'interest']
['present', 'recent', 'advances', 'machine', 'learning', 'particularly']
['driven', 'learning', 'methods', 'using', 'convolutional']
['neural', 'networks', 'shown', 'promising', 'performance']
['identifying', 'classifying', 'quantifying', 'disease', 'patterns']
['medical', 'images', 'particularly', 'scans']
['these', 'models', 'learn', 'hierarchical', 'feature']
['representations', 'medical', 'images', 'analyze', 'typical']
['disease', 'manifestations', 'localize', 'suspicious', 'densities']
['evaluation']
['study', 'highlight', 'benefits', 'offered', 'through']
['ensemble', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'models', 'toward']
['distinguishing', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related']
['opacities', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'normals', 'using', 'licly', 'available', 'collections', 'shows', 'graphi', 'abstract', 'proposed', 'study', 'shows', 'instances']
['being', 'normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia']
['covid', 'related', 'pneumonia']
['custom', 'selection', 'pretrained', 'trained', 'large', 'scale', 'selection', 'learn']
['modality', 'specific', 'feature', 'representations', 'learned']
['knowledge', 'transferred', 'tuned', 'classify']
['normal', 'abnormal', 'leverage', 'benefits']
['modality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'iterative', 'pruning']
['figure', 'showing', 'clear', 'lungs', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia']
['manifesting', 'consolidations', 'right', 'upper', 'retro', 'cardiac']
['lower', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'infection', 'manifesting']
['peripheral', 'opacities']
['ensemble', 'strategies', 'reduce', 'model', 'complexity', 'improve']
['robustness', 'generalization', 'inference', 'capability']
['model']
['remainder', 'manuscript', 'organized', 'follows']
['section', 'discusses', 'prior', 'works', 'section', 'discusses']
['datasets', 'methods', 'toward', 'modality', 'specific']
['knowledge', 'transfer', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'ensemble', 'learn', 'section', 'elaborates', 'results', 'obtained']
['section', 'concludes', 'study', 'discussion', 'merits']
['limitations', 'proposed', 'approach', 'future']
['directions']
['prior']
['covid', 'detection']
['study', 'literature', 'reveals', 'several', 'efforts']
['covid', 'screening', 'authors', 'distinguished']
['covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'manifestations', 'other']
['viral', 'pneumonia', 'chest', 'scans', 'specificity']
['observed', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'found']
['peripherally', 'distributed', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities']
['vascular', 'thickening', 'authors', 'established']
['publicly', 'available', 'collection', 'scans', 'showing']
['covid', 'pneumonia', 'manifestations', 'trained']
['achieve', 'score', 'classifying', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities']
['authors', 'customized', 'pretrained']
['alexnet', 'model', 'classify', 'normal', 'showing']
['covid', 'pneumonia', 'accuracy', 'respec', 'tively', 'authors', 'resnet']
['classify', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumo', 'manifestations', 'achieved', 'accuracy']
['score', 'commonly']
['analyzed', 'diagnose', 'differentiate', 'other', 'types', 'pneumo', 'including', 'bacterial', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia']
['authors', 'proposed', 'custom', 'model']
['designed', 'combining', 'manual', 'design', 'prototyp', 'machine', 'driven', 'designing', 'approach', 'classify']
['normal', 'showing', 'covid', 'covid']
['pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'accuracy']
['modality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer']
['limited', 'amounts', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['traditional', 'transfer', 'learning', 'strategies', 'offer', 'promise']
['where', 'learned', 'feature', 'representations', 'tuned']
['115042', 'volume', '2020s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection']
['improve', 'performance', 'however', 'unique', 'challenges', 'posed']
['appearance', 'medical', 'images', 'including']
['inter', 'class', 'similarity', 'intra', 'class', 'variance']
['model', 'overfitting', 'resulting', 'reduced', 'perfor', 'mance', 'generalization', 'these', 'issues', 'alleviated']
['through', 'modality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'retraining']
['models', 'large', 'image', 'collection', 'learn']
['modality', 'specific', 'feature', 'representations', 'modality', 'specific']
['model', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'ensembles']
['demonstrated', 'superior', 'disease', 'localization', 'compared']
['individual', 'constituent', 'models']
['model', 'pruning']
['alleviate', 'burdens', 'computing', 'resources', 'models']
['pruned', 'reduce', 'inference', 'facilitate']
['deployment', 'resource', 'conditions']
['improvement', 'performance', 'performed', 'model', 'pruning', 'decrease', 'computational', 'complexity']
['hassibi', 'deleted', 'network', 'parameters', 'leveraging']
['second', 'derivative', 'taylor', 'series', 'improved']
['model', 'generalization', 'authors', 'found']
['earlier', 'layers', 'neural', 'networks', 'activations']
['effectively', 'excluded', 'network', 'without']
['affecting', 'model', 'performance', 'proposed', 'iterative']
['optimization', 'method', 'gradually', 'eliminate', 'neurons']
['least', 'activations', 'toward', 'reducing', 'memory', 'power']
['requirements', 'promoting', 'faster', 'model', 'inference']
['applied', 'medical', 'imaging', 'authors', 'proposed']
['genetic', 'algorithm', 'based', 'pathway', 'evolution', 'strategy', 'prune']
['models', 'resulted', 'reduction', 'network']
['parameters', 'improved', 'classification', 'performance']
['breast', 'mammograms', 'systematic', 'weight', 'pruning', 'strat', 'prune', 'model', 'based', 'monia', 'detector', 'classifying', 'normal', 'showing']
['pneumonia', 'manifestations', 'using', 'radiological', 'north', 'america', 'collection', 'however']
['there', 'further', 'research']
['ensemble', 'classification']
['linear', 'models', 'learn', 'complex', 'relationships']
['through', 'error', 'backpropagation', 'stochastic']
['optimization', 'making', 'highly', 'sensitive', 'random', 'weight']
['initializations', 'statistical', 'noise', 'present', 'training']
['these', 'issues', 'alleviated', 'ensemble', 'learning']
['training', 'multiple', 'models', 'combining', 'their', 'predictions']
['where', 'individual', 'model', 'weaknesses', 'offset']
['predictions', 'other', 'models', 'combined', 'predictions', 'shown']
['superior', 'individual', 'models', 'there', 'several']
['ensemble', 'strategies', 'reported', 'literature', 'including']
['voting', 'simple', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'stacking', 'boosting']
['blending', 'others', 'shown', 'minimize', 'variance']
['error', 'improve', 'generalization', 'performance']
['models', 'applied', 'authors']
['leveraged', 'ensemble', 'models', 'toward']
['improving', 'detection', 'averaging', 'ensemble']
['pretrained', 'authors', 'toward']
['improving', 'cardiomegaly', 'detection', 'using']
['table', 'dataset', 'characteristics', 'numerator', 'denominator', 'denotes']
['number', 'train', 'respectively', 'normal']
['pneumonia', 'unknown', 'bacterial', 'proven']
['pneumonia', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['materials', 'methods']
['collection', 'preprocessing']
['table', 'shows', 'distribution', 'across', 'different']
['categories', 'following', 'publicly', 'available']
['collections', 'retrospective', 'analysis']
['pediatric', 'dataset']
['authors', 'collected', 'guangzhou', 'women']
['children', 'medical', 'center', 'guangzhou', 'china', 'anterior', 'posterior', 'children', 'years']
['showing', 'normal', 'lungs', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia']
['covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'expert', 'radiologists', 'curated']
['collection', 'remove', 'quality', 'chest', 'radiographs']
['dataset']
['multi', 'expert', 'curated', 'dataset', 'includes', 'images']
['national', 'institutes', 'health', 'dataset']
['dataset', 'released', 'kaggle', 'pneumonia', 'detec', 'challenge', 'organized', 'jointly']
['collection', 'includes', 'normal', 'abnormal', 'images']
['pneumonia', 'pneumonia', 'opacities', 'images']
['available', 'pixel', 'resolution', 'dicom']
['format']
['twitter', 'covid', 'dataset']
['cardiothoracic', 'radiologist', 'spain', 'available']
['collection', 'pixel', 'resolution']
['format', 'twitter', 'positive', 'subjects']
['https', 'twitter', 'chestimaging']
['montreal', 'covid', 'dataset']
['publicly', 'available', 'periodically', 'updated', 'github', 'repository']
['includes', 'covid', 'cases', 'other', 'pulmonary']
['viral', 'disease', 'manifestations', 'posterior', 'anterior']
['supine', 'views', 'april', 'repository']
['showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities']
['performed', 'patient', 'level', 'splits', 'these', 'collections']
['allocate', 'training', 'testing', 'ferent', 'stages', 'learning', 'discussed', 'study', 'domly', 'allocated', 'training', 'validate']
['models', 'ground', 'truth', 'comprising']
['showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities']
['verification', 'publicly', 'identified', 'cases']
['expert', 'radiologists', 'annotated']
['segmentation']
['while', 'covid', 'cases', 'mimic', 'common', 'upper']
['respiratory', 'viral', 'infections', 'advanced', 'disease', 'results']
['volume', '115043s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection']
['figure', 'segmentation', 'approach', 'showing', 'based']
['generation', 'cropping']
['figure', 'architecture', 'customized', 'model', 'input']
['convolution', 'global', 'average', 'pooling', 'dropout']
['dense', 'softmax', 'activation', 'normal', 'predictions']
['abnormal', 'predictions']
['respiratory', 'dysfunction', 'principal', 'cause']
['triggering', 'mortality', 'developing', 'solutions', 'detecting']
['disease', 'important', 'guard', 'against', 'irrelevant']
['features', 'could', 'severely', 'affect', 'reliable', 'decision', 'making']
['study', 'performed', 'based', 'semantic', 'segmen', 'tation', 'segment', 'pixels', 'background']
['gaussian', 'dropout', 'layers', 'added']
['encoder', 'dropout', 'ratio', 'empirically']
['determined', 'study', 'illustrates']
['segmentation', 'steps', 'performed', 'study']
['collection', 'masks']
['train', 'model', 'generate', 'masks']
['pixel', 'resolution', 'aforementioned', 'datasets']
['model', 'checkpoints', 'monitor', 'performance']
['stored', 'model', 'weights', 'generate', 'final']
['masks', 'these', 'masks', 'superimposed']
['images', 'bounding', 'containing']
['pixels', 'cropped', 'lungs', 'resized', 'pixel', 'lution', 'crops', 'further', 'preprocessed', 'performing']
['pixel', 'rescaling', 'median', 'filtering', 'noise', 'removal']
['preservation', 'normalization', 'standardization']
['identical', 'feature', 'distribution', 'preprocessed', 'crops']
['model', 'training', 'evaluation', 'different', 'stages']
['learning', 'discussed', 'study']
['models', 'computational', 'resources']
['evaluated', 'performance', 'customized']
['selection', 'imagenet', 'pretrained', 'models']
['inception']
['xception', 'inceptionresnet', 'mobilenet']
['densenet', 'nasnet', 'mobile']
['customized', 'linear', 'stack', 'strided', 'separable']
['convolution', 'layers', 'global', 'average', 'pooling']
['dense', 'layer', 'softmax', 'activation', 'shows', 'archi', 'tecture', 'custom', 'study']
['dropout', 'reduce', 'issues', 'model', 'overfitting', 'viding', 'restricted', 'regularization', 'improving', 'generalization']
['reducing', 'model', 'sensitivity', 'specifics']
['training', 'input', 'strided', 'convolutions']
['shown', 'improve', 'performance', 'several', 'visual', 'recognition']
['benchmarks', 'compared', 'pooling', 'layers', 'separable']
['convolutions', 'reduce', 'model', 'parameters']
['figure', 'architecture', 'pretrained', 'input']
['truncated', 'model', 'padding', 'convolution']
['global', 'average', 'pooling', 'dropout', 'dense', 'softmax']
['activation', 'output']
['improve', 'performance', 'compared', 'conventional', 'convolution']
['operations', 'number', 'separable', 'convolutional', 'filters']
['initialized', 'increased', 'factor']
['successive', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'filters']
['stride', 'length', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'added']
['layer', 'average', 'spatial', 'feature', 'dimensions']
['final', 'dense', 'layer', 'softmax', 'activation']
['talos', 'optimization', 'package', 'optimize']
['parameters', 'hyperparameters', 'customized']
['include', 'dropout', 'ratio', 'optimizer', 'linear']
['activation', 'function', 'model', 'trained', 'evaluated']
['optimal', 'parameters', 'classify', 'their']
['respective', 'categories']
['instantiated', 'pretrained', 'their', 'imagenet']
['weights', 'truncated', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers']
['following', 'layers', 'added', 'truncated', 'model']
['padding', 'strided', 'separable', 'convolutional', 'layer']
['filters', 'feature', 'layer']
['dropout', 'layer', 'empirically', 'determined', 'dropout']
['ratio', 'final', 'dense', 'layer', 'softmax', 'activation']
['shows', 'customized', 'architecture', 'pretrained']
['models', 'study']
['optimized', 'following', 'hyperparameters']
['pretrained', 'using', 'randomized', 'search', 'method']
['momentum', 'regularization', 'initial']
['learning', 'stochastic', 'gradient', 'descent', 'mizer', 'search', 'ranges', 'initialized']
['momentum']
['regularization', 'initial', 'learning', 'respectively']
['pretrained', 'retrained', 'smaller', 'weight']
['updates', 'improve', 'generalization', 'categorize']
['their', 'respective', 'classes', 'class', 'weights', 'during']
['model', 'training', 'penalize', 'overrepresented', 'classes']
['prevent', 'overfitting', 'improve', 'performance']
['model', 'checkpoints', 'store', 'model', 'weights', 'further']
['analysis']
['modality', 'specific', 'transfer', 'learning']
['tuning']
['performed', 'modality', 'specific', 'transfer', 'learning', 'where']
['customized', 'imagenet', 'pretrained', 'models']
['retrained', 'collection', 'learn']
['modality', 'specific', 'features', 'classify']
['normal', 'abnormal', 'categories', 'collec', 'includes', 'normal', 'abnormal', 'images', 'contain', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'weight']
['layers', 'specific', 'modality', 'through']
['learning', 'features', 'normal', 'abnormal', 'lungs']
['learned', 'knowledge', 'transferred', 'tuned', 'related']
['classifying', 'pooled', 'pediatric']
['115044', 'volume', '2020s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection']
['twitter', 'covid', 'montreal', 'covid', 'collec', 'tions', 'respectively', 'normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumo', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'improve']
['classification', 'performance']
['performing', 'modality', 'specific']
['instantiated', 'truncated', 'their', 'deepest', 'convolutional']
['layer', 'added', 'following', 'layers', 'padding']
['strided', 'separable', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'feature', 'layer', 'dropout']
['layer', 'final', 'dense', 'layer', 'softmax', 'activation']
['modified', 'models', 'tuned', 'classify', 'being']
['normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'viral']
['pneumonia', 'class', 'weights', 'during', 'model', 'training']
['award', 'higher', 'weights', 'under', 'represented', 'class', 'reduce']
['issues', 'class', 'imbalance', 'improve', 'generalization']
['performance', 'tuning', 'performed', 'through']
['optimization', 'model', 'checkpoints', 'store']
['weights', 'further', 'analysis']
['iterative', 'model', 'pruning']
['iteratively', 'pruned', 'tuned', 'models']
['optimal', 'number', 'neurons', 'convolutional', 'layers']
['reduce', 'model', 'complexity', 'performance']
['gradually', 'eliminated', 'neurons', 'fewer', 'activations']
['through', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'model', 'retrain', 'average', 'percentage', 'zeros']
['percentage', 'neuron', 'activations', 'observed']
['validation', 'dataset', 'measure', 'neurons']
['convolutional', 'layer', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'percentage']
['neurons', 'highest', 'layer']
['retrained', 'pruned', 'model', 'process', 'repeated']
['until', 'maximum', 'percentage', 'pruning', 'achieved']
['pruned', 'model', 'selected', 'collection']
['iteratively', 'pruned', 'models', 'based', 'their', 'performance']
['retrained', 'pruned', 'model', 'expected', 'achieve']
['similar', 'better', 'performance', 'unpruned', 'models']
['reduced', 'model', 'complexity', 'computational', 'requirements']
['algorithm', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'performed', 'study']
['described', 'below']
['learning', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles']
['performing', 'pruned', 'models', 'selected', 'construct']
['ensemble', 'improve', 'prediction', 'performance', 'gener', 'alization', 'compared', 'individual', 'constituent', 'model']
['several', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'including', 'voting']
['averaging', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'stacking', 'combine']
['predictions', 'pruned', 'models', 'toward', 'classifying']
['normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'stacking', 'ensemble', 'neural']
['network', 'based', 'learner', 'learns', 'optimally', 'predictions', 'individual', 'pruned', 'models']
['learner', 'consisting', 'single', 'hidden', 'layer']
['neurons', 'trained', 'interpret', 'multi', 'class', 'input']
['pruned', 'models', 'final', 'dense', 'layer', 'outputs']
['predictions', 'categorize', 'their', 'respective']
['classes']
['algorithm', 'iterative', 'pruning']
['input', 'pruning', 'percentage']
['maximum', 'pruning', 'percentage']
['train', 'evaluate', 'models', 'store']
['model', 'weights']
['while', 'percent', 'pruned']
['calculate', 'number', 'filters', 'convolu', 'tional', 'layer']
['identify', 'delete', 'percentage', 'filters']
['convolutional', 'layer', 'highest', 'average', 'centage', 'zeros']
['retrain', 'evaluate', 'pruned', 'model']
['store', 'pruned', 'weights']
[]
['incrementally', 'prune', 'network', 'retraining']
['pruned', 'model']
['while']
['return', 'number', 'pruned', 'models']
['visualization', 'studies']
['visualizing', 'learned', 'behavior', 'models']
['debated', 'topic', 'particularly', 'medical', 'visual', 'recognition']
['tasks', 'there', 'several', 'visualization', 'strategies', 'reported']
['literature', 'include', 'visualizing', 'overall', 'structure', 'gradient', 'based', 'visualization']
['performs', 'gradient', 'manipulation', 'during', 'network', 'training']
['gradient', 'weighted', 'class', 'activation', 'mapping']
['gradient', 'based', 'visualization', 'method', 'computes']
['scores', 'given', 'image', 'category', 'concerning', 'deepest', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'trained']
['model', 'gradients', 'flowing', 'backward']
['pooled', 'globally', 'measure', 'importance', 'weights']
['decision', 'making', 'process', 'study', 'verified']
['learned', 'behavior', 'pruned', 'models', 'comparing']
['salient', 'consensus', 'annotations', 'experienced']
['radiologists']
['statistical', 'analyses']
['analyzed', 'model', 'performance', 'statistical']
['significance', 'different', 'stages', 'learning', 'fidence', 'intervals', 'measure', 'analyze', 'skill']
['models', 'shorter', 'infers', 'smaller', 'margin']
['error', 'relatively', 'precise', 'estimate', 'while', 'larger']
['allows', 'margin', 'error', 'therefore', 'results', 'reduced']
['precision', 'computed', 'values']
['different', 'learning', 'stages', 'explain', 'models']
['predictive', 'performance', 'values', 'computed']
['clopper', 'pearson', 'exact', 'interval', 'corresponds']
['separate', 'sided', 'interval', 'individual', 'coverage', 'probabil', 'ities']
['statsmodels', 'version']
['compute', 'measures', 'codes', 'associated', 'study']
['available', 'https', 'github', 'sivaramakrishnan', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'model', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection']
['volume', '115045s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection']
['table', 'optimal', 'values', 'parameters', 'hyperparameters']
['custom', 'pretrained', 'models', 'obtained', 'through', 'optimization', 'tools']
['momentum', 'initial', 'learning', 'weight', 'decay']
['dropout', 'ratio']
['table', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'during', 'modality', 'specific', 'transfer']
['learning', 'using', 'dataset', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity']
['precision', 'score', 'matthews', 'correlation', 'coefficient']
['param', 'trainable', 'parameters', 'values', 'square', 'brackets']
['computed', 'clopper', 'pearson', 'exact', 'interval']
['corresponding', 'separate', 'sided', 'interval', 'individual', 'coverage']
['probabilities']
['results', 'discussion']
['optimal', 'values', 'parameters', 'hyperparameters']
['obtained', 'customized', 'pretrained']
['talos', 'optimization', 'randomized', 'search']
['respectively', 'shown', 'table']
['table', 'shows', 'performance', 'achieved', 'through']
['modality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'customized']
['pretrained', 'using', 'dataset']
['observed']
['inception', 'models', 'accurate', 'other', 'under', 'study', 'aforementioned', 'models', 'demonstrated']
['promising', 'values', 'shorter', 'hence', 'smaller']
['margin', 'error', 'thereby', 'offering', 'precise', 'estimates', 'compared']
['other', 'models', 'because', 'architecture', 'depths']
['inception', 'models', 'optimal', 'learn']
['hierarchical', 'representations', 'features']
['classify', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'classes']
['considering', 'score', 'balanced']
['measure', 'precision', 'recall', 'aforementioned', 'models']
['delivered', 'performance', 'superior', 'other', 'models']
['table', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'modality', 'specific']
['knowledge', 'transfer', 'models', 'target', 'tasks']
['performing', 'modality', 'specific', 'knowledge']
['transfer', 'models', 'inception']
['instantiated', 'their', 'modality', 'specific', 'weights', 'cated', 'their', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'appended']
['specific', 'heads', 'table', 'shows', 'performance', 'achieved']
['specific', 'models', 'toward', 'following', 'classifi', 'cation', 'tasks', 'binary', 'classification', 'classify']
['normal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'multi', 'class', 'sification', 'classify', 'normal', 'showing', 'bacterial']
['pneumonia', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['observed', 'binary', 'classification']
['models', 'accurate', 'however', 'least']
['number', 'trainable', 'parameters', 'multi', 'class', 'classifica', 'observed', 'inception', 'model']
['accurate', 'shorter', 'metric', 'signifying']
['least', 'margin', 'error', 'hence', 'provides', 'estimate', 'considering', 'score', 'inception', 'model', 'delivered', 'superior', 'performance', 'compared']
['models']
['multi', 'class', 'classification', 'predictions']
['specific', 'models']
['inception', 'combined', 'through', 'several', 'ensemble']
['methods', 'including', 'voting', 'simple', 'averaging', 'weighted']
['averaging', 'model', 'stacking', 'perform', 'ensemble']
['learning', 'binary', 'classification', 'since', 'vidual', 'models', 'accurate', 'classifying']
['normal', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities']
['table', 'shows', 'performance', 'achieved', 'multi', 'class']
['classification', 'different', 'ensemble', 'strategies']
['observed', 'simple', 'average', 'models', 'predictions']
['accurate', 'shorter', 'metric']
['signifying', 'smaller', 'margin', 'error', 'therefore', 'higher']
['precision', 'compared', 'other', 'ensemble', 'methods', 'considering']
['score', 'averaging', 'ensemble', 'outper', 'formed', 'other', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'classifying']
['normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'covid']
['viral', 'pneumonia']
['multi', 'class', 'classification', 'iteratively']
['pruned', 'specific', 'models']
['115046', 'volume', '2020s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection']
['table', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'unpruned', 'models', 'through']
['different', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'multiclass', 'classification']
['table', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'iteratively', 'pruned']
['models', 'compared', 'baseline', 'unpruned', 'models', 'table']
['unpruned', 'pruned']
['inception', 'removing', 'neurons']
['highest', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'given']
['retrained', 'pruned', 'model', 'evaluate', 'perfor', 'mance', 'validation', 'model', 'checkpoints']
['store', 'pruned', 'model', 'superior', 'performance']
['validation', 'process', 'repeated', 'until']
['maximum', 'pruning', 'percentage', 'reached']
['evaluated', 'performance', 'pruned', 'models']
['pruned', 'model', 'achieved', 'superior', 'performance']
['further', 'analysis']
['table', 'shows', 'comparison', 'performance', 'achieved']
['pruned', 'models', 'baseline', 'unpruned']
['specific', 'models', 'shown', 'table', 'observed']
['pruned', 'models', 'accurate', 'their', 'unpruned']
['counterparts', 'considering', 'score', 'metrics']
['pruned', 'models', 'found', 'deliver', 'superior', 'perfor', 'mance', 'unpruned', 'models', 'interesting']
['performance', 'improvement', 'achieved', 'nificant', 'reduction', 'number', 'parameters']
['number', 'parameters', 'pruned', 'model', 'reduced', 'compared', 'unpruned']
['counterpart', 'similarly', 'number', 'trainable', 'parameters']
['reduced', 'pruned']
['inception', 'models', 'respectively', 'added', 'benefit']
['figure', 'visualizations', 'showing', 'salient', 'detection']
['different', 'pruned', 'models', 'showing', 'covid', 'viral']
['pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'annotations', 'pruned']
['model', 'pruned', 'model', 'inception', 'pruned', 'model']
['bright', 'corresponds', 'pixels', 'carrying', 'higher', 'importance']
['hence', 'weights', 'categorizing', 'sample', 'covid', 'viral']
['pneumonia', 'category']
['performance', 'improvement', 'terms', 'accuracy', 'score']
['metrics', 'compared', 'their', 'unpruned', 'counterparts']
['shows', 'results', 'performing']
['visualizations', 'localize', 'salient', 'ferent', 'pruned', 'models', 'classify', 'sample']
['covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'category', 'visualizations']
['compared', 'consensus', 'annotations', 'provided']
['expert', 'radiologists', 'predictions', 'pruned', 'models']
['decoded', 'sample', 'dimensional']
['generated', 'bright', 'which', 'corresponds', 'pixels', 'rying', 'higher', 'importance', 'hence', 'weights', 'categorizing']
['sample', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'infected', 'category']
['distinct', 'color', 'transitions', 'observed', 'varying', 'ranges']
['pixel', 'importance', 'toward', 'making', 'predictions', 'salient']
['localized', 'superimposing']
['input', 'sample', 'observed', 'pruned', 'models']
['precisely', 'localize', 'salient', 'underscores']
['pruned', 'models', 'learned', 'implicit', 'rules']
['generalize', 'conform', 'experts', 'knowledge', 'about']
['problem']
['table', 'shows', 'comparison', 'performance', 'metrics']
['achieved', 'different', 'ensemble', 'strategies']
['unpruned', 'pruned', 'models', 'toward', 'classifying']
['normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'viral']
['pneumonia']
['while', 'performing', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'ensemble']
['unpruned', 'pruned', 'models', 'predictions', 'awarded']
['importance', 'based', 'their', 'score', 'measures']
['offer', 'balanced', 'measure', 'precision', 'sensitivity']
['table', 'observed', 'pruned', 'unpruned']
['volume', '115047s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection']
['table', 'comparing', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'pruned']
['unpruned', 'model', 'ensembles', 'table']
['figure', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'obtained', 'weighted', 'average', 'pruned']
['ensemble']
['inception', 'model', 'delivered', 'superior', 'performance', 'lowed', 'models', 'regard']
['assigned', 'weights', 'predictions']
['inception', 'models', 'respectively']
['observed', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'ensemble']
['predictions', 'pruned', 'models', 'delivered', 'superior']
['performance', 'aspects', 'shows', 'confu', 'matrix', 'curves', 'respectively', 'obtained']
['weighted', 'averaging', 'pruned', 'ensemble']
['metric', 'shortest', 'error']
['margin', 'precise', 'estimate', 'obtained']
['other', 'ensemble', 'methods', 'considering', 'score']
['weighted', 'averaging', 'ensemble', 'outperformed']
['other', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'classifying', 'normal']
['bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia']
['figure', 'curves', 'showing', 'micro', 'macro', 'averaged', 'class', 'specific']
['obtained', 'weighted', 'average', 'pruned', 'ensemble']
['conclusion']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'enormously', 'negative']
['impact', 'population', 'health', 'national', 'economies', 'world', 'early', 'diagnosis', 'often', 'suboptimal', 'serolog', 'tests', 'widely', 'available', 'opportunity']
['utilize', 'diagnostic', 'approach', 'could']
['important', 'nearly', 'universally', 'available', 'battle']
['against', 'covid', 'other', 'respiratory', 'viruses', 'might']
['emerge', 'future', 'current', 'study', 'demonstrate']
['applying', 'ensemble', 'findings']
[]
['modality', 'specific', 'transfer', 'learning', 'performed']
['large', 'scale', 'collection', 'diversified', 'distribu', 'helped', 'learning', 'modality', 'specific', 'features']
['learned', 'feature', 'representations', 'served', 'weight', 'tialization', 'improved', 'model', 'adaptation', 'generalization']
['compared', 'imagenet', 'pretrained', 'weights', 'transferred']
['tuned', 'related', 'classification']
['iterative', 'pruning', 'specific', 'models', 'selection']
['performing', 'pruned', 'model', 'improved']
['prediction', 'performance', 'significantly']
['reduced', 'number', 'trainable', 'parameters', 'because']
['there', 'redundant', 'network', 'parameters', 'neurons']
['model', 'contribute', 'improving', 'prediction']
['performance', 'these', 'neurons', 'lesser', 'activations']
['identified', 'removed', 'results', 'faster', 'smaller', 'model']
['similar', 'improved', 'performance', 'unpruned']
['models', 'would', 'facilitate', 'deploying', 'these', 'models']
['browsers', 'mobile', 'devices']
['further', 'improved', 'performance', 'constructing']
['ensembles', 'pruned', 'models', 'empirically', 'evaluating']
['performance', 'pruned', 'models', 'awarding', 'weights']
['based', 'their', 'predictions', 'observed', 'weighted']
['averaging', 'ensemble', 'pruned', 'models', 'outperformed']
['other', 'ensemble', 'methods']
['performed', 'visualization', 'studies', 'validate']
['pruned', 'model', 'localization', 'performance', 'found']
['pruned', 'models', 'precisely', 'localized', 'salient']
['categorizing', 'input', 'their', 'expected', 'categories']
['115048', 'volume', '2020s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection']
['observe', 'combined', 'modality', 'specific']
['knowledge', 'transfer', 'iterative', 'model', 'pruning', 'ensem', 'learning', 'reduced', 'prediction', 'variance', 'model', 'complexity']
['promoted', 'faster', 'inference', 'performance', 'generalization']
['however', 'success', 'approach', 'controlled']
['broad', 'factors', 'dataset', 'inherent', 'variability']
['computational', 'resources', 'needed', 'successful', 'deploy', 'dataset', 'specifically', 'refer']
['minimum', 'number', 'topically', 'relevant', 'images']
['viral', 'pneumonia', 'distinct', 'bacte', 'normal', 'images', 'needed', 'build', 'confidence']
['ensemble', 'computational', 'resources', 'recog', 'training', 'memory', 'constraints', 'required']
['practicable', 'deployment', 'however', 'solutions']
['performance', 'computing', 'cloud', 'technology']
['would', 'address', 'feasibility', 'regard', 'future', 'studies']
['could', 'explore', 'visualizing', 'interpreting', 'learned', 'behav', 'pruned', 'model', 'ensembles', 'their', 'application']
['other', 'screening', 'situations', 'covid', 'detection']
['localization', 'scans', 'present', 'expect']
['proposed', 'approach', 'quickly', 'adapted', 'detection']
['covid', 'pneumonia', 'using', 'digitized', 'chest', 'radiographs']
['new_paper']
['received', 'august', 'accepted', 'august', 'publication', 'september']
['current', 'version', 'september']
['digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3025010']
['learning', 'based', 'chest', 'radiograph']
['classification', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel']
['approach']
['sadman', 'sakib']
['tahrat', 'tazrin']
['mostafa', 'fouda', 'senior', 'member']
['zubair', 'fadlullah', 'senior', 'member']
['mohsen', 'guizani']
['fellow']
['1department', 'computer', 'science', 'lakehead', 'university', 'thunder', 'canada']
['2department', 'electrical', 'computer', 'engineering', 'college', 'science', 'engineering', 'idaho', 'state', 'university', 'pocatello', '83209']
['3department', 'electrical', 'engineering', 'faculty', 'engineering', 'shoubra', 'benha', 'university', 'cairo', '11629', 'egypt']
['4thunder', 'regional', 'health', 'research', 'institute', 'tbrhri', 'thunder', 'canada']
['5department', 'computer', 'science', 'engineering', 'college', 'engineering', 'qatar', 'university', 'qatar']
['corresponding', 'author', 'sadman', 'sakib', 'ssak2921', 'lakeheadu']
['supported', 'mitacs', 'accelerate', 'under', 'grant', 'it18879', 'natural', 'sciences', 'engineering']
['research', 'council', 'canada', 'nserc', 'under', 'discovery', 'grant', 'rgpin', '06260']
['abstract', 'exponentially', 'growing', 'covid', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'pandemic', 'clinicians']
['continue', 'accurate', 'rapid', 'diagnosis', 'methods', 'addition', 'virus', 'antibody', 'testing', 'modalities']
['because', 'radiographs', 'computed', 'tomography', 'scans', 'effective', 'widely']
['available', 'public', 'health', 'facilities', 'hospital', 'emergency', 'rooms', 'rural', 'clinics', 'could']
['rapid', 'detection', 'possible', 'covid', 'induced', 'infections', 'therefore', 'toward', 'automating']
['covid', 'detection', 'paper', 'propose', 'viable', 'efficient', 'learning', 'based', 'chest', 'radiograph']
['classification', 'framework', 'distinguish', 'covid', 'cases', 'accuracy', 'other']
['abnormal', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'cases', 'unique', 'dataset', 'prepared', 'publicly', 'available']
['sources', 'containing', 'posteroanterior', 'chest', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'normal']
['cases', 'proposed', 'framework', 'leverages', 'augmentation', 'radiograph', 'images']
['algorithm', 'covid', 'adaptively', 'employing', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'network']
['generic', 'augmentation', 'methods', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'covid', 'infected', 'chest', 'images', 'train']
['robust', 'model', 'training', 'consisting', 'actual', 'synthetic', 'chest', 'images']
['customized', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'model', 'which', 'achieves', 'covid', 'detection']
['accuracy', 'compared', 'scenario', 'without', 'augmentation']
['actual', 'covid', 'chest', 'image', 'samples', 'available', 'original', 'dataset', 'furthermore', 'justify']
['customized', 'model', 'extensively', 'comparing', 'widely', 'adopted', 'architectures']
['literature', 'namely', 'resnet', 'inception', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'represent', 'depth', 'based', 'multi', 'based']
['hybrid', 'paradigms', 'encouragingly', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'proposal', 'implies']
['efficiently', 'automate', 'covid', 'detection', 'radiograph', 'images', 'provide', 'reliable', 'evidence']
['covid', 'infection', 'complement', 'existing', 'covid', 'diagnostics', 'modalities']
['index', 'terms', 'covid', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'learning', 'generative', 'adversarial']
['network', 'pneumonia']
['introduction']
['severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'first', 'observed', 'wuhan', 'china', 'turned', 'global']
['associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript']
['approving', 'publication', 'derek', 'abbott']
['pandemic', 'covid', 'coronavirus', 'disease']
['covid', 'destructive', 'impact', 'being', 'particularly', 'senior', 'citizens', 'patients', 'underlying']
['health', 'conditions', 'compromised', 'immunity', 'levels', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'already', 'contributed']
['mortalities', 'million', 'cases']
['volume']
['licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'noncommercial', 'noderivatives', 'license']
['information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '171575s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['covid', 'infection', 'critical', 'combat']
['pandemic', 'effectively', 'detect', 'covid', 'infected', 'patients']
['early', 'possible', 'receive', 'appropriate']
['attention', 'treatment', 'early', 'detection', 'covid']
['important', 'identify', 'which', 'patients', 'should', 'isolate']
['prevent', 'community', 'spread', 'disease', 'however']
['considering', 'recent', 'spreading', 'trend', 'covid']
['effective', 'detection', 'remains', 'challenging', 'particularly']
['communities', 'limited', 'medical', 'resources', 'while']
['reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction']
['emerged', 'technique', 'covid', 'nosis', 'chest', 'chest', 'computed', 'tomography']
['scans', 'biomarkers', 'reactive', 'protein']
['procalcitonin', 'lymphocyte', 'counts', 'elevated']
['interleukin', 'interleukin', 'being']
['increasingly', 'considered', 'nations', 'diagnosis']
['provide', 'evidence', 'severe', 'disease', 'progres']
['depicted', 'existing', 'system', 'detecting']
['covid', 'using', 'aforementioned', 'virus', 'antibody', 'modalities', 'consuming', 'requires', 'additional']
['resources', 'approval', 'which', 'luxury', 'devel', 'oping', 'communities', 'hence', 'medical', 'centers']
['often', 'unavailable', 'shortage']
['false', 'negative', 'virus', 'antibody', 'tests', 'authorities']
['hubei', 'province', 'china', 'momentarily', 'employed', 'radiologi', 'scans', 'clinical', 'investigation', 'covid']
['figure', 'challenges', 'existing', 'system', 'research', 'focus']
['covid', 'screening', 'rural', 'areas']
['motivated', 'several', 'researchers', 'sources']
['recommend', 'chest', 'radiograph', 'suspected']
['covid', 'detection', 'therefore', 'radiologists']
['observe', 'covid', 'infected', 'characteristics', 'ground']
['glass', 'opacities', 'consolidation', 'harnessing', 'invasive']
['techniques', 'chest', 'however']
['difficult', 'differentiate', 'covid', 'inflicted', 'features']
['those', 'community', 'acquired', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia']
['therefore', 'patients', 'manual', 'inspection', 'radio', 'graph', 'accurate', 'decision', 'making', 'overwhelm', 'radiologists', 'automated', 'classification', 'nique', 'needs', 'developed', 'addition', 'radiologists']
['infected', 'isolate', 'impact', 'rural', 'commu', 'nities', 'limited', 'number', 'hospitals', 'radiologists']
['caregivers', 'moreover', 'second', 'covid']
['anticipated', 'preparedness', 'combat']
['scenarios', 'involve', 'increasing', 'portable', 'chest']
['devices', 'widespread', 'availability', 'reduced', 'infection']
['control', 'issues', 'currently', 'limit', 'utilization', 'there', 'depicted', 'paper', 'automate']
['covid', 'detection', 'using', 'images', 'develop']
['artificial', 'intelligence', 'based', 'smart', 'chest', 'radiograph']
['classification', 'framework', 'distinguish', 'covid', 'cases']
['accuracy', 'other', 'abnormal', 'pneumonia']
['normal', 'cases', 'contributions']
['paper', 'summarized', 'follows']
['learning', 'based', 'predictive', 'analytics', 'approach']
['employed', 'propose', 'smart', 'automated', 'classifica', 'framework', 'predicting', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['normal', 'cases', 'proposed', 'learning', 'based']
['chest', 'radiograph', 'classification', 'framework']
['consists', 'augmentation', 'radiograph', 'images']
['algorithm', 'customized', 'convolutional', 'network', 'model']
['uniquely', 'compiled', 'dataset', 'multiple', 'publicly']
['available', 'sources', 'prepared', 'radiographs', 'healthy']
['normal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'reported']
['limited', 'number', 'covid', 'instances']
['dataset', 'identified', 'prime', 'reason', 'train', 'bottleneck', 'learning', 'algorithms', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'essentially', 'combines']
['customized', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'network']
['model', 'several', 'generic', 'augmentation', 'techniques']
['generate', 'synthetic', 'radiograph', 'overcome']
['covid', 'class', 'imbalance', 'problem', 'limited']
['dataset', 'availability']
['train', 'customized', 'model', 'based', 'combined']
['synthetic', 'radiograph', 'images', 'contributes']
['significantly', 'improved', 'accuracy', 'contrast']
['actual', 'covid', 'instances']
['public', 'datasets', 'training', 'while', 'chest']
['regarded', 'sensitive', 'modality', 'detecting']
['covid', 'infection', 'lungs', 'compared', 'scans']
['literature', 'demonstrate', 'formance', 'custom', 'model', 'identifying']
['covid', 'cases', 'dataset', 'implying', 'approach', 'nullifies']
['using', 'expensive', 'machines', 'because']
['covid', 'detection', 'accuracy', 'using', 'custom']
['model', 'higher', 'compared', 'reported']
['rigorously', 'analyze', 'computational', 'complexity']
['training', 'running', 'inference', 'steps']
['proposed', 'framework', 'analyses', 'corroborated', 'experimental', 'results', 'reveal']
['proposed', 'methodology', 'leads', 'significantly', 'lower']
['training', 'particularly', 'improved', 'infer', 'which', 'crucial', 'deploying', 'trained']
['model', 'portable', 'devices', 'reliable']
['covid', 'feature', 'detection', 'radiographs']
['171576', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['performance', 'customized', 'model']
['extensively', 'compared', 'state']
['architectures', 'literature', 'depth', 'based']
['multi', 'based', 'forth', 'proposal']
['demonstrated', 'substantially', 'outperform', 'contem', 'porary', 'models', 'terms', 'classification', 'efficiency']
['remainder', 'paper', 'organized', 'follows']
['section', 'surveys', 'relevant', 'research', 'regarding']
['covid', 'relevant', 'problem', 'tradi', 'tional', 'covid', 'detection', 'challenges', 'associated']
['apply', 'developing', 'communities', 'discussed', 'section']
['proposed', 'input', 'representation', 'learning', 'model']
['presented', 'section', 'performance', 'proposal']
['evaluated', 'section', 'extensively', 'compared', 'those']
['known', 'architectures', 'limitations']
['study', 'briefly', 'explored', 'section', 'finally', 'section']
['concludes', 'paper']
['related']
['section', 'explores', 'relevant', 'research', 'erature', 'perspectives', 'imaging', 'modalities']
['covid', 'detection', 'based', 'analysis', 'radiograph']
['samples']
['imaging', 'modalities', 'covid', 'detection']
['nations', 'measures', 'react', 'sudden']
['rapid', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'within', 'relatively', 'short']
['period', 'according', 'radiology', 'departments']
['started', 'focus', 'preparedness', 'rather', 'nostic', 'capability', 'after', 'sufficient', 'knowledge', 'gathered']
['regarding', 'covid', 'study', 'stated', 'resemblance']
['covid', 'other', 'diseases', 'caused', 'other', 'coron', 'avirus', 'variants', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome']
['middle', 'respiratory', 'syndrome']
['importance', 'tracking', 'condition', 'recov', 'ering', 'coronavirus', 'patient', 'using', 'scans', 'mentioned']
['study', 'chest', 'imaging', 'techniques', 'highlighted']
['crucial', 'technique', 'detecting', 'covid', 'capturing']
['bilateral', 'nodular', 'peripheral', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities']
['radiograph', 'images']
['based', 'radiograph', 'analysis']
['application', 'early', 'detection', 'diagnosis', 'toring', 'developing', 'vaccines', 'covid', 'elabo', 'rately', 'discussed', 'several', 'research', 'exist']
['literature', 'exploited', 'various', 'learning', 'techniques']
['demonstrate', 'reasonable', 'performance']
['model', 'referred', 'darkcovidnet', 'early']
['detection', 'covid', 'proposed', 'which', 'utilized', 'volutional', 'layers', 'perform', 'binary', 'multi', 'class', 'classi', 'fication', 'involving', 'normal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'cases']
['while', 'model', 'reported', 'overall', 'accuracy']
['binary', 'classification', 'multi', 'class', 'sification', 'reconstruction', 'darkcovidnet', 'using']
['multiple', 'datasets', 'indicated', 'overtraining', 'lower']
['accuracy', 'biased', 'presented']
['model', 'several', 'other', 'papers', 'applied', 'learning', 'models']
['images', 'detect', 'monitor', 'covid', 'features']
['radiograph', 'ardakani']
['employed', 'implemented', 'state', 'architec', 'tures', 'alexnet', 'resnet', 'resnet', 'resnet']
['squeezenet', 'mobilenet', 'googlenet']
['xceptionct', 'differentiate', 'between', 'covid']
['covid', 'cases', 'their', 'experiments', 'showed']
['learning', 'could', 'considered', 'feasible', 'technique', 'tifying', 'covid', 'radiograph', 'images', 'avoid']
['generalization', 'overfitting', 'covid', 'available', 'datasets', 'model']
['generate', 'synthetic', 'which', 'achieved', 'coefficient']
['applicability', 'covid', 'radiograph']
['synthesis', 'confirmed', 'broader', 'spectrum']
['applications', 'various', 'medical', 'according']
['survey', 'survey', 'identified', 'various', 'unique', 'proper', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'augmentation']
['image', 'image', 'translation', 'encouraged', 'researchers']
['adopt', 'image', 'reconstruction', 'segmentation', 'detection']
['classification', 'cross', 'modality', 'synthesis', 'various', 'applications']
['problem', 'statement']
['rapidly', 'surging', 'pandemic', 'demand', 'efficient']
['covid', 'detection', 'dramatically', 'increased']
['availability', 'covid', 'viral', 'antibody']
['required', 'obtain', 'results', 'order']
['weeks', 'countries', 'posing', 'great', 'challenge']
['developing', 'rural', 'areas', 'equipped', 'hospitals', 'clinics']
['instance', 'developing', 'countries', 'hospitals']
['sufficient', 'covid', 'therefore']
['require', 'assistance', 'advanced', 'medical', 'centers']
['collect', 'transport', 'samples', 'creates', 'tleneck', 'testing', 'covid', 'therefore']
['daily', 'demand', 'enormous', 'amount', 'cases']
['automated', 'reliable', 'complementary', 'covid', 'detec', 'modality', 'necessary', 'particularly', 'confront', 'pandemic', 'radiograph', 'image', 'utilization']
['initial', 'covid', 'screening', 'pivotal', 'areas']
['inadequate', 'access', 'viral', 'antibody', 'testing', 'several']
['studies', 'scans', 'analyzing', 'detecting', 'tures', 'covid', 'higher', 'resolution', 'features']
['ground', 'glass', 'opacities', 'consolidation', 'compared']
['chest', 'images', 'however', 'infection', 'control']
['matters', 'associated', 'patient', 'transport', 'suites', 'tively', 'procurement', 'operation', 'maintenance']
['equipment', 'limited', 'number', 'machines']
['developing', 'rural', 'areas', 'practical', 'detecting', 'covid', 'other', 'chest']
['employed', 'identify', 'covid', 'other', 'monia', 'cases', 'practical', 'effective', 'solution']
['because', 'imaging', 'equipment', 'pervasive', 'hospital']
['public', 'healthcare', 'facilities', 'rural', 'clinics']
['trained', 'radiologists', 'detecting', 'chest', 'images']
['volume', '171577s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['challenges', 'distinguish', 'between', 'features', 'covid']
['community', 'acquired', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'moreover']
['influx', 'patients', 'hospital', 'during', 'pandemic']
['manual', 'inspection', 'radiograph', 'accurate', 'decision']
['making', 'formidable', 'tradeoff', 'between', 'detection']
['accuracy', 'overwhelm', 'radiologist', 'depart', 'therefore', 'automated', 'classification', 'technique', 'needs']
['designed', 'second', 'covid', 'expected']
['countries', 'preparedness', 'combat', 'pandemic']
['involve', 'increasing', 'portable', 'chest', 'devices']
['widespread', 'availability', 'reduced', 'infection', 'control']
['issues', 'currently', 'limit', 'utilization', 'following']
['section', 'address', 'aforementioned', 'problem', 'present']
['learning', 'based', 'approach', 'effectively', 'solve']
['figure', 'customized', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'network', 'model']
['augmentation']
['proposed', 'learning', 'based', 'chest']
['radiograph', 'classification', 'framework']
['learning', 'smart', 'health', 'analytics', 'prominent', 'inter', 'disciplinary', 'field', 'merges', 'computer', 'science', 'biomedi', 'engineering', 'health', 'sciences', 'bioinformatics', 'various']
['medical', 'imaging', 'devices', 'dedicated', 'image', 'signal']
['analysis', 'processing', 'module', 'which', 'learning', 'based', 'models', 'implemented', 'provide', 'accurate', 'inferences', 'motivated', 'conceptualize']
['learning', 'based', 'chest', 'radiograph', 'classification']
['framework', 'which', 'automating', 'covid', 'detec', 'radiograph', 'images']
['proposed', 'framework', 'consists', 'compo', 'nents', 'augmentation', 'radiology', 'images']
['algorithm', 'learning', 'model', 'proposed']
['algorithm', 'generates', 'synthetic', 'images', 'tively', 'switching', 'between', 'customized', 'architecture']
['generic', 'augmentation', 'techniques']
['rotation', 'synthetic', 'images', 'combined']
['actual', 'radiograph', 'build', 'robust', 'dataset', 'efficiently']
['training', 'learning', 'model', 'second', 'component']
['framework', 'custom', 'architecture']
['designed', 'construct', 'learning', 'model', 'carry']
['automated', 'feature', 'extraction', 'classification', 'radio', 'graph', 'images']
['details', 'proposed', 'algorithm']
['custom', 'model', 'envisioned', 'framework']
['presented', 'followed', 'rigorous', 'complexity', 'analysis']
['proposed', 'methodology', 'training', 'inference', 'phases']
['proposed', 'algorithm']
['propose', 'adaptive', 'augmentation', 'radio', 'graph', 'images', 'algorithm', 'referred', 'proposed']
['algorithm', 'performs', 'demand', 'generation', 'thetic', 'images', 'triggered', 'class', 'imbalance', 'dataset', 'generated', 'synthetic', 'images', 'combined']
['actual', 'radiograph', 'images', 'construct', 'robust', 'training']
['dataset', 'essential', 'covid', 'context', 'where']
['enough', 'representative', 'samples', 'covid', 'chest']
['images', 'sufficient', 'currently', 'available', 'datasets']
['leverages', 'custom', 'model', 'depicted']
['along', 'generic', 'augmentation', 'techniques']
['rotation', 'model', 'invoked', 'number']
['samples', 'class', 'certain', 'defined', 'thresh', 'model', 'generator', 'discrimi', 'nator', 'trained', 'simultaneously', 'until', 'discriminator']
['unable', 'separate', 'generated', 'samples']
['original', 'generator', 'receives', 'random', 'noise', 'input']
['produces', 'chest', 'images', 'which', 'received']
['discriminator', 'regarded']
['player', 'minimax', 'between', 'discriminative', 'model']
['generative', 'model', 'exerting', 'noisy']
['sample', 'distribution', 'input']
['generative', 'network', 'outputs']
[]
['distribution']
['which', 'denoted']
[]
['supposed', 'identical']
['distribution', 'original', 'discriminative']
['network', 'employed', 'distinguish', 'sample']
['distribution', 'generated', 'sample']
[]
['distribution']
[]
['adversarial', 'training', 'process']
['formulated', 'follows']
['maxdv']
[]
[]
[]
['customize', 'model', 'chest', 'image']
['augmentation', 'follows', 'generator', 'constructed']
['stack', 'hidden', 'layers', 'layer', 'comprises', 'dense']
['layer', 'followed', 'leaky', 'rectified', 'linear', 'leakyrelu']
['activation', 'function', 'successive', 'layer']
[]
['generator', 'number', 'neuron', 'units', 'nodes', 'twice']
['number', 'nodes', 'preceding', 'layer', 'other']
['discriminator', 'model', 'receives', 'collections']
['original', 'generated']
[]
['radiograph']
['covid', 'infected', 'images', 'inputs', 'criminator']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['where', 'represents', 'original', 'image', 'while']
[]
[]
['denotes', 'augmented', 'chest', 'image', 'similar']
['171578', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['generator', 'discriminator', 'structure', 'consists']
['hidden', 'layers']
['layer', 'contains', 'sequence']
['dense', 'layer', 'leakyrelu', 'activation', 'function']
['dropout', 'layer', 'included', 'denote', 'dropout']
['number', 'nodes']
['layer', 'denoted']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['discriminator', 'optimize']
['function', 'distinguishing', 'generated', 'images']
['original', 'custom', 'model', 'trained']
['number', 'iterations', 'where']
['detailed', 'steps']
['proposed', 'algorithm', 'presented', 'algorithm']
['either', 'invoke', 'generic']
['augmentation', 'based', 'given', 'condition', 'illustrated']
['algorithm', 'procedure', 'takes', 'inputs']
['augmentation', 'augmentation']
['condition', 'proposed', 'model', 'executed', 'steps']
['other', 'condition', 'fulfilled', 'generic']
['augmentation', 'performed', 'described', 'steps']
['which', 'includes', 'enlarging', 'image', 'quantity', 'rotating']
['amount']
['proposed', 'custom', 'model']
['covid', 'detection', 'images']
['train', 'learning', 'model', 'which']
['advantage', 'robust', 'dataset', 'obtained', 'proposed']
['algorithm', 'section', 'since', 'problem']
['regarded', 'classification', 'normal', 'covid']
['other', 'abnormal', 'cases', 'pneumonia', 'investigate']
['contemporary', 'learning', 'architectures', 'suited', 'sification', 'contrast', 'other', 'variants', 'learning']
['architectures', 'short', 'memory']
['belief', 'networks', 'forth', 'extreme', 'learning', 'machines']
['regarded', 'powerful', 'learning']
['architecture', 'image', 'classification', 'therefore', 'explore']
['robust', 'models', 'recently', 'employed', 'sonable', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'chest']
['applying', 'contemporary', 'models', 'latest']
['dataset', 'compiled', 'public', 'repositories', 'realize']
['their', 'reported', 'performances', 'constrained', 'overfitting']
['influenced', 'biased', 'address', 'issue']
['propose', 'dimensional', 'custom', 'model']
['classifying', 'images', 'predict', 'covid', 'cases']
['depicted', 'structure', 'utilized', 'learn']
['discriminating', 'patterns', 'automatically', 'radiograph']
['images']
['proposed', 'model', 'consists', 'three', 'components']
['first', 'component', 'stack', 'convolution', 'layers', 'while']
['second', 'segment', 'consists', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers']
['final', 'component', 'responsible', 'generating', 'output']
['probability', 'first', 'convolution', 'layers', 'first', 'ponent', 'model', 'receive', 'radiograph', 'images', 'input']
['identify', 'discriminative', 'features', 'input', 'examples']
['component', 'classification']
[]
['layer', 'among', 'convolution', 'layers', 'consists']
['filter']
[]
['initially', 'filter']
[]
['layer', 'decreased', 'successive', 'layer']
['algorithm', 'augmentation', 'radiograph', 'images']
[]
['input', 'augmentation']
['possible', 'values', 'generic']
['collection']
['augmentation']
['output', 'augmented', 'sample']
[]
[]
['initialize', 'maximum', 'number']
['epochs', 'batch']
['number', 'augment']
['construct', 'generator', 'model']
['depicted']
['construct', 'discriminator', 'model']
['depicted']
['foreach']
[]
['generate', 'samples']
['random', 'noise', 'initialize']
['generator']
['generate', 'image']
['passing', 'generator']
['select', 'random']
['samples']
[]
['construct', 'collection']
['generated']
['original', 'samples']
['update', 'discriminator']
['model', 'batch', 'training', 'using']
[]
[]
[]
['generate', 'samples']
['random', 'noise']
['update', 'generator', 'model']
['parameters']
[]
['generate', 'collection']
['augmented', 'images', 'using']
['foreach']
['corresponding']
['directory']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['augment', 'applying']
['zooming', 'rotation']
['collection']
[]
['return']
['forward', 'convolution', 'operation', 'performed', 'between']
['input', 'image', 'filter', 'coefficients', 'using']
['volume', '171579s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['figure', 'proposed', 'framework', 'consisting', 'envisioned']
['algorithm', 'custom', 'model', 'obtained']
['splitting', 'original', 'images', 'training']
['algorithm', 'adaptively', 'generic', 'augmentation']
['techniques', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'chest', 'images', 'which', 'combined']
['remaining', 'original', 'radiograph', 'images', 'construct', 'robust']
['training', 'dataset', 'training', 'input', 'passed', 'customized']
['model', 'which', 'performs', 'automated', 'feature', 'extraction', 'classification']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['denote', 'output', 'filter', 'weights']
[]
['layer', 'respectively']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['hyper', 'parameter', 'tuning', 'conducted', 'select', 'optimal']
['activation', 'function', 'shown', 'activation']
['function', 'considers', 'constant', 'denoted']
['apply', 'dropout', 'regularization']
['technique', 'assist', 'network', 'evading', 'overfit', 'achieve', 'better', 'model', 'generalization', 'randomly']
['disregarding', 'randomly', 'selected', 'neurons', 'hidden', 'reduce', 'feature', 'computational', 'power']
['introduce', 'pooling', 'layer']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['hidden', 'layers', 'where']
[]
['fraction', 'initial', 'dimension', 'input']
['pooling', 'layers', 'assist', 'model', 'capturing', 'abstract', 'spatial']
['information', 'robustly', 'enhancing', 'model', 'eralization', 'ability', 'model', 'output', 'features']
['convolution', 'layers', 'converted', 'dimensional']
['vector', 'flattening', 'layer', 'forwarded']
['stack', 'fully', 'connected', 'dense', 'layers', 'automated']
['classification', 'stage', 'number', 'nodes', 'first', 'dense']
['layer', 'equal']
['decreased', 'factor']
['successive']
['layer', 'respect', 'number', 'nodes']
['previous', 'layer', 'output']
['dense', 'layer', 'propagated']
['through', 'dropout', 'layer']
[]
['finally', 'output', 'layer', 'computes', 'probability']
['input', 'belonging', 'class', 'learning']
['constant', 'throughout', 'training', 'model', 'sification', 'receives', 'radiograph', 'samples', 'input']
['outputs', 'sequence', 'labels']
['corresponds', 'pixel', 'values']
['input', 'images', 'other', 'denotes']
['distinct', 'class', 'dimension']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['denote', 'image', 'height', 'width']
['number', 'channels']
['sample', 'augmented']
['samples', 'passed', 'training', 'during', 'training']
['phase', 'samples', 'considered']
['dataset', 'during', 'testing', 'phase']
['training', 'running', 'phases', 'proposed']
[]
['hereon', 'discuss', 'steps', 'training', 'running']
['phases', 'proposed', 'algorithm']
['steps', 'training', 'phase', 'proposed']
['framework', 'presented', 'algorithm', 'training', 'stage']
['commences', 'algorithm', 'which', 'takes']
['inputs', 'custom', 'model', 'description']
['input', 'parameter', 'provided', 'input', 'section']
['algorithm', 'steps', 'algorithm', 'initialize', 'required']
['parameters', 'steps', 'loaded', 'location']
['split', 'ratio', 'utilized']
['running', 'phase', 'evaluating', 'model', 'initially']
['171580', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['algorithm', 'training', 'phase']
['input', 'collection', 'training']
['testing', 'validation']
['location', 'number']
['cross', 'validation']
['number', 'epoch']
['batch']
['ratio', 'threshold', 'value']
['class', 'imbalance', 'ratio']
['total', 'number', 'samples']
['across', 'classes']
['output', 'trained', 'model']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['train']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['generate', 'random', 'values']
['range']
[]
[]
['foreach', 'index']
[]
['train']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['foreach', 'class', 'train']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['foreach', 'class']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['xtrain', 'ytrain']
['labels']
[]
['xtrain', 'generic', 'xtrain']
['generic']
['update', 'model', 'depicted']
['training', 'using', 'xtrain']
[]
['evaluate', 'using']
[]
['model', 'parameters']
['return']
['stored', 'training', 'directory', 'hence', 'loaded']
['location', 'training', 'steps', 'responsible']
['checking', 'whether', 'augmentation', 'required']
['accordingly', 'preparing', 'training', 'validation']
['dataset', 'specifically', 'steps', 'check', 'whether']
['training', 'class', 'predefined', 'thresh', 'based', 'condition', 'exploit']
['algorithm', 'running', 'phase']
['input', 'testpath', 'location']
['images']
['output', 'ypred', 'prediction', 'testing']
['samples']
['xtest', 'testpath']
['saved', 'trained', 'model']
['yprob', 'predict', 'probabilities']
['xtest']
['ypred', 'argmax', 'yprob']
['return', 'ypred']
['proposed', 'augmentation', 'radiograph', 'images']
['algorithm', 'described', 'algorithm', 'customized']
['model', 'trained', 'steps', 'utilizing', 'model', 'structure']
['illustrated', 'penultimate', 'trained']
['model', 'stored', 'further', 'testing', 'validation', 'finally']
['algorithm', 'returns', 'trained', 'model']
['running', 'phase', 'model', 'proposed']
['framework', 'follows', 'algorithm', 'receives']
['location', 'sample', 'inference', 'returns', 'predicted']
['class', 'labels', 'ypred', 'corresponding', 'after', 'reading']
['trained', 'model', 'loaded']
['following', 'model']
['employed']
['predict', 'probabilities', 'sample']
['possible', 'classes', 'finally', 'class']
['maximum', 'probability', 'identified', 'sample']
['returned', 'collection', 'predictions']
['computation', 'overhead', 'analysis']
['remainder', 'section', 'rigorously', 'analyze']
['computational', 'overhead', 'proposed', 'model', 'terms']
['complexity', 'analyses', 'divided', 'training']
['running', 'phases']
['training', 'phase']
['training', 'phase', 'includes', 'proposed', 'rithm', 'augmentation', 'training', 'customized']
['model', 'algorithm', 'particularly', 'analysis']
['algorithm', 'consider', 'appropriate', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'model', 'already', 'selected', 'after']
['hyperparameter', 'tuning', 'partition', 'analysis', 'train', 'phase', 'three', 'segments', 'required']
['preparation', 'augmentation', 'execu', 'model', 'therefore', 'total', 'computational']
['complexity', 'expressed', 'follows']
[]
['first', 'three', 'steps', 'algorithm', 'where', 'initial', 'ization', 'conducted', 'complexity', 'denoted']
['constant', 'train']
['there', 'number', 'available']
['train', 'complexity', 'steps', 'split']
['ratio', 'therefore', 'complexity', 'associated']
['volume', '171581s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['these', 'steps', 'hence', 'computational', 'complexity']
['preparation', 'phase', 'denoted']
[]
['augmentation', 'complexity', 'analy', 'mainly', 'consists', 'proposed', 'algorithm']
['invoked', 'steps', 'algorithm', 'requires', 'loading']
['class', 'results', 'computa', 'tional', 'complexity']
[]
[]
['denotes', 'number']
['classes', 'while']
[]
[]
['refers', 'number']
[]
['class', 'through', 'steps', 'algorithm']
['invoked', 'complexity', 'denoted', 'odari', 'suppose']
['denote', 'numbers', 'layers', 'genera', 'discriminator', 'respectively', 'computations']
['required', 'generator', 'discriminator', 'models']
['denoted', 'respectively']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['combining', 'previous', 'expressions']
['overall', 'overhead', 'algorithm', 'evaluated']
['follows']
[]
[]
['where', 'denote', 'number', 'augment']
['maximum', 'number', 'epochs', 'batch', 'respec', 'tively']
['steps', 'training', 'algorithm', 'assuming']
['length']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['computational', 'overhead']
[]
[]
['therefore', 'overall', 'complexity', 'augmentation']
['stage', 'expressed']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['steps', 'training', 'algorithm', 'invokes']
['adopted', 'structure', 'computational', 'overhead']
['derived']
['cnncl', 'cnndl']
['where', 'cnncl', 'cnndl', 'denote', 'computational']
['overheads', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'dense', 'layers']
['respectively', 'consider', 'layer', 'number', 'filters']
[]
['layer']
[]
['input', 'image']
['dimension']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['kernel']
['dimension']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['computational', 'complexity', 'convolutional', 'layers']
['expressed']
['cnncl']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['after', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'layers', 'assuming']
[]
[]
[]
['weight', 'vector']
['layer', 'plexity', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'given']
['cnndl']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['hence', 'combining', 'aforementioned', 'equations', 'final', 'computational', 'complexity', 'proposed']
['write', 'follows']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['finally', 'determine', 'total', 'complexity', 'train', 'phase', 'algorithm', 'substitute']
['corresponding', 'values']
['running', 'phase']
['running', 'phase', 'conducted', 'infer', 'classes']
['using', 'trained', 'model', 'evaluate', 'model']
['shown', 'algorithm', 'consider', 'number']
['ntest', 'computational', 'overhead', 'testing']
['phase', 'given']
['ntest']
['demonstrates', 'model', 'results', 'linear', 'implies', 'proposed']
['framework', 'comprising', 'algorithm']
['customized', 'model', 'deployed', 'clinical', 'grade']
['machines', 'image', 'processing', 'capability', 'computing']
['resources', 'having', 'access', 'digitized', 'radiograph', 'images']
['analog', 'machines', 'portable', 'machines']
['movable', 'booths', 'trucks', 'adequate', 'shielding']
['power', 'supply', 'model', 'viable', 'automating']
['radiograph', 'image', 'classification', 'around']
['covid', 'detection']
['performance', 'evaluation']
['evaluate', 'performance', 'proposed', 'frame', 'section', 'describe', 'collected', 'datasets']
['train', 'customized', 'model', 'followed', 'extensive']
['experimental', 'results', 'discussion']
['dataset', 'preparation']
['dataset', 'employed', 'supervised', 'radiograph', 'image']
['classification', 'using', 'proposed', 'framework', 'sists', 'three', 'classes', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'normal']
['chest', 'images', 'collected', 'dataset', 'using', 'ferent', 'existing', 'datasets', 'posteroanterior', 'chest']
['combined', 'those', 'single', 'dataset', 'utilize']
['classification', 'purpose', 'developed', 'dataset', 'github']
['covid', 'collected', 'study']
['cases', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'images', 'chexpert']
['171582', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['table', 'brief', 'description', 'dataset', 'image']
['classification']
['dataset', 'collected', 'stanford', 'group']
['normal', 'pneumonia', 'chest', 'images', 'collected']
['dataset', 'table', 'lists', 'initial', 'class', 'distri', 'bution', 'collected', 'chest', 'dataset', 'number']
['samples', 'collected', 'covid', 'significantly', 'lower']
['other', 'classes', 'because', 'novel', 'disease']
['moment', 'regarding', 'covid', 'challenging', 'obtain']
['other', 'words', 'number', 'covid', 'class', 'samples']
['merged', 'dataset', 'lower', 'threshold', 'value', 'class']
['imbalance', 'ratio', 'therefore', 'overcome', 'effect']
['amount', 'covid', 'employed', 'proposed']
['algorithm', 'increase', 'number', 'samples']
['applied', 'proposal', 'along', 'contemporary', 'models']
['verify', 'which', 'yields', 'covid', 'detection']
['performance']
['performance', 'indicators']
['evaluate', 'classification', 'results', 'primarily', 'adopted']
['combination', 'three', 'measurement', 'indicators', 'accuracy']
['weighted', 'precision', 'weighted', 'score', 'accuracy']
['ability', 'correctly', 'differentiate', 'three', 'cases']
['assume', 'denotes', 'number', 'classes', 'consid', 'classification']
['refers', 'number', 'samples']
[]
['class', 'indicates', 'total', 'number', 'samples']
['classes', 'accuracy', 'represented']
['follows']
['accuracy']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['define', 'weighted', 'precision']
['measure', 'precise', 'model', 'terms', 'number']
['samples', 'actually', 'present']
['class', 'those', 'predicted']
['class', 'number', 'multiplied', 'weight']
[]
['class', 'obtain', 'weight', 'precision', 'follows']
['weighted', 'precision']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['weighted', 'score', 'defined', 'weighted']
['average', 'precision', 'recall', 'although']
['recall', 'directly', 'performance', 'measure', 'because', 'using']
['score', 'implicitly', 'weighted', 'score']
['obtained', 'follows']
['weighted', 'score']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['precision', 'recall']
['class']
['respectively', 'expressed']
['denoted']
[]
[]
['denotes', 'positive', 'false', 'positive', 'false', 'negative']
[]
['class', 'respectively']
['indicates', 'number', 'cases']
['correctly', 'identified']
['class', 'represents']
['number', 'cases', 'incorrectly', 'identified']
['class']
['denotes', 'number', 'cases', 'incorrectly', 'identified']
['class', 'other']
['class', 'addition', 'evaluating']
['results', 'comprehensively', 'employed', 'class']
['specific', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'normal', 'covid']
['pneumonia', 'detection', 'accuracy', 'three', 'classes']
['results', 'discussion']
['followed', 'systematic', 'approach', 'applying', 'differ', 'techniques', 'optimal', 'model', 'classification']
['experiments', 'conducted', 'workstation']
['intel', '00ghz', 'powered']
['nvidia', 'graphics', 'processing']
['simulations', 'implemented', 'employing', 'python', 'keras']
['tensorflow', 'library', 'visualization', 'experimental']
['results', 'achieved', 'utilizing', 'python', 'matplotlib', 'library']
['during', 'simulations', 'resized', 'image', 'samples']
['setting']
[]
['images', 'consistent']
['terms', 'number', 'channels', 'samples']
['input', 'images', 'grayscale', 'nature']
['selected', 'based', 'manual', 'tuning', 'using']
['proposed', 'algorithm', 'demand', 'augmentation']
['performed', 'adaptively', 'employing', 'rotation']
['degrees', 'zooming', 'value']
['systematically', 'constructed', 'three', 'experimental']
['scenarios', 'conduct', 'comprehensive', 'performance', 'compari', 'proposed', 'framework', 'consisting']
['algorithm', 'customized', 'models', 'state', 'models', 'which', 'recently', 'reported']
['provide', 'reasonable', 'accuracies', 'covid', 'detection']
['three', 'scenarios', 'constructed', 'incremental', 'fashion']
['described', 'below']
['first', 'scenario', 'designed', 'customized']
['model', 'architecture', 'depicted', 'param', 'eters', 'model', 'selected', 'based', 'results']
['search', 'technique']
['second', 'scenario', 'implemented', 'proposed']
['algorithm', 'analyze', 'effect', 'generic']
['based', 'augmentation', 'train', 'based']
['model', 'robust', 'fashion', 'significantly', 'improve']
['covid', 'detection', 'accuracy']
['third', 'final', 'scenario', 'trained', 'several', 'state', 'models', 'using', 'different', 'learning']
['paradigms', 'compiled', 'dataset']
['unknown', 'chest', 'original', 'images', 'normal']
['covid', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'presented']
['customized', 'model', 'proposed']
['framework', 'contemporary', 'models']
['results', 'compare', 'performances']
['proposal', 'these', 'contemporary', 'models', 'terms']
['covid', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'efficiency']
['volume', '171583s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['figure', 'performance', 'terms', 'accuracy', 'different', 'combinations']
['activation', 'functions', 'optimizers']
['figure', 'performance', 'terms', 'precision', 'different', 'combinations']
['activation', 'functions', 'optimizers']
['figure', 'performance', 'terms', 'score', 'different', 'combinations']
['activation', 'functions', 'optimizers']
['first', 'scenario', 'implemented', 'customized']
['model', 'proposed', 'framework', 'carried']
['search', 'achieve', 'optimal', 'model', 'parameters']
['figure', 'performance', 'comparison', 'diverse', 'ratios']
['covid', 'images', 'generated', 'respect', 'existing']
['number', 'samples', 'dataset']
['activation', 'functions', 'optimizer', 'worth', 'other', 'customized', 'models', 'revealed', 'perfor', 'mance', 'bottleneck', 'terms', 'validation', 'accuracy']
['found', 'model', 'lightweight']
['efficient', 'automating', 'chest', 'classification']
['demonstrate', 'results', 'obtained']
['hyper', 'parameter', 'tuning', 'terms', 'accuracy', 'precision']
['score', 'respectively', 'these', 'performances', 'extensively']
['evaluated', 'across', 'optimizers', 'stochastic', 'gradient', 'descent']
['adaptive', 'moment', 'estimation']
['square', 'propagation', 'rmsprop', 'adaptive', 'delta', 'adadelta']
['nesterov', 'nadam', 'adaptive', 'gradient', 'rithm', 'adagrad', 'activation', 'functions', 'scaled', 'exponential', 'linear', 'rectified']
['linear', 'exponential', 'linear']
['depicted', 'results', 'these', 'figures', 'demonstrated']
['better', 'performances', 'average', 'compared']
['other', 'activation', 'functions', 'however', 'performance']
['exhibited', 'adopted', 'activation', 'function']
['value', 'constant', 'optimizer']
['adagrad', 'learning', 'first', 'exper', 'imental', 'setting', 'selecting', 'optimal', 'hyper', 'parameters']
['learning', 'based', 'model', 'batch']
['number', 'epochs']
['configuration', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'precision']
['score', 'found']
['respectively', 'therefore', 'further', 'analysis', 'applied']
['configuration', 'customized', 'model']
['framework', 'furthermore', 'pooling', 'layer']
['proposed', 'architecture', 'conducted', 'manual', 'parameter']
['tuning', 'assigned', 'where']
['initial', 'input']
[]
['second', 'experimental', 'scenario', 'number']
['covid', 'samples', 'collected', 'dataset', 'lower']
['defined', 'threshold', 'applied', 'proposed']
['algorithm', 'increase', 'number', 'covid', 'samples']
['model', 'trained', 'robust', 'training']
['171584', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['figure', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'testing', 'phase', 'employing', 'stratified', 'cross', 'validation']
['eventually', 'predict', 'positive', 'covid', 'cases']
['accuracy', 'altered', 'proportions', 'tomized', 'model', 'algorithm', 'respect']
['original', 'sample', 'covid', 'class', 'ratios']
['generated', 'samples', 'proposed', 'approach']
['varied', 'respect', 'number']
['covid', 'examples', 'original', 'dataset', 'number']
['iterations', 'producing', 'augmented', 'samples', 'using']
['based', 'method', 'among', 'proportions']
['mentioned', 'earlier', 'covid', 'detection', 'performance']
['customized', 'model', 'found', 'highest']
['accuracy', 'number', 'newly']
['generated', 'samples', 'original']
['covid', 'samples', 'therefore', 'picked', 'configura', 'conducted', 'experiments']
['scenario']
['after', 'producing', 'augmented', 'samples', 'covid']
['class', 'analyzed', 'effect', 'combining', 'adaptive']
['generic', 'augmentation', 'based', 'algorithm']
['architecture', 'fully', 'implement']
['framework', 'compared', 'performance']
['model', 'without', 'adopting']
['algorithm', 'experiment', 'conducted', 'utilizing', 'stratified', 'cross', 'validation', 'using', 'stratification', 'nique', 'samples', 'rearranged']
['stable', 'representation', 'whole', 'dataset', 'maintaining']
['percentage', 'samples', 'class', 'third']
['experimental', 'setup', 'number', 'epochs']
['batch', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'fully', 'connected', 'dense', 'layers', 'fixed']
['these', 'hyperparameter', 'values', 'manually']
['tuned', 'analyze', 'results', 'critically', 'terms']
['covid', 'detection', 'efficiency', 'experimental', 'setting']
['investigated', 'normalized', 'normalized', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'customized', 'model']
['table', 'performance', 'comparison', 'proposed']
['generic', 'based', 'augmentation']
['without', 'model', 'proposed']
['algorithm', 'complete', 'framework']
['represents', 'normalized', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'where', 'posed', 'model', 'implemented', 'without', 'applying']
['augmentation', 'depicts', 'combined']
['algorithm', 'despite', 'similar', 'performances']
['approaches', 'normalized', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'demon', 'strates', 'proposed', 'framework']
['robust', 'classifying', 'positive', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['cases', 'proposed', 'exhibited']
['accuracies', 'while', 'detecting', 'positive', 'covid', 'monia', 'cases', 'respectively', 'encouraging', 'classification']
['performance', 'indicates', 'proposed', 'learning', 'based', 'framework', 'classify', 'radio', 'graph', 'images', 'efficiency', 'specifically', 'covid']
['detection']
['furthermore', 'analyzed', 'impact', 'generic', 'based', 'augmentation', 'separately', 'combined', 'tomized', 'model', 'compared', 'covid', 'detection']
['accuracy', 'proposed', 'framework', 'table']
['exhibits', 'simulation', 'results', 'which', 'proves']
['generic', 'based', 'augmentation', 'significant']
['influence', 'enhancing', 'covid', 'detection', 'efficiency']
['simulation', 'results', 'table', 'model', 'achieved', 'generic']
['augmentation', 'obtained', 'proposed']
['volume', '171585s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['table', 'performance', 'comparison', 'proposed', 'architecture']
['existing', 'architectures', 'three', 'classes']
['based', 'augmentation', 'delivered', 'covid']
['detection', 'accuracy', 'other', 'proposed']
['framework', 'demonstrated', 'highest', 'covid', 'detection']
['accuracy', 'performance', 'attributed']
['combination', 'customized', 'model', 'posed', 'algorithm', 'where', 'generic', 'based']
['augmentation', 'adaptively', 'performed', 'therefore']
['evident', 'these', 'results', 'proposed', 'frame', 'customized', 'model', 'robust']
['algorithm']
['third', 'experimental', 'scenario', 'compared', 'perfor', 'mance', 'customized', 'model', 'performances']
['state', 'models', 'inception', 'resnet']
['resnet', 'densenet', 'reason', 'behind', 'choosing', 'these']
['contemporary', 'models', 'their', 'performances', 'reported']
['recent', 'literature', 'covid', 'detection', 'worth']
['noting', 'inception', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'belong']
['depth', 'based', 'multi', 'based', 'paradigms', 'respec', 'tively', 'other', 'resnet', 'combines', 'depth', 'based', 'multi', 'based', 'architectures', 'table']
['demonstrates', 'comparative', 'analysis', 'which', 'indicates']
['efficiency', 'proposed', 'framework']
['terms', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'using', 'chest']
['images', 'proposed', 'model', 'outperformed', 'resnet']
['inception', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'although', 'densenet']
['achieves', 'prediction', 'performance', 'normal']
['cases', 'accuracy', 'pneumonia', 'detection']
['while', 'exhibits', 'poorest', 'performance']
['identifying', 'covid', 'cases', 'implies', 'multi', 'based', 'structure', 'although', 'reported', 'recent', 'covid', 'detection', 'other', 'inception']
['resnet', 'using', 'depth', 'based', 'modeling', 'paradigm']
['achieves', 'improved', 'covid', 'detection', 'accuracy']
['combination', 'these', 'modeling', 'paradigms', 'incor', 'porated', 'resnet', 'which', 'predict', 'cases', 'having']
['covid', 'samples', 'slightly', 'elevated', 'accuracy']
['other', 'proposed', 'framework', 'bining', 'envisioned', 'algorithm', 'customized']
['model', 'detect', 'covid', 'cases', 'nificantly', 'accuracy', 'pneumo', 'other', 'abnormal', 'present', 'dataset']
['detected', 'higher', 'accuracy', 'compared']
['contemporary', 'models', 'though', 'performance']
['slightly', 'drops', 'normal', 'identification', 'accuracy']
['still', 'close', 'proposal', 'furthermore']
['final', 'column', 'table', 'under']
['receiver', 'operating', 'characteristic', 'curve', 'values', 'listed']
['proposed', 'contemporary', 'models']
['score', 'proposed', 'which', 'demon', 'strates', 'reasonable', 'accuracy', 'identification', 'across']
['samples', 'encouraging', 'performance']
['proposed', 'algorithm', 'prominent']
['models', 'clearly', 'demonstrates', 'proposed', 'technique']
['useful', 'detecting', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'cases']
['significantly', 'reliable', 'accuracy']
['furthermore', 'compare', 'performance', 'proposal']
['recent', 'custom', 'model', 'referred', 'darkcovidnet']
['multi', 'class', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'covidnet', 'reported', 'which', 'considerably']
['lower', 'proposed', 'model', 'performance']
['which', 'believe', 'ensures', 'effectiveness']
['proposed', 'model', 'addition', 'conducted']
['experiments', 'validate', 'compare', 'proposed', 'nique', 'darkcovidnet', 'table', 'demonstrates']
['results', 'obtained', 'proposed', 'model', 'tested']
['datasets', 'darkcovidnet', 'model', 'tested']
['datasets', 'models', 'trained', 'employing']
['respective', 'dataset', 'these', 'experimental', 'results', 'presented', 'table']
['produced', 'after', 'training', 'models', 'epochs']
['trained', 'models', 'tested']
['datasets', 'proposed', 'technique', 'outperformed', 'darkcovid', 'detection', 'accuracies', 'normal', 'covid']
['cases', 'addition', 'classification', 'efficiency', 'posed', 'framework', 'lightweight']
['darkcovidnet', 'customized', 'model', 'consists', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'while', 'darkcovid', 'model', 'comprises', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'making']
['model', 'training', 'phase', 'lightweight', 'computationally']
['expensive', 'darkcovidnet', 'model']
['moreover', 'while', 'researches', 'reported', 'overall', 'mention', 'covid', 'detection', 'accuracy']
['other', 'researches', 'applying', 'learning']
['techniques', 'report', 'score', 'which', 'robust']
['representative', 'performance', 'metric', 'practically', 'evaluating']
['covid', 'detection', 'ability', 'model', 'summary']
['applying', 'various', 'contemporary', 'models', 'inception']
['resenet', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'recent', 'customized']
['model', 'darkcovidnet', 'covid', 'detection', 'latest']
['dataset', 'compiled', 'public', 'repositories', 'realized']
['their', 'reported', 'performances', 'constrained', 'overfit', 'influenced', 'biased', 'accuracy']
['bottleneck', 'those', 'existing', 'models', 'justifies', 'required']
['build', 'customized', 'model', 'research', 'algorithm', 'perform', 'robust', 'training']
['avoid', 'overfitting', 'ensure', 'covid', 'detection']
['accuracy', 'significantly', 'score']
['limitations', 'study']
['section', 'briefly', 'discuss', 'limitations', 'sible', 'future', 'conducted', 'extend', 'study']
['171586', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['table', 'comparison', 'performance', 'proposed', 'model', 'darkcovidnet', 'datasets']
['study', 'experiments', 'conducted']
['critical', 'stage', 'sensitive', 'manner', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'proof', 'concept']
['covid', 'using', 'radiograph', 'images', 'despite', 'compiling']
['datasets', 'multiple', 'sources', 'images', 'taining', 'covid', 'samples', 'consid', 'erably', 'small', 'therefore', 'synthetic', 'images']
['generated', 'using', 'customized', 'assisted', 'mentation', 'technique', 'train', 'robust']
['model', 'perform', 'binary', 'normal', 'covid']
['three', 'classification', 'normal', 'pneumonia']
['covid', 'significantly', 'accuracy']
['datasets', 'consisting', 'other', 'diseases']
['forth', 'which', 'exhibit', 'acute']
['respiratory', 'distress', 'syndrome', 'pneumonia', 'conditions', 'lungs', 'class', 'labels']
['considered']
['physician', 'perspective', 'important', 'severity', 'covid', 'however']
['labeled', 'model', 'could']
['classify', 'various', 'stages', 'covid']
['asymptomatic', 'severe']
['proposed', 'technique', 'performed', 'efficiently']
['utilized', 'analyze', 'samples', 'however', 'study']
['extended', 'evaluate', 'system', 'performance']
['covid', 'detection', 'while', 'using', 'other', 'radiograph']
['techniques', 'ultrasound']
['positron', 'emission', 'tomography']
['dataset', 'study', 'limited']
['modality', 'images', 'containing']
['covid', 'features', 'further', 'customization']
['model', 'required', 'combine', 'multiple']
['imaging', 'modalities', 'ultrasound']
['along', 'images', 'other', 'modalities']
['temperature', 'diabetes', 'level', 'renal', 'function']
['forth', 'patient', 'parameters', 'ethnicity', 'travel', 'history', 'contact', 'history', 'depth', 'covid', 'classification', 'therefore']
['multi', 'modal', 'input', 'characterization', 'corresponding']
['model', 'customization', 'needed', 'future']
['interpreting', 'explaining', 'classification', 'results']
['conclusion']
['paper', 'addressed', 'emerging', 'challenges']
['detecting', 'covid', 'shortage', 'efficient', 'nosis', 'equipment', 'personnel', 'areas', 'particularly']
['developing', 'rural', 'zones', 'numerous', 'people', 'remain']
['diagnosed', 'results', 'substantial', 'between']
['number', 'confirmed', 'actual', 'cases', 'radiographs']
['chest', 'images', 'scans', 'demonstrated']
['potential', 'detecting', 'covid', 'infection']
['lungs', 'complement', 'consuming', 'viral']
['antibody', 'testing', 'while', 'scans', 'higher', 'resolu', 'grained', 'details', 'compared', 'images']
['machines', 'pervasive', 'hospital', 'emergency', 'rooms', 'public']
['health', 'facilities', 'rural', 'health', 'centers', 'clinics']
['addition', 'because', 'cheaper', 'alternative']
['appealing', 'solution', 'portability', 'mobile', 'trucks']
['covid', 'screening', 'booths', 'adequate', 'shielding']
['power', 'supply', 'identify', 'covid', 'infection']
['recognizing', 'patterns', 'glass', 'opacities']
['consolidations', 'raised', 'formidable', 'research', 'problem']
['addressed', 'paper', 'discussed']
['necessary', 'automate', 'image', 'classification']
['prepared', 'covid', 'demic', 'radiologists', 'caregivers', 'expected']
['overwhelmed', 'patient', 'influx', 'isolate', 'themselves', 'become', 'infected', 'means']
['there', 'pressing', 'automate', 'classification']
['radiographs', 'particularly', 'images', 'minimize', 'around', 'covid', 'detection', 'therefore', 'leverage']
['availability', 'efficiency', 'chest', 'imaging']
['paper', 'proposed', 'framework', 'called']
['learning', 'based', 'chest', 'radiograph', 'classification', 'covid', 'detection', 'complement', 'existing', 'viral']
['antibody', 'testing', 'methods']
['proposed', 'framework', 'consists', 'parts']
['algorithm', 'which', 'adaptively', 'employs', 'customized']
['generative', 'adversarial', 'network', 'generic', 'augmen', 'tation', 'techniques', 'rotation', 'dimensional', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'model']
['employed', 'unique', 'dataset', 'multiple', 'publicly', 'available']
['sources', 'containing', 'radiograph', 'images', 'covid']
['pneumonia', 'infected', 'lungs', 'along', 'normal', 'imaging']
['classification', 'accuracy', 'significantly', 'increased']
['adopting', 'proposed', 'framework', 'posal', 'compared', 'existing', 'learning', 'models']
['diverse', 'categories', 'depth', 'based', 'inception', 'resnet', 'multi', 'based', 'densenet', 'hybrid']
['resnet', 'architectures', 'extensive', 'experimental', 'results']
['demonstrated', 'proposed', 'combination']
['custom', 'based', 'framework', 'significantly', 'performed', 'existing', 'architectures', 'incorporating']
['proposed', 'model', 'significantly', 'accuracy']
['volume', '171587s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['clinical', 'grade', 'portable', 'equipment', 'allow']
['automated', 'accurate', 'detection', 'covid']
['scrutinized', 'patients']
['new_paper']
['author', 'articles', 'published', 'access', 'journal', 'distributed', 'under', 'terms']
['creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'international', 'license', 'creativecommons', 'licenses']
['collaborative', 'digital', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['federated', 'learning', 'solution']
['junjie', 'huang', 'zhenzhen', 'jianbo']
['zhipeng']
['abstract', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'caused', 'crisis', 'affects', 'segments', 'population']
['knowledge', 'understanding', 'covid', 'evolve', 'appropriate', 'response', 'pandemic', 'considered']
['effective', 'methods', 'controlling', 'spread', 'virus', 'recent', 'studies', 'indicate', 'digital']
['beneficial', 'tackling', 'health', 'crisis', 'because', 'construct', 'virtual', 'replica', 'simulate', 'factors']
['climate', 'conditions', 'response', 'policies', 'people', 'trajectories', 'efficient', 'inclusive', 'decisions']
['however', 'dtsystem', 'relies', 'quality', 'collection', 'appropriate', 'decisions', 'limiting']
['advantages', 'facing', 'urgent', 'crises', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'federated', 'learning', 'which']
['clients', 'learn', 'shared', 'model', 'while', 'retaining', 'training', 'locally', 'emerges', 'promising', 'solution']
['accumulating', 'insights', 'multiple', 'sources', 'efficiently', 'furthermore', 'enhanced', 'privacy', 'protection']
['settings', 'removing', 'privacy', 'barriers', 'collaboration', 'propose', 'framework', 'fused']
['achieve', 'novel', 'collaborative', 'paradigm', 'allows', 'multiple', 'share', 'local', 'strategy']
['status', 'quickly', 'particular', 'central', 'server', 'manages', 'local', 'updates', 'multiple', 'collaborators']
['providing', 'global', 'model', 'trained', 'multiple', 'iterations', 'different', 'systems', 'until', 'model', 'gains']
['correlations', 'between', 'various', 'response', 'plans', 'infection', 'trends', 'approach', 'means', 'collaborative']
['paradigm', 'fused', 'techniques', 'obtain', 'knowledge', 'patterns', 'multiple', 'eventually', 'establish']
['global', 'crisis', 'management', 'meanwhile', 'helps', 'improve', 'consolidating', 'other']
['without', 'violating', 'privacy', 'rules', 'paper', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'proposed']
['framework', 'experimental', 'results', 'dataset', 'various', 'response', 'plans', 'validate', 'proposed', 'solution']
['demonstrate', 'superior', 'performance']
['words', 'covid', 'digital', 'federated', 'learning', 'learning']
['junjie', 'college', 'computer', 'science', 'technology', 'qingdao', 'university', 'qingdao', '266000', 'china']
['business', 'school', 'qingdao', 'university', 'qingdao', '266000', 'china', 'pangjj18']
['huang', 'college', 'computing', 'software', 'engineering', 'kennesaw', 'state', 'university', 'atlanta', '30060']
['yhuang24', 'kennesaw']
['zhenzhen', 'college', 'computer', 'science', 'technology', 'jilin', 'university', 'changchun', '130012', 'china']
['xiezz14', 'mails']
['jianbo', 'college', 'computer', 'science', 'technology', 'qingdao', 'university', 'qingdao', '266000', 'china']
['lijianbo']
['zhipeng', 'department', 'computer', 'science', 'georgia', 'state', 'university', 'atlanta', '30303']
['correspondence', 'should', 'addressed']
['manuscript', 'received', 'accepted', '18760', 'tsinghua', 'science', 'technology', 'october']
['introduction']
['coronavirus', 'covid', 'infectious', 'disease']
['caused', 'recently', 'discovered', 'coronavirus']
['identified', 'december', 'https']
['emergencies', 'diseases', 'novel', 'coronavirus']
['virus', 'spread', 'worldwide', 'three', 'months']
['infected', 'million', 'people', 'caused']
['deaths', 'https', 'worldometers']
['coronavirus', 'widespread', 'coronavirus', 'outbreak']
['received', 'tremendous', 'attention', 'research']
['medical', 'perspective', 'however', 'specific', 'antiviral']
['treatment', 'covid', 'remains', 'unavailable', 'therefore']
['early', 'radical', 'government', 'response']
['considered', 'effective', 'method', 'facing']
['novel', 'infectious', 'disease', 'however', 'determining']
['response', 'properly', 'challenging', 'because']
['experience', 'efficient', 'sources']
['mathematical', 'model', 'possible', 'solution']
['intervention', 'surveillance', 'infectious']
['disease', 'example', 'susceptible', 'infected', 'susceptible', 'epidemic', 'model', 'widely']
['describing', 'spreading', 'process', 'virus', 'static']
['network', 'assumption', 'constant', 'population']
['model', 'combine', 'varying']
['dynamic', 'network', 'describe', 'complex', 'propagation']
['observe', 'significant', 'proliferation']
['machine', 'learning', 'techniques', 'resulted', 'rapid']
['development', 'intelligent', 'forecasting', 'models', 'recent']
['works', 'demonstrate', 'their', 'comparable', 'performance']
['capturing', 'trivial', 'atypical', 'trends', 'typical', 'patterns']
['epidemic', 'control', 'wiener', 'series', 'based']
['machine', 'learning', 'model', 'measuring', 'virus']
['spread', 'after', 'intervention', 'representation']
['learning', 'model', 'generates', 'interpretable', 'epidemic']
['forecasting', 'results', 'seasonal', 'influenza', 'forecasting']
[]
['however', 'these', 'models', 'still', 'several', 'challenges']
['limitations', 'predicting', 'infection', 'trends', 'novel']
['infectious', 'disease', 'covid']
['uncertain', 'influence', 'contrast', 'other', 'pandemic']
['predictions', 'prediction', 'model', 'unknown', 'infectious']
['diseases', 'covid', 'learn', 'influence']
['various', 'response', 'settings', 'wearing']
['shelter', 'place', 'statewide', 'school', 'closures']
['start', 'problem', 'virus', 'starts']
['spread', 'local', 'health', 'department', 'always', 'needs']
['properly', 'collect', 'sufficient', 'generate']
['response', 'pandemic', 'response']
['could', 'varied', 'effects', 'different', 'locations']
['radical', 'response', 'bring', 'economic', 'risks']
['areas', 'while', 'actions', 'could', 'result']
['losing', 'control', 'spreading', 'virus', 'economic']
['damage', 'severely', 'affected', 'areas']
['privacy', 'protection', 'resources', 'related']
['health', 'crisis', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'unavoidably']
['contain', 'sensitive', 'information', 'situation', 'means']
['cannot', 'collaboratively', 'share', 'these', 'unless']
['provide', 'strong', 'privacy', 'guarantee', 'however', 'medical']
['institutions', 'local', 'governments', 'expect', 'performance', 'model', 'epidemic', 'control', 'which', 'means']
['massive', 'collection', 'required', 'learning', 'based', 'models', 'because', 'privacy', 'confidentiality']
['concerns', 'these', 'applications', 'possibly', 'prevented']
['silos', 'emerge', 'these', 'silos', 'isolated']
['islands', 'which', 'health', 'management']
['disorganized', 'inefficient', 'moreover']
['prohibitively', 'costly', 'local', 'agencies', 'extract']
['knowledge', 'share', 'insights', 'realize', 'collaborations']
['other', 'regions']
[]
['shown', 'proposes', 'digital']
['enabled', 'collaborative', 'training', 'framework', 'based']
['federated', 'learning', 'paradigm', 'resolve']
['above', 'problems', 'build', 'virtual']
['replica', 'state', 'provides', 'digital']
['federated', 'learning', 'central', 'server']
[]
['world']
['overview', 'collaborative', 'framework', 'multiple', 'junjie', 'collaborative', 'digital', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'federated', 'learning', 'solution']
['state', 'facilities', 'human', 'activities', 'other', 'types']
['information', 'enable', 'information', 'convergence']
['multiple', 'aspects', 'infection', 'trend', 'enabling']
['prediction', 'uncertain', 'influence', 'caused', 'different']
['events', 'allows', 'region', 'accumulate']
['historical', 'efficiently', 'while', 'demonstrating']
['remarkable', 'potential', 'offering', 'continuous', 'interaction']
['physical', 'world', 'refine', 'prediction']
[]
['specifically', 'convolutional', 'networks']
['adopted', 'implement', 'ensuring', 'superior']
['performance', 'modeling', 'temporal', 'information']
['dynamics', 'future', 'infection', 'trend', 'prediction', 'under']
['local', 'response']
['further', 'resolve', 'start', 'problem', 'privacy']
['concerns', 'introduced', 'collaborative']
['training', 'paradigm', 'involves', 'parameters']
['shared', 'among', 'multiple', 'parties', 'training', 'collaborative']
['machine', 'learning', 'models', 'significantly']
['lower', 'privacy', 'risks', 'collaborative', 'knowledge']
['exchange', 'these', 'features', 'combined', 'quality', 'contribution', 'local', 'essential']
['establishing', 'prediction', 'model', 'accumulating']
['knowledge', 'insights', 'unknown', 'virus']
['covid', 'short', 'period']
['contributions', 'summarized', 'follows']
['resolve', 'uncertain', 'influence', 'challenge']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'management', 'among']
['first', 'propose', 'novel', 'collaborative', 'learning', 'framework']
['embedding']
['proposed', 'based', 'helps', 'determine']
['effects', 'various', 'local', 'response', 'plans']
['which', 'first', 'attempt', 'utilize', 'trivial', 'learning', 'model', 'epidemic', 'forecasting']
['considering', 'granularity', 'pattern', 'features']
['considering', 'start', 'problem', 'privacy']
['concerns', 'solution', 'which', 'offers']
['collaborative', 'learning', 'parameter', 'sharing']
['disturb', 'privacy', 'rules']
['extensive', 'simulations', 'dataset', 'reveal']
['proposed', 'framework', 'significantly', 'outperforms']
['trivial', 'baseline', 'solution']
['strong', 'privacy', 'guarantee']
['remainder', 'paper', 'organized']
['follows', 'section', 'introduces', 'related', 'works', 'basic']
['definitions', 'problem', 'statements', 'presented']
['section', 'section', 'explains', 'detailed', 'structure']
['methodology', 'proposed', 'framework']
['experiments', 'results', 'analyzed', 'section']
['finally', 'conclusions', 'future', 'presented']
['section']
['related']
['section', 'start', 'brief', 'review', 'traditional']
['methods', 'epidemic', 'prediction', 'discuss']
['related', 'techniques', 'collaborative']
['training', 'framework']
['learning', 'based', 'epidemic', 'control', 'historical']
['insights', 'temporal', 'infection']
['crucial', 'epidemic', 'control', 'prevention', 'could']
['benefit', 'other', 'problems', 'smart', 'systems']
['enhanced', 'social', 'network', 'analysis', 'learning', 'based', 'techniques', 'demonstrated', 'remarkable']
['performance', 'model', 'temporal', 'correlations']
['recognize', 'multiple', 'patterns', 'including']
['neural', 'network', 'based', 'short', 'resolution']
['epidemic', 'forecasting', 'influenza', 'illness']
['supervised', 'learning', 'framework', 'integrates']
['computational', 'epidemiology', 'social', 'media', 'mining']
['techniques', 'epidemic', 'simulation', 'called', 'simnest']
['epirp', 'which', 'representational', 'learning']
['methods', 'capture', 'dynamic', 'characteristics']
['epidemic', 'spreading', 'social', 'networks', 'epidemics', 'oriented', 'clustering', 'classification']
['moreover', 'recent', 'breakthroughs', 'infectious', 'disease']
['modeling', 'forecasting', 'disease', 'surveillance']
['further', 'convinced', 'these', 'activities', 'mitigate']
['effects', 'disease', 'outbreaks', 'addition']
['rapid', 'growth', 'cloud', 'computing', 'wireless']
['communication', 'architectures', 'learning', 'models', 'demonstrate', 'constantly', 'improving', 'efficiency']
['given', 'various', 'application', 'scenarios', 'objectives']
['learning', 'based', 'models', 'different', 'typical']
['solution', 'localized', 'nowcasting', 'activity']
['inferring', 'argonet', 'which', 'network', 'based']
['approach', 'leveraging', 'spatio', 'temporal', 'correlations', 'across']
['different', 'states', 'improve', 'prediction', 'accuracy']
['argonet', 'spatial', 'network', 'capture']
['spatio', 'temporal', 'correlations', 'across', 'different', 'states']
['produces', 'precise', 'retrospective', 'estimates', 'based']
['information', 'influenza', 'related', 'google', 'search']
['frequencies', 'electronic', 'health', 'records', 'historical']
['influenza', 'trends', 'instead', 'leveraging', 'multiple']
['source', 'argonet', 'studies']
['proposed', 'multi', 'learning', 'based', 'model']
['generated', 'content', 'search']
['investigate', 'linear', 'nonlinear', 'model', 'capabilities']
['disease', 'estimates', 'significantly762', 'tsinghua', 'science', 'technology', 'october']
['improved', 'study', 'influenza', 'illness']
['however', 'these', 'successful', 'attempts', 'based', 'large', 'scale', 'sources', 'massive', 'historical', 'information']
['disease', 'similar', 'spreading', 'patterns', 'which']
['means', 'dimensionality', 'irregularity', 'forms']
['noise', 'privacy', 'concerns', 'sparsity', 'problems']
['affect', 'these', 'learning', 'based', 'models', 'performance']
[]
['especially', 'unexpected', 'infectious', 'disease']
['outbreaks', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['filling', 'proposed']
['promising', 'solution', 'virtual', 'representation']
['device', 'specific', 'application', 'scenario', 'interact']
['target', 'environment', 'collect', 'continuously']
['decision', 'making', 'several', 'successful']
['research', 'attempts', 'include', 'disaster']
[]
['energy', 'management', 'scale', 'light', 'detection']
['ranging', 'lidar', 'point', 'clouds', 'furthermore']
['singapore', 'germany', 'launched', 'scale', 'monitor', 'improve', 'utilities', 'which', 'enhance']
['transparency', 'sustainability', 'availability']
['offers', 'quality']
['resource', 'describe', 'spread']
['epidemic', 'whereas', 'silos', 'naturally', 'emerge', 'because']
['privacy', 'barriers', 'maintain', 'advantages']
['tolerate', 'sparsity', 'challenge', 'which']
['allows', 'multiple', 'stack', 'holders', 'share', 'train']
['global', 'model', 'become', 'preferred', 'scheme']
['typical', 'scheme', 'settings', 'owner', 'client']
['engages', 'collaborative', 'training', 'process', 'without']
['transferring', 'others', 'through']
['central', 'server', 'manages', 'client', 'local', 'training']
['updates', 'aggregates', 'their', 'contributions', 'enhance']
['global', 'model', 'performance', 'several', 'concrete', 'scenarios']
['including', 'google', 'gboard', 'health', 'smart']
['banking', 'advantages', 'handling']
['collaborative', 'training', 'issues', 'difficulties', 'among']
['diverse', 'owners', 'therefore', 'motivated']
['utilize', 'techniques', 'resolve', 'sparsity']
['challenges', 'design', 'collaborative']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'control']
['preliminary', 'system', 'model']
['section', 'first', 'explain', 'preliminaries']
['proposed', 'framework', 'structural', 'design', 'which']
['combines', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'control']
['explained', 'mathematical', 'definition']
['problem', 'objective', 'detailed', 'methodology']
['proposed', 'solution', 'illustrated', 'section']
['preliminaries']
['given', 'these', 'advantages', 'delicate', 'designed']
['convolutional', 'architecture', 'handle', 'variable']
['length', 'inputs', 'those', 'recurrent', 'neural', 'network']
['based', 'methods', 'convincingly', 'outperform']
['baseline', 'recurrent', 'architectures', 'across', 'various', 'sequence']
['modeling', 'tasks', 'leveraging', 'simpler']
['fully', 'convolutional', 'network', 'build']
['sufficient', 'history', 'variable', 'length']
['input', 'sequence', 'avoiding', 'large', 'memory', 'requirements']
['intricate', 'network', 'architecture', 'those']
['gated', 'model', 'pipeline', 'distinguishing']
['features', 'causal', 'convolution', 'dilated', 'convolution']
['causal', 'convolutions', 'consider', 'output']
['convoluted', 'elements', 'occurred', 'before']
['which', 'suggests', 'current', 'spatial', 'temporal', 'information']
['depends', 'future', 'inputs']
['further', 'achieve', 'longer', 'history', 'without']
['introducing', 'extremely', 'network', 'large']
['filters', 'dilated', 'convolution', 'enlarge']
['sequence', 'maximum', 'length', 'receptive', 'field']
['notably', 'receptive', 'field', 'changed', 'stacking']
['dilated', 'convolution', 'layers', 'increasing', 'filter']
['sizes', 'which', 'fully', 'explain', 'robustness', 'flexibility']
['privacy', 'enhanced', 'distributed', 'learning']
['framework', 'emphasis', 'using', 'mobile']
['devices', 'collecting', 'scaling', 'computation']
['resources', 'unlike', 'previous', 'research', 'handling']
['training', 'centralized', 'manner', 'essential']
['property', 'parameter', 'collaborative', 'training']
['avoid', 'disturbing', 'clients', 'privacy', 'rules']
['various', 'participating', 'clients', 'solve', 'learning']
['through', 'spoke', 'topology', 'model', 'aggregation']
['while', 'maintaining', 'their', 'devices']
['particular', 'training']
['central', 'server', 'trains', 'global', 'model', 'initialization']
['distributes', 'model', 'existing', 'collaborators']
['clients', 'after', 'receiving', 'global', 'model']
['collaborator', 'local', 'dataset', 'update', 'local']
['parameters', 'generates', 'local', 'updates', 'based']
['specified', 'synchronization', 'settings', 'these', 'updates']
['central', 'server', 'aggregation']
['global', 'model', 'improved', 'these', 'distributed', 'update']
['iterations', 'repeated', 'until', 'global', 'model', 'converges']
['achieves', 'expected', 'performance']
['digital', 'representation', 'physical']
['asset', 'environment', 'system', 'initially']
['developed', 'automatically', 'aggregate', 'analyze', 'andjunjie', 'collaborative', 'digital', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'federated', 'learning', 'solution']
['visualize', 'complex', 'information', 'through', 'continuous']
['interactions', 'physical', 'world']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'control']
['above', 'facts', 'observe', 'explicit', 'advantages']
['using', 'establish', 'collaborative', 'training']
['framework', 'multiple', 'first', 'separating']
['local', 'model', 'training', 'global', 'model', 'updates']
['offers', 'strong', 'capability', 'isolated']
['island', 'problem', 'between', 'multiple', 'secondly']
['enhanced', 'privacy', 'settings', 'obtain']
['collaboration', 'achievements', 'without', 'violating', 'privacy']
['rules', 'these', 'properties', 'essential', 'covid']
['pandemic', 'control', 'because', 'different', 'regions']
['collaboration', 'paradigm', 'lower', 'privacy', 'risks']
['quickly', 'realize', 'effective', 'response', 'furthermore']
['using', 'series']
['modeling', 'method', 'shared', 'global', 'model', 'provide']
['temporal', 'correlation', 'perspectives', 'which']
['complementary', 'approach', 'quickly']
['converge', 'robust', 'performance']
['proposed', 'three', 'primary']
['components', 'physical', 'environment']
['virtual', 'replica', 'describing', 'architecture']
['functions', 'behaviors', 'active', 'communications']
['between', 'obtain', 'spatiotemporal']
['various', 'infrastructure', 'human', 'systems']
[]
['according', 'three', 'components', 'compose']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'control', 'using', 'following']
['metrics']
['covid', 'number', 'covid']
['number', 'number', 'identified', 'confirmed', 'cases']
['direct', 'evidence', 'describe', 'characteristics']
['human', 'human', 'transmission', 'daily', 'updates']
['numbers', 'represent', 'infection', 'trend', 'changes']
['whether', 'response', 'operated', 'efficiently']
['framework', 'model', 'specific']
['number', 'bounded']
['information']
['covid', 'testing', 'number', 'metric', 'measures']
['individuals', 'tested', 'covid']
['affected', 'regions', 'actual', 'total', 'number', 'people']
['infected', 'covid', 'cannot', 'obtained']
['situation', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'depends']
['testing', 'number', 'because', 'further', 'interpret']
['revise', 'covid', 'number', 'meanwhile']
['positive', 'computed', 'testing', 'number']
['particular', 'window', 'essential', 'metric']
['describing', 'target', 'controls', 'spread', 'properly']
['therefore', 'numbers', 'estimate']
['current', 'infection', 'status', 'mitigate', 'risks', 'under', 'reporting', 'cases', 'deaths']
['covid', 'confirmed', 'death', 'number']
['confirmed', 'death', 'number', 'describes', 'ability']
['covid', 'cause', 'death', 'which', 'another', 'direct', 'piece']
['evidence', 'region', 'affected', 'furthermore']
['important', 'metric', 'identifying', 'populations']
['guiding', 'response', 'adjust', 'medical']
['resource', 'allocations', 'confirmed', 'death', 'number']
['number', 'different', 'trends', 'because']
['response', 'affect', 'these', 'metrics', 'differently']
['example', 'several', 'infected', 'regions', 'bring']
['number', 'deaths', 'response']
['other', 'areas', 'lower', 'number']
['death', 'helps', 'understand', 'severity', 'virus']
['evaluate', 'response', 'grained', 'function']
['response', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'control']
['various', 'organizations', 'governments', 'develop', 'several']
['local', 'level', 'response', 'plans', 'country', 'level']
['response', 'prepare', 'respond', 'covid']
['model']
['represent']
['response', 'where']
['location']
['denoting', 'starting']
[]
['include', 'following', 'response', 'plans', 'proposed']
['model', 'quarantine', 'domestic', 'travel', 'limitations']
['gathering', 'limits', 'orders', 'nonessential']
['business', 'closures', 'reopening', 'plans', 'policy']
['effectiveness', 'different', 'response', 'plans']
['because', 'affected', 'several', 'external', 'factors']
['sudden', 'emergency', 'adverse', 'weather', 'conditions']
['vaccinations']
['temporal', 'effects', 'types', 'temporal']
['effects', 'considered', 'primary', 'factors']
['model', 'temporal', 'effects', 'historical', 'infection', 'status']
['historical', 'numbers', 'historical', 'deaths']
['external', 'factors', 'selected', 'response', 'plans', 'events']
['gatherings', 'proposed']
['model', 'primary', 'determine', 'whether', 'specific']
['response', 'flatten', 'infection', 'curve', 'evaluate']
['period', 'validity', 'robust']
['epidemic', 'forecasting', 'model', 'consider', 'multiple']
['temporal', 'factors', 'hidden', 'periodicity']
['historical', 'infection', 'status', 'evolving']
['pandemic', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['historical', 'numbers', 'direct', 'evidence']
['correlation', 'between', 'conditions', 'current']
['infection', 'status', 'historical', 'daily']
['information', 'three', 'states', 'nevada', 'tsinghua', 'science', 'technology', 'october']
['correlation', 'between', 'current', 'infection', 'trend']
['historical', 'infection', 'numbers']
['wisconsin', 'examples', 'these', 'temporal']
['effects', 'early', 'march', 'three', 'states']
['observe', 'immediate', 'effect', 'historical', 'infection']
['numbers', 'because', 'continuously', 'increasing']
['number', 'infections', 'until', 'april', 'which', 'indicates']
['temporal', 'correlations', 'essential']
['explaining', 'predicting', 'future', 'infection', 'trends']
['external', 'factors', 'determine', 'whether', 'external']
['factors', 'immediate', 'delayed', 'effect', 'future']
['infection', 'trends', 'observe', 'correlation', 'between']
['specific', 'factor', 'infection', 'status']
['response', 'plans', 'considered']
['primary', 'external', 'factor', 'because', 'choice']
['specified', 'response', 'significantly', 'affect']
['number', 'infections', 'effect', 'various']
['depending', 'strictness', 'policy', 'people']
['acceptance', 'other', 'factors']
['various', 'climate', 'conditions', 'population', 'density']
['example', 'observe', 'after', 'taking']
['specified', 'response', 'domestic', 'travel']
['limitations', 'gathering', 'limits', 'infection', 'trend']
['three', 'states', 'significantly', 'decreased', 'however']
['different', 'reasons', 'validity', 'period', 'response']
['three', 'states', 'exhibit', 'increasing']
['infection', 'trend', 'temporal', 'effect']
['specific', 'response', 'complicated', 'because']
['external', 'factors', 'window']
['indeterminate', 'period', 'response', 'starts']
['effect', 'paroxysmal', 'public', 'crisis']
['infection', 'trend', 'changes', 'which', 'suggests']
['challenge', 'estimate', 'temporal', 'effects']
['specific', 'response', 'complicated', 'physical']
['environment']
['problem', 'statement']
['place', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'under', 'control']
['different', 'local', 'agencies', 'region', 'choose']
['their', 'strategy', 'local', 'requirements']
['divergence', 'occurs', 'mainly', 'because', 'different', 'regions']
['should', 'consider', 'local', 'intrinsic', 'properties']
['instance', 'which', 'thinly', 'populated', 'district']
['infection', 'rates', 'would', 'prefer', 'choose']
['radical', 'response', 'while', 'another']
['where', 'severe', 'infection', 'conditions']
['likely', 'choose', 'radical', 'response']
['restricting', 'activities', 'closing', 'facilities']
['situation', 'means', 'region', 'obtain']
['knowledge', 'trial', 'error', 'operation', 'schemes']
['seeking', 'effective', 'response', 'increasing']
['could', 'delayed', 'response']
['performance', 'moreover', 'train', 'model']
['predict', 'future', 'infection', 'trends', 'after', 'response']
['enough', 'features', 'construct', 'temporal']
['correlations', 'which', 'suggests', 'collaborative']
['training', 'framework', 'considered', 'instead']
['coping', 'these', 'challenges', 'limitations']
['protocol', 'collaborative']
['framework', 'paper', 'study', 'problem']
['forecasting', 'future', 'infection', 'trends', 'specific', 'response']
['plans', 'formally', 'problem', 'stated', 'follows']
['given', 'multiple']
[]
['expects', 'collaborations', 'bounded', 'local']
['sensing', 'method', 'generate', 'individualize', 'source']
[]
['federated', 'training', 'problem']
['optimize', 'following', 'function']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['junjie', 'collaborative', 'digital', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'federated', 'learning', 'solution']
['where', 'number', 'represents']
['parameter', 'global', 'model', 'where']
['number', 'points', 'source']
[]
['number', 'points']
[]
['function', 'point']
['local', 'objective', 'defined']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['new_paper']
['received', 'november', 'accepted', 'december', 'publication', 'december']
['current', 'version', 'december']
['digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3044858']
['artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest']
['images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['thoughtful', 'evaluation', 'approach']
['julián', 'arias', 'londoño']
['senior', 'member', 'jorge', 'gómez', 'garcía']
[]
['laureano', 'velázquez3']
['member']
['godino', 'llorente']
['senior', 'member']
['1department', 'systems', 'engineering', 'universidad', 'antioquia', 'medellín', '050010', 'colombia']
['2bioengineering', 'optoelectronics', 'laboratory', 'universidad', 'politécnica', 'madrid', '28031', 'madrid', 'spain']
['3department', 'electrical', 'computer', 'engineering', 'johns', 'hopkins', 'university', 'baltimore', '21218']
['corresponding', 'author', 'godino', 'llorente', 'ignacio', 'godino']
['supported', 'ministry', 'economy', 'competitiveness', 'spain', 'under', 'grant', 'dpi2017', '83405']
['universidad', 'antioquia', 'medellín', 'colombia']
['abstract', 'current', 'standard', 'protocols', 'clinic', 'diagnosing', 'covid', 'include', 'molecular']
['antigen', 'tests', 'generally', 'complemented', 'plain', 'chest', 'combined', 'analysis', 'reduce']
['significant', 'number', 'false', 'negatives', 'these', 'tests', 'provide', 'complementary', 'evidence', 'about', 'presence']
['severity', 'disease', 'however', 'procedure', 'errors', 'interpretation', 'chest']
['restricted', 'radiologists', 'complexity', 'provide', 'evidence']
['diagnosis', 'paper', 'presents', 'evaluation', 'different', 'methods', 'based', 'neural', 'network']
['these', 'first', 'steps', 'develop', 'automatic', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'using', 'chest', 'images']
['differentiate', 'between', 'controls', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'groups', 'paper', 'describes', 'process', 'followed']
['train', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'dataset', 'images', 'compiled']
['different', 'sources', 'including', 'covid', 'examples', 'three', 'different', 'experiments', 'following']
['three', 'preprocessing', 'schemes', 'carried', 'evaluate', 'compare', 'developed', 'models']
['evaluate', 'preprocessing', 'affects', 'results', 'improves', 'explainability', 'likewise', 'critical']
['analysis', 'different', 'variability', 'issues', 'might', 'compromise', 'system', 'effects', 'performed']
['employed', 'methodology', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'obtained', 'average', 'recall']
['worst', 'explainable', 'experiment', 'which', 'requires', 'previous', 'automatic', 'segmentation']
['region']
['index', 'terms', 'covid', 'learning', 'pneumonia', 'radiological', 'imaging', 'chest']
['introduction']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'rapidly', 'become', 'biggest']
['health', 'world', 'challenges', 'recent', 'years', 'disease', 'spreads']
['reproduction', 'number', 'covid', 'ranged']
['during', 'first', 'months', 'pandemic']
['meaning', 'average', 'infected', 'person', 'transmitted']
['disease', 'people', 'result', 'number']
['covid', 'infections', 'dramatically', 'increased']
['hundred', 'cases', 'january', 'concentrated']
['associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript']
['approving', 'publication', 'wenming']
['china', 'million', 'november', 'spread']
['around', 'world']
['covid', 'caused', 'coronavirus']
['virus', 'belongs', 'family', 'other', 'respiratory']
['disorders', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome']
['middle', 'respiratory', 'syndrome']
['symptomatology', 'covid', 'diverse', 'arises']
['after', 'incubation', 'around', 'symptoms', 'might']
['include', 'fever', 'cough', 'fatigue', 'although', 'headache']
['hemoptysis', 'diarrhea', 'dyspnoea', 'lymphopenia']
['reported', 'severe', 'cases', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'tress', 'syndrome', 'might', 'developed', 'underlying']
['pneumonia', 'associated', 'covid', 'severe']
['volume', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '226811j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['cases', 'estimated', 'period', 'onset', 'disease']
['death', 'ranges', 'median']
['being', 'dependent', 'patient', 'patient', 'immune']
['system', 'status']
['reaches']
['cells', 'through', 'protein', 'called', 'which', 'serves']
['opening', 'after', 'virus', 'genetic']
['material', 'multiplied', 'infected', 'produces', 'proteins']
['complement', 'viral', 'structure', 'produce', 'viruses']
['virus', 'destroys', 'infected', 'leaves']
['infects', 'cells', 'destroyed', 'cells', 'produce', 'radiological']
['lesions', 'consolidations', 'nodules']
['lungs', 'observable', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacity']
['regions', 'images', 'these', 'lesions']
['noticeable', 'patients', 'assessed', 'after']
['onset', 'disease', 'especially', 'those', 'older']
['findings', 'suggest', 'patients', 'recovered']
['covid', 'developed', 'pulmonary', 'fibrosis', 'which']
['connective', 'tissue', 'inflamed', 'leading']
['pathological', 'proliferation', 'connective', 'tissue', 'between']
['alveoli', 'surrounding', 'blood', 'vessels', 'given', 'these']
['signs', 'radiological', 'imaging', 'techniques', 'using', 'plain', 'chest']
['thorax', 'computer', 'tomography', 'become']
['crucial', 'diagnosis', 'evaluation', 'tools', 'identify', 'assess']
['severity', 'infection']
['since', 'declaration', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['world', 'health', 'organization', 'identified', 'major', 'areas']
['reduce', 'impact', 'disease', 'world', 'prepare']
['ready', 'detect', 'protect', 'treat', 'reduce', 'transmission']
['innovate', 'learn', 'concerning', 'detec', 'significant', 'efforts', 'undertaken', 'improve']
['diagnostic', 'procedures', 'covid', 'clinic', 'still', 'molecular', 'diagnostic', 'based']
['polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'which', 'precise', 'consuming', 'requires', 'specialized', 'personnel', 'laboratories']
['general', 'limited', 'capacities', 'resources']
['health', 'systems', 'alternative', 'rapid']
['tests', 'those', 'based', 'reverse', 'transcriptase', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction']
['rapidly', 'deployed', 'decrease', 'specialized', 'labora', 'tories', 'personnel', 'provide', 'faster', 'diagnosis', 'compared']
['traditional']
['other', 'tests', 'those', 'based', 'antigens']
['available', 'mainly', 'massive', 'testings']
['clinical', 'applications', 'higher', 'chance', 'missing']
['active', 'infection', 'contrast', 'which', 'detects']
['virus', 'genetic', 'material', 'antigen', 'tests', 'identify', 'specific']
['proteins', 'virus', 'surface', 'requiring', 'higher', 'viral']
['which', 'significantly', 'shortens', 'sensitivity', 'period']
['clinical', 'practice', 'usually', 'comple', 'mented', 'chest', 'manner', 'bined', 'analysis', 'reduces', 'significant', 'number', 'false', 'atives', 'brings', 'additional', 'information']
['about', 'extent', 'severity', 'disease', 'addition']
['thorax', 'second', 'method']
['evaluation', 'although', 'evaluation', 'provides']
['accurate', 'results', 'early', 'stages', 'shown']
['greater', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'imaging']
['become', 'standard', 'screening', 'protocols', 'since']
['minimally', 'invasive', 'requires', 'simpler', 'logistics']
['implementation']
['search', 'rapid', 'objective', 'accurate', 'sensi', 'procedures', 'which', 'could', 'complement', 'diagnosis']
['assessment', 'disorder', 'trend', 'research', 'emerged']
['employ', 'clinical', 'features', 'extracted', 'thorax', 'chest']
['automatic', 'detection', 'purposes', 'potential', 'benefit']
['studying', 'radiological', 'images', 'these', 'character', 'pneumonic', 'states', 'asymptomatic', 'population']
['however', 'research', 'needed', 'field']
['findings', 'infected', 'patients', 'reported']
['consolidation', 'technology', 'permit', 'speedy']
['accurate', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'decreasing', 'pressure']
['microbiological', 'laboratories', 'charge', 'tests']
['providing', 'objective', 'means', 'assessing', 'severity', 'techniques', 'based', 'learn', 'employed', 'leverage', 'information']
['promising', 'results', 'although', 'would', 'desirable', 'employ']
['detection', 'purposes', 'significant', 'drawbacks']
['often', 'present', 'including', 'higher', 'costs', 'consuming']
['procedure', 'thorough', 'hygienic', 'protocols', 'avoid', 'infection']
['spread', 'requirement', 'specialized', 'equipment']
['might', 'readily', 'available', 'hospitals', 'health', 'centers']
['contrast', 'imaging', 'procedures', 'available', 'first']
['screening', 'tests', 'hospitals', 'health', 'centers', 'lower']
['expenses']
['several', 'approaches', 'covid', 'detection', 'based']
['chest', 'images', 'different', 'learning', 'architectures']
['published', 'months', 'reporting', 'classifi', 'cation', 'accuracies', 'around', 'higher', 'however', 'central']
['analysis', 'those', 'works', 'focused', 'variations']
['network', 'architectures', 'whereas', 'there', 'attention']
['variability', 'factors', 'solution', 'should', 'tackle', 'before']
['deployed', 'medical', 'setting', 'sense']
['analysis', 'provided', 'demonstrate', 'reliability']
['networks', 'predictions', 'which', 'context', 'medical']
['solutions', 'acquires', 'particular', 'relevance', 'moreover']
['works', 'state', 'validated', 'their', 'results']
['containing', 'dozens', 'hundreds', 'covid']
['samples', 'limiting', 'proposed', 'solutions', 'impact']
['these', 'antecedents', 'paper']
['learning', 'algorithm', 'based', 'augmentation']
['regularization', 'techniques', 'handle', 'imbalance']
['discrimination', 'between', 'covid', 'controls', 'other', 'types']
['pneumonia', 'methods', 'tested', 'extensive']
['corpus', 'authors', 'knowledge', 'three', 'different']
['experiments', 'carried', 'search']
['suitable', 'coherent', 'approach', 'paper']
['explainability', 'techniques', 'insight', 'about']
['manners', 'neural', 'network', 'learns', 'interpretabil', 'terms', 'overlapping', 'among', 'regions', 'interest']
['selected', 'network', 'those', 'likely', 'affected']
['covid', 'critical', 'analysis', 'factors', 'affect']
['226812', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['figure', 'experiments', 'considered', 'paper', 'first', 'chest', 'images', 'belonging', 'control', 'pneumonia']
['covid', 'classes', 'second', 'activation', 'mapping', 'images', 'despite', 'accuracy', 'model']
['focuses', 'attention', 'areas', 'different', 'lungs', 'cases', 'third', 'activation', 'mapping', 'after']
['zooming', 'cropping', 'squared', 'region', 'interest', 'resizing', 'zooming', 'region', 'interest', 'forces', 'model']
['focus', 'attention', 'lungs', 'errors', 'still', 'present', 'fourth', 'activation', 'mapping', 'after', 'zooming']
['segmentation', 'procedure', 'zooming', 'segmenting', 'force', 'model', 'focus', 'attention', 'lungs', 'black', 'background']
['represents', 'introduced', 'segmentation', 'procedure']
['volume', '226813j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['performance', 'automatic', 'systems', 'based', 'learning']
['carried']
['paper', 'organized', 'follows', 'section', 'presents']
['background', 'antecedents', 'learning']
['covid', 'detection', 'section', 'presents', 'methodology']
['section', 'presents', 'results', 'obtained', 'whereas', 'presents']
['discussions', 'conclusions', 'paper']
['background']
['large', 'research', 'emerged', 'artificial']
['intelligence', 'detect', 'different', 'respiratory', 'diseases', 'using']
['plain', 'images', 'instance', 'authors', 'developed']
['layer', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'architec', 'called', 'chexnet', 'which', 'trained', 'dataset']
['images', 'detection', 'different', 'types']
['pneumonia', 'study', 'reports', 'under', 'receiving']
['operating', 'characteristic', 'curve', 'multiclass']
['scenario', 'composed', 'classes']
['directly', 'related', 'covid', 'detection', 'three']
['architectures', 'resnet50', 'inceptionv3', 'inceptionres', 'netv2', 'considered', 'using', 'database']
['controls', 'covid', 'patients', 'accuracy']
['obtained', 'resnet50', 'seven', 'different']
['models', 'tested', 'using', 'corpus', 'controls']
['covid', 'patients', 'results', 'attained']
['vgg19', 'densenet', 'models', 'obtaining', 'scores']
['controls', 'patients', 'covid']
['architecture', 'proposed', 'trained']
['repository', 'called', 'covidx', 'composed']
['images', 'although', 'patients', 'belonged']
['covid', 'class', 'attained', 'accuracy']
['anomaly', 'detection', 'algorithm', 'employed']
['detection', 'covid', 'corpus', 'covid']
['images', 'taken', 'patients', 'control', 'images']
['taken', 'patients', 'sensitivity']
['specificity', 'obtained', 'combination']
['feature', 'extraction', 'short', 'memory', 'network']
['classification', 'automatic', 'detection']
['purposes', 'model', 'trained', 'corpus', 'gathered']
['different', 'sources', 'consisting', 'images']
['covid', 'although', 'repository', 'applying']
['augmentation', 'pneumonia', 'trols', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation', 'scheme', 'accuracy']
['reported', 'vgg16', 'network']
['classification', 'employing', 'database', 'covid']
['controls', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'following']
['validation', 'about', 'accuracy', 'obtained', 'identifying']
['covid', 'being', 'lower', 'other', 'classes']
['authors', 'adapted', 'model', 'classification']
['covid', 'using', 'transfer', 'learning', 'based', 'xception']
['network', 'experiments', 'carried', 'database']
['covid', 'controls', 'patients', 'pneumo', 'gathered', 'different', 'sources', 'attaining', 'about']
['accuracy', 'similar', 'approach', 'followed']
['corpus', 'binary', 'classification', 'covid']
['controls', 'multiclass', 'classification', 'covid']
['controls', 'pneumonia', 'modification', 'darknet']
['model', 'transfer', 'learning', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation']
['accuracy', 'binary', 'classification', 'multiclass', 'sification', 'obtained', 'another', 'xception', 'transfer', 'learning', 'based', 'approach', 'presented', 'considering']
['multi', 'class', 'classification', 'tasks', 'controls', 'covid']
['viral', 'pneumonia', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'controls']
['covid', 'pneumonia', 'imbalance']
['corpus', 'undersampling', 'technique']
['randomly', 'discard', 'registers', 'larger', 'classes', 'obtain', 'covid', 'controls', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia']
['viral', 'pneumonia', 'chest', 'images', 'reported']
['accuracy', 'class', 'problem']
['class', 'scenario', 'moreover', 'class', 'cross', 'database', 'exper', 'iment', 'accuracy', 'networks']
['resnet18', 'resnet50', 'squeezenet', 'densenet']
['transfer', 'learning', 'experiments', 'performed']
['database', 'covid', 'finding']
['pneumonia', 'images', 'reported', 'results', 'indicate', 'sensitivity']
['about', 'specificity', 'state', 'systems', 'vgg19', 'mobilenetv2', 'inception', 'inceptionresnetv2', 'tested', 'transfer', 'learning']
['setting', 'identify', 'covid', 'control', 'pneumonia']
['images', 'experiments', 'carried', 'partitions']
['covid', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'control']
['images', 'another', 'considered', 'previous', 'normal']
['covid', 'included', 'cases', 'bacterial', 'viral']
['pneumonia', 'mobilenetv2', 'attained', 'results']
['accuracy', 'classes', 'sification', 'mobilenetv2', 'trained']
['scratch', 'compared', 'based', 'transfer', 'learning']
['another', 'based', 'hybrid', 'feature', 'extraction', 'tuning', 'experiments', 'performed', 'dataset']
['images', 'diseases', 'indicated', 'training', 'scratch']
['outperforms', 'other', 'approaches', 'attaining', 'accuracy']
['multiclass', 'classification', 'detection']
['covid', 'system', 'grounded', 'inception', 'transfer', 'learning', 'presented', 'experi', 'ments', 'performed', 'partitions', 'images']
['covid', 'pneumonia', 'tuberculosis', 'controls', 'reported']
['results', 'indicate', 'accuracy', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation']
['scheme', 'classification', 'covid', 'other', 'classes']
['fuzzy', 'color', 'techniques', 'processing', 'stage', 'remove', 'noise', 'enhance', 'images']
['class', 'classification', 'setting', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['controls', 'processed', 'images', 'original']
['stacked', 'models']
['extract', 'features', 'mobilenetv2', 'squeezenet', 'feature']
['selection', 'technique', 'based', 'social', 'mimic', 'optimization']
['support', 'vector', 'machine', 'experiments']
['performed', 'corpus', 'covid', 'controls']
['pneumonia', 'images', 'attaining', 'about', 'accuracy']
['given', 'limited', 'amount', 'covid', 'images']
['approaches', 'focused', 'generating', 'artificial', 'train']
['better', 'models', 'auxiliary', 'generative', 'adversarial']
['network', 'produce', 'artificial', 'covid']
['226814', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['images', 'database', 'covid']
['controls', 'results', 'indicated', 'augmentation', 'increased']
['accuracy', 'vgg16', 'similarly']
['augment', 'database']
['images', 'belonging', 'classes', 'controls', 'covid', 'terial', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'different', 'models']
['tested', 'transfer', 'learning', 'based', 'setting', 'including', 'alexnet']
['googlenet', 'restnet18', 'results', 'obtained']
['googlenet', 'achieving', 'multiclass', 'classifica', 'approach', 'based', 'capsule', 'networks']
['capsnet', 'binary', 'covid', 'controls']
['multi', 'class', 'classification', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['controls', 'experiments', 'performed', 'dataset']
['covid', 'pneumonia', 'controls']
['images', 'augmentation', 'increase', 'covid', 'images', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation', 'scheme', 'accuracy', 'binary', 'classification']
['multi', 'class', 'classification', 'achieved', 'architecture', 'based', 'depth', 'dilated', 'convolution']
['networks', 'proposed', 'first', 'stage', 'pneumo', 'viral', 'bacterial', 'control', 'images', 'employed']
['pretraining', 'refined', 'model', 'covid']
['obtained', 'using', 'transfer', 'learning', 'experiments', 'using', 'databases', 'accuracy', 'achieved', 'covid']
['controls', 'covid', 'controls', 'bacte', 'viral', 'cases', 'pneumonia', 'train']
['neural', 'network', 'limited', 'number', 'training', 'parame', 'presented', 'patch', 'phenomena', 'found']
['images', 'studied', 'bilateral', 'involvement', 'peripheral']
['distribution', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacification', 'develop']
['segmentation', 'patch', 'based', 'neural', 'network']
['distinguished', 'covid', 'controls', 'basis']
['system', 'resnet18', 'network', 'saliency']
['produce', 'interpretable', 'results', 'experiments', 'formed', 'database', 'controls', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia']
['tuberculosis', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'about']
['accuracy', 'obtained', 'likewise', 'interpretable', 'results']
['reported', 'terms', 'large', 'correlations', 'between', 'saliency']
['activation', 'zones', 'radiological', 'findings', 'found']
['images', 'authors', 'indicate']
['segmentation', 'approach', 'considered', 'system']
['accuracy', 'decreased', 'about', 'curvelets', 'trans', 'formations', 'extract', 'features', 'images']
['feature', 'selection', 'algorithm', 'based', 'heuristic']
['relevant', 'characteristics', 'while', 'model']
['based', 'efficientnet', 'classification', 'exper', 'iments', 'carried', 'database', 'controls']
['covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'images']
['classification', 'accuracy', 'achieved', 'proposed']
['approach', 'multiclass', 'hierarchical', 'classification', 'differ', 'types', 'diseases', 'producing', 'pneumonia', 'labels']
['label', 'paths', 'including', 'covid', 'explored']
['since', 'database', 'images', 'heavily', 'imbal', 'anced', 'different', 'resampling', 'techniques', 'considered']
['following', 'transfer', 'learning', 'approach', 'based', 'archi', 'tecture', 'extract', 'features', 'validation']
['different', 'classification', 'techniques', 'macro', 'score']
['score', 'obtained', 'multiclass']
['hierarchical', 'classification', 'scenarios', 'respectively']
['three', 'phases', 'approach', 'presented', 'detect', 'presence']
['pneumonia', 'classify', 'between', 'covid', 'monia', 'highlight', 'regions', 'interest', 'images']
['proposed', 'system', 'utilized', 'database', 'images']
['covid', 'patients', 'other', 'pulmonary', 'diseases']
['controls', 'using', 'transfer', 'learning', 'system']
['based', 'vgg16', 'about', 'accuracy', 'reported']
['hierarchical', 'approach', 'using', 'decision', 'trees', 'based']
['resnet18', 'presented', 'which', 'first', 'sified', 'images', 'normal', 'pathological', 'classes']
['second', 'identified', 'tuberculosis', 'third', 'covid']
['experiments', 'carried', 'partitions', 'obtained', 'after']
['having', 'gathered', 'images', 'different', 'sources', 'mentation', 'accuracy', 'decision', 'starting']
['first', 'about', 'respectively']
['issues', 'affecting', 'results', 'literature']
['table', 'presents', 'summary', 'state', 'matic', 'detection', 'covid', 'based', 'images']
['learning', 'despite', 'excellent', 'results', 'reported', 'review']
['reveals', 'proposed', 'systems', 'suffer', 'certain']
['shortcomings', 'affect', 'conclusions', 'extracted', 'their']
['respective', 'studies', 'limiting', 'translational', 'possibilities']
['clinical', 'environment', 'likewise', 'variability', 'factors']
['deeply', 'studied', 'these', 'papers', 'their', 'study']
['regarded', 'necessary']
['instance', 'issues', 'affect']
['reviewed', 'systems', 'detect', 'covid', 'plain', 'chest']
['images', 'limited', 'datasets', 'which', 'compromises']
['their', 'generalization', 'capabilities']
['indeed', 'authors', 'knowledge']
['paper', 'employing', 'largest', 'database', 'covid', 'considers']
['images', 'gathered', 'different', 'sources', 'however']
['images', 'belong', 'augmented', 'repository', 'which']
['include', 'additional', 'information', 'about', 'initial', 'files', 'number', 'augmented', 'images', 'general']
['terms', 'works', 'employ', 'covid']
['images', 'having', 'systems', 'images']
['however', 'understandable', 'given', 'these']
['works', 'published', 'during', 'onset', 'pandemics']
['number', 'available', 'registers', 'limited']
['other', 'balance', 'patients']
['considered', 'essential', 'avoid', 'model', 'learn', 'specific']
['features', 'however', 'several', 'previous', 'works']
['images', 'children', 'populate', 'pneumonia', 'class']
['might', 'biasing', 'results', 'given', 'differences']
['covid', 'patients']
['despite', 'works', 'literature', 'report', 'perfor', 'mance', 'detecting', 'covid', 'approaches', 'follow']
['1first', 'efforts', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'challenge', 'dataset']
['which', 'focused', 'detection', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'children']
['https', 'kaggle', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'challenge', 'overview']
['volume', '226815j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['table', 'summary', 'literature', 'field']
['brute', 'force', 'approach', 'exploiting', 'learning', 'potentiality']
['correlate', 'outputs', 'class', 'labels', 'provide']
['interpretability', 'explainability', 'process']
['unclear', 'results', 'system', 'actual']
['capability', 'extract', 'information', 'related', 'pathology']
['because', 'leart', 'other', 'aspects', 'during', 'training', 'biasing']
['compromising', 'results', 'matter', 'example']
['studies', 'reported', 'literature', 'follows', 'strat', 'forces', 'network', 'focus', 'significant']
['areas', 'interest', 'covid', 'detection']
['proposing', 'methodology', 'based', 'semantic', 'segmentation']
['lungs', 'remaining', 'cases', 'unclear', 'models']
['analyzing', 'lungs', 'categorizing', 'given']
['other', 'information', 'available', 'which', 'might', 'interesting']
['classification', 'purposes', 'might', 'diagnostic', 'inter', 'relevant', 'analyzed', 'works', 'liter', 'ature', 'pneumonia', 'controls', 'classes', 'certain']
['repository', 'whereas', 'others', 'covid', 'comes']
['combination', 'sources', 'repositories', 'having', 'classes']
['generated', 'different', 'conditions', 'might', 'undoubtedly', 'affect']
['results', 'critical', 'study', 'about', 'aspect']
['needed', 'other', 'variability', 'issues']
['sensor', 'technology', 'employed', 'projection']
['patients', 'require', 'thorough', 'study']
['finally', 'literature', 'review', 'revealed']
['published', 'papers', 'showed', 'excellent', 'correlation', 'interpretability', 'explainability', 'table']
['indeed', 'often', 'desirable', 'clinical', 'practice']
['obtain', 'interpretable', 'results', 'correlate', 'pathological']
['conditions', 'particular', 'demographic', 'physiological', 'black', 'system', 'yields', 'binary', 'multi', 'class', 'decision', 'revision', 'literature']
['partially', 'addressed', 'aspect', 'further', 'research']
['topic', 'needed']
['these', 'ideas', 'paper', 'addresses', 'these', 'aspects']
['training', 'testing', 'corpus', 'images']
['proposing', 'comparing', 'strategies', 'preprocess']
['images', 'analyze', 'effect', 'variability', 'factors']
['provide', 'insights', 'explainable', 'interpretable']
['results', 'primary', 'present', 'critical', 'overview']
['these', 'aspects', 'since', 'might', 'affecting', 'modeling']
['capabilities', 'learning', 'systems', 'detection']
['covid']
['methodology']
['design', 'methodology', 'presented', 'following']
['section', 'procedure', 'followed', 'train', 'neural', 'network']
['described', 'first', 'along', 'process', 'followed']
['create', 'dataset', 'network', 'source', 'train']
['available', 'https', 'github', 'jdariasl', 'covidnet']
['results', 'readily', 'reproduced', 'other', 'researchers']
['network']
['system', 'based']
['covid', 'proposed', 'modifications']
['2following', 'pytorch', 'implementation', 'available']
['https', 'github', 'iliaspap', 'covidnet']
['226816', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['include', 'regularization', 'components']
['dense', 'layers', 'weighted', 'categorical', 'cross', 'entropy']
['function', 'compensate', 'class', 'imbalance', 'network']
['structure', 'refactored', 'allow', 'gradient', 'based', 'local', 'ization', 'estimations', 'which', 'after', 'training']
['search', 'explainable', 'model']
['network', 'trained', 'corpus', 'described']
['using', 'optimizer', 'learning', 'policy']
['learning', 'decreases', 'learning', 'stagnates']
['patience', 'following', 'hyperparameters']
['training', 'learning']
['number', 'epochs']
['batch', 'factor', 'patience', 'furthermore']
['augmentation', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'classes']
['leveraged', 'following', 'augmentation', 'types', 'horizontal']
['gaussian', 'noise', 'variance', 'rotation', 'elastic']
['deformation', 'scaling', 'variant', 'covid']
['built', 'evaluated', 'using', 'pytorch', 'library']
['features', 'image', 'concatenated', 'flatten']
['operation', 'resulting', 'feature', 'three', 'fully']
['connected', 'layers', 'generate', 'probability', 'score']
['class', 'first', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'include', 'dropout']
['regularization', 'activation', 'functions', 'dropout']
['necessary', 'because', 'original', 'network', 'tended', 'overfit']
['since', 'beginning', 'training', 'phase']
['network', 'input', 'layer', 'rescales', 'images', 'keeping']
['aspect', 'ratio', 'shortest', 'dimension', 'scaled', 'pixels']
['input', 'image', 'cropped', 'square']
['pixels', 'located', 'center', 'image', 'images', 'malized', 'using', 'score', 'function', 'parameters']
[]
['three', 'channels', 'respectively', 'though']
['working', 'grayscale', 'images', 'network', 'architecture']
['designed', 'trained', 'general', 'purpose', 'database']
['including', 'colored', 'images', 'characteristic']
['would', 'necessary', 'transfer', 'learning', 'strategy']
['future']
['network', 'output', 'layer', 'provides', 'score']
['three', 'classes', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'covid']
['which', 'converted', 'three', 'probability', 'estimates']
['range', 'using', 'softmax', 'activation', 'function', 'class']
['membership', 'final', 'decision', 'according', 'highest']
['three', 'probability', 'estimates', 'obtained']
['corpus']
['corpora', 'paper', 'compiled']
['posterior', 'anterior', 'anterior', 'posterior']
['images', 'different', 'public', 'sources', 'compilation', 'tains', 'images', 'participants', 'without', 'observable', 'pathol', 'controls', 'findings', 'pneumonia', 'covid']
['cases', 'after', 'compilation', 'subsets', 'images']
['generated', 'training', 'testing', 'table', 'contains']
['number', 'images', 'subset', 'class', 'overall', 'corpus']
['contains', 'images', 'including']
['images', 'belonging', 'covid', 'patients']
['repositories', 'images', 'employed', 'create', 'paper', 'presented', 'these', 'table', 'number', 'images', 'class', 'training', 'testing', 'subsets']
['solely', 'registers', 'controls', 'pneumonia', 'patients']
['recent', 'repositories', 'include', 'samples', 'covid']
['images', 'cases', 'annotations']
['specialist', 'indicated', 'authors', 'repositories']
['covid', 'class', 'modelled', 'compiling', 'images', 'three', 'collection', 'initiatives', 'hospi', 'tales', 'covid', 'bimcv', 'covid19', 'actualmed']
['covid', 'chest', 'datasets', 'final', 'result']
['compilation', 'process', 'subset', 'images']
['patients', 'different', 'stages', 'disease']
['table', 'summarizes', 'significant', 'characteristics']
['datasets', 'create', 'corpus', 'which', 'presented']
['hospitales', 'covid', 'dataset']
['dataset', 'compiled', 'hospitals', 'tains', 'available', 'clinical', 'information', 'about', 'anonymous']
['patients', 'virus', 'treated', 'different', 'belonging', 'company', 'since', 'beginning']
['pandemic', 'madrid', 'spain']
['corpus', 'contains', 'anonymized', 'records']
['patients', 'includes', 'several', 'radiological', 'studies']
['patient', 'corresponding', 'different', 'stages', 'disease']
['total', 'images', 'available', 'dataset']
['average', 'image', 'studies', 'subject', 'often', 'taken']
['intervals', 'histogram', 'patients']
['highly', 'coherent', 'demographics', 'covid']
['spain', 'table', 'details']
['patients', 'least', 'positive', 'positive']
['immunological', 'tests', 'included']
['study', 'science', 'commission', 'research', 'ethics']
['committee', 'hospitales', 'approved', 'current', 'research']
['study', 'purpose']
['bimcv', 'covid19', 'dataset']
['bimcv', 'covid19', 'dataset', 'large', 'dataset', 'chest']
['radiological', 'studies', 'covid', 'patients']
['along', 'their', 'pathologies', 'results', 'immuno', 'logical', 'tests', 'radiological', 'reports', 'recorded']
['valencian', 'region', 'medical', 'image', 'bimcv', 'spain']
['dataset', 'contains', 'anonymized', 'studies', 'patients']
['least', 'positive', 'positive', 'immunological', 'tests']
['between', 'february', 'april']
['corpus', 'composed', 'images']
['average', 'image', 'studies', 'subject', 'taken', 'intervals']
['approximately', 'histogram']
['patients', 'highly', 'coherent', 'demographics']
['3figures', 'datasets', 'downloaded', 'datasets', 'still']
['might', 'available', 'future']
['volume', '226817j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['table', 'demographic', 'datasets', 'those', 'labels', 'confirmed', 'reported']
['covid', 'spain', 'table', 'patients', 'least']
['positive', 'positive', 'immunological', 'tests']
['included', 'study']
['actualmed']
['actualmed', 'covid', 'chest', 'dataset', 'initiative']
['contains', 'series', 'images', 'compiled', 'actualmed']
['universitat', 'jaume', 'spain', 'dataset', 'contains', 'covid']
['control', 'images', 'information', 'given', 'about']
['place', 'recording', 'demographics', 'however']
['metadata', 'included', 'contains', 'anonymized', 'descrip', 'distinguish', 'among', 'patients', 'information', 'about']
['modality', 'class', 'which', 'image']
['belongs']
['china', 'shenzhen']
['created', 'national', 'library', 'medicine']
['maryland', 'collaboration', 'shenzhen']
['people', 'hospital', 'guangdong', 'medical', 'college', 'china']
['dataset', 'contains', 'normal', 'abnormal', 'chest']
['manifestations', 'tuberculosis', 'includes', 'associated', 'ologist', 'readings']
['montgomery']
['national', 'library', 'medicine', 'created', 'dataset']
['collaboration', 'department', 'health', 'human']
['services', 'montgomery', 'county', 'maryland', 'contains']
['images', 'collected', 'under', 'montgomery', 'county']
['tuberculosis', 'screening', 'program']
['chestx', 'dataset']
['chestx', 'dataset', 'contains', 'images']
['common', 'thorax', 'disease', 'categories', 'unique']
['patients', 'compiled', 'national', 'institute', 'health']
['study', 'images', 'labeled', 'radiological', 'control', 'class', 'whereas']
['images', 'annotated', 'pneumonia', 'pneumo', 'class']
['chexpert', 'dataset']
['chexpert', 'dataset', 'images', 'created']
['automated', 'evaluation', 'medical', 'imaging', 'competitions']
['contains', 'chest', 'examinations', 'carried', 'stanford', 'pital', 'during', 'years', 'study', 'selected', 'monia', 'images', 'using', 'those', 'annotated', 'pneumonia']
['without', 'additional', 'comorbidity', 'covid', 'never', 'caused']
['these', 'comorbidities', 'motivation', 'include', 'pneumonia']
['comorbidities', 'increase', 'number', 'pneumonia']
['examples', 'final', 'compilation', 'study', 'increasing']
['cluster', 'variability']
['mimic', 'database']
['mimic', 'dataset', 'complied']
['comprising', 'identified', 'chest', 'patients']
['admitted', 'israel', 'deaconess', 'medical', 'center']
['study', 'employed', 'images', 'pneumonia', 'class']
['labels', 'obtained', 'agreement']
['methods', 'indicated', 'dataset', 'reports', 'information']
['about', 'gender', 'assume', 'demograph', 'similar', 'those', 'chexpert', 'dataset', 'those']
['pneumonia']
['image', 'processing']
['images', 'converted', 'uncompressed', 'grayscale']
['files', 'encoded', 'preprocessed', 'using']
['dicom', 'windowcenter', 'windowwidth', 'details']
['needed', 'images', 'converted', 'monochrome']
['photometric', 'interpretation', 'initially', 'images', 'scaled', 'avoid', 'resolution', 'later', 'processing', 'stages']
['views', 'selected', 'differentiation']
['between', 'erect', 'either', 'standing', 'sitting', 'bitus', 'information', 'inferred', 'careful', 'analysis']
['dicom', 'required', 'manual', 'checking', 'certain']
['labeling', 'errors']
['experiments']
['corpus', 'collected', 'aforementioned', 'databases']
['processed', 'compile', 'three', 'different', 'datasets', 'equal']
['initial', 'these', 'datasets']
['different', 'experiments']
['experiment']
['first', 'experiment', 'using', 'extracted']
['different', 'datasets', 'image', 'aspect', 'ratio', 'histogram', 'equalization', 'applied']
['226818', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['experiment', 'cropped', 'image']
['second', 'experiment', 'consists', 'preprocessing', 'images']
['zooming', 'cropping', 'squared', 'region', 'interest']
['resizing', 'squared', 'image', 'aspect', 'ratio', 'process']
['summarized', 'following', 'steps']
['lungs', 'segmented', 'original', 'image', 'using']
['semantic', 'segmentation', 'algorithm', 'rithm', 'reports', 'intersection', 'union']
['similarity', 'coefficient', 'scores']
['respectively']
['black', 'extracted', 'identify', 'external']
['boundaries', 'lungs']
['create', 'sequences', 'adding']
['levels', 'columns', 'respectively']
['these', 'sequences', 'provide', 'boundary', 'points']
['which', 'define', 'segments', 'different', 'lengths']
['horizontal', 'vertical', 'dimensions']
['sequences', 'added', 'levels', 'vertical']
['horizontal', 'dimensions', 'identify']
['squared', 'region', 'interest', 'associated', 'lungs']
['taking', 'advantage', 'higher', 'added', 'values', 'outside']
['lungs', 'process', 'obtain', 'squared', 'region']
['requires', 'identifying', 'middle', 'point']
['identified', 'segments', 'cropping', 'dimensions']
['using', 'length', 'longest', 'these', 'segments']
['original', 'image', 'cropped', 'squared', 'template']
['placed', 'centre', 'matrix', 'using', 'information']
['obtained', 'previous', 'placed']
['image']
['histogram', 'equalization', 'image', 'obtained']
['process', 'carried', 'decrease', 'variability']
['training', 'process', 'network', 'simpler']
['ensure', 'region', 'significant', 'interest', 'centre']
['image', 'areas']
['experiment', 'segmentation']
['third', 'experiment', 'consists', 'preprocessing', 'images']
['masking', 'zooming', 'cropping', 'squared', 'region', 'interest']
['resizing', 'squared', 'image', 'aspect', 'ratio']
['process', 'summarized', 'following', 'steps']
['lungs', 'segmented', 'original', 'image', 'using']
['semantic', 'segmentation', 'algorithm']
['experiment']
['external', 'black', 'extracted', 'identify']
['external', 'boundaries', 'lungs']
['create', 'sequences', 'adding']
['levels', 'columns', 'respectively']
['sequences', 'added', 'levels', 'vertical']
['horizontal', 'dimensions', 'identify']
['squared', 'region', 'interest', 'associated', 'lungs']
['taking', 'advantage', 'higher', 'added', 'values', 'outside']
[]
['4following', 'keras', 'implementation', 'available', 'https', 'github']
['imlab', 'segmentation']
['figure', 'identification', 'squared', 'region', 'interest', 'plots']
['represent', 'normalized', 'accumulated', 'level', 'vertical']
['horizontal', 'dimension', 'respectively']
['original', 'image', 'cropped', 'squared', 'template']
['placed', 'center', 'image']
['dilated', 'pixels', 'kernel']
['superimposed', 'image']
['histogram', 'equalization', 'applied', 'mented', 'corresponding', 'lungs']
['preprocessing', 'makes', 'training', 'network']
['simpler', 'forces', 'network', 'focus', 'attention']
['lungs', 'region', 'removing', 'external', 'characteristics']
['sternum', 'might', 'influence', 'obtained', 'results']
['identification', 'areas', 'significant']
['interest', 'classification']
['areas', 'significant', 'interest']
['discrimination', 'purposes', 'identified', 'using', 'qualitative']
['analysis', 'based', 'gradient', 'weighted', 'class', 'activation']
['mapping', 'explainability', 'method']
['serves', 'provide', 'insights', 'about', 'manners']
['neural', 'networks', 'learn', 'pointing', 'significant']
['areas', 'interest', 'decision', 'making', 'purposes', 'method']
['gradients', 'target', 'class', 'until', 'final']
['convolutional', 'layer', 'produce', 'coarse', 'localization']
['which', 'highlights', 'important', 'regions', 'image']
['identifying', 'class', 'result', 'method']
['those', 'presented', 'which', 'colour', 'encodes']
['importance', 'pixel', 'differentiating', 'among', 'classes']
['results']
['model', 'quantitatively', 'evaluated', 'computing']
['positive', 'predictive', 'value', 'recall', 'score']
['accuracy', 'balanced', 'accuracy', 'geometric']
['recall', 'under', 'curve']
['three', 'classes', 'corpus', 'previously', 'described']
['section', 'performance', 'models', 'assessed']
['using', 'independent', 'testing', 'which']
['volume', '226819j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['table', 'performance', 'measures', 'three', 'experiments', 'considered', 'paper']
['figure', 'curves', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'experiments', 'considering', 'classes', 'separately', 'curves', 'bottom']
['normalized', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'original', 'images', 'experiment', 'center', 'cropped', 'images', 'experiment', 'right', 'segmented', 'images', 'experiment']
['during', 'development', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation', 'procedure']
['evaluate', 'obtained', 'results', 'training']
['balance', 'performance', 'network']
['three', 'experiments', 'considered', 'paper', 'summarized']
['table', 'likewise', 'curves', 'class']
['experiments', 'corresponding', 'confusion', 'matrices']
['presented', 'global', 'curve', 'displayed']
['experiment', 'summarizes', 'global', 'performance']
['experiments']
['considering', 'experiment', 'although', 'slightly', 'higher']
['controls', 'detection', 'performance', 'remains', 'almost', 'similar']
['classes', 'ranges', 'table']
['remaining', 'measures', 'class', 'follow', 'trend']
['similar', 'figures', 'better', 'numbers', 'controls']
['curves', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'point']
['largest', 'source', 'confusion', 'covid', 'monia', 'class', 'curves', 'classes', 'reach']
['cases', 'values', 'larger', 'which', 'principle']
['considered', 'excellent', 'terms', 'global', 'performance']
['system', 'achieves', 'table']
['supported', 'average', 'curve']
['which', 'reveals', 'excellent', 'performance', 'network']
['226820', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['figure', 'average', 'curves', 'experiment', 'including', 'values']
['almost', 'perfect', 'behaviour', 'curve', 'deviations']
['small', 'three', 'classes']
['experiment', 'considered', 'decrease', 'perfor', 'mance', 'class', 'observed', 'comparison', 'experiment']
['ranges', 'table']
['similar', 'trend', 'remaining', 'figures', 'merit', 'curves']
['confusion', 'matrices', 'report']
['values', 'range', 'overlapping']
['covid', 'class', 'mostly', 'pneumonia', 'global', 'perfor', 'mance', 'system', 'presented', 'curve']
['table', 'yields']
[]
['finally', 'experiment', 'ranges']
['table', 'results', 'slightly', 'worse', 'those']
['experiment', 'covid', 'class', 'presenting']
['worse', 'performance', 'among', 'tests', 'according']
['range', 'confusion', 'matrix']
['reports', 'large', 'level', 'confusion', 'covid', 'class']
['being', 'labelled', 'pneumonia', 'times', 'terms']
['global', 'performance', 'system', 'reaches']
['table', 'these', 'results', 'consistent']
['average', 'shown']
['explainability', 'interpretability']
['models']
['regions', 'interest', 'identified', 'network', 'lyzed', 'qualitatively', 'using', 'activation']
['results', 'shown', 'activation', 'permit', 'identifica', 'significant', 'areas', 'image', 'highlighting']
['zones', 'interest', 'network', 'using', 'discriminate']
['regard', 'presents', 'examples']
['control', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'patient']
['three', 'experiments', 'considered', 'paper', 'impor', 'activation', 'providing', 'overall']
['information', 'about', 'behaviour', 'network', 'pointing']
['significant', 'areas', 'interest', 'whole', 'image']
['supposed', 'contributing', 'classification', 'process']
['certain', 'extent']
['second', 'shows', 'several', 'prototypical', 'results']
['applying', 'techniques', 'experiment']
['examples', 'areas', 'significant', 'interest', 'control']
['pneumonia', 'covid', 'patient']
['results', 'suggest', 'detection', 'pneumonia']
['covid', 'often', 'carried', 'based', 'information']
['outside', 'expected', 'interest']
['examples', 'provided', 'network', 'focuses', 'corners']
['image', 'areas', 'around', 'diaphragm']
['likely', 'metadata', 'which', 'frequently', 'stamped']
['corners', 'images', 'plots', 'corre', 'sponding', 'experiment', 'third', 'indicates']
['model', 'still', 'points', 'towards', 'areas', 'which', 'different']
['lungs', 'lesser', 'extent', 'finally']
['experiment', 'fourth', 'presents', 'areas']
['interest', 'where', 'segmentation', 'procedure', 'carried']
['network', 'forced', 'lungs']
['therefore', 'scenario', 'supposed', 'realistic']
['prone', 'generalizing', 'artifacts', 'might']
['results', 'somehow', 'discarded']
['other', 'visualization', 'purposes', 'order']
['interpret', 'separability', 'capabilities', 'system']
['embedding', 'project', 'dimensional']
['layer', 'adjacent', 'output', 'network', 'dimensional']
['space', 'results', 'presented', 'three']
['experiments', 'considered', 'paper']
['indicates', 'separability', 'exists']
['classes', 'training', 'testing']
['experiments', 'boundaries', 'normal', 'cluster']
['defined', 'three', 'experiments', 'whereas', 'pneumonia']
['covid', 'spread', 'overlapping', 'adjacent']
['classes']
['general', 'terms', 'plots', 'demonstrate', 'ability']
['network', 'learn', 'mapping', 'input']
['desired', 'labels', 'however', 'despite', 'shape', 'differences', 'found']
['three', 'experiments', 'additional', 'conclusions']
['extracted']
['potential', 'variability', 'factors', 'affecting']
['system']
['there', 'several', 'variability', 'factors', 'which', 'might', 'biasing']
['results', 'namely', 'projection', 'nology', 'detector', 'computed', 'radiography']
['digital', 'radiography', 'gender', 'patients']
['potential', 'specificities', 'dataset', 'having', 'trained']
['several', 'images', 'patient']
['several', 'images', 'patient', 'represents', 'certain']
['covid', 'class', 'underlying']
['imbalance', 'however', 'initial', 'hypothesis', 'using', 'images', 'covid', 'patient', 'obtained', 'different']
['instants', 'difference', 'would', 'increase']
['variability', 'dataset', 'source', 'would']
['disregarded', 'indeed', 'evolution', 'associated', 'lesions']
['often', 'found', 'covid', 'considered', 'manner']
['different', 'images', 'obtained', 'interval']
['short', 'evolution', 'since']
['volume', '226821j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['figure', 'mapping', 'dimensional', 'layer', 'adjacent', 'output', 'dimensional', 'output', 'network', 'embedding']
['using', 'training', 'bottom', 'output', 'network', 'embedding', 'using', 'testing', 'original', 'images', 'experiment']
['center', 'cropped', 'images', 'experiment', 'right', 'segmented', 'images', 'experiment']
['table', 'performance', 'measures', 'considering', 'projection']
['every', 'single', 'exploration', 'framed', 'differently', 'sometimes']
['taken', 'different', 'machines', 'projections']
['potential', 'expected', 'minimized']
['concerning', 'projection', 'evaluate']
['effectiveness', 'system', 'studied', 'taking']
['account', 'potential', 'variability', 'factor', 'which', 'consid', 'significant', 'particular']
['table', 'presents', 'outcomes', 'after', 'accounting']
['influence', 'projection', 'perfor', 'mance', 'system', 'general', 'terms', 'system', 'demon', 'strates', 'consistency', 'respect', 'projection']
['differences', 'mainly', 'attributable', 'smaller', 'train', 'testing', 'however', 'significant', 'differences']
['shown', 'projection', 'class', 'covid', 'experiment']
['decreasing', 'reason']
['unexpected', 'performance', 'unknown', 'likely']
['226822', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['figure', 'mapping', 'dimensional', 'layer', 'adjacent', 'output', 'dimensional', 'output', 'network', 'embedding']
['using', 'training', 'bottom', 'output', 'network', 'embedding', 'using', 'testing', 'original', 'images', 'experiment']
['center', 'cropped', 'images', 'experiment', 'right', 'segmented', 'images', 'experiment', 'labels', 'correspond', 'classes']
['attributable', 'underrepresented', 'class', 'corpus']
['table']
['besides', 'table', 'shows', 'three', 'experiments', 'under']
['evaluation', 'covid', 'class', 'error', 'distribu', 'respect', 'patient', 'technology']
['detector', 'dataset', 'projection', 'variability']
['factors', 'enumerated', 'results', 'error', 'distribution']
['committed', 'system', 'follows', 'minor', 'deviations']
['existing', 'proportion', 'samples', 'corpus', 'these', 'results']
['suggest', 'there', 'clear', 'respect', 'these', 'poten', 'variability', 'factors', 'least', 'covid', 'class', 'which']
['considered', 'worst', 'underrepresentation']
['similar', 'results', 'would', 'expected', 'control', 'pneumonia']
['classes', 'these', 'results', 'provided']
['certain', 'labels', 'datasets', 'table']
['concerning', 'datasets', 'reasonably']
['balanced', 'table', 'certain', 'normal', 'class']
['covid', 'pneumonia', 'classes', 'similar', 'average']
['controls', 'lower', 'assumption']
['differences', 'significantly', 'affecting']
['results', 'mentioned', 'difference', 'might', 'explain']
['normal', 'cluster', 'spread', 'other']
['specific', 'biases', 'found']
['errors', 'committed', 'system']
['additional', 'study', 'carried', 'evaluate']
['influence', 'potential', 'specificities', 'different', 'datasets']
['compile', 'corpus', 'variability', 'results']
['respect', 'datasets', 'merged', 'build', 'corpus']
['variability', 'factor', 'evaluated', 'using', 'different']
['plots', 'experiment', 'similar']
['differentiating', 'corresponding', 'cluster', 'dataset']
['class']
['results', 'different', 'datasets', 'classes', 'clearly']
['merged', 'adjacent', 'cluster', 'however', 'datasets', 'report', 'lower', 'variability', 'certain', 'classes']
['variability', 'terms', 'scattering', 'especially']
['clear', 'chexpert', 'pneumonia', 'which', 'cessfully', 'merged', 'corresponding', 'class', 'appear']
['volume', '226823j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['table', 'percentage', 'testing', 'samples', 'error', 'distribution']
['respect', 'several', 'potential', 'variability', 'factors', 'covid', 'class']
['represents', 'percentage', 'samples', 'every', 'factor', 'under']
['analysis', 'correctly', 'predicted']
['clearly', 'clustered', 'suggesting', 'these', 'datasets', 'certain']
['unknown', 'specific', 'characteristics', 'different', 'those']
['complementary', 'datasets', 'model', 'manage']
['aspect', 'factor', 'analyzed', 'further', 'studies']
['discussion', 'conclusion']
['study', 'evaluates', 'learning', 'model', 'detection']
['covid', 'images', 'paper', 'provides', 'tional', 'evidence', 'state', 'supporting', 'poten', 'learning', 'techniques', 'accurately', 'categorize']
['images', 'corresponding', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'covid']
['patients', 'these', 'three', 'classes', 'chosen', 'under']
['assumption', 'support', 'clinicians', 'making', 'better']
['decisions', 'establishing', 'potential', 'differential', 'strategies', 'patients', 'depending', 'their', 'cause', 'infection', 'paper', 'demonstrate']
['suitability', 'learning', 'categorizing', 'images']
['thoughtful', 'evaluation', 'results', 'different']
['preprocessing', 'approaches', 'searching', 'better', 'explainability']
['interpretability', 'results', 'while', 'providing', 'evidence']
['potential', 'effects', 'might', 'results']
['model', 'relies', 'covid', 'network', 'which']
['served', 'basis', 'developing', 'refined', 'archi', 'tecture', 'network', 'chosen', 'tailored']
['characteristics', 'given', 'previous', 'results', 'reported']
['other', 'researchers', 'covid', 'trained']
['corpus', 'compiled', 'using', 'gathered', 'different', 'sources']
['control', 'pneumonia', 'classes']
['samples', 'respectively', 'collected', 'naset', 'montgomery', 'chexpert', 'mimic', 'datasets']
['covid', 'class', 'collected', 'information']
['available', 'bimcv', 'hospitales', 'datasets']
['although', 'covid', 'class', 'contains', 'chest']
['images', 'developers', 'sources', 'continu', 'ously', 'adding', 'cases', 'respective', 'repositories']
['number', 'samples', 'expected', 'future', 'despite']
['unbalance', 'covid', 'class']
['authors', 'knowledge', 'extensive', 'compilation']
['covid', 'images', 'based', 'repositories', 'despite']
['number', 'covid', 'images', 'still', 'considered', 'small']
['compared', 'other', 'classes', 'therefore', 'necessary']
['compensate', 'class', 'imbalance', 'modifying']
['network', 'architecture', 'including', 'regularization', 'components']
['dense', 'layers', 'weighted', 'categorical']
['cross', 'entropy', 'function', 'compensate']
['effect', 'likewise', 'augmentation', 'techniques']
['pneumonia', 'covid', 'classes', 'generate', 'samples']
['these', 'underrepresented', 'classes', 'automatically']
['stand', 'automatic', 'diagnosis']
['classification', 'exercise', 'meaning', 'factors']
['considered', 'bring', 'these', 'techniques', 'clinical', 'practice']
['respect', 'there', 'classic', 'assumption', 'literature']
['associated', 'calculated']
['techniques', 'provide', 'clinical', 'interpretation', 'results']
['which', 'unclear', 'practice', 'light', 'results', 'shown']
['depicted', 'experiment']
['carefully', 'interpreted', 'despite', 'performance']
['metrics', 'obtained', 'experiment', 'significant', 'areas', 'identi', 'network', 'pointing', 'towards', 'certain', 'areas']
['clear', 'interest', 'diagnosis', 'corners']
['images', 'sternum', 'clavicles', 'clinical', 'point']
['biasing', 'results', 'means', 'other', 'approaches']
['necessary', 'force', 'network', 'focus']
['respect', 'developed', 'compared']
['results', 'preprocessing', 'approaches', 'based', 'cropping']
['images', 'segmenting', 'experiment']
['experiment', 'again', 'given', 'corresponding']
['experiment', 'similar', 'explainability', 'those', 'enumerated', 'experiment', 'image']
['reduction', 'proposed', 'experiment', 'significantly', 'decreases']
['system', 'performance', 'removing', 'metadata']
['usually', 'appears', 'right', 'corner', 'technique']
['removes', 'areas', 'categorize', 'images']
['interest', 'diagnosis', 'point', 'however', 'while']
['comparing', 'experiments', 'performance', 'results', 'improve']
['third', 'approach', 'which', 'focuses', 'region']
['interest', 'forces', 'network']
['lungs', 'results', 'obtained', 'experiments']
['suggest', 'eliminating', 'needless', 'features', 'extracted']
['background', 'related', 'regions', 'improves']
['results', 'besides', 'third', 'approach', 'experiment', 'provides']
['explainable', 'interpretative', 'results', 'network']
['focusing', 'attention', 'interest']
['disease', 'explainability', 'method', 'still']
['lower', 'accuracy', 'respect', 'experiment']
['improvement', 'explainability', 'interpretability']
['considered', 'critical', 'translating', 'these', 'techniques']
['clinical', 'setting', 'despite', 'decrease', 'performance']
['proposed', 'method', 'experiment', 'provided', 'promising']
['results']
[]
['performance', 'results', 'obtained', 'those', 'sented', 'which', 'reports', 'sensitivities']
['control', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'classes', 'respectively']
['modeling', 'covid', 'similar', 'conditions']
['experiment', 'training', 'smaller', 'corpus']
['images', 'covid', 'patients']
['226824', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['controls', 'images', 'belonging', 'patients']
['different', 'types', 'pneumonia']
['paper', 'critically', 'evaluates', 'effect', 'several']
['variability', 'factors', 'might', 'compromise', 'network', 'formance', 'instance', 'projection', 'effect']
['evaluated', 'retraining', 'network', 'checking', 'comes', 'effect', 'important', 'given', 'projections']
['often', 'practiced', 'erect', 'positions', 'observe', 'pulmonary']
['better', 'expected', 'examined', 'healthy', 'slightly']
['affected', 'patients', 'contrast', 'projections', 'often', 'ferred', 'patients', 'confined', 'expected']
['practised', 'severe', 'cases', 'since', 'projections']
['common', 'covid', 'patients', 'these', 'cases']
['blood', 'lungs', 'apices', 'standing']
['considering', 'variability', 'factor', 'result']
['misdiagnosis', 'pulmonary', 'congestion', 'indeed']
['obtained', 'results', 'highlighted', 'importance', 'taking']
['account', 'factor', 'designing', 'training', 'corpus']
['decreases', 'projections', 'experiments']
['covid', 'images', 'issue', 'probably', 'under', 'representation', 'class', 'table', 'which', 'would', 'require']
['further', 'specific', 'analysis', 'designing', 'future', 'corpora']
['other', 'results', 'shown', 'error', 'distri', 'bution', 'covid', 'class', 'follows', 'similar', 'proportion']
['percentage', 'images', 'available', 'corpus', 'while', 'gorizing', 'gender', 'detector', 'technology', 'projection']
['dataset', 'these', 'results', 'suggest', 'significant']
['respect', 'these', 'potential', 'variability', 'factors', 'least']
['covid', 'class', 'which', 'represented']
['analysis', 'clusters', 'classes', 'distributed']
['presented', 'demonstrating', 'class']
['differentiated', 'these', 'plots', 'identify', 'existing', 'overlap']
['among', 'classes', 'especially', 'present', 'between', 'pneumonia']
['covid', 'lesser', 'extent', 'between', 'controls']
['pneumonia', 'similarly', 'since', 'corpus', 'train']
['network', 'built', 'around', 'several', 'datasets']
['plots', 'produced', 'differentiating', 'according']
['subsets', 'training', 'served']
['evaluate', 'influence', 'dataset', 'potential', 'specific']
['characteristics', 'training', 'procedure', 'hence', 'possible']
['sources', 'confusion', 'arise', 'particularities']
['corpora', 'tested', 'plots', 'suggest', 'different']
['datasets', 'correctly', 'merged', 'general', 'terms']
['exceptions', 'these', 'exceptions', 'suggest', 'there', 'might']
['certain', 'unknown', 'characteristics', 'datasets', 'which']
['cluster', 'images', 'belonging', 'dataset', 'together']
['covid', 'demonstrated', 'being', 'start', 'point', 'characterization', 'disease', 'employing']
['images', 'indeed', 'paper', 'outcomes', 'suggest', 'possibility']
['automatically', 'identify', 'lesions', 'associated']
['covid', 'infection', 'analyzing', 'mappings', 'experiment', 'providing', 'explainable']
['justification', 'about', 'network', 'works', 'however']
['interpretation', 'obtained', 'control']
['class', 'carried', 'carefully', 'whereas', 'areas']
['significant', 'interest', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'classes']
['supposed', 'point', 'potential', 'lesions', 'higher', 'density']
['different', 'textures', 'contrast', 'controls', 'areas']
['significant', 'interest', 'classification', 'control', 'group']
['supposed', 'correspond', 'something', 'complementary']
['potentially', 'highlighting', 'dense', 'areas', 'control']
['class', 'these', 'areas', 'point', 'towards', 'lesion']
['lungs']
['likewise', 'system', 'developed', 'experiment', 'attains']
['comparable', 'results', 'those', 'achieved', 'human', 'evaluator']
['differentiating', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'respect']
['ability', 'seven', 'radiologists', 'correctly', 'differentiate']
['pneumonia', 'covid', 'images', 'tested']
['results', 'indicated', 'radiologists', 'achieved', 'sitivities', 'ranging', 'speci', 'ficities', 'ranging', 'these', 'results']
['suggest', 'systems', 'potential', 'supervised']
['clinical', 'environment']
['covid', 'still', 'disease', 'remains']
['studied', 'learning', 'techniques']
['would', 'potentially', 'understand', 'mechanisms']
['attacks', 'lungs', 'alveoli']
['evolves', 'during', 'different', 'stages', 'despite', 'there', 'empirical', 'evidence']
['evolution', 'covid', 'based', 'observations']
['radiologists', 'employment', 'automatic', 'techniques']
['based', 'machine', 'learning', 'would', 'analyze', 'sively', 'guide', 'research', 'certain', 'paths', 'extract', 'conclu', 'sions', 'faster', 'nevertheless', 'interpretable', 'explainable']
['methods', 'required', 'forward']
['inline', 'previous', 'comment', 'based', 'empir', 'evidence', 'respecting', 'evolution', 'disease']
['stated', 'during', 'early', 'stages', 'disease', 'ground', 'glass', 'shadows', 'pulmonary', 'consolidation', 'nodules']
['local', 'consolidation', 'centre', 'peripheral', 'ground', 'glass', 'density', 'often', 'observed', 'however', 'disease']
['evolves', 'consolidations', 'reduce', 'their', 'density', 'resembling']
['ground', 'glass', 'opacity', 'derive', 'white']
['disease', 'worsens', 'minimization', 'opacities']
['course', 'disease', 'improves', 'manner']
['these', 'characteristic', 'behaviours', 'automatically']
['identified', 'would', 'possible', 'stratify', 'disorder', 'stage']
['according', 'severity', 'computing', 'extent', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities', 'densities', 'would', 'useful', 'assess']
['severity', 'infection', 'evaluate', 'evolution']
['disease', 'regard', 'infection', 'extent', 'assessment']
['previously', 'tested', 'other', 'studies', 'covid']
['using', 'manual', 'procedures', 'based', 'observation', 'images']
['solutions', 'discussed', 'paper', 'intended']
['support', 'faster', 'diagnosis', 'alleviate', 'radiolo', 'gists', 'specialists', 'workload', 'substitute', 'their']
['assessment', 'rigorous', 'validation', 'would']
['integrating', 'these', 'algorithms', 'desktop', 'applications', 'cloud']
['servers', 'clinic', 'environment']
['maintenance', 'update', 'would', 'effective', 'straight', 'forward', 'would', 'reduce', 'healthcare', 'costs', 'improve']
['diagnosis', 'response', 'accuracy']
['volume', '226825j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['deployment', 'these', 'algorithms', 'exempt']
['controversies', 'hosting', 'models', 'cloud', 'service']
['would', 'entail', 'uploading', 'images', 'might', 'subject']
['national', 'international', 'regulations', 'constraints']
['ensure', 'privacy']
['new_paper']
['received', 'october', 'accepted', 'november', 'publication', 'november']
['current', 'version', 'december']
['digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3040245']
['dimensional', 'sparse', 'matrix', 'profile']
['densenet', 'covid', 'diagnosis']
['using', 'chest', 'images']
['carson', 'leung']
['senior', 'member', 'pingzhao']
['1department', 'biochemistry', 'medical', 'genetics', 'university', 'manitoba', 'winnipeg', 'canada']
['2department', 'computer', 'science', 'university', 'manitoba', 'winnipeg', 'canada']
['3research', 'institute', 'oncology', 'hematology', 'cancercare', 'manitoba', 'winnipeg', 'canada']
['corresponding', 'author', 'pingzhao', 'pingzhao', 'umanitoba']
['supported', 'natural', 'sciences', 'engineering', 'research', 'council', 'canada', 'nserc']
['abstract', 'covid', 'newly', 'identified', 'disease', 'which', 'contagious', 'rapidly']
['spreading', 'across', 'different', 'countries', 'around', 'world', 'calling', 'rapid', 'accurate', 'diagnosis', 'tools', 'chest']
['imaging', 'widely', 'clinical', 'practice', 'disease', 'diagnosis', 'image', 'reading', 'still']
['consuming', 'integrate', 'image', 'preprocessing', 'technology', 'anomaly', 'detection']
['supervised', 'learning', 'chest', 'imaging', 'based', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'study', 'matrix', 'profile']
['technique', 'introduced', 'image', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'levels', 'dimensional', 'level', 'images']
['simply', 'flatted', 'transformed', 'dimensional', 'vector', 'matrix', 'profile', 'algorithm', 'could']
['implemented', 'directly', 'dimensional', 'level', 'matrix', 'profile', 'calculated', 'sliding', 'window']
['every', 'segment', 'image', 'anomaly', 'severity', 'score', 'calculated', 'difference']
['between', 'covid', 'images', 'covid', 'images', 'tested', 'sparse']
['anomaly', 'calculated', 'applied', 'penalize', 'pixel', 'values', 'image', 'anomaly', 'weighted']
['images', 'train', 'standard', 'densenet', 'learning', 'models', 'distinguish', 'covid']
['covid', 'images', 'vgg19', 'model', 'baseline', 'model', 'comparison', 'although']
['extra', 'finetuning', 'needs', 'manually', 'dimensional', 'matrix', 'profile', 'method', 'could', 'identify']
['anomalies', 'successfully', 'using', 'dimensional', 'matrix', 'profiling', 'method', 'anomaly', 'weighted']
['image', 'successfully', 'generated', 'image', 'significantly', 'differed', 'among', 'covid']
['images', 'covid', 'images', 'value', 'furthermore', 'identified', 'potential']
['causal', 'association', 'between', 'number', 'underlying', 'diseases', 'covid', 'patient', 'severity']
['disease', 'through', 'statistical', 'mediation', 'analysis', 'compared', 'images', 'anomaly', 'weighted']
['images', 'showed', 'generally', 'better', 'performance', 'training', 'densenet', 'models', 'different', 'architectures']
['diagnosing', 'covid', 'which', 'validated', 'using', 'publicly', 'available', 'covid', 'image', 'datasets']
['metric', 'under', 'curve', 'dataset', 'weighted', 'unweighted']
['weighted', 'unweighted', 'weighted', 'unweighted', 'weighted']
['unweighted', 'densenet121', 'densenet169', 'densenet201', 'baseline', 'model', 'vgg19']
['respectively', 'trend', 'observed', 'using', 'another', 'independent', 'dataset', 'significant', 'results', 'revealed']
['critical', 'value', 'using', 'existing', 'state', 'algorithm', 'image', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'furthermore']
['model', 'structure', 'potential', 'rapid', 'clinical', 'imaging', 'based', 'diagnosis']
['index', 'terms', 'pattern', 'mining', 'matrix', 'profile', 'covid', 'images', 'score', 'densenet', 'mediation']
['analysis']
['introduction']
['unsupervised', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'using', 'pattern', 'mining']
['intuitive', 'medical', 'imaging', 'based', 'disease']
['associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript']
['approving', 'publication', 'yudong', 'zhang']
['diagnosis', 'methods', 'people', 'without', 'medical', 'expertise']
['could', 'obvious', 'lesion', 'medical', 'image', 'lesion']
['extremely', 'different', 'other', 'parts', 'image', 'actually']
['radiologists', 'images']
['obvious', 'lesion', 'conspicuous', 'noticed']
['immediately', 'radiologists', 'their', 'first', 'glance', 'image']
['213718', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'volume', '2020q', 'dimensional', 'sparse', 'matrix', 'profile', 'densenet', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'using', 'chest', 'images']
['unsupervised', 'depends', 'intrinsic']
['information', 'image', 'itself', 'using', 'normal', 'human']
['sectional', 'anatomy', 'knowledge', 'radiologists', 'could', 'further']
['whether', 'lesion', 'critical']
['covid', 'newly', 'identified', 'disease']
['contagious', 'rapidly', 'spreading', 'across', 'different']
['countries', 'around', 'world', 'common', 'symptoms']
['covid', 'fever', 'cough', 'serious', 'cases']
['patients', 'experience', 'difficulty', 'breathing', 'present']
['nucleic', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction']
['testing', 'considered', 'effective', 'cheap', 'rapid']
['detection', 'method', 'covid', 'however', 'bottleneck']
['technique', 'there', 'short', 'supplies']
['countries', 'several', 'alternative', 'methods']
['considered', 'individuals', 'positive', 'covid']
['including', 'computed', 'tomography', 'scans', 'lungs']
['scanning', 'detect', 'covid']
['number', 'infected', 'patients', 'increases', 'exponentially']
['provide', 'testing', 'scans', 'patients', 'because']
['limited', 'number', 'doctors', 'recommended', 'artifi', 'intelligence', 'systems', 'developed', 'analyse']
['scans', 'patients', 'determine', 'covid', 'status']
['build', 'system', 'strategy', 'detec', 'enhancement', 'image', 'anomaly', 'modelling']
['anomaly', 'enhanced', 'images', 'first']
['naïve', 'dimensional', 'sliding', 'window', 'approach']
['calculate', 'matrix', 'profile', 'image', 'summing']
['matrix', 'profile', 'could', 'image', 'specific', 'severity']
['score', 'indicating', 'severity', 'image', 'anomalous']
['computed', 'automatically', 'compared']
['manually', 'calculated', 'potential']
['rapidly', 'identify', 'covid', 'patients']
['matrix', 'profile', 'could', 'easily', 'generate', 'salience']
['image', 'detect', 'anomaly', 'saliency']
['topographic', 'represents', 'visual', 'saliency']
['image', 'overlapping', 'image', 'salience']
['could', 'further', 'weighted', 'image', 'enhance']
['anomaly', 'second', 'weighted', 'images', 'could']
['input', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'further']
['classification', 'regression', 'tasks', 'naïve', 'dimensional']
['method', 'apply', 'benefits', 'those', 'ultra']
['fourier', 'algorithms', 'developed', 'keogh']
['situation', 'speed', 'calculation', 'images']
['pooled', 'lower', 'resolution', 'stride', 'sliding']
['window', 'length', 'image']
['segment', 'nearest', 'neighbour', 'matrix', 'profile']
['learning', 'technologies', 'effectively', 'integrated']
['together', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'tested', 'using', 'licly', 'available', 'covid', 'covid', 'image']
['respectively', 'please', 'noted', 'covid', 'group', 'contains', 'images', 'healthy']
['controls', 'other', 'types', 'disease', 'cases']
['contribution', 'study', 'could', 'divided']
['parts', 'first', 'innovative', 'application']
['classic', 'dimensional', 'series', 'pattern', 'mining', 'nique', 'unsupervised', 'dimensional', 'medical', 'imaging']
['anomaly', 'detection', 'another', 'contribution', 'application']
['dense', 'learning', 'networks', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'using']
['anomaly', 'enhanced', 'images']
['related']
['unsupervised', 'pattern', 'mining', 'medical', 'imaging']
['proved', 'beneficial', 'pattern', 'mining', 'techniques', 'apriori', 'based']
['growth', 'based', 'cannot', 'directly', 'applied']
['image', 'dimensional', 'space', 'related']
['information', 'there', 'several', 'methods', 'developed']
['unsupervised', 'image', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'according']
['ehret', 'these', 'unsupervised', 'methods', 'could', 'classified']
['nearest', 'neighbour', 'based', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'clustering', 'based', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'statistical', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'information', 'theoretic', 'anomaly']
['detection', 'applied', 'static', 'image', 'situation']
['belong', 'first', 'category', 'extent']
['since', 'measure', 'certain', 'distances', 'identify']
['discord', 'distances', 'instances', 'assumption']
['nearest', 'neighbour', 'based', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'static']
['image', 'normal', 'pixel', 'segments', 'always', 'similar']
['other', 'therefore', 'close', 'distance', 'their']
['nearest', 'neighbours', 'while', 'anomalies', 'dislike', 'their', 'closest']
['neighbours']
['aforementioned', 'assumption', 'nearest', 'neighbour', 'based', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'holds', 'problem', 'image']
['anomaly', 'detection', 'transformed', 'problem', 'given', 'segment', 'window', 'images']
['retrieval', 'nearest', 'neighbours', 'scanned', 'segments']
['exactly', 'definition', 'similarity']
['problem', 'defined', 'given', 'collection']
['objects', 'retrieve', 'nearest', 'neighbours', 'every']
['object', 'solve', 'problem', 'keogh', 'proposed']
['structure', 'called', 'matrix', 'profile', 'developed', 'series']
['matrix', 'profile', 'based', 'algorithms', 'solve', 'similarity']
['problem', 'series', 'matrix', 'profile']
['consists', 'components', 'distance', 'profile', 'profile']
['index', 'distance', 'profile', 'vector', 'minimum', 'euclidean']
['distances', 'among', 'subsequences', 'within', 'series']
['profile', 'index', 'contains', 'index', 'subsequences', 'first', 'nearest']
['neighbours', 'other', 'words', 'profile', 'index', 'location']
['subsequence', 'similar', 'subsequence', 'order']
['apply', 'matrix', 'profile', 'technique', 'large', 'databases']
['fourier', 'transform', 'introduced', 'matrix', 'profile']
['algorithm', 'ultra', 'therefore', 'applied', 'series', 'without', 'sacrificing', 'efficacy']
['these', 'algorithms', 'proved', 'efficient', 'dimensional', 'series', 'however', 'matrix', 'profile', 'nique', 'introduced', 'dimensional']
['dimensional', 'image']
['besides', 'limitation', 'matrix', 'profile', 'dimensional', 'there', 'studies', 'exploring']
['integration', 'advanced', 'machine', 'learning', 'techniques']
['although', 'nearest', 'neighbour', 'successful', 'standing']
['technique', 'matrix', 'profile', 'provides', 'strategy', 'using']
['volume', '213719q', 'dimensional', 'sparse', 'matrix', 'profile', 'densenet', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'using', 'chest', 'images']
['figure', 'workflow', 'proposed', 'study', 'refers', 'severity', 'score']
['nearest', 'neighbour', 'technique', 'anomaly', 'detection']
['integrated', 'current', 'advanced', 'learning']
['techniques', 'recent', 'designed', 'model', 'nearest']
['neighbour', 'identifying', 'anomaly', 'image', 'level']
['their', 'model', 'normal', 'images', 'input']
['learning', 'based', 'feature', 'extractor', 'building', 'feature', 'library']
['image', 'arrived', 'would', 'undergo']
['feature', 'extractor', 'nearest', 'distances', 'these', 'features']
['extracted', 'image', 'those', 'features', 'stored']
['feature', 'library', 'computed', 'verifying', 'distance']
['larger', 'predefined', 'threshold', 'could', 'determine']
['image', 'normal', 'anomalous', 'however']
['mentioned', 'design', 'image', 'level', 'which']
['could', 'detect', 'segment', 'level', 'anomalies', 'moreover']
['actually', 'supervised', 'approach', 'needs', 'label']
['information', 'build', 'feature', 'library']
['severity', 'score', 'proposed', 'study']
['covid', 'rapid', 'diagnosis', 'order', 'obtain']
['authors', 'manually', 'measure', 'access', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacity', 'interstitial', 'opacity', 'trapping', 'ratio']
['lungs', 'images', 'these', 'three', 'features', 'pneumonia', 'symptoms', 'different', 'doctors', 'obtain']
['different', 'values', 'using', 'image', 'there', 'although', 'proved', 'signif', 'icantly', 'associated', 'covid', 'severity', 'extra']
['manual', 'measurement', 'burden', 'added', 'radiologists']
['potential', 'their', 'expertise', 'limits', 'application']
['clinic', 'practice', 'another', 'consideration', 'theoret', 'analysis', 'associated', 'covid']
['severity', 'reported', 'medical', 'image', 'phenotypes']
['could', 'mediators', 'genetic']
['variations', 'other', 'basic', 'clinical', 'characteristics', 'effects']
['disease', 'outcomes', 'therefore', 'mediation', 'analysis']
['could', 'significance', 'indirect', 'causal']
['relationship', 'among', 'patient', 'clinical', 'characteristics']
['covid', 'severity']
['although', 'there', 'studies', 'learning', 'neighbour', 'based', 'image', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'supervised']
['learning', 'widely', 'involved', 'covid', 'nosis', 'there', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'networks']
['proposed', 'different', 'studies', 'covid', 'diagno', 'study', 'propose', 'state', 'matrix', 'profile', 'based', 'densenet']
['model', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'compare', 'perfor', 'mance', 'different', 'densenet', 'architectures', 'basic', 'volutional', 'architecture', 'called', 'visual', 'geometry', 'group']
['network']
['methods']
['whole', 'workflow', 'summarized', 'proposed']
['anomaly', 'detection', 'algorithm', 'first', 'preprocesses']
['images', 'using', 'matrix', 'profile', 'technique']
['213720', 'volume', '2020q', 'dimensional', 'sparse', 'matrix', 'profile', 'densenet', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'using', 'chest', 'images']
['anomaly', 'weighted', 'images', 'calculated']
['differential', 'analysis', 'mediation', 'analysis', 'performed']
['explore', 'potential', 'application', 'diagnosis', 'covid']
['clinical', 'interpretability', 'anomaly', 'weighted', 'images']
['finally', 'applied', 'build', 'densenet', 'based', 'learning']
['models', 'covid', 'diagnosis']
['anomaly', 'detection']
['assume', 'chest', 'image', 'defined', 'matrix']
['pixel', 'values']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['where', 'width', 'height', 'ranges']
['ranges', 'principle', 'there']
['approaches', 'detect', 'anomalies', 'chest', 'image']
['first', 'method', 'flatten', 'image', 'matrix']
['vector', 'vector', 'could', 'treated', 'series', 'those']
['developed', 'algorithms', 'series', 'analysis', 'could']
['applied', 'easily', 'flattened', 'operation', 'could', 'along']
['shown', 'equation', 'column']
['shown', 'equation']
[]
[]
['image', 'pflat', 'apply']
['ultra', 'fourier', 'transform', 'algorithms', 'speed', 'calcu', 'lation', 'matrix', 'profile', 'detect', 'anomalies', 'detailed']
['description', 'algorithms', 'found', 'original']
['papers', 'after', 'anomalies', 'detected']
['could', 'trace', 'anomalies', 'position', 'matrix']
['joining', 'across', 'columns']
['dimensional', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'problem', 'trans', 'ferred', 'dimensional', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'problems']
['could', 'think', 'scanning', 'image', 'along']
['directions', 'greedy', 'snake']
['overlapped', 'anomalies', 'detected', 'these', 'greedy', 'snakes']
['proposed', 'dimensional', 'method', 'calculate']
['matrix', 'profile', 'image']
['second', 'method', 'local', 'anomaly']
['regions', 'dimensional', 'segments', 'image', 'directly']
['define', 'segment', 'matrix', 'which']
['starts', 'shown', 'equation']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['define', 'sparse', 'segment', 'shown', 'equation']
['ordered', 'sparsely', 'selected', 'segments']
['obtained', 'sliding', 'window', 'stride']
['across', 'where', 'could', 'denote']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['define', 'sparse', 'dimensional', 'matrix', 'profile']
['matrix', 'euclidean', 'distances', 'between', 'segment']
['sparse', 'segments', 'nearest', 'neighbours']
['elements']
['matrices', 'while', 'elements', 'numbers']
['calculate', 'pairwise', 'euclidean', 'distance', 'between']
['element', 'every', 'other', 'element']
['calculated', 'minimum', 'these', 'distances', 'stored']
['position', 'element', 'accord', 'assumption', 'nearest', 'neighbour', 'based', 'anomaly']
['detection', 'static', 'image', 'segment', 'smaller']
['nearest', 'distance', 'probably', 'normal', 'segment', 'while']
['segment', 'larger', 'nearest', 'distance', 'probably']
['anomaly', 'therefore', 'value', 'could', 'represent']
['anomaly', 'level', 'segments', 'algorithm', 'building']
['shown', 'algorithm']
['algorithm', 'calculate']
['input', 'image', 'window', 'stride']
['output', 'matrix', 'profile']
[]
['slidingwindow']
[]
[]
[]
['slidingwindow']
['distance', 'euclideandistance']
[]
[]
[]
['distance', '2dmij']
['2dmij', 'distance']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['after', 'calculated', 'values', 'matrix']
['summed', 'scaled', 'range']
['image', 'difference', 'between']
['patient', 'groups', 'tested', 'using', 'student', 'statistic']
['mediation', 'analysis', 'performed', 'identify', 'indirect']
['effects', 'gender', 'underlying', 'diseases', 'covid']
['severity', 'through', 'dimensional', 'matrix', 'profile', 'based']
['using', 'package', 'mediation', 'mediation']
['analysis', 'model', 'covid', 'severity', 'treated']
['dependent', 'variable', 'mediator', 'separately', 'while']
['gender', 'number', 'underlying', 'diseases']
['underlying', 'diseases', 'patient', 'treated']
['independent', 'variable', 'separately', 'there', 'three', 'steps']
['conducting', 'mediation', 'analysis', 'first', 'three']
['simple', 'regression', 'analyses', 'dependent', 'variable']
['covid', 'severity', 'independent', 'variable']
['volume', '213721q', 'dimensional', 'sparse', 'matrix', 'profile', 'densenet', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'using', 'chest', 'images']
['table', 'densenet', 'architectures', 'study']
['gender', 'underlying', 'diseases', 'respectively', 'second']
['three', 'simple', 'regression', 'analyses', 'predicting']
['mediator', 'which', 'dimensional', 'matrix', 'profile', 'based']
['gender', 'underlying', 'diseases']
['respectively', 'third', 'three', 'multiple', 'regression', 'predicting', 'dependent', 'variable', 'covid', 'severity']
['gender']
['underlying', 'diseases', 'respectively']
['sampling', 'performed', 'impute']
['image', 'anomaly']
['actually', 'salience']
['image', 'anomaly']
['weight', 'matrix', 'simple', 'linear', 'model']
['making', 'weighted', 'image', 'which', 'potentially', 'enhance']
['anomaly', 'image']
[]
['matrix', 'dimension']
['image', 'calculate', 'product', 'these']
['matrices', 'product']
['passed', 'classification', 'based', 'learning', 'model']
['model', 'training', 'testing']
['densenet']
['treat', 'imaging', 'based', 'diagnosis', 'covid']
['binary', 'classification', 'problem', 'covid', 'covid', 'densenet', 'model', 'applied', 'classification', 'convolutional', 'layers']
['fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'large', 'scale', 'visual']
['recognition', 'challenge', 'model', 'deeper']
['architecture', 'increasing', 'number', 'convolutional', 'layers']
['reducing', 'convolutional', 'layers']
['densenet', 'relatively', 'framework', 'convolutional']
['learning', 'densenet', 'build', 'deeper', 'archi', 'tecture', 'which', 'connections', 'between', 'convolutional']
['layer', 'every', 'other', 'layer', 'within', 'dense', 'block']
['forward', 'fashion', 'unlike', 'resnet', 'connec', 'tions', 'densenet', 'feature', 'level', 'instead', 'weight', 'level']
['parameters', 'layer', 'trained']
['resulted', 'feature', 'concatenated', 'together']
['input', 'layer', 'connect', 'weights']
['could', 'efficient', 'gradients', 'would']
['vanished', 'performance', 'densenet', 'estimated']
['several', 'benchmark', 'datasets', 'different', 'number']
['convolutional', 'layers', 'dense', 'block', 'densenet', 'could']
['different', 'settings', 'three', 'architectures', 'densenet']
['densenet121', 'densenet169', 'densenet201']
['study', 'listed', 'table']
['anomaly', 'weighted', 'images']
['training', 'validation', 'testing', 'above', 'mentioned']
['densenet', 'models']
['chest', 'datasets']
['proposed', 'workflow', 'learning', 'models']
['applied', 'analyse', 'weighted', 'unweighted']
['images', 'respectively', 'study']
['publicly', 'available', 'datasets', 'loaded', 'github', 'repository', 'published', 'university']
['213722', 'volume', '2020q', 'dimensional', 'sparse', 'matrix', 'profile', 'densenet', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'using', 'chest', 'images']
['table', 'splits', 'study']
['california', 'diego', 'contains', 'covid']
['images', 'covid', 'images']
['dataset', 'built', 'reading', 'captions', 'published']
['papers', 'about', 'covid', 'author', 'dataset', 'searched', 'quite', 'number', 'covid', 'imaging']
['papers', 'copied', 'images', 'contained', 'those', 'papers']
['figures', 'label', 'information', 'these', 'images']
['whether', 'obtained', 'covid', 'patients', 'covid', 'patients', 'collected', 'reading', 'captions']
['figures', 'those', 'papers', 'split', 'training', 'testing']
['validation', 'dataset', 'followed', 'authors', 'suggestion']
['table']
['borrow', 'augmentation', 'transfer']
['learning', 'steps', 'authors', 'dataset']
['training', 'strategy', 'relatively', 'simple', 'terms', 'training']
['epochs', 'model', 'structure', 'because']
['effect', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'based', 'image']
['preprocessing', 'other', 'dataset', 'published', 'wuhan']
['huazhong', 'university', 'science', 'technology']
['covid', 'images', 'covid', 'images', 'quality', 'dataset']
['better', 'first', 'since', 'directly', 'obtained']
['wuhan', 'hospitals', 'images', 'dicom', 'digital']
['imaging', 'communications', 'medicine', 'format']
['similar', 'field', 'resolution', 'rowed', 'parenchyma', 'splitting', 'algorithm']
['author', 'dataset', 'split', 'regions', 'other']
['parts', 'after', 'randomly', 'selected']
['images', 'train', 'validation']
['detailed', 'number', 'images', 'listed']
['table', 'choose', 'split', 'strategy', 'consistent']
['split', 'strategy', 'first', 'images']
['datasets', 'resized', 'uniform', 'resolution']
['training', 'parameters', 'anomaly']
['detection', 'based', 'framework', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'removed']
['framework']
['performance', 'evaluation']
['evaluate', 'model', 'performance', 'below', 'perfor', 'mance', 'measures', 'accuracy', 'ratio', 'correctly', 'predicted']
['observations', 'total', 'observations', 'precision', 'ratio']
['correctly', 'predicted', 'positive', 'observations', 'total', 'predicted']
['positive', 'observations', 'recall', 'called', 'sensitivity', 'ratio']
['correctly', 'predicted', 'positive', 'observations', 'obser', 'vations', 'actual', 'class', 'under', 'curve']
['weighted', 'average', 'precision', 'recall']
['performance', 'metrics', 'anomaly', 'weighted', 'images']
['stored', 'vector', 'while', 'performance', 'metrices']
['images', 'stored', 'another', 'vector', 'significance', 'between', 'these']
['vectors']
['implementation', 'algorithm']
['splits', 'publicly', 'available']
['reproducing', 'results', 'https', 'github', 'qianliu1219']
['study', 'could', 'downloaded']
['https', 'github', 'covid']
['ictcf', 'ictcf', 'biocuckoo', 'index', 'posed', 'dimensional', 'matrix', 'profile', 'algorithm', 'train', 'model', 'three', 'densenet', 'models']
['datasets', 'around', 'hours', 'nvidia', 'geforce']
['machine']
['results']
['sparse', 'matrix', 'profile']
['after', 'applying', 'ultra', 'matrix', 'profile', 'algorithm']
['dimensional', 'flattened', 'images', 'could', 'obtain', 'ingful', 'patches', 'which', 'indicate', 'potential', 'anomaly', 'chest', 'images', 'showed']
['examples']
['figure', 'examples', 'sparse', 'matrix', 'profile', 'flattened', 'image']
['column', 'flattened', 'image', 'dimensional', 'matrix']
['profiles', 'plotted', 'black', 'lines', 'meaningful']
['patterns', 'highlighted', 'using', 'colours', 'their', 'overlap', 'traced']
['image', 'meaningful', 'anomaly', 'patch', 'observed']
['however', 'discords', 'smallest', 'distances', 'require']
['carefully', 'defined', 'order', 'meaningful', 'patch']
['using', 'dimensional', 'matrix', 'profile', 'algorithm']
['volume', '213723q', 'dimensional', 'sparse', 'matrix', 'profile', 'densenet', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'using', 'chest', 'images']
['figure', 'results', 'differential', 'analysis', 'mediation']
['analysis', 'panel', 'density', 'distributions', 'dimensional']
['matrix', 'profile', 'algorithm', 'based', 'severity', 'scores', 'covid']
['covid', 'groups', 'respectively', 'bottom', 'panel', 'causal']
['association', 'analysis', 'among', 'underlying', 'diseases', 'covid']
['diagnosis', 'total', 'effect', 'significance', 'underlying', 'diseases']
['covid', 'diagnosis', 'direct', 'component', 'total', 'effect', 'indirect']
['effect', 'through', 'showing', 'paths']
['select', 'discord', 'highlighted', 'patch', 'sometimes']
['would', 'present', 'corner', 'along']
['image', 'parts', 'image', 'those', 'meaningless']
['discords', 'manually', 'filtered', 'which', 'incon', 'venient', 'therefore', 'approach', 'practical', 'clinical']
['reality']
['using', 'dimensional', 'matrix', 'profile', 'algorithm']
['anomaly', 'severity', 'score', 'image']
['density', 'distribution', 'shown']
['these', 'significantly', 'different', 'between']
['covid', 'group', 'covid', 'group', 'value']
[]
['mediation', 'analysis', 'identified', 'significant', 'causal', 'tionship', 'among', 'number', 'underlying', 'diseases']
['covid', 'severity', 'shown', 'number']
['underlying', 'diseases', 'total', 'effect', 'value']
['covid', 'severity', 'percentage', 'effect']
['which', 'could', 'explained']
['dimensional', 'matrix', 'profile', 'based']
['direct', 'effect', 'needs', 'explained', 'other']
['mechanisms']
['based', 'dimensional', 'matrix', 'profile', 'could']
['salience', 'pasted', 'image', 'press', 'meaningless', 'pixel', 'values', 'without', 'losing', 'information']
['meaningful', 'regions', 'region', 'lesion']
['region']
['figure', 'examples', 'generation', 'salience', 'image']
['regions', 'identified', 'dimensional', 'matrix', 'profile']
['heatmap', 'anomaly', 'weighted', 'image', 'weighted', 'image']
['valuable', 'pixels', 'regions', 'lesion', 'regions', 'highlighted']
['while', 'meaningless', 'regions', 'suppressed']
['anomaly', 'weighted', 'images']
['improved', 'covid', 'diagnosis']
['trained', 'densnet', 'models', 'table', 'using']
['training', 'images', 'anomaly']
['weighted', 'images', 'datasets', 'table']
['respectively', 'which', 'evaluated', 'using', 'their', 'validation']
['table', 'shown', 'small', 'sample']
['dataset', 'performance', 'densenet121']
['images', 'anomaly', 'weighted', 'images', 'inconsistent']
['different', 'performance', 'measures', 'quality']
['terms', 'format', 'normal', 'image', 'format', 'image', 'format', 'various', 'image', 'resolutions']
['small', 'sample', 'models', 'trained']
['dataset', 'training', 'epochs', 'converge', 'models']
['trained', 'dataset', 'except', 'accuracy', 'anomaly', 'weighted']
['images', 'better', 'performance', 'images']
['other', 'performance', 'measures', 'densenet121']
['dataset', 'anomaly', 'weighted', 'images', 'shown', 'better']
['performance', 'images', 'performance']
['measures', 'bottom', 'other', 'densenet', 'architectures']
['network', 'shown', 'table', 'showed']
['similar', 'trend', 'results', 'shown', 'overall', 'perfor', 'mance', 'winner', 'always', 'model', 'trained', 'anomaly']
['213724', 'volume', '2020q', 'dimensional', 'sparse', 'matrix', 'profile', 'densenet', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'using', 'chest', 'images']
['table', 'classification', 'performance', 'testing']
['figure', 'validation', 'performances', 'densenet121', 'models']
['datasets']
['weighted', 'images', 'instead', 'model', 'trained']
['images', 'value', 'shown', 'table']
['trained', 'densenet', 'models', 'model']
['applied', 'testing', 'datasets', 'respectively']
['showed', 'model', 'performance', 'testing']
['table', 'showed', 'performance', 'densenet121']
['validation', 'example', 'performance']
['validation', 'relatively', 'higher', 'testing']
['table', 'dataset', 'which', 'means', 'there']
['potential', 'fitting', 'matter', 'whether']
['anomaly', 'weighted', 'surprising']
['since', 'sample', 'small', 'image', 'quality']
['dataset', 'various', 'expecting', 'sparsity']
['introduced', 'anomaly', 'could', 'avoiding', 'fitting', 'however', 'turns', 'anomaly']
['limited', 'effect', 'preventing', 'fitting', 'might', 'because']
['content', 'weighted', 'images', 'still']
['images', 'small', 'proportion', 'comes']
['anomaly', 'sparsity', 'introduced', 'might']
['enough', 'avoiding', 'fitting', 'second', 'dataset']
['fitting', 'observed', 'performance', 'stable']
['during', 'validation', 'testing', 'shown', 'table']
['observed', 'densenet', 'models', 'under', 'different', 'network']
['architectures', 'table', 'better', 'performance']
['model', 'table', 'generally', 'speaking', 'densenet']
['models', 'showed', 'improved', 'performance', 'using']
['anomaly', 'weighted', 'images', 'images', 'using']
['testing', 'datasets', 'table']
['discussion']
['matrix', 'profile', 'successful', 'technique', 'unsupervised']
['pattern', 'based', 'series', 'anomaly', 'detection']
['developed', 'based', 'nearest', 'neighbour', 'algorithm']
['study', 'matrix', 'profile', 'introduced', 'static', 'image', 'anomaly']
['detection', 'dimensional', 'level', 'dimensional']
['level', 'separately', 'dimensional', 'level', 'image', 'matrix']
['flattened', 'vector', 'which', 'could', 'considered']
['series', 'transformation', 'entire']
['subsequences', 'could', 'scanned', 'efficiently', 'using', 'fourier']
['algorithms', 'method', 'works', 'identifying', 'anomalies']
['within', 'image', 'however', 'extra', 'manual', 'operations']
['choosing', 'suitable', 'discord', 'unnecessary']
['visit', 'image', 'pixel', 'pixel', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'instead']
['volume', '213725q', 'dimensional', 'sparse', 'matrix', 'profile', 'densenet', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'using', 'chest', 'images']
['reasonable', 'directly', 'calculate', 'image', 'matrix']
['profile', 'dimensional', 'level', 'dimensional']
['matrix', 'profile', 'method', 'predefined', 'segment']
['scanned', 'nearest', 'distance', 'other', 'segments']
['calculated', 'combination', 'these', 'nearest', 'distances']
['mapped', 'coordinates', 'corresponding', 'segments', 'original', 'images', 'generated', 'anomaly']
['ability', 'indicate', 'meaningful', 'lesion', 'pixels']
['original', 'images', 'further', 'transformed']
['images', 'severity', 'score', 'indicate']
['normality', 'images', 'severity', 'score', 'showed', 'signifi', 'difference', 'between', 'covid', 'group', 'covid', 'group', 'which', 'means', 'could', 'automatic']
['calculated', 'clinical', 'support', 'covid', 'diagnosis']
['understand', 'potential', 'causal', 'effect', 'severity', 'score']
['covid', 'diagnosis', 'performed', 'statistical', 'media', 'analysis', 'examine', 'association', 'between', 'covid']
['diagnosis', 'number', 'underlying', 'diseases', 'through']
['score', 'identified', 'significant', 'indirect', 'effect', 'underlying', 'diseases', 'covid', 'severity', 'through']
['severity', 'score']
['anomaly', 'weight', 'original']
['image', 'completing', 'further', 'tasks', 'study', 'evaluated']
['performance', 'anomaly', 'weighted', 'images', 'classify']
['covid', 'covid', 'images', 'using']
['learning', 'model', 'anomaly', 'weighted', 'images']
['shown', 'better', 'training', 'classification', 'model']
['images', 'likely', 'enhanced', 'infor', 'mation', 'introduced', 'preprocessing', 'whole']
['working', 'connected', 'could', 'implemented']
['easily', 'unsupervised', 'anomaly', 'detection']
['supervised', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'could']
['combined', 'together', 'manner']
['control', 'runtime', 'algorithm', 'downsized']
['images', 'smaller', 'resolution', 'although', 'obtain']
['classification', 'performance', 'learning', 'model']
['study', 'realized', 'degradation']
['resolution', 'might', 'decrease', 'performance']
['convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'based', 'image', 'classifier']
['study', 'might', 'better', 'original', 'lution', 'runtime', 'consideration', 'computer']
['configuration', 'could', 'improved', 'another', 'potential', 'future']
['direction', 'study', 'develop', 'ultra', 'algorithms']
['dimensional', 'matrix', 'profile', 'calculation', 'using', 'dimensional', 'fourier', 'transformation']
['dimensional', 'method', 'currently', 'dimensional']
['fourier', 'transformation', 'involved', 'rithm', 'consider', 'sparsity', 'medical', 'image']
['could', 'introduce', 'sparse', 'fourier', 'transform']
['calculation', 'dimensional', 'matrix', 'profile', 'rithm', 'application', 'level', 'technique', 'limited']
['analysis', 'covid', 'images', 'could', 'extended']
['other', 'diseases', 'other', 'image', 'types', 'although', 'study']
['focuses', 'dimensional', 'image', 'anomaly', 'detection']
['problem', 'matrix', 'profile', 'technique', 'could', 'potentially']
['further', 'extended', 'analyze', 'three', 'dimensional', 'volume', 'dered', 'scans', 'which', 'commonly', 'medical']
['practice', 'potential', 'application', 'could']
['explored', 'clinical', 'information', 'provided', 'clinical', 'outcomes', 'prognosis', 'treatment', 'response']
['patients', 'available', 'associations']
['these', 'clinical', 'outcomes', 'could', 'further', 'analysed']
['although', 'study', 'intended', 'compete']
['state', 'completing', 'classification', 'could']
['integrate', 'sparse', 'matrix', 'profile', 'method', 'enhancing']
['anomalies', 'images', 'other', 'advanced', 'learning', 'augmentation', 'techniques']
['achieve', 'classification', 'performance']
['conclusion']
['inspired', 'success', 'matrix', 'profile', 'series']
['anomaly', 'detection', 'attempted', 'extent', 'application']
['image', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'possible', 'clinical', 'utilities']
['tested', 'which', 'anomaly']
['weighted', 'images', 'could', 'significantly', 'distinguish']
['covid', 'covid', 'patients', 'ability']
['might', 'mechanism', 'mediation', 'effect']
['number', 'underlying', 'diseases', 'association', 'covid']
['severity', 'anomaly', 'weighted', 'images', 'performed', 'better']
['training', 'different', 'settings', 'densnet', 'models']
['images', 'these', 'significant', 'results', 'revealed', 'potential']
['imaging', 'based', 'covid', 'rapid', 'diagnosis']
['opened', 'window', 'raising', 'dimensional']
['pattern', 'mining', 'algorithm', 'solve', 'dimensional']
['pattern', 'detection', 'problem', 'unsupervised', 'anomaly', 'detec', 'advanced', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network']
['utilized', 'unbroken', 'connected', 'manner', 'posed', 'algorithm', 'dimension', 'extendible', 'explain', 'terms', 'nearest', 'neighbour', 'theory', 'furthermore']
['implemented', 'algorithm', 'package', 'might', 'become', 'clinical']
['covid', 'rapid', 'diagnosis', 'assessment']
['new_paper']
['technology']
['detecting', 'regions', 'spreading']
['covid', 'using', 'existing', 'cellular', 'wireless']
['network', 'functionalities']
['alsaeedy', 'edwin', 'chong', 'fellow']
['abstract', 'purpose', 'article', 'intro', 'strategy', 'identify', 'areas', 'human', 'mobility', 'which', 'spreading', 'covid']
['crowded', 'regions', 'actively', 'moving', 'people', 'called']
['regions', 'susceptible', 'spreading', 'disease', 'cially', 'contain', 'asymptomatic', 'infected', 'people', 'together']
['healthy', 'people', 'methods', 'scheme', 'identifies']
['regions', 'using', 'existing', 'cellular', 'network', 'functionalities']
['handover', 'selection', 'maintain', 'coverage', 'mobile', 'equipment', 'quency', 'handover', 'selection', 'events', 'highly']
['reflective', 'density', 'mobile', 'people', 'cause', 'virtually', 'everyone', 'carries', 'results', 'these', 'surements', 'which', 'accumulated']
['allow', 'identify', 'regions', 'without', 'compromis', 'privacy', 'anonymity', 'individuals', 'conclusions']
['inferred', 'regions', 'subjected', 'further']
['monitoring', 'mitigation']
['index', 'terms', 'covid', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'tracking']
['impact', 'statement', 'method', 'identify', 'crowded', 'regions']
['actively', 'moving', 'individuals', 'spreading']
['covid', 'exploiting', 'existing', 'cellular', 'network', 'function', 'alities', 'requires', 'active', 'participation', 'individuals']
['introduces', 'privacy', 'concerns']
['introduction']
['global', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'easily', 'spread', 'close', 'proximity', 'especially', 'crowds', 'mobile']
['individuals', 'centers', 'widely', 'accepted', 'strategy', 'igate', 'spread', 'social', 'distancing', 'avoiding', 'crowded', 'areas']
['there', 'urgent', 'different', 'mitigation', 'strategies']
['spread', 'disease', 'spreading', 'silent', 'carriers', 'mostly']
['depends', 'gather', 'viral', 'spreading']
['factors', 'motivating', 'mitigation', 'strategy']
['manuscript', 'received', 'revised']
['accepted', 'publication']
['current', 'version', 'alsaeedy', 'supported']
['scholarship', 'iraqi', 'ministry', 'higher', 'education', 'scientific', 'search', 'under', 'grant', 'edwin', 'chong', 'supported']
['national', 'science', 'foundation', 'under', 'grant', '1638284']
['corresponding', 'author', 'alsaeedy']
['authors', 'department', 'electrical', 'computer']
['engineering', 'colorado', 'state', 'university', 'collins', '80523']
['alsaeedy', 'colostate', 'outlook', 'edwin', 'chong']
['colostate']
['article', 'supplementary', 'downloadable', 'material', 'available']
['https', 'ieeexplore', 'provided', 'authors']
['digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'ojemb', '3002447']
['strategy', 'track', 'individuals', 'unlike', 'isting', 'contact', 'tracing', 'mobile', 'phone', 'which', 'require']
['widespread', 'adoption', 'obvious', 'privacy', 'concerns']
['instead', 'anonymously', 'measure', 'aggregate', 'density', 'bility', 'mobile', 'devices', 'without', 'individual', 'identities', 'detailed']
['below', 'moreover', 'these', 'measurements', 'require', 'installation']
['other', 'action', 'mobile', 'users']
['materials', 'methods']
['exploit', 'already', 'existing', 'cellular', 'network', 'functionalities']
['intended', 'manage', 'users', 'mobility', 'ensure', 'seamless']
['coverage', 'because', 'practically', 'everyone', 'carries', 'cellular', 'devices', 'called', 'equipment', 'these', 'serve', 'always', 'human', 'trackers', 'specifically', 'higher', 'number']
['mobility', 'higher', 'number', 'mobility', 'people']
['according', 'recent', 'study']
['three', 'hours', 'remaining', 'viable', 'aerosols', 'exhaled']
['infected', 'people', 'while', 'speaking', 'coughing', 'breathing']
['whether', 'symptomatic', 'particularly', 'concerned']
['scenario', 'where', 'contagious', 'people', 'present', 'areas']
['other', 'continuously', 'mobile', 'people', 'areas', 'which']
['naturally', 'local', 'basic', 'reproduction']
['number', 'conversely', 'sparse', 'areas', 'mostly', 'stationary']
['people', 'considered', 'residential', 'areas']
['people', 'remaining', 'detect']
['areas', 'allowing', 'prioritization', 'further', 'monitoring']
['management', 'strategy', 'based', 'inferring', 'crowdedness']
['mobility', 'using', 'measurements', 'quantities', 'already', 'accessi', 'cellular', 'wireless', 'network', 'mobility', 'management']
['protocols']
['mobility', 'management']
['scheme', 'detects', 'regions', 'measuring', 'mobility']
['density', 'capture', 'behavior']
['rather', 'short', 'transients', 'specifically', 'exploit', 'exist', 'network', 'functionalities', 'required', 'connected']
['while', 'moving', 'exchanging', 'specific', 'information']
['network', 'detailed', 'below']
['handover', 'selection']
['evolution', 'networks', 'their', 'succes', 'shifted', 'toward', 'ultra', 'dense', 'small', 'deployment']
['licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'creativecommons', 'licenses']
['volume', '187188', 'journal', 'engineering', 'medicine', 'biology']
['table']
['types', 'cellular', 'networks', 'adapted']
['called', 'heterogeneous', 'networks', 'hetnets', 'comprising', 'multiple']
['layers', 'different', 'sizes', 'microcell', 'picocell', 'femtocell']
['table', 'hetnets', 'accommodate', 'increasing']
['density', 'highly', 'mobile', 'power', 'consumption']
['battery', 'limited', 'hence', 'small', 'cells', 'deployed']
['dense', 'areas']
['mobility', 'handled', 'essential', 'protocols']
['handover', 'selection']
['measurements', 'conventional', 'events', 'intended']
['handle', 'moving', 'pedestrians', 'cross', 'boundaries']
['exclude', 'events', 'triggered', 'moving', 'vehicles']
['handled', 'different', 'procedures', 'called']
['contribute', 'significantly', 'spreading', 'covid']
['triggers', 'these', 'procedures', 'while', 'moving', 'another']
['femtocell', 'picocell', 'maintain', 'connectivity']
['density', 'mobility', 'increases']
['events', 'measuring', 'rates', 'identify']
['regions', 'density', 'mobility', 'thereby', 'identifying']
['regions', 'higher', 'rates', 'higher']
['spreading', 'covid', 'because', 'crowded', 'areas', 'likely']
['small', 'sizes', 'spatial', 'resolution', 'surements', 'relatively', 'meters', 'femtocells']
['continuously', 'measuring', 'rates', 'gives', 'updates']
['regional', 'status']
['results']
['depicts', 'example', 'multiple', 'sizes', 'deployed', 'according', 'predefined', 'network']
['where', 'these', 'cells', 'needed', 'accommodate', 'connectivity']
['density', 'areas', 'while', 'actively', 'moving', 'frequently']
['initiate', 'events', 'typically', 'labeled']
['records', 'these', 'events', 'network']
['performance', 'indicators', 'primary', 'indicators']
['evaluate', 'measure', 'network', 'performance', 'handover']
['success', 'failure']
['rates', 'certain', 'relatively']
['should', 'classified', 'warranting', 'further']
['mitigation', 'example', 'network', 'might', 'broadcast', 'advisory']
['messages', 'affected', 'covid']
['actively', 'moving', 'people']
['illustration', 'shows', 'rates', 'higher']
['areas', 'areas', 'density', 'mobility']
['example', 'following', 'cells']
['labeled', 'people']
['period', 'corresponding', 'rates']
['1while', 'moving', 'triggers', 'connected', 'state']
['state']
['illustration', 'hetnet', 'deployment', 'areas', 'healthy']
['infected', 'people']
['illustration', 'rates', 'regions', 'varying', 'density']
['mobility']
['lower', 'crowded', 'areas', 'mobility']
[]
['discussion']
['natural', 'deciding', 'whether', 'classify']
['compare', 'measured', 'threshold']
['value', 'prespecified', 'according', 'desired', 'false', 'alarm', 'proba', 'bility', 'false', 'alarms', 'particularly', 'problematic', 'because']
['conservative', 'consequences', 'result']
['presence', 'single', 'carrier', 'actively']
['moving', 'people', 'while', 'strategy', 'identify', 'areas']
['potentially', 'viral', 'transmission', 'rates']
['estimate', 'example', 'percentage', 'people', 'staying']
[]
['conclusion']
['introduced', 'strategy', 'identifying', 'areas']
['potentially', 'contribute', 'spread', 'covid', 'strategyalsaeedy', 'chong', 'detecting', 'regions', 'spreading', 'covid']
['exploits', 'existing', 'cellular', 'network', 'procedures', 'quired', 'maintain', 'connectivity', 'mobile', 'frequency']
['events', 'reflects', 'gather', 'within']
['coverage', 'rates', 'imply', 'areas', 'those']
['density', 'mobility', 'measuring']
['rates', 'allows', 'distinguishing', 'areas', 'enabling']
['prioritization', 'further', 'mitigation']
['new_paper']
['received', 'december', 'accepted', 'january', 'publication', 'january', 'current', 'version', 'january']
['digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3050852']
['novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine']
['learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['inpatient', 'facility']
['abdul']
['mehedi', 'masud']
['senior', 'member']
['shahadat', 'hossain']
['abdullah', 'mamun', 'bulbul']
[]
['hasan', 'mahmud']
['anupam', 'kumar', 'bairagi']
['member']
['1electronics', 'communication', 'engineering', 'discipline', 'khulna', 'university', 'khulna', 'bangladesh']
['2department', 'computer', 'science', 'college', 'computers', 'information', 'technology', 'university', '21944', 'saudi', 'arabia']
['3department', 'quantitative', 'sciences', 'international', 'university', 'business', 'agriculture', 'technology', 'dhaka', 'bangladesh']
['4school', 'computer', 'science', 'engineering', 'university', 'electronic', 'science', 'technology', 'china', 'chengdu', '611731', 'china']
['5computer', 'science', 'engineering', 'discipline', 'khulna', 'university', 'khulna', 'bangladesh']
['corresponding', 'author', 'abdul']
['supported', 'university', 'researchers', 'supporting', 'project', 'number', 'tursp', 'university']
['saudi', 'arabia']
['abstract', 'whole', 'world', 'faces', 'pandemic', 'situation', 'deadly', 'virus', 'namely', 'covid', 'takes']
['considerable', 'virus', 'matured', 'traced', 'during', 'transmitted']
['among', 'other', 'people', 'unexpected', 'situation', 'quick', 'identification', 'covid', 'patients']
['required', 'designed', 'optimized', 'machine', 'learning', 'based', 'framework', 'using', 'inpatient', 'facility']
['friendly', 'effective', 'efficient', 'solution', 'pandemic', 'proposed']
['framework', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'optimize', 'hyperparameters', 'classifier', 'adaptive']
['synthetic', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'balance', 'covid', 'covid', 'classes', 'dataset', 'although']
['proposed', 'technique', 'applied', 'state', 'classifiers', 'efficacy']
['classifiers', 'classification', 'problems', 'evident', 'study', 'extreme', 'gradient']
['boosting', 'provides', 'highest', 'kappa', 'index', 'compared', 'without', 'adasyn', 'proposed']
['approach', 'yields', 'improvement', 'kappa', 'index', 'besides', 'bayesian', 'optimization']
['compared', 'search', 'random', 'search', 'efficiency', 'furthermore', 'dominating', 'features']
['identified', 'using', 'shapely', 'adaptive', 'explanations', 'analysis', 'comparison']
['among', 'other', 'related', 'works', 'proposed', 'method', 'capable', 'enough', 'tracing', 'covid', 'patients', 'spending']
['conventional', 'techniques', 'finally', 'potential', 'applications', 'namely', 'clinically']
['operable', 'decision', 'decision', 'support', 'system', 'demonstrated', 'support', 'clinical', 'staff']
['build', 'recommender', 'system']
['index', 'terms', 'covid', 'adasyn', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'classification', 'inpatient', 'facility']
['introduction']
['world', 'currently', 'experiencing', 'pandemic', 'situation']
['extensive', 'spreading', 'novel', 'coronavirus']
['disease', 'namely', 'covid', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'drome', 'triggered', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome']
['coronavirus', 'which', 'primarily', 'detected']
['wuhan', 'under', 'hubei', 'province', 'china']
['associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript']
['approving', 'publication', 'bilal', 'alatas']
['considering', 'alarming', 'infection', 'death']
['covid', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'announced']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'disease', 'march']
['report', 'covid']
['august', 'about', 'people', 'infected']
['covid', 'among', 'about', 'people']
['contagious', 'nature']
['covid', 'infection', 'death', 'rapidly', 'increasing']
['cases', 'disease', 'spreads']
['respiratory', 'droplets', 'transmitted', 'individual']
['volume', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '10263m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['individual', 'other', 'surfaces', 'virus', 'lives']
['multiple', 'hours', 'multiple', 'suitable', 'surface']
['temperature', 'suggested']
['covid', 'patient', 'should', 'himself', 'isolated', 'others']
['early', 'possible', 'resist', 'transmission', 'covid']
['should', 'detected', 'early', 'possible', 'reducing', 'liveli', 'economy', 'critical', 'issue', 'broad']
['maturation', 'period', 'covid', 'varies']
['usual', 'symptoms', 'disease', 'include', 'fever']
['cough', 'dyspnea', 'smell', 'taste', 'diarrhoea']
['people', 'affected', 'covid', 'should', 'through']
['fruitful', 'accurate', 'screening', 'scheme']
['ensure', 'timely', 'treatment', 'isolation', 'safety', 'patient']
['pieces', 'research', 'going', 'efficient']
['speedy', 'covid', 'detection', 'schemes', 'different', 'dimen', 'sions', 'reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction']
['covid', 'detection', 'scheme', 'shown']
['efficiency', 'practised', 'worldwide', 'using', 'samples']
['nasal', 'pharyngeal', 'method', 'petently', 'detect', 'coronavirus', 'attained', 'standard']
['banner', 'however', 'these', 'testing', 'mounting']
['demand', 'limited', 'supply', 'especially', 'developing']
['countries', 'another', 'drawback', 'method']
['requires', 'extended', 'period', 'ranging']
['moreover', 'situation', 'worse', 'rural', 'areas', 'because']
['people', 'remote', 'areas', 'results', 'after']
['after', 'extended', 'period', 'increases']
['vulnerability', 'spreading', 'covid', 'patient']
['usually', 'himself', 'isolated', 'others', 'before']
['getting', 'result']
['optimize', 'these', 'limitations', 'potentiality', 'artificial']
['intelligence', 'machine', 'learning', 'algorithms']
['analysis', 'characterization', 'classification', 'ferent', 'diseases', 'motivated', 'researchers', 'introduce']
['covid', 'detection', 'numerous', 'researches']
['already', 'carried', 'design', 'covid', 'detec', 'model', 'based', 'furthermore']
['rajaraman', 'antani', 'proposed', 'covid', 'detec', 'model', 'based', 'learning', 'algorithms', 'using']
['convolutional', 'neural', 'networks', 'chest']
['patients', 'analyzed', 'model', 'evaluate']
['presence', 'virus', 'model', 'showed', 'about']
['accuracy', 'employing', 'vgg16', 'classifier', 'another']
['based', 'automatic', 'covid', 'detection', 'model']
['proposed', 'makris', 'diagnosing']
['model', 'exhibited', 'about', 'engaging', 'vgg16', 'vgg19', 'classifiers', 'respec', 'tively', 'transfer', 'learning', 'based', 'model', 'presented']
['abbas', 'trace', 'covid', 'based']
['model', 'diagnosed', 'images', 'patients', 'check']
['covid', 'presence', 'model', 'attained', 'about']
['accuracy', 'presented', 'model', 'automatic']
['detection', 'covid', 'model', 'employed', 'chest']
['computed', 'tomography', 'images', 'patients', 'detect']
['covid', 'anticipated', 'model', 'mnas3dnet41']
['revealed', 'about', 'accuracy', 'presented']
['automatic', 'covid', 'detection', 'model', 'based', 'sequen', 'model', 'images', 'input', 'detect']
['covid', 'model', 'attained', 'almost', 'accuracy', 'along']
['sensitivity', 'specificity']
['automatic', 'covid', 'detection', 'models', 'proposed']
['based', 'computer', 'based', 'diagnosis']
['images']
['hence', 'anticipated', 'models', 'require']
['patients', 'input', 'parameter', 'available']
['diagnostic', 'centres', 'patient', 'suspected', 'patient']
['visit', 'diagnostic', 'centre', 'person', 'check']
['presence', 'covid', 'families']
['developing', 'countries', 'private', 'transport', 'besides']
['patients', 'rural', 'areas', 'travel', 'distance']
['reach', 'diagnostic', 'centre', 'therefore', 'public']
['transport', 'visit', 'diagnostic', 'centre', 'check', 'covid']
['create', 'vulnerability', 'covid', 'spreading']
['among', 'others', 'another', 'point', 'percentage']
['people', 'tested', 'covid', 'covid', 'positive', 'results']
['countries', 'example']
['positive', 'about', 'france']
['bangladesh', 'italy']
['india', 'russia']
['visiting', 'diagnostic', 'centre', 'large', 'percent', 'covid', 'negative', 'people', 'covid']
['positive', 'patients', 'which', 'enhance', 'getting', 'taminated', 'covid', 'disease', 'inpatient', 'based']
['covid', 'detection', 'option', 'avoid', 'these', 'types']
['risks', 'besides', 'detection']
['friendly', 'effective', 'efficient']
['considering', 'above', 'issues', 'proposed']
['friendly', 'model', 'detect', 'covid', 'based']
['machine', 'learning', 'large', 'volume', 'covid']
['available', 'different', 'laboratories', 'centres', 'dataset']
['comprises', 'other', 'features', 'temperature', 'pulse']
['systolic', 'diastolic', 'pressure', 'fever', 'cough', 'smell']
['runny', 'diabetics', 'taste', 'asthma', 'which']
['analyzed', 'design', 'automatic', 'covid', 'detection', 'model']
['promising', 'advantage', 'model']
['capable', 'detecting', 'covid', 'within', 'minutes']
['doctors', 'adequate', 'precautionary', 'sures', 'while', 'treating', 'covid', 'patients', 'different', 'classi', 'fication', 'algorithms', 'linear', 'discriminant', 'analysis']
['quadratic', 'naive', 'bayes', 'nearest']
['neighbors', 'decision', 'random', 'forest']
['extreme', 'gradient', 'boosting', 'gradient', 'boosting']
['support', 'vector', 'machine', 'characterize']
['model', 'these', 'classifiers', 'hyper', 'parameters']
['proper', 'tuning', 'these', 'hyper', 'parameter', 'improves', 'perfor', 'mance', 'classification', 'using', 'state', 'global', 'mizers', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'gradient', 'based']
['optimizer', 'slime', 'mould', 'algorithm']
['harris', 'hawks', 'optimization', 'uation', 'different', 'performance', 'metrics', 'specificity', 'sensitivity', 'anticipated', 'model']
['demonstrates', 'higher', 'efficiency', 'detecting', 'covid']
['10264', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['contribution', 'topics', 'covered', 'study']
['follows']
['proposed', 'model', 'easily', 'tested', 'inpatients']
['inhouse', 'facilities', 'discussed', 'section', 'therefore']
['patient', 'needs', 'visit', 'clinic']
['covid']
['designed', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework']
['using', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'adapted', 'adasyn']
['algorithm', 'detect', 'covid', 'which', 'presented']
['section']
['state', 'machine', 'learning', 'technique', 'mized', 'using', 'method', 'compared', 'other', 'monly', 'search', 'random', 'search', 'techniques']
['section']
['proposed', 'method', 'adasyn', 'algorithm']
['balance', 'model', 'effect', 'adasyn']
['demonstrated']
['using', 'shapely', 'adaptive', 'explanations', 'analysis']
['important', 'features', 'calculated', 'values']
['explained', 'interpret', 'model', 'section']
['clinically', 'operable', 'decision', 'built']
['helpful', 'clinical', 'staff', 'stated', 'section']
['decision', 'support', 'system', 'devel', 'assist', 'recommender', 'system', 'illustrated']
['section']
['remainder', 'paper', 'organized', 'follows']
['section', 'discuss', 'materials', 'methods']
['present', 'experimental', 'results', 'section']
['section', 'present', 'systematic', 'discussion', 'parison', 'other', 'approaches', 'finally']
['conclusions', 'section']
['materials', 'methods']
['source']
['clinically', 'driven', 'information', 'individuals']
['undergone', 'through', 'collected']
['dataset', 'containing', '11169', 'person']
['patients', 'covid', 'positive', 'covid', 'negative', 'tests']
['united', 'states', 'prepared', 'carbon', 'health']
['braid', 'health', 'started', 'testing']
['coronavirus', 'early', 'april', 'dataset', 'compli', 'health', 'insurance', 'portability', 'accountability']
['hipaa', 'privacy', 'identification', 'standard']
['clinical', 'teams', 'worked', 'under', 'dataset', 'prepared']
['covered', 'multiple', 'physiognomies', 'patients', 'includ', 'epidemiological', 'factors', 'comorbidity', 'vital', 'signs']
['technician', 'assessed', 'symptoms', 'patient', 'stated', 'symptoms']
['whereas', 'clinical', 'teams', 'gathered', 'dataset', 'under']
['which', 'assembled', 'radiological', 'information', 'taining', 'verdicts', 'impressions', 'labels']
['haven', 'radiological', 'information']
['patient', 'doesn', 'radiological', 'details', 'integration']
['radiological', 'information', 'beyond', 'scope', 'study']
['hence', 'excluded', 'analysis', 'dataset', 'consisted']
['positive', 'negative', 'results', 'patients', 'having']
['symptoms', 'symptoms', 'addition']
['covid', 'results', 'complete', 'dataset', 'available']
['github', 'website', 'contains', 'multiple', 'features', 'patients']
['pulse', 'temperature', 'higher', 'danger', 'introducer']
['occupation', 'higher', 'danger', 'contacts', 'diabetics', 'cancer', 'asthma']
['smoker', 'systole', 'diastole', 'diarrhoea', 'fatigue', 'fever', 'losing']
['smell', 'losing', 'taste', 'runny', 'headache', 'muscle']
['throat', 'cough', 'shortness', 'breath', 'vignette']
['entire', 'illustrated', 'through', 'tabular', 'sketch']
['shown', 'figure']
['pictorial', 'depiction', 'figure', 'clearer']
['there', 'types', 'numeric', 'boolean']
['where', 'boolean', 'variables', 'three', 'times']
['numeric', 'moreover', 'highest', 'patients']
['years', 'extreme', 'values']
['systolic', 'diastolic', 'pressures', 'dramatically']
['higher', 'natural', 'further', 'added']
['days_since_symptom_onset', 'about', 'missing']
['while', 'percentage', 'missing', 'entire']
['around', 'besides', 'tabular', 'display', 'shown', 'figure']
['graphical', 'example', 'green', 'figure', 'efficiently']
['reveals', 'variables', 'cough', 'diabetes', 'cancer']
['asthma', 'autoimmune_dis', 'smoker', 'contrast', 'variable', 'days_since_symptom_onset']
['highest', 'missing', 'values', 'compared', 'others']
['processing']
['overall', 'workflow', 'study', 'presented', 'figure']
['processing', 'dataset', 'imputed', 'using']
['multivariate', 'imputation', 'chained', 'equations', 'rithm', 'after', 'completing', 'scaling', 'adasyn']
['algorithm', 'balance', 'covid', 'covid', 'datasets']
['adaptive', 'synthetic', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'sampling', 'method', 'where', 'covid', 'positive', 'instance']
['helped', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'solving', 'fitting']
['problem', 'contrast', 'under', 'sampling', 'process']
['right', 'choice', 'covid', 'classification', 'majority']
['class', 'covid', 'class', 'downsampled', 'amount']
['minority', 'class', 'covid', 'process', 'reduce']
['amount', 'drastically', 'cause', 'inefficiency']
['loses', 'vital', 'information', 'covid', 'class']
['covid', 'dataset', 'downsampling']
['could', 'mislead', 'diagnosis', 'detection', 'compared']
['other', 'correlated', 'sampling', 'methods', 'adaboost']
['conjunction', 'under', 'sampling', 'jittering']
['boost', 'synthetic', 'minority', 'sampling']
['technique', 'smote', 'smote', 'boost', 'databoost']
['databoost', 'imbalanced', 'algorithm', 'adasyn', 'balance']
['imbalanced', 'dataset', 'example', 'covid', 'dataset']
['reducing', 'introduced', 'imbalanced', 'distri', 'bution', 'besides', 'adasyn', 'shifts', 'decision', 'boundary']
['harder', 'learn', 'examples', 'which', 'ultimately', 'improves']
['classification', 'accuracy', 'these', 'objectives']
['reduction', 'introducing', 'harder', 'learn', 'neighbourhoods']
['examples', 'accomplished', 'through', 'dynamic', 'weight']
['adjustment', 'adaptive', 'learning', 'procedure']
['volume', '10265m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['figure', 'characteristics', 'sample']
['mathematical', 'explanation', 'behind', 'adasyn', 'rithm', 'given', 'below']
['illustration', 'represent', 'majority']
['minority', 'classes', 'respectively', 'degree', 'imbalance']
['classes', 'figured', 'follows']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['where', 'preset', 'threshold', 'maximum']
['tolerated', 'imbalance', 'total', 'number', 'synthetic']
['minority', 'estimated', 'follows']
[]
['means', 'there', 'total', 'balance', 'between']
['classes']
[]
[]
['where', 'number', 'neighbours']
['minority']
[]
[]
['amount', 'synthetic', 'generate', 'neighbourhood']
['calculated']
[]
['minority', 'examples', 'within']
['neighbourhood', 'where', 'randomly', 'selected']
['synthetic', 'example', 'enumerated', 'using', 'followings']
[]
['10266', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['figure', 'variables']
['where']
['difference', 'vector', 'dimensional', 'spaces']
['random', 'number']
['classification', 'models']
['these', 'classifiers', 'linear', 'discriminant', 'analysis']
['quadratic', 'linear', 'discriminant', 'analysis']
['naive', 'bayes']
['utilized', 'proposed', 'machine', 'learning', 'frame', 'among', 'classifiers']
['common', 'classifiers']
['covid', 'classification', 'recent']
['state', 'classifiers', 'example', 'recently']
['applied', 'interpret', 'mortality', 'prediction', 'covid']
['patient', 'proposed', 'clinically', 'operable', 'simple', 'based']
['which', 'suitable', 'right', 'decision']
['expert', 'point', 'considering', 'above', 'rationale']
['commonly', 'classifiers']
['recently', 'updated', 'classifiers', 'study', 'allow']
['compare', 'classification', 'performance', 'different']
['classifiers', 'moreover', 'classifiers']
['explained', 'through', 'analysis', 'which', 'useful']
['clinical', 'engineers', 'finally', 'results']
['performed', 'better', 'classification']
['metrics', 'explain', 'interpret']
['covid', 'detection']
['linear', 'discriminant', 'analysis']
['introduced', 'ronald', 'aylmer', 'fisher']
['productive', 'classification', 'technique', 'sorts']
['dimensional', 'spaces', 'dimensional', 'spaces', 'split']
['hyper', 'plane', 'objective', 'trace']
['function', 'class', 'function', 'projected']
['directions', 'optimize', 'between', 'groups', 'variance']
['reduces', 'within', 'group', 'variance', 'generated']
['conditional', 'distribution']
['class', 'optimizes', 'taking', 'class']
['measurements', 'standalone', 'variables']
['observation', 'continuous', 'quantities']
['quadratic', 'linear', 'discriminant', 'analysis']
['extension', 'exploited', 'machine', 'learn', 'statistical', 'analysis', 'classify', 'groups']
['quadratic', 'discernible', 'using', 'distance', 'based', 'classification']
['techniques', 'there', 'hypothesis', 'covari', 'matrix', 'every', 'class', 'identical', 'regularity']
['hypothesis', 'prospective', 'hypothesis']
['assumed', 'measurement', 'given', 'class']
['likelihood', 'ratio', 'found', 'conditional']
['distribution']
['maximizes', 'selecting', 'class', 'precisely']
['resulting', 'multivariate']
['gaussian', 'distribution', 'following', 'equation']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['where', 'number', 'features', 'needs', 'estimate']
['class', 'priors', 'using', 'model']
['classifiers', 'proportion', 'instances', 'class']
['training', 'means', 'covariance', 'matrix']
['naive', 'bayes']
['classifier', 'authoritative', 'mainly', 'useful', 'large']
['dataset', 'machine', 'learning', 'medical']
['science', 'especially', 'diagnosis', 'different', 'diseases']
['covid', 'bayes', 'theorem', 'based', 'probabilistic']
['classifier', 'objects', 'strong', 'independent', 'supposition']
['between', 'features', 'generates', 'conditional', 'probability']
['models', 'allocate', 'class', 'labels', 'given', 'problem']
['patient', 'covid', 'positive']
[]
['covid', 'positive', 'patient', 'patient']
['covid', 'positive']
[]
['where', 'patient', 'covid', 'positive', 'conditional', 'probability']
['likelihood', 'patient', 'occurring', 'affected']
['volume', '10267m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['figure', 'overall', 'workflow', 'classification', 'covid', 'first', 'phase', 'collecting', 'followed', 'processing']
['where', 'imputed', 'scaled', 'importantly', 'imbalanced', 'balanced', 'using', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'secondly']
['processed', 'split', 'train', 'different', 'classifiers', 'measure', 'classification', 'performance']
['bayesian', 'optimization', 'implemented', 'hyperparameters', 'classifiers', 'optimized', 'classification']
['model', 'tested', 'different', 'performance', 'metrics', 'accuracy', 'precision', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'cross', 'validation', 'anova']
['multi', 'comparison', 'evaluation', 'finally', 'important', 'features', 'efficiently', 'traced', 'using', 'analysis']
['covid', 'covid', 'positive', 'patient', 'conditional']
['probability', 'likelihood', 'positive', 'covid', 'occurring']
['truly', 'patient', 'patient', 'prior', 'probability']
['patient', 'covid', 'positive', 'overall', 'probability', 'observ', 'covid', 'positive']
['nearest', 'neighbours']
['straightforward', 'simplest', 'algorithms', 'supervised']
['machine', 'learning', 'technique', 'classify']
['points', 'based', 'similarity', 'measures', 'distance']
['function', 'apply', 'solve', 'classification']
['regression', 'difficulty', 'integer', 'number']
['symbolizing', 'productivity', 'labels', 'classification']
['algorithm', 'outputs', 'memory', 'based', 'classifier']
['example', 'remembers', 'training', 'points', 'computing', 'similarity', 'between', 'input']
['sample', 'training', 'instance', 'given']
['point', 'finds', 'training', 'points']
[]
['closest', 'distance', 'classify', 'using', 'majority']
['among', 'neighbors', 'selecting', 'conducts']
['algorithm', 'respective', 'times', 'various', 'values']
['reduces', 'number', 'errors', 'accurately']
['decision']
['hierarchical', 'chart', 'structure', 'generate']
['decision', 'rules', 'creates', 'model', 'predicts']
['target', 'variable', 'learning', 'decision']
['feature', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'criterion']
['max_depth', 'max_features', 'entropy']
['criterion', 'contrast', 'max_depth', 'utilized']
['limit', 'number', 'nodes', 'max_features']
['represents', 'number', 'features', 'consider', 'while', 'searching']
['optimal', 'split', 'properly', 'tuning', 'hyper', 'parameters']
['criterion', 'max_depth', 'max_features', 'applied']
['covid', 'training', 'dataset', 'classification', 'performance']
['efficiently', 'magnified']
['random', 'forest']
['ensemble', 'learning', 'technique', 'classification']
['several', 'different', 'samples']
['dataset', 'improve', 'classification', 'performance']
['control', 'fitting', 'hyper', 'parameters']
['criterion', 'max_depth', 'max_features', 'n_estimators']
['criterion', 'max_depth', 'max_features', 'already']
['discussed', 'besides', 'n_estimators', 'represent']
['number', 'forest', 'performance']
['increased', 'properly', 'tuning', 'hyper', 'parameters']
['through', 'optimization']
['gradient', 'boosting', 'classifier']
['ensemble', 'classifier', 'combines', 'ferent', 'learners', 'typically', 'single', 'strong']
['learner', 'forward', 'stage', 'fashion', 'optimizing']
['differentiable', 'function', 'generally', 'deviance']
['exponential', 'function', 'where', 'deviance']
['refers', 'deviance', 'logistic', 'regression', 'classification']
['probabilistic', 'outputs', 'thrashing', 'exponential', 'gradient']
['boosting', 'recaptures', 'adaboost', 'algorithm', 'other', 'trolling', 'parameters', 'contained', 'different', 'parameters']
['estimators', 'learning', 'depth', 'where']
['estimators', 'indicate', 'individual', 'boosting', 'stages', 'accom', 'plish', 'learning', 'reduces', 'performance']
['10268', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['table', 'classifiers', 'their', 'controlling', 'parameters', 'hyperparameters']
['extreme', 'gradient', 'boosting']
['designed', 'based', 'principles', 'gradient', 'boosting']
['framework', 'supervised', 'learning', 'tasks']
['regression', 'classification', 'ranking', 'similarly', 'erates', 'prediction', 'model', 'ensemble']
['prediction', 'models', 'model', 'stage', 'approach']
['compassed', 'other', 'boosting', 'methods']
['generalizes', 'approving', 'optimization', 'random']
['differentiable', 'function', 'gradient', 'descent']
['gradient', 'boosting', 'generate', 'trees', 'based']
['previous', 'trees', 'supervises', 'objective', 'function', 'toward']
['minimum', 'direction', 'objective', 'function']
['divides', 'training', 'regularization']
['mathematical', 'equation', 'added', 'follows']
[]
['where', 'denotes', 'parameters', 'symbolizes', 'ularization', 'training']
['hyper', 'parameters', 'n_estimators', 'learning_']
['n_jobs', 'max_depth', 'gamma', 'min_child_weight']
['colsample_by_tree', 'hyper', 'parameters']
['n_estimators', 'learning_rate', 'max_depth', 'already']
['discussed', 'besides', 'n_jobs', 'relevant', 'number']
['parallel', 'threads', 'gamma', 'represents']
['required', 'further', 'partition']
['min_child_weight', 'denotes', 'minimum']
['feature', 'example', 'instance', 'weight', 'needed', 'child']
['colsample_by_tree', 'subsampling', 'columns']
['support', 'vector', 'machine', 'classifier']
['powerful', 'supervised', 'classi', 'fiers', 'mostly', 'classification', 'medical']
['diagnosis', 'build', 'decision', 'boundary']
['possible', 'points', 'classes', 'which', 'known']
['support', 'vectors', 'linear', 'problems', 'covid']
['detection', 'radial', 'basis', 'function', 'kernel']
['controlling', 'hyper', 'parameters']
['gamma', 'represents', 'regularization']
['parameter', 'controls', 'misclassification', 'training']
['instances', 'gamma', 'controls', 'spread', 'therefore', 'decision', 'region', 'lower', 'value']
['gamma', 'broaden', 'decision', 'region', 'versa']
['proper', 'value', 'increase', 'classification']
['performance', 'which', 'achieved', 'optimization']
['requirement', 'optimization']
['classifiers', 'entire', 'study']
['hyperparameters', 'classifier', 'itself', 'function', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'these', 'parameters', 'control', 'hyper', 'plane']
['exemplification', 'requires', 'hyperparameters']
['while', 'parameter', 'table']
['classifier', 'performance', 'indices', 'classification', 'accuracy']
['error', 'specificity', 'sensitivity', 'depend', 'proper', 'choice']
['these', 'parameters', 'optimization', 'problem', 'whose']
['general', 'framework', 'written']
[]
[]
[]
['where', 'denotes', 'hyper', 'parameters']
['belongs', 'denotes', 'classifiers']
['represents', 'objective', 'function']
['objective', 'function', 'defined', 'function', 'where', 'users']
['different', 'classifier', 'metrics', 'classification']
['error', 'accuracy', 'other', 'metrics', 'described', 'following']
['section', 'statistical', 'evaluation', 'classification', 'measures']
['general', 'framework', 'optimization', 'problem']
['interpreted', 'minimizing', 'classification', 'objective']
['function', 'classifier', 'hyperparameters']
['study', 'cross', 'validation', 'error']
['objective', 'function', 'chose', 'state']
['optimization', 'algorithms', 'named', 'bayesian', 'optimization']
['algorithm', 'stochastic', 'process', 'namely', 'bayesian']
['process', 'tried', 'optimal', 'parameters', 'smaller']
['number', 'iterations', 'saving', 'memory']
['although', 'various', 'heuristic', 'algorithms']
['successfully', 'integrated']
['applications', 'hyper', 'parameter', 'optimization']
['expensive', 'evaluate', 'objective', 'function']
['cross', 'validation', 'study', 'makes']
['complicated', 'besides', 'heuristic', 'algorithms', 'require']
['input', 'parameters', 'found']
['obtain', 'improved', 'performance', 'performance']
['heuristic', 'algorithms', 'sensitive']
['volume', '10269m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['input', 'parameters', 'furthermore', 'comparison', 'among', 'heuristic', 'algorithms', 'valid', 'proper']
['input', 'parameters', 'which', 'requires', 'domain']
['knowledge', 'bayesian', 'optimization']
['parameters', 'heuristic', 'algorithm']
['bayesian', 'optimization', 'algorithm', 'global', 'mization', 'method', 'specially', 'designed']
['expensive', 'evaluate', 'objective', 'function', 'which']
['population', 'genetic', 'operator', 'mutation', 'cross']
['selection', 'algorithm', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'utilizes']
['gaussian', 'process', 'compute', 'acquisition', 'function']
['evaluates', 'objective', 'function', 'besides', 'bayesian', 'optimiza', 'memorizes', 'previous', 'evolution', 'utilize', 'these', 'statis', 'towards', 'solutions', 'recently']
['covid', 'detection', 'using', 'images', 'considering']
['above', 'rationale', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'applied']
['study']
['justify', 'further', 'proposed', 'bayesian', 'optimization']
['compared', 'recently', 'proposed', 'harris', 'misation', 'algorithm', 'popular', 'swarm', 'based']
['gradient', 'optimization', 'algorithm', 'based', 'cooper', 'ative', 'behaviour', 'chasing', 'styles', 'harris', 'hawks', 'nature']
['called', 'surprise', 'pounce', 'chosen', 'algorithm']
['comparison', 'recent', 'outperformed']
['popular', 'heuristic', 'algorithms', 'multi', 'verse']
['optimizer', 'flame', 'optimization', 'whale', 'optimiza', 'algorithm', 'algorithm', 'cuckoo', 'search', 'firefly']
['algorithm']
['bayesian', 'optimization']
['bayesian', 'optimization', 'superior', 'search', 'search', 'manual', 'tuning', 'therefore']
['study', 'algorithm', 'keeps', 'track', 'evalu', 'ation', 'results', 'probabilistic', 'model', 'objective', 'function']
['optimal', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'hyper', 'parameters']
['algorithm', 'selects', 'which']
['objective', 'function', 'rbfsvm', 'provides', 'value', 'classification', 'error']
['objective', 'function', 'algorithm', 'given']
['below']
['build', 'gaussian', 'probability', 'model', 'objec', 'function', 'study', 'classification', 'error']
['objective', 'function']
['controlling', 'parameters', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'perform', 'gaussian', 'process']
['apply', 'these', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'objec', 'function']
['update', 'gaussian', 'model', 'incorporating']
['results']
['repeat', 'until', 'maximum', 'iteration']
['reached']
['mathematics', 'behind', 'bayesian', 'optimization']
['independent', 'features', 'target', 'variable']
['given', 'below']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['since', 'variables', 'except', 'target', 'variable', 'pendent', 'constant']
['simplified']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['probability', 'given']
['inputs', 'possible', 'values', 'target', 'variable']
['output', 'maximum', 'probability']
['argmax']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['statistical', 'evaluation', 'classification', 'metrics']
['several', 'performance', 'evaluation', 'metrics', 'performance', 'proposed', 'framework', 'error', 'false', 'positive', 'sensitivity']
['specificity', 'positive', 'predictive', 'value', 'matthew']
['correlation', 'coefficient', 'f1_score', 'kappa', 'index']
['calculated', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'lower']
['value', 'error', 'higher', 'value']
['f1_score', 'kappa', 'index', 'indicate', 'better']
['model', 'besides', 'cross', 'validation']
['overall', 'dataset', 'significant', 'point', 'should']
['mentioned', 'analysis', 'anova', 'typically', 'executed', 'relying']
['cross', 'validation', 'result', 'statistical', 'significance']
['determined', 'value', 'derived', 'anova']
['furthermore', 'receiver', 'operating', 'character', 'istic', 'curve', 'under', 'curve']
['evaluate', 'performance', 'classi', 'recall', 'decision', 'boundary', 'curve']
['examine', 'performance', 'study']
['value', 'decision', 'boundary', 'threshold', 'provide']
['importance', 'covid', 'covid', 'classes']
['feature', 'importance', 'using', 'values']
['shapely', 'adaptive', 'explanations', 'shortly', 'known']
['proposed', 'recent', 'papers', 'lundberg']
['calculated', 'based', 'model', 'theory', 'attribute', 'value', 'mathematically', 'ascertained', 'using', 'following']
['10270', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['formula']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['where', 'total', 'input', 'features', 'input']
['features', 'subset', 'input', 'features']
['variables', 'ranked', 'descending']
['order']
['horizontal', 'quantifies']
['value', 'associated', 'higher', 'lower', 'prediction']
['sided', 'points', 'represent', 'observations', 'shifting']
['predicted', 'value', 'negative', 'direction', 'contrast']
['points', 'right', 'contribute', 'shifting', 'predic', 'positive', 'direction', 'features']
[]
['color', 'shows', 'whether', 'variable']
['observation']
['experimental', 'results']
['paper', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'along']
['without', 'adasyn', 'algorithm']
['adasyn', 'sufficient', 'adaptive', 'synthetic', 'eliminate', 'imbalanced', 'nature', 'among', 'majority']
['minority', 'classes', 'firstly', 'effect', 'adasyn']
['evaluated', 'along', 'shown', 'section']
['balanced', 'model', 'tested', 'original']
['section', 'anova', 'presented']
['section', 'using', 'cross', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'evaluate']
['statistical', 'significance', 'recall', 'decision', 'boundary']
['curve', 'bootstrap', 'adasyn', 'discussed']
['sections', 'respectively', 'evaluation']
['feature', 'importance', 'using', 'analysis']
['values', 'presented', 'sections', 'respec', 'tively', 'finally', 'performance', 'bayesian', 'optimization']
['compared', 'search', 'random', 'search']
['section']
['bayesian', 'optimization', 'without']
['adasyn']
['newly', 'obtained', 'balanced', 'dataset', 'utilized']
['total', 'dataset', 'training', 'validation']
['testing', 'after', 'multiple', 'classifiers']
['various', 'statistical', 'measurements', 'presented']
['effect', 'adasyn', 'experimented', 'validated']
['subsection']
['begin', 'upper', 'portion', 'table', 'perfor', 'mance', 'analysis', 'covid', 'dataset', 'utilization']
['adasyn', 'algorithm', 'demonstrated']
['provides', 'highest', 'classification', 'perfor', 'mance', 'however', 'performance']
['close', 'worst', 'classification']
['performance', 'among', 'various', 'classifiers', 'presented', 'table']
['value', 'observed', 'among', 'these']
['three', 'classifiers', 'shown', 'figure', 'demonstrate']
['effect', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'original', 'unbalanced']
['dataset', 'dataset', 'divided', 'manner']
['figure', 'curve', 'adasyn']
['total', 'dataset', 'training', 'validation']
['testing', 'rerun', 'optimized']
['dataset', 'results', 'dataset', 'without']
['adasyn', 'presented', 'lower', 'portion', 'table']
['observed', 'highest', 'accuracy', 'obtained']
['which', 'close', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'using']
['adasyn', 'could', 'happen', 'imbalance', 'dataset']
['therefore', 'accuracy', 'performance', 'indicator']
['kappa', 'index', 'robust', 'reliable']
['indicators']
['highest', 'kappa']
['values', 'using', 'using']
['figure', 'respectively', 'obtained', 'compared', 'upper']
['portion', 'table', 'results', 'adasyn', 'kappa']
['figure', 'curve', 'without', 'adasyn', 'optimized', 'model']
['created', 'using', 'balanced', 'dataset']
['volume', '10271m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['table', 'classification', 'performance', 'covid', 'dataset', 'without', 'adasyn']
['table', 'classification', 'performance', 'original', 'covid']
['values']
['times', 'lower', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'applied', 'respectively']
['happened', 'imbalanced', 'model']
['significant', 'improvement', 'using', 'adasyn', 'concludes', 'sification', 'performance', 'significantly', 'improved', 'through']
['directly', 'applying', 'adasyn', 'algorithm']
['results', 'using', 'original']
['effect', 'adasyn', 'classification']
['performance', 'adasyn', 'oversampling', 'method']
['synthetic', 'mixed', 'original', 'during']
['balancing', 'therefore', 'could', 'argued']
['results', 'balanced', 'model', 'original']
['where', 'synthetic', 'mixed']
['answer', 'question', 'balanced', 'bayesian', 'optimized']
['models', 'applied', 'original', 'ferent', 'performance', 'measures', 'accuracy', 'sensitiv', 'specificity', 'presented', 'table']
['figure', 'provides', 'highest']
['accuracy', 'error', 'f1_score', 'kappa', 'sensitiv']
['respectively', 'contrast', 'provides', 'highest']
['specificity']
['respectively', 'performs']
['classification', 'metrics', 'presented', 'table']
['10272', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['table', 'accuracy', 'score', 'different', 'optimized', 'classifiers', 'using', 'cross', 'validation']
['figure', 'curve', 'covid', 'original', 'using']
['model', 'optimized', 'model', 'created', 'using', 'balanced']
['dataset', 'applied', 'original', 'dataset']
['furthermore', 'these', 'results', 'mostly', 'inclined']
['adasyn', 'results', 'upper', 'portion', 'table', 'results']
['significantly', 'better', 'without', 'adasyn', 'classifica', 'measures', 'curve', 'shown', 'figure']
['visually', 'close', 'figure', 'dataset']
['without', 'adasyn', 'lower', 'portion']
['table', 'table', 'comparison', 'finally']
['concluded', 'balanced', 'model', 'significantly', 'improve']
['performance', 'covid', 'dataset', 'shows']
['classifiers', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'performing']
['balanced', 'model', 'adasyn', 'original']
['presented', 'figure', 'covid']
['covid', 'patients', 'correctly', 'classified']
['cross', 'validation']
['standard', 'train', 'split', 'method', 'generally', 'small', 'taken', 'total', 'dataset']
['tested', 'overcome', 'issue', 'cross', 'validation']
['helpful', 'techniques', 'exploited']
['effectiveness', 'machine', 'learning', 'models']
['sampling', 'procedure', 'evaluate']
['study', 'first', 'testing', 'remaining']
['folds', 'training', 'repeated', 'times']
['total', 'dataset', 'basis', 'cross', 'validation']
['result', 'presented', 'table', 'where', 'classification', 'result']
['shown', 'final', 'provides', 'average', 'classi', 'fication', 'accuracy', 'results', 'table']
['observed', 'least', 'score', 'obtained', 'using']
['whereas', 'touched', 'mountain', 'point', 'grabbing']
['score', 'attained', 'average', 'accuracy']
['other', 'classification', 'performance']
['using', 'decision']
['above', 'processed']
['adasyn', 'train', 'classifier', 'original']
['during', 'testing', 'performance', 'comparison']
['figure', 'showed', 'accuracy', 'different', 'classifiers']
['using', 'covid', 'original', 'dataset', 'using']
['anova', 'provided', 'value']
['original', 'covid', 'dataset', 'which', 'statistically', 'nificant', 'provided', 'interactive']
['multiple', 'comparisons', 'means', 'figure', 'showed']
['highest', 'accuracy', 'statistically']
['significant', 'seven', 'classifiers']
['contrast', 'statistically', 'significant']
['because', 'almost', 'identical']
['figure', 'interactive', 'where', 'significance']
['different', 'classifiers', 'visualized', 'clicking']
['specific', 'classifier', 'level', 'instance', 'blurred', 'shown']
['defining', 'insignificance', 'selected', 'larly', 'exhibit', 'statistical', 'insignificance']
['selected']
['recall', 'decision', 'boundary', 'curve']
['recall', 'general', 'depends', 'decision', 'boundary']
['using', 'certain', 'threshold', 'exemplify', 'recall']
['decision', 'boundary', 'curve', 'displayed', 'figure', 'where']
['volume', '10273m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['figure', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'balanced', 'model', 'applied', 'covid']
['dataset', 'adasyn', 'original', 'covid', 'dataset', 'figure']
['depicts', 'percentage', 'correct', 'classification', 'first']
['diagonal', 'cells', 'generated', 'trained', 'network', 'numbers', 'patients']
['correctly', 'classified', 'covid', 'covid']
['corresponding', 'group', 'patients']
['respectively', 'likewise', 'numbers', 'patients', 'incorrectly']
['classified', 'covid', 'covid']
['correspondingly', 'among', 'patients', 'group', 'similarly', 'overall']
['correctly', 'incorrectly', 'classified', 'covid']
['covid', 'overall', 'correctly', 'incorrectly']
['classified', 'accordingly', 'prediction', 'correct', 'overall']
['predictions', 'covid', 'covid', 'respectively']
['other', 'incorrect', 'results', 'covid', 'covid']
['similarly', 'interpret', 'figure']
['decision', 'boundary', 'threshold']
['covid', 'class', 'recall', 'about']
['default', 'threshold', 'meaning', 'about']
['times', 'optimized', 'classifier', 'truly', 'classify']
['figure', 'covid', 'dataset', 'multi', 'comparison']
['graphical', 'interface', 'which']
['statistical', 'significance', 'classifiers', 'effect']
['effect', 'other', 'classifiers', 'interpreted']
[]
['covid', 'provided', 'erate', 'performance', 'around', 'default', 'threshold']
['defining', 'covid', 'class', 'shows']
['third', 'highest', 'performance', 'around', 'contrast']
['recall', 'threshold', 'meaning']
['times', 'truly', 'classify', 'covid', 'class', 'similar', 'scenario', 'observed']
['classifier']
['other', 'looking', 'figure', 'recall']
['drastically', 'falling', 'value']
['revealing', 'times', 'classify']
['covid19', 'class', 'recall']
['about', 'threshold', 'whereas', 'recall']
['finally', 'considering', 'covid19']
['covid', 'classification', 'using', 'recall']
['decision', 'threshold', 'measure', 'concluded']
['provide', 'satisfactory', 'recall']
['among', 'different', 'optimized', 'classifiers', 'predicting']
['classes']
['10274', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['figure', 'recall', 'decision', 'boundary', 'curve', 'covid', 'positive', 'covid', 'negative']
['bootstrap', 'adasyn']
['determine', 'whether', 'optimized', 'model', 'highly', 'sensitive']
['training', 'bootstrapping', 'performed']
['model', 'performing', 'model', 'gives']
['nboot', 'having', 'slightly', 'different', 'discriminative', 'abilities']
['error', 'three', 'curves', 'plotted', 'figure']
['middle', 'represents', 'average', 'where', 'upper']
['lower', 'curves', 'represent', 'confidence', 'interval']
['obtain', 'bootstrap', 'nboot', 'trained', 'upper']
['lower', 'confidence', 'interval', 'respectively']
['obtained', 'indicates', 'training', 'highly', 'sensitive']
['training', 'dataset']
['feature', 'importance', 'using']
['variable', 'importance', 'significant', 'ables', 'sorted', 'descending', 'order', 'variables']
['contribute', 'model', 'bottom']
['predictive', 'power', 'fever', 'cough', 'high_risk_exposure_occupation']
['high_risk_interactions', 'wheezes', 'important']
['features', 'where', 'fever', 'touched', 'mountain', 'point']
['shown', 'figure', 'simultaneously', 'pulse']
['sore_throat', 'received', 'least', 'importance', 'classifying']
['covid', 'contaminated', 'patients']
['value', 'analysis']
['pictorial', 'example', 'analysis', 'figure']
['training', 'summarized', 'three', 'features']
['fever', 'cough', 'high_risk_exposure_occupation']
['loss_of', '_smell', 'massive', 'positive', 'impact']
['target', 'variable', 'comes', 'colour']
['positive', 'impact', 'shown', 'whereas']
['conclude', 'mentioning', 'features']
['wheeze', 'highly', 'negatively', 'correlated', 'target']
['variable', 'variables', 'efficiently']
['explained', 'should', 'mentioned', 'behaviour']
['figure', 'bootstrap', 'curve', 'covid', 'dataset', 'using']
[]
['model', 'defined', 'necessarily']
['causal', 'world', 'other', 'values']
['provide', 'causality', 'describes', 'model', 'behaviour']
['behaviour', 'build', 'model']
['model', 'predict', 'covid', 'patients', 'rately', 'plausible', 'false', 'positives', 'false']
['negatives', 'however', 'value', 'explain']
['results', 'summary', 'helpful', 'explain', 'those']
['results']
['performance', 'search', 'random']
['search', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'harris']
['hawks', 'optimization']
['propose', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'techniques']
['framework', 'therefore', 'logical', 'compare']
['volume', '10275m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['table', 'comparative', 'search', 'techniques']
['figure', 'feature', 'importance', 'using']
['figure', 'variable', 'importance', 'training', 'using']
['bayesian', 'optimization', 'algorithm', 'commonly']
['parameter', 'search', 'algorithms', 'popular', 'widely']
['algorithms', 'namely', 'search', 'random', 'search', 'compare']
['proposed', 'techniques', 'table', 'presents', 'parison', 'different', 'search', 'algorithms', 'terms', 'several']
['parameters', 'evaluated', 'overall', 'taken']
['complete', 'program', 'cross', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'score']
['score', 'simulations', 'intel', 'computer']
['having', 'model']
['takes', '10473', 'complete', 'simulation', 'using']
['search', 'whereas', 'random', 'search', 'proposed', 'bayesian']
['optimization', 'respec', 'tively', 'furthermore', 'random', 'search', 'bayesian', 'rithm', 'parameters', 'while', 'search', 'requires']
['parameters', 'which', 'times', 'others']
['score', 'using', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'which']
['better', 'search', 'random', 'search']
['pictorial', 'depiction', 'comparative', 'search', 'given', 'figure', 'where']
['added', 'initial', 'stage', 'accuracy', 'random']
['search', 'nearly', 'which', 'almost', 'stable']
['iterations', 'single', 'iteration', 'takes']
['sharp', 'change', 'accuracy', 'touching', 'closely', 'score']
['which', 'followed', 'unchanged', 'condition', 'until']
['iterations', 'contrast', 'score', 'proposed', 'bayesian']
['optimization', 'technique', 'commenced', 'before', 'which']
['almost', 'steep', 'iterations', 'touching', 'accuracy']
['figure', 'comparative', 'optimization', 'techniques', 'applied']
['model']
['10276', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['above', 'exciting', 'information', 'should', 'tioned', 'score', 'proposed', 'method', 'remains']
['unchanged', 'except', 'slight', 'change', 'after', 'iterations']
['before', 'finishing', 'iterations', 'accuracy', 'touched', 'point']
['proposed', 'bayesian', 'optimisation', 'framework']
['applied', 'recent', 'harris', 'hawks', 'mization', 'algorithm', 'calculated', 'evolutions']
['populations', 'train', 'settings', 'provides']
['cross', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'whereas', 'testing', 'result', 'similar', 'bayesian', 'misation', 'framework', 'however', 'takes', 'which']
['times', 'slower', 'proposed', 'framework', 'requires']
['evaluations', 'optimization', 'calculations', 'table']
['further', 'justify', 'statistical', 'significance', 'between']
['bayesian', 'optimization', 'harris', 'hawks', 'optimization', 'rithm', 'performed', 'cross', 'validation', 'using']
['after', 'value', 'calculated']
['plotted', 'value', 'found', 'which', 'suggests']
['there', 'statistically', 'significant', 'difference', 'between', 'these']
['optimizations', 'illustrated', 'figure']
['justifies', 'statements']
['figure', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'harris', 'hawks']
['optimization']
['discussion', 'comparison']
['research', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine']
['learning', 'framework', 'class', 'balancing', 'strategy', 'using']
['adasyn', 'algorithm', 'proposed', 'identify', 'covid']
['patients', 'their', 'inpatient', 'facility', 'state', 'classifiers']
['utilized', 'proposed', 'frame', 'identify', 'covid', 'patients', 'different', 'classification']
['measures', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'kappa']
['index', 'matthews', 'correlation', 'coefficient']
['efficacy', 'different', 'classifiers', 'study', 'performed']
['cross', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'achieve', 'statistical', 'nificance', 'using', 'anova', 'recall', 'decision', 'boundary']
['threshold', 'analysis', 'bootstrap', 'finally']
['analysis', 'performed', 'interpret', 'feature', 'importance']
['interpret', 'model', 'these', 'different', 'classification', 'indicators']
['describe', 'model', 'performance', 'another', 'point']
['primary', 'intention', 'these', 'indicators', 'describe']
['classification', 'performance', 'different', 'perspective']
['table', 'yielded', 'highest']
['classification', 'performance', 'terms', 'accuracy', 'kappa', 'index']
['however', 'classification', 'performance']
['close', 'anova']
['multi', 'comparison', 'tests', 'average', 'accuracy']
['close', 'statistically']
['significant', 'however', 'cross', 'validation', 'accuracy']
['provides', 'highest', 'value', 'table', 'balanced', 'model', 'offers', 'highest', 'classifica', 'performance', 'applied', 'original']
['table', 'recall', 'decision', 'threshold', 'bound', 'indicates', 'superior', 'performance']
['figure', 'concludes', 'balanced', 'mized', 'model', 'would', 'choice', 'detecting']
['covid', 'patients', 'using', 'their', 'inpatient', 'facility', 'therefore']
['further', 'analyses', 'bootstrap', 'analysis']
['features', 'importance', 'analysis', 'balanced']
['optimized', 'model']
['regarding', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'should', 'mentioned']
['adasyn', 'adaptively', 'generates', 'synthetic', 'samples']
['covid', 'class', 'since', 'minority', 'class', 'reduce']
['introduced', 'imbalanced', 'distribution', 'adasyn']
['moves', 'classifier', 'decision', 'boundary', 'towards', 'harder', 'learn', 'examples', 'improving', 'learning', 'performance']
['therefore', 'applying', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'enhances']
['learning', 'process', 'eventually', 'improves', 'covid', 'classi', 'fication', 'performance', 'table', 'understand', 'effect']
['adasyn', 'detail', 'regarding', 'bayesian', 'optimization']
['unlike', 'search', 'random', 'search', 'mentioned']
['takes', 'previous', 'objective', 'function', 'evaluation']
['account', 'function', 'optimal', 'solution']
['therefore', 'hyperparameter', 'using', 'provides', 'tuning']
['parameters', 'which', 'ultimately', 'builds', 'optimized', 'model']
['consequently', 'increases', 'classification', 'performance']
['determine', 'feature', 'importance', 'model', 'interpre', 'tation', 'mentioned', 'theoretic']
['approach', 'which', 'excellent', 'mathematical', 'background']
['current', 'state', 'approach']
['salient', 'features', 'mentioned', 'above']
['noted', 'proposed', 'framework', 'applied']
['covid', 'detection', 'applied', 'other', 'classification']
['problems', 'diabetic', 'prediction', 'asthma', 'prediction']
['while', 'describing', 'significance', 'strength', 'study']
['logical', 'explain', 'weaknesses', 'study']
['database', 'study', 'moderately', 'large', 'dataset']
['useful', 'apply', 'proposed', 'framework', 'larger']
['dataset', 'validate', 'proposed', 'approach', 'completely']
['independent', 'dataset', 'before', 'clinical', 'clinical', 'blood', 'sample']
['integration', 'enhance']
['detection', 'validity', 'beyond', 'scope']
['study']
['volume', '10277m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['table', 'description', 'clinically', 'operable', 'decision', 'algorithm']
['figure', 'decision', 'using', 'features', 'their', 'thresholds']
['absolute', 'value']
['development', 'clinically', 'operable']
['decision']
['clinically', 'operable', 'decision', 'would', 'benefit', 'clinical', 'staff']
['straightforward', 'understand', 'underlying', 'simple', 'classifiers', 'consisting', 'sequences']
['binary', 'decisions', 'organized', 'hierarchically', 'built']
['simple', 'using', 'important', 'features', 'cough']
['smell', 'exposure', 'occupation']
['continuous', 'value', 'oxygen', 'satura', 'feature', 'feature', 'discretized', 'three', 'different']
['levels', 'denote', 'severe', 'moderate', 'normal']
['level', 'respectively', 'feature', 'value', 'between']
['treated', 'severe', 'moderate']
['normal', 'level', 'figure', 'repre', 'sents', 'corresponding', 'description']
['algorithm', 'given', 'table']
['development', 'decision', 'support']
['system']
['could', 'beneficial', 'support', 'clinical', 'staff', 'screen', 'covid', 'patients', 'their', 'inpatient', 'facility']
['usually', 'graphical', 'representation', 'decision']
['figure', 'probabilistic', 'output', 'upper', 'figure']
['represented', 'subject', 'covid', 'negative', 'whereas', 'represented']
['subject', 'covid', 'positive', 'lower', 'figure', 'represents', 'probabilistic']
['outcome', 'subject', 'affected', 'covid', 'where', 'dotted']
['defines', 'threshold', 'level', 'patient', 'level', 'exceeds']
['threshold', 'level', 'subject', 'considered', 'covid', 'positive']
['whereas', 'subject', 'probability']
['threshold', 'value', 'regarded', 'covid', 'negative', 'either']
['chance', 'person', 'affected', 'covid']
['covid', 'visualize', 'probable', 'state']
['patient', 'possible', 'outcome', 'covid', 'suspected', 'patient']
['inhouse', 'facility', 'presented', 'figure', 'terms']
['posterior', 'probability', 'probabilistic', 'result', 'intuitive']
['clinical', 'staff', 'therefore']
['patients', 'database', 'illus', 'tration', 'purposes', 'patient', 'sorted', 'ascending', 'order']
['patients', 'covid', 'labelled', 'appears', 'first']
['patients', 'covid', 'appear']
['comparisons', 'other', 'methods', 'studies']
['delineate', 'superiority', 'proposed', 'research']
['illustrative', 'comparison', 'accom', 'plished', 'other', 'covid', 'studies', 'tabular', 'illustration']
['table', 'mentioned']
['ozturk', 'obtain', 'accuracy', 'respec', 'tively', 'furthermore', 'multiples', 'research']
['works', 'carried', 'direct']
['10278', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['table', 'comparison', 'performance', 'other', 'methods']
['implementation', 'using', 'mostly', 'clinical', 'where']
['average', 'accuracy', 'obtained']
[]
['classification', 'accuracy', 'approximately', 'which']
['outperformed', 'brinati', 'utilized']
['addition', 'lowest', 'performance', 'obtained']
['classifier', 'clinical']
['demographic', 'importantly', 'although', 'accuracy']
['slightly', 'higher', 'proposed']
['method', 'specificity', 'outweigh']
['other', 'methodologies', 'mentioned']
['conclusion']
['paper', 'presents', 'optimal', 'different', 'machine']
['learning', 'techniques', 'including', 'state', 'classifiers']
['predict', 'covid', 'proposed', 'approach', 'aimed', 'handle']
['dataset', 'detecting', 'covid', 'effec', 'tively', 'proposed', 'technique', 'provides', 'friendly']
['covid', 'detection', 'designing']
['method', 'covid', 'dataset', 'collected']
['assess', 'performance', 'using', 'different', 'sification', 'metrics', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'specificity']
['kappa', 'index', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'different', 'classifiers']
['optimized', 'using', 'bayesian', 'optimization']
['adasyn', 'balance', 'dataset', 'compared']
['studies', 'presented', 'study', 'evidenced']
['classification', 'accuracy', 'proposed']
['framework', 'attained', 'highest', 'values']
['using', 'respectively', 'proposed', 'approach']
['applied', 'moderately', 'large', 'dataset', 'should']
['dataset', 'before', 'clinical', 'trials', 'however']
['primary', 'intention', 'feasibility', 'settings']
['similar', 'approach', 'applied', 'design', 'other', 'classifi', 'cation', 'problems', 'finally', 'potential', 'applications']
['proposed', 'technique', 'namely', 'clinically', 'operable', 'decision']
['decision', 'support', 'system', 'would', 'beneficial', 'clinical']
['staff', 'building', 'efficient', 'recommender', 'system', 'could']
['easily', 'integrated', 'mobile', 'devices', 'which', 'would']
['useful', 'users']
['availability']
['dataset', 'accessed', 'through', 'github']
['https', 'github', 'mdcollab', 'covidclinicaldata', 'cessed', 'obtained', 'first', 'author', 'abdul']
['paper']
['new_paper']
['received', 'august', 'accepted', 'september', 'publication', 'september']
['current', 'version', 'september']
['digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3025971']
['balancing', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safety']
['during', 'covid', 'south', 'korea']
['young']
['park2']
[]
['member']
['hong4']
[]
['institute', 'cyber', 'security', 'privacy', 'korea', 'university', 'seoul', '02841', 'south', 'korea']
['2department', 'pediatrics', 'korea', 'university', 'college', 'medicine', 'seoul', '02842', 'south', 'korea']
[]
['institute', 'cyber', 'security', 'privacy', 'graduate', 'school', 'information', 'security', 'korea', 'university', 'seoul', '02841', 'south', 'korea']
[]
['information', 'operations', 'technology', 'management', 'college', 'business', 'innovation', 'university', 'toledo', 'toledo', '43606']
['corresponding', 'authors', 'donghlee', 'korea', 'utoledo']
['abstract', 'there', 'vigorous', 'debate', 'different', 'countries', 'responded', 'covid']
['pandemic', 'secure', 'public', 'safety', 'south', 'korea', 'actively', 'personal', 'information', 'personal']
['privacy', 'whereas', 'france', 'encouraged', 'voluntary', 'cooperation', 'public', 'safety', 'article']
['after', 'brief', 'comparison', 'contextual', 'differences', 'france', 'focus', 'south', 'korea', 'approaches']
['epidemiological', 'investigations', 'evaluate', 'issues', 'pertaining', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'health']
['examine', 'usage', 'patterns', 'original', 'identification', 'encrypted', 'specific']
['proposal', 'discusses', 'covid', 'index', 'which', 'considers', 'collective', 'infection', 'outbreak', 'intensity', 'availability']
['medical', 'infrastructure', 'death', 'finally', 'summarize', 'findings', 'lessons', 'future', 'research']
['policy', 'implications']
['index', 'terms', 'covid', 'covid', 'index', 'identification', 'epidemiological', 'investigation', 'infectious']
['diseases', 'pandemic', 'personal', 'information', 'personal', 'privacy', 'policy', 'public', 'safety', 'south', 'korea']
['introduction']
['increasingly', 'integration', 'information']
['communications', 'technology', 'promises', 'enormous', 'social']
['value', 'creation', 'pandemic', 'crisis', 'public', 'safety']
['priority', 'simultaneously', 'cannot', 'ignore', 'potential', 'privacy']
['breaches', 'debate', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public']
['security', 'still', 'relevant', 'since', 'personal', 'information', 'crucial']
['curtail', 'spread', 'pandemic', 'policymakers', 'officials']
['likely', 'expect', 'implicit', 'consent', 'however']
['course', 'pursuing', 'compelling', 'public', 'purpose', 'privacy', 'rights']
[]
['general', 'epidemiological', 'study', 'subject', 'ethics']
['review', 'ensure', 'privacy', 'investiga', 'investigators', 'respect', 'confidentiality', 'requirements', 'increasing', 'social', 'costs', 'associated']
['prevention', 'treatment', 'serious', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'there']
['growing', 'demand', 'gather', 'accurate', 'personal', 'information']
['example', 'gilbert', 'beebe', 'suggested']
['certain', 'disastrous', 'circumstances', 'public', 'interest', 'might']
['higher', 'priority', 'privacy', 'issues', 'widespread']
['associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript']
['approving', 'publication']
['epidemic', 'provided', 'additional', 'support']
['reasoning', 'while', 'conducting', 'epidemiological', 'investigations']
['researchers', 'always', 'obtain', 'individual', 'explicit']
['consent', 'united', 'states', 'health', 'insurance', 'portability']
['accountability', 'hipaa', 'established', 'privacy', 'rules']
['limits', 'disclosure', 'personal', 'health']
['information', 'though', 'aggregating', 'personal', 'information']
['public', 'health', 'purposes', 'somewhat', 'different', 'matter']
['covid', 'extraordinary', 'circumstance', 'poses']
['enormous', 'public', 'health', 'risks', 'potentially', 'affecting', 'millions']
['people', 'worldwide', 'nations']
['coronavirus', 'context', 'balance']
['personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safety', 'bound', 'aries', 'acceptable', 'norms', 'study', 'considers', 'these', 'tions', 'examines', 'actual', 'cases', 'countries', 'south']
['korea', 'france', 'subsequent', 'sections', 'study', 'follows', 'section', 'discuss', 'characteristics']
['virus', 'causes', 'covid', 'introduce']
['displacement', 'alternative', 'covid', 'further', 'results', 'french', 'korean', 'governments', 'antine', 'measures', 'against', 'covid', 'apply', 'stride']
['threat', 'model', 'perform', 'analysis', 'korean', 'ernment', 'quarantine', 'system', 'specific', 'proposal', 'considers']
['volume', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '171325n', 'balancing', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safety', 'during', 'covid', 'south', 'korea']
['collective', 'infection', 'outbreak', 'intensity', 'availability', 'infrastructure', 'death', 'based', 'findings']
['present', 'lessons', 'implications', 'future', 'epidemiologi', 'investigations']
['covid', 'responses']
['coronavirus', 'first', 'reported']
['wuhan', 'china', 'december', 'since', 'respi', 'ratory', 'infection', 'epidemic', 'designated', 'covid', 'spread']
['throughout', 'china', 'worldwide', 'infection', 'after']
['incubation', 'period', 'patients', 'experience', 'respira', 'symptoms', 'including', 'fever', 'about', 'degrees']
['cough', 'dyspnea', 'however', 'seems', 'there']
['several', 'cases', 'asymptomatic', 'infections', 'january']
['chinese', 'government', 'officially', 'reported', 'firmed', 'cases', 'covid', 'medical', 'staff']
['involved', 'incident', 'became', 'credible', 'evidence', 'human', 'human', 'transmission', 'january', 'world']
['health', 'organization', 'declared', 'continual', 'spread']
['infection', 'international', 'public', 'health', 'gency', 'pheic', 'accelerating', 'confirmed']
['patients', 'worldwide', 'march', 'declared']
['covid', 'outbreak', 'pandemic']
['covid', 'respiratory', 'virus', 'spreads', 'primarily']
['through', 'droplets', 'generated', 'infected', 'person', 'coughs']
['sneezes', 'through', 'droplets', 'saliva', 'discharge']
['infected', 'patient', 'saliva', 'transmitted']
['directly', 'another', 'person', 'person', 'their']
['virus', 'contaminated', 'rapid', 'spread']
['covid', 'expected', 'overwhelm', 'limited', 'medical']
['equipment', 'facilities', 'sudden', 'increase']
['explosive', 'number', 'patients', 'consequently', 'fight']
['against', 'covid', 'requires', 'contact', 'tracing', 'close', 'contacts']
['laboratory', 'confirmed', 'probable', 'patients', 'tries', 'these', 'responses', 'compulsory', 'while', 'others', 'imple', 'mented', 'voluntary', 'system', 'study', 'compares', 'cases']
['france', 'south', 'korea', 'special', 'focus', 'south']
['korean', 'government', 'approaches', 'seeking', 'participation']
['citizens']
['korean', 'government', 'approach']
['first', 'south', 'korean', 'government', 'respond']
['appropriately', 'knowing', 'precise', 'nature']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'initial', 'optimism', 'based']
['confidence', 'korea', 'medical', 'capabilities', 'could', 'handle']
['major', 'public', 'health', 'challenges', 'additionally', 'assess']
['asymptomatic', 'patients', 'determined', 'somewhat', 'later']
['example', 'chinese', 'woman', 'arrived', 'wuhan']
['january', 'identified', 'first', 'confirmed']
['until', 'foreign', 'tourists', 'without', 'fever', 'enter']
['korea', 'there', 'serious', 'effort', 'track']
['asymptomatic', 'patients']
['however', 'understanding', 'significance', 'asymp', 'tomatic', 'patients', 'nature', 'droplet', 'infection']
['identify', 'pathogens', 'confirmed', 'patients']
['describes', 'essential', 'elements', 'disease', 'health']
['figure', 'disease', 'health', 'integrated', 'management', 'system', 'covid']
['integration', 'system', 'dhims', 'which', 'collects', 'demiological', 'survey', 'local', 'governments', 'conduct', 'tests']
['epidemiologic', 'investigation', 'medical', 'staff', 'public', 'health']
['centers', 'diagnostic', 'screening', 'centers', 'follow']
['confirmed', 'patients', 'local', 'governments', 'responsible']
['operating', 'screening', 'clinics', 'through', 'large', 'scale', 'drive', 'through']
['through', 'testing', 'sites', 'without', 'harvesting', 'virus']
['transmission']
['person', 'tests', 'positive', 'health', 'diagnostic']
['center', 'immediately', 'uploads', 'relevant', 'personal', 'informa', 'patient', 'dhims', 'health', 'diagnostic']
['center', 'immediately', 'submits', 'incident', 'reports', 'korean']
['centers', 'disease', 'control', 'local', 'government']
['health', 'center', 'conducts', 'additional', 'epidemiological']
['investigation', 'public', 'safety', 'requires', 'confirmed']
['patients', 'disclose', 'their', 'recent', 'movements', 'identify', 'tacted', 'persons', 'local', 'government', 'examines', 'confirmed']
['patient', 'recent', 'usage', 'information', 'mobile', 'phones']
['credit', 'cards', 'uploads', 'information', 'about', 'contacted']
['persons', 'including', 'their', 'address', 'contact', 'information']
['birth', 'gender', 'disease', 'diagnosis']
['occupation', 'place', 'residence', 'telephone', 'number', 'health']
['status', 'dhims', 'national', 'database', 'demiological', 'investigations', 'maintains', 'relevant', 'infor', 'mation', 'confirmed', 'patient', 'contacts']
['diagnostic', 'performed', 'immediately', 'persons']
['symptoms', 'according', 'severity', 'covid']
['symptoms', 'individuals', 'either', 'quarantines', 'pitalized', 'recent', 'contacts', 'symptoms', 'antined', 'contact', 'confirmed']
['patient', 'quarantined', 'individuals', 'monitored', 'daily']
['local', 'government', 'centers', 'additional', 'diagnostic']
['after', 'shows', 'individual', 'negative']
['symptoms', 'individual', 'released']
['korean', 'government', 'implemented', 'covid', 'ponse', 'system', 'preemptive', 'prompt', 'precise']
['trace', 'treat', 'participate', 'quarantine']
['response', 'model', 'innovative', 'systems']
['isolation', 'diagnostic', 'drive', 'through', 'through', 'clinics', 'mobile', 'phone', 'location', 'information', 'korean', 'government', 'counted', 'voluntary']
['171326', 'volume', '2020n', 'balancing', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safety', 'during', 'covid', 'south', 'korea']
['participation', 'citizens', 'develop', 'additional', 'capabil', 'ities', 'example', 'using', 'these', 'aggregated', 'epidemiological']
['survey', 'databases', 'covid', 'monitoring']
['developed', 'benefit', 'society', 'large']
['french', 'government', 'approach']
['france', 'established', 'public', 'health', 'france']
['january', 'monitor', 'respond', 'covid']
['epidemic', 'crisis', 'center', 'monitors', 'epidemio', 'logical', 'prevention', 'mobilizes', 'health', 'protection', 'organizations']
['manages', 'strategic', 'resources', 'medical', 'facilities']
['offers', 'support', 'services', 'conducts', 'daily', 'epidemi', 'ological', 'investigations', 'releases', 'aggregate', 'details']
['including', 'gender', 'group', 'covid']
['patients']
['surveillance', 'system', 'monitor', 'demiological', 'clinical', 'aspects', 'covid', 'using', 'urban']
['medicine', 'measure', 'severity', 'epidemic', 'impact']
['medical', 'system', 'report', 'fatality']
['active', 'preventative', 'measures', 'control', 'spread']
['covid', 'reducing', 'transmission']
['providing', 'warning', 'messages', 'people', 'affected', 'areas']
['addition', 'precautionary', 'measures', 'aimed', 'people']
['maintain', 'better', 'quality', 'social', 'isolation']
['supported', 'active', 'health', 'related', 'services']
['operating', 'remote', 'support', 'system', 'allows']
['healthcare', 'professionals', 'doctors', 'nurses', 'pharmacists']
['physical', 'therapists', 'midwives', 'health', 'professionals']
['managers', 'supervisors', 'health', 'facility', 'personnel', 'neers', 'prepared', 'request', 'health']
['center', 'french', 'government', 'implemented', 'quarantine', 'sures', 'since', 'march', 'monitors', 'behav', 'ioral', 'responses', 'mental', 'health', 'practices', 'response']
['these', 'changes', 'assesses', 'social', 'anxiety', 'levels', 'certainly']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'disrupted', 'french']
['restricted', 'vital', 'economic', 'social', 'activities']
['early', 'outbreak', 'challenge']
['mobilize', 'citizen', 'participation', 'fight', 'against']
['covid']
['comparisons', 'france', 'south', 'korea']
['according', 'first', 'confirmed', 'south']
['korea', 'january', 'france', 'first', 'reported']
['appeared', 'january', 'however', 'after', 'little']
['months', 'these', 'countries', 'showed', 'marked', 'difference']
['terms', 'cumulative', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'total']
['deaths', 'table', 'reports', 'lative', 'total', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'korea']
['france', 'cumulative', 'deaths']
['korea', 'france', 'respectively']
['korea', 'population', 'france', 'population']
['france']
['population', 'while', 'about']
['korea', 'indicating', 'france', 'elderly', 'people']
['addition', 'number', 'people']
['france', 'korea', 'general', 'mortality', 'closely']
['table', 'comparison', 'covid', 'korea', 'france']
['related', 'number', 'hospital', 'elderly', 'ulation', 'therefore', 'comparing', 'hospital']
['proportion', 'elderly', 'population', 'deaths']
['should', 'likely', 'korea', 'france', 'countries']
['encouraged', 'their', 'citizens', 'fight', 'against', 'covid']
['france', 'relatively', 'fatalities', 'korea']
['these', 'differences', 'deserve', 'careful', 'analysis', 'other', 'preventive']
['measures', 'section', 'examine', 'impact']
['epidemiological', 'investigation', 'database', 'technol', 'usage', 'korea']
['security', 'korean', 'response', 'system']
['beyond', 'scope', 'study', 'describe', 'devel', 'opment', 'korean', 'government', 'quarantine', 'system', 'cesses', 'operational', 'mechanisms', 'fully', 'purpose']
['research', 'applied', 'available', 'response', 'guidelines']
['released', 'korean', 'government', 'explored', 'other', 'ments', 'about', 'quarantine', 'system']
['threat', 'analysis', 'using', 'stride', 'threat', 'model']
['evaluated', 'security', 'applying', 'stride', 'threat', 'model']
['examined', 'dynamic', 'investigation', 'input', 'output']
['dhims']
['figure', 'potential', 'vulnerabilities', 'system']
['shows', 'sequence']
['collection', 'dhims', 'storage', 'third', 'party', 'access', 'poten', 'vulnerability', 'spots', 'noted', 'process']
['linkage', 'sequences', 'threats', 'integrity', 'occur', 'several']
['despite', 'korea', 'effective', 'response', 'covid', 'using']
['epidemiological', 'survey', 'entire', 'process', 'contains']
['potential', 'privacy', 'violations']
['identity', 'spoofing', 'appropriate', 'security', 'level']
['dhims', 'system', 'requires', 'identity', 'safeguarding', 'restricting']
['access', 'epidemiological', 'investigation', 'after', 'perform', 'basic', 'authentication', 'operation', 'procedures', 'relevant']
['volume', '171327n', 'balancing', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safety', 'during', 'covid', 'south', 'korea']
['medical', 'personnel', 'epidemiologists', 'government', 'agencies']
['civilians', 'third', 'parties', 'allowed', 'access']
['epidemiological', 'investigation', 'database', 'identity', 'spoofing']
['misusing', 'stolen', 'identity', 'prevalent']
['security', 'attack']
['tampering', 'epidemiological']
['collection', 'methods', 'involve', 'extensive', 'personal', 'informa', 'address', 'contact', 'information', 'gender']
['phone', 'number', 'confirmed', 'patient', 'contacted']
['dhims', 'automatically', 'identify', 'epidemio', 'logical', 'survey', 'during', 'entry', 'process', 'medical']
['personnel', 'epidemiologists', 'mistakes', 'arbitrar', 'change', 'personal', 'information', 'content']
['repudiation', 'because', 'legitimate', 'access']
['input', 'output', 'epidemiological', 'survey']
['dhims', 'there', 'sufficient', 'correcting', 'checking']
['procedures', 'processing', 'operation', 'example']
['epidemiological', 'investigation', 'results', 'offline']
['state', 'always', 'exactly', 'match', 'epidemiological']
['entered', 'online', 'state', 'therefore', 'repudiation', 'option']
['necessary', 'ensure', 'integrity', 'epidemiological']
['investigation']
['information', 'disclosure', 'retention', 'period', 'demiological', 'dhims', 'permanent', 'permanent', 'dhims', 'solid', 'system', 'security']
['assume', 'personal', 'information', 'however']
['third', 'party', 'requests', 'particular', 'epidemiologi', 'investigation', 'dhims', 'supposed', 'conduct']
['identification', 'process', 'offer', 'specific', 'numbers', 'instead']
['names', 'however', 'course', 'various', 'informa', 'disclosures', 'individual', 'privacy', 'might', 'always']
['respected']
['denial', 'service', 'elevation', 'privilege', 'might']
['problematic', 'these', 'epidemiological', 'inves', 'tigation', 'legally', 'permanent', 'permanent']
['retention', 'period', 'dhims', 'quality', 'control', 'measures']
['require', 'application', 'relevant', 'parameters', 'proper']
['authorization', 'examination', 'usage', 'patterns', 'without']
['operation', 'strict', 'safeguarding', 'measures', 'issuing']
['permission', 'denial', 'personal', 'information', 'access', 'serous']
['privacy', 'concerns', 'remain']
['table', 'summarizes', 'various', 'types', 'threat']
['levels', 'according', 'dhims', 'system', 'access', 'level']
['personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safety']
['korean', 'government', 'disclosed', 'covid', 'confir', 'matory', 'movement', 'paths', 'addresses', 'quarantined']
['buildings', 'enforced', 'weeks', 'containment']
['confirmed', 'patients', 'their', 'contacts', 'early']
['epidemic', 'covid', 'tracked', 'movements', 'these']
['individuals', 'raising', 'awareness', 'people', 'affected']
['areas']
['digital', 'balancing', 'public', 'safety', 'personal', 'still', 'enormously', 'challenging', 'rapid']
['spread', 'covid', 'unidentified', 'aggregate', 'information']
['little', 'value', 'public', 'safety', 'requires', 'right', 'about']
['table', 'threat', 'threat', 'level']
['status', 'infection', 'individuals', 'waive', 'their', 'privacy']
['rights', 'public', 'safety', 'requires', 'informing', 'people']
['about', 'relevant', 'covid', 'infection', 'information', 'legitimate', 'public', 'safety', 'purposes', 'ernment', 'authorities', 'rightfully', 'personal', 'information']
['example']
['covid', 'pandemic']
['early', 'stage', 'outbreak', 'korean', 'government']
['collected', 'detailed', 'personal', 'information', 'about', 'confirmed']
['patients', 'using', 'these', 'credit', 'cards', 'phone', 'address', 'investigators', 'could', 'specify', 'paths']
['infection', 'conduct', 'disaster', 'prevention', 'implement', 'containment', 'measures', 'contacts', 'active', 'follow']
['methods', 'considerable', 'success']
['february', 'korea', 'confirmed']
['patient', 'shincheonji', 'church', 'daegu']
['sudden', 'increase', 'confirmed', 'patients', 'among', 'cheonji', 'church', 'members', 'korean', 'government', 'changed']
['approach', 'implemented', 'aggressive', 'follow', 'sures', 'shincheonji', 'church', 'religious', 'movement']
['employ', 'somewhat', 'controversial', 'elements', 'their', 'recruitment']
['members', 'education', 'existing', 'members']
['particular', 'their', 'regular', 'meeting', 'often', 'occurs']
['enormous', 'enclosed', 'hundreds', 'church', 'leaders']
['attended', 'their', 'international', 'missionary', 'outreach', 'gathering']
['wuhan', 'china', 'returned', 'korea', 'january']
['meantime', 'number', 'confirmed', 'patients', 'increased']
['explosively', 'march']
['considering', 'rapid', 'virus', 'transmission', 'among', 'church']
['members', 'korean', 'government', 'aggressive', 'action']
['government', 'request', 'shincheonji', 'church', 'vided', 'social', 'security', 'phone', 'numbers', 'members']
['local', 'governments', 'called', 'church', 'members', 'their', 'region']
['looked', 'symptoms', 'conducted', 'covid', 'tests']
['shincheonji', 'church', 'ledger', 'people']
['nearly', 'church', 'members', 'about']
['contacted', 'examined', 'korean', 'government']
['prevent', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['follow', 'testing', 'government', 'effec', 'tively', 'contained', 'sources', 'widespread']
['outbreak']
['171328', 'volume', '2020n', 'balancing', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safety', 'during', 'covid', 'south', 'korea']
['figure', 'comparison', 'cumulative', 'deaths', 'south', 'korea']
['france']
['shows', 'comparison', 'cumulative', 'deaths']
['korea', 'france', 'number', 'deaths', 'before', 'after']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'declared', 'march', 'shows']
['sharp', 'difference', 'discussed', 'shincheonji']
['church', 'korea', 'aggressive', 'extensive', 'personal']
['information', 'significant', 'difference', 'question']
['proper', 'personal', 'information']
['pandemic', 'consider', 'value', 'using']
['identified', 'information']
['identification', 'epidemiological']
['investigations']
['proactive', 'measure', 'contain', 'prevent', 'demic', 'korean', 'government', 'epidemiological']
['through', 'medical', 'testing', 'equipment', 'expedited', 'covid', 'testing', 'which', 'instrumental', 'reducing']
['mortality', 'public', 'safety', 'imperative', 'personal', 'infor', 'mation', 'control', 'prevent', 'spread', 'pandemic', 'aging', 'personal', 'information', 'stored', 'requires']
['appropriate', 'privacy', 'protection', 'measures', 'privacy', 'violation']
['related', 'identifiable', 'personal', 'information', 'there', 'effective', 'safeguard', 'personal', 'privacy', 'requires']
['identifiable', 'personal', 'information', 'right']
['technological', 'support', 'essential', 'identification']
['options']
['united', 'states', 'hippa', 'national', 'standards']
['protection', 'individual', 'medical', 'records', 'personal']
['health', 'information', 'applies', 'health', 'plans', 'health']
['information', 'centers', 'health', 'providers', 'transmit']
['health', 'transactions', 'electronically', 'requires']
['appropriate', 'safeguards', 'protect', 'privacy', 'personal']
['health', 'information', 'limits', 'specifies', 'conditions']
['disclosure', 'information', 'without', 'patient']
['consent', 'approval']
['however', 'korean', 'government', 'identifiable', 'sonal', 'information', 'limited', 'restrictions', 'potentially', 'serious', 'violations', 'privacy', 'patients', 'their']
['contacts', 'securing', 'personal', 'information', 'quarantine', 'sures', 'appropriate', 'respect', 'personal', 'privacy']
['important', 'information', 'gathered', 'specific']
['intended', 'purpose', 'using', 'identifiable', 'personal', 'informa', 'other', 'purpose', 'breach', 'confidence', 'trust']
['moreover', 'legal', 'provision', 'keeping', 'quarantine', 'inves', 'tigation', 'either', 'permanently', 'permanently']
['reasonable', 'requiring', 'identification', 'personal']
['information', 'rapid', 'deployment', 'relevant', 'technology']
['urgent']
['adaptive', 'epidemiological', 'investigations']
['purpose', 'conducting', 'epidemiological', 'investigations']
['understand', 'nature', 'epidemic', 'determine']
['control', 'spread', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'public', 'safety']
['however', 'public', 'safety', 'justify', 'privacy', 'infringement']
['section', 'discuss', 'practical', 'steps', 'epidemiological']
['investigations', 'achieve', 'balance', 'between', 'privacy']
['public', 'health']
['classical', 'trade', 'between', 'personal', 'privacy']
['public', 'safety']
['hipaa', 'privacy', 'rules', 'propose', 'approaches']
['identification', 'personal', 'health', 'information']
['harbor', 'method', 'expert', 'determination', 'method']
['harbor', 'method', 'deletes', 'personal', 'identification']
['variables', 'social', 'security', 'number', 'contact', 'infor', 'mation', 'address', 'fingerprints', 'photographs', 'detailed']
['address', 'method', 'using', 'experts', 'process', 'personal']
['information', 'using', 'identifying', 'algorithms']
['release', 'forget', 'model', 'agree', 'model', 'enclave', 'model', 'useful']
['achieve', 'effective', 'control', 'storage', 'usage', 'processes']
['general', 'model', 'release', 'unidentified', 'personal']
['information', 'public', 'posting', 'online']
['establishes', 'sharing', 'rules', 'between', 'research', 'collaborators']
['covered', 'entities', 'under', 'hipaa', 'privacy']
['intended', 'recipients', 'certain', 'information', 'limited']
['closed', 'model', 'maintains', 'analytic']
['environment', 'restricts', 'unauthorized', 'access', 'export']
['personal', 'information', 'original', 'physical']
['technical', 'control', 'method', 'respond', 'export']
['often', 'challenging', 'enhance', 'scientific', 'utilization']
['value', 'collected', 'identified', 'personal', 'informa', 'increasing', 'level', 'identification', 'negatively']
['related', 'quality', 'precision']
['research', 'results', 'conversely', 'higher', 'quality', 'outcome']
['precision', 'require', 'lower', 'levels', 'identification', 'greater']
['level', 'personal', 'identification', 'related', 'higher', 'possibil', 'privacy', 'infringement']
['therefore', 'individual', 'researchers', 'aiming', 'achieve']
['precise', 'analysis', 'results', 'prefer', 'original']
['which', 'contains', 'identifiable', 'personal', 'information']
['other', 'reputable', 'institutions', 'satisfy', 'personal', 'privacy']
['requirements', 'ensuring', 'anonymity']
['balancing', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safety']
['there', 'diverse', 'approaches', 'identification', 'methods', 'determine', 'level', 'identification']
['volume', '171329n', 'balancing', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safety', 'during', 'covid', 'south', 'korea']
['personal', 'information', 'known', 'national', 'institute']
['standards', 'technology', 'proposes', 'method']
['determined', 'expert', 'hopper', 'method', 'remov', 'multiple', 'identifiers', 'recent', 'years', 'differential']
['privacy', 'technology', 'noise', 'personal', 'information']
['attracting', 'attention', 'increase', 'privacy']
['analysis', 'differential', 'privacy', 'nique', 'identification', 'method', 'performs']
['pseudonymization', 'process']
['widely', 'available', 'identification', 'technologies']
['difficult', 'prevent', 'individuals', 'being', 'identified']
['identification', 'measures', 'researchers', 'imperial', 'london', 'conducted', 'experiments', 'published']
['united', 'states', 'turkey', 'other', 'countries']
['found', 'certain', 'attributes', 'accurately', 'using', 'identified']
['their', 'machine', 'learning', 'model', 'could', 'identify', 'viduals', 'accuracy', 'anonymized', 'using']
['demographic', 'attributes', 'gender', 'marital', 'research', 'suggests', 'paradigm', 'shift']
['identify', 'anonymity']
['property', 'depends', 'person']
['writes', 'other', 'words', 'matters']
['anonymizing', 'designing', 'organizing', 'useful']
['meaningful']
['alternatives']
['identification', 'application', 'appropriate']
['technologies', 'strike', 'balance', 'between', 'personal', 'privacy', 'technologies']
['secure', 'multi', 'party', 'computation', 'homomorphic']
['encryption', 'emerging', 'innovations', 'certainly']
['progress', 'covid', 'world', 'nologies', 'applications']
['development', 'these', 'technologies', 'increase']
['options', 'dealing', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'imper', 'ative', 'balance', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safety']
['context', 'covid', 'personal', 'information', 'individual']
['consent', 'specific', 'research', 'purposes']
['index', 'balance', 'personal']
['privacy', 'public', 'safety']
['there', 'serious', 'debate', 'value', 'priorities']
['epidemiological', 'investigation', 'healthcare', 'policymakers']
['likely', 'toward', 'public', 'safety', 'goals', 'other']
['safeguarding', 'personal', 'privacy', 'important']
['individual', 'rights', 'perspective', 'context', 'developing']
['effective', 'mechanism', 'balancing', 'public', 'safety', 'personal']
['privacy', 'important', 'timely', 'present', 'index', 'measure']
['balancing', 'criteria', 'study', 'provides', 'helpful', 'practical']
['epidemiological', 'investigations']
['covid', 'index', 'epidemiological', 'investigation']
['applying', 'concept', 'dread', 'modeling', 'security']
['engineering', 'propose', 'covid', 'index', 'method']
['balance', 'public', 'health', 'privacy', 'epidemiological', 'investi', 'gations', 'covid', 'model', 'parameters', 'lective', 'infection', 'outbreak', 'intensity', 'viral', 'tiler', 'infrastructure']
['medical', 'faculties', 'number', 'medical', 'million']
['people', 'death', 'rates', 'fatality']
['table', 'covid', 'index', 'intelligent', 'epidemiological', 'investigations']
['table', 'illustrates', 'adaptive', 'epidemiological', 'investiga', 'tions', 'covid', 'index', 'represents', 'collective']
['infection', 'represents', 'outbreak', 'intensity', 'repre', 'sents', 'viral', 'propagation', 'power', 'value', 'indicates']
['minimum', 'concentration', 'which', 'virus', 'infects']
['represents', 'level', 'medical', 'infrastructure', 'represents']
['mortality', 'virus', 'covid', 'index']
['calculated', 'follows']
['covid', 'index']
[]
[]
[]
['values', 'assigned']
['values', 'summed', 'according', 'equation']
['covid', 'index', 'determined', 'average', 'value']
['results', 'value']
['covid', 'index', 'therefore', 'value']
['covid', 'index', 'suggests', 'significant']
['virus', 'propagation', 'power', 'public', 'health', 'urgent']
['investigate', 'epidemiology', 'aggressive']
['epidemiological', 'investigations', 'should', 'conducted', 'lecting', 'original', 'aggressive', 'epidemiological', 'investiga', 'tions', 'minimize', 'incidence', 'additional', 'confirmed', 'patients']
['contact', 'suspected', 'patients', 'quarantine']
['measures', 'rapidly', 'contain', 'virus', 'deploying']
['available', 'medical', 'resources', 'maximum', 'prevention']
['effect']
['covid', 'index', 'greater', 'equal']
['epidemiological', 'investigation', 'should', 'focus', 'collecting']
['using', 'identified', 'other', 'covid']
['index', 'either', 'researchers', 'should', 'collect']
['encrypted', 'instead']
['suggestions', 'strengthen', 'privacy']
['epidemiological', 'investigations']
['primary', 'purpose', 'epidemiological', 'investigation']
['minimize', 'contact', 'confirmed', 'patient', 'isolating']
['individuals', 'positive', 'disease', 'imperative']
['prevent', 'occurrence', 'spread', 'infectious', 'diseases']
['suggest', 'several', 'practical', 'suggestions', 'enhance']
['security', 'epidemiological', 'investigations']
['first', 'investigators', 'should', 'required', 'obtain', 'personal']
['consent', 'forms', 'personal', 'information', 'within', 'specific']
['period', 'early', 'breakout', 'period', 'covid', 'personal']
['information', 'often', 'collected', 'without', 'proper', 'personal']
['consent', 'process', 'later', 'mandatory', 'requirement', 'specify']
['171330', 'volume', '2020n', 'balancing', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safety', 'during', 'covid', 'south', 'korea']
['storage', 'period', 'usage', 'patterns', 'personal', 'infor', 'mation', 'place', 'proper', 'consent', 'forms']
['obtained', 'personal', 'information', 'collection', 'process']
['should', 'personal', 'information', 'stored', 'database']
['should', 'include', 'entry', 'expiration', 'inves', 'tigation', 'system', 'should', 'automatically', 'delete', 'epidemiological']
['survey', 'after', 'expiration', 'further', 'steps']
['taken', 'remove', 'personal', 'information', 'completely', 'other']
['databases', 'guarantee', 'personal', 'privacy']
['second', 'should', 'explore', 'other', 'options', 'identifiable']
['personal', 'information', 'identification', 'practi', 'research', 'purposes', 'personal', 'information', 'regarded']
['similar', 'copyright', 'concept', 'products']
['copyright', 'certain', 'amount', 'money', 'aside']
['compensate', 'copyright', 'holder', 'similarly', 'plausible']
['compensate', 'individual', 'their', 'personal']
['information', 'specific', 'research', 'purposes']
['third', 'should', 'address', 'identification', 'technology']
['individual', 'medical', 'field', 'epidemiologist']
['apply', 'identification', 'technology', 'storing', 'sonal', 'information', 'required', 'information', 'collected']
['through', 'systems', 'uploaded', 'database']
['individual', 'under', 'investigation', 'should', 'notified']
['check', 'accuracy', 'provide', 'consent', 'afterward']
['offline', 'information', 'should', 'destroyed', 'immediately']
['individual', 'should', 'notified', 'destruction', 'epidemi', 'ologists', 'should', 'apply', 'identification']
['technology', 'store', 'personal', 'information', 'collected', 'online']
['fourth', 'researchers', 'should', 'establish', 'conditions', 'third']
['party', 'access', 'personal', 'information', 'provided', 'third']
['party', 'should', 'available', 'identifying']
['numbers', 'symbols', 'third', 'party']
['identified', 'personal', 'information', 'should', 'require', 'personal']
['consent']
['fifth', 'researchers', 'should', 'design', 'operating', 'system']
['personal', 'privacy', 'google', 'apple', 'recently', 'released', 'track', 'system', 'privacy', 'features', 'other', 'scholars']
['introduced', 'systems', 'encrypt', 'ensure', 'privacy']
['applications', 'these', 'options', 'offer', 'additional', 'guards', 'ensuring', 'personal', 'privacy']
['adaptive', 'epidemiological', 'surveys', 'still', 'contain', 'human']
['errors', 'course', 'using', 'different', 'types', 'technologies']
['including', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'based', 'epidemiological']
['investigation', 'systems', 'implementing', 'suggestions', 'above']
['should', 'improve', 'personal', 'privacy', 'epidemiological']
['investigations', 'addition', 'proposed', 'covid', 'index']
['provide', 'basis', 'epidemiological', 'investigations', 'support']
['efforts', 'balance', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safety']
['improving', 'integrity', 'offline']
['epidemiological', 'investigations']
['people', 'issues', 'often', 'related', 'integrity']
['information', 'quality', 'epidemiological', 'investigations', 'offline']
['information', 'gathering', 'raises', 'questions', 'about', 'reliabil', 'incorrect', 'information', 'obtained', 'interviews']
['patients', 'wrong', 'assessment', 'evaluation', 'about']
['quarantine', 'decisions', 'therefore', 'important', 'check']
['quality', 'assure', 'integrity', 'offline', 'epidemiological']
['investigations', 'specific', 'security', 'measures', 'propose']
['strengthen', 'epidemiological', 'investigation', 'system']
['cross', 'check', 'accuracy', 'offline', 'information']
['using', 'other', 'online', 'information', 'sources', 'usage', 'history']
['credit', 'cards', 'subway', 'transportation', 'cards']
['enhance', 'integrity', 'gathering', 'process']
['prevent', 'rapid', 'spread', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'through']
['monitoring', 'history', 'patients', 'contacts', 'taking']
['additional', 'preventive', 'measures', 'those', 'affected']
['conclusion']
['covid', 'context', 'korean', 'government', 'actively']
['personal', 'information', 'achieved', 'fairly', 'successful', 'safety', 'outcomes', 'however', 'whole']
['story', 'extensive', 'personal', 'information']
['negatively', 'impact', 'personal', 'privacy', 'therefore', 'practical', 'guard', 'measures', 'including', 'clear', 'communication', 'scope']
['public', 'disclosure', 'identification', 'personal']
['information', 'required', 'paper', 'examined', 'imple', 'personal', 'consent', 'procedures', 'appropriate']
['devastating', 'pandemic', 'covid']
['balancing', 'personal', 'privacy', 'public', 'safety', 'still']
['important', 'future', 'research', 'explore', 'prepare']
['other', 'pandemic', 'outbreaks', 'combining', 'capabilities']
['governmental', 'leadership', 'technological', 'innovation']
['societal', 'cooperation', 'however', 'aggressive', 'demic', 'control', 'measures', 'involve', 'personal', 'privacy', 'concerns']
['further', 'investigations', 'should', 'consider', 'cultural', 'issues', 'related']
['privacy', 'public', 'safety', 'different', 'national', 'contexts']
['appreciation']
['authors', 'article', 'express', 'deepest', 'gratitude']
['dedicated', 'medical', 'practitioners', 'numerous', 'patients']
['worldwide', 'frontline', 'battle', 'against']
['covid']
['new_paper']
['received', 'february', 'accepted', 'march', 'publication', 'march', 'current', 'version', 'march']
['digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3065456']
['analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']
['pneumonia', 'covid', 'patients']
['catalá']
['ismael', 'salvador', 'igual']
[]
['francisco', 'javier', 'pérez', 'benito']
['david', 'millán', 'escrivá']
[]
['vicent', 'ortiz', 'castelló']
['rafael', 'llobet']
[]
['carlos', 'peréz', 'cortés']
[]
['instituto', 'tecnológico', 'informática', 'universitat', 'politècnica', 'valència', '46022', 'valencia', 'spain']
['2department', 'computer', 'systems', 'computation', 'universitat', 'politècnica', 'valència', '46022', 'valencia', 'spain']
['3department', 'computing', 'engineering', 'disca', 'universitat', 'politècnica', 'valència', '46022', 'valencia', 'spain']
['corresponding', 'author', 'ismael', 'salvador', 'igual', 'issalig']
['supported', 'generalitat', 'valenciana', 'through', 'instituto', 'valenciano', 'competitividad', 'empresarial', 'ivace', 'under']
['grant', 'imdeea']
['abstract', 'chest', 'images', 'useful', 'early', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'advantage']
['devices', 'already', 'available', 'health', 'centers', 'images', 'obtained', 'immediately', 'datasets']
['containing', 'images', 'cases', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'controls', 'available']
['develop', 'machine', 'learning', 'based', 'methods', 'diagnosing', 'disease', 'however', 'these', 'datasets']
['mainly', 'composed', 'different', 'sources', 'coming', 'covid', 'datasets', 'covid', 'datasets']
['particularly', 'detected', 'significant', 'released', 'datasets', 'train']
['diagnostic', 'systems', 'which', 'might', 'imply', 'results', 'published', 'optimistic', 'overestimate']
['actual', 'predictive', 'capacity', 'techniques', 'proposed', 'article', 'analyze', 'existing']
['commonly', 'datasets', 'propose', 'series', 'preliminary', 'steps', 'carry', 'before', 'classic', 'machine']
['learning', 'pipeline', 'order', 'detect', 'possible', 'biases', 'avoid', 'possible', 'report', 'results']
['representative', 'actual', 'predictive', 'power', 'methods', 'under', 'analysis']
['index', 'terms']
['learning', 'covid', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'networks', 'chest', 'segmentation', 'saliency']
['introduction']
['chest', 'radiography', 'widely', 'accepted']
['imaging', 'modality', 'detecting', 'pneumonia', 'becom', 'crucial', 'tracking', 'clinical', 'evolution', 'covid']
['patients', 'covid', 'disease', 'caused', 'severe']
['acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus']
['become', 'global', 'pandemic', 'months', 'early']
['diagnosis', 'factor', 'stealthy', 'contagious', 'nature']
['virus', 'vaccines', 'effective', 'treatments']
['helps', 'prevent', 'further', 'spreading', 'control']
['under', 'existing', 'healthcare', 'facilities', 'small']
['acquisition', 'devices', 'their', 'operation', 'their']
['widely', 'available', 'computer']
['tomography', 'equipment', 'despite', 'image', 'quality']
['diagnostic', 'performance', 'superior']
['associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript']
['approving', 'publication', 'derek', 'abbott']
['response', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'scientific']
['community', 'rapidly', 'reacted', 'works', 'using']
['images', 'covid', 'detection', 'published']
['majority', 'known', 'architec', 'tures', 'resnet', 'squeezenet']
['densenet', 'combine', 'decision', 'trees']
['support', 'vector', 'machines', 'given', 'difficulty']
['obtaining', 'covid', 'samples', 'networks']
['order', 'enhance', 'performance', 'other', 'approaches', 'based', 'multi', 'resolution']
['methods', 'report', 'results', 'comparable', 'those', 'obtained']
[]
['machine', 'learning', 'models', 'large', 'amounts']
['which', 'difficult', 'acquire', 'being', 'existing']
['collections', 'already', 'known', 'datasets']
['covid', 'image', 'datasets', 'heterogeneous', 'mixture']
['observations', 'provides', 'variety', 'usually', 'reduces', 'temic', 'uncertainty', 'however', 'these', 'datasets', 'instance']
['42370', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'volume', '2021o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']
['figure', 'workflow', 'different', 'experiments', 'right', 'network', 'activations', 'image', 'features', 'evaluation']
['background', 'expansion', 'exclusion']
['equally', 'balanced', 'label', 'induce', 'certain']
['amount', 'dataset', 'training', 'phase', 'happens']
['images', 'easily', 'discriminated', 'features']
['relevant', 'dataset', 'inadvertently', 'contains']
['distinctive', 'features', 'which', 'related', 'disease']
['shared', 'among', 'source', 'datasets', 'instance']
['assume', 'extreme', 'image', 'datasets', 'formed']
['different', 'classes', 'dataset', 'class']
['samples', 'dataset', 'class', 'samples', 'assume']
['dataset', 'samples', 'there', 'white', 'rectangle']
['right', 'corner', 'class', 'features', 'trivial']
['classifiers', 'focus', 'easiest', 'feature', 'discriminate']
['between', 'classes', 'class', 'features', 'therefore']
['leads', 'generalization', 'given', 'dataset']
['class', 'samples', 'white', 'rectangle']
['misclassified']
['detected', 'significant', 'biases']
['commonly', 'datasets', 'intended', 'pneumonia']
['covid', 'detection', 'suspect', 'accuracy']
['reported', 'studies', 'might']
['directly', 'related', 'image', 'features', 'could', 'character', 'disease', 'these', 'biases', 'could', 'arise', 'example']
['using', 'specific', 'devices', 'acquire', 'images', 'patients']
['probability', 'suffering', 'disease', 'mainly', 'controls']
['different', 'those', 'patients', 'probability']
['suffering', 'mainly', 'cases', 'could', 'happen', 'example']
['patients', 'screened', 'certain', 'health', 'vices', 'highly', 'suspicious', 'patients', 'derived', 'different']
['worse', 'aiming', 'increase', 'number']
['controls', 'cases', 'dataset', 'expanded', 'samples']
['coming', 'significantly', 'different', 'origins', 'labeled']
['unbalanced', 'class', 'identifiers', 'these', 'cases', 'trained']
['discriminate', 'between', 'cases', 'controls', 'could', 'learn']
['differentiate', 'images', 'different', 'origins', 'rather', 'finding']
['features', 'actually', 'related', 'disease']
['therefore', 'effectively', 'assess', 'performance']
['classifier', 'there', 'exist', 'previous', 'study', 'dataset']
['results', 'validated', 'present', 'several']
['studies', 'assess', 'validity', 'results', 'following']
['datasets', 'perform', 'experiments', 'bimcv']
['padchest', 'chexpert', 'covid', 'image']
['collection', 'refer', 'covidcxr', 'which']
['further', 'described', 'section']
['contributions']
['propose', 'analysis', 'methodology', 'assert']
['validity', 'results', 'achieved', 'dataset']
['study', 'possible', 'existence', 'three', 'broadly']
['pneumonia', 'classification', 'datasets']
['study', 'effect', 'mixing', 'several', 'datasets']
['structured', 'follows', 'section', 'outlines']
['problem', 'datasets', 'after', 'datasets']
['networks', 'along', 'proposed', 'methodology']
['described', 'section', 'workflow', 'related', 'section']
['figure', 'section', 'shows', 'results', 'achieved']
['using', 'article', 'methodology', 'proposed', 'datasets']
['section', 'gives', 'analysis', 'results', 'finally', 'clusions', 'presented', 'section']
['methods']
['datasets']
['several', 'public', 'datasets', 'article']
['padchest1']
['dataset', 'includes']
['images', '67625', 'patients']
['reported', 'radiologists', 'hospital', 'spain']
['1http', 'bimcv', 'bimcv', 'projects', 'padchest']
['volume', '42371o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']
['reports', 'labeled']
['different', 'radiographic', 'findings', 'differential', 'noses', 'anatomic', 'locations', 'reports']
['manually', 'annotated', 'trained', 'physicians']
['remaining', 'labeled', 'using', 'supervised', 'method']
['based', 'recurrent', 'neural', 'network', 'attention']
['mechanisms', 'generated', 'labels', 'validated', 'achieving']
['micro', 'score', 'using', 'independent']
['experiments', 'posterior', 'anterior', 'images']
['considered', 'therefore', 'there', 'images']
['remaining', 'dataset', 'control', 'pneumonia']
['images']
['pneumonia', 'dataset2']
['images']
['national', 'institutes', 'health', 'labeled']
['radiological', 'society', 'north', 'america', 'along']
['society', 'thoracic', 'radiology']
['dataset', 'develop', 'classifier', 'capable']
['distinguishing', 'between', 'pneumonia', 'control', 'images']
['released', 'kaggle', 'competition']
['consists', '26684', 'images', 'which', '20672', 'pneumonia', 'images']
['chexpert', 'dataset3']
['provided', 'stanford']
['university', 'contains', '224316', 'chest', 'radiographs']
['65240', 'patients', 'labels', 'categories']
['exams', 'performed', 'stanford', 'hospital', 'between']
['october', 'structured', 'labels']
['images', 'created', 'automated', 'based', 'labeler']
['which', 'researchers', 'developed', 'extract', 'observations']
['radiology', 'reports', '224316', 'chest']
['radiographs', 'article', 'takes', 'related']
['pneumonia', 'control', 'cases', 'therefore', 'images']
['remaining', 'dataset', 'control', 'monia', 'images']
['covid', 'image', 'collection', 'covidcxr']
[]
['project', 'collect', 'images', 'present']
['covid', 'online']
['sources', 'these', 'sources', 'varied', 'scientific', 'publica', 'tions', 'websites', 'covidcxr']
['around', 'covid', 'images', 'largest']
['covid', 'datasets', 'publicly', 'available']
['knowledge']
['motivation']
['motivation', 'study', 'comes', 'analyzing']
['results', 'neural', 'network', 'trained', 'classify', 'between']
['radiographic', 'images', 'patients', 'pneumonia', 'healthy']
['control', 'patients', 'order', 'determine', 'validity']
['classification', 'interesting', 'first', 'validation']
['visualizing', 'network', 'activation', 'heatmaps', 'formed', 'these', 'checks', 'against', 'networks', 'trained', 'pneumo', 'datasets', 'observed', 'suspicious', 'patterns', 'these']
['heatmaps', 'often', 'highlighted', 'areas', 'image', 'which']
['2https', 'kaggle', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'challenge']
['3https', 'healthimaging', 'topics', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'stanford', 'researchers', 'release', 'chest', 'dataset', 'train']
['4https', 'github', 'ieee8023', 'covid', 'chestxray', 'dataset']
['contain', 'tissue', 'figure', 'suspect']
['networks', 'learning', 'classify', 'achieving', 'large', 'values']
['using', 'features', 'unrelated']
['datasets', 'might', 'biased']
['figure', 'heatmaps', 'bimcv', 'dataset']
['allows', 'visualize', 'gradient']
['label', 'final', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'produce', 'heatmap']
['depicting', 'regions', 'image', 'relevant', 'diction', 'pixels', 'pixels', 'correspond']
['values', 'gradient', 'final', 'convolutional', 'layer']
['respectively']
['observed', 'figure', 'there', 'highly', 'activated', 'regions']
['areas', 'without', 'presence', 'expected', 'activation']
['should', 'inside', 'known', 'pixels']
['inside', 'lungs', 'should', 'activation', 'detection']
['available', 'however', 'assume', 'activation']
['control', 'patient', 'should', 'exceed', 'given', 'threshold']
['whilst', 'positive', 'should', 'widespread', 'activa', 'tions', 'within', 'lungs', 'nonetheless', 'activated', 'outside']
['lungs', 'should', 'minimal', 'cases', 'reason']
['measure', 'inform', 'about', 'distribution', 'activated']
['pixels', 'could', 'useful']
['given', 'heatmap', 'image', 'where']
['number', 'number', 'columns']
['represents', 'pixel', 'value', 'column']
['region', 'interest', 'complement']
['activation', 'threshold', 'number']
['pixels', 'activation', 'value', 'higher']
['respectively']
['calculate', 'percentage', 'pixels', 'activation']
['value', 'threshold', 'outside', 'expected', 'region']
['quotient', 'between', 'figure']
['equations', 'below', 'where']
['considering', 'activated', 'pixels', 'region', 'false', 'tives', 'activated', 'pixels', 'region', 'positives']
['above', 'quotient', 'corresponds', 'false', 'discovery']
['42372', 'volume', '2021o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']
['figure', 'activation', 'regions', 'diagram']
['which', 'complement', 'positive', 'predic', 'value']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['instance', 'activated', 'pixel', 'falls']
['outside', 'lungs', 'marked', 'wrong', 'information']
['should', 'found', 'there', 'lower', 'value', 'better']
['score', 'designed', 'measure', 'validity', 'trained']
['classifier', 'based', 'activation', 'allows', 'selection']
['different', 'operation', 'points', 'depending', 'threshold']
['applied', 'heatmaps']
['maximum', 'heatmap', 'value']
['table', 'shows', 'computed', 'activation']
['under', 'three', 'different', 'datasets', 'worth', 'noting']
['image', 'findings', 'usually', 'located', 'border', 'lungs']
['highlighted', 'border', 'pixels']
['might', 'easily', 'outside', 'region', 'considered']
['wrong', 'grounds', 'information', 'provided']
['further', 'experiments', 'would', 'required', 'measure']
['extent', 'which', 'phenomenon', 'affects', 'datasets']
['table', 'false', 'discovery', 'activation', 'three', 'different']
['datasets']
['additionally', 'suspicious', 'patterns', 'appeared']
['visualizing', 'grayscale', 'histograms', 'images']
['ideally', 'levels', 'images', 'different', 'sources', 'should']
['equally', 'distributed', 'practice', 'happen']
['inaccurate', 'conclusions', 'histograms']
['images', 'considered', 'probability', 'density']
['functions', 'serve', 'measure', 'variability']
['among', 'level', 'distributions', 'using', 'methodology', 'based']
['information', 'geometry', 'methodology']
['successfully', 'applied', 'characterize', 'electronic', 'health']
['record', 'assess', 'variability', 'among']
['patients', 'different', 'headache', 'intensity']
['detect', 'pixel', 'distribution', 'differences', 'among', 'images', 'acquired']
['different', 'mammographs']
['given', 'approach', 'based', 'putation', 'distance', 'between', 'using']
['jensen', 'shannon', 'distance', 'simplex', 'where', 'point']
['represents', 'distance', 'between', 'points']
['jensen', 'shannon', 'distance', 'between']
['represent', 'known', 'statistical', 'manifold', 'which']
['riemannian', 'manifold', 'visualization', 'purposes']
['simplex', 'embedded', 'euclidean', 'space', 'using']
['multidimensional', 'scaling', 'finally', 'projected']
['dimensions', 'using', 'dimension', 'reduction', 'algorithm']
['principal', 'component', 'analysis']
['methodology', 'applied', 'three', 'times', 'random']
['balanced', 'sample', 'individuals', 'pneumonia', 'cases']
['controls', 'dataset', 'mentioned', 'which']
['described', 'section', 'firstly', 'applied']
['histograms', 'complete', 'images', 'after', 'segmenta', 'which', 'described', 'detail', 'section']
['variability', 'analysis', 'applied', 'histograms']
['backgrounds', 'histograms', 'lungs']
['figure', 'variability', 'three', 'datasets', 'shown']
['figure']
['center', 'figure', 'which', 'depicts', 'distribu', 'tions', 'backgrounds', 'different', 'datasets']
['first', 'columns', 'distinct', 'clusters', 'composed']
['predominantly', 'cases', 'controls', 'allow', 'certain', 'degree']
['discrimination', 'without', 'taking', 'account', 'tissue']
['which', 'represents', 'shows', 'fewer']
['differences', 'between', 'cases', 'control', 'patient', 'histograms']
['column', 'corresponding', 'chexpert', 'dataset', 'these']
['differences', 'evident']
['could', 'imply', 'datasets', 'bimcv']
['machine', 'learning', 'algorithm', 'classify', 'pneumo', 'control', 'cases', 'using', 'features', 'outside', 'lungs']
['network']
['article', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'networks']
['classify', 'images', 'these', 'machine', 'learn', 'models', 'widely', 'employed', 'years']
['image', 'classification', 'particularly', 'field', 'medical']
['imaging', 'topology', 'vgg16', 'which']
['broadly', 'reported', 'classifier', 'chest', 'image']
['analysis', 'scenario', 'common', 'practice']
['networks', 'layers', 'usually']
['dense', 'layers', 'lighter', 'classifier', 'which']
['volume', '42373o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']
['figure', 'example', 'control', 'patient', 'histograms', 'first', 'shows', 'histogram', 'whole', 'image', 'example']
['control', 'patient', 'second', 'shows', 'histogram', 'background', 'image', 'subtracted', 'shows']
['histogram', 'lungs']
['global', 'average', 'pooling', 'followed', 'multilayer']
['perceptron', 'which', 'projects', 'pooled', 'features']
['convolution', 'dimensions', 'before', 'performing']
['classification']
['transfer', 'learning', 'technique', 'common', 'practice', 'within']
['learning', 'models', 'proven', 'pretrained', 'works', 'particular', 'their', 'first', 'layers', 'generic']
['transferred', 'domains', 'without', 'requiring']
['special', 'training', 'facilitates', 'training']
['domains', 'scarce', 'amount', 'training', 'samples', 'there', 'vgg16', 'network', 'pretrained', 'genet', 'dataset', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'along']
['classification', 'layers', 'unfrozen', 'domain']
['training']
['noteworthy', 'network', 'structure']
['point', 'critical', 'conclusions', 'drawn', 'article']
['trying', 'present', 'advancement', 'state', 'classification', 'datasets', 'focus', 'rather']
['comparing', 'results', 'obtained', 'images', 'coming']
['different', 'datasets', 'whether', 'those', 'results', 'suggest', 'classification', 'biases', 'within', 'nonetheless']
['least', 'achieve', 'acceptable', 'accuracy', 'order']
['ensure', 'extracted', 'features', 'enough', 'close']
['extracted', 'other', 'articles']
['segmentation']
['segmenting', 'lungs', 'possible', 'remove', 'parts']
['image', 'contain', 'relevant', 'information']
['source', 'noise', 'presence']
['annotations', 'identify', 'machine', 'hospital']
['appearance', 'images', 'coming', 'specific', 'medical', 'devices']
['cases', 'control', 'patients']
['versa']
['segmentation', 'images', 'successfully']
['tackled', 'different', 'approaches', 'during', 'years']
['network', 'trained']
['montgomery', 'dataset', 'moreover', 'manually']
['labeled', 'total', 'images', 'coming', 'bimcv']
['42374', 'volume', '2021o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']
['figure', 'image', 'histogram', 'variability', 'first', 'represents', 'variability', 'histograms', 'complete', 'images', 'second', 'variability']
['background', 'histograms', 'images', 'subtracted', 'third', 'histograms', 'lungs', 'first', 'column', 'represents']
['sample', 'bimcv', 'dataset', 'second', 'column', 'sample', 'sample', 'chexpert']
['padchest', 'dataset', 'increase', 'number', 'training', 'images']
['figure', 'shows', 'segmentation', 'results', 'network']
['achieves', 'scores', 'gomery', 'partition', 'where', 'defined']
['follows', 'being', 'predicted', 'segmentation']
['segmentation']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['volume', '42375o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']
['analysis']
['proposes', 'methodology', 'measure', 'degree']
['dataset', 'focus', 'classification', 'monia', 'covid', 'against', 'control', 'samples', 'methods']
['generalized', 'other', 'classification', 'tasks', 'where', 'prior']
['knowledge', 'region', 'interest', 'available']
['stated', 'before', 'areas', 'should', 'contain', 'informa', 'about', 'problem', 'possibly', 'discriminate']
['between', 'classes', 'example', 'annotations', 'image', 'tures', 'related', 'medical', 'devices', 'employed', 'order']
['solve', 'problem', 'segmentation', 'algorithm']
['extract', 'relevant', 'regions', 'which', 'lungs']
['figure', 'these', 'regions', 'referred', 'masks']
['image', 'considered', 'background']
['figure']
['figure', 'segmentation', 'after', 'process', 'right']
['check', 'previous', 'hypothesis', 'presented']
['experiments', 'carried', 'training', 'model']
['different', 'image', 'areas', 'according', 'following']
['ideas']
['study', 'background', 'affects', 'results']
['starting', 'image', 'contains', 'lungs']
['background', 'erased', 'visible', 'region', 'gressively', 'expanded', 'include', 'background']
['means', 'sequential', 'dilation', 'operations']
['figure', 'unbiased', 'dataset', 'should', 'increase']
['classification', 'accuracy', 'along', 'process']
['analyze', 'affects']
['results', 'starting', 'whole', 'image']
['progressively', 'removing', 'lungs', 'figure']
['classification', 'accuracy', 'unbiased', 'dataset', 'should']
['progressively', 'maximum', 'value', 'whole']
['image']
['adjusting', 'expansion', 'exclusion', 'region']
['allow', 'trace', 'variation', 'accuracy', 'metric']
['images', 'scaled', 'pixels', 'background']
['expansion', 'segmentation', 'masks', 'dilated']
['pixels', 'exclusion', 'masks']
['eroded', 'pixels', 'right']
['figure']
['figure', 'shows', 'segmented']
['background', 'expansion', 'green', 'figure', 'shows']
['exclusion', 'yellow', 'additionally', 'detailed']
['workflow', 'experiment', 'shown', 'figure']
['combination', 'analysis']
['combining', 'datasets', 'useful', 'enlarge', 'sample']
['increase', 'variability', 'explained', 'reduce']
['epistemic', 'uncertainty', 'classifiers', 'latter', 'related']
['problem', 'domain', 'knowledge', 'model', 'being']
['uncertainty', 'knowledge', 'bound', 'limited', 'amount']
['however', 'combination', 'balance', 'among']
['classes', 'carefully', 'controlled', 'classifier', 'learn']
['discriminate', 'between', 'features', 'different', 'datasets']
['check', 'hypothesis', 'mixed', 'chexpert']
['datasets', 'achieve', 'balanced', 'combination', 'adding', 'positive']
['pneumonia', 'observations', 'dataset', 'latter', 'highly', 'unbalanced', 'dataset', 'ative', 'positive', 'observations', 'after', 'process']
['segmentation', 'validity', 'filters', 'could', 'considered']
['positive', 'samples', 'another', 'dataset']
['needless', 'images', 'distinct']
['features', 'allow', 'classifier', 'apart']
['chexpert', 'example', 'including', 'large', 'proportion', 'images']
['particular', 'equipment', 'brand', 'model', 'system']
['learn', 'classify', 'images', 'equipment', 'positive']
['regardless', 'image', 'content', 'could', 'related']
['disease']
['additionally', 'simulated', 'combination']
['covid', 'control', 'datasets', 'evaluated', 'their']
['proposed', 'method', 'particular', 'datasets', 'bined', 'positive', 'covid', 'cases', 'covidcxr']
['chexpert', 'negative', 'control', 'samples', 'covidcxr', 'built']
['datasets', 'different', 'origins', 'hence', 'experiment', 'illus', 'trates', 'likely', 'problematic', 'effects', 'heterogeneous']
['combinations']
['based', 'methodology', 'probes', 'discrimination']
['induced', 'outside', 'lungs', 'expectations', 'about', 'results']
['experiment', 'there', 'dataset']
['background', 'expansion', 'could', 'increase', 'accuracy']
['accuracy', 'occluding', 'lungs', 'should', 'differ']
['significantly', 'results', 'follow']
['these', 'predictions', 'hypothesis', 'would', 'confirmed']
['results']
['background', 'expansion', 'exclusion']
['study']
['previous', 'section', 'proposed', 'examine', 'perfor', 'mance', 'classification', 'experiments', 'varying', 'addition']
['background', 'reduction', 'expected']
['results', 'first', 'biased', 'dataset', 'where']
['background', 'added', 'initial', 'images']
['classification', 'stays', 'constant', 'almost', 'stant', 'possible', 'imprecise', 'segmentation', 'other', 'perturbations', 'disease', 'information', 'already']
['present', 'beginning']
['second', 'scenario', 'accuracy', 'should', 'potentially']
['value', 'achieved', 'network']
['complete', 'image', 'value', 'close']
['lungs', 'completely', 'removed', 'necessarily']
['42376', 'volume', '2021o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']
['figure', 'background', 'expansion', 'exclusion', 'original', 'contour', 'shown', 'expanded', 'contour', 'green']
['contour', 'removed', 'shown', 'yellow']
['figure', 'analysis', 'workflow']
['linear', 'shown', 'graphs', 'straight']
['right', 'figure', 'offer', 'simplified']
['graphical', 'representation', 'expected', 'behavior']
['figure', 'green', 'represents', 'classification']
['obtained', 'using']
['analysis', 'performed', 'three', 'datasets']
['first', 'figure', 'bimcv', 'clearly', 'shows']
['significant', 'within', 'classification']
['steadily', 'increases', 'background', 'expansion']
['second', 'graph', 'shows', 'removing']
['associated', 'significant', 'decrease', 'accuracy']
['should', 'complete', 'exclusion']
['lungs', 'classifier', 'achieves', 'almost']
['second', 'figure', 'displays']
['slightly', 'lower', 'still', 'consistent', 'within']
['graphs', 'however', 'dataset', 'harder']
['segment', 'other']
['variability', 'shown', 'could', 'arise', 'poorly', 'segmented']
['images', 'nonetheless', 'achieved']
['lungs', 'completely', 'occluded', 'which']
['expected']
['third', 'figure', 'chexpert', 'conveys', 'inter', 'esting', 'results', 'graph', 'trend', 'expected']
['unbiased', 'dataset', 'doesn', 'along']
['background', 'expansion', 'nevertheless', 'precision']
['achieved', 'completely', 'occluded']
['around', 'implies']
['located', 'specifically', 'background']
['whole', 'image']
['combination', 'study']
['mentioned', 'before', 'combination', 'study', 'seeks', 'evaluate']
['combination', 'datasets', 'might', 'provoke', 'creation']
['biased', 'methodology', 'proposed', 'detect']
['these', 'weaknesses', 'final', 'collection']
['experiments', 'section', 'reproduced']
['using', 'combined', 'dataset', 'figure', 'shows', 'effect']
['varying', 'background', 'expansion', 'exclusion']
['combination', 'designed', 'balance', 'chexpert']
['cases', 'control', 'positive', 'pneumonia', 'images']
['chexpert', 'positive', 'images', 'giving']
['balanced', 'dataset', 'observations', 'class']
['experiment', 'explored', 'combination', 'images']
['control', 'patients', 'chexpert', 'whole']
['covid', 'images', 'covidcxr', 'dataset']
['combination', 'typical', 'recent', 'crisis', 'scenario', 'where']
['images', 'disease', 'available', 'obtained']
['different', 'locations', 'under', 'uncontrolled', 'conditions']
['different', 'equipment', 'acquisition', 'protocols']
['worst', 'scenario', 'results', 'accordance']
['figure']
['results', 'these', 'experiments', 'similar', 'fashion']
['chexpert', 'ubiquitous']
['volume', '42377o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']
['figure', 'accuracy', 'function', 'background', 'expansion', 'reduction', 'green', 'dotted', 'lines']
['correct', 'behavior', 'biased', 'dataset', 'background', 'included']
['dotted', 'lines', 'indicate', 'expected', 'reduction', 'classification', 'lungs', 'removed']
['analysis', 'lines', 'accuracy', 'given', 'expansion', 'reduction', 'vertical', 'indicating']
['standard', 'deviation']
['image', 'despite', 'increasing', 'amount', 'background', 'inside']
['images', 'doesn', 'affect', 'accuracy', 'effect']
['occlusion', 'remarkable', 'within', 'results']
['discussion']
['learning', 'receiving', 'attention']
['powerful', 'methodology', 'analyzing', 'medical']
['images', 'ability', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'works', 'obtain', 'excellent', 'results']
['blackbox', 'opposed', 'classical', 'design']
['algorithms', 'attracted', 'researchers']
['works', 'using', 'covid', 'detection']
['images', 'report', 'accuracies', 'variety', 'network']
['architectures', 'particular', 'studies', 'using', 'vgg16', 'report']
['accuracy', 'dataset', 'built', 'covid']
['control', 'samples', 'accuracy', 'obtained']
['dataset', 'composed', 'covid', 'images', 'pneumo', 'negative', 'accuracy', 'achieved']
['using', 'dataset', 'contains', 'covid', 'images']
['pneumonia', 'negative', 'vgg16', 'achieves']
['results', 'detecting', 'pulmonary', 'diseases', 'strengthens']
['hypothesis', 'features', 'extracted', 'network']
['relevant', 'therefore', 'detected']
['experiments', 'related', 'within', 'images']
['drawbacks', 'often']
['large', 'amounts', 'learn', 'while', 'generic']
['databases', 'available', 'public', 'existing', 'covid', 'datasets']
['composed', 'images', 'collected']
['volunteers', 'consequence', 'these', 'datasets']
['unbalanced', 'labels', 'different', 'sources']
['42378', 'volume', '2021o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']
['figure', 'addition', 'positive', 'samples', 'covidcxr', 'chexpert', 'dataset', 'green', 'dotted']
['lines', 'correct', 'behavior', 'biased', 'dataset', 'background', 'included']
['dotted', 'lines', 'indicate', 'expected', 'reduction', 'classification', 'lungs', 'removed']
['analysis', 'lines', 'accuracy', 'given', 'expansion', 'reduction', 'vertical']
['indicating', 'standard', 'deviation']
['makes', 'getting', 'robust', 'model', 'reliable', 'performance']
['measures', 'difficult', 'regard', 'articles', 'report']
['problem', 'small', 'unbalanced', 'datasets', 'covid']
['detection', 'propose', 'solutions', 'mitigate']
['problem']
['analysis', 'tackled', 'other', 'authors']
['instance', 'authors', 'proposed', 'train']
['partitions', 'should', 'different', 'datasets', 'related']
['classifier', 'trying', 'achieve', 'maximum']
['performance', 'certain', 'dataset']
['assert', 'generalization', 'capacity', 'classi', 'other', 'sought', 'minimize', 'effects']
['different', 'biased', 'datasets', 'converting', 'different']
['dataset', 'observations', 'prototypes', 'greatly', 'reducing', 'possible']
['intra', 'dataset', 'specific', 'features']
['recently', 'addresses', 'issue', 'covid', 'detection']
['reports', 'problem', 'mixing', 'different', 'datasets']
['network', 'learn', 'background', 'information', 'study']
['performs', 'similar', 'approach', 'presented', 'thisar', 'ticle', 'study', 'possible', 'biases', 'within', 'lungs']
['occludes', 'lungs', 'rectangular', 'fixed', 'black', 'boxes']
['measures', 'accuracy', 'achieved', 'however', 'proposed']
['methodology', 'extends', 'concept', 'proposed', 'precise']
['masks', 'progressive', 'inclusion', 'exclusion', 'information']
['learning', 'process', 'allows', 'ability', 'detect']
['where', 'approximately', 'enables', 'precise']
['estimation']
['furthermore', 'studies', 'within', 'ncov2019', 'dataset']
['using', 'information', 'about', 'patients', 'symptoms', 'comorbidities']
['dataset', 'collects', 'clinical', 'differ', 'sources', 'rather', 'images', 'found', 'significant']
['related', 'origin', 'exposed', 'several', 'issues']
['related', 'multisource', 'variability']
['article', 'focused', 'detecting', 'biases', 'within']
['widely', 'datasets', 'glimpse', 'degree', 'which']
['these', 'biases', 'affect', 'results', 'proposes', 'detection']
['methodology', 'assert', 'validity', 'results', 'methodol', 'makes', 'techniques', 'heatmap', 'visualization']
['histogram', 'analysis', 'selective', 'image', 'occlusion', 'which']
['combined', 'evaluate', 'which', 'parts', 'images', 'being']
['discriminative', 'features', 'classification']
['methodology', 'applied', 'scenar', 'existence', 'individual', 'pneumonia']
['datasets', 'another', 'detect', 'existence']
['datasets']
['limitations', 'study']
['regarding', 'possible', 'limitations', 'there', 'could', 'problem']
['methodology', 'proposed', 'since', 'segmentation', 'masks']
['expansion', 'reduction', 'biased', 'themselves']
['segmentation', 'process', 'might', 'prone']
['images', 'pneumonia', 'since', 'borders', 'lungs']
['diffuse', 'whereas', 'could', 'happen', 'images']
['control', 'patients', 'could', 'significant', 'difference']
['volume', '42379o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']
['figure', 'occlusion', 'fixed', 'rectangular', 'boxes']
['between', 'cases', 'controls', 'masks', 'therefore', 'might']
['introducing', 'would', 'imply', 'problem']
['proposed', 'methodology']
['however', 'designed', 'experiment', 'where']
['occlusion', 'masks', 'substituted', 'rectangles']
['lungs', 'experiment', 'similar', 'presented']
['ensure', 'lungs', 'completely']
['removed', 'using', 'segmentation', 'shape', 'whereas']
['aforementioned', 'place', 'fixed', 'black', 'angle', 'central', 'leaving', 'uncovered']
['examples', 'method', 'figure']
['results', 'achieved', 'bimcv', 'dataset']
['figure', 'where', 'differences', 'found', 'significant']
['suggesting', 'shape', 'masks', 'influencing']
['detection', 'algorithm', 'proposed']
['furthermore', 'increase', 'confidence', 'conclusions']
['processed', 'images', 'means', 'clahe', 'togram', 'normalization', 'assert', 'process', 'affected']
['results', 'figure', 'there', 'difference']
['results', 'achieved', 'between', 'normalized', 'plain']
['images']
['talking', 'about', 'strengths', 'results', 'experiments']
['described', 'section', 'demonstrated', 'classification']
['improve', 'background', 'included']
['images', 'which', 'means', 'either', 'there']
['specifically', 'background', 'significant']
['already', 'within', 'lungs', 'however']
['progressively', 'removed', 'image']
['experiments', 'accuracy', 'decrease', 'suggesting']
['figure', 'comparison', 'between', 'grain', 'squared', 'masks', 'bimcv', 'dataset']
['42380', 'volume', '2021o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']
['figure', 'comparison', 'between', 'normalized', 'plain', 'bimcv', 'dataset']
['system', 'classifying', 'images', 'according']
['elements', 'present', 'whole', 'image', 'inside']
['lungs', 'result', 'confirms', 'hypothesis', 'powerful', 'convolutional', 'networks', 'subtle', 'features']
['images', 'optimistic', 'classification', 'results']
['measures', 'taken', 'avoid', 'biases']
['summarize', 'further', 'research', 'should', 'conducted']
['reduce', 'impact', 'intrinsic', 'datasets', 'whose']
['images', 'collected', 'several', 'sources', 'recent', 'literature']
['demonstrated', 'emergence', 'methodologies', 'useful']
['reduce', 'impact', 'image', 'preprocess', 'methods', 'learning', 'architectures', 'designed']
['biased', 'datasets', 'starting']
['point']
['conclusion']
['novel', 'methodology', 'assess', 'existence']
['image', 'datasets', 'presented', 'techniques']
['activation', 'heatmap', 'visualization', 'histogram', 'analysis']
['selective', 'image', 'occlusion', 'combined', 'evaluate', 'which']
['images', 'being', 'discriminative', 'features']
['classification', 'regions', 'interest']
['lungs', 'datasets', 'different', 'levels']
['these', 'comprising', 'datasets', 'informa', 'quickly', 'available', 'urgent', 'scenario', 'current']
['covid', 'crisis', 'examples', 'bimcv', 'collection']
['combination', 'datasets', 'created', 'purpose', 'which']
['problems', 'results', 'confirmed']
['other', 'methodologies']
['activation', 'histogram', 'analysis']
['study', 'effects', 'combining', 'datasets', 'differ', 'sources', 'especially', 'interesting', 'because', 'shows']
['strictly', 'controlled', 'important', 'biases', 'induced']
['final', 'dataset', 'typical', 'solution', 'samples']
['given', 'class', 'compile', 'different', 'datasets']
['collects', 'categories', 'study', 'recent', 'covid']
['datasets', 'particular', 'widely', 'covidcxr', 'dataset']
['built', 'different', 'sources', 'might', 'included']
['significant', 'biases', 'inadvertently', 'affected', 'results', 'lished', 'heterogeneous', 'dataset', 'often', 'observa', 'tions', 'coming', 'diverse', 'equipment', 'acquisition', 'proto', 'processing', 'software', 'context', 'features', 'found']
['convolutional', 'networks', 'images', 'including']
['background', 'areas', 'enough', 'classification']
['whilst', 'actual', 'performance', 'classifier', 'clinical']
['attempted', 'lower']
['acknowledgments']
['authors', 'would', 'thanks', 'gratitude', 'bimcv']
['other', 'teams', 'compiled', 'available']
['datasets', 'experiments', 'ducted', 'employing', 'instituto', 'tecnológico', 'informática']
['performance', 'computing', 'platform', 'which', 'funded']
['ivace', 'implemented', 'within']
['space', 'being', 'these', 'experiments', 'tech4cv', 'project']
[]
['volume', '42381o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']
['new_paper']
['mining', 'analytics']
['01107']
['volume', 'number']
['26599', '9020013']
['analysis', 'predictions', 'spread', 'recovery', 'death', 'caused']
['covid', 'india']
['rajani', 'kumari', 'sandeep', 'kumar', 'ramesh', 'chandra', 'paonia', 'vijander', 'singh', 'linesh']
['vaibhav', 'bhatnagar', 'pankaj', 'agarwal']
['abstract', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'outbreak', 'first', 'reported', 'december', 'million', 'people']
['infected', 'disease', 'million', 'worldwide', 'their', 'lives', 'first', 'diagnosed']
['january', 'india', 'figure', 'crossed', 'million', 'paper', 'presents', 'detailed']
['study', 'recently', 'developed', 'forecasting', 'models', 'predicts', 'number', 'confirmed', 'recovered', 'death', 'cases']
['india', 'caused', 'covid', 'correlation', 'coefficients', 'multiple', 'linear', 'regression', 'applied', 'prediction']
['autocorrelation', 'autoregression', 'improve', 'accuracy', 'predicted', 'number', 'cases', 'shows']
['agreement', 'squared', 'score', 'actual', 'values', 'finding', 'suggests', 'lockdown', 'social']
['distancing', 'important', 'factors', 'suppress', 'increasing', 'spread', 'covid']
['words', 'covid', 'regression', 'correlation', 'machine', 'learning', 'prediction']
['introduction']
['coronavirus', 'disease', 'spreads', 'through', 'getting', 'touch']
['infected', 'person', 'touching', 'thing', 'object']
['virus', 'surface', 'touching', 'their']
['mouth', 'first', 'covid', 'detected', 'january', 'india']
['cases', 'diagnosed', 'month']
['total', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases']
['india', '247857', '119293', 'recovered', 'cases']
['deaths', 'there', 'current', 'situation']
['rajani', 'kumari', 'department', 'information', 'technology']
['computer', 'application', 'jecrc', 'university', 'jaipur']
['rajasthan', '303905', 'india', 'rajanikpoonia', 'gmail']
['sandeep', 'kumar', 'christ', 'deemed', 'university']
['bangalore', 'karnataka', '560029', 'india', 'sandpoonia']
['gmail']
['ramesh', 'chandra', 'poonia', 'pankaj', 'agarwal', 'amity']
['university', 'rajasthan', 'jaipur', 'rajasthan', '303002', 'india']
['rameshcpoonia', 'gmail', 'pankajagarwal', 'gmail']
['vijander', 'singh', 'linesh', 'vaibhav', 'bhatnagar']
['manipal', 'university', 'jaipur', 'rajasthan', '303007']
['india', 'vijan2005', 'gmail', 'lineshraja', 'gmail']
['vaibhav', 'bhatnagari5', 'gmail']
['correspondence', 'should', 'addressed']
['manuscript', 'received', 'revised']
['accepted']
['predict', 'possible', 'infected', 'death', 'cases', 'using']
['computational', 'model', 'arrange', 'necessary', 'resources']
['virus', 'ofcovid', 'shows', 'great', 'resemblance']
['severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome']
['middle', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus']
['investigated', 'pathologists', 'seventh']
['member', 'coronavirus', 'family', 'spread']
['among', 'humans', 'easily', 'transmit', 'human', 'human']
['through', 'droplets', 'coughs', 'sneezing', 'infected']
['person', 'major', 'symptoms', 'covid', 'fever']
['cough', 'shortness', 'breath', 'patients']
['symptoms', 'diarrhea', 'major', 'problem']
['disease', 'symptoms', 'generally', 'appear', 'after']
['individual', 'infected', 'period']
['known', 'incubation', 'period', 'incubation']
['period', 'approximately', 'infected', 'person']
['infect', 'number', 'healthy', 'persons', 'during']
['incubation', 'period', 'these', 'patients', 'asymptomatic']
['major', 'challenge', 'identify', 'which']
['infected', 'person', 'transmits', 'disease', 'others']
['termed', 'transmission', 'recent', 'studies']
['leading', 'research', 'organizations', 'estimated']
['between', 'transmission']
['comparison', 'common']
['dangerous', 'early', 'stage']
['author', 'articles', 'published', 'access', 'journal', 'distributed', 'under', 'terms']
['creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'international', 'license', 'creativecommons', 'orgllicenseslby']
['fatality', 'coronavirus', 'estimated']
['while', 'fatality']
['approximately', 'respectivelyw', 'highest']
['reported', 'france', 'followed', 'belgium']
['italy', 'almost']
['total', 'infected', 'persons', 'their', 'lives', 'around']
['world', 'while', 'india', 'actual']
['computed', 'based', 'identification']
['correct', 'number', 'infected', 'individuals', 'major']
['contributions', 'research', 'follows']
['paper', 'performs', 'descriptive', 'analysis']
['covid', 'outbreak', 'different', 'states', 'india']
['propose', 'model', 'predicting', 'number']
['confirmed', 'recovered', 'death', 'cases', 'covid']
['proposed', 'model', 'deploys', 'multiple', 'linear']
['regression', 'analyze', 'existing']
['paper', 'employs', 'autoregression']
['predict', 'cases']
['organization', 'paper', 'follows', 'section']
['discusses', 'recent', 'studies', 'carried', 'researchers']
['medical', 'practitioners', 'scientists', 'field']
['infectious', 'disease', 'section', 'detailed', 'analysis']
['carried', 'considered', 'dataset', 'covid']
['india', 'section', 'introduces', 'proposed', 'prediction']
['model', 'estimate', 'count', 'infection', 'recovery']
['death', 'covid', 'section', 'concludes', 'study']
['recent', 'study', 'covid']
['researchers', 'involved', 'study', 'novel']
['coronavirus', 'after', 'outbreak', 'wuhan', 'china']
['december', 'developed', 'various', 'types', 'models']
['prediction', 'spread', 'transmission', 'death']
['caused', 'studies', 'researches', 'related']
['development', 'medicine', 'diagnostic']
['pandemic', 'these', 'recent', 'studies', 'discussed']
['zhong', 'developed', 'mathematical', 'model']
['timely', 'prediction', 'coronavirus', 'outbreak']
['china', 'harnzah', 'developed', 'online', 'platform']
['provide', 'information', 'related', 'covid']
['statistical', 'analysis', 'susceptible', 'exposed', 'infectious', 'recovered', 'predictive', 'modeling']
['forecasting', 'daily', 'basis', 'developed']
['their', 'micro', 'services', 'fetch', 'different']
['sources', 'morawska', 'discussed', 'covid']
['spreads', 'especially', 'through']
['investigated', 'genetic', 'evolution']
['virus', 'responsible', 'covid', 'study']
['identified', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'genetic', 'similarity']
['coronavirus', 'derived', 'rhinolophus', 'sinicus']
['mining', 'analytics']
['paradoxurus', 'hermaphroditus', 'paguma', 'larvata', 'aselliscus']
['stoliczkanus', 'civet', 'while', 'homology', 'analysis', 'shows']
['close', 'resemblance', 'coronavirus']
['analyzed', 'effect', 'humidity']
['changes', 'temperature', 'covid', 'patients']
['study', 'limited', 'wuhan', 'study']
['established', 'correlation', 'variation', 'temperature']
['humidity', 'daily', 'death', 'virus', 'singh']
['studied', 'compared']
['covid', 'viruses', 'based', 'transmission', 'cycle', 'etiology']
['genetics', 'hosts', 'diagnosis', 'reproductive', 'rates', 'laboratory']
['diagnosis', 'clinical', 'features', 'radiological', 'features']
['illustrated', 'classification', 'ribonucleic']
['group', 'viruses', 'origin', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory']
['syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'along', 'virion', 'structure']
['genetic', 'characteristics', 'covid', 'dutheil']
['investigated', 'covid', 'decreasing']
['pollution', 'industries']
['traffic', 'significantly']
['vellingiri', 'discussed', 'cause', 'infection']
['symptoms', 'structure', 'virus', 'detail']
['compared', 'common']
['various', 'parameters', 'discussed', 'ongoing']
['treatment', 'infected', 'people', 'suggested']
['indian', 'plants', 'medical', 'henry', 'lippi']
['suggested', 'extracorporeal', 'membrane', 'oxygenation']
['options', 'survival', 'therapy']
['covid', 'patients', 'limitations']
['discussed', 'discussed', 'major']
['symptoms', 'ongoing', 'methods', 'covid']
['raised', 'unresolved', 'issues', 'presence']
['patient', 'stool', 'efficiency']
['disinfection', 'agents', 'sanitization']
['ghosal', 'developed', 'model', 'predict']
['death', 'india', 'covid']
['linear', 'regression', 'multiple', 'regression', 'prediction']
['deployed', 'autoregression', 'enhance', 'prediction']
['capability', 'proposed', 'model', 'projected', 'model']
['based', 'analysis', 'highly', 'infected', 'countries']
['liang', 'compared', 'spread', 'characteristics', 'novel']
['coronavirus', 'characteristics']
['mathematical', 'model', 'proposed', 'identify']
['symptoms', 'coronavirus', 'diseases', 'nicola']
['suggested', 'veterinary', 'medicine', 'helpful']
['covid']
['discussed', 'importance', 'computed']
['tomography', 'images', 'diagnosis', 'covid']
['infected', 'individuals', 'technology', 'growing', 'there']
['applications', 'tools', 'being', 'produced', 'utilizerajani', 'kumari', 'analysis', 'predictions', 'ofspread', 'recovery', 'death', 'cansed', 'covid', 'india']
['various', 'algorithms', 'fields', 'computer', 'assisted']
['tools', 'being', 'designed', 'employed', 'successfully']
['efficient', 'computer', 'aided', 'systems', 'medicine']
['exception', 'medical', 'images', 'useful']
['doctor', 'their', 'detailing', 'decisive']
['influence', 'correctness', 'diagnosis']
['branches', 'healthcare', 'system', 'tightly']
['works', 'images', 'radiology', 'there']
['generated', 'several', 'datasets', 'containing', 'scans']
['magnetic', 'resonance', 'imaging', 'detect']
['novel', 'coronavirus', 'pneumonia', 'diseases']
['illustrated', 'changes', 'covid', 'patients']
['during', 'recovery', 'process', 'images']
['singh', 'classified', 'covid', 'patients', 'based']
['their', 'chest', 'images', 'classification']
['implemented', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'based']
['differential', 'evolution', 'algorithm', 'jaiswal']
['deployed', 'densenet20l', 'classification', 'proposed']
['approaches', 'achieved', 'higher', 'accuracy']
['precision']
['singh', 'analyzed', 'series', 'predicted']
['registered', 'deceased', 'death', 'numbers', 'reported']
['mortality', 'based', 'covid', 'world', 'health']
['world', 'population', 'study', 'concluded']
['covid', 'regular', 'mortality', 'positively', 'correlated']
['number', 'confirmed', 'cases']
['dependent', 'population', 'dietary', 'routine']
['robustness', 'immune', 'system', 'study', 'suggested']
['emergency', 'awaken', 'before', 'proper', 'vaccine']
['invented', 'critical', 'issues', 'measured']
['several', 'researchers', 'considering', 'individual', 'countries']
['provinces', 'derived', 'conclusions', 'bhatnagar']
['presented', 'detailed', 'analysis', 'covid']
['pandemic', 'boxplot']
['ivanov', 'analyzed', 'predicted', 'effect']
['ongoing', 'pandemic', 'global', 'supply', 'chains']
['performed', 'simulation', 'based', 'analysis']
['supply', 'chains', 'impact', 'covid']
['supply', 'chains', 'along', 'associated', 'risks']
['performed', 'model', 'analysis', 'examine']
['effectiveness', 'quarantine', 'especially', 'wuhan']
['developed', 'variant', 'model']
['concluded', 'quarantine', 'isolation', 'powerful']
['unique', 'tools', 'reduce', 'infection', 'roosa']
['developed', 'system', 'forecasting', 'covid']
['china', 'specific', 'period']
['employed', 'latest', 'technologies', 'machine']
['learning', 'cloud', 'computing', 'predicting', 'growth']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'weibull']
['model']
['explained', 'pathological', 'characteristics']
['covid', 'compared']
['these', 'pathological', 'features', 'highly', 'similar']
['study', 'provided']
['recommendations', 'physicians', 'timely']
['therapeutic', 'strategy', 'patient', 'kucharski']
['developed', 'mathematical', 'model', 'analyzed']
['datasets', 'study', 'revealed', 'transmission']
['between', 'classified', 'patients']
['different', 'classes', 'susceptible', 'exposed']
['infectious', 'infectious', 'removed', 'isolated']
['recovered', 'otherwise', 'longer', 'infectious', 'yuvaraj']
['neural', 'network', 'analysis']
['interactions', 'protein', 'ligand', 'against']
['selective', 'drugs', 'studies', 'focused', 'psychological']
['health', 'farmers', 'engaged', 'business', 'poultry']
['researchers', 'working', 'procedures']
['trying', 'reduce', 'testing', 'sequence', 'assad']
['suggested', 'sample', 'pooling', 'option']
['reduce', 'testing', 'leads', 'reduce', 'fatality']
['limitation', 'positive', 'cases', 'positive', 'cases']
['binary', 'elimination', 'algorithms', 'better']
['option']
['these', 'studies', 'revealed', 'symptoms', 'covid', 'similar', 'covid']
['infectious', 'fatality', 'virus']
['cause', 'still', 'unclear', 'virologists', 'actively']
['working', 'establish', 'antidote', 'however', 'physicians']
['continuously', 'trying', 'patients', 'using', 'antiviral']
['therapy', 'antibiotic', 'treatment', 'systematic', 'corticosteroids']
['table', 'summarises', 'recently', 'developed']
['prediction', 'forecasting', 'models', 'models']
['based', 'model', 'extended']
['version', 'symptomatic', 'infectious', 'asymptomatic']
['infectious', 'quarantined', 'hospitalized', 'recovered']
['model', 'seidiuqhrd', 'machine', 'learning']
['learning', 'models', 'prediction']
['forecasting']
['analysis', 'covid']
['analysis', 'covid', 'dataset', 'coronavirus']
['disease', 'performed', 'basis', 'reported', 'cases']
['confirmed', 'recovered', 'death', 'india']
['collected', 'february']
['hereafter', 'termed', 'weeki', 'weekls']
['states', 'india', 'worst', 'virus']
['dataset', 'taken', 'kaggle', 'shown']
['table', 'attributes', 'which', 'considered', 'dataset68', 'mining', 'analytics']
['table', 'comparative', 'study', 'recent', 'prediction', 'forecasting', 'models', 'covid']
['author', 'activity', 'performed', 'methodology', 'strength', 'drawback']
['ghosal']
['singh']
['prediction', 'linear', 'regression', 'analysis', 'statistical', 'analysis', 'results', 'prove', 'results', 'estimated']
['reliability', 'significance', 'predictor']
['prediction', 'gaussian', 'mixture', 'model', 'predicted', 'values', 'predicted', 'dates']
['confidence', 'intervals']
['chakraborty', 'forecasts']
['ghosh', 'assessment']
['tiwari', 'prediction']
['maheshwari', 'forecasting']
[]
['bhattacharjee', 'prediction']
[]
['prediction']
['results', 'consistent', 'throughout']
['study']
['tested']
['accuracy', 'reliability', 'model']
['depend', 'assumption', 'parameter']
['values', 'initial', 'population']
['accuracy', 'reliability', 'model']
['depend', 'assumption', 'parameter']
['values']
['considered', 'march']
['april']
['achieved', 'accuracy']
['significantly']
['predicted', 'number', 'infected', 'persons']
[]
['results', 'improved']
['learning']
['considered', 'weather', 'conditions']
['significant']
['taken', 'march']
['proposed', 'model', 'april']
[]
['achieved', 'accuracy']
['confirmed']
['recovered', 'death', 'death']
['respectively', 'significantly']
['study', 'restricted', 'april']
['different', 'models', 'different', 'states']
['testing']
['purpose']
['considered', 'small', 'march']
[]
['error']
['model', 'highly', 'reliable']
['statistical', 'package']
['forecasting']
['predicted', 'results', 'higher', 'accuracy']
['predicted']
['pandemic', 'model']
['analyzed', 'effect', 'lockdown']
['considered', 'impact', 'temperature']
['humidity']
['maximum', 'likelihood', 'bootstrap']
['strategy', 'analyze']
['sampling', 'respectively']
['convolutional']
['directional', 'deployed']
['accurate', 'prediction']
['fbprophet', 'model', 'deployed']
['forecasting', 'various', 'countries']
['deployed', 'multilayered', 'perceptron']
['linear', 'regression', 'vector']
['autoregression', 'better', 'results']
['performed', 'prediction', 'month']
['predicted', 'effect', 'social']
['distancing', 'lockdown']
['analyzed']
['analyzed', 'india']
['cases', 'based', 'cumulative']
['confirmed', 'cases', 'recovery']
['prediction']
['hybrid', 'linear', 'cellular', 'automata']
['deployed', 'prediction']
['considered', 'components', 'susceptible']
['asymptomatic', 'recovered']
['infected', 'isolated', 'infected']
['quarantined', 'susceptible']
['developed', 'reliable', 'model', 'using', 'trust', 'region', 'reflective', 'algorithm']
['machine', 'learning']
['curve', 'fitting']
['cellular', 'automata', 'classifier']
['daily', 'temperature', 'relative']
['humidity', 'weighted', 'against', 'cases']
['mathematical', 'model']
['mathematical', 'model']
['proposed']
['seirmodel']
['analyzed', 'reproduction', 'number']
['sensitivity', 'analysis', 'decide']
['preventive', 'measure']
['hybrid', 'wavelet', 'based', 'assessment', 'performed', 'using', 'forecasts']
['forecasting', 'arima', 'regression']
['model']
['generalized', 'additive', 'model']
['slope', 'kendall']
['verhulst', 'logistic']
['population', 'model']
['expression', 'programming']
['predictive', 'error', 'minimization', 'based', 'approach']
['mathematical', 'model', 'developed']
['predication']
['logistic', 'model', 'machine']
['learning', 'technique']
['machine', 'learning']
['learning']
['arimamodel']
['sariiqsq', 'model']
['developed', 'model']
['seidiuqhrd']
['prediction']
['prediction']
['prediction']
['prediction']
['analysis']
['forecasting']
['forecasting']
['prediction', 'analysis']
['meteorological']
['factors']
['evaluation']
['prediction']
['prediction']
['predicted', 'based']
['weather', 'conditions']
['prediction']
['modeling']
['forecasting']
['forecasting']
['kanagarathinam']
['sekar']
[]
['mandai']
['sarkar']
['arora']
['rafiq']
['sahoo']
['sapra']
['salgotra']
[]
['tomar']
['gupta']
['gupta']
[]
['goswami']
[]
['sujath']
['mainly', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'concerning']
['states', 'after', 'collecting', 'required', 'refined']
['analyzed']
['tables', 'illustrate', 'mathematical', 'description']
['considered', 'dataset', 'correlation', 'among', 'those']
['respectively', 'table', 'notations', 'count', 'rajani', 'kumari', 'analysis', 'predictions', 'ofspread', 'recovery', 'death', 'cansed', 'covid', 'india']
['table', 'dataset', 'weeki', 'weeki5', 'including', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'different', 'states', 'india', 'chandigarh', 'karnataka']
['madhya', 'pradesh', 'maharashtra', 'telengana']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['kerala']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['gujarat']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['15953']
['18584']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['delhi']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['12319']
[]
['25004']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['ladakh']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['11823']
['19101']
['29100']
['44582']
['62357']
['77793']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['table', 'mathematical', 'description', 'datasets']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['count']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['12230']
['15535']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['14291']
['19916']
['24897']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['12319']
['15953']
['18584']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['11823']
['19101']
['29100']
['44582']
['62357']
['77793']
[]
['denote', 'number', 'values', 'values']
['standard', 'deviation', 'values', 'minimum', 'value']
['maximum', 'value', 'first', 'quartile', 'second', 'quartile']
['third', 'quartile', 'respectively', 'these', 'notations']
['table', 'statistical', 'description']
['considered', 'dataset', 'objective', 'analysis']
['correlation', 'between', 'weeki', 'weeki5']
['confirmed', 'cases', 'different', 'states', 'through']
['analysis', 'observed', 'there', 'strong', 'correlation']
['between', 'complete', 'datasets', 'table', 'represents']
['correlation', 'analysis', 'which', 'determines', 'relationship']
['among', 'weeki', 'weeki5', 'according', 'descriptive']
['analysis', 'concerning', 'spread', 'coronavirus', 'disease']
['different', 'states', 'observed', 'first']
['weeks', 'spread', 'virus']
['india', 'after', 'spread']
['states', 'india', 'social', 'gathering', 'single']
['source', 'refer', 'table', 'observed']
['spread', 'confirmed', 'cases']
['week5', 'onwards', 'spread']
['figure', 'illustrates', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'considered']
['states', 'shows', 'exponential', 'growth', 'confirmed']
['cases', 'occurs', 'after', 'fourth', 'similarly']
['illustrate', 'exponential', 'growth', 'pattern']
['confirmed', 'cases', 'considered', 'states', 'indicates']
['future', 'situation', 'tough']
['controlled', 'mining', 'analytics']
['table', 'correlation', 'analysis', 'determining', 'relationship', 'between', 'datasets']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['table', 'statistical', 'description', 'datasets']
['dataset', 'count']
['confirmed', 'cases', '69595', '70086', '12599', '41102', '110639', '246622']
['recovered', 'cases', '27765', '34180', '11297', '44643', '118695']
['death', 'cases']
['confirmed', 'cases', 'covid', 'india']
['weelc1', 'week2', 'week3', 'week4', 'weeks', 'week6']
[]
['prediction', 'using', 'proposed', 'model', 'performed']
['march']
['range', 'different', 'range', 'considered']
['analysis', 'because', 'initially', 'number', 'cases']
['affect', 'accuracy']
['model', 'after', 'march', 'considered']
['number', 'covid', 'patients', 'significantly']
['higher', 'collected']
['kaggle', 'imported', 'jupyter', 'notebook']
['through', 'anaconda', 'navigator', 'analyzed', 'python']
['proposed', 'model']
['predictions']
['software', 'attributes', 'considered']
['dataset', 'mainly', 'confirmed', 'recovered', 'death']
['cases', 'figure', 'shows', 'graphical', 'representation']
['dataset', 'assumed', 'coronavirus', 'infected', 'persons', 'available', 'india']
['contact', 'other', 'healthy', 'persons', 'since']
['infectious', 'disease', 'going', 'spread', 'others']
['consequently', 'number', 'cases', 'growing', 'rapidly']
['during', 'development', 'model', 'collected']
['analyzed', 'using', 'functions', 'python']
['software', 'understanding', 'dataset', 'properly']
['statistical', 'description', 'performed', 'complete']
['dataset', 'description', 'statistical', 'shown']
['table']
['proposed', 'model', 'summarised']
['important', 'discover', 'compute', 'degree']
['variables', 'dataset', 'information', 'helpful']
['better', 'preparation', 'dataset', 'expectations']
['machine', 'learning', 'algorithms', 'recovery', 'strategy']
['correlation', 'analysis', 'performed', 'using', 'python']
['software', 'reveals', 'statistical', 'summary', 'confirmed']
['recovered', 'death', 'cases', 'finds', 'strong']
['relationship', 'among', 'current', 'consequential']
['correlation', 'analysis', 'shown', 'table']
['multiple', 'regression', 'analysis', 'predicting']
['covid']
['kerala']
['gujarat']
['chandigarh', 'delhi', 'karnataka']
['ladakh']
['madhya', 'pradesh', 'maharashtra']
['telengana']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['200rajani', 'kumari', 'analysis', 'predictions', 'ofspread', 'recovery', 'death', 'cansed', 'covid', 'india']
['80000']
['70000']
['60000']
[]
[]
[]
['50000']
[]
['g40000']
[]
[]
['30000']
[]
['20000']
['10000']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['weeks', 'week6']
[]
['week7', 'weeks', 'weekg', 'week10', 'week12', 'week13', 'week14']
[]
['boxplot', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'covid', 'india']
['parameter', 'value']
['table', 'summary', 'output', 'multiple', 'linear', 'regression']
['analysis']
['death', 'cases', 'confirmed', 'recovered']
['cases', 'regression', 'technique']
['variables', 'predict', 'output', 'helpful', 'predicting']
['target', 'variable', 'using', 'independent']
['variables', 'predictive', 'analysis', 'multiple', 'linear']
['regression', 'techniques', 'explain', 'relationship']
['between', 'independent', 'variables', 'confirmed']
['recovered', 'cases', 'dependent', 'variable', 'death']
['cases', 'dataset', 'divided', 'training']
['datasets', 'training', 'testing']
['model', 'strong', 'predictive', 'capacity', 'after']
['training', 'dataset', 'found', 'square']
['error', 'score']
['summary', 'output', 'multiple', 'linear', 'regression']
['analysis', 'shown', 'table']
['decision', 'learning', 'techniques']
['continuously', 'split', 'training', 'according']
['certain', 'parameter', 'widely', 'accepted', 'supervised']
['learning', 'approach', 'split', 'dataset', 'based']
['conditions', 'equally', 'useful', 'regression']
['classification', 'approach', 'assigns', 'feasible']
['class', 'record', 'classification']
['testing', 'different', 'input', 'values', 'observed']
['predicted', 'output', 'close', 'actual', 'values']
['during', 'analysis', 'complete', 'dataset']
[]
['number']
[]
['cofficienl']
['predicted', 'values']
['_____t']
['recovered', 'cases']
['slope']
['intercept']
[]
[]
['150000h']
['100000h', 'iiiii']
['confirmed', 'recovered', 'death', 'cases', 'india']
['proposed', 'model', 'predictions', 'confirmed']
['recovered', 'death', 'cases', 'covid', 'india']
['table', 'correlation', 'analysis', 'determining', 'relationship']
['between', 'datasets']
['confirmed', 'cases', 'recovered', 'cases', 'death', 'cases']
['confirmed', 'cases']
['recovered', 'cases']
['death', 'cases']
[]
['99373420']
['99813925']
[]
['98584439']
['slope']
['intercept']
[]
['score']
[]
[]
[]
['9992lag']
[]
[]
[]
['world', 'healthy', 'organization', 'statement', 'second']
['meeting', 'international', 'health', 'regulations']
['emergency', 'committee', 'regarding', 'outbreak', 'novel']
['coronavirus', 'https']
['statement', 'second', 'meeting', 'international', 'health', 'regulations', 'emergency', 'committee', 'regarding', 'outbreak', 'novel', 'coronavirus']
[]
['insight', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'mining', 'analytics']
['table', 'prediction']
[]
['predicted', 'predicted', 'predicted']
['confirmed', 'recovered', 'death']
['cases', 'cases', 'cases']
['256972', '132398']
['268021', '146535']
['279935', '154647']
['162747']
['304886', '169880']
['318185', '175762']
['331964']
['346329']
['193564']
[]
['393235', '236021']
['256198', '11223']
['427679', '271631']
['445982', '285667', '12142']
['465005', '295537', '12626']
['484898', '300267']
['505477']
['526898', '14191']
['549246', '332608', '14753']
['370832', '15337']
['596690', '412622', '15943']
['447115', '16571']
['648083', '476246', '17223']
['675324', '17899']
['504343', '18602']
['733247', '501616', '19331']
['763961', '501854', '20088']
['795938', '521520', '20873']
['829215', '21688']
['863836', '645885', '22534']
['resource', 'management', 'health', 'services', 'timely']
['action', 'taken', 'prior', 'preparation', 'reduce']
['human']
['proposed', 'model', 'extended', 'predict']
['pandemic', 'particular', 'region', 'total']
['causality', 'total', 'economic', 'losses', 'predicted']
['model']
['references']
[]
[]
[]
['confi']
['recovered', 'cases']
[]
['death', 'cases']
['predicted', 'confirmed', 'cases']
['predicted', 'recovered', 'cases', 'predicted', 'death', 'cases']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['100000']
['150000']
[]
['200000']
['250000']
['300000']
['autocorrelation']
['50000']
[]
['observed', 'model', 'regression', 'against']
['itself', 'autocorrelation']
['check', 'randonmess', 'within', 'figure', 'shows']
['autocorrelation', 'create', 'autoregression']
['model', 'observation', 'previous', 'steps']
['input', 'series', 'model', 'predict', 'values']
['results', 'prove', 'forecasted']
['range', 'series', 'accurate', 'model', 'using']
['existing', 'dataset', 'coefficients']
['based', 'value', 'separate', 'analysis', 'performed']
['confirmed', 'recovered', 'death', 'cases', 'observed']
['table', 'testing', 'existing', 'close']
['actual', 'dataset', 'predicted', 'values']
['relevant', 'existing', 'dataset']
['actual', 'predicted', 'confirmed', 'recovered']
['death', 'cases', 'india']
['number']
['conclusion', 'future', 'scope']
['study', 'discussed', 'spread', 'covid']
['different', 'states', 'india', 'proposed', 'model']
['predicting', 'number', 'confirmed', 'recovered']
['death', 'cases', 'multiple', 'linear', 'regression']
['autoregression', 'predict', 'possible', 'number']
['cases', 'future', 'predicted', 'confirmed', 'cases']
['india', 'recorded', 'table']
['predicted', 'values', 'actual', 'values', 'together']
['agreement', 'prediction', 'helpfulrajani', 'kumari', 'analysis', 'predictions', 'ofspread', 'recovery', 'death', 'cansed', 'covid', 'india']
['updated', 'intrim', 'review', 'lessons']
['international', 'journal', 'ofinfectious', 'diseases']
['new_paper']
['received', 'accepted', 'publication', 'current', 'version']
['digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '2993967']
['invited', 'paper']
['quantifying', 'covid', 'content', 'online']
['health', 'opinion', 'using', 'machine', 'learning']
['richard']
['nicolás', 'velásquez', 'leahy']
[]
['nicholas', 'johnson', 'restrepo']
['nicholas', 'gabriel5']
[]
['yonatan']
['johnson']
['1department', 'computer', 'science', 'george', 'washington', 'university', 'washington', '20052']
[]
['institute', 'democracy', 'politics', 'george', 'washington', 'university', 'washington', '20052']
['3elliott', 'school', 'international', 'affairs', 'george', 'washington', 'university', 'washington', '20052']
['4clustrx', 'washington', '20007']
['5department', 'physics', 'george', 'washington', 'university', 'washington', '20052']
['6department', 'political', 'science', 'george', 'washington', 'university', 'washington', '20052']
['corresponding', 'author', 'johnson', 'neiljohnson']
['abstract', 'amount', 'potentially', 'dangerous', 'covid', 'misinformation', 'appearing', 'online']
['machine', 'learning', 'quantify', 'covid', 'content', 'among', 'online', 'opponents', 'establishment', 'health']
['guidance', 'particular', 'vaccinations', 'community', 'developing']
['focused', 'debate', 'around', 'covid', 'counterpart', 'vaccination', 'community']
['however', 'community', 'exhibits', 'broader', 'range', 'flavors', 'covid', 'topics', 'hence']
['appeal', 'broader', 'cross', 'section', 'individuals', 'seeking', 'covid', 'guidance', 'online', 'individuals']
['mandatory', 'tracked', 'covid', 'vaccine', 'those', 'seeking', 'alternative', 'remedies', 'hence']
['community', 'looks', 'better', 'positioned', 'attract', 'fresh', 'support', 'going', 'forward', 'community']
['concerning', 'since', 'widespread', 'adoption', 'covid', 'vaccine', 'world', 'falls', 'short']
['providing', 'immunity', 'leaving', 'countries', 'future', 'covid', 'resurgences', 'provide', 'mechanistic']
['model', 'interprets', 'these', 'results', 'could', 'assessing', 'likely', 'efficacy', 'intervention', 'strategies']
['approach', 'scalable', 'hence', 'tackles', 'urgent', 'problem', 'facing', 'social', 'media', 'platforms', 'having']
['analyze', 'volumes', 'online', 'health', 'misinformation', 'disinformation']
['index', 'terms', 'covid', 'machine', 'learning', 'topic', 'modeling', 'mechanistic', 'model', 'social', 'computing']
['introduction']
['scientific', 'experts', 'agree', 'defeating', 'covid', 'depend']
['developing', 'vaccine', 'however', 'assumes', 'suffi', 'ciently', 'large', 'proportion', 'people', 'would', 'receive', 'vaccine']
['immunity', 'achieved', 'because', 'vaccines']
['effective', 'older', 'people', 'require', 'younger']
['generations', 'covid', 'vaccination', 'rates']
['order', 'guarantee', 'immunity', 'there', 'already']
['significant', 'opposition', 'existing', 'vaccinations', 'against']
['measles', 'parents', 'already', 'refusing', 'vaccinate']
['their', 'children', 'vaccine', 'opposition', 'increased', 'number']
['associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript']
['approving', 'publication', 'derek', 'abbott']
['cases', 'measles', 'outbreak']
['beyond', 'future', 'covid', 'vaccine', 'likely']
['similar', 'opposition', 'mandatory', 'covid', 'vaccina', 'tions', 'schoolchildren', 'could', 'trigger', 'global', 'public', 'health']
['conflict', 'better', 'understanding', 'opposition', 'ahead']
['covid', 'vaccine', 'therefore', 'critical', 'scientists', 'public']
['health', 'practitioners', 'governments']
['online', 'social', 'media', 'platforms', 'particular', 'built', 'communities', 'platforms', 'facebook', 'feature']
['become', 'popular', 'vaccine', 'opponents']
['congregate', 'share', 'health', 'information', 'information', 'endanger', 'public', 'health', 'individual', 'safety']
['likewise', 'vaccine', 'supporters', 'congre', 'online', 'communities', 'discuss', 'advocate']
['91886', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'volume', '2020r', 'quantifying', 'covid', 'content', 'online', 'health', 'opinion', 'using', 'machine', 'learning']
['professional', 'public', 'health', 'guidance', 'before', 'covid']
['there', 'already', 'intense', 'online', 'conflict', 'featuring', 'communities', 'communities', 'within']
['communities', 'narratives', 'typically', 'generate']
['misinformation', 'about', 'establishment', 'medical', 'guidance']
['distrust', 'government', 'pharmaceutical', 'industry']
['technologies', 'communications', 'adding']
['january', 'birth', 'covid']
['infodemic', 'plethora', 'misinformation']
['social', 'media', 'surrounding', 'covid', 'directly', 'threatens']
['lives', 'example', 'harmful', 'cures', 'being', 'proposed']
['drinking', 'additives', 'bleach', 'urine']
['along', 'coordinated', 'threats', 'against', 'public', 'health', 'officials']
['anthony', 'fauci', 'director', 'national', 'insti', 'allergic', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'moreover', 'false']
['rumors', 'circulating', 'individuals']
['immune', 'covid', 'these', 'contributed']
['relaxed', 'social', 'distancing', 'among', 'minorities']
['hence', 'their', 'representation', 'victims', 'chicago']
['louisiana', 'early', 'april', 'fatalities']
['african', 'americans', 'though', 'demographic', 'makes']
['population', 'addition', 'world']
['witnessed', 'alarming', 'covid', 'weaponization']
['against', 'asian', 'community', 'clear']
['misinformation', 'fringe', 'phenomenon']
['instead', 'widely', 'within', 'general', 'ulation', 'indeed', 'recent', 'study', 'found']
['americans', 'believe', 'covid', 'virus', 'likely', 'created']
['laboratory', 'despite', 'statements', 'infectious', 'disease']
['experts', 'contrary']
['unfortunately', 'sheer', 'volume', 'online', 'content']
['speed', 'which', 'spreads', 'means', 'social', 'media']
['companies', 'struggling', 'contain', 'health', 'misinfor', 'mation', 'making', 'matters', 'worse', 'people', 'around']
['world', 'spending', 'social', 'media', 'social']
['distancing', 'imposed', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['increases', 'likelihood', 'become', 'exposed']
['misinformation', 'result', 'themselves']
['their', 'contacts', 'dangerous', 'covid', 'remedies']
['cures', 'falsehoods']
['present', 'study', 'motivated', 'these', 'needs']
['deeper', 'understanding', 'intersection', 'between']
['online', 'vaccination', 'opposition', 'online', 'conversation']
['surrounding', 'covid', 'automated']
['approach', 'since', 'sheer', 'volume', 'online', 'material', 'every']
['makes', 'manual', 'analysis', 'viable', 'option', 'going', 'pursue', 'automated', 'machine', 'learning', 'approach']
['avoids', 'scalability', 'limitations', 'manual', 'content', 'while', 'present', 'paper', 'first', 'lenging', 'longer', 'automated', 'approach']
['present', 'allows', 'following', 'questions', 'addressed']
['covid', 'change', 'online', 'conversation', 'within', 'vaccination', 'vaccination', 'communities']
['month', 'period', 'early', 'disease', 'became', 'global']
['threat', 'topical', 'changes', 'observe']
['online', 'communities', 'narratives', 'imply']
['about', 'their', 'relative', 'abilities', 'attract', 'supporters', 'going']
['forward']
['unlike', 'existing', 'works', 'study', 'twitter']
['since', 'known', 'twitter']
['broadcast', 'medium', 'individual', 'shout', 'whereas', 'discus', 'sions', 'narratives', 'nurtured', 'built', 'online']
['community', 'spaces', 'specific', 'feature', 'platforms']
['facebook', 'twitter']
['built', 'community', 'spaces', 'present', 'methodology']
['generalized', 'collected', 'these']
['online', 'communities', 'specifically', 'facebook', 'pages', 'either', 'vaccination', 'vaccination', 'views']
['information', 'publicly', 'available', 'require']
['individual', 'details', 'thereby', 'avoiding', 'privacy', 'concerns']
['understanding', 'content', 'conversation', 'among']
['crowd', 'people', 'world', 'public', 'space']
['require', 'knowledge', 'personal', 'details', 'about', 'viduals', 'within', 'crowd', 'details', 'approach', 'given']
['appendix', 'third', 'difference', 'between']
['study', 'previous', 'machine', 'learning', 'findings']
['interpreted', 'terms', 'mechanistic', 'model']
['captures', 'general', 'trend', 'coherence', 'online']
['conversations', 'though', 'still', 'needs']
['study', 'therefore', 'provides', 'first', 'toward', 'fully']
['automated', 'interpretable', 'understanding', 'growing']
['public', 'health', 'debate', 'concerning', 'vaccines', 'covid']
['machine', 'learning', 'analysis']
['terms', 'facebook', 'cluster', 'inter', 'changeably', 'since', 'facebook', 'cluster']
['people', 'facebook', 'pages', 'known', 'pages', 'public']
['pages', 'accounts', 'represent', 'organizations', 'causes', 'munities', 'public', 'figures', 'according', 'facebook', 'policies']
['content', 'posted', 'public', 'viewed']
['everyone', 'facebook']
['different', 'facebook', 'personal', 'account', 'personal']
['accounts', 'represent', 'private', 'individuals', 'their', 'posts']
['interactions', 'considered', 'private', 'targeted', 'their']
['immediate', 'contacts', 'paper', 'analyze']
['personal', 'accounts', 'methodology', 'follows']
['analyzing', 'public', 'content', 'facebook', 'pages', 'vaccination', 'vaccination']
['communities', 'publicly', 'available', 'content', 'these', 'online']
['communities', 'obtained', 'using', 'snowball', 'approach', 'starting']
['manually', 'identified', 'pages', 'discussing', 'either']
['vaccines', 'public', 'policies', 'about', 'vaccination']
['vaccination', 'debate', 'their', 'connections', 'other', 'pages']
['indexed', 'clusters', 'evaluated', 'through']
['combination', 'human', 'coding', 'computer', 'assisted', 'filters']
['classify', 'cluster', 'being']
['including', 'covid', 'content', 'reviewed']
['posts', 'about', 'section']
['classifications', 'required', 'either', 'least']
['recent', 'posts', 'dealt', 'debate']
['title', 'about', 'section', 'described']
['least', 'researchers', 'classified']
['volume', '91887r', 'quantifying', 'covid', 'content', 'online', 'health', 'opinion', 'using', 'machine', 'learning']
['cluster', 'independently', 'disagreed', 'their', 'suggested']
['classification', 'third', 'researcher', 'reviewed', 'posts']
['three', 'reviewers', 'discussed', 'these', 'cases', 'agreement']
['reached', 'enabled', 'distinguish']
['between', 'content', 'intended', 'serious', 'versus', 'merely']
['satirical', 'weeding', 'tendency', 'within', 'facebook', 'pages']
['tends', 'reduce', 'material', 'profiles']
['present', 'study', 'focused', 'english', 'though']
['easily', 'generalized', 'using', 'procedure', 'beyond']
['study', 'global', 'limited', 'particular', 'region']
['content', 'these', 'clusters', 'bundled', 'together']
['separately', 'community', 'munity', 'resulting', 'content', 'analyzed']
['using', 'machine', 'learning', 'specifically', 'unsuper', 'vised', 'machine', 'learning', 'technique', 'called', 'latent', 'dirichlet']
['allocation', 'analyze', 'emergence', 'evolu', 'topics', 'around', 'covid', 'method', 'models']
['documents', 'distributions', 'topics', 'topics', 'distribu', 'tions', 'words', 'during', 'training', 'process', 'these', 'distributions']
['adjusted', 'dataset', 'method', 'described']
['correctly', 'wikipedia', 'quote', 'generative', 'statisti', 'model', 'allows', 'observations', 'explained']
['unobserved', 'groups', 'explain', 'parts']
['similar', 'example', 'observations', 'words', 'collected']
['documents', 'posits', 'document', 'mixture']
['small', 'number', 'topics', 'presence']
['attributable', 'document', 'topics']
['example', 'topic', 'model', 'belongs', 'machine', 'learn', 'toolbox', 'wider', 'sense', 'artificial', 'intelligence']
['toolbox']
['coherence', 'score', 'provides', 'quantitative', 'method']
['measuring', 'alignment', 'words', 'within', 'identified']
['topic', 'generated', 'separate', 'algorithm']
['which', 'trained', 'model', 'overall', 'coherence']
['score', 'single', 'model', 'arithmetic', 'topic', 'coherences', 'there', 'different', 'coherence', 'metrics']
['evaluate', 'topic', 'coherence', 'which', 'based']
['sliding', 'window', 'segmentation', 'words']
['indirect', 'confirmation', 'measure', 'normalized']
['point', 'mutual', 'information', 'cosine', 'similarity']
['comprises', 'collections', 'probability', 'measures', 'often']
['words', 'topics', 'occur', 'other', 'examples']
['topics', 'refer', 'explanation']
['discussion']
['machine', 'learning', 'automation', 'principle']
['address', 'significant', 'issues', 'facing', 'social', 'media', 'platforms']
['mechanically', 'picking', 'material', 'requires', 'atten', 'haystack', 'online', 'content', 'while']
['could', 'better', 'curtail', 'online', 'misinformation', 'might']
['rightly', 'about', 'accuracy', 'reliability', 'compared']
['human', 'analysts', 'recently', 'addressed']
['coherence', 'metric', 'these', 'authors']
['addressed', 'problem', 'topic', 'models', 'previously', 'given']
['guarantee', 'interpretability', 'their', 'output', 'specifi', 'cally', 'produced', 'several', 'benchmark', 'datasets', 'human']
['judgements', 'interpretability', 'topics', 'found']
['results', 'outperformed', 'existing', 'measures', 'respect']
['correlation', 'human', 'ratings', 'achieved', 'evaluat', 'coherence', 'measures', 'different', 'benchmarks']
['topic', 'coherence', 'making', 'biggest', 'study', 'topic']
['coherences', 'separately']
['comparison', 'general', 'online', 'found']
['comparable', 'consistency']
['summary', 'machine', 'learning', 'approach', 'identifies', 'online', 'narratives', 'coherence', 'meaning']
['groupings', 'identified', 'strongly', 'related', 'according']
['coherence', 'scoring', 'approach', 'discussed', 'earlier', 'human']
['inspection', 'distribution', 'making', 'grouping']
['showed', 'indeed', 'correspond', 'reasonably', 'distinct']
['conversation', 'topics', 'details', 'examples', 'given']
['appendix']
['results']
['focus', 'endogenous', 'development']
['covid', 'conversation', 'beginning', 'global', 'demic', 'prior', 'first', 'officially', 'reported', 'covid']
['death', 'february', 'hence', 'collected', 'public', 'period']
['inclusive', 'assess', 'change', 'period']
['divided', 'intervals', 'since', 'having', 'intervals']
['would', 'smaller', 'amounts', 'within', 'hence']
['fluctuations', 'since', 'interested']
['change', 'intervals', 'chosen', 'equal', 'first', 'interval']
['contains', 'total', 'posts', 'replies']
['total', 'posts', 'replies', 'second', 'interval']
['contains', 'total', 'posts']
['replies', 'total', 'posts', 'replies', 'hence']
['equal', 'windows', 'contains', 'similar', 'amounts']
['checked', 'results', 'relatively', 'robust', 'other', 'choices']
['interval', 'interestingly', 'roughly', 'corresponds']
['covid', 'largely', 'problem']
['while', 'roughly', 'corresponds', 'during']
['which', 'became', 'serious', 'problem', 'europe', 'further']
['reassurance', 'representative', 'covid']
['conversation', 'during', 'these', 'intervals', 'checked']
['split', 'similar', 'mentions', 'covid']
['article', 'counts', 'worldwide', 'anglophone', 'newspapers']
['worldwide', 'google', 'trends']
['models', 'trained', 'posts', 'following']
['distinct', 'groups', 'vaccination', 'posts', 'vaccination']
['posts', 'vaccination', 'posts', 'vaccination']
['posts', 'these', 'separate', 'models']
['trained', 'number', 'topics', 'parameter', 'ranging']
['total', 'models', 'groups']
['fuller', 'details', 'given', 'appendix', 'coherence']
['algorithm', 'these', 'models']
['coherence', 'scores', 'averaged', 'number', 'topics']
['these', 'averaged', 'scores', 'plotted', 'figures']
['figure', 'shows', 'result', 'procedure', 'applied']
['posts', 'dataset', 'vaccination', 'posts']
['vaccination', 'posts']
['91888', 'volume', '2020r', 'quantifying', 'covid', 'content', 'online', 'health', 'opinion', 'using', 'machine', 'learning']
['figure', 'coherence', 'scores']
['dashed']
['content', 'dotted', 'combined', 'dashed', 'dotted']
['calculated', 'entire', 'period', 'study']
[]
['content', 'separate', 'periods']
[]
['orange']
['number', 'topics', 'which', 'coherence', 'score']
['maximum']
['indicated', 'optimal', 'number', 'topics', 'optimal', 'number', 'topics']
['moves']
[]
['content']
['separate', 'periods']
[]
['orange', 'optimal']
['number', 'topics', 'moves']
[]
[]
['coherence', 'score', 'entire', 'period', 'study']
['consistently', 'larger', 'across', 'number']
['topics', 'suggesting']
['community', 'overall', 'focused', 'discussion']
['around', 'covid', 'consistent']
['community', 'featuring', 'monolithic', 'discus', 'around', 'public', 'health', 'namely', 'focused', 'advising']
['people', 'follow', 'professional', 'medical', 'guidance']
['community', 'higher']
['overall', 'coherence', 'positioned', 'engage']
['variety', 'blurry', 'often', 'extreme']
['covid', 'narratives', 'circulating', 'online']
['represents', 'significant', 'potential', 'disadvantage']
['community', 'therefore', 'attract']
['attention', 'different', 'types', 'users']
['entering', 'online', 'space', 'search', 'particular', 'nuanced']
['flavor', 'covid', 'narrative', 'appeals', 'these']
['users', 'could', 'consequently', 'pulled', 'toward', 'cause']
['figures', 'indicate', 'change', 'paring', 'curves', 'coherence', 'score', 'across', 'number']
['topics', 'periods', 'curve', 'moves']
['community']
['optimal', 'number', 'topics', 'shows', 'dramatic', 'decrease']
['consistent', 'notion', 'community', 'working', 'toward', 'common', 'covid']
['interpretation', 'narrative', 'fewer', 'flavors', 'discussion']
['interpretation', 'community', 'again', 'while']
['sound', 'strength', 'suggests']
['community', 'overall', 'actually', 'becoming', 'appealing']
['different', 'types', 'users']
['search', 'their', 'covid', 'narrative', 'flavor', 'contrast']
['curves', 'community']
['smaller', 'reduction', 'optimal', 'number', 'topics']
['curves', 'opposite', 'direc', 'hence', 'compensates', 'small']
['increase', 'focus', 'reduction', 'optimal', 'number', 'topics']
['overall', 'reduction', 'coherence', 'these', 'topics']
['effectively', 'blurry', 'original']
['hence', 'overall', 'community', 'becoming']
['accommodating', 'diverse', 'population', 'additions']
['coming', 'online', 'health', 'space']
['figure', 'shows', 'visualization', 'detail', 'about']
['information', 'structure', 'individual', 'topics']
['these', 'topics', 'another', 'terms', 'informational']
['distance', 'obtained', 'using', 'pyldavis', 'package']
['which', 'provides', 'global', 'topics']
['differ', 'other', 'while', 'allowing']
['deeper', 'inspection', 'terms', 'highly', 'associated']
['individual', 'topic', 'provides', 'novel', 'method']
['implying', 'relevance', 'topic', 'study']
['showed', 'ranking', 'terms', 'purely', 'their', 'probability', 'under']
['topic', 'contrast', 'suboptimal', 'topic', 'interpretation']
['refer', 'details', 'ldavis']
['change', 'community', 'period']
['optimal', 'number']
['topics', 'decreases', 'number', 'circles', 'decreases']
['following', 'topics', 'evolve']
['become', 'located', 'mostly', 'portion', 'space']
['toward', 'right', 'following']
['change', 'community', 'period']
['optimal', 'number']
['topics', 'starts', 'slightly', 'smaller']
['although', 'decreases', 'number']
['circles', 'decreases', 'there', 'topics', 'circles']
['volume', '91889r', 'quantifying', 'covid', 'content', 'online', 'health', 'opinion', 'using', 'machine', 'learning']
['figure', 'visualization', 'informational', 'structure', 'individual']
['topics', 'relate', 'other', 'obtained', 'using']
['pyldavis', 'circles', 'topics', 'which']
['average', 'coherence', 'score', 'highest', 'optimal', 'number', 'topics']
['their', 'indicates', 'marginal', 'topic', 'distribution', 'discussed', 'detail']
['while', 'principal', 'components', 'distribution']
['analysis']
['period']
['topics', 'spread', 'across', 'space']
['compared', 'these', 'observations']
['consistent', 'earlier', 'interpretations']
['community', 'focused', 'equivalently', 'narrower']
['community', 'terms', 'covid', 'narratives']
['community', 'evolving', 'toward', 'common']
['covid', 'interpretation', 'narrative', 'lower', 'diversity']
['offer', 'community']
['toward', 'mechanistic', 'model', 'interpretation']
['created', 'mechanistic', 'model', 'further', 'supports', 'these']
['empirical', 'findings', 'provides', 'microscopic', 'interpretation']
['machine', 'learning', 'output', 'specifically', 'generated']
['computer', 'simulation', 'ecology', 'online', 'components']
['overall', 'community', 'content', 'which', 'characterized']
['vector', 'which', 'component']
['signifies', 'strength', 'given', 'factor', 'surrounding', 'online']
['health', 'debate', 'government', 'control', 'exact', 'nature']
['these', 'components', 'specified', 'whether']
['words', 'short', 'phrases', 'matters', 'there']
['diverse', 'ecology', 'building', 'blocks', 'mechanistic']
['model', 'setup', 'while', 'seemingly', 'simplistic', 'indeed']
['reflect', 'empirical', 'observations', 'literature', 'surrounding']
['themes', 'online', 'discussions', 'vaccination', 'opposition']
['listed', 'studied', 'detail', 'carry']
['simulation', 'whereby', 'these', 'components', 'selected', 'randomly']
['build', 'content', 'components', 'cluster', 'together', 'their']
['clusters', 'cluster', 'together', 'already', 'cluster', 'their']
['figure', 'output', 'mechanistic', 'model', 'which', 'clusters']
['component', 'values', 'sufficiently', 'similar', 'homophily']
['panel', 'different', 'heterophily', 'panel']
['values', 'sufficiently', 'similar', 'homophily']
['different', 'heterophily', 'illustrate', 'output']
['model', 'shows', 'dimensional', 'version']
['checked', 'dimensional', 'version', 'gives', 'similar', 'results']
['though', 'visually', 'complicated', 'because', 'having']
['component', 'along', 'third', 'dimension', 'importantly']
['produces', 'plots', 'visually', 'similar', 'those']
['homophily', 'which']
['building', 'monolithic', 'topic', 'discussion']
['flavors', 'community', 'convergence']
['quicker', 'observed']
['community', 'contrast', 'heterophily', 'which']
['building', 'diverse', 'topic', 'discussions', 'flavors']
['community', 'slower', 'which', 'sistent', 'community']
['dotted', 'horizontal', 'gives', 'indication']
['stage', 'simulation', 'broadly', 'consistent']
['communities']
['respectively']
['delay', 'gelation', 'observed']
['heterophily', 'compared', 'homophily']
['derived', 'analytically', 'using', 'mathematical']
['analysis', 'statistical', 'physics', 'details']
['particular']
['which', 'gelation', 'emerges', 'depends', 'inversely', 'average']
['probability', 'randomly', 'picked', 'components']
['cluster', 'which', 'smaller', 'heterophily', 'homophily']
['hence', 'gelation', 'later', 'heterophily']
['homophily', 'exactly', 'observed', 'similarly']
['shown', 'mathematically', 'gelation', 'sizes']
['sizes', 'circles', 'smaller', 'heterophily']
['homophily', 'observed']
['again', 'instead', 'being']
['community', 'simulation', 'mechanistic', 'model', 'shows']
['homophily', 'absorb']
['influx', 'users', 'range', 'values', 'compared']
['heterophily', 'consistent']
['stated', 'earlier', 'community', 'appears']
['engaging', 'users', 'parents', 'children', 'school', 'school', 'vaccine', 'requirements']
['government', 'control', 'hence']
['supporters']
['91890', 'volume', '2020r', 'quantifying', 'covid', 'content', 'online', 'health', 'opinion', 'using', 'machine', 'learning']
['limitations', 'study']
['there', 'course', 'limitations', 'study', 'there']
['other', 'social', 'media', 'platforms', 'apart', 'facebook']
['should', 'explored', 'facebook', 'largest', 'similar']
['behaviors', 'should', 'arise', 'platform', 'where', 'communities']
['interesting', 'example', 'compare']
['findings', 'other', 'studies', 'focused', 'twitter', 'where', 'saging', 'short', 'individual', 'statements']
['there', 'question', 'influence', 'external', 'agents']
['entities', 'however', 'these', 'social', 'media', 'communities']
['police', 'themselves', 'troll', 'behavior', 'further']
['analysis', 'required', 'details', 'content']
['require', 'going', 'beyond', 'perhaps', 'beyond']
['since', 'memes', 'images', 'shared', 'generative']
['model', 'output', 'needs', 'compared', 'detail', 'evolution', 'topics', 'further', 'research', 'required', 'formu', 'results', 'across', 'platforms', 'detailed', 'actionable']
['consequences', 'policy', 'makers', 'these', 'limitations']
['addressed', 'future']
['conclusion']
['these', 'findings', 'suggest', 'online', 'community']
['developing', 'diverse', 'hence', 'broadly', 'accommo', 'dating', 'discussion', 'around', 'covid', 'munity', 'result', 'community']
['making', 'itself', 'engaging', 'heterogeneous', 'ecology']
['potential', 'users', 'online', 'covid', 'discus', 'arrive', 'online', 'broad', 'concerns']
['questions', 'possibly', 'preconceived', 'notions', 'misinforma', 'falsehoods']
['analysis', 'paper', 'provides', 'first', 'toward']
['eventually', 'either', 'replacing', 'least', 'supplementing']
['scalable', 'efforts', 'human', 'moderators', 'tasked', 'tifying', 'online', 'misinformation', 'addition', 'mechanistic']
['model', 'could', 'scenario', 'testing']
['quickly', 'coherence', 'develops', 'impact', 'would']
['breaking', 'coherence', 'around', 'certain', 'topics']
['counter', 'messaging', 'against', 'individuals', 'ingesting', 'bleach']
['newer', 'covid', 'organics', 'circulating']
['madagscar', 'africa', 'beyond', 'achieved']
['using', 'empirical', 'analysis', 'repeated']
['multiple', 'consecutive', 'intervals', 'identify', 'growth']
['topics', 'around', 'words', 'which', 'gaining', 'larity', 'bleach', 'facebook']
['example', 'could', 'specifically', 'target', 'these', 'specific']
['words', 'topics', 'rather', 'blanket', 'vanilla', 'messaging']
['promoting', 'establishment', 'medical', 'science', 'narratives']
['overall', 'approach', 'shows', 'machine', 'learning', 'rithm', 'algorithm', 'identifies', 'plausible', 'topics', 'within']
['collections', 'posts', 'online', 'communities', 'surrounding']
['vaccine', 'covid', 'debate', 'addition', 'being']
['handle', 'large', 'quantities', 'results', 'emerge']
['quickly', 'using', 'statistical', 'grouping', 'techniques', 'instead', 'potentially', 'biased', 'costly', 'human']
['labeling']
['appendix']
['mentioned', 'methodology', 'starts']
['manually', 'identified', 'facebook', 'pages', 'discussing', 'either']
['vaccines', 'public', 'policies', 'about', 'vaccination']
['vaccination', 'debate', 'their', 'connections', 'other', 'pages']
['indexed', 'findings', 'vetted', 'through']
['combination', 'human', 'coding', 'computer', 'assisted', 'filters']
['snowball', 'process', 'continued', 'noting', 'links']
['often', 'members', 'already', 'hence']
['closure', 'principle', 'achieved', 'process']
['leads', 'containing', 'hundreds', 'pages']
['communities', 'before', 'training']
['models', 'several', 'steps', 'employed', 'clean', 'content']
['these', 'pages', 'similar', 'other', 'analyses']
['literature']
['mentions', 'shorteners', 'removed']
['since', 'these', 'fragments', 'output', 'facebook']
['crowdtangle']
['posts', 'external', 'websites']
['these', 'specific', 'websites', 'mentioned', 'could', 'itself']
['interesting', 'component', 'covid', 'conversation', 'hence']
['instead', 'removing', 'completely', 'pieces']
['replaced', '__gov', '__com']
['__org', 'respectively', 'operation', 'effectively', 'catenates', 'domains', 'filtered']
['later', 'preprocessing', 'steps']
['posts', 'through', 'gensim', 'ple_preprocess', 'function', 'which', 'tokenizes', 'spaces']
['removes', 'tokens', 'characters']
['removes', 'numeric', 'punctuation', 'characters']
['tokens', 'gensim', 'stopwords']
['removed', 'example', 'indication']
['topic']
['tokens', 'lemmatized', 'using', 'wordnetlem', 'matizer', 'natural', 'language', 'toolkit', 'which']
['converts', 'words', 'singular', 'present', 'tense']
['tokens', 'stemmed', 'using', 'snowballstemmer']
['which', 'removes', 'affixes', 'words']
['remaining', 'fragments', 'other']
['domain', 'after', 'stemming']
['removed']
['steps', 'ensure', 'words', 'compared', 'fairly']
['during', 'training', 'process', 'particular']
['strong', 'indicator', 'topic', 'signal']
['because', 'different', 'forms', 'these', 'steps']
['words', 'existing', 'pretrained', 'vocabulary']
['vocabulary', 'unchanged', 'after']
['preprocessing', 'train', 'models', 'cleaned']
['specifically', 'separate', 'models', 'trained']
['number', 'topics', 'parameter', 'ranging']
['total', 'models', 'intervals']
['coherence', 'algorithm']
['these', 'models', 'coherence', 'scores', 'averaged']
['number', 'topics', 'produce', 'results', 'multiple']
['trials', 'number', 'topics', 'ensure']
['volume', '91891r', 'quantifying', 'covid', 'content', 'online', 'health', 'opinion', 'using', 'machine', 'learning']
['coherence', 'particular', 'number', 'topics', 'representative']
['models', 'extension', 'better']
['result', 'unaccounted', 'noise']
['swaying', 'model', 'overfit', 'another', 'these']
['trials', 'independent', 'because', 'random', 'number', 'generator']
['model', 'initialized', 'different']
['ensuring', 'statistical', 'inferences', 'repeated']
['github', 'https', 'github', 'searri', 'social', 'clustering', 'research', 'coronavirus']
['following', 'illustrates', 'topic', 'output', 'focusing', 'interval', 'topics']
['coronavirus', 'among', 'highest', 'weighted']
['words', 'topic', 'focused', 'around', 'coronavirus']
['vaccine', 'occuring', 'together', 'others', 'vitamin']
['relation', 'alternative', 'treatments', 'weapon']
['related', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'covid', 'origin', 'within']
['topics', 'which', 'focused', 'around', 'alternative', 'health']
['explanations', 'cures', 'words', 'vitamin', 'illus', 'trative', 'posts', 'include', 'following']
['coalition', 'vaccine', 'choice', 'pages', 'spelling']
['mistakes', 'story', 'epidemic']
['corona', 'virus', 'china', 'cover', 'story']
['reality', 'health', 'problems', 'technology']
['exposure', 'coroborated', 'other', 'factors', 'vaccination']
['alimentation', 'vitamins', 'water', 'pollution']
['sleep', 'scientists', 'shown', 'level', 'microwave']
['exposure', 'result', 'activation', 'elevated']
['intracellular', 'calcium', 'meanwhile', 'topic', 'focused']
['conspiracy', 'theories', 'words', 'weapon']
['example', 'phrase', 'posting', 'keeping', 'world']
['under', 'thumb', 'tyrants', 'soldiers', 'means']
['expendable', 'trained', 'nature']
['being', 'micro', 'managed', 'people', 'caring']
['thought', 'thousand', 'miles', 'little']
['nature', 'battle', 'illustrates']
['detailed', 'analyses', 'carried', 'check', 'automated']
['approach', 'which', 'underlie', 'claim', 'groupings']
['correspond', 'reasonably', 'distinct', 'conversation', 'topics']
['acknowledgment']
['crowdtangle', 'available', 'institute']
['democracy', 'politics']
['new_paper']
['special', 'section', 'emerging', 'learning', 'theories']
['methods', 'biomedical', 'engineering']
['received', 'accepted', 'publication', 'current', 'version']
['digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3005510']
['weakly', 'supervised', 'learning']
['covid', 'infection', 'detection']
['classification', 'images']
['shaoping']
['member', 'zhangming', 'yinghui', 'jiang4']
[]
['xianglu', 'xiao3', 'minhao', 'wang4', 'evandro', 'fang6']
['menpes', 'smith3']
[]
[]
[]
['guang', 'member']
['1radiology', 'department', 'hospital', 'wuhan', 'cross', 'society', 'wuhan', '430015', 'china']
[]
['institute', 'biomedical', 'engineering', 'university', 'oxford', 'oxford']
['3aladdin', 'healthcare', 'technologies', 'london']
['4hangzhou', 'ocean', 'smart', 'company', 'hangzhou', '310016', 'china']
['5mind', 'admiralty']
['6department', 'clinical', 'molecular', 'biology', 'university', 'norway']
['7radiology', 'department', 'shenzhen', 'second', 'people', 'hospital', 'shenzhen', '518035', 'china']
['center', 'hunan', 'cancer', 'hospital', 'changsha', '410013', 'china']
['9nhli', 'imperial', 'college', 'london', 'london']
['10royal', 'brompton', 'hospital', 'london']
['corresponding', 'authors', 'yuxin75831', 'guang', 'imperial']
['supported', 'european', 'research', 'council', 'innovative', 'medicines', 'initiative', 'development', 'therapeutics']
['diagnostics', 'combatting', 'coronavirus', 'infections', 'award', 'dragon', 'rapid', 'secure', 'imaging', 'based', 'diagnosis', 'stratification']
['follow', 'preparedness', 'coronavirus', 'pandemics', 'under', 'grant', 'h2020', '101005122', 'hangzhou']
['abstract', 'outbreak', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'recorded', 'wuhan']
['china', 'since', 'december', 'which', 'subsequently', 'became', 'pandemic', 'around', 'world', 'although']
['covid', 'acutely', 'treated', 'disease', 'fatal', 'fatality', 'china']
['highest', 'algeria', 'italy', 'april', 'onset', 'serious']
['illness', 'result', 'death', 'consequence', 'substantial', 'alveolar', 'damage', 'progressive', 'respiratory']
['failure', 'although', 'laboratory', 'testing', 'using', 'reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction']
['golden', 'standard', 'clinical', 'diagnosis', 'tests', 'produce', 'false', 'negatives', 'moreover', 'under']
['pandemic', 'situation', 'shortage', 'testing', 'resources', 'delay', 'following', 'clinical', 'decision']
['treatment', 'under', 'circumstances', 'chest', 'imaging', 'become', 'valuable', 'diagnosis']
['prognosis', 'covid', 'patients', 'study', 'propose', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'strategy']
['detecting', 'classifying', 'covid', 'infection', 'images', 'proposed', 'method', 'minimise']
['requirements', 'manual', 'labelling', 'images', 'still', 'obtain', 'accurate', 'infection', 'detection']
['distinguish', 'covid', 'covid', 'cases', 'based', 'promising', 'results', 'obtained', 'qualitatively']
['quantitatively', 'envisage', 'deployment', 'developed', 'technique', 'large', 'scale', 'clinical', 'studies']
['index', 'terms', 'covid', 'learning', 'weakly', 'supervision', 'images', 'classification', 'convolutional']
['neural', 'network']
['introduction']
['coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'widespread']
['worldwide', 'since', 'december', 'highly', 'conta', 'gious', 'severe', 'cases', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'distress']
['multiple', 'organ', 'failure', 'march']
['assessment', 'covid', 'characterised']
['pandemic', 'april', 'total', 'cases']
['associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript']
['approving', 'publication', 'shuihua']
['covid', 'recorded', 'death']
['reached', 'rapid', 'increase', 'cases', 'europe']
['north', 'america']
['disease', 'confirmed', 'using', 'reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction']
['while', 'being', 'standard', 'diagnosis', 'confirming']
['covid', 'patients', 'using', 'consuming']
['false', 'negative', 'rates', 'sensitivities']
['hurdles', 'presumptive', 'patients', 'identified']
['treated', 'early']
['volume']
['article', 'access', 'download', 'along', 'rights', 'mining', 'analysis', '118869s', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'detection', 'classification', 'images']
['invasive', 'imaging', 'technique', 'computed', 'tomog', 'raphy', 'detect', 'those', 'characteristics', 'bilateral']
['patchy', 'shadows', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacity', 'manifested']
['covid', 'infected', 'hence', 'serve']
['important', 'covid', 'patients', 'screened']
['diagnosed', 'early', 'despite', 'advantages', 'share']
['common', 'imagery', 'characteristics', 'between', 'covid']
['other', 'types', 'pneumonia', 'making', 'automated', 'distinc', 'difficult']
['recently', 'learning', 'based', 'artificial', 'intelligence']
['technology', 'demonstrated', 'tremendous', 'success', 'field']
['medical', 'analysis', 'capacity', 'extracting']
['features', 'multimodal', 'clinical', 'datasets', 'previously']
['learning', 'developed', 'diagnosing', 'distinguish', 'bacterial', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'thoracic', 'imaging']
['addition', 'attempts', 'detect', 'chest', 'imaging', 'features', 'current', 'covid']
['pandemic', 'learning', 'based', 'methods', 'devel', 'efficiently', 'chest', 'analysis', 'classifi', 'cation', 'besides', 'learning', 'algorithms']
['proposed', 'covid', 'monitoring', 'screening']
['prediction', 'hospital', 'current']
['applications', 'covid', 'related', 'research', 'found']
['elsewhere', 'study', 'focus', 'chest']
['image', 'based', 'localisation', 'infected', 'areas', 'disease']
['classification', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'patients']
['although', 'initial', 'studies', 'demonstrated', 'promising']
['results', 'using', 'chest', 'diagnosis', 'covid']
['detection', 'infected', 'regions', 'existing', 'methods']
['based', 'commonly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'scheme']
['requires', 'considerable', 'amount', 'manual', 'labelling']
['however', 'outbreak', 'situation', 'clinicians']
['limited', 'perform', 'tedious', 'manual', 'which', 'implementation', 'supervised']
['learning', 'methods', 'study', 'propose', 'weakly']
['supervised', 'learning', 'framework', 'detect', 'covid']
['infected', 'regions', 'fully', 'automatically', 'using', 'chest']
['acquired', 'multiple', 'centres', 'multiple', 'scanners', 'based']
['detection', 'results', 'achieve', 'diagnosis']
['covid', 'patients', 'addition']
['hypothesis', 'based', 'radiological', 'features']
['classify', 'covid', 'cases', 'community', 'acquired', 'monia', 'pneumonia', 'scans', 'using']
['neural', 'networks', 'developed']
['materials', 'methods']
['patients']
['retrospective', 'study', 'approved', 'institutional']
['review', 'board', 'participating', 'hospitals', 'accordance']
['local', 'ethics', 'procedures', 'further', 'consent', 'waived']
['approval', 'study', 'included', 'volumetric', 'chest']
['exams', 'covid', 'patients', 'respectively']
['total', 'patient', 'scans', 'acquired', 'participating']
['hospitals', 'between', 'september', 'march']
['included', 'further', 'analysis']
['table', 'summary', 'patient', 'demographic', 'statistics']
['covid', 'patients', 'confirmed', 'positive']
['rtpcr', 'testing', 'scanned', 'december']
['march', 'according', 'diagnosis', 'treatment']
['program', 'covid', 'trial', 'version', 'sixth', 'issued']
['national', 'health', 'commission', 'china', 'clinical', 'sification', 'covid', 'patients', 'categorised']
['moderate', 'severe', 'critical', 'covid', 'patients']
['severe', 'critical', 'stage', 'scans']
['performed', 'within', 'hospitalisation']
['other', 'disease', 'nodules']
['chronic', 'inflammation', 'chronic', 'obstructive', 'pulmonary', 'patients', 'randomly', 'chosen', 'participating']
['hospitals', 'between', 'september', 'january']
['inclusion', 'criteria', 'patients', 'accordance']
['guidelines', 'management', 'community', 'acquired', 'monia', 'adults', 'published', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'society']
['america', 'american', 'thoracic', 'society', 'diagnosis']
['focused', 'existence', 'identified', 'clinical', 'character', 'istics', 'cough', 'fever', 'sputum', 'development', 'pleuritic']
['chest', 'accompanied', 'pulmonary', 'examination']
['typically', 'chest', 'using', 'examination', 'patients', 'suspected']
['chest', 'radiograph', 'needed', 'determine', 'diagnosis']
['better', 'distinguish', 'other', 'specific', 'causes', 'cough']
['fever', 'acute', 'bronchitis', 'although', 'various']
['manifestations', 'might', 'observed', 'different', 'pathogens']
['patients', 'laboratory', 'confirmed', 'bacterial', 'positive', 'cases', 'negative', 'cases', 'mycoplasma']
['viral', 'pneumonia', 'assumption', 'proposed']
['weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'method', 'sense', 'subtle']
['discrepancies', 'images', 'acquired', 'covid']
['patients', 'patients', 'diagnosed', 'disease']
['disease', 'nodules', 'chronic', 'inflammation']
['chronic', 'obstructive', 'pulmonary', 'disease', 'others']
['criterion', 'normal', 'context']
['examinations', 'shown', 'obvious', 'lesions', 'lungs']
['demographic', 'statistics', 'patients', 'reported']
['table', 'anova', 'analysis', 'variance']
['conducted', 'gender', 'distribution', 'three']
['patient', 'groups', 'values', 'obtained', 'suggest', 'there']
['significant', 'differences', 'found', 'among', 'three', 'groups']
['terms', 'gender', 'distribution']
['covid', 'patients', 'admitted', 'hospi', 'china', 'including', 'patients', 'hospital']
['wuhan', 'cross', 'society', 'whrch', 'patients']
['shenzhen', 'second', 'hospital']
['patients', 'recruited', 'covid']
['118870', 'volume', '2020s', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'detection', 'classification', 'images']
['table', 'imaging', 'parameters', 'systems', 'covid', 'patients']
['patients', 'obtained', 'either', 'siemens', 'siemens']
['somatom', 'now16', 'whrch', 'revolution']
['systems', 'siemens', 'somatom']
['now16', 'system', 'scanning', 'parameters']
['follows', 'voltage', 'automatic', 'modulation', 'pitch', 'matrix']
['slice', 'thickness', 'field']
['reconstructed', 'slice', 'thickness']
['revolution', 'system', 'scanning', 'parameters']
['voltage', 'automatic', 'modulation', 'pitch', 'matrix']
['slice', 'thickness', 'field']
['reconstructed', 'slice', 'thick', 'patients', 'scanned']
['using', 'siemens', 'somatom', 'emotion', 'system']
['imaging', 'parameters', 'voltage', 'matic', 'current', 'modulation', 'pitch']
['matrix', 'slice', 'thickness', 'field']
['reconstructed', 'slice', 'thick', 'details', 'shown', 'table']
['dataset', 'segmentation']
['order', 'achieve', 'highly', 'accurate', 'segmentation']
['facilitate', 'following', 'infection', 'detection', 'classi', 'fication', 'utilised', 'dataset', 'dataset']
['training', 'neural', 'network', 'delin', 'eation', 'accessed', 'cancer', 'imaging']
['archive', 'public', 'access']
['total']
['scans', 'retrieved', 'manual', 'delineations']
['anatomy', 'these', 'datasets', 'publicly', 'accessible']
['scans', 'obtained', 'three', 'different', 'institutions']
['anderson', 'cancer', 'centre', 'memorial', 'sloan', 'kettering', 'cancer']
['centre', 'maastro', 'clinic', 'cases']
['institution', 'scanned', 'matrix']
['field', 'reconstructed']
['slice', 'thickness', 'varies', 'either']
['processing']
['segmentation']
['processing', 'steps', 'performed', 'standardise']
['acquired', 'multiple', 'centres', 'multiple', 'scanners']
['1http', '3r3fvz08']
['instead', 'normalising', 'input', 'slices', 'defined']
['hounsfield', 'window', 'designed', 'flexible']
['scheme', 'based', 'previously', 'proposed', 'image', 'enhancement']
['methods', 'rather', 'clipping', 'based', 'proposed', 'fixed', 'sized', 'sliding', 'window']
['where', 'denotes', 'window', 'denotes']
['length', 'sliding', 'procedure', 'range']
['where', 'covers', 'pixel', 'values', 'reduce']
['acquired', 'different', 'centres', 'different']
['scanners', 'loosely', 'inspired', 'proposed', 'multi']
['based', 'segmentation', 'network', 'segmen', 'tation', 'multi', 'based', 'segmentation', 'network']
['consisted', 'multi', 'window', 'voting', 'processing', 'proce', 'sequential', 'information', 'attention', 'module', 'order']
['utilise', 'information', 'volume']
['reinforce', 'integrity', 'structure']
['delineation', 'results', 'segmentation', 'model', 'trained']
['cross', 'validated', 'tested', 'dataset', 'manual']
['ground', 'truth', 'trained', 'segmentation', 'model']
['inferencing', 'delineation', 'anatomy']
['covid', 'patients', 'included', 'study']
['detection', 'classification', 'network']
['inspired', 'architecture', 'adopted', 'figuration', 'increased', 'depth', 'using', 'small', 'convolu', 'filters', 'stacked', 'linearity', 'injected', 'between']
['depicted', 'figure', 'convolution', 'layers', 'consisted']
['kernels', 'batch', 'normalisation', 'rectified', 'linear', 'units']
['proposed', 'fully', 'convolutional', 'consisting']
['convolutional', 'blocks', 'conv1', 'conv2', 'conv3', 'conv4']
['conv5', 'backbone', 'architecture', 'architecture']
['using', 'shorthand', 'notation']
[]
['where', 'indicates']
['convolution', 'layer', 'filters', 'spatial', 'applied']
['input', 'stride', 'represents', 'overlapping']
['pooling', 'operation', 'kernel']
['multi', 'scale', 'learning']
['previous', 'findings', 'using', 'known']
['infections', 'covid', 'share', 'similar', 'common']
['radiographic', 'features', 'airspace']
['volume', '118871s', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'detection', 'classification', 'images']
['figure', 'network', 'architecture', 'proposed', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'multi', 'scale', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'classification', 'lesions']
['detection']
['consolidation', 'frequently', 'distribute', 'bilaterally', 'periph', 'erally', 'lower', 'predominant', 'infectious', 'areas']
['significantly', 'depending', 'condition']
['patients', 'example', 'cases', 'lesions', 'appear']
['small', 'severe', 'cases', 'appear', 'scattered']
['spread', 'around', 'large', 'therefore', 'proposed']
['multi', 'scale', 'learning', 'scheme', 'variations']
['location', 'lesions', 'implement']
['intermediate', 'representations', 'feature']
['conv3', 'conv4', 'conv5', 'respectively', 'weakly']
['supervised', 'classification', 'layers', 'which', 'convolution']
['applied', 'mapping', 'feature', 'class']
['score', 'class', 'activation', 'applied']
['spatial', 'aggregation', 'global', 'pooling']
['operation', 'obtain', 'categorical', 'scores', 'scores', 'vectors']
['conv3', 'conv4', 'conv5', 'level', 'aggregated']
['final', 'prediction', 'softmax', 'function']
['trained', 'proposed', 'model', 'minimising']
['following', 'objective', 'function']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['where', 'there', 'training', 'images', 'training', 'classes']
['component', 'score', 'vector']
['class']
['encountered', 'imbalanced']
['classification', 'added', 'class', 'balanced', 'weighting', 'factor']
[]
['cross', 'entropy', 'which', 'inverse', 'class']
['frequency']
[]
[]
['while', 'emphasised']
['importance', 'class', 'during', 'training', 'showed']
['difference', 'between', 'examples', 'instance']
['covid', 'slices', 'infectious', 'diseased', 'regions']
['often', 'small', 'prominent', 'prone']
['misclassified', 'examples', 'address', 'introduced']
['another', 'modulating', 'factor', 'weight', 'therefore', 'focused', 'training', 'examples']
[]
[]
['where', 'class', 'posterior', 'probability']
[]
['intuitively', 'modulating', 'factor', 'reduce']
['contribution', 'examples', 'increases']
['importance', 'correcting', 'misclassified', 'examples']
['example', 'misclassified', 'small', 'factor']
['unaffected', 'factor']
['classified', 'examples', 'weighted', 'parameter', 'positive', 'integer', 'which']
['smoothly', 'adjust', 'which', 'examples', 'weighted', 'increased', 'modulating', 'effect', 'factor']
['likely', 'increased']
['weakly', 'supervised', 'lesions', 'localisation']
['after', 'determining', 'class', 'score', 'image', 'forward', 'through', 'network', 'discriminative']
['patterns', 'corresponding', 'category', 'localised']
['118872', 'volume', '2020s', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'detection', 'classification', 'images']
['figure', 'examples', 'saliency', 'covid', 'lesions', 'localisation', 'shows', 'example', 'input', 'image', 'shows', 'saliency', 'obtained']
['conv3', 'shows', 'saliency', 'obtained', 'conv4', 'shows', 'saliency', 'obtained', 'conv5', 'shows', 'overlay', 'joint', 'saliency']
['pixel', 'multiplication', 'conv3', 'conv4', 'conv5', 'saliency', 'input', 'image', 'shows', 'resulting', 'bounding', 'boxes']
['image', 'coarse', 'localisation', 'could', 'already', 'achieved']
['directly', 'relating', 'neurons', 'class', 'score']
['receptive', 'field', 'original', 'image', 'however']
['possible', 'obtain', 'pixel', 'containing', 'information']
['about', 'location', 'class', 'specific', 'target', 'structures']
['resolution', 'original', 'input', 'images', 'achieved']
['calculating', 'pixel', 'influences', 'activation']
['neurons', 'target', 'score']
['obtain', 'accurate', 'localisation', 'examples']
['shown', 'figure']
['following', 'categorical', 'specific']
['saliency', 'obtained', 'through', 'integrated', 'dients', 'besides', 'process']
['saliency', 'which', 'extract', 'bounding', 'boxes']
['around', 'detected', 'lesions']
['category', 'specific', 'saliency']
['generally', 'suppose', 'flattened', 'input', 'image', 'denoted']
[]
['number', 'pixels', 'category', 'specific', 'saliency', 'obtained', 'calculating']
['gradient', 'predicted', 'class', 'score', 'input']
[]
[]
[]
['where', 'represents', 'tribution', 'individual', 'pixel']
['prediction', 'addition']
['gradient', 'estimated', 'propagating', 'final']
['prediction', 'score', 'through', 'layer', 'network', 'there']
['state', 'propagation', 'approaches']
['including', 'guided', 'backpropagation', 'deeplift']
['layer', 'relevance', 'propagation', 'however']
['guided', 'backpropagation', 'method', 'break', 'gradient', 'sensi', 'tivity', 'because', 'propagates', 'through']
['turned', 'input', 'particular']
['sensitivity', 'causes', 'gradients', 'focus', 'irrelevant', 'features']
['results', 'undesired', 'saliency', 'localisation', 'deeplift']
['methods', 'tackle', 'sensitivity', 'issue', 'computing', 'crete', 'gradients', 'instead', 'instantaneous', 'gradients', 'input']
['however', 'satisfy', 'implementation', 'invariance']
['because', 'chain', 'discrete', 'gradients']
['general', 'doing', 'propagated', 'gradients']
['potentially', 'sensitive', 'unimportant', 'features', 'models']
['these', 'limitations', 'employ', 'feature', 'attribution']
['method', 'named', 'integrated', 'gradients', 'assigns']
['importance', 'score', 'similar', 'pixel', 'gradients']
['pixel', 'representing', 'pixel', 'value']
['subtracts', 'network', 'output', 'large', 'positive', 'score', 'cates', 'pixel', 'strongly', 'increases', 'prediction', 'score']
['while', 'importance', 'score', 'closes', 'indicates', 'pixel']
['influence', 'compute', 'importance', 'score']
['needs', 'introduce', 'baseline', 'input', 'representing', 'absence']
['feature', 'input', 'denoted']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['which']
['study', 'image', 'filled', 'zeros']
['shape', 'input', 'image', 'considered', 'straight']
['point', 'point', 'baseline']
[]
['input']
['computed', 'gradients', 'points', 'along', 'integrated']
['gradients', 'defined']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['where', 'intuitively', 'integrated', 'gradients', 'obtain']
['importance', 'scores', 'accumulating', 'gradients', 'images', 'inter', 'polated', 'between', 'baseline', 'value', 'current', 'input']
['integral', 'efficiently', 'approximated']
['summation', 'gradients']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['where', 'number', 'steps', 'riemann', 'approximation']
['integral', 'compute', 'approximation']
['inputs', 'integrated']
['gradients', 'computed', 'different', 'feature', 'levels']
['experiments', 'which', 'conv3', 'conv4', 'conv5', 'respec', 'tively', 'shown', 'figure', 'figure', 'figure']
['joint', 'saliency', 'obtained', 'depicted']
['figure', 'pixel', 'multiplication', 'between']
['multi', 'scale', 'integrated', 'gradients']
['bounding', 'extraction']
['processed', 'joint', 'saliency', 'which']
['bounding', 'extracted', 'firstly', 'value', 'joint', 'saliency', 'blurred']
['gaussian', 'kernel', 'thresholded', 'blurred']
['saliency', 'using', 'isodata', 'thresholding', 'method']
['iteratively', 'decided', 'threshold', 'segmenting', 'image']
['volume', '118873s', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'detection', 'classification', 'images']
['figure', 'scores', 'segmentation', 'using', 'different', 'processing', 'processing', 'methods', 'dataset', 'panel', 'without']
['processing', 'middle', 'panel', 'normalising', 'using', 'defined', 'hounsfield', 'window', 'right', 'panel', 'normalising', 'using', 'proposed', 'fixed', 'sized']
['sliding', 'window', 'without', 'multi', 'learning', 'based', 'processing', 'multi', 'learning', 'based', 'processing']
['foreground', 'background', 'where', 'threshold']
['midway', 'between', 'intensities', 'sampled', 'foreground']
['background', 'pixels', 'doing', 'obtained', 'binary']
['which', 'applied', 'morphological', 'operations', 'followed', 'erosion', 'close', 'small', 'holes']
['foreground', 'finally', 'connected', 'components']
['areas', 'above', 'certain', 'threshold', 'minimum', 'rectan', 'gular', 'bounding', 'boxes', 'around', 'example', 'shown']
['figure']
['implementation', 'details']
['experiments', 'setup']
['trained', 'proposed', 'model', 'three', 'classi', 'fication', 'covid', 'three']
['binary', 'classification', 'tasks', 'covid']
['covid19', 'respectively']
['three', 'classification', 'settings', 'first', 'trained', 'individual']
['classifiers', 'different', 'convolution', 'blocks', 'experiment']
['chose', 'conv3', 'conv4', 'conv5', 'respectively']
['trained', 'joint', 'classifier', 'aggregated', 'prediction']
['scores', 'described', 'multi', 'scale', 'learning', 'section']
['classifiers', 'trained', 'finally']
['conducted', 'cross', 'validation', 'tasks']
['category', 'split', 'datasets', 'training', 'valida', 'ensure', 'samples', 'images']
['originating', 'validation', 'patients']
['training', 'samples']
['validation', 'remaining']
['training']
['training', 'configurations']
['implemented', 'proposed', 'model', 'depicted']
['figure', 'using', 'tensorflow', 'models', 'trained']
['scratch', 'nividia', 'geforce']
['optimiser', 'learning']
[]
[]
['focal']
['modulator', 'total', 'number', 'training', 'iterations']
['early', 'stopping', 'enabled', 'terminate', 'training']
['automatically', 'validation', 'stopped', 'decreasing']
['iterations', 'validation', 'every', 'iterations']
['training', 'checkpoint', 'saved', 'automatically', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'exceeded', 'previous', 'validation']
['accuracy', 'training', 'terminated', 'generated']
['frozen', 'graph', 'latest', 'checkpoint', 'saved']
['format', 'testing', 'simply', 'loaded', 'frozen', 'graphs']
['retrieved', 'required', 'nodes', 'empirically', 'found']
['steps', 'enough', 'approximate']
['integral', 'computing', 'integrated', 'gradients']
[]
['augmentation']
['applied', 'several', 'random', 'augmentation']
['strategies', 'during', 'training', 'including', 'cropping', 'square']
['patches', 'centre', 'input', 'frames', 'scaling', 'factor']
['randomly', 'chosen', 'between', 'resized', 'crops']
['input', 'resolution', 'rotation']
['angle', 'randomly', 'selected', 'within']
[]
['random']
['horizontal', 'reflection', 'flipped', 'images', 'right']
['direction', 'probability', 'adjust', 'contrast']
['118874', 'volume', '2020s', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'detection', 'classification', 'images']
['figure', 'results', 'multi', 'scale', 'covid', 'class', 'activation', 'mapping']
['randomly', 'darkening', 'brightening', 'factor', 'ranging']
['between']
['evaluation', 'metrics']
['using', 'positive', 'results', 'rtpcr', 'testing', 'ground']
['truth', 'labelling', 'covid', 'group', 'diagnosis', 'results']
['patients', 'accuracy', 'precision', 'sensitivity']
['specificity', 'classification', 'framework']
['calculated', 'carried', 'under', 'receiver']
['operating', 'characteristic', 'curve', 'analysis', 'tification', 'classification', 'performance', 'mentation', 'score', 'evaluate', 'accuracy']
['experiments', 'results']
['segmentation']
['order', 'evaluate', 'segmentation', 'network', 'domly', 'split', 'ground', 'truth']
['training', 'validation', 'independent', 'testing', 'datasets']
['ablation', 'study', 'results', 'different', 'processing', 'processing', 'methods', 'using', 'scores', 'shown', 'figure']
['infection', 'detection']
['class', 'activation', 'mapping']
['result', 'multi', 'scale', 'learning', 'figure', 'illustrates']
['examples', 'covid', 'class', 'activation']
['obtained', 'different', 'feature', 'levels', 'conv3', 'conv4']
['conv5', 'depict', 'spatial', 'distribution', 'sification', 'probability', 'which', 'areas', 'indicate', 'where']
['infected', 'areas', 'hotter', 'areas', 'likely']
['infected', 'multi', 'scale', 'posed', 'model', 'learns', 'capture', 'distributions', 'lesions']
['different', 'scale', 'instance', 'large', 'patchy', 'lesions']
['crazy', 'paving', 'consolidation', 'small']
['nodule', 'lesions', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities']
['bronchovascular', 'thickening', 'although']
['indicate', 'where', 'diseased', 'regions', 'still']
['coarse', 'localise', 'estimate', 'extent', 'lesions', 'precisely']
['saliency', 'shown', 'figure', 'other']
['provide', 'pixel', 'level', 'information', 'delineates', 'exact']
['extent', 'lesions', 'therefore', 'deduce', 'precise']
['localisation', 'lesions', 'notably', 'saliency']
['volume', '118875s', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'detection', 'classification', 'images']
['figure', 'multi', 'scale', 'detection', 'covid', 'lesions', 'varied', 'green', 'small', 'lesions', 'yellow', 'small', 'large', 'patchy', 'strip']
['lesions', 'large', 'lesions']
['level', 'layer', 'conv3', 'learn', 'detect', 'small']
['lesions', 'frequently', 'especially', 'those', 'distributed']
['peripherally', 'subpleurally', 'however', 'conv3']
['capture', 'larger', 'patchy', 'lesions', 'because']
['limited', 'receptive', 'field', 'layer', 'contrary']
['higher', 'level', 'layers', 'conv4', 'conv5', 'having', 'suffi', 'ciently', 'large', 'receptive', 'filed', 'detect', 'diffuse', 'patchy', 'lesions', 'crazy', 'paving', 'consolidation']
['which', 'often', 'distributed', 'centrally', 'peribronchially']
['however', 'conv4', 'conv5', 'overestimate', 'extent']
['small', 'lesions', 'multi', 'scale', 'features', 'complement']
['other', 'result', 'precise', 'localisation', 'estima', 'lesions', 'extent', 'shown', 'joint', 'saliency']
[]
['categorical', 'specific', 'saliency']
['figure', 'shows', 'examples', 'categorical', 'specific', 'joint']
['saliency', 'computed', 'integrated', 'gradients', 'shows', 'inputs', 'overlaid', 'saliency', 'right']
['showed', 'figure', 'depict', 'spatial', 'distribution']
['infection', 'however', 'precise', 'locali', 'sation', 'lesions', 'saliency', 'other']
['provide', 'pixel', 'level', 'information', 'delineates', 'exact']
['extent', 'lesions', 'providing', 'precise', 'localisation']
['lesions']
['saliency', 'useful', 'diagnosis']
['percentage', 'infection', 'areas', 'estimated', 'matically', 'these', 'saliency', 'highlight', 'pixels', 'tribute', 'increasing', 'categorical', 'specific', 'scores', 'brighter']
['pixels', 'significant', 'contribution', 'intuitively']
['interpret', 'brighter', 'pixels']
['critical', 'features', 'network', 'decision']
['prediction', 'figure', 'figure', 'there']
['inter', 'class', 'contrast', 'variation']
['collected', 'multi', 'institutions', 'intra', 'class']
['contrast', 'variation', 'especially', 'covid', 'group']
['experiments', 'found', 'histogram', 'matching', 'press', 'lesions', 'especially', 'covid', 'images', 'instance']
['disappears', 'become', 'apparent', 'besides']
['leads', 'inferior', 'performance', 'detection', 'therefore', 'instead']
['directly', 'applying', 'histogram', 'matching', 'applied', 'contrast', 'adjustment', 'augmentation']
['training', 'turns', 'effective', 'demon', 'strated', 'figure', 'proposed', 'model', 'learns', 'invariant']
['image', 'contrast', 'precisely', 'capture', 'lesions']
['particular', 'figure', 'randomly', 'selected', 'typical']
['example', 'images', 'illustrate', 'variations', 'image', 'trast', 'covid', 'cases', 'compared', 'saliency']
['obtained', 'models', 'trained', 'without', 'contrast']
['augmentation', 'found', 'without', 'trast', 'augmentation', 'saliency', 'noisy']
['localisation', 'detection', 'observed', 'often']
['cases', 'either', 'partial', 'instances', 'infec', 'being', 'captured', 'regions', 'without', 'infection', 'being']
['captured', 'whereas', 'contrast', 'augmentation', 'learned']
['models', 'generate', 'discriminative', 'saliency']
['localisation', 'infected', 'areas', 'robust', 'accurate']
['against', 'contrast', 'variation', 'enclosed']
['green', 'model', 'contrast', 'augmentation', 'capable']
['capturing', 'diseased', 'regions', 'highlighting', 'their']
['extent', 'precisely', 'regardless', 'single', 'multiple', 'instances']
['infection']
['118876', 'volume', '2020s', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'detection', 'classification', 'images']
['figure', 'results', 'categorical', 'specific', 'joint', 'saliency']
['addition', 'covid', 'saliency']
['found', 'lesions', 'generally', 'smaller']
['constrained', 'locally', 'compare', 'covid', 'cases']
['often', 'multiple', 'infected', 'regions', 'lesions', 'scattered', 'should', 'noted', 'covid']
['lesions', 'share', 'similar', 'radiographic', 'features']
['space', 'consolidation', 'besides']
['appear', 'frequently', 'subpleural', 'regions', 'cases']
['interestingly', 'saliency', 'cases']
['found', 'network', 'takes', 'pulmonary', 'arteries']
['salient', 'feature', 'finally', 'figure', 'shows', 'bound', 'boxes', 'extracted', 'covid', 'saliency']
['corresponding', 'examples', 'figure']
['found', 'results', 'agree', 'primary', 'findings']
['cases', 'infected', 'areas', 'often', 'there']
['single', 'instance', 'infection', 'contrast', 'covid', 'cases']
['often', 'infected', 'areas', 'multi', 'instances', 'infection']
['covid', 'lesions', 'terms', 'extent']
['overall', 'infection', 'areas', 'smaller', 'compare', 'those']
['covid']
['classification', 'performance']
['performance', 'proposed', 'model', 'specific']
['evaluated', 'cross', 'validation', 'results']
['reported', 'summarised', 'table']
['evaluation', 'metrics', 'which', 'accuracy', 'precision']
['sensitivity', 'specificity', 'under']
['curve', 'report', 'cross', 'validation', 'results', 'metric', 'confidence']
['interval', 'compared', 'proposed', 'method']
['volume', '118877s', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'detection', 'classification', 'images']
['figure', 'bounding', 'boxes', 'extracted', 'saliency', 'covid', 'examples', 'corresponding', 'examples', 'figure']
['figure', 'effect', 'applying', 'random', 'contrast', 'augmentation', 'augmentation', 'contrast', 'adjustment', 'leads', 'better', 'saliency', 'quality', 'noisy']
['precise', 'contrast', 'invariant', 'detection', 'infected', 'areas', 'arrows', 'false', 'positives', 'saliency', 'arrows', 'false', 'negatives']
['saliency', 'contrast', 'adjustment', 'contrast', 'adjustment']
['reimplementation', 'navigator', 'teacher', 'scrutinizer']
['network']
['described', 'earlier', 'experimental', 'settings', 'basically']
['groups', 'tasks', 'three', 'classification', 'tasks']
['indicated']
['binary', 'classification', 'tasks', 'indicated']
[]
['learning', 'configurations', 'single', 'scale', 'learn', 'indicated']
['assigns', 'auxiliary', 'classifier']
['specific', 'feature', 'level', 'multi', 'scale', 'learning', 'indicated']
[]
['aggregates', 'multi', 'level', 'prediction', 'scores']
['trained', 'joint', 'classifier', 'binary', 'tasks', 'listed']
['trained', 'multi', 'scale', 'learning', 'terms', 'three']
['classification', 'found', 'multi', 'scale', 'learning', 'joint']
['classifier', 'achieves', 'superior', 'overall', 'performance']
['single', 'scale', 'learning', 'tasks', 'among']
['single', 'scale', 'learning', 'tasks', 'classification', 'conv4']
['conv5', 'features', 'achieve', 'similar', 'performance', 'every']
['metric', 'which', 'significantly', 'better', 'classification']
['level', 'conv3', 'features', 'possible', 'explanation']
['level', 'features', 'sufficiently', 'semantic', 'compare']
['higher', 'level', 'features', 'conv4', 'conv5']
['118878', 'volume', '2020s', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'detection', 'classification', 'images']
['table', 'overall', 'classification', 'performance', 'comparison', 'between', 'different', 'tasks', 'values', 'brackets', 'confidence', 'intervals']
['under', 'receiver', 'operating', 'characteristic', 'curve', 'covid', 'coronovirus', 'disease', 'community', 'acquired', 'pneumonia']
['pneumonia']
['three', 'classification', 'tasks', 'covid']
['binary', 'classification', 'tasks', 'single', 'scale', 'learning', 'multi', 'scale', 'learning']
['contrast', 'adjustment', 'augmentation']
['table', 'performance', 'breakdown', 'individual', 'class', 'three', 'classification', 'values', 'brackets', 'confidence']
['intervals', 'under', 'receiver', 'operating', 'characteristic', 'curve', 'covid', 'coronovirus', 'disease', 'community', 'acquired', 'pneumonia']
['pneumonia']
['random', 'contrast', 'adjustment', 'random', 'contrast', 'adjustment']
['level', 'representations', 'semantically', 'strong']
['poorly', 'preserving', 'spatial', 'details', 'whereas', 'lower', 'level']
['representations', 'preserve', 'local', 'features']
['semantic', 'information']
['furthermore', 'overall', 'binary', 'classification']
['tasks', 'achieve', 'significantly', 'better', 'performance', 'three']
['classification', 'especially', 'tasks', 'covid']
['proposed', 'model', 'reasonably']
['distinguishing', 'covid', 'cases', 'cases']
['suggested', 'results', 'showing', 'achieves']
[]
['respectively', 'explain', 'because']
['binary', 'classification', 'complicated', 'there']
['uncertainty', 'three', 'classification']
['because', 'covid', 'image', 'features', 'intrinsically']
['discriminative', 'compare', 'cases', 'instance']
['covid', 'cases', 'demonstrated', 'earlier', 'there', 'often', 'combi', 'nation', 'various', 'diseased', 'patterns', 'large', 'areas', 'infection']
['scans']
['least', 'found', 'performance']
['covid', 'classification', 'least', 'superior', 'among']
['binary', 'classification', 'tasks', 'possible', 'reason']
['covid', 'shares', 'similar', 'radiographic', 'features']
['airspace', 'consolidation', 'capacity', 'enough', 'learn', 'disease', 'specific']
['representations', 'nevertheless', 'results', 'obtained', 'using']
['proposed', 'method', 'outperformed', 'obtained']
[]
['break', 'overall', 'performance']
['joint', 'classifier', 'classes', 'classification', 'metrics']
['reported', 'class', 'shown', 'table', 'figure']
['found', 'models', 'learned', 'without', 'contrast', 'augmentation']
['biased', 'classification', 'performance', 'covid']
['significantly', 'better', 'other', 'classes']
['because', 'models', 'learn', 'discriminate', 'classes', 'based']
['image', 'style', 'contrast', 'rather', 'content', 'normal']
['disease', 'patterns', 'covid', 'class']
['discriminative', 'contrast', 'style', 'variability']
['brightness', 'among', 'three', 'classes', 'comparison', 'learning']
['contrast', 'augmentation', 'results', 'superior', 'overall', 'classi', 'fication', 'performance', 'table', 'class', 'table']
['addition', 'covid', 'classes', 'achieve']
['comparable', 'performance', 'metric', 'class']
['higher', 'sensitivity', 'covid']
['besides', 'found', 'overall', 'covid']
['remains', 'performed', 'discriminative', 'class']
['compared']
['noted', 'overall']
['results', 'class', 'moderately', 'lower', 'those']
['covid', 'could', 'correlated']
['volume', '118879s', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'detection', 'classification', 'images']
['figure', 'receiver', 'operating', 'characteristic', 'individual', 'categories', 'three', 'classification', 'cross', 'validated']
['standard', 'deviation', 'covid', 'green', 'region', 'indicates']
['covid', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'community', 'acquired', 'pneumonia', 'pneumonia', 'confidence', 'interval']
['finding', 'covid', 'classification']
['because', 'similar', 'appearance', 'class', 'likely']
['misclassified', 'covid', 'sometimes', 'another']
['possible', 'reason', 'network', 'could', 'learned']
['distracted', 'noises', 'there', 'might']
['fractional', 'number', 'infected', 'slices', 'between']
['training', 'samples', 'because', 'sampled', 'available']
['slices', 'subject', 'there', 'might', 'slices']
['having', 'infections']
['discussions']
['presented', 'novel', 'weakly', 'supervised']
['learning', 'framework', 'capable', 'learning', 'detect']
['localise', 'lesions', 'covid', 'scans']
['image', 'level', 'label', 'different', 'other', 'works', 'lever', 'representation', 'learning', 'multiple', 'feature', 'levels']
['explained', 'features', 'learned', 'level']
['instance', 'level', 'representation', 'conv5', 'tures', 'patch', 'lesions', 'generally', 'large', 'extent']
['however', 'tends', 'discard', 'small', 'local', 'lesions']
['complemented', 'level', 'representations', 'figure']
['conv4', 'conv5', 'which', 'lesions', 'detected']
['correspond', 'clinical', 'findings', 'infections', 'usually']
['located', 'peripheral', 'mainly', 'inferior']
['lungs', 'especially', 'posterior', 'segment']
['speculate', 'mainly', 'because', 'there']
['developed', 'bronchioles', 'alveoli', 'blood', 'flows']
['immune', 'cells', 'lymphatic', 'cells', 'periphery', 'these']
['immune', 'cells', 'played', 'vital', 'inflammation', 'caused']
['virus', 'demonstrated', 'combing', 'multi', 'scale', 'saliency', 'generated', 'integrated', 'gradients']
['achieve', 'precise', 'localisation', 'multi', 'instance', 'lesions']
['furthermore', 'clinical', 'perspective', 'joint', 'saliency']
['useful', 'provides', 'reasonable', 'estimation']
['118880', 'volume', '2020s', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'detection', 'classification', 'images']
['percentage', 'infected', 'areas', 'which', 'crucial', 'factor']
['clinicians', 'account', 'evaluating', 'severity']
['covid', 'patient', 'besides', 'classification', 'performance']
['proposed', 'network', 'studied', 'extensively']
['conducted', 'three', 'classification']
['binary', 'classification', 'combining', 'classes']
['found', 'limitation', 'proposed', 'network']
['discriminative', 'enough', 'comes', 'separate']
['covid', 'suspect', 'limited']
['capacity', 'backbone', 'straightforward']
['boosting', 'capacity', 'increase', 'number', 'feature']
['channels', 'level', 'another', 'attempt', 'future', 'would']
['employing', 'advanced', 'backbone', 'architecture']
['resnet', 'inception', 'another', 'limitation']
['trained', 'networks', 'individual', 'slices', 'images']
['available', 'samples', 'subject', 'however']
['covid', 'subjects', 'there', 'might', 'fractional']
['infection', 'slices', 'between', 'which', 'could', 'introduce', 'noises']
['training', 'which', 'confirmed', 'scrutinisation']
['clinicians', 'future', 'address', 'limitation']
['attention', 'based', 'multiple', 'instances', 'learning', 'instead']
['training', 'individual', 'slices', 'patient', 'specific']
['slices', 'train', 'network', 'learn']
['assign', 'weights', 'individual', 'slices', 'covdi']
['positive', 'automatically', 'sample', 'those', 'weighted']
['slices', 'infection', 'detection', 'further', 'supervision', 'labelled']
['infection', 'slices', 'boost', 'performance']
['proposed', 'model', 'consuming', 'manual']
['labelling', 'procedure']
['conclusion']
['study', 'designed', 'weakly', 'supervised', 'learn', 'framework', 'fully', 'automated', 'detection']
['classification', 'covid', 'infection', 'using', 'retrospectively']
['extracted', 'images', 'multi', 'scanners', 'multi', 'centres']
['framework', 'distinguish', 'covid', 'cases', 'accurately']
['patients', 'pinpoint', 'exact', 'lesions', 'inflammations', 'caused', 'covid', 'therefore', 'potentially', 'provide', 'advice']
['patient', 'severity', 'order', 'guide', 'following', 'triage']
['treatment', 'experimental', 'findings', 'indicated', 'posed', 'model', 'achieves', 'accuracy', 'precision']
['classification', 'promising', 'qualitative', 'alisation', 'lesion', 'detections', 'based', 'these', 'findings']
['envisage', 'large', 'scale', 'deployment', 'developed']
['framework']
['acknowledgment']
['shaoping', 'zhangming', 'contributed']
['equally']
['new_paper']
['received', 'accepted', 'publication', 'current', 'version']
['digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3010287']
['screening', 'viral', 'covid']
['pneumonia']
['muhammad', 'chowdhury']
['member', 'tawsifur', 'rahman']
[]
['amith', 'khandakar']
['senior', 'member', 'rashid', 'mazhar2']
[]
['muhammad', 'abdul', 'kadir']
['mahbub4']
['khandakar', 'reajul', 'islam5']
[]
['muhammad', 'salman', 'member']
['iqbal']
['senior', 'member', 'nasser', 'emadi1']
[]
['mamun']
['senior', 'member']
['mohammad', 'tariqul', 'islam']
['senior', 'member']
['1department', 'electrical', 'engineering', 'qatar', 'university', 'qatar']
['2thoracic', 'surgery', 'hamad', 'general', 'hospital', 'qatar']
['3department', 'biomedical', 'physics', 'technology', 'university', 'dhaka', 'dhaka', 'bangladesh']
['4department', 'mathematics', 'physics', 'north', 'south', 'university', 'dhaka', 'bangladesh']
['5department', 'orthodontics', 'bangabandhu', 'sheikh', 'mujib', 'medical', 'university', 'dhaka', 'bangladesh']
['6department', 'electrical', 'engineering', 'university', 'engineering', 'technology', 'peshawar', '25120', 'pakistan']
['7department', 'electrical', 'electronic', 'systems', 'engineering', 'universiti', 'kebangsaan', 'malaysia', 'bangi', '43600', 'malaysia']
['8artificial', 'intelligence', 'healthcare', 'intelligent', 'information', 'processing', 'laboratory', 'national', 'center', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'university', 'engineering']
['technology', 'peshawar', '48550', 'pakistan']
['corresponding', 'author', 'muhammad', 'chowdhury', 'mchowdhury']
['supported', 'qatar', 'national', 'research', 'member', 'qatar', 'foundation', 'qatar', 'under', 'grant']
['nprp12s', '190164', 'statements', 'herein', 'solely', 'responsibility', 'authors']
['abstract', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'disease', 'which', 'already', 'caused']
['thousands', 'causalities', 'infected', 'several', 'millions', 'people', 'worldwide', 'technological']
['enabling', 'rapid', 'screening', 'covid', 'infection', 'accuracy', 'crucially', 'helpful']
['healthcare', 'professionals', 'clinical', 'currently', 'diagnosis', 'covid']
['reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'which', 'expensive', 'sensitive', 'requires']
['specialized', 'medical', 'personnel', 'imaging', 'easily', 'accessible', 'excellent', 'alternative']
['covid', 'diagnosis', 'research', 'taken', 'investigate', 'utility', 'artificial', 'intelligence']
['rapid', 'accurate', 'detection', 'covid', 'chest', 'images', 'paper']
['propose', 'robust', 'technique', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'digital', 'chest']
['images', 'applying', 'trained', 'learning', 'algorithms', 'while', 'maximizing', 'detection', 'accuracy', 'public']
['database', 'created', 'authors', 'combining', 'several', 'public', 'databases', 'collecting', 'images']
['recently', 'published', 'articles', 'database', 'contains', 'mixture', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia']
['normal', 'chest', 'images', 'transfer', 'learning', 'technique', 'image', 'augmentation']
['train', 'validate', 'several', 'trained', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'networks', 'networks']
['trained', 'classify', 'different', 'schemes', 'normal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'viral']
['covid', 'pneumonia', 'without', 'image', 'augmentation', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'precision']
['sensitivity', 'specificity', 'schemes']
['respectively', 'accuracy', 'computer', 'aided', 'diagnostic', 'significantly']
['improve', 'speed', 'accuracy', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'would', 'extremely', 'useful', 'pandemic']
['where', 'disease', 'burden', 'preventive', 'measures', 'available', 'resources']
['index', 'terms', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'machine', 'learning', 'transfer', 'learning', 'viral']
['pneumonia', 'computer', 'aided', 'diagnostic']
['associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript']
['approving', 'publication', 'zhang']
['introduction']
['coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'extremely', 'contagious']
['disease', 'declared', 'pandemic', 'world']
['volume', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '132665m', 'chowdhury', 'screening', 'viral', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['health', 'organization', 'march', 'consid', 'ering', 'extent', 'spread', 'throughout', 'world']
['pandemic', 'declaration', 'stressed', 'concerns']
['alarming', 'spread', 'severity', 'covid']
['first', 'recorded', 'pandemic', 'caused', 'coronavirus']
['defined', 'global', 'health', 'crisis', 'which']
['spread', 'world', 'governments', 'different', 'countries']
['imposed', 'border', 'restrictions', 'flight', 'restrictions', 'social']
['distancing', 'increasing', 'awareness', 'hygiene', 'however']
['virus', 'still', 'spreading', 'rapid', 'while']
['people', 'infected', 'covid', 'experienced']
['moderate', 'respiratory', 'illness', 'developed', 'deadly']
['pneumonia', 'there', 'assumptions', 'elderly', 'people']
['underlying', 'medical', 'problems', 'cardiovascular', 'disease']
['diabetes', 'chronic', 'respiratory', 'disease', 'renal', 'hepatic', 'diseases']
['cancer', 'likely', 'develop', 'serious', 'illness']
['until', 'specific', 'vaccine', 'treatment', 'covid']
['invented', 'however', 'there', 'ongoing', 'clinical']
['trials', 'evaluating', 'potential', 'treatments', 'million']
['infected', 'cases', 'found', 'countries', 'until']
['among', 'which', 'around', 'thousand', 'deaths']
['million', 'recovery', 'million', 'cases', 'thousand']
['critical', 'cases', 'reported']
['order', 'combat', 'spreading', 'covid']
['effective', 'screening', 'immediate', 'medical', 'response']
['infected', 'patients', 'crying', 'reverse', 'transcription']
['polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'clinical']
['screening', 'method', 'covid', 'patients', 'which']
['respiratory', 'specimens', 'testing']
['reference', 'method', 'detection', 'covid', 'patients']
['however', 'technique', 'manual', 'complicated', 'laborious']
['consuming', 'positivity']
['moreover', 'there', 'significant', 'shortage', 'supply']
['which', 'leads', 'delay', 'disease', 'prevention', 'efforts']
['countries', 'facing', 'difficulties', 'incorrect', 'number']
['covid', 'positive', 'cases', 'because']
['delay']
['results', 'these', 'delays', 'infected', 'patients']
['interacting', 'healthy', 'patients', 'infecting']
['process', 'reported', 'costs', 'about']
['requires', 'specialized', 'biosafety']
['house', 'machine', 'which']
['expensive', 'screening']
['delayed', 'results', 'leading', 'spread']
['disease', 'making', 'scenario', 'worst', 'issue']
['income', 'countries', 'certain', 'developed']
['countries', 'struggling', 'tackle']
['other', 'diagnosis', 'methods', 'covid', 'include', 'clinical']
['symptoms', 'analysis', 'epidemiological', 'history', 'positive']
['radiographic', 'images', 'computed', 'tomography', 'chest']
['radiograph', 'positive', 'pathogenic', 'testing']
['clinical', 'characteristics', 'severe', 'covid', 'infection']
['bronchopneumonia', 'causing', 'fever', 'cough', 'dyspnea']
['respiratory', 'failure', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'distress', 'syndrome']
['readily', 'available', 'radiological', 'imaging']
['important', 'diagnostic', 'covid', 'majority']
['covid', 'cases', 'similar', 'features', 'radiographic']
['images', 'including', 'bilateral', 'multi', 'focal', 'ground', 'glass', 'opaci', 'peripheral', 'posterior', 'distribution', 'mainly']
['lower', 'lobes', 'early', 'stage', 'pulmonary', 'consolidation']
['stage', 'although', 'typical', 'images']
['early', 'screening', 'suspected', 'cases', 'images']
['various', 'viral', 'pneumonias', 'similar', 'overlap']
['other', 'infectious', 'inflammatory', 'diseases', 'therefore']
['difficult', 'radiologists', 'distinguish', 'covid']
['other', 'viral', 'pneumonias', 'symptoms', 'covid', 'being']
['similar', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'sometimes']
['wrong', 'diagnosis', 'current', 'situation', 'while', 'hospitals']
['overloaded', 'working', 'round', 'clock', 'incorrect']
['diagnosis', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'being']
['falsely', 'labelled', 'highly', 'suspicious', 'having', 'covid']
['delaying', 'treatment', 'consequent', 'costs', 'effort']
['exposure', 'positive', 'covid', 'patients']
['currently', 'biomedical', 'health', 'problems', 'plications', 'brain', 'tumor', 'detection', 'breast', 'cancer', 'detec', 'using', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'based']
['solutions', 'learning', 'techniques', 'reveal']
['image', 'features', 'which', 'apparent', 'original']
['images', 'specifically', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network']
['proven', 'extremely', 'beneficial', 'feature', 'extraction']
['learning', 'therefore', 'widely', 'adopted', 'research']
['community', 'enhance', 'image', 'quality']
['light', 'images', 'speed', 'video', 'endoscopy']
['applied', 'identify', 'nature', 'pulmonary']
['nodules', 'images', 'diagnosis', 'pediatric', 'pneumonia']
['chest', 'images', 'automated', 'labelling', 'polyps']
['during', 'colonoscopic', 'videos', 'cystoscopic', 'image', 'analysis']
['videos', 'learning', 'techniques', 'chest']
['getting', 'popularity', 'availability']
['promising', 'results', 'shown']
['different', 'applications', 'moreover', 'there', 'abundance']
['available', 'training', 'different', 'machine', 'learning']
['models', 'transfer', 'learning', 'technique', 'significantly', 'eased']
['process', 'allowing', 'quickly', 'retrain']
['network', 'comparatively', 'number', 'images']
['concept', 'transfer', 'learning', 'learning', 'framework']
['vikash', 'detection']
['pneumonia', 'using', 'trained', 'imagenet', 'models']
['their', 'ensembles', 'customized', 'vgg16', 'model']
['xianghong', 'regions', 'identification']
['different', 'types', 'pneumonia', 'classification']
['large', 'hospital', 'scale', 'dataset', 'classification']
['localization', 'common', 'thoracic', 'diseases', 'ronneburger']
['image', 'augmentation', 'small', 'images']
['train', 'image', 'segmentation', 'problem', 'achieve']
['better', 'performance', 'rajpurkar', 'reported']
['layer', 'chexnet', 'chest', 'detect', 'different']
['pathologies', 'including', 'pneumonia', 'using', 'ensemble']
['different', 'networks', 'trained', 'densenet', 'feature']
['extraction', 'techniques', 'accurate', 'identification']
['thoracic', 'diseases', 'sundaram']
['alexnet', 'googlenet', 'image', 'augmentation', 'obtain']
['132666', 'volume', '2020m', 'chowdhury', 'screening', 'viral', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['under', 'curve', 'pneumonia']
['detection']
['recently', 'several', 'groups', 'reported', 'machine']
['learning', 'techniques', 'using', 'images', 'detecting']
['covid', 'pneumonia', 'however', 'these']
['groups', 'rather', 'small', 'dataset', 'containing']
['covid', 'samples', 'makes', 'difficult', 'generalize']
['their', 'results', 'reported', 'these', 'articles', 'cannot', 'guaran', 'reported', 'performance', 'retain', 'these']
['models', 'tested', 'larger', 'dataset', 'ioannis']
['reported', 'transfer', 'learning', 'approach', 'classifying', 'dataset']
['images', 'containing', 'covid', 'terial', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'images']
['accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'specificity']
['respectively', 'different', 'trained', 'models']
['compared', 'however', 'reported', 'results', 'based', 'small']
['dataset', 'ashfar', 'proposed', 'capsule', 'networks']
['called', 'covid', 'rather', 'conventional']
['smaller', 'dataset', 'covid', 'reported', 'achieve']
['accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'specificity']
['abbas', 'worked', 'small']
['database', 'covid', 'normal']
['images', 'detect', 'covid', 'images', 'using', 'modified']
['trained', 'model', 'detrac', 'decompose', 'transfer']
['compose', 'project', 'dimension', 'feature', 'space']
['lower', 'would', 'produce', 'homogenous']
['classes', 'lessen', 'memory', 'requirements', 'achieved']
['accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'specificity']
['respectively', 'introduced']
['called', 'covid', 'detection', 'covid']
['cases', 'around', 'chest', 'images', 'however']
['achieved', 'accuracy']
['tuned', 'squeezenet', 'trained', 'network', 'bayesian']
['optimization', 'classify', 'covid', 'images', 'which', 'showed']
['promising', 'result', 'small', 'dataset', 'approach', 'should']
['evaluated', 'large', 'covid', 'covid', 'dataset']
['applied', 'transfer', 'learning', 'approach']
['normal', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'viral', 'pneumonia']
['covid', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'however', 'different']
['machine', 'learning', 'algorithms', 'evaluated', 'study']
['experimental', 'protocol', 'clear']
['summary', 'several', 'recent', 'works', 'reported', 'transfer']
['learning', 'approach', 'detection', 'covid']
['images', 'small', 'dataset', 'promising', 'results', 'however']
['these', 'needed', 'verified', 'large', 'dataset', 'group']
['modified', 'tuned', 'trained', 'networks']
['achieve', 'better', 'performance', 'while', 'groups', 'capsule']
['networks', 'rigorous', 'experiment', 'large', 'database']
['covid', 'covid', 'classes', 'missing']
['transfer', 'learning', 'approach', 'authors']
['paper', 'prepared', 'large', 'database', 'images']
['normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'covid']
['positive', 'pneumonia', 'publicly', 'available']
['other', 'researchers', 'benefit', 'moreover', 'eight']
['different', 'trained', 'learning', 'networks', 'trained']
['validated', 'tested', 'different', 'classification', 'schemes']
['classification', 'model', 'trained', 'classify', 'covid']
['normal', 'images', 'while', 'other', 'trained', 'classify']
['normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'images']
['experiments', 'evaluated', 'without']
['image', 'augmentation', 'technique', 'study', 'effect', 'image']
['augmentation', 'particular', 'problem']
['methodology']
['convolutional', 'neural', 'networks', 'typically', 'perform', 'better']
['larger', 'dataset', 'smaller', 'transfer', 'learning']
['training', 'where', 'dataset']
['large', 'concept', 'transfer', 'learning']
['trained', 'model', 'large', 'dataset', 'imagenet']
['modify', 'softmax', 'classification', 'layer', 'trained']
['networks', 'trained', 'weights', 'faster']
['training', 'network', 'application', 'comparatively']
['smaller', 'dataset', 'removes', 'requirement', 'having']
['large', 'dataset', 'reduces', 'training', 'period']
['required', 'learning', 'algorithm', 'developed']
['scratch']
['although', 'there', 'large', 'number', 'covid', 'patients']
['infected', 'worldwide', 'number', 'chest', 'images']
['publicly', 'available', 'online', 'small', 'scattered', 'therefore']
['authors', 'reported', 'comparatively', 'large']
['dataset', 'covid', 'positive', 'chest', 'images', 'while']
['normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'readily', 'available']
['publicly', 'study', 'kaggle', 'database']
['created', 'authors', 'database', 'publicly', 'available']
['researchers', 'worldwide', 'trained', 'models']
['available', 'others', 'benefit', 'study']
['database', 'description']
['study', 'posterior', 'anterior', 'anterior', 'posterior']
['image', 'chest', 'radio', 'graphy', 'widely', 'radiologist', 'clinical', 'diagnosis']
['different', 'databases', 'create', 'database']
['among', 'these', 'databases', 'covid', 'database', 'devel', 'authors', 'collected', 'publicly', 'available']
['databases', 'while', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'databases']
['created', 'publicly', 'available', 'kaggle', 'databases']
['following', 'section', 'authors', 'summarized', 'dataset']
['created']
['covid', 'database', 'comprising']
['images', 'created', 'following', 'major']
['sources']
['italian', 'society', 'medical', 'interventional']
['radiology', 'covid', 'database']
['covid', 'database', 'reports', 'covid']
['positive', 'radiographic', 'images', 'varying']
['resolution', 'radiographic', 'images', 'images']
['chest', 'images', 'images', 'images']
['database', 'updated', 'random', 'manner', 'until']
['there', 'confirmed', 'covid', 'cases']
['reported', 'database']
['novel', 'corona', 'virus', 'dataset']
['volume', '132667m', 'chowdhury', 'screening', 'viral', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['joseph', 'cohen', 'morrison']
['created', 'public', 'database', 'github', 'lecting', 'radiographic', 'images', 'covid', 'middle']
['respiratory', 'syndrome', 'severe', 'acute', 'respi', 'ratory', 'syndrome', 'published']
['articles', 'online', 'resources', 'database']
['collected', 'covid', 'positive', 'chest', 'images']
['covid', 'positive', 'images', 'varying', 'image']
['resolutions', 'however', 'study', 'authors', 'considered']
['covid', 'positive', 'chest', 'images', 'which']
['different', 'images', 'database', 'authors']
['created', 'different', 'articles']
['covid', 'positive', 'chest', 'images', 'different']
['articles']
['github', 'database', 'encouraged', 'authors']
['literature', 'interestingly', 'articles']
['published', 'months', 'period', 'authors']
['observed', 'github', 'database', 'collected']
['images', 'rather', 'small', 'number']
['images', 'database', 'moreover', 'images']
['github', 'database', 'random', 'depending']
['machine', 'resolution', 'articles', 'which']
['taken', 'therefore', 'authors', 'carried', 'tedious']
['collecting', 'indexing', 'images']
['recently', 'publicly', 'available', 'articles', 'online', 'sources', 'these']
['articles', 'radiographic', 'images', 'compared']
['github', 'database', 'avoid', 'duplication', 'authors', 'managed']
['collect', 'covid', 'positive', 'chest', 'images']
['recently', 'published', 'articles', 'which', 'listed']
['github', 'database', 'positive', 'chest', 'images']
['radiopaedia', 'which', 'listed', 'github']
['database']
['covid', 'chest', 'imaging', 'thread', 'reader']
['physician', 'shared', 'images', 'different', 'cases']
['varying', 'resolution', 'hospital', 'spain']
['chest', 'imaging', 'thread', 'reader', 'images', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'challenge', 'database', 'along']
['chest', 'images', 'database', 'kaggle']
['create', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'databases']
['images', 'respectively']
['pneumonia', 'detection', 'challenge']
['radiology', 'society', 'north', 'america']
['organized', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'challenge', 'detect']
['pneumonia', 'chest', 'images', 'database']
['normal', 'chest', 'infection', 'covid']
['pneumonia', 'images', 'available']
['chest', 'images', 'pneumonia']
['kaggle', 'chest', 'database', 'popular', 'database']
['which', 'chest', 'images', 'normal', 'viral']
['bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'resolution', 'varying']
['2000p', 'chest', 'images', 'images']
['different', 'subjects', 'affected', 'pneumonia', 'images']
['bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'viral', 'pneumo', 'images', 'normal', 'subjects', 'chest']
['images', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia']
['figure', 'sample', 'image', 'dataset', 'covid', 'image']
['normal', 'image', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'image']
['database', 'create', 'database', 'figure', 'shows', 'sample']
['images', 'database', 'normal', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['viral', 'pneumonia', 'chest', 'images']
['model', 'selection']
['eight', 'different', 'trained', 'models', 'trained', 'dated', 'tested', 'study', 'experimental', 'evaluation']
['mobilenetv2', 'squeezenet', 'resnet18', 'resnet101']
['densenet201', 'performed', 'utilizing', 'matlab', '2020a']
['running', 'computer', 'intel']
['cessor', 'nvidia', 'geforce']
['graphics', 'processing']
['windows', 'operating', 'system', 'other', 'chexnet']
['inceptionv3', 'vgg19', 'implemented', 'using', 'pytorch']
['library', 'python', 'intel']
[]
[]
['30ghz', 'nvidia', 'geforce']
['three', 'comparatively', 'shallow', 'networks']
['mobilenetv2', 'squeezenet', 'resnet18']
['networks', 'inceptionv3', 'resnet101', 'chexnet', 'vgg19']
['densenet201', 'evaluated', 'study', 'investigate']
['whether', 'shallow', 'networks', 'suitable']
['application', 'different', 'variants', 'resnet']
['compare', 'specifically', 'impact', 'shallow']
['networks', 'similar', 'structure', 'performance', 'difference']
['initially', 'trained', 'different', 'image', 'classes', 'other']
['images', 'compared', 'chexnet', 'which']
['layer', 'densenet', 'variant', 'network', 'trained']
['images', 'several', 'researchers', 'showed', 'reliability']
['using', 'network', 'covid', 'classification', 'therefore']
['important', 'investigate', 'whether', 'chexnet', 'outperforms']
['other', 'networks', 'eight', 'trained', 'models']
['trained', 'using', 'stochastic', 'gradient', 'descent']
['momentum', 'optimizer', 'learning']
[]
['momentum', 'update', 'batch', 'images']
['propagation', 'epochs', 'fivefold', 'cross', 'validation']
['result', 'averaged', 'produce', 'final', 'receiver', 'operating']
['characteristic', 'curve', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'evaluation']
['matrices']
['different', 'experiments', 'carried', 'study']
['class', 'image', 'classification', 'using', 'models', 'trained']
['without', 'images', 'augmentation', 'three', 'class']
['image', 'classification', 'using', 'models', 'trained', 'without']
['image', 'augmentation', 'figure', 'illustrates', 'overall']
['system', 'diagram', 'three', 'class', 'image', 'classification']
['problem']
['132668', 'volume', '2020m', 'chowdhury', 'screening', 'viral', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['figure', 'block', 'diagram', 'overall', 'system']
['table', 'number', 'images', 'class', 'before', 'after', 'augmentation']
['preprocessing']
['chest', 'images', 'resized', 'before', 'applying']
['input', 'networks', 'input', 'requirements', 'different']
['different', 'squeezenet', 'images', 'resized']
['pixels', 'whereas', 'mobilenetv2', 'resnet18']
['resnet101', 'vgg19', 'densenet201', 'images']
['resized', 'pixels', 'inceptionv3', 'images']
['resized', 'pixels', 'images', 'normalized']
['according', 'trained', 'model', 'standards']
['study1', 'image', 'augmentation', 'technique']
['applied', 'training', 'since', 'covid', 'positive', 'chest']
['images', 'number', 'images']
['randomly', 'selected', 'normal', 'viral']
['pneumonia', 'images', 'match', 'covid']
['images', 'balance', 'database', 'study2', 'entire', 'database']
['covid', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia']
['images', 'experiments', 'evaluated', 'using']
['stratified', 'cross', 'validation', 'scheme', 'ratio']
['training', 'unseen', 'folds', 'splits']
['where', 'training', 'validation', 'avoid']
['overfitting', 'however', 'study2', 'covid', 'images']
['smaller', 'number', 'other', 'image', 'classes']
['moreover', 'overall', 'image', 'number', 'class', 'several']
['thousand', 'therefore', 'image', 'augmentation', 'techniques']
['applied', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'covid']
['images', 'training', 'create', 'balanced', 'training', 'however']
['covid', 'images', 'augmented', 'times', 'while', 'normal']
['viral', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'augmented']
['figure', 'original', 'chest', 'image', 'image', 'after', 'rotation']
['degree', 'clockwise', 'image', 'after', 'rotation', 'degree', 'counter']
['clockwise', 'image', 'after', 'horizontal', 'translation', 'after', 'vertical']
['translation', 'after', 'horizontal', 'vertical', 'translation']
['image', 'augmentation']
['study', 'different', 'image', 'augmentation', 'niques', 'rotation', 'translation', 'utilized', 'gener', 'covid', 'training', 'images', 'shown', 'figure']
['rotation', 'operation', 'image', 'augmentation']
['rotating', 'images', 'clockwise', 'counter', 'clockwise']
['direction', 'angle', 'degrees', 'image']
['translation', 'translating', 'image', 'horizontally']
['vertically', 'however', 'image', 'translation']
['applied', 'viral', 'normal', 'training', 'images']
['table', 'summarizes', 'number', 'images', 'class']
['training', 'validation', 'testing', 'study1']
['carried', 'covid', 'normal', 'images', 'while']
['study2', 'carried', 'covid', 'normal', 'viral']
['pneumonia', 'images']
['investigation', 'layer', 'features']
['layers', 'features', 'image', 'investigated']
['comparing', 'activated', 'areas', 'convolutional', 'layers']
['volume', '132669m', 'chowdhury', 'screening', 'viral', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['figure', 'activation', 'sample', 'network', 'models', 'first']
['convolutional', 'layer', 'strongest', 'activation', 'channel', 'first', 'convolutional']
['layer', 'layer', 'images', 'corresponding', 'strongest']
['activation', 'channel', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'specific']
['image', 'input']
['matching', 'regions', 'original', 'images', 'activation']
['different', 'range', 'values', 'therefore']
['normalized', 'between', 'strongest', 'activation']
['channels', 'covid', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia']
['images', 'identified', 'compared', 'original']
['images', 'noticed', 'strongest', 'channel', 'activates']
['edges', 'positive', 'activation', 'light', 'right', 'edges']
['negative', 'activation', 'light', 'right', 'edges']
['convolutional', 'neural', 'networks', 'learn', 'detect', 'features']
['color', 'edges', 'their', 'first', 'convolutional', 'layer']
['deeper', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'network', 'learns', 'detect']
['features', 'complicated', 'later', 'layers', 'build']
['their', 'features', 'combining', 'features', 'earlier', 'layers']
['figure', 'shows', 'activation', 'early', 'convolutional']
['layers', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'their', 'corresponding']
['strongest', 'activation', 'channel', 'models', 'might']
['difficult', 'distinguish', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia']
['original', 'images', 'reported', 'different', 'research']
['groups', 'however', 'layer', 'features', 'explain', 'better']
['reason', 'learning', 'network', 'failure', 'success']
['particular', 'decision', 'provides', 'visual', 'explanation']
['prediction', 'highlights', 'regions', 'images']
['which', 'contributing', 'classification', 'technique']
['result', 'discussion', 'section', 'illustrate']
['activation', 'mapping', 'distinguishing', 'feature']
['covid', 'images', 'other', 'class']
['images']
['performance', 'evaluation', 'matrix']
['order', 'evaluate', 'performance', 'different']
['learning', 'algorithms', 'classifying', 'images']
['different', 'classification', 'schemes', 'trained']
['algorithms', 'validated', 'using', 'cross', 'validation']
['performance', 'different', 'networks', 'evaluated', 'using']
['performances', 'metrics', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity']
['recall', 'specificity', 'precision', 'score', 'class']
['values', 'computed', 'overall', 'confusion', 'matrix']
['accumulates', 'results', 'cross', 'validation']
['accuracyclass_i']
['tpclass_i', 'tnclass_i']
['tpclass_i', 'tnclass_i', 'fpclass_i', 'fnclass_i']
[]
['precisionclass_i']
['tpclass_i']
['tpclass_i', 'fpclass_i']
[]
['sensitivityclassi']
['tpclassi']
['tpclassi', 'fnclassi']
[]
['f1_scoreclassi']
['precisionclassi', 'sensitivityclassi']
['precisionclassi', 'sensitivityclassi']
[]
['specificityclass_i']
['tnclass_i']
['tnclass_i', 'fpclass_i']
[]
['where', 'classi', 'covid', 'normal', 'class']
['problem', 'covid', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'three']
['class', 'problem']
['results', 'discussion']
['different', 'schemes', 'studied', 'study', 'sification', 'covid', 'normal', 'images', 'using', 'eight']
['different', 'trained', 'models', 'while', 'training']
['without', 'image', 'augmentation', 'covid', 'normal']
['viral', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'classified', 'using', 'eight']
['trained', 'models', 'training', 'carried']
['without', 'image', 'augmentation']
['experimental', 'results', 'class', 'problem']
['comparative', 'performance', 'different', 'class', 'classification', 'problem', 'without', 'augmentation']
['shown', 'table', 'comparative', 'curves']
['shown', 'figure', 'apparent', 'table']
['evaluated', 'trained', 'models', 'perform', 'classifying']
['covid', 'normal', 'images', 'class', 'problem']
['weighted', 'average', 'performance', 'matrix', 'eight', 'different']
['networks', 'similar', 'whereas', 'small', 'observed']
['training', 'using', 'image', 'augmentation', 'among']
['networks', 'trained', 'images', 'class']
['problem', 'resnet18', 'chexnet', 'equally', 'performing']
['classifying', 'images', 'while', 'chexnet', 'densenet201']
['performing', 'better', 'others', 'training', 'mented', 'images', 'although', 'difference', 'marginal', 'chexnet']
['producing', 'highest', 'accuracy']
['class', 'classification', 'without', 'image', 'augmentation']
['respectively', 'interestingly', 'chexnet', 'performing']
['cases', 'without', 'augmentation']
['explained', 'chexnet', 'network']
['which', 'trained', 'large']
['image', 'database', 'network', 'supposed']
['perform', 'better', 'image', 'classification', 'without']
['requirement', 'training', 'again', 'larger', 'dataset', 'however']
['classification', 'problem', 'covid', 'images']
['significantly', 'different', 'normal', 'images', 'tested']
['networks', 'performing', 'apparent']
['curves', 'figure', 'cases', 'without']
['augmentation', 'class', 'problem', 'curves']
['showing', 'comparable', 'performance', 'networks']
['132670', 'volume', '2020m', 'chowdhury', 'screening', 'viral', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['figure', 'comparison', 'curve', 'normal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'classification', 'using', 'based', 'models', 'without']
['image', 'augmentation']
['table', 'weighted', 'average', 'performance', 'metrics', 'different', 'learning', 'networks', 'class', 'classification', 'problem', 'without', 'image']
['augmentation']
['experimental', 'results', 'three', 'class', 'problem']
['table', 'summarizes', 'performance', 'matrix', 'different']
['trained', 'algorithms', 'tested', 'different']
['classification', 'schemes', 'without', 'image', 'augmentation']
['noticed', 'trained', 'networks', 'shallow']
['showing', 'similar', 'performance', 'apart']
['chexnet', 'training', 'without', 'image', 'augmentation']
['trained', 'networks', 'trained', 'small', 'image']
['dataset', 'reported', 'research', 'groups']
['literature', 'performance', 'difference', 'marginal']
['overall', 'performance', 'reduced', 'three', 'class', 'problem']
['comparison', 'class', 'problem', 'expected']
['networks', 'confused', 'between', 'covid', 'viral']
['pneumonia', 'however', 'chexnet', 'still', 'performing', 'while']
['trained', 'small', 'dataset', 'chexnet', 'originally', 'trained']
['large', 'image', 'dataset', 'other']
['while', 'image', 'augmentation', 'applied', 'training']
['image', 'trained', 'networks', 'performing']
['based', 'their', 'capability', 'distinguish', 'three', 'class']
['images', 'typically', 'deeper', 'network', 'better']
['performance', 'distinguishing', 'image', 'classes']
['however', 'important', 'resnet18']
['resnet101', 'support', 'statement', 'rather', 'resnet18']
['being', 'shallow', 'network', 'resnet101', 'resnet18']
['still', 'outperforming', 'resnet101']
['interestingly', 'chexnet', 'which', 'layer', 'variant']
['densenet', 'trained', 'images', 'outperforming']
['deeper', 'variant', 'densenet', 'layers', 'therefore']
['summarized', 'though', 'chexnet', 'trained', 'inally', 'images', 'training', 'deeper', 'network']
['larger', 'image', 'better', 'chance', 'training']
['image', 'which', 'training']
['network', 'learn', 'better', 'perform', 'better', 'training']
['carried', 'larger', 'dataset', 'densenet201', 'outperforms']
['volume', '132671m', 'chowdhury', 'screening', 'viral', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['table', 'weighted', 'average', 'performance', 'metrics', 'different', 'learning', 'networks', 'three', 'class', 'classification', 'problem', 'without', 'image']
['augmentation']
['other', 'models', 'three', 'class', 'classification', 'scheme', 'terms']
['different', 'performance', 'indices', 'image', 'augmentation']
['employed', 'performance', 'matrix', 'significantly']
['improved', 'image', 'augmentation', 'obvious']
['figure', 'densenet201with', 'image', 'augmentation']
['significantly', 'increase', 'overall', 'network', 'performance']
['figure', 'shows', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'densenet201']
['class', 'three', 'class', 'problems', 'image', 'augmentation']
['clear', 'figure', 'three', 'covid', 'images']
['images', 'classified', 'normal', 'false']
['negative', 'three', 'images', 'images']
['classified', 'covid', 'false', 'positive', 'reflects']
['learning', 'technique', 'extremely', 'robust']
['distinguishing', 'covid', 'images', 'normal', 'images']
['three', 'class', 'problem', 'covid', 'image']
['classified', 'normal', 'which', 'three']
['images', 'classified', 'class', 'classifier', 'other']
['covid', 'images', 'classified', 'viral', 'pneumonia']
['images', 'normal', 'images', 'classified']
['covid', 'three', 'class', 'classifier', 'although', 'several']
['normal', 'images', 'classified', 'viral', 'pneumonia']
['covid', 'image', 'classified', 'normal', 'conse', 'quences', 'classified', 'other', 'disease', 'category']
['viral', 'pneumonia', 'similarly', 'normal', 'images', 'classified']
['viral', 'pneumonia', 'severe', 'consequence']
['classified', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'viral']
['pneumonia', 'images', 'classified', 'covid']
['images', 'while', 'images', 'classified', 'normal']
['noted', 'network', 'confusing', 'between']
['covid', 'other', 'image', 'classes', 'rather', 'network']
['confused', 'between', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'images']
['however', 'precision', 'score']
['network', 'still', 'performing', 'excellent', 'classifying']
['images', 'reliably', 'important', 'computer', 'aided']
['system', 'should', 'classify', 'covid', 'patients']
['normal', 'versa', 'however', 'important', 'reason']
['classifier', 'being', 'failed', 'three', 'covid', 'patients']
['images', 'classified', 'normal']
['difference', 'between', 'normal', 'covid']
['images', 'observed', 'convolutional', 'layer']
['trained', 'model', 'notable', 'figure']
['layer', 'densenet201', 'detect', 'features']
['distinguish', 'normal', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'images']
['shows', 'reason', 'success', 'network']
['detecting', 'covid', 'images', 'distinguishing']
['normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'which', 'several', 'groups']
['researchers', 'reported', 'earlier', 'reliably', 'possible']
['plain', 'images', 'really', 'difficult']
['practicing', 'radiologist', 'abnormality', 'early', 'stage']
['covid', 'however', 'artificial', 'intelligence']
['images', 'identify', 'layer']
['features', 'which', 'visible', 'human']
['layers', 'enhance', 'distinctive', 'features', 'covid']
['viral', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'patients', 'images', 'thereby']
['enhancing', 'chance', 'identifying', 'abnormality']
['lungs', 'patients']
['figure', 'shows', 'three', 'images', 'covid']
['classified', 'normal', 'image', 'classified']
['class', 'classifier', 'image', 'classified']
['three', 'class', 'classifier', 'reason', 'behind', 'missing']
['these', 'covid', 'images', 'opacity']
['right', 'upper', 'suprahilar', 'posterior', 'anterior']
['132672', 'volume', '2020m', 'chowdhury', 'screening', 'viral', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['figure', 'comparison', 'curve', 'normal', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'classification', 'using', 'based', 'models', 'without']
['image', 'augmentation']
['figure', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'classification', 'normal', 'covid', 'normal', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'using', 'densenet201']
['figure', 'images', 'channel', 'first', 'convolutional', 'layer']
['convolutional', 'layer', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'images']
['densenet201', 'different', 'subject', 'groups', 'normal', 'covid', 'viral']
['pneumonia', 'arrows', 'covid', 'image', 'shows', 'regions', 'light']
['focus', 'distinctive', 'feature', 'covid', 'patients', 'images', 'which']
['present', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'patients']
['images', 'which', 'similar', 'normal', 'images']
['figure', 'algorithm', 'fails', 'evident', 'light', 'focus']
['feature', 'appeared', 'layer']
['figure', 'three', 'covid', 'images', 'which', 'classified']
['normal', 'images', 'three', 'class', 'classifier', 'image']
['classified', 'class', 'classifier', 'image', 'classified']
['three', 'class', 'classifier']
['covid', 'cases', 'confirmed', 'other', 'techniques']
['these', 'three', 'images', 'evaluated', 'three', 'practicing']
['radiologists', 'identify', 'their', 'evaluations', 'these']
['three', 'images', 'first', 'third', 'images', 'identified']
['little', 'covid', 'radiologists', 'while']
['image', 'identified', 'stage', 'infections']
['summarized', 'proposed', 'technique', 'classify']
['covid', 'images', 'reliably']
['volume', '132673m', 'chowdhury', 'screening', 'viral', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['conclusion']
['presents', 'based', 'transfer', 'learning']
['approach', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['eight', 'different', 'popular', 'previously', 'reported', 'efficient']
['based', 'learning', 'algorithms', 'trained', 'validated']
['tested', 'classifying', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'patients', 'using']
['chest', 'images', 'observed', 'densenet201', 'performs', 'other', 'different', 'networks', 'while', 'image']
['augmentation', 'training', 'models']
['chexnet', 'which', 'variant', 'densenet', 'outperforming']
['other', 'networks', 'while', 'image', 'augmentation']
['obvious', 'chexnet', 'trained', 'large']
['database', 'showing', 'better', 'performance']
['study', 'while', 'trained', 'small', 'augmented', 'image', 'dataset']
['however', 'deeper', 'version', 'densenet', 'trained']
['large', 'augmented', 'dataset', 'dense201', 'outperforms', 'chexnet']
['clearly', 'reveals', 'performance', 'reported']
['smaller', 'database', 'literature', 'should', 'evaluated']
['large', 'dataset', 'otherwise', 'findings', 'these', 'studies', 'cannot']
['generalized', 'applications', 'authors']
['reported', 'findings', 'large', 'database', 'along']
['image', 'augmentation', 'train', 'shallow', 'networks']
['observed', 'networks', 'perform', 'better']
['shallow', 'networks', 'particularly', 'classifying', 'normal', 'viral']
['images', 'networks', 'identify', 'covid']
['sensitivity', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'precision']
['sensitivity', 'specificity', 'normal', 'covid', 'images']
['normal', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia']
[]
['respectively', 'covid', 'already', 'become']
['threat', 'world', 'healthcare', 'system', 'economy']
['thousands', 'people', 'already', 'deaths']
['initiated', 'respiratory', 'failure', 'which', 'leads', 'failure']
['other', 'organs', 'since', 'large', 'number', 'patients', 'attending']
['emergency', 'doctor', 'limited', 'computer', 'aided', 'diagnosis', 'lives', 'early', 'screening', 'proper', 'moreover', 'there', 'large', 'degree', 'variability']
['input', 'images', 'machines', 'variations']
['expertise', 'radiologist', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'exhibits']
['excellent', 'performance', 'classifying', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['provided', 'network', 'effectively', 'trained', 'large']
['dataset', 'believe', 'computer', 'aided', 'diagnostic']
['significantly', 'improve', 'speed', 'accuracy']
['screening', 'covid', 'positive', 'cases', 'method', 'would']
['highly', 'useful', 'pandemic', 'where', 'disease', 'burden']
['preventive', 'measures', 'available', 'resources']
['authors', 'contribution']
['muhammad', 'chowdhury', 'conceptualization', 'writing']
['review', 'editing', 'supervision', 'project', 'administration']
['tawsifur', 'rahman', 'curation', 'methodology', 'software']
['validation', 'formal', 'analysis', 'writing', 'review', 'editing']
['amith', 'khandakar', 'curation', 'investigation', 'resources']
['writing', 'original', 'draft', 'writing', 'review', 'editing', 'rashid']
['mazhar', 'writing', 'original', 'draft', 'writing', 'review', 'muhammad', 'abdul', 'kadir', 'methodology', 'visualization']
['editing', 'mahbub', 'methodology', 'visualization']
['khandakar', 'islam', 'curation', 'writing', 'original', 'draft']
['muhammad', 'salman', 'visualization', 'writing', 'original']
['draft', 'iqbal', 'writing', 'review', 'editing', 'nasser']
['emadi', 'writing', 'review', 'editing', 'supervision', 'mamun']
['writing', 'review', 'editing', 'supervision']
['conceptualization', 'islam', 'writing', 'review', 'editing']
['supervision']
['acknowledgments']
['possible', 'nprp12s', '190164']
['qatar', 'national', 'research', 'member', 'qatar']
['foundation', 'qatar', 'statements', 'herein']
['solely', 'responsibility', 'authors', 'publication']
['article', 'funded', 'qatar', 'national', 'library', 'authors']
['would', 'thank', 'italian', 'society', 'medical', 'radiology']
['interventional', 'sharing', 'images', 'covid']
['patients', 'publicly', 'would', 'thank', 'cohen']
['taking', 'initiative', 'gather', 'images', 'articles', 'online']
['resources', 'least', 'authors', 'would']
['acknowledge', 'chest', 'images', 'pneumonia', 'database']
['pneumonia', 'detection', 'challenge', 'kaggle', 'which']
['helped', 'significantly', 'possible', 'otherwise']
['normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'accessible']
[]
['conflicts', 'interest']
['authors', 'declare', 'conflict', 'interest']
['new_paper']
['received', 'april', 'accepted', 'publication', 'current', 'version']
['digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3085682']
['covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolset']
['automatically', 'scraping', 'processing', 'global']
['multi', 'scale', 'spatiotemporal', 'covid', 'records']
[]
['dexuan', 'anusha', 'srirenganathan', 'malarvizhi1']
[]
['nadine', 'meister4']
['wang1', 'jingchao', 'yang1']
[]
['chaowei', 'member']
['spatiotemporal', 'innovation', 'center', 'george', 'mason', 'university', 'fairfax', '22030']
['2department', 'geography', 'geoinformation', 'science', 'george', 'mason', 'university', 'fairfax', '22030']
['3department', 'aerospace', 'mechanical', 'engineering', 'university', 'notre', 'notre', '46556']
['4department', 'physics', 'harvard', 'university', 'cambridge', '02138']
['corresponding', 'author', 'chaowei', 'cyang3']
['supported', 'national', 'science', 'foundation', 'under', 'award', '2027521', 'award', '1841520']
['abstract', 'covid', 'quickly', 'spread', 'across', 'world', 'infecting', 'billions', 'people', 'disrupting']
['normal', 'lives', 'citizens', 'every', 'country', 'governments', 'organizations', 'research', 'institutions']
['world', 'dedicating', 'resources', 'research', 'effective', 'strategies', 'fight', 'rapidly', 'propagating']
['virus', 'virus', 'testing', 'countries', 'publish', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'cases', 'recovered']
['cases', 'locations', 'routinely', 'through', 'various', 'channels', 'forms', 'important', 'source', 'enabled']
['researchers', 'worldwide', 'perform', 'different', 'covid', 'scientific', 'studies', 'modeling', 'virus']
['spreading', 'patterns', 'developing', 'prevention', 'strategies', 'studying', 'impact', 'covid', 'other', 'aspects']
['society', 'however', 'major', 'challenge', 'there', 'standardized', 'updated', 'quality']
['product', 'covers', 'covid', 'cases', 'internationally', 'because', 'different', 'countries', 'publish']
['their', 'unique', 'channels', 'formats', 'intervals', 'which', 'hinders', 'researchers', 'fetching', 'necessary']
['covid', 'datasets', 'effectively', 'especially', 'scale', 'studies', 'although', 'existing', 'solutions']
['hopkins', 'covid', 'dashboard', '1point3acres', 'covid', 'tracker', 'widely', 'difficult', 'users']
['access', 'their', 'original', 'dataset', 'customize', 'those', 'specific', 'requirements', 'categories']
['structure', 'source', 'selection', 'address', 'challenge', 'developed', 'toolset', 'using', 'cloud', 'based']
['scraping', 'extract', 'refine', 'unify', 'store', 'covid', 'cases', 'multiple', 'scales', 'available', 'countries']
['around', 'world', 'automatically', 'toolset', 'publishes', 'public', 'access', 'effective', 'manner']
['which', 'could', 'offer', 'users', 'covid', 'dynamic', 'dataset', 'global', 'studies']
['presented', 'about', 'utilize', 'datasets', 'toolset', 'easily', 'extended', 'fulfill', 'other', 'purposes']
['source', 'nature']
['index', 'terms', 'scraper', 'covid', 'spatiotemporal', 'multiple', 'scale']
['introduction']
['worldwide', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'infected', 'billions']
['people', 'global', 'crisis', 'triggered']
['lockdowns', 'countries', 'around', 'world', 'months']
['hopes', 'spread', 'novel', 'virus', 'lives']
['inevitably', 'normal', 'lives', 'citizens', 'heavily', 'turbed', 'impacted', 'scientists', 'world', 'studying']
['pandemic', 'analyze', 'spreading', 'dynamics', 'design']
['associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript']
['approving', 'publication', 'ahmed', 'farouk']
['effective', 'control', 'policies', 'predict', 'possible', 'outbreak']
['centers', 'develop', 'vaccines', 'optimize', 'vaccination', 'strate', 'covid', 'virus', 'samples', 'statistics', 'positive', 'cases']
['existing', 'policies', 'environmental', 'factors', 'become']
['important', 'covid', 'related', 'research', 'another']
['example', 'spatiotemporal', 'covid', 'records', 'which']
['countries', 'gradually', 'published', 'through', 'virus', 'testing']
['since', 'early', 'collecting', 'organizing', 'distributing']
['spatiotemporal', 'covid', 'records', 'provide', 'avenues']
['sources', 'support', 'covid', 'studies', 'different', 'fields']
['public', 'health', 'economics', 'environmental', 'science']
['volume', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '84783h', 'covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolset']
['governments', 'organizations', 'country', 'recognize']
['public', 'records', 'example', 'covid']
['cases', 'comes', 'international', 'agencies', 'world']
['health', 'organization', 'global', 'health', 'council']
['individual', 'national', 'organizations', 'centers']
['disease', 'control', 'prevention', 'national']
['health', 'commission', 'people', 'republic', 'china']
['these', 'organizations', 'subcommittees', 'collect']
['produce', 'datasets', 'published', 'public', 'however']
['researchers', 'difficulty', 'obtaining', 'these', 'datasets']
['information', 'published', 'various', 'sources', 'formats', 'types']
['scales', 'channels', 'intervals', 'different', 'countries']
['makes', 'consuming', 'acquire', 'latest', 'fused']
['structured', 'country', 'routinely', 'hindering']
['response', 'progress', 'fight', 'covid', 'address', 'developed', 'covid', 'scraper', 'toolset', 'matically', 'aggregating', 'multiple', 'sources', 'spatiotemporal']
['covid', 'dataset', 'different', 'scales', 'spatiotem', 'poral', 'framework', 'tailored', 'structures', 'benefit']
['related', 'studies']
['actors', 'large', 'institutions']
['undertaken', 'since', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'prime', 'example', 'provides', 'daily', 'updated']
['covid', 'dashboard', 'pulling', 'eight', 'different']
['governmental', 'sources', 'including']
['european', 'centre', 'disease', 'prevention', 'control']
['numerous', 'countries', 'repositories']
['organizes', 'dataset', 'public', 'sharing']
['however', 'process', 'collecting', 'organizing']
['structuring', 'their', 'covid', 'dashboard', 'center']
['systems', 'science', 'engineering', 'johns', 'university', 'transparent', 'which', 'leads']
['another', 'challenge', 'users', 'cannot']
['acquire', 'datasets', 'preferred', 'sources', 'tomized', 'structures', 'setup', 'defined', 'acquisition']
['frequency', 'another', 'widely', 'known', 'system', '1point3acres']
['covid', 'dashboard', 'which', 'gained', 'billion']
['visits', 'similar', 'covid', 'dashboard', 'users']
['cannot', 'customize', 'sources', 'countries', 'another']
['issue', 'display', 'dashboard', 'difficult']
['access', 'public', 'claims', 'could']
['distributed', 'permission', 'hence', 'impossible', 'users']
['define', 'granularity', 'filter', 'content']
['select', 'categories', 'customized', 'scholar']
['research', 'other', 'words', 'existing', 'solutions', 'flexi', 'enough', 'users', 'especially', 'those', 'which', 'specific']
['requirements', 'obtain', 'targeted', 'datasets']
['developed', 'covid', 'scraper', 'sourced']
['covid', 'scraping', 'toolset', 'adopting', 'technology']
['crawlers', 'collect', 'filter', 'organize', 'process']
['store', 'multi', 'scale', 'spatiotemporal', 'covid', 'records']
['nation', 'world', 'generate', 'comprehensive', 'single', 'highly', 'flexible', 'allows', 'users']
['customize', 'sources', 'structures', 'filter', 'criteria']
['database', 'setup', 'visualization', 'formats', 'minor']
['adjustments', 'those', 'parameters', 'toolset']
['easily', 'deployed', 'cloud', 'platform', 'fetch', 'required']
['covid', 'spatiotemporal', 'datasets', 'automatically', 'covid', 'scraper', 'process']
['effectively', 'example', 'finish', 'acquiring', 'available']
['covid', 'datasets', 'countries', 'world', 'within']
['about', 'minutes', 'furthermore', 'covid', 'scraper', 'works']
['exceptionally', 'countries', 'provide']
['structured', 'their', 'official', 'reports', 'about', 'their']
['current', 'situation', 'covid', 'other', 'portable', 'document']
['format', 'pictures', 'their', 'reports']
['powerful', 'toolset', 'building', 'historical', 'spatiotemporal']
['covid', 'records', 'countries', 'provide']
['latest', 'covid', 'reports']
['paper', 'different', 'types', 'spatiotemporal']
['covid', 'sources', 'different', 'countries', 'consumed']
['covid', 'scraper', 'discussed', 'section']
['components', 'mechanism', 'implementation', 'toolset']
['detailed', 'section', 'include', 'workflow']
['covid', 'scraper', 'functions', 'designed']
['cater', 'different', 'types', 'sources', 'processing']
['automation', 'configurations', 'section', 'details']
['studies', 'scraper', 'functioned', 'produced']
['countries', 'especially', 'those', 'documented']
['information', 'access', 'performance', 'tests', 'conducted']
['demonstrate', 'overall', 'performance', 'single', 'plete', 'scraping', 'process', 'processing', 'different']
['types', 'introduce', 'cases', 'utilized', 'final']
['product', 'generated', 'covid', 'scraper', 'monitor']
['medical', 'resource', 'deficiency', 'dynamics', 'impact']
['social', 'distancing', 'measures', 'covid', 'cases', 'mortality']
['paper', 'concluded', 'discussions', 'implications']
['scraper', 'future', 'directions', 'covid', 'scraper']
['major', 'contributions']
['sourced', 'covid', 'scraping', 'toolset']
['crawlers', 'collect', 'filter', 'organize', 'process']
['store', 'multi', 'scale', 'spatiotemporal', 'covid', 'records']
['nation', 'world']
['scraping', 'scripts', 'accommodate']
['covid', 'spatiotemporal', 'scraping', 'tasks', 'various']
['types', 'source', 'published', 'various', 'countries']
['workflow', 'could', 'automatically', 'drive', 'scrap', 'toolset', 'generate', 'comprehensive', 'product']
['single']
['multi', 'scale', 'covid', 'records', 'provided', 'github', 'repository', 'cloud', 'based']
['database', 'public']
['operational', 'dashboard', 'maintained', 'visualize']
['product', 'quick', 'query', 'access']
['literature', 'review']
['scraping', 'mining', 'technology', 'commonly']
['extracting', 'unstructured', 'different', 'online']
['sources', 'restructuring', 'converting', 'acquired']
['structured', 'further', 'stored', 'analyzed']
['database', 'benefit', 'designed', 'scraper']
['automatically', 'sifts', 'through', 'targeted', 'sources']
['84784', 'volume', '2021h', 'covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolset']
['valuable', 'information', 'comprehensive', 'dataset']
['there', 'different', 'forms', 'scraping', 'including']
['pasting', 'grabbing', 'parsing', 'others', 'scraping', 'simulates', 'human', 'interaction']
['obtain', 'attribute']
['itself', 'beneficial', 'because', 'brings']
['pertinent', 'information', 'relevant', 'topic', 'assigned']
['scraping', 'erroneous', 'information']
['example', 'colleagues', 'applied', 'scraper', 'niques', 'collect', 'large', 'scale', 'datasets', 'horticultural', 'information', 'predict', 'trend', 'price', 'fluctuation']
['regressive', 'integrated', 'moving', 'average', 'arima']
['integrated', 'recurrent', 'neural', 'network', 'model']
['pawar', 'colleagues', 'implemented', 'scraper', 'search']
['medicinal', 'plants', 'relevant', 'diseases', 'india', 'ayurvedic']
['system']
['scraping', 'widely', 'epidemiological', 'research']
['public', 'health', 'studies', 'scraping', 'analyzing']
['based', 'internet', 'researchers', 'success', 'fully', 'detect', 'diseases', 'hazards', 'predict']
['potential', 'pandemics', 'example', 'pollett', 'colleagues']
['scraper', 'scrape', 'unstructured', 'inter', 'newswire', 'timely', 'detect', 'outbreaks', 'epidemics']
['vector', 'borne', 'diseases', 'walid', 'scraped']
['worldwide', 'twitter', 'years', 'applying', 'timent', 'analysis', 'natural', 'language', 'processing', 'walid']
['built', 'model', 'detect', 'predict', 'cancer', 'diseases', 'detection', 'scraping', 'adopted']
['hazards', 'detection', 'dissemination', 'scraping']
['events', 'related', 'hazards', 'social', 'media']
['colleagues', 'built', 'system', 'prevent', 'control']
['hazards', 'korea', 'addition', 'majumder']
['utilized', 'scraped', 'collected', 'healthmap', 'coupled']
['google', 'trend', 'series', 'calculate']
['predict', 'outbreak', 'level', 'virus', 'beyond']
['scraping', 'based', 'internet', 'resources', 'images']
['scraped', 'valuable', 'dataset', 'support', 'public', 'health']
['research', 'example', 'scraped', 'illicit', 'dealer', 'related', 'photos', 'posts', 'instagram', 'different']
['learning', 'models', 'applied', 'detected', 'successfully']
['technique', 'applied', 'covid', 'related']
['collection', 'adopted', 'crawler', 'collect']
['emotion', 'experience', 'online', 'education', 'platforms']
['users', 'assess', 'satisfaction', 'quality', 'online', 'educa', 'under', 'pandemic', 'scanned', 'collected']
['official', 'media', 'related', 'covid', 'vietnam', 'response', 'policymaking', 'social', 'media', 'journalism', 'regarding', 'outbreak', 'scraped']
['weibo', 'posts', 'wuhan', 'china', 'early', 'stage']
['covid', 'outbreak', 'analyze', 'public', 'reaction', 'knowledge']
['attitude', 'their', 'findings', 'potentially', 'support', 'future']
['policy', 'making', 'possible', 'future', 'outbreak', 'responses']
['however', 'worthwhile', 'point', 'expressed']
['concern', 'field', 'scraping']
['scrapers', 'obtain', 'personal', 'information', 'publish']
['database', 'becomes', 'sensitive']
['medical', 'records', 'retrieved', 'scraper']
['study', 'covid', 'scraper', 'aimed', 'collecting']
['scale', 'spatiotemporal', 'covid', 'records', 'countries']
['releasing', 'numerical', 'globally', 'aggregating']
['central', 'database', 'without', 'directly', 'working', 'personal']
['medical', 'records']
['types', 'availability']
['covid', 'scraper']
['covid', 'scraper', 'developed', 'automatically']
['routinely', 'collect', 'spatiotemporal', 'covid', 'records', 'released']
['countries', 'world', 'however', 'there', 'varying']
['degrees', 'which', 'these', 'records', 'available', 'differ', 'countries', 'figure', 'countries']
['china', 'provide', 'trustable', 'comprehensive', 'fully', 'processed']
['ready', 'datasets', 'through', 'official', 'portals', 'these', 'datasets']
['usually', 'comma', 'separated', 'values', 'tabular']
['javascript', 'object', 'notation', 'structured', 'format']
['stored', 'standalone', 'cloud', 'shared', 'documents']
['google', 'spreadsheet', 'other', 'countries', 'turkey']
['chile', 'provide', 'information', 'covid']
['organized', 'example', 'published']
['dynamic', 'website', 'inside', 'embedded']
['image', 'based', 'these', 'contexts', 'datasets', 'cannot']
['parsed', 'based', 'processing', 'algorithms', 'directly']
['automatically', 'hence', 'advanced', 'technologies', 'should']
['developed', 'integrated', 'expected', 'dataset', 'extract']
['required', 'information', 'those', 'unstructured', 'sources']
['convert', 'defined', 'structures', 'storage']
['sharing', 'currently', 'covid', 'scraper', 'scans', 'scrapes']
['countries', 'available', 'sources', 'daily', 'figure']
['those', 'countries', 'without', 'available', 'source']
['countries', 'listed', 'table', 'major', 'focus']
['covid', 'scraper', 'which', 'provides', 'covid', 'records']
['unstructured', 'organized', 'formats', 'table']
['toolset', 'checks', 'sources', 'confirm', 'availability', 'before']
['every', 'reports', 'exceptions', 'source', 'longer']
['valid', 'format', 'changed']
['computing', 'perspective', 'types', 'covid']
['records', 'published', 'different', 'countries', 'structured']
['unstructured', 'formats', 'commonly']
['formats', 'structured', 'however', 'other', 'formats']
['adopted', 'official', 'sources', 'releasing', 'tabular', 'cases']
['example', 'cases', 'brazil', 'microsoft']
['excel', 'format', 'which', 'required', 'converted']
['before', 'further', 'processing', 'another', 'format']
['structured', 'typically', 'provided', 'standalone']
['files', 'sources', 'addition', 'struc', 'tured', 'formats', 'unstructured', 'formats', 'include', 'original']
['images']
['covid', 'scraper', 'developed', 'accommodate', 'types', 'covid', 'datasets', 'structured']
['unstructured', 'formats', 'study', 'sourced', 'packages']
['browser', 'rendering', 'tools', 'applied']
['support', 'scraping', 'parsing', 'analyzing', 'different']
['volume', '84785h', 'covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolset']
['figure', 'global', 'scale', 'availability', 'covid', 'scraper', 'coverage']
['figure', 'overall', 'workflow']
['formats', 'required', 'spatiotemporal', 'covid', 'records']
['extracted', 'sources', 'covid', 'scraper']
['filter', 'organize', 'store', 'single', 'database']
['under', 'framework', 'section', 'covid', 'scraper', 'automation', 'methodologies', 'structures', 'detailed']
['implementation', 'discussed']
['different', 'countries']
['method']
['overall', 'workflow', 'covid', 'scraper', 'toolset', 'contains']
['seven', 'steps', 'figure']
['detecting', 'official', 'trust', 'worthy', 'websites']
['covid', 'spatiotemporal', 'records', 'individual']
['country', 'choose', 'preferred', 'source', 'target']
['country']
['scanning', 'targeted', 'sources', 'analyzing']
['should', 'collected', 'extracted']
['adjusting', 'template', 'crawler', 'accommodate', 'cific', 'needs', 'unique', 'source', 'testing', 'verify', 'expected', 'collected', 'target']
['source']
['assembling', 'crawlers', 'toolset', 'hosting']
['platform', 'automation', 'operational', 'github', 'actions', 'adopted', 'purpose']
['utilizing', 'github', 'actions', 'workflow', 'developed']
['configured', 'including', 'managing', 'scraping', 'tasks', 'handling']
['84786', 'volume', '2021h', 'covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolset']
['table', 'major', 'countries', 'sources', 'scraped', 'covid', 'scraper']
['volume', '84787h', 'covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolset']
['figure', 'methodology', 'covid', 'scraper']
['exceptions', 'processing', 'frequency', 'automatically']
['covid', 'scraper', 'demand']
['fetching', 'collected', 'results', 'configured', 'tempo', 'store', 'paths', 'merging', 'matching', 'those', 'based']
['unique', 'geographical', 'unifying', 'structure', 'based']
['settings']
['verifying', 'quality', 'pushing', 'database']
['product']
['visualizing', 'generated', 'product', 'publishing']
['service', 'sharing', 'interactively', 'viewing', 'querying']
['perspective', 'algorithm', 'implementation']
['requests', 'initialization', 'stage']
['covid', 'scraper', 'selected', 'sources', 'figure']
['parsing', 'acquired', 'dataset', 'different', 'formats']
['source', 'packages', 'spatiotemporal', 'covid', 'records']
['country', 'extracted', 'after', 'required', 'datasets']
['collected', 'parsed', 'matched', 'merged', 'automatically']
['whole', 'dataset', 'pushed', 'database', 'final']
['product']
['successfully', 'accommodate', 'various', 'types']
['sources', 'toolset', 'designed', 'handle', 'structured']
['datasets', 'unstructured', 'datasets', 'minor', 'parame', 'adjustments']
['structured', 'scraping']
['straightforward', 'handle', 'structured', 'datasets']
['because', 'usually', 'stored', 'formats']
['format', 'tables', 'contain', 'columns', 'corresponding']
['location', 'numbers', 'confirmed', 'death', 'recovered', 'cases']
['since', 'format', 'consistent', 'daily', 'report']
['database', 'expeditiously', 'processed']
['identifying', 'columns', 'matching', 'location', 'names']
['hierarchical', 'administrative', 'subdivision']
['local', 'geographical', 'conversely', 'format']
['tables', 'usually', 'include', 'multiple', 'columns', 'corresponding']
['different', 'locations', 'dates', 'which', 'converted']
['format', 'before', 'processing']
['microsoft', 'excel', 'three', 'major', 'struc', 'tured', 'types', 'covid', 'cases', 'sources']
['records', 'provided', 'format', 'directly']
['downloaded', 'further', 'processing', 'however', 'these']
['datasets', 'microsoft', 'excel']
['converted', 'first', 'before', 'entering', 'processing']
['stage', 'microsoft', 'excel', 'format', 'easily', 'converted']
['using', 'pandas', 'package', 'python', 'dataset']
['which', 'typically', 'provided', 'standalone', 'files']
['sources', 'require', 'identifying', 'corre', 'sponding', 'locations', 'numbers']
['objects', 'convert', 'tabular', 'format']
['occasionally', 'although', 'structured', 'format']
['cannot', 'directly', 'obtained', 'needs', 'click', 'button', 'download']
['brazil', 'dashboard', 'where', 'hardcoded']
['source', 'dynamically', 'generated', 'cases', 'niques', 'handle', 'dynamic', 'pages', 'adopted', 'obtain']
['download', 'acquire', 'expected', 'dataset']
['detailed', 'implementation', 'handling', 'dynamic', 'pages']
['elaborated', 'following', 'section']
['unstructured', 'scraping']
['although', 'structured', 'formats']
['preferred', 'sources', 'always', 'available']
['sometimes', 'scraped', 'pages', 'addition']
['provided', 'links', 'pages', 'developed']
['static', 'dynamic', 'depends', 'frameworks']
['websites', 'technology', 'selection', 'security', 'concerns']
['toolset', 'static', 'dynamic', 'pages', 'scraped']
['automatically']
['static', 'pages', 'scraping']
['static', 'pages', 'pages', 'fixed', 'content']
['loaded', 'client', 'browser', 'directly']
['displays', 'contents', 'stored', 'server']
['static', 'pages', 'request', 'performed']
['retrieve', 'however']
['required', 'pages', 'content', 'effectively', 'should']
['carefully', 'considered', 'challenge']
['consuming', 'design', 'parser', 'acquire', 'valuable']
['encounters', 'multiple', 'layer', 'nested', 'structure']
['pages', 'hence', 'recommended', 'apply']
['optimized', 'approach', 'design', 'parsers', 'subsequently', 'various']
['tools', 'harvest', 'content']
['example', 'toolset', 'python', 'packages', 'requests']
['beautifulsoup', 'method', 'requests']
['84788', 'volume', '2021h', 'covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolset']
['package', 'request', 'selected']
['source', 'after', 'beautifulsoup', 'adopted', 'parse']
['filter', 'relevant', 'elements', 'extract', 'informa', 'those', 'elements', 'beautifulsoup', 'provides', 'object']
['represents', 'documents', 'nested', 'structure']
['searching', 'filtering', 'required', 'object']
['users', 'parse', 'required', 'information', 'straightforward']
['which', 'saves', 'significant', 'amounts', 'hence', 'desired']
['could', 'extracted', 'using', 'select']
['method', 'beautifulsoup', 'package', 'afterwards', 'information', 'stored', 'files', 'proper', 'settings']
['dynamic', 'pages', 'scraping']
['unlike', 'static', 'pages', 'fixed', 'structure']
['contents', 'pages', 'dynamically', 'loaded']
['javascript', 'therefore', 'accessible']
['requested', 'target', 'results']
['problem', 'simply', 'sending', 'request']
['content', 'cannot', 'fetched', 'expected', 'scrape']
['dynamic', 'pages', 'apply', 'reverse', 'engineering']
['identifying', 'manually', 'analyzing', 'javascript', 'codes']
['responsible', 'retrieving', 'relevant', 'tified', 'could', 'directly', 'fetched', 'through']
['instance', 'arcgis', 'commonly', 'technology']
['create', 'online', 'covid', 'dashboards', 'covid']
['published', 'those', 'channels', 'normally', 'hosted', 'through']
['arcgis', 'feature', 'server', 'queried', 'through']
['those', 'share', 'format', 'relevant', 'infor', 'mation', 'catalog', 'instance', 'service']
['pinpointed', 'inspecting', 'network', 'activity']
['corresponding', 'arcgis', 'query', 'obtained']
['general', 'reverse', 'engineering', 'based', 'monitoring', 'network']
['activity', 'various', 'other']
['however', 'technique', 'smoothly', 'times', 'especially', 'relevant', 'webpage', 'minified']
['generated', 'using', 'higher', 'level', 'framework']
['react', 'which', 'makes', 'codes', 'readable', 'those', 'cases']
['javascript', 'codes', 'manually', 'inspected']
['reverse', 'engineer', 'relevant', 'information', 'conquer']
['problem', 'headless', 'browser', 'rendering', 'tools', 'adopted']
['toolset', 'generate', 'static', 'content', 'dynamic']
['pages', 'covid', 'scraper', 'selenium', 'drivers']
['exploited', 'obtain', 'rendered', 'content', 'dynamic']
['pages', 'selenium', 'python', 'package', 'which', 'launch']
['driver', 'remote', 'machine', 'driver', 'method']
['selenium', 'package', 'utilized', 'navigate', 'selected']
['source', 'drivers', 'chromedriver', 'firefox', 'driver', 'direct', 'commands', 'corresponding']
['browser', 'retrieve', 'response', 'occasionally', 'input']
['clicking', 'buttons', 'selecting', 'relevant', 'options']
['dropdown', 'menus', 'necessary', 'obtain', 'correct', 'infor', 'mation', 'which', 'nicely', 'supported', 'selenium', 'better']
['integrate', 'github', 'actions', 'workflows', 'mentioned']
['before', 'remote', 'drivers', 'utilized', 'creating', 'servers', 'through', 'docker', 'containers', 'docker', 'containers']
['connecting', 'services', 'natively', 'supported', 'github']
['actions', 'making', 'workflows', 'smoother', 'gener', 'content', 'scraped', 'static', 'pages']
['using', 'methods', 'described', 'section']
['desired', 'source', 'located', 'using']
['element', 'element', 'selector', 'methods']
['selenium', 'package']
['processing']
['addition', 'common', 'official', 'covid', 'daily']
['reports', 'distributed', 'documents', 'governments']
['which', 'typically', 'contains', 'tables', 'records', 'challenge']
['parse', 'directly', 'online', 'documents', 'after']
['getting', 'required', 'documents', 'local', 'server']
['extracting', 'based', 'information']
['necessary']
['order', 'retrieve', 'documents', 'steps']
['applied', 'covid', 'scraper']
['covid', 'scraper', 'first', 'links', 'daily', 'situation']
['reports', 'usually', 'there', 'official', 'containing']
['links', 'reports', 'technique']
['scraping', 'static', 'pages']
['acquire', 'links', 'occasion', 'documents', 'different']
['dates', 'share', 'except', 'string']
['easily', 'substitute', 'target']
['obtain', 'corresponding']
['after', 'retrieving', 'links', 'documents', 'several']
['tools', 'could', 'utilized', 'scrape', 'ments', 'tabula', 'python', 'wrapper']
['tabula', 'which', 'table', 'extraction', 'engine']
['normally', 'relevant', 'table', 'contents', 'located']
['locations', 'inside', 'documents', 'different']
['dates', 'coordinates', 'areas', 'containing', 'those']
['tables', 'specified', 'tabula', 'obtain', 'better']
['results', 'extracted', 'converted']
['files', 'further', 'processing', 'however', 'extra', 'needs']
['taken', 'check', 'format', 'verify']
['since', 'sometimes', 'extraction', 'output', 'format']
['consistent']
['image', 'processing']
['another', 'common', 'format', 'distributing', 'covid', 'records']
['picture', 'usually', 'understanding', 'share']
['through', 'social', 'media', 'however', 'challenge']
['automatic', 'scrapers', 'directly']
['python', 'beautifulsoup', 'package']
['scrape', 'those', 'pictures', 'specific', 'group']
['users', 'needs', 'static', 'dynamic', 'websites', 'first']
['request', 'source', 'using', 'method']
['requests', 'package', 'response', 'request']
['parsed', 'beautifulsoup', 'lastly', 'select', 'method']
['applied', 'extract', 'image', 'source']
['setup', 'download', 'tasks', 'after', 'collecting', 'pictures', 'every']
['volunteers', 'manually', 'record', 'picture']
[]
['regardless', 'format', 'typically', 'accessed']
['directly', 'request', 'reverse', 'engineering', 'however']
['volume', '84789h', 'covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolset']
['occasionally', 'distributed', 'platform']
['requires', 'authenticated', 'requests', 'instance', 'philippines']
['daily', 'released', 'google', 'drive', 'access']
['client', 'credentials', 'created', 'connecting']
['google', 'drive', 'before', 'access', 'those', 'specific', 'resources']
['addition', 'source', 'websites', 'additional', 'protec', 'built', 'avoid', 'attacks', 'which', 'break']
['scrapers', 'instance', 'croatia', 'official', 'covid']
['website', 'utilizes', 'cloudflare', 'protection']
['therefore', 'requesting', 'source', 'directly']
['selenium', 'script', 'denied', 'flaresolverr']
['bypass', 'protection', 'which', 'starts', 'proxy', 'server']
['opens', 'requested', 'chrome', 'browser', 'sends']
['requested', 'after', 'cloudflare', 'challenge', 'solved']
['collection', 'automation']
['crawler', 'units', 'tuned', 'properly']
['assembled', 'processed', 'automatically', 'automation']
['covid', 'scraper', 'implemented', 'different']
['simple', 'script', 'hosted', 'server', 'automa', 'toolkits', 'workflows', 'supported', 'cloud', 'platforms']
['operational', 'version', 'github', 'actions', 'applied']
['automated', 'scraping', 'processes', 'covid', 'scraper']
['hosting', 'toolset', 'github', 'actions', 'using']
['workflow', 'files', 'customized', 'virtual', 'ronment', 'covid', 'scraper', 'built', 'deployed']
['performed', 'under', 'manual', 'control', 'operation', 'scheduled']
['period', 'figure']
['figure', 'workflow', 'collect', 'automatically', 'routinely']
['event', 'driven', 'github', 'action', 'define']
['parameters', 'including', 'event', 'triggers', 'parameter', 'event']
['workflow', 'parameter', 'schedule', 'which', 'daily']
['current', 'operation']
['workflow', 'parameter', 'which']
['group', 'together', 'steps', 'parameters', 'specify']
['configuration', 'environment', 'parameters']
['ubuntu', 'linux', 'runner', 'group', 'steps']
['needs', 'workflow', 'parameters', 'steps']
['python', 'environment', 'runner']
['country', 'crawler', 'scripts']
['execute', 'command', 'runner', 'parameter']
['github', 'configuration', 'settings', 'latest']
['steps', 'parameter', 'expanded', 'additional', 'crawler']
['scripts', 'which', 'increases', 'total', 'crawling']
['however', 'ensure', 'quality', 'dataset', 'collected']
['saved', 'locally', 'before', 'pushing', 'database', 'configuration', 'processing', 'performed', 'solve']
['three', 'possible', 'issues']
['inconsistent', 'location', 'names', 'sources']
['inconsistent', 'spatial', 'scale']
['temporal']
['those', 'issues', 'nearly', 'inevitable', 'practical', 'operations']
['mismatches', 'inconsistent', 'names', 'administrative', 'sions', 'regions', 'locations', 'fixed', 'before', 'collecting']
['instance', 'bogra', 'district', 'bangladesh', 'officially']
['changed', 'english', 'spelling', 'bogura', 'district']
['scraped', 'bangladesh', 'covid', 'dashboard']
['contains', 'spellings', 'ignoring', 'issue', 'result']
['missing', 'inaccurate', 'cases', 'count', 'regions']
['those', 'countries']
['inconsistent', 'spatial', 'scale', 'temporal', 'handled', 'processing', 'truth', 'daily']
['cases', 'countries', 'reported', 'adminis', 'trative', 'divisions', 'health', 'boards', 'other', 'statistical', 'regions']
['other', 'words', 'after', 'obtaining', 'those', 'datasets', 'region']
['names', 'those', 'needed', 'match']
['local', 'geographical', 'consistent', 'scales', 'example']
['sometimes', 'reported', 'admin', 'county', 'level']
['while', 'required', 'scale', 'admin', 'province', 'state']
['level', 'cases', 'mapping', 'table', 'convert', 'admin', 'level', 'dataset', 'admin', 'level']
['meantime', 'cases', 'records', 'based', 'admin']
['level', 'aggregated', 'matched', 'based', 'admin']
['regions', 'addition', 'missing', 'certain', 'dates']
['cases', 'example', 'denmark', 'report', 'daily']
['cases', 'weekends', 'output', 'reports']
['consistent', 'format', 'missing', 'filled', 'using']
['closest', 'previous', 'available', 'after']
['global', 'dataset', 'cleaned', 'formatted', 'following']
['scraping', 'cases', 'dataset', 'exported']
['region', 'corresponding', 'record', 'includes', 'region']
['country', 'local', 'numbers']
['confirmed', 'cases', 'deaths', 'cases', 'recovered', 'cases']
['available', 'however', 'quality', 'verification', 'validation']
['before', 'pushing', 'database', 'effec', 'inquires']
['quality', 'control']
['because', 'various', 'formats', 'datasets', 'collected']
['globally', 'dealing', 'instability', 'quality']
['84790', 'volume', '2021h', 'covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolset']
['figure', 'operational', 'dashboard', 'global', 'covid', 'records']
['challenge', 'automatically', 'processed', 'crawlers', 'example']
['structure', 'content', 'sources', 'updated', 'quently', 'which', 'usually', 'results', 'unexpected', 'scraping', 'errors']
['therefore', 'detecting', 'errors', 'anomalies', 'essential']
['toolset', 'addition', 'quickly', 'respond', 'errors', 'during']
['toolset', 'running', 'important', 'validate', 'collected']
['after', 'scraping', 'process', 'datasets', 'correct']
['accurate', 'three', 'dimensions', 'quality', 'evalu', 'automatic', 'detection', 'script', 'including', 'integrity']
['consistency', 'validity', 'completion', 'check', 'continu', 'series', 'availability', 'required', 'integrity']
['consistency', 'scraped', 'should', 'consistent']
['sources', 'several', 'numeric', 'rules']
['validity', 'evaluation', 'example', 'accumulated', 'viral']
['value', 'should', 'unabated', 'change', 'marized', 'cases', 'value', 'certain', 'region', 'should', 'change', 'among']
['continuous', 'surge', 'increase', 'cases']
['identified', 'abnormal', 'growth', 'accumulated']
['value', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'should', 'larger', 'cases']
['death', 'recovered', 'implement', 'quality', 'evaluation']
['toolset', 'validation', 'scripts', 'developed', 'compo', 'covid', 'scraper', 'compare', 'record']
['scraped', 'sources', 'corresponding', 'validation']
['sources', 'automatically', 'process', 'started', 'after']
['crawling', 'process', 'quality', 'report', 'produced']
['verify', 'there', 'inconstancies', 'mistakes']
['collected', 'dataset', 'instance', 'nigeria']
['scraped', 'public', 'dataset', 'provides', 'admin1', 'level']
['records', 'meantime', 'another', 'dataset', 'provided', 'nigeria']
['centre', 'disease', 'control', 'applied', 'validation']
['source', 'ensure', 'accuracy', 'scraped', 'dataset', 'daily']
['comparison', 'records', 'datasets']
['covid', 'scraper', 'validation', 'process', 'mismatching']
['found', 'before', 'finalization', 'crawler']
['specific', 'country', 'adjusted', 'scraped']
['source', 'replaced', 'problems', 'detected']
['during', 'validation']
['current', 'validation', 'approach', 'accurately', 'support']
['formatted', 'tabular', 'format', 'however']
['datasets', 'extracted', 'types', 'recogni', 'applied', 'recognition', 'accuracy', 'cannot', 'fully']
['guaranteed', 'those', 'cases', 'group', 'volunteers', 'helping']
['manually', 'check', 'image', 'daily']
['published', 'quality', 'standard']
['final', 'product', 'generated', 'scraper']
['toolset']
['scraped', 'datasets', 'daily', 'quality', 'check']
['process', 'converted', 'standard', 'table', 'format']
['joint', 'basemap', 'which', 'serves', 'spatial', 'supplement']
['attribute', 'datasets', 'organized', 'region', 'areas', 'scaling']
['country', 'level', 'globally', 'admin', 'level', 'country']
['underneath', 'region', 'daily', 'reports', 'series']
['summary', 'tables', 'confirmed', 'death', 'recovered', 'cases']
['produced', 'presented', 'after', 'covid']
['collection', 'pushed', 'shared', 'github', 'repository']
['final', 'product', 'daily', 'updates', 'addition']
['obtained', 'being', 'loaded', 'designed']
['relational', 'database', 'backup', 'public', 'representation', 'poses', 'operational', 'dashboard', 'developed']
['published', 'online', 'represent', 'share']
['global', 'scale', 'covid', 'records', 'visual', 'manner']
['minutes', 'updating', 'intervals', 'using', 'dataset']
['database', 'figure']
['volume', '84791h', 'covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolset']
['experiments', 'discussion']
['verify', 'covid', 'scraper', 'designed']
['scrape', 'covid', 'dataset', 'different', 'countries', 'formats', 'study', 'cases', 'selected', 'section']
['represent', 'capability', 'toolset', 'collect', 'struc', 'tured', 'unstructured', 'dataset', 'static', 'dynamic']
['based', 'sources', 'furthermore', 'performance', 'tested']
['check', 'covid', 'scraper', 'applied', 'scrape', 'global']
['datasets', 'reasonable', 'support']
['updating', 'product', 'after', 'study', 'cases', 'using']
['product', 'introduced']
['collecting', 'chile', 'offcial', 'covid', 'website']
['covid', 'dashboard', 'chile', 'example']
['static', 'website', 'figure', 'website', 'updates', 'daily']
['newest', 'information', 'about', 'covid', 'chile', 'which']
['shown', 'table', 'webpage']
['figure', 'operational', 'dashboard', 'global', 'covid', 'records']
['accommodate', 'static', 'websites', 'parse']
['elements', 'required', 'nested']
['structures', 'three', 'steps', 'applied']
['utilize', 'beautifulsoup', 'package', 'python']
['required', 'which', 'table']
['elements']
['apply', 'pandas', 'package', 'extract', 'required', 'informa', 'parsed', 'element']
['concatenate', 'single']
['result']
['created', 'saved', 'temporary']
['result', 'passed', 'folder', 'which', 'named']
['crawling', 'process', 'started', 'experiment', 'demonstrates']
['successful', 'functionality', 'covid', 'scraper', 'namely', 'locat', 'scraping', 'datasets', 'published', 'static', 'websites']
['scraped', 'stored', 'database', 'github']
['repository', 'after', 'scraping', 'process', 'finished']
['collecting', 'pakistan', 'covid', 'dashboard']
['pakistan', 'covid', 'dashboard', 'example']
['dynamic', 'figure', 'website', 'daily', 'cases']
['seven', 'level', 'regions', 'pakistan', 'displayed']
['table', 'located', 'bottom', 'dashboard', 'however']
['table', 'generated', 'dynamically', 'using', 'google', 'studio']
['hence', 'cannot', 'scraped', 'directly']
['source']
['figure', 'pakistan', 'covid', 'dashboard']
['solve', 'problem', 'steps', 'needed', 'before', 'scrap']
['analyze', 'network', 'activity', 'direct']
['dashboard', 'google', 'studio', 'https', 'datastudio']
['google', 'embed', 'reporting', '1plvi5amcc_r5gh928g']
['flxjqf', 'r24ib', 'should', 'detected']
['using', 'browser', 'tools', 'google', 'chrome', 'developer']
['tools']
['render', 'dashboard', 'using', 'selenium', 'driver', 'which']
['connects', 'retrieves', 'browser']
['discussed', 'section']
['start', 'standalone', 'selenium', 'service']
['listen', 'incoming', 'requests', 'adopting', 'github', 'actions']
['service', 'container', 'capability']
['connect', 'driver', 'localhost']
['service', 'established']
['until', 'rendered', 'returned']
['selenium', 'driver', 'elements', 'rendered']
['document', 'located', 'using', 'various', 'methods', 'provided']
['driver', 'using', 'those', 'methods', 'identifying']
['elements', 'selectors', 'elements', 'table']
['contain', 'region', 'names', 'cases', 'identified']
['daily', 'cases', 'scraped', 'saved']
['format', 'update', 'extracted']
['rendered', 'highlighted', 'figure', 'tempo', 'information', 'experiment', 'shows', 'covid', 'scraper']
['successfully', 'scrape', 'dynamic', 'website', 'differ', 'static', 'websites', 'drive', 'technologies']
['adopted', 'targeted', 'recognized']
['accessed', 'scraped']
['performance']
['covid', 'scraper', 'process', 'scraping']
['tasks', 'reasonable', 'supporting', 'covid', 'related']
['research', 'comprehensive', 'performance', 'tests', 'conducted']
['84792', 'volume', '2021h', 'covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolset']
['overall', 'performance', 'automatic', 'scraping']
['available', 'countries', 'world', 'average', 'spent']
['whole', 'github', 'action', 'around', 'minutes', 'fifty', 'seconds', 'averaging', 'times', 'tests', 'figure']
['processing', 'varies', 'mainly', 'because']
['internet', 'speed', 'unstable', 'covid', 'scraper', 'starting']
['process', 'setup', 'setup', 'python', 'commit']
['result', 'takes', 'around', 'seconds', 'finish', 'which', 'quick']
['major', 'consuming', 'steps', 'processing', 'checkout']
['repositories', 'installing', 'python', 'dependencies', 'generating']
['which', 'heavily', 'impacted', 'internet', 'speed']
['during', 'processes', 'addition', 'noticed', 'after']
['source', 'websites', 'content', 'change', 'layout']
['their', 'websites', 'spent', 'crawling', 'website', 'takes']
['longer', 'worst', 'stops', 'working', 'scraper']
['detects', 'those', 'abnormal', 'statuses', 'notification', 'alarmed']
['automatically', 'operators', 'support', 'action']
['continue', 'maintain', 'support', 'project']
['working', 'normally']
['effectively']
['figure', 'overall', 'performance', 'covid', 'scraper']
['understand', 'detailed', 'performance', 'covid', 'scraper', 'different', 'countries', 'countries']
['selected', 'including', 'austria', 'chile', 'jamaica', 'panama']
['bosnia', 'hungary', 'lanka', 'turkey', 'slovenia', 'switzer', 'every', 'those', 'countries', 'share']
['hence', 'types', 'scraping', 'performance', 'could']
['tested', 'every', 'country', 'times', 'average']
['calculated', 'reduce', 'randomness', 'austria', 'chile']
['publish', 'table', 'format', 'average', 'processing']
['seconds', 'respectively', 'though']
['format', 'reason', 'difference', 'processing']
['primarily', 'difference', 'crawling']
['austria', 'whereas', 'chile']
['reason', 'takes']
['process', 'chile', 'comparison', 'austria']
['addition', 'downloading', 'speed', 'during', 'processing']
['contributes', 'difference', 'jamaica']
['panama', 'average']
['seconds', 'respectively', 'similar', 'austria']
['chile', 'those', 'countries', 'major']
['reason', 'difference', 'jamaica']
['panama', 'respectively', 'bosnia']
['hungary', 'publish', 'image', 'format', 'average']
['seconds', 'hungary', 'greater']
['bosnia', 'which', 'contributes', 'processing']
['hungary', 'source', 'lanka', 'turkey']
['format', 'difference', 'processing', 'between', 'those']
['countries', 'primarily', 'reasons', 'first']
['lanka', 'crawling', 'script', 'directly', 'scrapes']
['current', 'turkey', 'script', 'first', 'crawls']
['retrieve', 'latest', 'which']
['scraps', 'desired', 'which', 'takes']
['process', 'second', 'required', 'lanka']
['first', 'published', 'whereas', 'turkey']
['desired', 'third', 'during', 'performance']
['testing', 'which', 'results', 'crawling', 'pages']
['lanka', 'slovenia', 'switzerland', 'source']
['format', 'respectively']
['processing', 'slovenia', 'switzerland']
['because', 'larger', 'hence', 'downloading']
['increases', 'causing', 'increase', 'processing']
['processing', 'countries', 'mainly', 'depends']
['complexity', 'published', 'website', 'files']
['sources', 'internet', 'speed']
['figure', 'performance', 'tests', 'single', 'countries', 'different']
['types']
['cases', 'scraped', 'product']
['generated', 'covid', 'scraper']
['support', 'scientific', 'research', 'within', 'academic', 'munity', 'studies', 'introduced', 'applying']
['generated', 'covid', 'scraper', 'major']
['sources']
['medical', 'resource', 'deficiency', 'dynamics']
['since', 'march', 'million', 'lation', 'tested', 'positive', 'result', 'covid']
['whether', 'medical', 'resources', 'enough', 'handle', 'worst']
['scenario', 'crisis', 'discussed', 'evaluated', 'public']
['three', 'elements', 'including', 'ventilators']
['critical', 'medical', 'staff', 'reported', 'fundamental']
['volume', '84793h', 'covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolset']
['medical', 'resources', 'support', 'critically', 'patients']
['study', 'authors', 'created', 'medical', 'resource', 'deficiency']
['index', 'using', 'covid', 'scraper', 'product']
['related', 'covid', 'medical', 'measure', 'reality']
['medical', 'burden', 'using', 'crawled', 'confirmed', 'death']
['recovered', 'hospitalized', 'viral', 'cases', 'county', 'level']
[]
['defined', 'division', 'daily', 'active', 'cases']
['medical', 'resources', 'county', 'scale', 'while', 'daily', 'active']
['cases', 'refer', 'difference', 'accumulated', 'number', 'firmed', 'positive', 'tested', 'patients', 'accumulated', 'number']
['deaths', 'medical', 'resources', 'calculated']
['number', 'licensed', 'multiplied', 'total', 'number']
['critical', 'staff', 'specifically', 'covid', 'response']
['higher', 'value', 'medical', 'source', 'certain']
['pressed', 'harder', 'accumulated', 'viral', 'numbers']
['positive', 'confirmed', 'deaths', 'extracted']
['facts', 'cross', 'validated', 'sources', 'hopkins']
['university', 'hospital', 'licensed', 'number', 'critical', 'staff', 'comprehensive', 'specialty', 'accessed']
['definitive', 'healthcare', 'consulting', 'services', 'national']
['provider', 'identifier', 'registry', 'database', 'respectively']
['collected', 'study', 'converted', 'county', 'scale']
['unique', 'identifier', 'county', 'census', 'standard']
['monitor', 'share', 'dynamic', 'heterogeneity', 'infor', 'mation', 'medical', 'resource', 'distribution', 'medical', 'resource']
['deficiency', 'dashboard', 'created', 'based', 'arcgis', 'board', 'analyzing', 'visualizing', 'generated', 'results']
['figure', 'bubble', 'center', 'dashboard']
['represents', 'spatial', 'distribution', 'where']
['circle', 'refers', 'index', 'value', 'lists', 'counties']
['displayed', 'right', 'statistics']
['infection', 'which', 'interactively', 'generated', 'based']
['selected', 'extend', 'indicator']
['charts', 'fraction', 'hospital', 'types', 'medical']
['staff', 'applied', 'display', 'county']
['dashboard', 'track', 'temporal', 'pattern', 'index']
['chart', 'built', 'bottom', 'demonstrate', 'series']
['analysis', 'result', 'selected']
['figure', 'scraped', 'product', 'monitor', 'medical', 'resource']
['deficiency', 'dynamics', 'covid']
['impact', 'social', 'distancing', 'measures']
['covid', 'cases', 'mortality']
['another', 'study', 'impact', 'control', 'policies', 'using']
['covid', 'scraper', 'corresponding', 'policies', 'dataset']
['study', 'authors', 'analyzed', 'series', 'social', 'distancing']
['policies', 'including', 'school', 'closure', 'workplace', 'closure', 'cancel', 'lation', 'public', 'events', 'public', 'information', 'campaigns', 'cancel']
['public', 'transport', 'internal', 'movement', 'restriction', 'travel']
['control', 'implemented', 'combat', 'world', 'pandemic', 'previous', 'studies', 'found', 'social', 'distancing']
['policies', 'effective', 'mitigating', 'covid']
['however', 'these', 'policies', 'negative', 'impacts', 'economic']
['development', 'normal', 'limited', 'understanding']
['effectiveness', 'individual', 'policy', 'posed', 'grand']
['challenges', 'reopening', 'process', 'which', 'stringency']
['social', 'distancing', 'reduced', 'balance', 'health', 'develop', 'study', 'investigating', 'effectiveness', 'seven', 'major']
['social', 'distancing', 'policies', 'covid']
['mortality', 'growth', 'conducted', 'using']
['collected', 'policy', 'shared', 'oxford', 'policy', 'tracker']
['project', 'estimate', 'temporal', 'dynamic', 'impact']
['policies', 'covid', 'cases', 'policy', 'transformed']
['variables', 'which', 'represent', 'policy', 'implementation']
['periods', 'including', 'weeks', 'three', 'weeks']
['month', 'months', 'months', 'scraped']
['daily', 'cumulative', 'converted', 'daily']
['growth', 'which', 'difference', 'between', 'logarithms']
['cumulative', 'numbers', 'successive', 'these']
['implementation', 'indicators', 'regressed', 'growth']
['using', 'panel', 'regression', 'analysis', 'panel', 'regression', 'widely']
['analyze', 'dimensional', 'panel', 'which', 'typically']
['cross', 'sectional', 'states', 'countries', 'longitudinal']
['month', 'dimensions', 'specifically', 'fixed', 'effects']
['panel', 'regression', 'model', 'adopted', 'study', 'could']
['model', 'unobserved', 'heterogeneity', 'through', 'state', 'specific', 'fixed']
['effects', 'addition', 'growth', 'multiplied']
['regression', 'regression', 'coefficient', 'policy']
['could', 'interpreted', 'percentage', 'point', 'changes', 'growth']
['figure']
['figure', 'scraped', 'product', 'support', 'covid', 'policy']
['analysis']
['study', 'demonstrated', 'orders']
['workplace', 'closures', 'public', 'information', 'campaigns']
['drastically', 'decrease', 'confirmed', 'growth', 'orders', 'workplace', 'closure', 'decrease', 'growth']
['through', 'changes', 'mobility', 'while', 'public', 'information', 'paign', 'impact', 'confirmed', 'growth', 'through', 'channels']
['other', 'mobility', 'addition', 'regarding', 'death', 'growth']
['orders', 'international', 'travel', 'controls']
['limited', 'mitigation', 'effect', 'relation', 'between', 'policies']
['84794', 'volume', '2021h', 'covid', 'scraper', 'source', 'toolset']
['growth', 'rates', 'learned', 'study', 'could', 'provide']
['policymakers', 'better', 'understanding', 'effectiveness']
['policy', 'support', 'decision', 'making']
['conclusion']
['covid', 'outbreak', 'impacted', 'billions', 'people']
['world', 'governments', 'organizations', 'research', 'insti', 'tutions', 'conducting', 'rapid', 'research', 'covid', 'related']
['problems', 'bring', 'people', 'every', 'country']
['normalcy', 'detailed', 'spatiotemporal', 'covid', 'records']
['proved', 'important', 'evidence', 'support', 'covid']
['related', 'research', 'however', 'collect', 'aggregate', 'store']
['share', 'published', 'country', 'world']
['community', 'effectively', 'challenge', 'solve', 'covid', 'scraper', 'developed', 'sourced']
['toolset', 'automatically', 'extract', 'collect', 'filter']
['refine', 'unify', 'store', 'public', 'spatiotemporal', 'covid']
['records', 'fifty', 'eight', 'countries', 'around', 'world', 'which']
['provide', 'available', 'covid', 'sources', 'minor']
['adjustments', 'toolset', 'accommodate', 'various', 'types']
['published', 'country', 'various', 'formats']
['scales', 'channels', 'publish', 'frequencies', 'importantly']
['countries', 'provide', 'access', 'historical']
['covid', 'automatically', 'build', 'historical', 'lections', 'support', 'research', 'repeatedly', 'certain', 'frequency']
['covid', 'scraper', 'processes', 'effective', 'manner']
['collecting', 'countries', 'world', 'within', 'single']
['about', 'minutes', 'after', 'processing']
['cleaning', 'fetched', 'unified', 'saved', 'database']
['sharing', 'daily', 'quality', 'checking', 'product']
['production', 'global', 'covid', 'github', 'repository']
['maintained', 'since', 'march', 'addition', 'visual', 'ization', 'component', 'developed', 'covid', 'scraper']
['publish', 'product', 'service', 'public']
['access']
['covid', 'scraper', 'utilized', 'scraping', 'technolo', 'science', 'related', 'fields']
['integrating', 'source', 'packages', 'tools']
['extracting', 'network', 'simulation', 'image', 'parsing', 'automation', 'covid', 'scraper', 'highly', 'flexible']
['automatic', 'toolset', 'process', 'tasks', 'unsupervised', 'under']
['users', 'settings', 'nature', 'source', 'users']
['easily', 'customize', 'sources', 'structure']
['output', 'product', 'execution', 'logic', 'processing', 'frequency']
['exception', 'handling', 'addition', 'users', 'modify']
['source', 'extend', 'collecting', 'datasets', 'other']
['purposes', 'support', 'wider', 'studies', 'tasks', 'gency', 'response', 'natural', 'disaster', 'detection', 'saving']
['lives']
['currently', 'limitation', 'quality', 'control']
['validation', 'cannot', 'fully', 'automated', 'because', 'accuracy']
['parsing', 'extracting', 'cannot', 'always', 'guaranteed']
['using', 'current', 'packages', 'hence', 'users', 'intervene']
['quality', 'control', 'process', 'image']
['product', 'quality']
['rapid', 'development', 'parsing', 'images']
['updating', 'component', 'minimize', 'human', 'intervention']
['automation', 'process']
['new_paper']
['received', 'december', 'accepted', 'january', 'publication', 'january', 'current', 'version', 'january']
['digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3050852']
['novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine']
['learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['inpatient', 'facility']
['abdul']
['mehedi', 'masud']
['senior', 'member']
['shahadat', 'hossain']
['abdullah', 'mamun', 'bulbul']
[]
['hasan', 'mahmud']
['anupam', 'kumar', 'bairagi']
['member']
['1electronics', 'communication', 'engineering', 'discipline', 'khulna', 'university', 'khulna', 'bangladesh']
['2department', 'computer', 'science', 'college', 'computers', 'information', 'technology', 'university', '21944', 'saudi', 'arabia']
['3department', 'quantitative', 'sciences', 'international', 'university', 'business', 'agriculture', 'technology', 'dhaka', 'bangladesh']
['4school', 'computer', 'science', 'engineering', 'university', 'electronic', 'science', 'technology', 'china', 'chengdu', '611731', 'china']
['5computer', 'science', 'engineering', 'discipline', 'khulna', 'university', 'khulna', 'bangladesh']
['corresponding', 'author', 'abdul']
['supported', 'university', 'researchers', 'supporting', 'project', 'number', 'tursp', 'university']
['saudi', 'arabia']
['abstract', 'whole', 'world', 'faces', 'pandemic', 'situation', 'deadly', 'virus', 'namely', 'covid', 'takes']
['considerable', 'virus', 'matured', 'traced', 'during', 'transmitted']
['among', 'other', 'people', 'unexpected', 'situation', 'quick', 'identification', 'covid', 'patients']
['required', 'designed', 'optimized', 'machine', 'learning', 'based', 'framework', 'using', 'inpatient', 'facility']
['friendly', 'effective', 'efficient', 'solution', 'pandemic', 'proposed']
['framework', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'optimize', 'hyperparameters', 'classifier', 'adaptive']
['synthetic', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'balance', 'covid', 'covid', 'classes', 'dataset', 'although']
['proposed', 'technique', 'applied', 'state', 'classifiers', 'efficacy']
['classifiers', 'classification', 'problems', 'evident', 'study', 'extreme', 'gradient']
['boosting', 'provides', 'highest', 'kappa', 'index', 'compared', 'without', 'adasyn', 'proposed']
['approach', 'yields', 'improvement', 'kappa', 'index', 'besides', 'bayesian', 'optimization']
['compared', 'search', 'random', 'search', 'efficiency', 'furthermore', 'dominating', 'features']
['identified', 'using', 'shapely', 'adaptive', 'explanations', 'analysis', 'comparison']
['among', 'other', 'related', 'works', 'proposed', 'method', 'capable', 'enough', 'tracing', 'covid', 'patients', 'spending']
['conventional', 'techniques', 'finally', 'potential', 'applications', 'namely', 'clinically']
['operable', 'decision', 'decision', 'support', 'system', 'demonstrated', 'support', 'clinical', 'staff']
['build', 'recommender', 'system']
['index', 'terms', 'covid', 'adasyn', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'classification', 'inpatient', 'facility']
['introduction']
['world', 'currently', 'experiencing', 'pandemic', 'situation']
['extensive', 'spreading', 'novel', 'coronavirus']
['disease', 'namely', 'covid', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'drome', 'triggered', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome']
['coronavirus', 'which', 'primarily', 'detected']
['wuhan', 'under', 'hubei', 'province', 'china']
['associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript']
['approving', 'publication', 'bilal', 'alatas']
['considering', 'alarming', 'infection', 'death']
['covid', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'announced']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'disease', 'march']
['report', 'covid']
['august', 'about', 'people', 'infected']
['covid', 'among', 'about', 'people']
['contagious', 'nature']
['covid', 'infection', 'death', 'rapidly', 'increasing']
['cases', 'disease', 'spreads']
['respiratory', 'droplets', 'transmitted', 'individual']
['volume', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '10263m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['individual', 'other', 'surfaces', 'virus', 'lives']
['multiple', 'hours', 'multiple', 'suitable', 'surface']
['temperature', 'suggested']
['covid', 'patient', 'should', 'himself', 'isolated', 'others']
['early', 'possible', 'resist', 'transmission', 'covid']
['should', 'detected', 'early', 'possible', 'reducing', 'liveli', 'economy', 'critical', 'issue', 'broad']
['maturation', 'period', 'covid', 'varies']
['usual', 'symptoms', 'disease', 'include', 'fever']
['cough', 'dyspnea', 'smell', 'taste', 'diarrhoea']
['people', 'affected', 'covid', 'should', 'through']
['fruitful', 'accurate', 'screening', 'scheme']
['ensure', 'timely', 'treatment', 'isolation', 'safety', 'patient']
['pieces', 'research', 'going', 'efficient']
['speedy', 'covid', 'detection', 'schemes', 'different', 'dimen', 'sions', 'reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction']
['covid', 'detection', 'scheme', 'shown']
['efficiency', 'practised', 'worldwide', 'using', 'samples']
['nasal', 'pharyngeal', 'method', 'petently', 'detect', 'coronavirus', 'attained', 'standard']
['banner', 'however', 'these', 'testing', 'mounting']
['demand', 'limited', 'supply', 'especially', 'developing']
['countries', 'another', 'drawback', 'method']
['requires', 'extended', 'period', 'ranging']
['moreover', 'situation', 'worse', 'rural', 'areas', 'because']
['people', 'remote', 'areas', 'results', 'after']
['after', 'extended', 'period', 'increases']
['vulnerability', 'spreading', 'covid', 'patient']
['usually', 'himself', 'isolated', 'others', 'before']
['getting', 'result']
['optimize', 'these', 'limitations', 'potentiality', 'artificial']
['intelligence', 'machine', 'learning', 'algorithms']
['analysis', 'characterization', 'classification', 'ferent', 'diseases', 'motivated', 'researchers', 'introduce']
['covid', 'detection', 'numerous', 'researches']
['already', 'carried', 'design', 'covid', 'detec', 'model', 'based', 'furthermore']
['rajaraman', 'antani', 'proposed', 'covid', 'detec', 'model', 'based', 'learning', 'algorithms', 'using']
['convolutional', 'neural', 'networks', 'chest']
['patients', 'analyzed', 'model', 'evaluate']
['presence', 'virus', 'model', 'showed', 'about']
['accuracy', 'employing', 'vgg16', 'classifier', 'another']
['based', 'automatic', 'covid', 'detection', 'model']
['proposed', 'makris', 'diagnosing']
['model', 'exhibited', 'about', 'engaging', 'vgg16', 'vgg19', 'classifiers', 'respec', 'tively', 'transfer', 'learning', 'based', 'model', 'presented']
['abbas', 'trace', 'covid', 'based']
['model', 'diagnosed', 'images', 'patients', 'check']
['covid', 'presence', 'model', 'attained', 'about']
['accuracy', 'presented', 'model', 'automatic']
['detection', 'covid', 'model', 'employed', 'chest']
['computed', 'tomography', 'images', 'patients', 'detect']
['covid', 'anticipated', 'model', 'mnas3dnet41']
['revealed', 'about', 'accuracy', 'presented']
['automatic', 'covid', 'detection', 'model', 'based', 'sequen', 'model', 'images', 'input', 'detect']
['covid', 'model', 'attained', 'almost', 'accuracy', 'along']
['sensitivity', 'specificity']
['automatic', 'covid', 'detection', 'models', 'proposed']
['based', 'computer', 'based', 'diagnosis']
['images']
['hence', 'anticipated', 'models', 'require']
['patients', 'input', 'parameter', 'available']
['diagnostic', 'centres', 'patient', 'suspected', 'patient']
['visit', 'diagnostic', 'centre', 'person', 'check']
['presence', 'covid', 'families']
['developing', 'countries', 'private', 'transport', 'besides']
['patients', 'rural', 'areas', 'travel', 'distance']
['reach', 'diagnostic', 'centre', 'therefore', 'public']
['transport', 'visit', 'diagnostic', 'centre', 'check', 'covid']
['create', 'vulnerability', 'covid', 'spreading']
['among', 'others', 'another', 'point', 'percentage']
['people', 'tested', 'covid', 'covid', 'positive', 'results']
['countries', 'example']
['positive', 'about', 'france']
['bangladesh', 'italy']
['india', 'russia']
['visiting', 'diagnostic', 'centre', 'large', 'percent', 'covid', 'negative', 'people', 'covid']
['positive', 'patients', 'which', 'enhance', 'getting', 'taminated', 'covid', 'disease', 'inpatient', 'based']
['covid', 'detection', 'option', 'avoid', 'these', 'types']
['risks', 'besides', 'detection']
['friendly', 'effective', 'efficient']
['considering', 'above', 'issues', 'proposed']
['friendly', 'model', 'detect', 'covid', 'based']
['machine', 'learning', 'large', 'volume', 'covid']
['available', 'different', 'laboratories', 'centres', 'dataset']
['comprises', 'other', 'features', 'temperature', 'pulse']
['systolic', 'diastolic', 'pressure', 'fever', 'cough', 'smell']
['runny', 'diabetics', 'taste', 'asthma', 'which']
['analyzed', 'design', 'automatic', 'covid', 'detection', 'model']
['promising', 'advantage', 'model']
['capable', 'detecting', 'covid', 'within', 'minutes']
['doctors', 'adequate', 'precautionary', 'sures', 'while', 'treating', 'covid', 'patients', 'different', 'classi', 'fication', 'algorithms', 'linear', 'discriminant', 'analysis']
['quadratic', 'naive', 'bayes', 'nearest']
['neighbors', 'decision', 'random', 'forest']
['extreme', 'gradient', 'boosting', 'gradient', 'boosting']
['support', 'vector', 'machine', 'characterize']
['model', 'these', 'classifiers', 'hyper', 'parameters']
['proper', 'tuning', 'these', 'hyper', 'parameter', 'improves', 'perfor', 'mance', 'classification', 'using', 'state', 'global', 'mizers', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'gradient', 'based']
['optimizer', 'slime', 'mould', 'algorithm']
['harris', 'hawks', 'optimization', 'uation', 'different', 'performance', 'metrics', 'specificity', 'sensitivity', 'anticipated', 'model']
['demonstrates', 'higher', 'efficiency', 'detecting', 'covid']
['10264', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['contribution', 'topics', 'covered', 'study']
['follows']
['proposed', 'model', 'easily', 'tested', 'inpatients']
['inhouse', 'facilities', 'discussed', 'section', 'therefore']
['patient', 'needs', 'visit', 'clinic']
['covid']
['designed', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework']
['using', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'adapted', 'adasyn']
['algorithm', 'detect', 'covid', 'which', 'presented']
['section']
['state', 'machine', 'learning', 'technique', 'mized', 'using', 'method', 'compared', 'other', 'monly', 'search', 'random', 'search', 'techniques']
['section']
['proposed', 'method', 'adasyn', 'algorithm']
['balance', 'model', 'effect', 'adasyn']
['demonstrated']
['using', 'shapely', 'adaptive', 'explanations', 'analysis']
['important', 'features', 'calculated', 'values']
['explained', 'interpret', 'model', 'section']
['clinically', 'operable', 'decision', 'built']
['helpful', 'clinical', 'staff', 'stated', 'section']
['decision', 'support', 'system', 'devel', 'assist', 'recommender', 'system', 'illustrated']
['section']
['remainder', 'paper', 'organized', 'follows']
['section', 'discuss', 'materials', 'methods']
['present', 'experimental', 'results', 'section']
['section', 'present', 'systematic', 'discussion', 'parison', 'other', 'approaches', 'finally']
['conclusions', 'section']
['materials', 'methods']
['source']
['clinically', 'driven', 'information', 'individuals']
['undergone', 'through', 'collected']
['dataset', 'containing', '11169', 'person']
['patients', 'covid', 'positive', 'covid', 'negative', 'tests']
['united', 'states', 'prepared', 'carbon', 'health']
['braid', 'health', 'started', 'testing']
['coronavirus', 'early', 'april', 'dataset', 'compli', 'health', 'insurance', 'portability', 'accountability']
['hipaa', 'privacy', 'identification', 'standard']
['clinical', 'teams', 'worked', 'under', 'dataset', 'prepared']
['covered', 'multiple', 'physiognomies', 'patients', 'includ', 'epidemiological', 'factors', 'comorbidity', 'vital', 'signs']
['technician', 'assessed', 'symptoms', 'patient', 'stated', 'symptoms']
['whereas', 'clinical', 'teams', 'gathered', 'dataset', 'under']
['which', 'assembled', 'radiological', 'information', 'taining', 'verdicts', 'impressions', 'labels']
['haven', 'radiological', 'information']
['patient', 'doesn', 'radiological', 'details', 'integration']
['radiological', 'information', 'beyond', 'scope', 'study']
['hence', 'excluded', 'analysis', 'dataset', 'consisted']
['positive', 'negative', 'results', 'patients', 'having']
['symptoms', 'symptoms', 'addition']
['covid', 'results', 'complete', 'dataset', 'available']
['github', 'website', 'contains', 'multiple', 'features', 'patients']
['pulse', 'temperature', 'higher', 'danger', 'introducer']
['occupation', 'higher', 'danger', 'contacts', 'diabetics', 'cancer', 'asthma']
['smoker', 'systole', 'diastole', 'diarrhoea', 'fatigue', 'fever', 'losing']
['smell', 'losing', 'taste', 'runny', 'headache', 'muscle']
['throat', 'cough', 'shortness', 'breath', 'vignette']
['entire', 'illustrated', 'through', 'tabular', 'sketch']
['shown', 'figure']
['pictorial', 'depiction', 'figure', 'clearer']
['there', 'types', 'numeric', 'boolean']
['where', 'boolean', 'variables', 'three', 'times']
['numeric', 'moreover', 'highest', 'patients']
['years', 'extreme', 'values']
['systolic', 'diastolic', 'pressures', 'dramatically']
['higher', 'natural', 'further', 'added']
['days_since_symptom_onset', 'about', 'missing']
['while', 'percentage', 'missing', 'entire']
['around', 'besides', 'tabular', 'display', 'shown', 'figure']
['graphical', 'example', 'green', 'figure', 'efficiently']
['reveals', 'variables', 'cough', 'diabetes', 'cancer']
['asthma', 'autoimmune_dis', 'smoker', 'contrast', 'variable', 'days_since_symptom_onset']
['highest', 'missing', 'values', 'compared', 'others']
['processing']
['overall', 'workflow', 'study', 'presented', 'figure']
['processing', 'dataset', 'imputed', 'using']
['multivariate', 'imputation', 'chained', 'equations', 'rithm', 'after', 'completing', 'scaling', 'adasyn']
['algorithm', 'balance', 'covid', 'covid', 'datasets']
['adaptive', 'synthetic', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'sampling', 'method', 'where', 'covid', 'positive', 'instance']
['helped', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'solving', 'fitting']
['problem', 'contrast', 'under', 'sampling', 'process']
['right', 'choice', 'covid', 'classification', 'majority']
['class', 'covid', 'class', 'downsampled', 'amount']
['minority', 'class', 'covid', 'process', 'reduce']
['amount', 'drastically', 'cause', 'inefficiency']
['loses', 'vital', 'information', 'covid', 'class']
['covid', 'dataset', 'downsampling']
['could', 'mislead', 'diagnosis', 'detection', 'compared']
['other', 'correlated', 'sampling', 'methods', 'adaboost']
['conjunction', 'under', 'sampling', 'jittering']
['boost', 'synthetic', 'minority', 'sampling']
['technique', 'smote', 'smote', 'boost', 'databoost']
['databoost', 'imbalanced', 'algorithm', 'adasyn', 'balance']
['imbalanced', 'dataset', 'example', 'covid', 'dataset']
['reducing', 'introduced', 'imbalanced', 'distri', 'bution', 'besides', 'adasyn', 'shifts', 'decision', 'boundary']
['harder', 'learn', 'examples', 'which', 'ultimately', 'improves']
['classification', 'accuracy', 'these', 'objectives']
['reduction', 'introducing', 'harder', 'learn', 'neighbourhoods']
['examples', 'accomplished', 'through', 'dynamic', 'weight']
['adjustment', 'adaptive', 'learning', 'procedure']
['volume', '10265m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['figure', 'characteristics', 'sample']
['mathematical', 'explanation', 'behind', 'adasyn', 'rithm', 'given', 'below']
['illustration', 'represent', 'majority']
['minority', 'classes', 'respectively', 'degree', 'imbalance']
['classes', 'figured', 'follows']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['where', 'preset', 'threshold', 'maximum']
['tolerated', 'imbalance', 'total', 'number', 'synthetic']
['minority', 'estimated', 'follows']
[]
['means', 'there', 'total', 'balance', 'between']
['classes']
[]
[]
['where', 'number', 'neighbours']
['minority']
[]
[]
['amount', 'synthetic', 'generate', 'neighbourhood']
['calculated']
[]
['minority', 'examples', 'within']
['neighbourhood', 'where', 'randomly', 'selected']
['synthetic', 'example', 'enumerated', 'using', 'followings']
[]
['10266', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['figure', 'variables']
['where']
['difference', 'vector', 'dimensional', 'spaces']
['random', 'number']
['classification', 'models']
['these', 'classifiers', 'linear', 'discriminant', 'analysis']
['quadratic', 'linear', 'discriminant', 'analysis']
['naive', 'bayes']
['utilized', 'proposed', 'machine', 'learning', 'frame', 'among', 'classifiers']
['common', 'classifiers']
['covid', 'classification', 'recent']
['state', 'classifiers', 'example', 'recently']
['applied', 'interpret', 'mortality', 'prediction', 'covid']
['patient', 'proposed', 'clinically', 'operable', 'simple', 'based']
['which', 'suitable', 'right', 'decision']
['expert', 'point', 'considering', 'above', 'rationale']
['commonly', 'classifiers']
['recently', 'updated', 'classifiers', 'study', 'allow']
['compare', 'classification', 'performance', 'different']
['classifiers', 'moreover', 'classifiers']
['explained', 'through', 'analysis', 'which', 'useful']
['clinical', 'engineers', 'finally', 'results']
['performed', 'better', 'classification']
['metrics', 'explain', 'interpret']
['covid', 'detection']
['linear', 'discriminant', 'analysis']
['introduced', 'ronald', 'aylmer', 'fisher']
['productive', 'classification', 'technique', 'sorts']
['dimensional', 'spaces', 'dimensional', 'spaces', 'split']
['hyper', 'plane', 'objective', 'trace']
['function', 'class', 'function', 'projected']
['directions', 'optimize', 'between', 'groups', 'variance']
['reduces', 'within', 'group', 'variance', 'generated']
['conditional', 'distribution']
['class', 'optimizes', 'taking', 'class']
['measurements', 'standalone', 'variables']
['observation', 'continuous', 'quantities']
['quadratic', 'linear', 'discriminant', 'analysis']
['extension', 'exploited', 'machine', 'learn', 'statistical', 'analysis', 'classify', 'groups']
['quadratic', 'discernible', 'using', 'distance', 'based', 'classification']
['techniques', 'there', 'hypothesis', 'covari', 'matrix', 'every', 'class', 'identical', 'regularity']
['hypothesis', 'prospective', 'hypothesis']
['assumed', 'measurement', 'given', 'class']
['likelihood', 'ratio', 'found', 'conditional']
['distribution']
['maximizes', 'selecting', 'class', 'precisely']
['resulting', 'multivariate']
['gaussian', 'distribution', 'following', 'equation']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['where', 'number', 'features', 'needs', 'estimate']
['class', 'priors', 'using', 'model']
['classifiers', 'proportion', 'instances', 'class']
['training', 'means', 'covariance', 'matrix']
['naive', 'bayes']
['classifier', 'authoritative', 'mainly', 'useful', 'large']
['dataset', 'machine', 'learning', 'medical']
['science', 'especially', 'diagnosis', 'different', 'diseases']
['covid', 'bayes', 'theorem', 'based', 'probabilistic']
['classifier', 'objects', 'strong', 'independent', 'supposition']
['between', 'features', 'generates', 'conditional', 'probability']
['models', 'allocate', 'class', 'labels', 'given', 'problem']
['patient', 'covid', 'positive']
[]
['covid', 'positive', 'patient', 'patient']
['covid', 'positive']
[]
['where', 'patient', 'covid', 'positive', 'conditional', 'probability']
['likelihood', 'patient', 'occurring', 'affected']
['volume', '10267m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['figure', 'overall', 'workflow', 'classification', 'covid', 'first', 'phase', 'collecting', 'followed', 'processing']
['where', 'imputed', 'scaled', 'importantly', 'imbalanced', 'balanced', 'using', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'secondly']
['processed', 'split', 'train', 'different', 'classifiers', 'measure', 'classification', 'performance']
['bayesian', 'optimization', 'implemented', 'hyperparameters', 'classifiers', 'optimized', 'classification']
['model', 'tested', 'different', 'performance', 'metrics', 'accuracy', 'precision', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'cross', 'validation', 'anova']
['multi', 'comparison', 'evaluation', 'finally', 'important', 'features', 'efficiently', 'traced', 'using', 'analysis']
['covid', 'covid', 'positive', 'patient', 'conditional']
['probability', 'likelihood', 'positive', 'covid', 'occurring']
['truly', 'patient', 'patient', 'prior', 'probability']
['patient', 'covid', 'positive', 'overall', 'probability', 'observ', 'covid', 'positive']
['nearest', 'neighbours']
['straightforward', 'simplest', 'algorithms', 'supervised']
['machine', 'learning', 'technique', 'classify']
['points', 'based', 'similarity', 'measures', 'distance']
['function', 'apply', 'solve', 'classification']
['regression', 'difficulty', 'integer', 'number']
['symbolizing', 'productivity', 'labels', 'classification']
['algorithm', 'outputs', 'memory', 'based', 'classifier']
['example', 'remembers', 'training', 'points', 'computing', 'similarity', 'between', 'input']
['sample', 'training', 'instance', 'given']
['point', 'finds', 'training', 'points']
[]
['closest', 'distance', 'classify', 'using', 'majority']
['among', 'neighbors', 'selecting', 'conducts']
['algorithm', 'respective', 'times', 'various', 'values']
['reduces', 'number', 'errors', 'accurately']
['decision']
['hierarchical', 'chart', 'structure', 'generate']
['decision', 'rules', 'creates', 'model', 'predicts']
['target', 'variable', 'learning', 'decision']
['feature', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'criterion']
['max_depth', 'max_features', 'entropy']
['criterion', 'contrast', 'max_depth', 'utilized']
['limit', 'number', 'nodes', 'max_features']
['represents', 'number', 'features', 'consider', 'while', 'searching']
['optimal', 'split', 'properly', 'tuning', 'hyper', 'parameters']
['criterion', 'max_depth', 'max_features', 'applied']
['covid', 'training', 'dataset', 'classification', 'performance']
['efficiently', 'magnified']
['random', 'forest']
['ensemble', 'learning', 'technique', 'classification']
['several', 'different', 'samples']
['dataset', 'improve', 'classification', 'performance']
['control', 'fitting', 'hyper', 'parameters']
['criterion', 'max_depth', 'max_features', 'n_estimators']
['criterion', 'max_depth', 'max_features', 'already']
['discussed', 'besides', 'n_estimators', 'represent']
['number', 'forest', 'performance']
['increased', 'properly', 'tuning', 'hyper', 'parameters']
['through', 'optimization']
['gradient', 'boosting', 'classifier']
['ensemble', 'classifier', 'combines', 'ferent', 'learners', 'typically', 'single', 'strong']
['learner', 'forward', 'stage', 'fashion', 'optimizing']
['differentiable', 'function', 'generally', 'deviance']
['exponential', 'function', 'where', 'deviance']
['refers', 'deviance', 'logistic', 'regression', 'classification']
['probabilistic', 'outputs', 'thrashing', 'exponential', 'gradient']
['boosting', 'recaptures', 'adaboost', 'algorithm', 'other', 'trolling', 'parameters', 'contained', 'different', 'parameters']
['estimators', 'learning', 'depth', 'where']
['estimators', 'indicate', 'individual', 'boosting', 'stages', 'accom', 'plish', 'learning', 'reduces', 'performance']
['10268', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['table', 'classifiers', 'their', 'controlling', 'parameters', 'hyperparameters']
['extreme', 'gradient', 'boosting']
['designed', 'based', 'principles', 'gradient', 'boosting']
['framework', 'supervised', 'learning', 'tasks']
['regression', 'classification', 'ranking', 'similarly', 'erates', 'prediction', 'model', 'ensemble']
['prediction', 'models', 'model', 'stage', 'approach']
['compassed', 'other', 'boosting', 'methods']
['generalizes', 'approving', 'optimization', 'random']
['differentiable', 'function', 'gradient', 'descent']
['gradient', 'boosting', 'generate', 'trees', 'based']
['previous', 'trees', 'supervises', 'objective', 'function', 'toward']
['minimum', 'direction', 'objective', 'function']
['divides', 'training', 'regularization']
['mathematical', 'equation', 'added', 'follows']
[]
['where', 'denotes', 'parameters', 'symbolizes', 'ularization', 'training']
['hyper', 'parameters', 'n_estimators', 'learning_']
['n_jobs', 'max_depth', 'gamma', 'min_child_weight']
['colsample_by_tree', 'hyper', 'parameters']
['n_estimators', 'learning_rate', 'max_depth', 'already']
['discussed', 'besides', 'n_jobs', 'relevant', 'number']
['parallel', 'threads', 'gamma', 'represents']
['required', 'further', 'partition']
['min_child_weight', 'denotes', 'minimum']
['feature', 'example', 'instance', 'weight', 'needed', 'child']
['colsample_by_tree', 'subsampling', 'columns']
['support', 'vector', 'machine', 'classifier']
['powerful', 'supervised', 'classi', 'fiers', 'mostly', 'classification', 'medical']
['diagnosis', 'build', 'decision', 'boundary']
['possible', 'points', 'classes', 'which', 'known']
['support', 'vectors', 'linear', 'problems', 'covid']
['detection', 'radial', 'basis', 'function', 'kernel']
['controlling', 'hyper', 'parameters']
['gamma', 'represents', 'regularization']
['parameter', 'controls', 'misclassification', 'training']
['instances', 'gamma', 'controls', 'spread', 'therefore', 'decision', 'region', 'lower', 'value']
['gamma', 'broaden', 'decision', 'region', 'versa']
['proper', 'value', 'increase', 'classification']
['performance', 'which', 'achieved', 'optimization']
['requirement', 'optimization']
['classifiers', 'entire', 'study']
['hyperparameters', 'classifier', 'itself', 'function', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'these', 'parameters', 'control', 'hyper', 'plane']
['exemplification', 'requires', 'hyperparameters']
['while', 'parameter', 'table']
['classifier', 'performance', 'indices', 'classification', 'accuracy']
['error', 'specificity', 'sensitivity', 'depend', 'proper', 'choice']
['these', 'parameters', 'optimization', 'problem', 'whose']
['general', 'framework', 'written']
[]
[]
[]
['where', 'denotes', 'hyper', 'parameters']
['belongs', 'denotes', 'classifiers']
['represents', 'objective', 'function']
['objective', 'function', 'defined', 'function', 'where', 'users']
['different', 'classifier', 'metrics', 'classification']
['error', 'accuracy', 'other', 'metrics', 'described', 'following']
['section', 'statistical', 'evaluation', 'classification', 'measures']
['general', 'framework', 'optimization', 'problem']
['interpreted', 'minimizing', 'classification', 'objective']
['function', 'classifier', 'hyperparameters']
['study', 'cross', 'validation', 'error']
['objective', 'function', 'chose', 'state']
['optimization', 'algorithms', 'named', 'bayesian', 'optimization']
['algorithm', 'stochastic', 'process', 'namely', 'bayesian']
['process', 'tried', 'optimal', 'parameters', 'smaller']
['number', 'iterations', 'saving', 'memory']
['although', 'various', 'heuristic', 'algorithms']
['successfully', 'integrated']
['applications', 'hyper', 'parameter', 'optimization']
['expensive', 'evaluate', 'objective', 'function']
['cross', 'validation', 'study', 'makes']
['complicated', 'besides', 'heuristic', 'algorithms', 'require']
['input', 'parameters', 'found']
['obtain', 'improved', 'performance', 'performance']
['heuristic', 'algorithms', 'sensitive']
['volume', '10269m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['input', 'parameters', 'furthermore', 'comparison', 'among', 'heuristic', 'algorithms', 'valid', 'proper']
['input', 'parameters', 'which', 'requires', 'domain']
['knowledge', 'bayesian', 'optimization']
['parameters', 'heuristic', 'algorithm']
['bayesian', 'optimization', 'algorithm', 'global', 'mization', 'method', 'specially', 'designed']
['expensive', 'evaluate', 'objective', 'function', 'which']
['population', 'genetic', 'operator', 'mutation', 'cross']
['selection', 'algorithm', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'utilizes']
['gaussian', 'process', 'compute', 'acquisition', 'function']
['evaluates', 'objective', 'function', 'besides', 'bayesian', 'optimiza', 'memorizes', 'previous', 'evolution', 'utilize', 'these', 'statis', 'towards', 'solutions', 'recently']
['covid', 'detection', 'using', 'images', 'considering']
['above', 'rationale', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'applied']
['study']
['justify', 'further', 'proposed', 'bayesian', 'optimization']
['compared', 'recently', 'proposed', 'harris', 'misation', 'algorithm', 'popular', 'swarm', 'based']
['gradient', 'optimization', 'algorithm', 'based', 'cooper', 'ative', 'behaviour', 'chasing', 'styles', 'harris', 'hawks', 'nature']
['called', 'surprise', 'pounce', 'chosen', 'algorithm']
['comparison', 'recent', 'outperformed']
['popular', 'heuristic', 'algorithms', 'multi', 'verse']
['optimizer', 'flame', 'optimization', 'whale', 'optimiza', 'algorithm', 'algorithm', 'cuckoo', 'search', 'firefly']
['algorithm']
['bayesian', 'optimization']
['bayesian', 'optimization', 'superior', 'search', 'search', 'manual', 'tuning', 'therefore']
['study', 'algorithm', 'keeps', 'track', 'evalu', 'ation', 'results', 'probabilistic', 'model', 'objective', 'function']
['optimal', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'hyper', 'parameters']
['algorithm', 'selects', 'which']
['objective', 'function', 'rbfsvm', 'provides', 'value', 'classification', 'error']
['objective', 'function', 'algorithm', 'given']
['below']
['build', 'gaussian', 'probability', 'model', 'objec', 'function', 'study', 'classification', 'error']
['objective', 'function']
['controlling', 'parameters', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'perform', 'gaussian', 'process']
['apply', 'these', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'objec', 'function']
['update', 'gaussian', 'model', 'incorporating']
['results']
['repeat', 'until', 'maximum', 'iteration']
['reached']
['mathematics', 'behind', 'bayesian', 'optimization']
['independent', 'features', 'target', 'variable']
['given', 'below']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['since', 'variables', 'except', 'target', 'variable', 'pendent', 'constant']
['simplified']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['probability', 'given']
['inputs', 'possible', 'values', 'target', 'variable']
['output', 'maximum', 'probability']
['argmax']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['statistical', 'evaluation', 'classification', 'metrics']
['several', 'performance', 'evaluation', 'metrics', 'performance', 'proposed', 'framework', 'error', 'false', 'positive', 'sensitivity']
['specificity', 'positive', 'predictive', 'value', 'matthew']
['correlation', 'coefficient', 'f1_score', 'kappa', 'index']
['calculated', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'lower']
['value', 'error', 'higher', 'value']
['f1_score', 'kappa', 'index', 'indicate', 'better']
['model', 'besides', 'cross', 'validation']
['overall', 'dataset', 'significant', 'point', 'should']
['mentioned', 'analysis', 'anova', 'typically', 'executed', 'relying']
['cross', 'validation', 'result', 'statistical', 'significance']
['determined', 'value', 'derived', 'anova']
['furthermore', 'receiver', 'operating', 'character', 'istic', 'curve', 'under', 'curve']
['evaluate', 'performance', 'classi', 'recall', 'decision', 'boundary', 'curve']
['examine', 'performance', 'study']
['value', 'decision', 'boundary', 'threshold', 'provide']
['importance', 'covid', 'covid', 'classes']
['feature', 'importance', 'using', 'values']
['shapely', 'adaptive', 'explanations', 'shortly', 'known']
['proposed', 'recent', 'papers', 'lundberg']
['calculated', 'based', 'model', 'theory', 'attribute', 'value', 'mathematically', 'ascertained', 'using', 'following']
['10270', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['formula']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['where', 'total', 'input', 'features', 'input']
['features', 'subset', 'input', 'features']
['variables', 'ranked', 'descending']
['order']
['horizontal', 'quantifies']
['value', 'associated', 'higher', 'lower', 'prediction']
['sided', 'points', 'represent', 'observations', 'shifting']
['predicted', 'value', 'negative', 'direction', 'contrast']
['points', 'right', 'contribute', 'shifting', 'predic', 'positive', 'direction', 'features']
[]
['color', 'shows', 'whether', 'variable']
['observation']
['experimental', 'results']
['paper', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'along']
['without', 'adasyn', 'algorithm']
['adasyn', 'sufficient', 'adaptive', 'synthetic', 'eliminate', 'imbalanced', 'nature', 'among', 'majority']
['minority', 'classes', 'firstly', 'effect', 'adasyn']
['evaluated', 'along', 'shown', 'section']
['balanced', 'model', 'tested', 'original']
['section', 'anova', 'presented']
['section', 'using', 'cross', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'evaluate']
['statistical', 'significance', 'recall', 'decision', 'boundary']
['curve', 'bootstrap', 'adasyn', 'discussed']
['sections', 'respectively', 'evaluation']
['feature', 'importance', 'using', 'analysis']
['values', 'presented', 'sections', 'respec', 'tively', 'finally', 'performance', 'bayesian', 'optimization']
['compared', 'search', 'random', 'search']
['section']
['bayesian', 'optimization', 'without']
['adasyn']
['newly', 'obtained', 'balanced', 'dataset', 'utilized']
['total', 'dataset', 'training', 'validation']
['testing', 'after', 'multiple', 'classifiers']
['various', 'statistical', 'measurements', 'presented']
['effect', 'adasyn', 'experimented', 'validated']
['subsection']
['begin', 'upper', 'portion', 'table', 'perfor', 'mance', 'analysis', 'covid', 'dataset', 'utilization']
['adasyn', 'algorithm', 'demonstrated']
['provides', 'highest', 'classification', 'perfor', 'mance', 'however', 'performance']
['close', 'worst', 'classification']
['performance', 'among', 'various', 'classifiers', 'presented', 'table']
['value', 'observed', 'among', 'these']
['three', 'classifiers', 'shown', 'figure', 'demonstrate']
['effect', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'original', 'unbalanced']
['dataset', 'dataset', 'divided', 'manner']
['figure', 'curve', 'adasyn']
['total', 'dataset', 'training', 'validation']
['testing', 'rerun', 'optimized']
['dataset', 'results', 'dataset', 'without']
['adasyn', 'presented', 'lower', 'portion', 'table']
['observed', 'highest', 'accuracy', 'obtained']
['which', 'close', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'using']
['adasyn', 'could', 'happen', 'imbalance', 'dataset']
['therefore', 'accuracy', 'performance', 'indicator']
['kappa', 'index', 'robust', 'reliable']
['indicators']
['highest', 'kappa']
['values', 'using', 'using']
['figure', 'respectively', 'obtained', 'compared', 'upper']
['portion', 'table', 'results', 'adasyn', 'kappa']
['figure', 'curve', 'without', 'adasyn', 'optimized', 'model']
['created', 'using', 'balanced', 'dataset']
['volume', '10271m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['table', 'classification', 'performance', 'covid', 'dataset', 'without', 'adasyn']
['table', 'classification', 'performance', 'original', 'covid']
['values']
['times', 'lower', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'applied', 'respectively']
['happened', 'imbalanced', 'model']
['significant', 'improvement', 'using', 'adasyn', 'concludes', 'sification', 'performance', 'significantly', 'improved', 'through']
['directly', 'applying', 'adasyn', 'algorithm']
['results', 'using', 'original']
['effect', 'adasyn', 'classification']
['performance', 'adasyn', 'oversampling', 'method']
['synthetic', 'mixed', 'original', 'during']
['balancing', 'therefore', 'could', 'argued']
['results', 'balanced', 'model', 'original']
['where', 'synthetic', 'mixed']
['answer', 'question', 'balanced', 'bayesian', 'optimized']
['models', 'applied', 'original', 'ferent', 'performance', 'measures', 'accuracy', 'sensitiv', 'specificity', 'presented', 'table']
['figure', 'provides', 'highest']
['accuracy', 'error', 'f1_score', 'kappa', 'sensitiv']
['respectively', 'contrast', 'provides', 'highest']
['specificity']
['respectively', 'performs']
['classification', 'metrics', 'presented', 'table']
['10272', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['table', 'accuracy', 'score', 'different', 'optimized', 'classifiers', 'using', 'cross', 'validation']
['figure', 'curve', 'covid', 'original', 'using']
['model', 'optimized', 'model', 'created', 'using', 'balanced']
['dataset', 'applied', 'original', 'dataset']
['furthermore', 'these', 'results', 'mostly', 'inclined']
['adasyn', 'results', 'upper', 'portion', 'table', 'results']
['significantly', 'better', 'without', 'adasyn', 'classifica', 'measures', 'curve', 'shown', 'figure']
['visually', 'close', 'figure', 'dataset']
['without', 'adasyn', 'lower', 'portion']
['table', 'table', 'comparison', 'finally']
['concluded', 'balanced', 'model', 'significantly', 'improve']
['performance', 'covid', 'dataset', 'shows']
['classifiers', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'performing']
['balanced', 'model', 'adasyn', 'original']
['presented', 'figure', 'covid']
['covid', 'patients', 'correctly', 'classified']
['cross', 'validation']
['standard', 'train', 'split', 'method', 'generally', 'small', 'taken', 'total', 'dataset']
['tested', 'overcome', 'issue', 'cross', 'validation']
['helpful', 'techniques', 'exploited']
['effectiveness', 'machine', 'learning', 'models']
['sampling', 'procedure', 'evaluate']
['study', 'first', 'testing', 'remaining']
['folds', 'training', 'repeated', 'times']
['total', 'dataset', 'basis', 'cross', 'validation']
['result', 'presented', 'table', 'where', 'classification', 'result']
['shown', 'final', 'provides', 'average', 'classi', 'fication', 'accuracy', 'results', 'table']
['observed', 'least', 'score', 'obtained', 'using']
['whereas', 'touched', 'mountain', 'point', 'grabbing']
['score', 'attained', 'average', 'accuracy']
['other', 'classification', 'performance']
['using', 'decision']
['above', 'processed']
['adasyn', 'train', 'classifier', 'original']
['during', 'testing', 'performance', 'comparison']
['figure', 'showed', 'accuracy', 'different', 'classifiers']
['using', 'covid', 'original', 'dataset', 'using']
['anova', 'provided', 'value']
['original', 'covid', 'dataset', 'which', 'statistically', 'nificant', 'provided', 'interactive']
['multiple', 'comparisons', 'means', 'figure', 'showed']
['highest', 'accuracy', 'statistically']
['significant', 'seven', 'classifiers']
['contrast', 'statistically', 'significant']
['because', 'almost', 'identical']
['figure', 'interactive', 'where', 'significance']
['different', 'classifiers', 'visualized', 'clicking']
['specific', 'classifier', 'level', 'instance', 'blurred', 'shown']
['defining', 'insignificance', 'selected', 'larly', 'exhibit', 'statistical', 'insignificance']
['selected']
['recall', 'decision', 'boundary', 'curve']
['recall', 'general', 'depends', 'decision', 'boundary']
['using', 'certain', 'threshold', 'exemplify', 'recall']
['decision', 'boundary', 'curve', 'displayed', 'figure', 'where']
['volume', '10273m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['figure', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'balanced', 'model', 'applied', 'covid']
['dataset', 'adasyn', 'original', 'covid', 'dataset', 'figure']
['depicts', 'percentage', 'correct', 'classification', 'first']
['diagonal', 'cells', 'generated', 'trained', 'network', 'numbers', 'patients']
['correctly', 'classified', 'covid', 'covid']
['corresponding', 'group', 'patients']
['respectively', 'likewise', 'numbers', 'patients', 'incorrectly']
['classified', 'covid', 'covid']
['correspondingly', 'among', 'patients', 'group', 'similarly', 'overall']
['correctly', 'incorrectly', 'classified', 'covid']
['covid', 'overall', 'correctly', 'incorrectly']
['classified', 'accordingly', 'prediction', 'correct', 'overall']
['predictions', 'covid', 'covid', 'respectively']
['other', 'incorrect', 'results', 'covid', 'covid']
['similarly', 'interpret', 'figure']
['decision', 'boundary', 'threshold']
['covid', 'class', 'recall', 'about']
['default', 'threshold', 'meaning', 'about']
['times', 'optimized', 'classifier', 'truly', 'classify']
['figure', 'covid', 'dataset', 'multi', 'comparison']
['graphical', 'interface', 'which']
['statistical', 'significance', 'classifiers', 'effect']
['effect', 'other', 'classifiers', 'interpreted']
[]
['covid', 'provided', 'erate', 'performance', 'around', 'default', 'threshold']
['defining', 'covid', 'class', 'shows']
['third', 'highest', 'performance', 'around', 'contrast']
['recall', 'threshold', 'meaning']
['times', 'truly', 'classify', 'covid', 'class', 'similar', 'scenario', 'observed']
['classifier']
['other', 'looking', 'figure', 'recall']
['drastically', 'falling', 'value']
['revealing', 'times', 'classify']
['covid19', 'class', 'recall']
['about', 'threshold', 'whereas', 'recall']
['finally', 'considering', 'covid19']
['covid', 'classification', 'using', 'recall']
['decision', 'threshold', 'measure', 'concluded']
['provide', 'satisfactory', 'recall']
['among', 'different', 'optimized', 'classifiers', 'predicting']
['classes']
['10274', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['figure', 'recall', 'decision', 'boundary', 'curve', 'covid', 'positive', 'covid', 'negative']
['bootstrap', 'adasyn']
['determine', 'whether', 'optimized', 'model', 'highly', 'sensitive']
['training', 'bootstrapping', 'performed']
['model', 'performing', 'model', 'gives']
['nboot', 'having', 'slightly', 'different', 'discriminative', 'abilities']
['error', 'three', 'curves', 'plotted', 'figure']
['middle', 'represents', 'average', 'where', 'upper']
['lower', 'curves', 'represent', 'confidence', 'interval']
['obtain', 'bootstrap', 'nboot', 'trained', 'upper']
['lower', 'confidence', 'interval', 'respectively']
['obtained', 'indicates', 'training', 'highly', 'sensitive']
['training', 'dataset']
['feature', 'importance', 'using']
['variable', 'importance', 'significant', 'ables', 'sorted', 'descending', 'order', 'variables']
['contribute', 'model', 'bottom']
['predictive', 'power', 'fever', 'cough', 'high_risk_exposure_occupation']
['high_risk_interactions', 'wheezes', 'important']
['features', 'where', 'fever', 'touched', 'mountain', 'point']
['shown', 'figure', 'simultaneously', 'pulse']
['sore_throat', 'received', 'least', 'importance', 'classifying']
['covid', 'contaminated', 'patients']
['value', 'analysis']
['pictorial', 'example', 'analysis', 'figure']
['training', 'summarized', 'three', 'features']
['fever', 'cough', 'high_risk_exposure_occupation']
['loss_of', '_smell', 'massive', 'positive', 'impact']
['target', 'variable', 'comes', 'colour']
['positive', 'impact', 'shown', 'whereas']
['conclude', 'mentioning', 'features']
['wheeze', 'highly', 'negatively', 'correlated', 'target']
['variable', 'variables', 'efficiently']
['explained', 'should', 'mentioned', 'behaviour']
['figure', 'bootstrap', 'curve', 'covid', 'dataset', 'using']
[]
['model', 'defined', 'necessarily']
['causal', 'world', 'other', 'values']
['provide', 'causality', 'describes', 'model', 'behaviour']
['behaviour', 'build', 'model']
['model', 'predict', 'covid', 'patients', 'rately', 'plausible', 'false', 'positives', 'false']
['negatives', 'however', 'value', 'explain']
['results', 'summary', 'helpful', 'explain', 'those']
['results']
['performance', 'search', 'random']
['search', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'harris']
['hawks', 'optimization']
['propose', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'techniques']
['framework', 'therefore', 'logical', 'compare']
['volume', '10275m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['table', 'comparative', 'search', 'techniques']
['figure', 'feature', 'importance', 'using']
['figure', 'variable', 'importance', 'training', 'using']
['bayesian', 'optimization', 'algorithm', 'commonly']
['parameter', 'search', 'algorithms', 'popular', 'widely']
['algorithms', 'namely', 'search', 'random', 'search', 'compare']
['proposed', 'techniques', 'table', 'presents', 'parison', 'different', 'search', 'algorithms', 'terms', 'several']
['parameters', 'evaluated', 'overall', 'taken']
['complete', 'program', 'cross', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'score']
['score', 'simulations', 'intel', 'computer']
['having', 'model']
['takes', '10473', 'complete', 'simulation', 'using']
['search', 'whereas', 'random', 'search', 'proposed', 'bayesian']
['optimization', 'respec', 'tively', 'furthermore', 'random', 'search', 'bayesian', 'rithm', 'parameters', 'while', 'search', 'requires']
['parameters', 'which', 'times', 'others']
['score', 'using', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'which']
['better', 'search', 'random', 'search']
['pictorial', 'depiction', 'comparative', 'search', 'given', 'figure', 'where']
['added', 'initial', 'stage', 'accuracy', 'random']
['search', 'nearly', 'which', 'almost', 'stable']
['iterations', 'single', 'iteration', 'takes']
['sharp', 'change', 'accuracy', 'touching', 'closely', 'score']
['which', 'followed', 'unchanged', 'condition', 'until']
['iterations', 'contrast', 'score', 'proposed', 'bayesian']
['optimization', 'technique', 'commenced', 'before', 'which']
['almost', 'steep', 'iterations', 'touching', 'accuracy']
['figure', 'comparative', 'optimization', 'techniques', 'applied']
['model']
['10276', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['above', 'exciting', 'information', 'should', 'tioned', 'score', 'proposed', 'method', 'remains']
['unchanged', 'except', 'slight', 'change', 'after', 'iterations']
['before', 'finishing', 'iterations', 'accuracy', 'touched', 'point']
['proposed', 'bayesian', 'optimisation', 'framework']
['applied', 'recent', 'harris', 'hawks', 'mization', 'algorithm', 'calculated', 'evolutions']
['populations', 'train', 'settings', 'provides']
['cross', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'whereas', 'testing', 'result', 'similar', 'bayesian', 'misation', 'framework', 'however', 'takes', 'which']
['times', 'slower', 'proposed', 'framework', 'requires']
['evaluations', 'optimization', 'calculations', 'table']
['further', 'justify', 'statistical', 'significance', 'between']
['bayesian', 'optimization', 'harris', 'hawks', 'optimization', 'rithm', 'performed', 'cross', 'validation', 'using']
['after', 'value', 'calculated']
['plotted', 'value', 'found', 'which', 'suggests']
['there', 'statistically', 'significant', 'difference', 'between', 'these']
['optimizations', 'illustrated', 'figure']
['justifies', 'statements']
['figure', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'harris', 'hawks']
['optimization']
['discussion', 'comparison']
['research', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine']
['learning', 'framework', 'class', 'balancing', 'strategy', 'using']
['adasyn', 'algorithm', 'proposed', 'identify', 'covid']
['patients', 'their', 'inpatient', 'facility', 'state', 'classifiers']
['utilized', 'proposed', 'frame', 'identify', 'covid', 'patients', 'different', 'classification']
['measures', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'kappa']
['index', 'matthews', 'correlation', 'coefficient']
['efficacy', 'different', 'classifiers', 'study', 'performed']
['cross', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'achieve', 'statistical', 'nificance', 'using', 'anova', 'recall', 'decision', 'boundary']
['threshold', 'analysis', 'bootstrap', 'finally']
['analysis', 'performed', 'interpret', 'feature', 'importance']
['interpret', 'model', 'these', 'different', 'classification', 'indicators']
['describe', 'model', 'performance', 'another', 'point']
['primary', 'intention', 'these', 'indicators', 'describe']
['classification', 'performance', 'different', 'perspective']
['table', 'yielded', 'highest']
['classification', 'performance', 'terms', 'accuracy', 'kappa', 'index']
['however', 'classification', 'performance']
['close', 'anova']
['multi', 'comparison', 'tests', 'average', 'accuracy']
['close', 'statistically']
['significant', 'however', 'cross', 'validation', 'accuracy']
['provides', 'highest', 'value', 'table', 'balanced', 'model', 'offers', 'highest', 'classifica', 'performance', 'applied', 'original']
['table', 'recall', 'decision', 'threshold', 'bound', 'indicates', 'superior', 'performance']
['figure', 'concludes', 'balanced', 'mized', 'model', 'would', 'choice', 'detecting']
['covid', 'patients', 'using', 'their', 'inpatient', 'facility', 'therefore']
['further', 'analyses', 'bootstrap', 'analysis']
['features', 'importance', 'analysis', 'balanced']
['optimized', 'model']
['regarding', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'should', 'mentioned']
['adasyn', 'adaptively', 'generates', 'synthetic', 'samples']
['covid', 'class', 'since', 'minority', 'class', 'reduce']
['introduced', 'imbalanced', 'distribution', 'adasyn']
['moves', 'classifier', 'decision', 'boundary', 'towards', 'harder', 'learn', 'examples', 'improving', 'learning', 'performance']
['therefore', 'applying', 'adasyn', 'algorithm', 'enhances']
['learning', 'process', 'eventually', 'improves', 'covid', 'classi', 'fication', 'performance', 'table', 'understand', 'effect']
['adasyn', 'detail', 'regarding', 'bayesian', 'optimization']
['unlike', 'search', 'random', 'search', 'mentioned']
['takes', 'previous', 'objective', 'function', 'evaluation']
['account', 'function', 'optimal', 'solution']
['therefore', 'hyperparameter', 'using', 'provides', 'tuning']
['parameters', 'which', 'ultimately', 'builds', 'optimized', 'model']
['consequently', 'increases', 'classification', 'performance']
['determine', 'feature', 'importance', 'model', 'interpre', 'tation', 'mentioned', 'theoretic']
['approach', 'which', 'excellent', 'mathematical', 'background']
['current', 'state', 'approach']
['salient', 'features', 'mentioned', 'above']
['noted', 'proposed', 'framework', 'applied']
['covid', 'detection', 'applied', 'other', 'classification']
['problems', 'diabetic', 'prediction', 'asthma', 'prediction']
['while', 'describing', 'significance', 'strength', 'study']
['logical', 'explain', 'weaknesses', 'study']
['database', 'study', 'moderately', 'large', 'dataset']
['useful', 'apply', 'proposed', 'framework', 'larger']
['dataset', 'validate', 'proposed', 'approach', 'completely']
['independent', 'dataset', 'before', 'clinical', 'clinical', 'blood', 'sample']
['integration', 'enhance']
['detection', 'validity', 'beyond', 'scope']
['study']
['volume', '10277m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['table', 'description', 'clinically', 'operable', 'decision', 'algorithm']
['figure', 'decision', 'using', 'features', 'their', 'thresholds']
['absolute', 'value']
['development', 'clinically', 'operable']
['decision']
['clinically', 'operable', 'decision', 'would', 'benefit', 'clinical', 'staff']
['straightforward', 'understand', 'underlying', 'simple', 'classifiers', 'consisting', 'sequences']
['binary', 'decisions', 'organized', 'hierarchically', 'built']
['simple', 'using', 'important', 'features', 'cough']
['smell', 'exposure', 'occupation']
['continuous', 'value', 'oxygen', 'satura', 'feature', 'feature', 'discretized', 'three', 'different']
['levels', 'denote', 'severe', 'moderate', 'normal']
['level', 'respectively', 'feature', 'value', 'between']
['treated', 'severe', 'moderate']
['normal', 'level', 'figure', 'repre', 'sents', 'corresponding', 'description']
['algorithm', 'given', 'table']
['development', 'decision', 'support']
['system']
['could', 'beneficial', 'support', 'clinical', 'staff', 'screen', 'covid', 'patients', 'their', 'inpatient', 'facility']
['usually', 'graphical', 'representation', 'decision']
['figure', 'probabilistic', 'output', 'upper', 'figure']
['represented', 'subject', 'covid', 'negative', 'whereas', 'represented']
['subject', 'covid', 'positive', 'lower', 'figure', 'represents', 'probabilistic']
['outcome', 'subject', 'affected', 'covid', 'where', 'dotted']
['defines', 'threshold', 'level', 'patient', 'level', 'exceeds']
['threshold', 'level', 'subject', 'considered', 'covid', 'positive']
['whereas', 'subject', 'probability']
['threshold', 'value', 'regarded', 'covid', 'negative', 'either']
['chance', 'person', 'affected', 'covid']
['covid', 'visualize', 'probable', 'state']
['patient', 'possible', 'outcome', 'covid', 'suspected', 'patient']
['inhouse', 'facility', 'presented', 'figure', 'terms']
['posterior', 'probability', 'probabilistic', 'result', 'intuitive']
['clinical', 'staff', 'therefore']
['patients', 'database', 'illus', 'tration', 'purposes', 'patient', 'sorted', 'ascending', 'order']
['patients', 'covid', 'labelled', 'appears', 'first']
['patients', 'covid', 'appear']
['comparisons', 'other', 'methods', 'studies']
['delineate', 'superiority', 'proposed', 'research']
['illustrative', 'comparison', 'accom', 'plished', 'other', 'covid', 'studies', 'tabular', 'illustration']
['table', 'mentioned']
['ozturk', 'obtain', 'accuracy', 'respec', 'tively', 'furthermore', 'multiples', 'research']
['works', 'carried', 'direct']
['10278', 'volume', '2021m', 'novel', 'bayesian', 'optimization', 'based', 'machine', 'learning', 'framework', 'covid', 'detection']
['table', 'comparison', 'performance', 'other', 'methods']
['implementation', 'using', 'mostly', 'clinical', 'where']
['average', 'accuracy', 'obtained']
[]
['classification', 'accuracy', 'approximately', 'which']
['outperformed', 'brinati', 'utilized']
['addition', 'lowest', 'performance', 'obtained']
['classifier', 'clinical']
['demographic', 'importantly', 'although', 'accuracy']
['slightly', 'higher', 'proposed']
['method', 'specificity', 'outweigh']
['other', 'methodologies', 'mentioned']
['conclusion']
['paper', 'presents', 'optimal', 'different', 'machine']
['learning', 'techniques', 'including', 'state', 'classifiers']
['predict', 'covid', 'proposed', 'approach', 'aimed', 'handle']
['dataset', 'detecting', 'covid', 'effec', 'tively', 'proposed', 'technique', 'provides', 'friendly']
['covid', 'detection', 'designing']
['method', 'covid', 'dataset', 'collected']
['assess', 'performance', 'using', 'different', 'sification', 'metrics', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'specificity']
['kappa', 'index', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'different', 'classifiers']
['optimized', 'using', 'bayesian', 'optimization']
['adasyn', 'balance', 'dataset', 'compared']
['studies', 'presented', 'study', 'evidenced']
['classification', 'accuracy', 'proposed']
['framework', 'attained', 'highest', 'values']
['using', 'respectively', 'proposed', 'approach']
['applied', 'moderately', 'large', 'dataset', 'should']
['dataset', 'before', 'clinical', 'trials', 'however']
['primary', 'intention', 'feasibility', 'settings']
['similar', 'approach', 'applied', 'design', 'other', 'classifi', 'cation', 'problems', 'finally', 'potential', 'applications']
['proposed', 'technique', 'namely', 'clinically', 'operable', 'decision']
['decision', 'support', 'system', 'would', 'beneficial', 'clinical']
['staff', 'building', 'efficient', 'recommender', 'system', 'could']
['easily', 'integrated', 'mobile', 'devices', 'which', 'would']
['useful', 'users']
['availability']
['dataset', 'accessed', 'through', 'github']
['https', 'github', 'mdcollab', 'covidclinicaldata', 'cessed', 'obtained', 'first', 'author', 'abdul']
['new_paper']
['proactive', 'practical', 'covid']
['testing', 'strategy']
[]
['beijing', '100870', 'china']
['shiqi']
['beijing', '100870', 'china']
['qiang']
['beijing', '100870', 'china']
['huitao']
['zhejiang', 'hangzhou', '311122', 'china']
['corresponding', 'author']
['3017648']
['abstract', 'reopen', 'economy', 'safely', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['governments', 'capability', 'proactively', 'identify', 'often']
['asymptomatic', 'infections', 'contact', 'tracing', 'policymakers', 'public']
['health', 'professionals', 'sampling', 'testing', 'method', 'achieve', 'broad']
['population', 'coverage', 'without', 'overwhelming', 'medical', 'workers', 'observe']
['covid', 'groups', 'located', 'cliques', 'social', 'network', 'formed', 'close', 'encounters', 'people', 'during', 'daily']
['these', 'individuals', 'facto', 'canary', 'propose']
['nations', 'offer', 'anonymous', 'testing', 'service', 'source']
['computer', 'algorithms', 'datasets', 'small', 'fraction', 'population']
['selected', 'covid', 'testing', 'cover', 'majority', 'exposure']
['individuals', 'sampled', 'testing', 'megacity', 'covers', 'entire']
['population', 'sampled', 'testing', 'rural', 'covers', 'entire']
['population', 'government', 'oversight', 'public', 'consent', 'approach']
['serve', 'province', 'state', 'township', 'decentralized', 'daily', 'testing']
['planning', 'however', 'protect', 'privacy', 'recommend', 'constructing', 'social', 'network', 'anonymized', 'cellphones', 'named', 'individuals']
['infrastructure', 'should', 'dismantled', 'pandemic', 'largely']
['achieved', 'policymakers', 'health', 'workers', 'engineers', 'together']
['solidarity']
['words', 'covid', 'decisions', 'under', 'uncertainty', 'social']
['networks', 'network', 'theory', 'sampling', 'strategy']
['problem', 'formulation']
['covid', 'pandemic']
['global', 'governments', 'dilemma']
['before', 'social', 'distancing', 'orders', 'rapid', 'chain', 'infection']
['happened', 'strict', 'orders']
['lives', 'economic']
['recession', 'public', 'opinions']
['growing', 'increasingly', 'polarized']
['armed', 'protesting']
['economy', 'collapses', 'nation']
['ensuing', 'unemployment']
['social', 'unrest', 'expose']
['fragile', 'families', 'pandemic']
['reopening', 'economy', 'safely']
['necessary', 'public', 'health', 'policy']
['however', 'recklessly', 'loosening']
['policies', 'reopening']
['economy', 'nations']
['risky', 'asymptomatic', 'covid']
['patients', 'infect', 'others', 'offices']
['onboard', 'public', 'transportation']
['droplets', 'aerosols', 'people']
['talking', 'carry', 'virus']
['chain', 'community', 'infection']
['undetected', 'wildfire']
['hospitals', 'again', 'overwhelmed']
['pandemic', 'become']
['endemic', 'prerequisite']
['reopening', 'economy', 'ability']
['rapidly', 'identify', 'cases', 'among']
['asymptomatic', 'population']
['enables', 'contact', 'tracing', 'community']
['infection', 'subsequent', 'containing']
['local', 'outbreaks', 'there', 'other']
['prerequisites', 'declining']
['number', 'patients', 'universal']
['availability', 'which']
['important', 'discussed']
['study']
['gates', 'prescribed']
['drastically', 'increase', 'nucleic', 'testing']
['capability', 'covid']
['engineering', 'management', 'review', 'third', 'quarter', 'september']
['licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'meanwhile', 'harvard', 'panel', 'report']
['proposed', 'daily', 'proactive', 'testing']
['million', 'people', 'united', 'states']
['alone', 'total', 'population']
['study', 'specify']
['estimation']
['estimation']
['challenge', 'testing', 'capability']
['production']
['distribution']
['crucially', 'logistics', 'actual']
['tests', 'there', 'might', 'enough']
['medical', 'workers', 'technicians']
['conduct', 'million', 'tests']
['advocate', 'universal']
['weekly', 'random', 'testing']
['population', 'reach']
['coverage', 'translates']
['daily', 'testing', 'entire', 'population']
['logistic', 'challenge']
['similar', 'random']
['sampling', 'schemes', 'being']
['developed', 'india', 'however']
['these', 'testing', 'schemes']
['materialized', 'since', 'their', 'conception']
['probably', 'because']
['governments', 'impractical']
['logistical', 'challenge']
['readily', 'solved', 'selected']
['sample', 'total']
['population', 'needed', 'tested']
['daily', 'weekly', 'megacities']
['united', 'states', 'europe']
['china', 'already', 'testing']
['capacity']
['propose', 'daily', 'testing']
['small', 'subset', 'asymptomatic']
['population', 'specifically', 'targeting']
['cliques', 'social']
['network', 'anonymous', 'cellphones']
['result', 'comes', 'positive']
['people', 'around', 'further']
['testing', 'contact', 'tracing', 'social', 'network', 'anonymous']
['cellphones', 'given', 'during']
['given', 'period', 'consists', 'vertices']
['links', 'vertices']
['cellphones', 'carried', 'their', 'owners']
['active', 'economy', 'links']
['among', 'indicate', 'significant', 'close']
['encounter', 'working']
['office', 'living', 'house']
['sharing']
['following', 'graph', 'illustrates']
['simple', 'social', 'network', 'three']
['young', 'working', 'professionals']
['giuseppe', 'small']
['consulting', 'shares']
['house', 'partner']
['group', 'people']
['office', 'daily', 'giuseppe', 'shares', 'house']
['parents', 'siblings']
['drives', 'alone', 'office', 'daily']
['lives', 'alone', 'condo', 'takes']
['metro', 'office', 'daily']
['people', 'train']
['social', 'network', 'graph']
['denote', 'family', 'members']
['denote', 'commuters']
['daily', 'simplicity', 'assume']
['other', 'family', 'members', 'strictly']
['commuters', 'interact']
['people']
['graph', 'asymptomatic']
['given', 'social', 'network']
['should', 'administer', 'covid']
['tests', 'three']
['available', 'every', 'about']
['meager']
['might']
['reserve', 'testing', 'people']
['exposed', 'virus']
['highest', 'potential', 'infect']
['others', 'often', 'people']
['criteria', 'naturally']
['would', 'choose', 'first']
['giuseppe', 'because']
['connect', 'people', 'others']
['highest', 'exposure']
['because', 'packed', 'subway']
['dozens', 'commuters']
['should']
['available', 'opinion']
['municipality', 'office', 'should']
['tools', 'automatically']
['analyze', 'social', 'networks']
['provide', 'testing', 'service']
['individuals', 'highest', 'exposure']
['risks']
['there', 'exists', 'scale', 'study']
['covid', 'exposure', 'individuals']
['patients', 'existing', 'medical', 'conditions']
['highest', 'death', 'infected']
['necessarily', 'highest', 'exposure']
['chances', 'before', 'getting']
['observed', 'types', 'people']
['might', 'exposed']
['covid', 'their', 'distinctive', 'social', 'network', 'niches', 'could']
['focus', 'limited', 'testing', 'capabilities']
[]
['around', 'world', 'senior', 'government']
['officials', 'disproportionately']
['covid', 'includes']
['prime', 'ministers', 'britain', 'russia']
['first', 'ladies', 'spain', 'canada']
['first', 'family', 'brazil', 'countless']
['ministers', 'around', 'world', 'likely']
['situation', 'resulted', 'their', 'daily']
['schedule', 'large', 'number']
['people', 'often', 'internationally']
['other', 'words', 'social', 'network', 'exposed']
['infection', 'risks', 'sense']
['canary', 'timely']
['testing', 'could']
['their', 'local', 'communities']
['people', 'spending', 'hours']
['close', 'quarters', 'horrendous']
['local', 'outbreaks', 'covid']
['known', 'cases', 'include']
['diamond', 'princess', 'theodore']
['roosevelt']
['hospital', 'wards', 'retirement', 'homes']
['factories', 'prisons', 'around']
['world', 'social', 'network']
['these', 'communities', 'known']
['clique', 'because', 'member']
['within', 'close', 'vicinity', 'other']
['members', 'therefore', 'socially']
['interconnected', 'cliques']
['often', 'exposed', 'airborne', 'droplets']
['carrying', 'virus', 'which', 'leads']
['unusually', 'percentages', 'local']
['infection']
['identify']
['social', 'network', 'workforce']
['embracing', 'economic', 'reopening']
['clique', 'people', 'daily']
['covid', 'testing', 'though']
['asymptomatic']
['clique', 'individual', 'turns', 'positive']
['covid', 'social', 'network']
['immediate', 'daily', 'interaction']
['circle', 'needs', 'tested']
['patients', 'quarantined', 'argue']
['efficient', 'sampling', 'strategy']
['engineering', 'management', 'review', 'third', 'quarter', 'september', '2020for', 'covid', 'testing', 'reopened']
['economy']
['logistical']
['constraints', 'testing', 'cities']
['afford', 'daily']
['workforce', 'others', 'afford']
['which', 'testing', 'percentage']
['sufficient', 'measure']
['sufficiency']
['perform', 'rapid', 'assessment']
['daily', 'basis']
['methodology']
['experiment']
['address', 'abovementioned']
['questions', 'conducted', 'pilot', 'study']
['using', 'existing', 'social', 'network', 'tools']
['world', 'social', 'network']
['datasets', 'simplest', 'approach']
['single', 'individuals']
['links', 'social', 'network']
['testing', 'problem']
['approach', 'those', 'individuals']
['often', 'local', 'community']
['highly', 'overlapped']
['social', 'networks', 'example']
['doctors', 'nurses', 'working']
['congress']
['members', 'nation']
['concentrate', 'testing', 'resources']
[]
['picture', 'population']
['social', 'inequality', 'issue']
['individuals']
['links', 'social']
['network', 'while', 'individuals', 'directly']
['linked', 'cover', 'maximum']
['percentage', 'population']
['achieved', 'dividing', 'social', 'network', 'cities']
['wuhan', 'small']
['communities', 'cliques']
['identify', 'community']
['unfortunately', 'mathematics']
['computer', 'science', 'problem']
['exact', 'optimal']
['solution', 'takes', 'exponentially']
['computation']
['population', 'grows', 'there', 'exist']
['heuristic', 'solutions', 'produce']
['imperfect', 'useable', 'solutions']
['limited', 'budget', 'these', 'solutions']
['developed']
['decades', 'analyze', 'social']
['networks', 'internet', 'traffic']
['these', 'algorithms']
['workhorses', 'behind', 'internet', 'search']
['engines', 'google']
['microsoft']
['heuristic', 'algorithms', 'examined']
['developed', 'academia']
['source', 'share', 'crude']
['simple', 'python', 'snippets']
['these', 'models']
['world', 'datasets']
['public', 'health', 'sector', 'integrate']
['these', 'methods', 'without', 'hiccups']
['pilot', 'study', 'algorithms']
['analyze', 'social', 'networks']
['millions', 'vertices', 'people', 'several']
['minutes', 'linux', 'workstation']
['indicates', 'feasibility']
['decentralized', 'operations']
['municipality', 'without', 'additional']
['charges']
['louvain', 'algorithm', 'created']
['blondel']
['university', 'louvain', 'belgium']
['bottom', 'clustering', 'algorithm']
['communities', 'large', 'small', 'often']
['different', 'metis', 'algorithm']
['created', 'karypis']
['kumar', 'university']
['minnesota', 'enables', 'parallel', 'processing', 'partition', 'social']
['networks', 'communities', 'similar']
['figure', 'selecting', 'sample', 'social', 'network', 'sizes']
['figure', 'sample', 'social', 'network', 'small', 'consulting', 'company']
['proactive', 'practical', 'covid', 'testing', 'strategy', '65the', 'first', 'dataset', 'tested']
['googleþ', 'social', 'network', 'dataset']
['including', 'people']
['links', 'among', 'average']
['person', 'connected']
['others', 'number', 'comparable']
['number', 'people', 'working']
['professional', 'meets', 'daily']
['metropolis', 'using', 'public']
['transportation', 'densely']
['connected', 'network']
['second', 'dataset', 'tested']
['internet', 'server', 'topology', 'dataset']
['originally', 'assembled', 'study']
['transmission', 'computer', 'viruses']
['vertices', 'machines']
['links', 'among']
['average', 'machine', 'connected']
['others', 'number']
['comparable', 'number', 'people']
['working', 'professional', 'meets', 'daily']
['small', 'without', 'using', 'public']
['transportation', 'sparsely']
['connected', 'network']
['clear', 'assume']
['covid', 'transmits', 'along', 'cyber', 'social', 'networks', 'consider']
['datasets', 'previously', 'because']
['network', 'structures', 'similar']
['social', 'networks', 'workforce']
['which', 'close', 'range', 'physical']
['interactions', 'daily', 'reopened']
['economy']
['study', 'designed', 'following']
['steps', 'first', 'partition']
['network', 'datasets', 'clusters']
['using', 'metis', 'algorithm']
['louvain', 'algorithm']
['cluster', 'single', 'individuals']
['connections']
['within', 'cluster', 'total']
[]
['individuals', 'chosen', 'covid']
['testing', 'simpler', 'baseline', 'choice']
['single']
['individuals']
['connection', 'links']
['complete', 'social', 'network']
['adopted', 'value', 'parameter']
['total', 'number', 'individuals']
['divided']
['total', 'amount', 'individuals', 'chosen']
[]
['percentage', 'total']
['population', 'evaluation', 'metric']
['coverage', 'tested', 'individuals']
['defined', 'number', 'individuals']
['immediately', 'linked', 'tested']
['individuals', 'divided', 'total']
['number', 'individuals', 'steps']
['illustrated', 'figure', 'using']
['sample', 'described', 'figure']
['findings']
['following', 'tables']
['coverage', 'rates', 'three', 'different']
['algorithms', 'world']
['datasets', 'extent']
['social', 'network']
['sampling', 'testing', 'cover']
['population', 'reopened', 'economy']
['coverage', 'percentages']
['calculated', 'percentage']
['people', 'close', 'contacts']
['covid', 'subjects']
['general', 'population']
['datasets', 'sampling']
['percentages', 'metis', 'algorithm']
['steadily', 'outperforms', 'other', 'algorithms']
['terms', 'coverage']
['indicate', 'louvain']
['algorithm', 'inferior', 'designed']
['identify', 'natural', 'looking']
['subcommunities', 'large', 'small']
['suitable', 'would']
['visualize', 'trace', 'local', 'community']
['transmission']
['densely', 'connected', 'googleþ']
['dataset', 'indeed', 'running']
['simulation', 'urban']
['wuhan', 'results', 'listed']
['table', 'indicates', 'metis']
['algorithm', 'sample']
['population', 'effectively', 'represent']
['table', 'coverage', 'percentage', 'social', 'network', 'sampling']
['skitter', 'dataset']
['table', 'coverage', 'percentage', 'social', 'network', 'sampling']
['googleþ', 'dataset']
['engineering', 'management', 'review', 'third', 'quarter', 'september', '2020an', 'immediate', 'connection', 'coverage']
['population', 'sampling']
['population']
['effectively', 'represent', 'immediate', 'connection', 'coverage']
['population', 'beyond', 'sampling']
['extra', 'sampling', 'testing', 'offer']
['marginal', 'benefit']
['sparsely', 'connected', 'skitter']
['dataset', 'indeed', 'running']
['simulation', 'quiet', 'small']
['ithaca', 'upstate']
['suifenhe', 'china', 'results', 'listed']
['table', 'indicates', 'metis']
['algorithm', 'sample']
['population', 'effectively', 'represent']
['immediate', 'connection', 'coverage']
['population', 'sampling']
['population']
['effectively', 'represent', 'immediate', 'connection', 'coverage']
['population', 'beyond', 'sampling']
['extra', 'sampling', 'testing', 'offer']
['marginal', 'benefit']
['discussions']
['summary', 'study', 'shows']
['highly', 'efficient', 'sampling', 'testing']
['tracing', 'scheme', 'achieved']
['constructing', 'social', 'network']
['township', 'safeguarding']
['economy', 'reopening', 'busier']
['smaller', 'percentage']
['covid']
['estimate', 'monitor']
['covid', 'transmission', 'covering']
['majority', 'population']
['sampling']
['covid', 'happening', 'rather']
['realistic', 'managed', 'occurrence']
['covid', 'approach']
['arguably', 'important']
['universal', 'wearing', 'masks']
[]
['pilot', 'study', 'assumes', 'social', 'network', 'dataset']
['township', 'constructed', 'every']
['indeed', 'public']
['consensus', 'government']
['oversight', 'cellphones', 'currently']
['produce', 'multiple', 'location', 'tracking']
['streams', 'including']
['telecommunication', 'tracking']
['operating', 'system', 'tracking']
['based', 'tracking', 'nation']
['cellphone', 'service', 'providers']
['acquire', 'coarse', 'resolution', 'tracking']
['streams', 'triangulation']
['stations', 'operating']
['system', 'tracking', 'stream', 'exists']
['android', 'phone', 'iphone']
['essential', 'service', 'integrating']
['signals', 'addition']
['cellphone']
['market', 'various', 'precision']
['location', 'service', 'google']
['baidu']
['tencent']
['location', 'tracking']
['computes', 'signal', 'along']
['current']
['records', 'location', 'unique']
['cellphone', 'individual']
['persons', 'these', 'records']
['highly', 'confidential', 'literally']
['guarded', 'european']
['against', 'wanton', 'usage']
['societies', 'already', 'embraced']
['their', 'usages']
['google', 'traffic', 'alert', 'hence']
['social', 'network', 'anonymous']
['cellphones', 'quickly', 'computed']
['existing', 'streams']
['right', 'permission', 'clearance']
['study', 'advocate', 'collecting']
['cellphone', 'location', 'personal']
[]
['social', 'network', 'could']
['constructed', 'through', 'another']
['process', 'arguably', 'intrusive']
['google', 'apple', 'developing']
['bluetooth', 'contact', 'alert', 'service']
['whether']
['phone', 'within', 'bluetooth']
['distance', 'covid', 'patient']
['phone', 'recently', 'however']
['feature', 'valid', 'everyone']
['turns', 'bluetooth']
['eventually']
['effort', 'largely']
['location', 'sitting']
['telecommunication', 'service', 'providers']
['giants', 'general', 'public']
['national', 'governments']
['discuss', 'decide', 'whether']
['during', 'pandemic']
['people', 'valid', 'reasons']
['worry', 'about', 'privacy', 'these']
['normal', 'times']
['moral', 'usages', 'require']
['mandatory', 'erasure']
['personal', 'details', 'dataset']
['render', 'anonymous', 'except']
['oneself', 'example', 'citizen']
['herself']
['social', 'network']
['wants', 'without']
['endangering', 'coworkers']
['needs', 'covid']
['patient', 'comes']
['positive', 'people']
['recent', 'interaction']
['right', 'notified', 'their']
['phones', 'automatic', 'contact', 'tracing']
['technology', 'instead']
['spreading', 'medical']
['workforce', 'field']
['pandemic', 'about', 'fully']
['eliminated']
['infrastructure', 'should', 'dismantled']
['abused', 'peacetime']
['logistically', 'feasible']
['local', 'facilities', 'operate', 'daily']
['routine', 'first', 'every', 'night', 'local']
['locational', 'flows', 'either']
['telecommunication', 'providers']
['giants', 'construct', 'social', 'network', 'previous']
['residents', 'identified']
['network']
['morning']
['message', 'notification', 'quick']
['before', 'showing', 'testing']
['capacities', 'region', 'region']
['developed', 'nations', 'might', 'afford']
['every', 'developing']
['nations', 'might', 'afford']
['either', 'helps']
['further', 'alleviate', 'pressure']
['logistics', 'nations', 'consider']
['recent', 'practice', 'wuhan']
['china', 'during']
['nasal', 'swabs', 'multiple', 'persons']
['neighborhood']
['mixed', 'testing']
['known', 'pooled', 'testing', 'reduces']
['logistics', 'pressure', 'testing']
['compared']
['proactive', 'practical', 'covid', 'testing', 'strategy', '67conducting']
['individual', 'united', 'states']
['importance', 'pooled', 'testing']
['gaining', 'recognition']
['implemented', 'masse']
['pooled', 'testing', 'social']
['network', 'sampling', 'boost']
['other', 'first', 'batch']
['pooled', 'testing', 'consist']
['individuals', 'clique']
['social', 'network', 'because']
['share', 'similar', 'risks', 'infection']
['second', 'testing', 'resources']
['scarce', 'pooled', 'testing']
['selected', 'social']
['network', 'highly', 'efficient', 'third']
['tracing', 'infection', 'chains']
['achieved', 'social', 'networks']
['after', 'pooled', 'testing']
['another', 'possibility', 'improve']
['approach', 'integrate', 'infection']
['population', 'groups', 'social', 'network', 'vanilla', 'social']
['network', 'measure', 'chance']
['exposure', 'infection']
['multiplied', 'infection']
['groups', 'measure', 'chance']
['infection']
['around', 'world', 'pilot', 'experiments']
['locational', 'tracking', 'fight']
['pandemic', 'sprouting', 'example']
['israel', 'south', 'korea']
['china', 'china', 'alibaba']
['tencent', 'scrambled']
['government', 'oversight', 'creating']
['location', 'based', 'health', 'checkup']
['starting', 'january']
['initial', 'version', 'online', 'february']
['after', 'weeks', 'intensive']
['development', 'trace']
['location', 'blocks']
['whether']
['covid', 'zones']
['majority', 'chinese']
['public', 'chose', 'adopt']
['infrastructure', 'along', 'other']
['measures', 'universal', 'wearing', 'quarantines']
['contributed', 'significantly']
['chinese', 'effort', 'containing']
['almost', 'total', 'elimination', 'covid']
['effort', 'released', 'openly']
['technical', 'whitepapers']
['however', 'being']
['there', 'reported', 'effort']
['infrastructure', 'proactive']
['nucleic', 'antibody', 'testing']
['general', 'public']
['april', 'science', 'magazine']
['recently', 'called', 'utilization']
['mobile', 'phone', 'modeling']
['contact', 'tracing', 'gradually']
['policymakers', 'scientists']
['engineers', 'globally', 'coming']
['realize', 'mobile', 'phones']
['combat', 'covid']
['important', 'peoples', 'aware']
['option', 'debate', 'about']
['decision', 'their', 'nation']
[]
['pandemic', 'lasts']
['therefore', 'options', 'should']
['table', 'epicenters']
['pandemic', 'government', 'might']
['integrate', 'possible', 'measures']
['together', 'against']
['pandemic']
['pilot', 'study']
['introduce', 'field', 'public', 'health']
['importance', 'social', 'network']
['analyses', 'already']
['traditional', 'modeling']
['infectious', 'diseases', 'since', 'onset']
['pandemic', 'models']
['assume', 'equal', 'infection']
['individuals', 'insufficient']
['alone', 'social', 'network', 'analyses']
['provide', 'insights', 'exposure', 'risks']
['individual']
['integrated', 'models']
['modeling', 'assume']
['everyone', 'equal', 'immunity']
['model', 'because', 'limited']
['possible', 'collect', 'detailed']
['information', 'about', 'individuals']
['improve', 'model']
['considering', 'covariates', 'affecting']
['personal', 'immunity', 'battle']
['pandemic', 'potentially', 'endemic']
['covid', 'planetary', 'challenge']
['interdisciplinary', 'teamwork', 'among']
['epidemiologists', 'computer', 'scientists']
['scientists', 'lawmakers']
['needed', 'model']
['revised', 'applied', 'policies']
['operations', 'modeling']
['politics']
['bottom', 'against']
['dystopian', 'location']
['construct', 'social', 'network']
['anonymous', 'cellphones', 'people']
['without', 'privacy', 'service']
['instead', 'surveillance']
['service', 'should', 'temporary']
['during', 'pandemic', 'planet', 'after']
['pandemic']
['geoslavery']
['contributors']
['conceptualization']
['programming', 'analysis']
['writing']
['acknowledgment']
['authors', 'would', 'thank']
['jiang']
['rounds', 'fruitful']
['discussions', 'access']
['article', 'provided']
['beijing', 'china']
['new_paper']
['received', 'november', 'accepted', 'december', 'publication', 'december']
['current', 'version', 'december']
['digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3044858']
['artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest']
['images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['thoughtful', 'evaluation', 'approach']
['julián', 'arias', 'londoño']
['senior', 'member', 'jorge', 'gómez', 'garcía']
[]
['laureano', 'velázquez3']
['member']
['godino', 'llorente']
['senior', 'member']
['1department', 'systems', 'engineering', 'universidad', 'antioquia', 'medellín', '050010', 'colombia']
['2bioengineering', 'optoelectronics', 'laboratory', 'universidad', 'politécnica', 'madrid', '28031', 'madrid', 'spain']
['3department', 'electrical', 'computer', 'engineering', 'johns', 'hopkins', 'university', 'baltimore', '21218']
['corresponding', 'author', 'godino', 'llorente', 'ignacio', 'godino']
['supported', 'ministry', 'economy', 'competitiveness', 'spain', 'under', 'grant', 'dpi2017', '83405']
['universidad', 'antioquia', 'medellín', 'colombia']
['abstract', 'current', 'standard', 'protocols', 'clinic', 'diagnosing', 'covid', 'include', 'molecular']
['antigen', 'tests', 'generally', 'complemented', 'plain', 'chest', 'combined', 'analysis', 'reduce']
['significant', 'number', 'false', 'negatives', 'these', 'tests', 'provide', 'complementary', 'evidence', 'about', 'presence']
['severity', 'disease', 'however', 'procedure', 'errors', 'interpretation', 'chest']
['restricted', 'radiologists', 'complexity', 'provide', 'evidence']
['diagnosis', 'paper', 'presents', 'evaluation', 'different', 'methods', 'based', 'neural', 'network']
['these', 'first', 'steps', 'develop', 'automatic', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'using', 'chest', 'images']
['differentiate', 'between', 'controls', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'groups', 'paper', 'describes', 'process', 'followed']
['train', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'dataset', 'images', 'compiled']
['different', 'sources', 'including', 'covid', 'examples', 'three', 'different', 'experiments', 'following']
['three', 'preprocessing', 'schemes', 'carried', 'evaluate', 'compare', 'developed', 'models']
['evaluate', 'preprocessing', 'affects', 'results', 'improves', 'explainability', 'likewise', 'critical']
['analysis', 'different', 'variability', 'issues', 'might', 'compromise', 'system', 'effects', 'performed']
['employed', 'methodology', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'obtained', 'average', 'recall']
['worst', 'explainable', 'experiment', 'which', 'requires', 'previous', 'automatic', 'segmentation']
['region']
['index', 'terms', 'covid', 'learning', 'pneumonia', 'radiological', 'imaging', 'chest']
['introduction']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'rapidly', 'become', 'biggest']
['health', 'world', 'challenges', 'recent', 'years', 'disease', 'spreads']
['reproduction', 'number', 'covid', 'ranged']
['during', 'first', 'months', 'pandemic']
['meaning', 'average', 'infected', 'person', 'transmitted']
['disease', 'people', 'result', 'number']
['covid', 'infections', 'dramatically', 'increased']
['hundred', 'cases', 'january', 'concentrated']
['associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript']
['approving', 'publication', 'wenming']
['china', 'million', 'november', 'spread']
['around', 'world']
['covid', 'caused', 'coronavirus']
['virus', 'belongs', 'family', 'other', 'respiratory']
['disorders', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome']
['middle', 'respiratory', 'syndrome']
['symptomatology', 'covid', 'diverse', 'arises']
['after', 'incubation', 'around', 'symptoms', 'might']
['include', 'fever', 'cough', 'fatigue', 'although', 'headache']
['hemoptysis', 'diarrhea', 'dyspnoea', 'lymphopenia']
['reported', 'severe', 'cases', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'tress', 'syndrome', 'might', 'developed', 'underlying']
['pneumonia', 'associated', 'covid', 'severe']
['volume', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '226811j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['cases', 'estimated', 'period', 'onset', 'disease']
['death', 'ranges', 'median']
['being', 'dependent', 'patient', 'patient', 'immune']
['system', 'status']
['reaches']
['cells', 'through', 'protein', 'called', 'which', 'serves']
['opening', 'after', 'virus', 'genetic']
['material', 'multiplied', 'infected', 'produces', 'proteins']
['complement', 'viral', 'structure', 'produce', 'viruses']
['virus', 'destroys', 'infected', 'leaves']
['infects', 'cells', 'destroyed', 'cells', 'produce', 'radiological']
['lesions', 'consolidations', 'nodules']
['lungs', 'observable', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacity']
['regions', 'images', 'these', 'lesions']
['noticeable', 'patients', 'assessed', 'after']
['onset', 'disease', 'especially', 'those', 'older']
['findings', 'suggest', 'patients', 'recovered']
['covid', 'developed', 'pulmonary', 'fibrosis', 'which']
['connective', 'tissue', 'inflamed', 'leading']
['pathological', 'proliferation', 'connective', 'tissue', 'between']
['alveoli', 'surrounding', 'blood', 'vessels', 'given', 'these']
['signs', 'radiological', 'imaging', 'techniques', 'using', 'plain', 'chest']
['thorax', 'computer', 'tomography', 'become']
['crucial', 'diagnosis', 'evaluation', 'tools', 'identify', 'assess']
['severity', 'infection']
['since', 'declaration', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['world', 'health', 'organization', 'identified', 'major', 'areas']
['reduce', 'impact', 'disease', 'world', 'prepare']
['ready', 'detect', 'protect', 'treat', 'reduce', 'transmission']
['innovate', 'learn', 'concerning', 'detec', 'significant', 'efforts', 'undertaken', 'improve']
['diagnostic', 'procedures', 'covid', 'clinic', 'still', 'molecular', 'diagnostic', 'based']
['polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'which', 'precise', 'consuming', 'requires', 'specialized', 'personnel', 'laboratories']
['general', 'limited', 'capacities', 'resources']
['health', 'systems', 'alternative', 'rapid']
['tests', 'those', 'based', 'reverse', 'transcriptase', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction']
['rapidly', 'deployed', 'decrease', 'specialized', 'labora', 'tories', 'personnel', 'provide', 'faster', 'diagnosis', 'compared']
['traditional']
['other', 'tests', 'those', 'based', 'antigens']
['available', 'mainly', 'massive', 'testings']
['clinical', 'applications', 'higher', 'chance', 'missing']
['active', 'infection', 'contrast', 'which', 'detects']
['virus', 'genetic', 'material', 'antigen', 'tests', 'identify', 'specific']
['proteins', 'virus', 'surface', 'requiring', 'higher', 'viral']
['which', 'significantly', 'shortens', 'sensitivity', 'period']
['clinical', 'practice', 'usually', 'comple', 'mented', 'chest', 'manner', 'bined', 'analysis', 'reduces', 'significant', 'number', 'false', 'atives', 'brings', 'additional', 'information']
['about', 'extent', 'severity', 'disease', 'addition']
['thorax', 'second', 'method']
['evaluation', 'although', 'evaluation', 'provides']
['accurate', 'results', 'early', 'stages', 'shown']
['greater', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'imaging']
['become', 'standard', 'screening', 'protocols', 'since']
['minimally', 'invasive', 'requires', 'simpler', 'logistics']
['implementation']
['search', 'rapid', 'objective', 'accurate', 'sensi', 'procedures', 'which', 'could', 'complement', 'diagnosis']
['assessment', 'disorder', 'trend', 'research', 'emerged']
['employ', 'clinical', 'features', 'extracted', 'thorax', 'chest']
['automatic', 'detection', 'purposes', 'potential', 'benefit']
['studying', 'radiological', 'images', 'these', 'character', 'pneumonic', 'states', 'asymptomatic', 'population']
['however', 'research', 'needed', 'field']
['findings', 'infected', 'patients', 'reported']
['consolidation', 'technology', 'permit', 'speedy']
['accurate', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'decreasing', 'pressure']
['microbiological', 'laboratories', 'charge', 'tests']
['providing', 'objective', 'means', 'assessing', 'severity', 'techniques', 'based', 'learn', 'employed', 'leverage', 'information']
['promising', 'results', 'although', 'would', 'desirable', 'employ']
['detection', 'purposes', 'significant', 'drawbacks']
['often', 'present', 'including', 'higher', 'costs', 'consuming']
['procedure', 'thorough', 'hygienic', 'protocols', 'avoid', 'infection']
['spread', 'requirement', 'specialized', 'equipment']
['might', 'readily', 'available', 'hospitals', 'health', 'centers']
['contrast', 'imaging', 'procedures', 'available', 'first']
['screening', 'tests', 'hospitals', 'health', 'centers', 'lower']
['expenses']
['several', 'approaches', 'covid', 'detection', 'based']
['chest', 'images', 'different', 'learning', 'architectures']
['published', 'months', 'reporting', 'classifi', 'cation', 'accuracies', 'around', 'higher', 'however', 'central']
['analysis', 'those', 'works', 'focused', 'variations']
['network', 'architectures', 'whereas', 'there', 'attention']
['variability', 'factors', 'solution', 'should', 'tackle', 'before']
['deployed', 'medical', 'setting', 'sense']
['analysis', 'provided', 'demonstrate', 'reliability']
['networks', 'predictions', 'which', 'context', 'medical']
['solutions', 'acquires', 'particular', 'relevance', 'moreover']
['works', 'state', 'validated', 'their', 'results']
['containing', 'dozens', 'hundreds', 'covid']
['samples', 'limiting', 'proposed', 'solutions', 'impact']
['these', 'antecedents', 'paper']
['learning', 'algorithm', 'based', 'augmentation']
['regularization', 'techniques', 'handle', 'imbalance']
['discrimination', 'between', 'covid', 'controls', 'other', 'types']
['pneumonia', 'methods', 'tested', 'extensive']
['corpus', 'authors', 'knowledge', 'three', 'different']
['experiments', 'carried', 'search']
['suitable', 'coherent', 'approach', 'paper']
['explainability', 'techniques', 'insight', 'about']
['manners', 'neural', 'network', 'learns', 'interpretabil', 'terms', 'overlapping', 'among', 'regions', 'interest']
['selected', 'network', 'those', 'likely', 'affected']
['covid', 'critical', 'analysis', 'factors', 'affect']
['226812', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['figure', 'experiments', 'considered', 'paper', 'first', 'chest', 'images', 'belonging', 'control', 'pneumonia']
['covid', 'classes', 'second', 'activation', 'mapping', 'images', 'despite', 'accuracy', 'model']
['focuses', 'attention', 'areas', 'different', 'lungs', 'cases', 'third', 'activation', 'mapping', 'after']
['zooming', 'cropping', 'squared', 'region', 'interest', 'resizing', 'zooming', 'region', 'interest', 'forces', 'model']
['focus', 'attention', 'lungs', 'errors', 'still', 'present', 'fourth', 'activation', 'mapping', 'after', 'zooming']
['segmentation', 'procedure', 'zooming', 'segmenting', 'force', 'model', 'focus', 'attention', 'lungs', 'black', 'background']
['represents', 'introduced', 'segmentation', 'procedure']
['volume', '226813j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['performance', 'automatic', 'systems', 'based', 'learning']
['carried']
['paper', 'organized', 'follows', 'section', 'presents']
['background', 'antecedents', 'learning']
['covid', 'detection', 'section', 'presents', 'methodology']
['section', 'presents', 'results', 'obtained', 'whereas', 'presents']
['discussions', 'conclusions', 'paper']
['background']
['large', 'research', 'emerged', 'artificial']
['intelligence', 'detect', 'different', 'respiratory', 'diseases', 'using']
['plain', 'images', 'instance', 'authors', 'developed']
['layer', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'architec', 'called', 'chexnet', 'which', 'trained', 'dataset']
['images', 'detection', 'different', 'types']
['pneumonia', 'study', 'reports', 'under', 'receiving']
['operating', 'characteristic', 'curve', 'multiclass']
['scenario', 'composed', 'classes']
['directly', 'related', 'covid', 'detection', 'three']
['architectures', 'resnet50', 'inceptionv3', 'inceptionres', 'netv2', 'considered', 'using', 'database']
['controls', 'covid', 'patients', 'accuracy']
['obtained', 'resnet50', 'seven', 'different']
['models', 'tested', 'using', 'corpus', 'controls']
['covid', 'patients', 'results', 'attained']
['vgg19', 'densenet', 'models', 'obtaining', 'scores']
['controls', 'patients', 'covid']
['architecture', 'proposed', 'trained']
['repository', 'called', 'covidx', 'composed']
['images', 'although', 'patients', 'belonged']
['covid', 'class', 'attained', 'accuracy']
['anomaly', 'detection', 'algorithm', 'employed']
['detection', 'covid', 'corpus', 'covid']
['images', 'taken', 'patients', 'control', 'images']
['taken', 'patients', 'sensitivity']
['specificity', 'obtained', 'combination']
['feature', 'extraction', 'short', 'memory', 'network']
['classification', 'automatic', 'detection']
['purposes', 'model', 'trained', 'corpus', 'gathered']
['different', 'sources', 'consisting', 'images']
['covid', 'although', 'repository', 'applying']
['augmentation', 'pneumonia', 'trols', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation', 'scheme', 'accuracy']
['reported', 'vgg16', 'network']
['classification', 'employing', 'database', 'covid']
['controls', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'following']
['validation', 'about', 'accuracy', 'obtained', 'identifying']
['covid', 'being', 'lower', 'other', 'classes']
['authors', 'adapted', 'model', 'classification']
['covid', 'using', 'transfer', 'learning', 'based', 'xception']
['network', 'experiments', 'carried', 'database']
['covid', 'controls', 'patients', 'pneumo', 'gathered', 'different', 'sources', 'attaining', 'about']
['accuracy', 'similar', 'approach', 'followed']
['corpus', 'binary', 'classification', 'covid']
['controls', 'multiclass', 'classification', 'covid']
['controls', 'pneumonia', 'modification', 'darknet']
['model', 'transfer', 'learning', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation']
['accuracy', 'binary', 'classification', 'multiclass', 'sification', 'obtained', 'another', 'xception', 'transfer', 'learning', 'based', 'approach', 'presented', 'considering']
['multi', 'class', 'classification', 'tasks', 'controls', 'covid']
['viral', 'pneumonia', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'controls']
['covid', 'pneumonia', 'imbalance']
['corpus', 'undersampling', 'technique']
['randomly', 'discard', 'registers', 'larger', 'classes', 'obtain', 'covid', 'controls', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia']
['viral', 'pneumonia', 'chest', 'images', 'reported']
['accuracy', 'class', 'problem']
['class', 'scenario', 'moreover', 'class', 'cross', 'database', 'exper', 'iment', 'accuracy', 'networks']
['resnet18', 'resnet50', 'squeezenet', 'densenet']
['transfer', 'learning', 'experiments', 'performed']
['database', 'covid', 'finding']
['pneumonia', 'images', 'reported', 'results', 'indicate', 'sensitivity']
['about', 'specificity', 'state', 'systems', 'vgg19', 'mobilenetv2', 'inception', 'inceptionresnetv2', 'tested', 'transfer', 'learning']
['setting', 'identify', 'covid', 'control', 'pneumonia']
['images', 'experiments', 'carried', 'partitions']
['covid', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'control']
['images', 'another', 'considered', 'previous', 'normal']
['covid', 'included', 'cases', 'bacterial', 'viral']
['pneumonia', 'mobilenetv2', 'attained', 'results']
['accuracy', 'classes', 'sification', 'mobilenetv2', 'trained']
['scratch', 'compared', 'based', 'transfer', 'learning']
['another', 'based', 'hybrid', 'feature', 'extraction', 'tuning', 'experiments', 'performed', 'dataset']
['images', 'diseases', 'indicated', 'training', 'scratch']
['outperforms', 'other', 'approaches', 'attaining', 'accuracy']
['multiclass', 'classification', 'detection']
['covid', 'system', 'grounded', 'inception', 'transfer', 'learning', 'presented', 'experi', 'ments', 'performed', 'partitions', 'images']
['covid', 'pneumonia', 'tuberculosis', 'controls', 'reported']
['results', 'indicate', 'accuracy', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation']
['scheme', 'classification', 'covid', 'other', 'classes']
['fuzzy', 'color', 'techniques', 'processing', 'stage', 'remove', 'noise', 'enhance', 'images']
['class', 'classification', 'setting', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['controls', 'processed', 'images', 'original']
['stacked', 'models']
['extract', 'features', 'mobilenetv2', 'squeezenet', 'feature']
['selection', 'technique', 'based', 'social', 'mimic', 'optimization']
['support', 'vector', 'machine', 'experiments']
['performed', 'corpus', 'covid', 'controls']
['pneumonia', 'images', 'attaining', 'about', 'accuracy']
['given', 'limited', 'amount', 'covid', 'images']
['approaches', 'focused', 'generating', 'artificial', 'train']
['better', 'models', 'auxiliary', 'generative', 'adversarial']
['network', 'produce', 'artificial', 'covid']
['226814', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['images', 'database', 'covid']
['controls', 'results', 'indicated', 'augmentation', 'increased']
['accuracy', 'vgg16', 'similarly']
['augment', 'database']
['images', 'belonging', 'classes', 'controls', 'covid', 'terial', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'different', 'models']
['tested', 'transfer', 'learning', 'based', 'setting', 'including', 'alexnet']
['googlenet', 'restnet18', 'results', 'obtained']
['googlenet', 'achieving', 'multiclass', 'classifica', 'approach', 'based', 'capsule', 'networks']
['capsnet', 'binary', 'covid', 'controls']
['multi', 'class', 'classification', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['controls', 'experiments', 'performed', 'dataset']
['covid', 'pneumonia', 'controls']
['images', 'augmentation', 'increase', 'covid', 'images', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation', 'scheme', 'accuracy', 'binary', 'classification']
['multi', 'class', 'classification', 'achieved', 'architecture', 'based', 'depth', 'dilated', 'convolution']
['networks', 'proposed', 'first', 'stage', 'pneumo', 'viral', 'bacterial', 'control', 'images', 'employed']
['pretraining', 'refined', 'model', 'covid']
['obtained', 'using', 'transfer', 'learning', 'experiments', 'using', 'databases', 'accuracy', 'achieved', 'covid']
['controls', 'covid', 'controls', 'bacte', 'viral', 'cases', 'pneumonia', 'train']
['neural', 'network', 'limited', 'number', 'training', 'parame', 'presented', 'patch', 'phenomena', 'found']
['images', 'studied', 'bilateral', 'involvement', 'peripheral']
['distribution', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacification', 'develop']
['segmentation', 'patch', 'based', 'neural', 'network']
['distinguished', 'covid', 'controls', 'basis']
['system', 'resnet18', 'network', 'saliency']
['produce', 'interpretable', 'results', 'experiments', 'formed', 'database', 'controls', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia']
['tuberculosis', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'about']
['accuracy', 'obtained', 'likewise', 'interpretable', 'results']
['reported', 'terms', 'large', 'correlations', 'between', 'saliency']
['activation', 'zones', 'radiological', 'findings', 'found']
['images', 'authors', 'indicate']
['segmentation', 'approach', 'considered', 'system']
['accuracy', 'decreased', 'about', 'curvelets', 'trans', 'formations', 'extract', 'features', 'images']
['feature', 'selection', 'algorithm', 'based', 'heuristic']
['relevant', 'characteristics', 'while', 'model']
['based', 'efficientnet', 'classification', 'exper', 'iments', 'carried', 'database', 'controls']
['covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'images']
['classification', 'accuracy', 'achieved', 'proposed']
['approach', 'multiclass', 'hierarchical', 'classification', 'differ', 'types', 'diseases', 'producing', 'pneumonia', 'labels']
['label', 'paths', 'including', 'covid', 'explored']
['since', 'database', 'images', 'heavily', 'imbal', 'anced', 'different', 'resampling', 'techniques', 'considered']
['following', 'transfer', 'learning', 'approach', 'based', 'archi', 'tecture', 'extract', 'features', 'validation']
['different', 'classification', 'techniques', 'macro', 'score']
['score', 'obtained', 'multiclass']
['hierarchical', 'classification', 'scenarios', 'respectively']
['three', 'phases', 'approach', 'presented', 'detect', 'presence']
['pneumonia', 'classify', 'between', 'covid', 'monia', 'highlight', 'regions', 'interest', 'images']
['proposed', 'system', 'utilized', 'database', 'images']
['covid', 'patients', 'other', 'pulmonary', 'diseases']
['controls', 'using', 'transfer', 'learning', 'system']
['based', 'vgg16', 'about', 'accuracy', 'reported']
['hierarchical', 'approach', 'using', 'decision', 'trees', 'based']
['resnet18', 'presented', 'which', 'first', 'sified', 'images', 'normal', 'pathological', 'classes']
['second', 'identified', 'tuberculosis', 'third', 'covid']
['experiments', 'carried', 'partitions', 'obtained', 'after']
['having', 'gathered', 'images', 'different', 'sources', 'mentation', 'accuracy', 'decision', 'starting']
['first', 'about', 'respectively']
['issues', 'affecting', 'results', 'literature']
['table', 'presents', 'summary', 'state', 'matic', 'detection', 'covid', 'based', 'images']
['learning', 'despite', 'excellent', 'results', 'reported', 'review']
['reveals', 'proposed', 'systems', 'suffer', 'certain']
['shortcomings', 'affect', 'conclusions', 'extracted', 'their']
['respective', 'studies', 'limiting', 'translational', 'possibilities']
['clinical', 'environment', 'likewise', 'variability', 'factors']
['deeply', 'studied', 'these', 'papers', 'their', 'study']
['regarded', 'necessary']
['instance', 'issues', 'affect']
['reviewed', 'systems', 'detect', 'covid', 'plain', 'chest']
['images', 'limited', 'datasets', 'which', 'compromises']
['their', 'generalization', 'capabilities']
['indeed', 'authors', 'knowledge']
['paper', 'employing', 'largest', 'database', 'covid', 'considers']
['images', 'gathered', 'different', 'sources', 'however']
['images', 'belong', 'augmented', 'repository', 'which']
['include', 'additional', 'information', 'about', 'initial', 'files', 'number', 'augmented', 'images', 'general']
['terms', 'works', 'employ', 'covid']
['images', 'having', 'systems', 'images']
['however', 'understandable', 'given', 'these']
['works', 'published', 'during', 'onset', 'pandemics']
['number', 'available', 'registers', 'limited']
['other', 'balance', 'patients']
['considered', 'essential', 'avoid', 'model', 'learn', 'specific']
['features', 'however', 'several', 'previous', 'works']
['images', 'children', 'populate', 'pneumonia', 'class']
['might', 'biasing', 'results', 'given', 'differences']
['covid', 'patients']
['despite', 'works', 'literature', 'report', 'perfor', 'mance', 'detecting', 'covid', 'approaches', 'follow']
['1first', 'efforts', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'challenge', 'dataset']
['which', 'focused', 'detection', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'children']
['https', 'kaggle', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'challenge', 'overview']
['volume', '226815j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['table', 'summary', 'literature', 'field']
['brute', 'force', 'approach', 'exploiting', 'learning', 'potentiality']
['correlate', 'outputs', 'class', 'labels', 'provide']
['interpretability', 'explainability', 'process']
['unclear', 'results', 'system', 'actual']
['capability', 'extract', 'information', 'related', 'pathology']
['because', 'leart', 'other', 'aspects', 'during', 'training', 'biasing']
['compromising', 'results', 'matter', 'example']
['studies', 'reported', 'literature', 'follows', 'strat', 'forces', 'network', 'focus', 'significant']
['areas', 'interest', 'covid', 'detection']
['proposing', 'methodology', 'based', 'semantic', 'segmentation']
['lungs', 'remaining', 'cases', 'unclear', 'models']
['analyzing', 'lungs', 'categorizing', 'given']
['other', 'information', 'available', 'which', 'might', 'interesting']
['classification', 'purposes', 'might', 'diagnostic', 'inter', 'relevant', 'analyzed', 'works', 'liter', 'ature', 'pneumonia', 'controls', 'classes', 'certain']
['repository', 'whereas', 'others', 'covid', 'comes']
['combination', 'sources', 'repositories', 'having', 'classes']
['generated', 'different', 'conditions', 'might', 'undoubtedly', 'affect']
['results', 'critical', 'study', 'about', 'aspect']
['needed', 'other', 'variability', 'issues']
['sensor', 'technology', 'employed', 'projection']
['patients', 'require', 'thorough', 'study']
['finally', 'literature', 'review', 'revealed']
['published', 'papers', 'showed', 'excellent', 'correlation', 'interpretability', 'explainability', 'table']
['indeed', 'often', 'desirable', 'clinical', 'practice']
['obtain', 'interpretable', 'results', 'correlate', 'pathological']
['conditions', 'particular', 'demographic', 'physiological', 'black', 'system', 'yields', 'binary', 'multi', 'class', 'decision', 'revision', 'literature']
['partially', 'addressed', 'aspect', 'further', 'research']
['topic', 'needed']
['these', 'ideas', 'paper', 'addresses', 'these', 'aspects']
['training', 'testing', 'corpus', 'images']
['proposing', 'comparing', 'strategies', 'preprocess']
['images', 'analyze', 'effect', 'variability', 'factors']
['provide', 'insights', 'explainable', 'interpretable']
['results', 'primary', 'present', 'critical', 'overview']
['these', 'aspects', 'since', 'might', 'affecting', 'modeling']
['capabilities', 'learning', 'systems', 'detection']
['covid']
['methodology']
['design', 'methodology', 'presented', 'following']
['section', 'procedure', 'followed', 'train', 'neural', 'network']
['described', 'first', 'along', 'process', 'followed']
['create', 'dataset', 'network', 'source', 'train']
['available', 'https', 'github', 'jdariasl', 'covidnet']
['results', 'readily', 'reproduced', 'other', 'researchers']
['network']
['system', 'based']
['covid', 'proposed', 'modifications']
['2following', 'pytorch', 'implementation', 'available']
['https', 'github', 'iliaspap', 'covidnet']
['226816', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['include', 'regularization', 'components']
['dense', 'layers', 'weighted', 'categorical', 'cross', 'entropy']
['function', 'compensate', 'class', 'imbalance', 'network']
['structure', 'refactored', 'allow', 'gradient', 'based', 'local', 'ization', 'estimations', 'which', 'after', 'training']
['search', 'explainable', 'model']
['network', 'trained', 'corpus', 'described']
['using', 'optimizer', 'learning', 'policy']
['learning', 'decreases', 'learning', 'stagnates']
['patience', 'following', 'hyperparameters']
['training', 'learning']
['number', 'epochs']
['batch', 'factor', 'patience', 'furthermore']
['augmentation', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'classes']
['leveraged', 'following', 'augmentation', 'types', 'horizontal']
['gaussian', 'noise', 'variance', 'rotation', 'elastic']
['deformation', 'scaling', 'variant', 'covid']
['built', 'evaluated', 'using', 'pytorch', 'library']
['features', 'image', 'concatenated', 'flatten']
['operation', 'resulting', 'feature', 'three', 'fully']
['connected', 'layers', 'generate', 'probability', 'score']
['class', 'first', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'include', 'dropout']
['regularization', 'activation', 'functions', 'dropout']
['necessary', 'because', 'original', 'network', 'tended', 'overfit']
['since', 'beginning', 'training', 'phase']
['network', 'input', 'layer', 'rescales', 'images', 'keeping']
['aspect', 'ratio', 'shortest', 'dimension', 'scaled', 'pixels']
['input', 'image', 'cropped', 'square']
['pixels', 'located', 'center', 'image', 'images', 'malized', 'using', 'score', 'function', 'parameters']
[]
['three', 'channels', 'respectively', 'though']
['working', 'grayscale', 'images', 'network', 'architecture']
['designed', 'trained', 'general', 'purpose', 'database']
['including', 'colored', 'images', 'characteristic']
['would', 'necessary', 'transfer', 'learning', 'strategy']
['future']
['network', 'output', 'layer', 'provides', 'score']
['three', 'classes', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'covid']
['which', 'converted', 'three', 'probability', 'estimates']
['range', 'using', 'softmax', 'activation', 'function', 'class']
['membership', 'final', 'decision', 'according', 'highest']
['three', 'probability', 'estimates', 'obtained']
['corpus']
['corpora', 'paper', 'compiled']
['posterior', 'anterior', 'anterior', 'posterior']
['images', 'different', 'public', 'sources', 'compilation', 'tains', 'images', 'participants', 'without', 'observable', 'pathol', 'controls', 'findings', 'pneumonia', 'covid']
['cases', 'after', 'compilation', 'subsets', 'images']
['generated', 'training', 'testing', 'table', 'contains']
['number', 'images', 'subset', 'class', 'overall', 'corpus']
['contains', 'images', 'including']
['images', 'belonging', 'covid', 'patients']
['repositories', 'images', 'employed', 'create', 'paper', 'presented', 'these', 'table', 'number', 'images', 'class', 'training', 'testing', 'subsets']
['solely', 'registers', 'controls', 'pneumonia', 'patients']
['recent', 'repositories', 'include', 'samples', 'covid']
['images', 'cases', 'annotations']
['specialist', 'indicated', 'authors', 'repositories']
['covid', 'class', 'modelled', 'compiling', 'images', 'three', 'collection', 'initiatives', 'hospi', 'tales', 'covid', 'bimcv', 'covid19', 'actualmed']
['covid', 'chest', 'datasets', 'final', 'result']
['compilation', 'process', 'subset', 'images']
['patients', 'different', 'stages', 'disease']
['table', 'summarizes', 'significant', 'characteristics']
['datasets', 'create', 'corpus', 'which', 'presented']
['hospitales', 'covid', 'dataset']
['dataset', 'compiled', 'hospitals', 'tains', 'available', 'clinical', 'information', 'about', 'anonymous']
['patients', 'virus', 'treated', 'different', 'belonging', 'company', 'since', 'beginning']
['pandemic', 'madrid', 'spain']
['corpus', 'contains', 'anonymized', 'records']
['patients', 'includes', 'several', 'radiological', 'studies']
['patient', 'corresponding', 'different', 'stages', 'disease']
['total', 'images', 'available', 'dataset']
['average', 'image', 'studies', 'subject', 'often', 'taken']
['intervals', 'histogram', 'patients']
['highly', 'coherent', 'demographics', 'covid']
['spain', 'table', 'details']
['patients', 'least', 'positive', 'positive']
['immunological', 'tests', 'included']
['study', 'science', 'commission', 'research', 'ethics']
['committee', 'hospitales', 'approved', 'current', 'research']
['study', 'purpose']
['bimcv', 'covid19', 'dataset']
['bimcv', 'covid19', 'dataset', 'large', 'dataset', 'chest']
['radiological', 'studies', 'covid', 'patients']
['along', 'their', 'pathologies', 'results', 'immuno', 'logical', 'tests', 'radiological', 'reports', 'recorded']
['valencian', 'region', 'medical', 'image', 'bimcv', 'spain']
['dataset', 'contains', 'anonymized', 'studies', 'patients']
['least', 'positive', 'positive', 'immunological', 'tests']
['between', 'february', 'april']
['corpus', 'composed', 'images']
['average', 'image', 'studies', 'subject', 'taken', 'intervals']
['approximately', 'histogram']
['patients', 'highly', 'coherent', 'demographics']
['3figures', 'datasets', 'downloaded', 'datasets', 'still']
['might', 'available', 'future']
['volume', '226817j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['table', 'demographic', 'datasets', 'those', 'labels', 'confirmed', 'reported']
['covid', 'spain', 'table', 'patients', 'least']
['positive', 'positive', 'immunological', 'tests']
['included', 'study']
['actualmed']
['actualmed', 'covid', 'chest', 'dataset', 'initiative']
['contains', 'series', 'images', 'compiled', 'actualmed']
['universitat', 'jaume', 'spain', 'dataset', 'contains', 'covid']
['control', 'images', 'information', 'given', 'about']
['place', 'recording', 'demographics', 'however']
['metadata', 'included', 'contains', 'anonymized', 'descrip', 'distinguish', 'among', 'patients', 'information', 'about']
['modality', 'class', 'which', 'image']
['belongs']
['china', 'shenzhen']
['created', 'national', 'library', 'medicine']
['maryland', 'collaboration', 'shenzhen']
['people', 'hospital', 'guangdong', 'medical', 'college', 'china']
['dataset', 'contains', 'normal', 'abnormal', 'chest']
['manifestations', 'tuberculosis', 'includes', 'associated', 'ologist', 'readings']
['montgomery']
['national', 'library', 'medicine', 'created', 'dataset']
['collaboration', 'department', 'health', 'human']
['services', 'montgomery', 'county', 'maryland', 'contains']
['images', 'collected', 'under', 'montgomery', 'county']
['tuberculosis', 'screening', 'program']
['chestx', 'dataset']
['chestx', 'dataset', 'contains', 'images']
['common', 'thorax', 'disease', 'categories', 'unique']
['patients', 'compiled', 'national', 'institute', 'health']
['study', 'images', 'labeled', 'radiological', 'control', 'class', 'whereas']
['images', 'annotated', 'pneumonia', 'pneumo', 'class']
['chexpert', 'dataset']
['chexpert', 'dataset', 'images', 'created']
['automated', 'evaluation', 'medical', 'imaging', 'competitions']
['contains', 'chest', 'examinations', 'carried', 'stanford', 'pital', 'during', 'years', 'study', 'selected', 'monia', 'images', 'using', 'those', 'annotated', 'pneumonia']
['without', 'additional', 'comorbidity', 'covid', 'never', 'caused']
['these', 'comorbidities', 'motivation', 'include', 'pneumonia']
['comorbidities', 'increase', 'number', 'pneumonia']
['examples', 'final', 'compilation', 'study', 'increasing']
['cluster', 'variability']
['mimic', 'database']
['mimic', 'dataset', 'complied']
['comprising', 'identified', 'chest', 'patients']
['admitted', 'israel', 'deaconess', 'medical', 'center']
['study', 'employed', 'images', 'pneumonia', 'class']
['labels', 'obtained', 'agreement']
['methods', 'indicated', 'dataset', 'reports', 'information']
['about', 'gender', 'assume', 'demograph', 'similar', 'those', 'chexpert', 'dataset', 'those']
['pneumonia']
['image', 'processing']
['images', 'converted', 'uncompressed', 'grayscale']
['files', 'encoded', 'preprocessed', 'using']
['dicom', 'windowcenter', 'windowwidth', 'details']
['needed', 'images', 'converted', 'monochrome']
['photometric', 'interpretation', 'initially', 'images', 'scaled', 'avoid', 'resolution', 'later', 'processing', 'stages']
['views', 'selected', 'differentiation']
['between', 'erect', 'either', 'standing', 'sitting', 'bitus', 'information', 'inferred', 'careful', 'analysis']
['dicom', 'required', 'manual', 'checking', 'certain']
['labeling', 'errors']
['experiments']
['corpus', 'collected', 'aforementioned', 'databases']
['processed', 'compile', 'three', 'different', 'datasets', 'equal']
['initial', 'these', 'datasets']
['different', 'experiments']
['experiment']
['first', 'experiment', 'using', 'extracted']
['different', 'datasets', 'image', 'aspect', 'ratio', 'histogram', 'equalization', 'applied']
['226818', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['experiment', 'cropped', 'image']
['second', 'experiment', 'consists', 'preprocessing', 'images']
['zooming', 'cropping', 'squared', 'region', 'interest']
['resizing', 'squared', 'image', 'aspect', 'ratio', 'process']
['summarized', 'following', 'steps']
['lungs', 'segmented', 'original', 'image', 'using']
['semantic', 'segmentation', 'algorithm', 'rithm', 'reports', 'intersection', 'union']
['similarity', 'coefficient', 'scores']
['respectively']
['black', 'extracted', 'identify', 'external']
['boundaries', 'lungs']
['create', 'sequences', 'adding']
['levels', 'columns', 'respectively']
['these', 'sequences', 'provide', 'boundary', 'points']
['which', 'define', 'segments', 'different', 'lengths']
['horizontal', 'vertical', 'dimensions']
['sequences', 'added', 'levels', 'vertical']
['horizontal', 'dimensions', 'identify']
['squared', 'region', 'interest', 'associated', 'lungs']
['taking', 'advantage', 'higher', 'added', 'values', 'outside']
['lungs', 'process', 'obtain', 'squared', 'region']
['requires', 'identifying', 'middle', 'point']
['identified', 'segments', 'cropping', 'dimensions']
['using', 'length', 'longest', 'these', 'segments']
['original', 'image', 'cropped', 'squared', 'template']
['placed', 'centre', 'matrix', 'using', 'information']
['obtained', 'previous', 'placed']
['image']
['histogram', 'equalization', 'image', 'obtained']
['process', 'carried', 'decrease', 'variability']
['training', 'process', 'network', 'simpler']
['ensure', 'region', 'significant', 'interest', 'centre']
['image', 'areas']
['experiment', 'segmentation']
['third', 'experiment', 'consists', 'preprocessing', 'images']
['masking', 'zooming', 'cropping', 'squared', 'region', 'interest']
['resizing', 'squared', 'image', 'aspect', 'ratio']
['process', 'summarized', 'following', 'steps']
['lungs', 'segmented', 'original', 'image', 'using']
['semantic', 'segmentation', 'algorithm']
['experiment']
['external', 'black', 'extracted', 'identify']
['external', 'boundaries', 'lungs']
['create', 'sequences', 'adding']
['levels', 'columns', 'respectively']
['sequences', 'added', 'levels', 'vertical']
['horizontal', 'dimensions', 'identify']
['squared', 'region', 'interest', 'associated', 'lungs']
['taking', 'advantage', 'higher', 'added', 'values', 'outside']
[]
['4following', 'keras', 'implementation', 'available', 'https', 'github']
['imlab', 'segmentation']
['figure', 'identification', 'squared', 'region', 'interest', 'plots']
['represent', 'normalized', 'accumulated', 'level', 'vertical']
['horizontal', 'dimension', 'respectively']
['original', 'image', 'cropped', 'squared', 'template']
['placed', 'center', 'image']
['dilated', 'pixels', 'kernel']
['superimposed', 'image']
['histogram', 'equalization', 'applied', 'mented', 'corresponding', 'lungs']
['preprocessing', 'makes', 'training', 'network']
['simpler', 'forces', 'network', 'focus', 'attention']
['lungs', 'region', 'removing', 'external', 'characteristics']
['sternum', 'might', 'influence', 'obtained', 'results']
['identification', 'areas', 'significant']
['interest', 'classification']
['areas', 'significant', 'interest']
['discrimination', 'purposes', 'identified', 'using', 'qualitative']
['analysis', 'based', 'gradient', 'weighted', 'class', 'activation']
['mapping', 'explainability', 'method']
['serves', 'provide', 'insights', 'about', 'manners']
['neural', 'networks', 'learn', 'pointing', 'significant']
['areas', 'interest', 'decision', 'making', 'purposes', 'method']
['gradients', 'target', 'class', 'until', 'final']
['convolutional', 'layer', 'produce', 'coarse', 'localization']
['which', 'highlights', 'important', 'regions', 'image']
['identifying', 'class', 'result', 'method']
['those', 'presented', 'which', 'colour', 'encodes']
['importance', 'pixel', 'differentiating', 'among', 'classes']
['results']
['model', 'quantitatively', 'evaluated', 'computing']
['positive', 'predictive', 'value', 'recall', 'score']
['accuracy', 'balanced', 'accuracy', 'geometric']
['recall', 'under', 'curve']
['three', 'classes', 'corpus', 'previously', 'described']
['section', 'performance', 'models', 'assessed']
['using', 'independent', 'testing', 'which']
['volume', '226819j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['table', 'performance', 'measures', 'three', 'experiments', 'considered', 'paper']
['figure', 'curves', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'experiments', 'considering', 'classes', 'separately', 'curves', 'bottom']
['normalized', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'original', 'images', 'experiment', 'center', 'cropped', 'images', 'experiment', 'right', 'segmented', 'images', 'experiment']
['during', 'development', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation', 'procedure']
['evaluate', 'obtained', 'results', 'training']
['balance', 'performance', 'network']
['three', 'experiments', 'considered', 'paper', 'summarized']
['table', 'likewise', 'curves', 'class']
['experiments', 'corresponding', 'confusion', 'matrices']
['presented', 'global', 'curve', 'displayed']
['experiment', 'summarizes', 'global', 'performance']
['experiments']
['considering', 'experiment', 'although', 'slightly', 'higher']
['controls', 'detection', 'performance', 'remains', 'almost', 'similar']
['classes', 'ranges', 'table']
['remaining', 'measures', 'class', 'follow', 'trend']
['similar', 'figures', 'better', 'numbers', 'controls']
['curves', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'point']
['largest', 'source', 'confusion', 'covid', 'monia', 'class', 'curves', 'classes', 'reach']
['cases', 'values', 'larger', 'which', 'principle']
['considered', 'excellent', 'terms', 'global', 'performance']
['system', 'achieves', 'table']
['supported', 'average', 'curve']
['which', 'reveals', 'excellent', 'performance', 'network']
['226820', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['figure', 'average', 'curves', 'experiment', 'including', 'values']
['almost', 'perfect', 'behaviour', 'curve', 'deviations']
['small', 'three', 'classes']
['experiment', 'considered', 'decrease', 'perfor', 'mance', 'class', 'observed', 'comparison', 'experiment']
['ranges', 'table']
['similar', 'trend', 'remaining', 'figures', 'merit', 'curves']
['confusion', 'matrices', 'report']
['values', 'range', 'overlapping']
['covid', 'class', 'mostly', 'pneumonia', 'global', 'perfor', 'mance', 'system', 'presented', 'curve']
['table', 'yields']
[]
['finally', 'experiment', 'ranges']
['table', 'results', 'slightly', 'worse', 'those']
['experiment', 'covid', 'class', 'presenting']
['worse', 'performance', 'among', 'tests', 'according']
['range', 'confusion', 'matrix']
['reports', 'large', 'level', 'confusion', 'covid', 'class']
['being', 'labelled', 'pneumonia', 'times', 'terms']
['global', 'performance', 'system', 'reaches']
['table', 'these', 'results', 'consistent']
['average', 'shown']
['explainability', 'interpretability']
['models']
['regions', 'interest', 'identified', 'network', 'lyzed', 'qualitatively', 'using', 'activation']
['results', 'shown', 'activation', 'permit', 'identifica', 'significant', 'areas', 'image', 'highlighting']
['zones', 'interest', 'network', 'using', 'discriminate']
['regard', 'presents', 'examples']
['control', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'patient']
['three', 'experiments', 'considered', 'paper', 'impor', 'activation', 'providing', 'overall']
['information', 'about', 'behaviour', 'network', 'pointing']
['significant', 'areas', 'interest', 'whole', 'image']
['supposed', 'contributing', 'classification', 'process']
['certain', 'extent']
['second', 'shows', 'several', 'prototypical', 'results']
['applying', 'techniques', 'experiment']
['examples', 'areas', 'significant', 'interest', 'control']
['pneumonia', 'covid', 'patient']
['results', 'suggest', 'detection', 'pneumonia']
['covid', 'often', 'carried', 'based', 'information']
['outside', 'expected', 'interest']
['examples', 'provided', 'network', 'focuses', 'corners']
['image', 'areas', 'around', 'diaphragm']
['likely', 'metadata', 'which', 'frequently', 'stamped']
['corners', 'images', 'plots', 'corre', 'sponding', 'experiment', 'third', 'indicates']
['model', 'still', 'points', 'towards', 'areas', 'which', 'different']
['lungs', 'lesser', 'extent', 'finally']
['experiment', 'fourth', 'presents', 'areas']
['interest', 'where', 'segmentation', 'procedure', 'carried']
['network', 'forced', 'lungs']
['therefore', 'scenario', 'supposed', 'realistic']
['prone', 'generalizing', 'artifacts', 'might']
['results', 'somehow', 'discarded']
['other', 'visualization', 'purposes', 'order']
['interpret', 'separability', 'capabilities', 'system']
['embedding', 'project', 'dimensional']
['layer', 'adjacent', 'output', 'network', 'dimensional']
['space', 'results', 'presented', 'three']
['experiments', 'considered', 'paper']
['indicates', 'separability', 'exists']
['classes', 'training', 'testing']
['experiments', 'boundaries', 'normal', 'cluster']
['defined', 'three', 'experiments', 'whereas', 'pneumonia']
['covid', 'spread', 'overlapping', 'adjacent']
['classes']
['general', 'terms', 'plots', 'demonstrate', 'ability']
['network', 'learn', 'mapping', 'input']
['desired', 'labels', 'however', 'despite', 'shape', 'differences', 'found']
['three', 'experiments', 'additional', 'conclusions']
['extracted']
['potential', 'variability', 'factors', 'affecting']
['system']
['there', 'several', 'variability', 'factors', 'which', 'might', 'biasing']
['results', 'namely', 'projection', 'nology', 'detector', 'computed', 'radiography']
['digital', 'radiography', 'gender', 'patients']
['potential', 'specificities', 'dataset', 'having', 'trained']
['several', 'images', 'patient']
['several', 'images', 'patient', 'represents', 'certain']
['covid', 'class', 'underlying']
['imbalance', 'however', 'initial', 'hypothesis', 'using', 'images', 'covid', 'patient', 'obtained', 'different']
['instants', 'difference', 'would', 'increase']
['variability', 'dataset', 'source', 'would']
['disregarded', 'indeed', 'evolution', 'associated', 'lesions']
['often', 'found', 'covid', 'considered', 'manner']
['different', 'images', 'obtained', 'interval']
['short', 'evolution', 'since']
['volume', '226821j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['figure', 'mapping', 'dimensional', 'layer', 'adjacent', 'output', 'dimensional', 'output', 'network', 'embedding']
['using', 'training', 'bottom', 'output', 'network', 'embedding', 'using', 'testing', 'original', 'images', 'experiment']
['center', 'cropped', 'images', 'experiment', 'right', 'segmented', 'images', 'experiment']
['table', 'performance', 'measures', 'considering', 'projection']
['every', 'single', 'exploration', 'framed', 'differently', 'sometimes']
['taken', 'different', 'machines', 'projections']
['potential', 'expected', 'minimized']
['concerning', 'projection', 'evaluate']
['effectiveness', 'system', 'studied', 'taking']
['account', 'potential', 'variability', 'factor', 'which', 'consid', 'significant', 'particular']
['table', 'presents', 'outcomes', 'after', 'accounting']
['influence', 'projection', 'perfor', 'mance', 'system', 'general', 'terms', 'system', 'demon', 'strates', 'consistency', 'respect', 'projection']
['differences', 'mainly', 'attributable', 'smaller', 'train', 'testing', 'however', 'significant', 'differences']
['shown', 'projection', 'class', 'covid', 'experiment']
['decreasing', 'reason']
['unexpected', 'performance', 'unknown', 'likely']
['226822', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['figure', 'mapping', 'dimensional', 'layer', 'adjacent', 'output', 'dimensional', 'output', 'network', 'embedding']
['using', 'training', 'bottom', 'output', 'network', 'embedding', 'using', 'testing', 'original', 'images', 'experiment']
['center', 'cropped', 'images', 'experiment', 'right', 'segmented', 'images', 'experiment', 'labels', 'correspond', 'classes']
['attributable', 'underrepresented', 'class', 'corpus']
['table']
['besides', 'table', 'shows', 'three', 'experiments', 'under']
['evaluation', 'covid', 'class', 'error', 'distribu', 'respect', 'patient', 'technology']
['detector', 'dataset', 'projection', 'variability']
['factors', 'enumerated', 'results', 'error', 'distribution']
['committed', 'system', 'follows', 'minor', 'deviations']
['existing', 'proportion', 'samples', 'corpus', 'these', 'results']
['suggest', 'there', 'clear', 'respect', 'these', 'poten', 'variability', 'factors', 'least', 'covid', 'class', 'which']
['considered', 'worst', 'underrepresentation']
['similar', 'results', 'would', 'expected', 'control', 'pneumonia']
['classes', 'these', 'results', 'provided']
['certain', 'labels', 'datasets', 'table']
['concerning', 'datasets', 'reasonably']
['balanced', 'table', 'certain', 'normal', 'class']
['covid', 'pneumonia', 'classes', 'similar', 'average']
['controls', 'lower', 'assumption']
['differences', 'significantly', 'affecting']
['results', 'mentioned', 'difference', 'might', 'explain']
['normal', 'cluster', 'spread', 'other']
['specific', 'biases', 'found']
['errors', 'committed', 'system']
['additional', 'study', 'carried', 'evaluate']
['influence', 'potential', 'specificities', 'different', 'datasets']
['compile', 'corpus', 'variability', 'results']
['respect', 'datasets', 'merged', 'build', 'corpus']
['variability', 'factor', 'evaluated', 'using', 'different']
['plots', 'experiment', 'similar']
['differentiating', 'corresponding', 'cluster', 'dataset']
['class']
['results', 'different', 'datasets', 'classes', 'clearly']
['merged', 'adjacent', 'cluster', 'however', 'datasets', 'report', 'lower', 'variability', 'certain', 'classes']
['variability', 'terms', 'scattering', 'especially']
['clear', 'chexpert', 'pneumonia', 'which', 'cessfully', 'merged', 'corresponding', 'class', 'appear']
['volume', '226823j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['table', 'percentage', 'testing', 'samples', 'error', 'distribution']
['respect', 'several', 'potential', 'variability', 'factors', 'covid', 'class']
['represents', 'percentage', 'samples', 'every', 'factor', 'under']
['analysis', 'correctly', 'predicted']
['clearly', 'clustered', 'suggesting', 'these', 'datasets', 'certain']
['unknown', 'specific', 'characteristics', 'different', 'those']
['complementary', 'datasets', 'model', 'manage']
['aspect', 'factor', 'analyzed', 'further', 'studies']
['discussion', 'conclusion']
['study', 'evaluates', 'learning', 'model', 'detection']
['covid', 'images', 'paper', 'provides', 'tional', 'evidence', 'state', 'supporting', 'poten', 'learning', 'techniques', 'accurately', 'categorize']
['images', 'corresponding', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'covid']
['patients', 'these', 'three', 'classes', 'chosen', 'under']
['assumption', 'support', 'clinicians', 'making', 'better']
['decisions', 'establishing', 'potential', 'differential', 'strategies', 'patients', 'depending', 'their', 'cause', 'infection', 'paper', 'demonstrate']
['suitability', 'learning', 'categorizing', 'images']
['thoughtful', 'evaluation', 'results', 'different']
['preprocessing', 'approaches', 'searching', 'better', 'explainability']
['interpretability', 'results', 'while', 'providing', 'evidence']
['potential', 'effects', 'might', 'results']
['model', 'relies', 'covid', 'network', 'which']
['served', 'basis', 'developing', 'refined', 'archi', 'tecture', 'network', 'chosen', 'tailored']
['characteristics', 'given', 'previous', 'results', 'reported']
['other', 'researchers', 'covid', 'trained']
['corpus', 'compiled', 'using', 'gathered', 'different', 'sources']
['control', 'pneumonia', 'classes']
['samples', 'respectively', 'collected', 'naset', 'montgomery', 'chexpert', 'mimic', 'datasets']
['covid', 'class', 'collected', 'information']
['available', 'bimcv', 'hospitales', 'datasets']
['although', 'covid', 'class', 'contains', 'chest']
['images', 'developers', 'sources', 'continu', 'ously', 'adding', 'cases', 'respective', 'repositories']
['number', 'samples', 'expected', 'future', 'despite']
['unbalance', 'covid', 'class']
['authors', 'knowledge', 'extensive', 'compilation']
['covid', 'images', 'based', 'repositories', 'despite']
['number', 'covid', 'images', 'still', 'considered', 'small']
['compared', 'other', 'classes', 'therefore', 'necessary']
['compensate', 'class', 'imbalance', 'modifying']
['network', 'architecture', 'including', 'regularization', 'components']
['dense', 'layers', 'weighted', 'categorical']
['cross', 'entropy', 'function', 'compensate']
['effect', 'likewise', 'augmentation', 'techniques']
['pneumonia', 'covid', 'classes', 'generate', 'samples']
['these', 'underrepresented', 'classes', 'automatically']
['stand', 'automatic', 'diagnosis']
['classification', 'exercise', 'meaning', 'factors']
['considered', 'bring', 'these', 'techniques', 'clinical', 'practice']
['respect', 'there', 'classic', 'assumption', 'literature']
['associated', 'calculated']
['techniques', 'provide', 'clinical', 'interpretation', 'results']
['which', 'unclear', 'practice', 'light', 'results', 'shown']
['depicted', 'experiment']
['carefully', 'interpreted', 'despite', 'performance']
['metrics', 'obtained', 'experiment', 'significant', 'areas', 'identi', 'network', 'pointing', 'towards', 'certain', 'areas']
['clear', 'interest', 'diagnosis', 'corners']
['images', 'sternum', 'clavicles', 'clinical', 'point']
['biasing', 'results', 'means', 'other', 'approaches']
['necessary', 'force', 'network', 'focus']
['respect', 'developed', 'compared']
['results', 'preprocessing', 'approaches', 'based', 'cropping']
['images', 'segmenting', 'experiment']
['experiment', 'again', 'given', 'corresponding']
['experiment', 'similar', 'explainability', 'those', 'enumerated', 'experiment', 'image']
['reduction', 'proposed', 'experiment', 'significantly', 'decreases']
['system', 'performance', 'removing', 'metadata']
['usually', 'appears', 'right', 'corner', 'technique']
['removes', 'areas', 'categorize', 'images']
['interest', 'diagnosis', 'point', 'however', 'while']
['comparing', 'experiments', 'performance', 'results', 'improve']
['third', 'approach', 'which', 'focuses', 'region']
['interest', 'forces', 'network']
['lungs', 'results', 'obtained', 'experiments']
['suggest', 'eliminating', 'needless', 'features', 'extracted']
['background', 'related', 'regions', 'improves']
['results', 'besides', 'third', 'approach', 'experiment', 'provides']
['explainable', 'interpretative', 'results', 'network']
['focusing', 'attention', 'interest']
['disease', 'explainability', 'method', 'still']
['lower', 'accuracy', 'respect', 'experiment']
['improvement', 'explainability', 'interpretability']
['considered', 'critical', 'translating', 'these', 'techniques']
['clinical', 'setting', 'despite', 'decrease', 'performance']
['proposed', 'method', 'experiment', 'provided', 'promising']
['results']
[]
['performance', 'results', 'obtained', 'those', 'sented', 'which', 'reports', 'sensitivities']
['control', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'classes', 'respectively']
['modeling', 'covid', 'similar', 'conditions']
['experiment', 'training', 'smaller', 'corpus']
['images', 'covid', 'patients']
['226824', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['controls', 'images', 'belonging', 'patients']
['different', 'types', 'pneumonia']
['paper', 'critically', 'evaluates', 'effect', 'several']
['variability', 'factors', 'might', 'compromise', 'network', 'formance', 'instance', 'projection', 'effect']
['evaluated', 'retraining', 'network', 'checking', 'comes', 'effect', 'important', 'given', 'projections']
['often', 'practiced', 'erect', 'positions', 'observe', 'pulmonary']
['better', 'expected', 'examined', 'healthy', 'slightly']
['affected', 'patients', 'contrast', 'projections', 'often', 'ferred', 'patients', 'confined', 'expected']
['practised', 'severe', 'cases', 'since', 'projections']
['common', 'covid', 'patients', 'these', 'cases']
['blood', 'lungs', 'apices', 'standing']
['considering', 'variability', 'factor', 'result']
['misdiagnosis', 'pulmonary', 'congestion', 'indeed']
['obtained', 'results', 'highlighted', 'importance', 'taking']
['account', 'factor', 'designing', 'training', 'corpus']
['decreases', 'projections', 'experiments']
['covid', 'images', 'issue', 'probably', 'under', 'representation', 'class', 'table', 'which', 'would', 'require']
['further', 'specific', 'analysis', 'designing', 'future', 'corpora']
['other', 'results', 'shown', 'error', 'distri', 'bution', 'covid', 'class', 'follows', 'similar', 'proportion']
['percentage', 'images', 'available', 'corpus', 'while', 'gorizing', 'gender', 'detector', 'technology', 'projection']
['dataset', 'these', 'results', 'suggest', 'significant']
['respect', 'these', 'potential', 'variability', 'factors', 'least']
['covid', 'class', 'which', 'represented']
['analysis', 'clusters', 'classes', 'distributed']
['presented', 'demonstrating', 'class']
['differentiated', 'these', 'plots', 'identify', 'existing', 'overlap']
['among', 'classes', 'especially', 'present', 'between', 'pneumonia']
['covid', 'lesser', 'extent', 'between', 'controls']
['pneumonia', 'similarly', 'since', 'corpus', 'train']
['network', 'built', 'around', 'several', 'datasets']
['plots', 'produced', 'differentiating', 'according']
['subsets', 'training', 'served']
['evaluate', 'influence', 'dataset', 'potential', 'specific']
['characteristics', 'training', 'procedure', 'hence', 'possible']
['sources', 'confusion', 'arise', 'particularities']
['corpora', 'tested', 'plots', 'suggest', 'different']
['datasets', 'correctly', 'merged', 'general', 'terms']
['exceptions', 'these', 'exceptions', 'suggest', 'there', 'might']
['certain', 'unknown', 'characteristics', 'datasets', 'which']
['cluster', 'images', 'belonging', 'dataset', 'together']
['covid', 'demonstrated', 'being', 'start', 'point', 'characterization', 'disease', 'employing']
['images', 'indeed', 'paper', 'outcomes', 'suggest', 'possibility']
['automatically', 'identify', 'lesions', 'associated']
['covid', 'infection', 'analyzing', 'mappings', 'experiment', 'providing', 'explainable']
['justification', 'about', 'network', 'works', 'however']
['interpretation', 'obtained', 'control']
['class', 'carried', 'carefully', 'whereas', 'areas']
['significant', 'interest', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'classes']
['supposed', 'point', 'potential', 'lesions', 'higher', 'density']
['different', 'textures', 'contrast', 'controls', 'areas']
['significant', 'interest', 'classification', 'control', 'group']
['supposed', 'correspond', 'something', 'complementary']
['potentially', 'highlighting', 'dense', 'areas', 'control']
['class', 'these', 'areas', 'point', 'towards', 'lesion']
['lungs']
['likewise', 'system', 'developed', 'experiment', 'attains']
['comparable', 'results', 'those', 'achieved', 'human', 'evaluator']
['differentiating', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'respect']
['ability', 'seven', 'radiologists', 'correctly', 'differentiate']
['pneumonia', 'covid', 'images', 'tested']
['results', 'indicated', 'radiologists', 'achieved', 'sitivities', 'ranging', 'speci', 'ficities', 'ranging', 'these', 'results']
['suggest', 'systems', 'potential', 'supervised']
['clinical', 'environment']
['covid', 'still', 'disease', 'remains']
['studied', 'learning', 'techniques']
['would', 'potentially', 'understand', 'mechanisms']
['attacks', 'lungs', 'alveoli']
['evolves', 'during', 'different', 'stages', 'despite', 'there', 'empirical', 'evidence']
['evolution', 'covid', 'based', 'observations']
['radiologists', 'employment', 'automatic', 'techniques']
['based', 'machine', 'learning', 'would', 'analyze', 'sively', 'guide', 'research', 'certain', 'paths', 'extract', 'conclu', 'sions', 'faster', 'nevertheless', 'interpretable', 'explainable']
['methods', 'required', 'forward']
['inline', 'previous', 'comment', 'based', 'empir', 'evidence', 'respecting', 'evolution', 'disease']
['stated', 'during', 'early', 'stages', 'disease', 'ground', 'glass', 'shadows', 'pulmonary', 'consolidation', 'nodules']
['local', 'consolidation', 'centre', 'peripheral', 'ground', 'glass', 'density', 'often', 'observed', 'however', 'disease']
['evolves', 'consolidations', 'reduce', 'their', 'density', 'resembling']
['ground', 'glass', 'opacity', 'derive', 'white']
['disease', 'worsens', 'minimization', 'opacities']
['course', 'disease', 'improves', 'manner']
['these', 'characteristic', 'behaviours', 'automatically']
['identified', 'would', 'possible', 'stratify', 'disorder', 'stage']
['according', 'severity', 'computing', 'extent', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities', 'densities', 'would', 'useful', 'assess']
['severity', 'infection', 'evaluate', 'evolution']
['disease', 'regard', 'infection', 'extent', 'assessment']
['previously', 'tested', 'other', 'studies', 'covid']
['using', 'manual', 'procedures', 'based', 'observation', 'images']
['solutions', 'discussed', 'paper', 'intended']
['support', 'faster', 'diagnosis', 'alleviate', 'radiolo', 'gists', 'specialists', 'workload', 'substitute', 'their']
['assessment', 'rigorous', 'validation', 'would']
['integrating', 'these', 'algorithms', 'desktop', 'applications', 'cloud']
['servers', 'clinic', 'environment']
['maintenance', 'update', 'would', 'effective', 'straight', 'forward', 'would', 'reduce', 'healthcare', 'costs', 'improve']
['diagnosis', 'response', 'accuracy']
['volume', '226825j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid']
['deployment', 'these', 'algorithms', 'exempt']
['controversies', 'hosting', 'models', 'cloud', 'service']
['would', 'entail', 'uploading', 'images', 'might', 'subject']
['national', 'international', 'regulations', 'constraints']
['ensure', 'privacy']
['new_paper']
['received', 'august', 'accepted', 'august', 'publication', 'september']
['current', 'version', 'september']
['digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3025010']
['learning', 'based', 'chest', 'radiograph']
['classification', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel']
['approach']
['sadman', 'sakib']
['tahrat', 'tazrin']
['mostafa', 'fouda', 'senior', 'member']
['zubair', 'fadlullah', 'senior', 'member']
['mohsen', 'guizani']
['fellow']
['1department', 'computer', 'science', 'lakehead', 'university', 'thunder', 'canada']
['2department', 'electrical', 'computer', 'engineering', 'college', 'science', 'engineering', 'idaho', 'state', 'university', 'pocatello', '83209']
['3department', 'electrical', 'engineering', 'faculty', 'engineering', 'shoubra', 'benha', 'university', 'cairo', '11629', 'egypt']
['4thunder', 'regional', 'health', 'research', 'institute', 'tbrhri', 'thunder', 'canada']
['5department', 'computer', 'science', 'engineering', 'college', 'engineering', 'qatar', 'university', 'qatar']
['corresponding', 'author', 'sadman', 'sakib', 'ssak2921', 'lakeheadu']
['supported', 'mitacs', 'accelerate', 'under', 'grant', 'it18879', 'natural', 'sciences', 'engineering']
['research', 'council', 'canada', 'nserc', 'under', 'discovery', 'grant', 'rgpin', '06260']
['abstract', 'exponentially', 'growing', 'covid', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'pandemic', 'clinicians']
['continue', 'accurate', 'rapid', 'diagnosis', 'methods', 'addition', 'virus', 'antibody', 'testing', 'modalities']
['because', 'radiographs', 'computed', 'tomography', 'scans', 'effective', 'widely']
['available', 'public', 'health', 'facilities', 'hospital', 'emergency', 'rooms', 'rural', 'clinics', 'could']
['rapid', 'detection', 'possible', 'covid', 'induced', 'infections', 'therefore', 'toward', 'automating']
['covid', 'detection', 'paper', 'propose', 'viable', 'efficient', 'learning', 'based', 'chest', 'radiograph']
['classification', 'framework', 'distinguish', 'covid', 'cases', 'accuracy', 'other']
['abnormal', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'cases', 'unique', 'dataset', 'prepared', 'publicly', 'available']
['sources', 'containing', 'posteroanterior', 'chest', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'normal']
['cases', 'proposed', 'framework', 'leverages', 'augmentation', 'radiograph', 'images']
['algorithm', 'covid', 'adaptively', 'employing', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'network']
['generic', 'augmentation', 'methods', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'covid', 'infected', 'chest', 'images', 'train']
['robust', 'model', 'training', 'consisting', 'actual', 'synthetic', 'chest', 'images']
['customized', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'model', 'which', 'achieves', 'covid', 'detection']
['accuracy', 'compared', 'scenario', 'without', 'augmentation']
['actual', 'covid', 'chest', 'image', 'samples', 'available', 'original', 'dataset', 'furthermore', 'justify']
['customized', 'model', 'extensively', 'comparing', 'widely', 'adopted', 'architectures']
['literature', 'namely', 'resnet', 'inception', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'represent', 'depth', 'based', 'multi', 'based']
['hybrid', 'paradigms', 'encouragingly', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'proposal', 'implies']
['efficiently', 'automate', 'covid', 'detection', 'radiograph', 'images', 'provide', 'reliable', 'evidence']
['covid', 'infection', 'complement', 'existing', 'covid', 'diagnostics', 'modalities']
['index', 'terms', 'covid', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'learning', 'generative', 'adversarial']
['network', 'pneumonia']
['introduction']
['severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'first', 'observed', 'wuhan', 'china', 'turned', 'global']
['associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript']
['approving', 'publication', 'derek', 'abbott']
['pandemic', 'covid', 'coronavirus', 'disease']
['covid', 'destructive', 'impact', 'being', 'particularly', 'senior', 'citizens', 'patients', 'underlying']
['health', 'conditions', 'compromised', 'immunity', 'levels', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'already', 'contributed']
['mortalities', 'million', 'cases']
['volume']
['licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'noncommercial', 'noderivatives', 'license']
['information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '171575s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['covid', 'infection', 'critical', 'combat']
['pandemic', 'effectively', 'detect', 'covid', 'infected', 'patients']
['early', 'possible', 'receive', 'appropriate']
['attention', 'treatment', 'early', 'detection', 'covid']
['important', 'identify', 'which', 'patients', 'should', 'isolate']
['prevent', 'community', 'spread', 'disease', 'however']
['considering', 'recent', 'spreading', 'trend', 'covid']
['effective', 'detection', 'remains', 'challenging', 'particularly']
['communities', 'limited', 'medical', 'resources', 'while']
['reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction']
['emerged', 'technique', 'covid', 'nosis', 'chest', 'chest', 'computed', 'tomography']
['scans', 'biomarkers', 'reactive', 'protein']
['procalcitonin', 'lymphocyte', 'counts', 'elevated']
['interleukin', 'interleukin', 'being']
['increasingly', 'considered', 'nations', 'diagnosis']
['provide', 'evidence', 'severe', 'disease', 'progres']
['depicted', 'existing', 'system', 'detecting']
['covid', 'using', 'aforementioned', 'virus', 'antibody', 'modalities', 'consuming', 'requires', 'additional']
['resources', 'approval', 'which', 'luxury', 'devel', 'oping', 'communities', 'hence', 'medical', 'centers']
['often', 'unavailable', 'shortage']
['false', 'negative', 'virus', 'antibody', 'tests', 'authorities']
['hubei', 'province', 'china', 'momentarily', 'employed', 'radiologi', 'scans', 'clinical', 'investigation', 'covid']
['figure', 'challenges', 'existing', 'system', 'research', 'focus']
['covid', 'screening', 'rural', 'areas']
['motivated', 'several', 'researchers', 'sources']
['recommend', 'chest', 'radiograph', 'suspected']
['covid', 'detection', 'therefore', 'radiologists']
['observe', 'covid', 'infected', 'characteristics', 'ground']
['glass', 'opacities', 'consolidation', 'harnessing', 'invasive']
['techniques', 'chest', 'however']
['difficult', 'differentiate', 'covid', 'inflicted', 'features']
['those', 'community', 'acquired', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia']
['therefore', 'patients', 'manual', 'inspection', 'radio', 'graph', 'accurate', 'decision', 'making', 'overwhelm', 'radiologists', 'automated', 'classification', 'nique', 'needs', 'developed', 'addition', 'radiologists']
['infected', 'isolate', 'impact', 'rural', 'commu', 'nities', 'limited', 'number', 'hospitals', 'radiologists']
['caregivers', 'moreover', 'second', 'covid']
['anticipated', 'preparedness', 'combat']
['scenarios', 'involve', 'increasing', 'portable', 'chest']
['devices', 'widespread', 'availability', 'reduced', 'infection']
['control', 'issues', 'currently', 'limit', 'utilization', 'there', 'depicted', 'paper', 'automate']
['covid', 'detection', 'using', 'images', 'develop']
['artificial', 'intelligence', 'based', 'smart', 'chest', 'radiograph']
['classification', 'framework', 'distinguish', 'covid', 'cases']
['accuracy', 'other', 'abnormal', 'pneumonia']
['normal', 'cases', 'contributions']
['paper', 'summarized', 'follows']
['learning', 'based', 'predictive', 'analytics', 'approach']
['employed', 'propose', 'smart', 'automated', 'classifica', 'framework', 'predicting', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['normal', 'cases', 'proposed', 'learning', 'based']
['chest', 'radiograph', 'classification', 'framework']
['consists', 'augmentation', 'radiograph', 'images']
['algorithm', 'customized', 'convolutional', 'network', 'model']
['uniquely', 'compiled', 'dataset', 'multiple', 'publicly']
['available', 'sources', 'prepared', 'radiographs', 'healthy']
['normal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'reported']
['limited', 'number', 'covid', 'instances']
['dataset', 'identified', 'prime', 'reason', 'train', 'bottleneck', 'learning', 'algorithms', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'essentially', 'combines']
['customized', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'network']
['model', 'several', 'generic', 'augmentation', 'techniques']
['generate', 'synthetic', 'radiograph', 'overcome']
['covid', 'class', 'imbalance', 'problem', 'limited']
['dataset', 'availability']
['train', 'customized', 'model', 'based', 'combined']
['synthetic', 'radiograph', 'images', 'contributes']
['significantly', 'improved', 'accuracy', 'contrast']
['actual', 'covid', 'instances']
['public', 'datasets', 'training', 'while', 'chest']
['regarded', 'sensitive', 'modality', 'detecting']
['covid', 'infection', 'lungs', 'compared', 'scans']
['literature', 'demonstrate', 'formance', 'custom', 'model', 'identifying']
['covid', 'cases', 'dataset', 'implying', 'approach', 'nullifies']
['using', 'expensive', 'machines', 'because']
['covid', 'detection', 'accuracy', 'using', 'custom']
['model', 'higher', 'compared', 'reported']
['rigorously', 'analyze', 'computational', 'complexity']
['training', 'running', 'inference', 'steps']
['proposed', 'framework', 'analyses', 'corroborated', 'experimental', 'results', 'reveal']
['proposed', 'methodology', 'leads', 'significantly', 'lower']
['training', 'particularly', 'improved', 'infer', 'which', 'crucial', 'deploying', 'trained']
['model', 'portable', 'devices', 'reliable']
['covid', 'feature', 'detection', 'radiographs']
['171576', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['performance', 'customized', 'model']
['extensively', 'compared', 'state']
['architectures', 'literature', 'depth', 'based']
['multi', 'based', 'forth', 'proposal']
['demonstrated', 'substantially', 'outperform', 'contem', 'porary', 'models', 'terms', 'classification', 'efficiency']
['remainder', 'paper', 'organized', 'follows']
['section', 'surveys', 'relevant', 'research', 'regarding']
['covid', 'relevant', 'problem', 'tradi', 'tional', 'covid', 'detection', 'challenges', 'associated']
['apply', 'developing', 'communities', 'discussed', 'section']
['proposed', 'input', 'representation', 'learning', 'model']
['presented', 'section', 'performance', 'proposal']
['evaluated', 'section', 'extensively', 'compared', 'those']
['known', 'architectures', 'limitations']
['study', 'briefly', 'explored', 'section', 'finally', 'section']
['concludes', 'paper']
['related']
['section', 'explores', 'relevant', 'research', 'erature', 'perspectives', 'imaging', 'modalities']
['covid', 'detection', 'based', 'analysis', 'radiograph']
['samples']
['imaging', 'modalities', 'covid', 'detection']
['nations', 'measures', 'react', 'sudden']
['rapid', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'within', 'relatively', 'short']
['period', 'according', 'radiology', 'departments']
['started', 'focus', 'preparedness', 'rather', 'nostic', 'capability', 'after', 'sufficient', 'knowledge', 'gathered']
['regarding', 'covid', 'study', 'stated', 'resemblance']
['covid', 'other', 'diseases', 'caused', 'other', 'coron', 'avirus', 'variants', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome']
['middle', 'respiratory', 'syndrome']
['importance', 'tracking', 'condition', 'recov', 'ering', 'coronavirus', 'patient', 'using', 'scans', 'mentioned']
['study', 'chest', 'imaging', 'techniques', 'highlighted']
['crucial', 'technique', 'detecting', 'covid', 'capturing']
['bilateral', 'nodular', 'peripheral', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities']
['radiograph', 'images']
['based', 'radiograph', 'analysis']
['application', 'early', 'detection', 'diagnosis', 'toring', 'developing', 'vaccines', 'covid', 'elabo', 'rately', 'discussed', 'several', 'research', 'exist']
['literature', 'exploited', 'various', 'learning', 'techniques']
['demonstrate', 'reasonable', 'performance']
['model', 'referred', 'darkcovidnet', 'early']
['detection', 'covid', 'proposed', 'which', 'utilized', 'volutional', 'layers', 'perform', 'binary', 'multi', 'class', 'classi', 'fication', 'involving', 'normal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'cases']
['while', 'model', 'reported', 'overall', 'accuracy']
['binary', 'classification', 'multi', 'class', 'sification', 'reconstruction', 'darkcovidnet', 'using']
['multiple', 'datasets', 'indicated', 'overtraining', 'lower']
['accuracy', 'biased', 'presented']
['model', 'several', 'other', 'papers', 'applied', 'learning', 'models']
['images', 'detect', 'monitor', 'covid', 'features']
['radiograph', 'ardakani']
['employed', 'implemented', 'state', 'architec', 'tures', 'alexnet', 'resnet', 'resnet', 'resnet']
['squeezenet', 'mobilenet', 'googlenet']
['xceptionct', 'differentiate', 'between', 'covid']
['covid', 'cases', 'their', 'experiments', 'showed']
['learning', 'could', 'considered', 'feasible', 'technique', 'tifying', 'covid', 'radiograph', 'images', 'avoid']
['generalization', 'overfitting', 'covid', 'available', 'datasets', 'model']
['generate', 'synthetic', 'which', 'achieved', 'coefficient']
['applicability', 'covid', 'radiograph']
['synthesis', 'confirmed', 'broader', 'spectrum']
['applications', 'various', 'medical', 'according']
['survey', 'survey', 'identified', 'various', 'unique', 'proper', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'augmentation']
['image', 'image', 'translation', 'encouraged', 'researchers']
['adopt', 'image', 'reconstruction', 'segmentation', 'detection']
['classification', 'cross', 'modality', 'synthesis', 'various', 'applications']
['problem', 'statement']
['rapidly', 'surging', 'pandemic', 'demand', 'efficient']
['covid', 'detection', 'dramatically', 'increased']
['availability', 'covid', 'viral', 'antibody']
['required', 'obtain', 'results', 'order']
['weeks', 'countries', 'posing', 'great', 'challenge']
['developing', 'rural', 'areas', 'equipped', 'hospitals', 'clinics']
['instance', 'developing', 'countries', 'hospitals']
['sufficient', 'covid', 'therefore']
['require', 'assistance', 'advanced', 'medical', 'centers']
['collect', 'transport', 'samples', 'creates', 'tleneck', 'testing', 'covid', 'therefore']
['daily', 'demand', 'enormous', 'amount', 'cases']
['automated', 'reliable', 'complementary', 'covid', 'detec', 'modality', 'necessary', 'particularly', 'confront', 'pandemic', 'radiograph', 'image', 'utilization']
['initial', 'covid', 'screening', 'pivotal', 'areas']
['inadequate', 'access', 'viral', 'antibody', 'testing', 'several']
['studies', 'scans', 'analyzing', 'detecting', 'tures', 'covid', 'higher', 'resolution', 'features']
['ground', 'glass', 'opacities', 'consolidation', 'compared']
['chest', 'images', 'however', 'infection', 'control']
['matters', 'associated', 'patient', 'transport', 'suites', 'tively', 'procurement', 'operation', 'maintenance']
['equipment', 'limited', 'number', 'machines']
['developing', 'rural', 'areas', 'practical', 'detecting', 'covid', 'other', 'chest']
['employed', 'identify', 'covid', 'other', 'monia', 'cases', 'practical', 'effective', 'solution']
['because', 'imaging', 'equipment', 'pervasive', 'hospital']
['public', 'healthcare', 'facilities', 'rural', 'clinics']
['trained', 'radiologists', 'detecting', 'chest', 'images']
['volume', '171577s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['challenges', 'distinguish', 'between', 'features', 'covid']
['community', 'acquired', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'moreover']
['influx', 'patients', 'hospital', 'during', 'pandemic']
['manual', 'inspection', 'radiograph', 'accurate', 'decision']
['making', 'formidable', 'tradeoff', 'between', 'detection']
['accuracy', 'overwhelm', 'radiologist', 'depart', 'therefore', 'automated', 'classification', 'technique', 'needs']
['designed', 'second', 'covid', 'expected']
['countries', 'preparedness', 'combat', 'pandemic']
['involve', 'increasing', 'portable', 'chest', 'devices']
['widespread', 'availability', 'reduced', 'infection', 'control']
['issues', 'currently', 'limit', 'utilization', 'following']
['section', 'address', 'aforementioned', 'problem', 'present']
['learning', 'based', 'approach', 'effectively', 'solve']
['figure', 'customized', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'network', 'model']
['augmentation']
['proposed', 'learning', 'based', 'chest']
['radiograph', 'classification', 'framework']
['learning', 'smart', 'health', 'analytics', 'prominent', 'inter', 'disciplinary', 'field', 'merges', 'computer', 'science', 'biomedi', 'engineering', 'health', 'sciences', 'bioinformatics', 'various']
['medical', 'imaging', 'devices', 'dedicated', 'image', 'signal']
['analysis', 'processing', 'module', 'which', 'learning', 'based', 'models', 'implemented', 'provide', 'accurate', 'inferences', 'motivated', 'conceptualize']
['learning', 'based', 'chest', 'radiograph', 'classification']
['framework', 'which', 'automating', 'covid', 'detec', 'radiograph', 'images']
['proposed', 'framework', 'consists', 'compo', 'nents', 'augmentation', 'radiology', 'images']
['algorithm', 'learning', 'model', 'proposed']
['algorithm', 'generates', 'synthetic', 'images', 'tively', 'switching', 'between', 'customized', 'architecture']
['generic', 'augmentation', 'techniques']
['rotation', 'synthetic', 'images', 'combined']
['actual', 'radiograph', 'build', 'robust', 'dataset', 'efficiently']
['training', 'learning', 'model', 'second', 'component']
['framework', 'custom', 'architecture']
['designed', 'construct', 'learning', 'model', 'carry']
['automated', 'feature', 'extraction', 'classification', 'radio', 'graph', 'images']
['details', 'proposed', 'algorithm']
['custom', 'model', 'envisioned', 'framework']
['presented', 'followed', 'rigorous', 'complexity', 'analysis']
['proposed', 'methodology', 'training', 'inference', 'phases']
['proposed', 'algorithm']
['propose', 'adaptive', 'augmentation', 'radio', 'graph', 'images', 'algorithm', 'referred', 'proposed']
['algorithm', 'performs', 'demand', 'generation', 'thetic', 'images', 'triggered', 'class', 'imbalance', 'dataset', 'generated', 'synthetic', 'images', 'combined']
['actual', 'radiograph', 'images', 'construct', 'robust', 'training']
['dataset', 'essential', 'covid', 'context', 'where']
['enough', 'representative', 'samples', 'covid', 'chest']
['images', 'sufficient', 'currently', 'available', 'datasets']
['leverages', 'custom', 'model', 'depicted']
['along', 'generic', 'augmentation', 'techniques']
['rotation', 'model', 'invoked', 'number']
['samples', 'class', 'certain', 'defined', 'thresh', 'model', 'generator', 'discrimi', 'nator', 'trained', 'simultaneously', 'until', 'discriminator']
['unable', 'separate', 'generated', 'samples']
['original', 'generator', 'receives', 'random', 'noise', 'input']
['produces', 'chest', 'images', 'which', 'received']
['discriminator', 'regarded']
['player', 'minimax', 'between', 'discriminative', 'model']
['generative', 'model', 'exerting', 'noisy']
['sample', 'distribution', 'input']
['generative', 'network', 'outputs']
[]
['distribution']
['which', 'denoted']
[]
['supposed', 'identical']
['distribution', 'original', 'discriminative']
['network', 'employed', 'distinguish', 'sample']
['distribution', 'generated', 'sample']
[]
['distribution']
[]
['adversarial', 'training', 'process']
['formulated', 'follows']
['maxdv']
[]
[]
[]
['customize', 'model', 'chest', 'image']
['augmentation', 'follows', 'generator', 'constructed']
['stack', 'hidden', 'layers', 'layer', 'comprises', 'dense']
['layer', 'followed', 'leaky', 'rectified', 'linear', 'leakyrelu']
['activation', 'function', 'successive', 'layer']
[]
['generator', 'number', 'neuron', 'units', 'nodes', 'twice']
['number', 'nodes', 'preceding', 'layer', 'other']
['discriminator', 'model', 'receives', 'collections']
['original', 'generated']
[]
['radiograph']
['covid', 'infected', 'images', 'inputs', 'criminator']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['where', 'represents', 'original', 'image', 'while']
[]
[]
['denotes', 'augmented', 'chest', 'image', 'similar']
['171578', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['generator', 'discriminator', 'structure', 'consists']
['hidden', 'layers']
['layer', 'contains', 'sequence']
['dense', 'layer', 'leakyrelu', 'activation', 'function']
['dropout', 'layer', 'included', 'denote', 'dropout']
['number', 'nodes']
['layer', 'denoted']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['discriminator', 'optimize']
['function', 'distinguishing', 'generated', 'images']
['original', 'custom', 'model', 'trained']
['number', 'iterations', 'where']
['detailed', 'steps']
['proposed', 'algorithm', 'presented', 'algorithm']
['either', 'invoke', 'generic']
['augmentation', 'based', 'given', 'condition', 'illustrated']
['algorithm', 'procedure', 'takes', 'inputs']
['augmentation', 'augmentation']
['condition', 'proposed', 'model', 'executed', 'steps']
['other', 'condition', 'fulfilled', 'generic']
['augmentation', 'performed', 'described', 'steps']
['which', 'includes', 'enlarging', 'image', 'quantity', 'rotating']
['amount']
['proposed', 'custom', 'model']
['covid', 'detection', 'images']
['train', 'learning', 'model', 'which']
['advantage', 'robust', 'dataset', 'obtained', 'proposed']
['algorithm', 'section', 'since', 'problem']
['regarded', 'classification', 'normal', 'covid']
['other', 'abnormal', 'cases', 'pneumonia', 'investigate']
['contemporary', 'learning', 'architectures', 'suited', 'sification', 'contrast', 'other', 'variants', 'learning']
['architectures', 'short', 'memory']
['belief', 'networks', 'forth', 'extreme', 'learning', 'machines']
['regarded', 'powerful', 'learning']
['architecture', 'image', 'classification', 'therefore', 'explore']
['robust', 'models', 'recently', 'employed', 'sonable', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'chest']
['applying', 'contemporary', 'models', 'latest']
['dataset', 'compiled', 'public', 'repositories', 'realize']
['their', 'reported', 'performances', 'constrained', 'overfitting']
['influenced', 'biased', 'address', 'issue']
['propose', 'dimensional', 'custom', 'model']
['classifying', 'images', 'predict', 'covid', 'cases']
['depicted', 'structure', 'utilized', 'learn']
['discriminating', 'patterns', 'automatically', 'radiograph']
['images']
['proposed', 'model', 'consists', 'three', 'components']
['first', 'component', 'stack', 'convolution', 'layers', 'while']
['second', 'segment', 'consists', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers']
['final', 'component', 'responsible', 'generating', 'output']
['probability', 'first', 'convolution', 'layers', 'first', 'ponent', 'model', 'receive', 'radiograph', 'images', 'input']
['identify', 'discriminative', 'features', 'input', 'examples']
['component', 'classification']
[]
['layer', 'among', 'convolution', 'layers', 'consists']
['filter']
[]
['initially', 'filter']
[]
['layer', 'decreased', 'successive', 'layer']
['algorithm', 'augmentation', 'radiograph', 'images']
[]
['input', 'augmentation']
['possible', 'values', 'generic']
['collection']
['augmentation']
['output', 'augmented', 'sample']
[]
[]
['initialize', 'maximum', 'number']
['epochs', 'batch']
['number', 'augment']
['construct', 'generator', 'model']
['depicted']
['construct', 'discriminator', 'model']
['depicted']
['foreach']
[]
['generate', 'samples']
['random', 'noise', 'initialize']
['generator']
['generate', 'image']
['passing', 'generator']
['select', 'random']
['samples']
[]
['construct', 'collection']
['generated']
['original', 'samples']
['update', 'discriminator']
['model', 'batch', 'training', 'using']
[]
[]
[]
['generate', 'samples']
['random', 'noise']
['update', 'generator', 'model']
['parameters']
[]
['generate', 'collection']
['augmented', 'images', 'using']
['foreach']
['corresponding']
['directory']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['augment', 'applying']
['zooming', 'rotation']
['collection']
[]
['return']
['forward', 'convolution', 'operation', 'performed', 'between']
['input', 'image', 'filter', 'coefficients', 'using']
['volume', '171579s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['figure', 'proposed', 'framework', 'consisting', 'envisioned']
['algorithm', 'custom', 'model', 'obtained']
['splitting', 'original', 'images', 'training']
['algorithm', 'adaptively', 'generic', 'augmentation']
['techniques', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'chest', 'images', 'which', 'combined']
['remaining', 'original', 'radiograph', 'images', 'construct', 'robust']
['training', 'dataset', 'training', 'input', 'passed', 'customized']
['model', 'which', 'performs', 'automated', 'feature', 'extraction', 'classification']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['denote', 'output', 'filter', 'weights']
[]
['layer', 'respectively']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['hyper', 'parameter', 'tuning', 'conducted', 'select', 'optimal']
['activation', 'function', 'shown', 'activation']
['function', 'considers', 'constant', 'denoted']
['apply', 'dropout', 'regularization']
['technique', 'assist', 'network', 'evading', 'overfit', 'achieve', 'better', 'model', 'generalization', 'randomly']
['disregarding', 'randomly', 'selected', 'neurons', 'hidden', 'reduce', 'feature', 'computational', 'power']
['introduce', 'pooling', 'layer']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['hidden', 'layers', 'where']
[]
['fraction', 'initial', 'dimension', 'input']
['pooling', 'layers', 'assist', 'model', 'capturing', 'abstract', 'spatial']
['information', 'robustly', 'enhancing', 'model', 'eralization', 'ability', 'model', 'output', 'features']
['convolution', 'layers', 'converted', 'dimensional']
['vector', 'flattening', 'layer', 'forwarded']
['stack', 'fully', 'connected', 'dense', 'layers', 'automated']
['classification', 'stage', 'number', 'nodes', 'first', 'dense']
['layer', 'equal']
['decreased', 'factor']
['successive']
['layer', 'respect', 'number', 'nodes']
['previous', 'layer', 'output']
['dense', 'layer', 'propagated']
['through', 'dropout', 'layer']
[]
['finally', 'output', 'layer', 'computes', 'probability']
['input', 'belonging', 'class', 'learning']
['constant', 'throughout', 'training', 'model', 'sification', 'receives', 'radiograph', 'samples', 'input']
['outputs', 'sequence', 'labels']
['corresponds', 'pixel', 'values']
['input', 'images', 'other', 'denotes']
['distinct', 'class', 'dimension']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['denote', 'image', 'height', 'width']
['number', 'channels']
['sample', 'augmented']
['samples', 'passed', 'training', 'during', 'training']
['phase', 'samples', 'considered']
['dataset', 'during', 'testing', 'phase']
['training', 'running', 'phases', 'proposed']
[]
['hereon', 'discuss', 'steps', 'training', 'running']
['phases', 'proposed', 'algorithm']
['steps', 'training', 'phase', 'proposed']
['framework', 'presented', 'algorithm', 'training', 'stage']
['commences', 'algorithm', 'which', 'takes']
['inputs', 'custom', 'model', 'description']
['input', 'parameter', 'provided', 'input', 'section']
['algorithm', 'steps', 'algorithm', 'initialize', 'required']
['parameters', 'steps', 'loaded', 'location']
['split', 'ratio', 'utilized']
['running', 'phase', 'evaluating', 'model', 'initially']
['171580', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['algorithm', 'training', 'phase']
['input', 'collection', 'training']
['testing', 'validation']
['location', 'number']
['cross', 'validation']
['number', 'epoch']
['batch']
['ratio', 'threshold', 'value']
['class', 'imbalance', 'ratio']
['total', 'number', 'samples']
['across', 'classes']
['output', 'trained', 'model']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['train']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['generate', 'random', 'values']
['range']
[]
[]
['foreach', 'index']
[]
['train']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['foreach', 'class', 'train']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['foreach', 'class']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['xtrain', 'ytrain']
['labels']
[]
['xtrain', 'generic', 'xtrain']
['generic']
['update', 'model', 'depicted']
['training', 'using', 'xtrain']
[]
['evaluate', 'using']
[]
['model', 'parameters']
['return']
['stored', 'training', 'directory', 'hence', 'loaded']
['location', 'training', 'steps', 'responsible']
['checking', 'whether', 'augmentation', 'required']
['accordingly', 'preparing', 'training', 'validation']
['dataset', 'specifically', 'steps', 'check', 'whether']
['training', 'class', 'predefined', 'thresh', 'based', 'condition', 'exploit']
['algorithm', 'running', 'phase']
['input', 'testpath', 'location']
['images']
['output', 'ypred', 'prediction', 'testing']
['samples']
['xtest', 'testpath']
['saved', 'trained', 'model']
['yprob', 'predict', 'probabilities']
['xtest']
['ypred', 'argmax', 'yprob']
['return', 'ypred']
['proposed', 'augmentation', 'radiograph', 'images']
['algorithm', 'described', 'algorithm', 'customized']
['model', 'trained', 'steps', 'utilizing', 'model', 'structure']
['illustrated', 'penultimate', 'trained']
['model', 'stored', 'further', 'testing', 'validation', 'finally']
['algorithm', 'returns', 'trained', 'model']
['running', 'phase', 'model', 'proposed']
['framework', 'follows', 'algorithm', 'receives']
['location', 'sample', 'inference', 'returns', 'predicted']
['class', 'labels', 'ypred', 'corresponding', 'after', 'reading']
['trained', 'model', 'loaded']
['following', 'model']
['employed']
['predict', 'probabilities', 'sample']
['possible', 'classes', 'finally', 'class']
['maximum', 'probability', 'identified', 'sample']
['returned', 'collection', 'predictions']
['computation', 'overhead', 'analysis']
['remainder', 'section', 'rigorously', 'analyze']
['computational', 'overhead', 'proposed', 'model', 'terms']
['complexity', 'analyses', 'divided', 'training']
['running', 'phases']
['training', 'phase']
['training', 'phase', 'includes', 'proposed', 'rithm', 'augmentation', 'training', 'customized']
['model', 'algorithm', 'particularly', 'analysis']
['algorithm', 'consider', 'appropriate', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'model', 'already', 'selected', 'after']
['hyperparameter', 'tuning', 'partition', 'analysis', 'train', 'phase', 'three', 'segments', 'required']
['preparation', 'augmentation', 'execu', 'model', 'therefore', 'total', 'computational']
['complexity', 'expressed', 'follows']
[]
['first', 'three', 'steps', 'algorithm', 'where', 'initial', 'ization', 'conducted', 'complexity', 'denoted']
['constant', 'train']
['there', 'number', 'available']
['train', 'complexity', 'steps', 'split']
['ratio', 'therefore', 'complexity', 'associated']
['volume', '171581s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['these', 'steps', 'hence', 'computational', 'complexity']
['preparation', 'phase', 'denoted']
[]
['augmentation', 'complexity', 'analy', 'mainly', 'consists', 'proposed', 'algorithm']
['invoked', 'steps', 'algorithm', 'requires', 'loading']
['class', 'results', 'computa', 'tional', 'complexity']
[]
[]
['denotes', 'number']
['classes', 'while']
[]
[]
['refers', 'number']
[]
['class', 'through', 'steps', 'algorithm']
['invoked', 'complexity', 'denoted', 'odari', 'suppose']
['denote', 'numbers', 'layers', 'genera', 'discriminator', 'respectively', 'computations']
['required', 'generator', 'discriminator', 'models']
['denoted', 'respectively']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['combining', 'previous', 'expressions']
['overall', 'overhead', 'algorithm', 'evaluated']
['follows']
[]
[]
['where', 'denote', 'number', 'augment']
['maximum', 'number', 'epochs', 'batch', 'respec', 'tively']
['steps', 'training', 'algorithm', 'assuming']
['length']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['computational', 'overhead']
[]
[]
['therefore', 'overall', 'complexity', 'augmentation']
['stage', 'expressed']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['steps', 'training', 'algorithm', 'invokes']
['adopted', 'structure', 'computational', 'overhead']
['derived']
['cnncl', 'cnndl']
['where', 'cnncl', 'cnndl', 'denote', 'computational']
['overheads', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'dense', 'layers']
['respectively', 'consider', 'layer', 'number', 'filters']
[]
['layer']
[]
['input', 'image']
['dimension']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['kernel']
['dimension']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['computational', 'complexity', 'convolutional', 'layers']
['expressed']
['cnncl']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['after', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'layers', 'assuming']
[]
[]
[]
['weight', 'vector']
['layer', 'plexity', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'given']
['cnndl']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['hence', 'combining', 'aforementioned', 'equations', 'final', 'computational', 'complexity', 'proposed']
['write', 'follows']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['finally', 'determine', 'total', 'complexity', 'train', 'phase', 'algorithm', 'substitute']
['corresponding', 'values']
['running', 'phase']
['running', 'phase', 'conducted', 'infer', 'classes']
['using', 'trained', 'model', 'evaluate', 'model']
['shown', 'algorithm', 'consider', 'number']
['ntest', 'computational', 'overhead', 'testing']
['phase', 'given']
['ntest']
['demonstrates', 'model', 'results', 'linear', 'implies', 'proposed']
['framework', 'comprising', 'algorithm']
['customized', 'model', 'deployed', 'clinical', 'grade']
['machines', 'image', 'processing', 'capability', 'computing']
['resources', 'having', 'access', 'digitized', 'radiograph', 'images']
['analog', 'machines', 'portable', 'machines']
['movable', 'booths', 'trucks', 'adequate', 'shielding']
['power', 'supply', 'model', 'viable', 'automating']
['radiograph', 'image', 'classification', 'around']
['covid', 'detection']
['performance', 'evaluation']
['evaluate', 'performance', 'proposed', 'frame', 'section', 'describe', 'collected', 'datasets']
['train', 'customized', 'model', 'followed', 'extensive']
['experimental', 'results', 'discussion']
['dataset', 'preparation']
['dataset', 'employed', 'supervised', 'radiograph', 'image']
['classification', 'using', 'proposed', 'framework', 'sists', 'three', 'classes', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'normal']
['chest', 'images', 'collected', 'dataset', 'using', 'ferent', 'existing', 'datasets', 'posteroanterior', 'chest']
['combined', 'those', 'single', 'dataset', 'utilize']
['classification', 'purpose', 'developed', 'dataset', 'github']
['covid', 'collected', 'study']
['cases', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'images', 'chexpert']
['171582', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['table', 'brief', 'description', 'dataset', 'image']
['classification']
['dataset', 'collected', 'stanford', 'group']
['normal', 'pneumonia', 'chest', 'images', 'collected']
['dataset', 'table', 'lists', 'initial', 'class', 'distri', 'bution', 'collected', 'chest', 'dataset', 'number']
['samples', 'collected', 'covid', 'significantly', 'lower']
['other', 'classes', 'because', 'novel', 'disease']
['moment', 'regarding', 'covid', 'challenging', 'obtain']
['other', 'words', 'number', 'covid', 'class', 'samples']
['merged', 'dataset', 'lower', 'threshold', 'value', 'class']
['imbalance', 'ratio', 'therefore', 'overcome', 'effect']
['amount', 'covid', 'employed', 'proposed']
['algorithm', 'increase', 'number', 'samples']
['applied', 'proposal', 'along', 'contemporary', 'models']
['verify', 'which', 'yields', 'covid', 'detection']
['performance']
['performance', 'indicators']
['evaluate', 'classification', 'results', 'primarily', 'adopted']
['combination', 'three', 'measurement', 'indicators', 'accuracy']
['weighted', 'precision', 'weighted', 'score', 'accuracy']
['ability', 'correctly', 'differentiate', 'three', 'cases']
['assume', 'denotes', 'number', 'classes', 'consid', 'classification']
['refers', 'number', 'samples']
[]
['class', 'indicates', 'total', 'number', 'samples']
['classes', 'accuracy', 'represented']
['follows']
['accuracy']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['define', 'weighted', 'precision']
['measure', 'precise', 'model', 'terms', 'number']
['samples', 'actually', 'present']
['class', 'those', 'predicted']
['class', 'number', 'multiplied', 'weight']
[]
['class', 'obtain', 'weight', 'precision', 'follows']
['weighted', 'precision']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['weighted', 'score', 'defined', 'weighted']
['average', 'precision', 'recall', 'although']
['recall', 'directly', 'performance', 'measure', 'because', 'using']
['score', 'implicitly', 'weighted', 'score']
['obtained', 'follows']
['weighted', 'score']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['precision', 'recall']
['class']
['respectively', 'expressed']
['denoted']
[]
[]
['denotes', 'positive', 'false', 'positive', 'false', 'negative']
[]
['class', 'respectively']
['indicates', 'number', 'cases']
['correctly', 'identified']
['class', 'represents']
['number', 'cases', 'incorrectly', 'identified']
['class']
['denotes', 'number', 'cases', 'incorrectly', 'identified']
['class', 'other']
['class', 'addition', 'evaluating']
['results', 'comprehensively', 'employed', 'class']
['specific', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'normal', 'covid']
['pneumonia', 'detection', 'accuracy', 'three', 'classes']
['results', 'discussion']
['followed', 'systematic', 'approach', 'applying', 'differ', 'techniques', 'optimal', 'model', 'classification']
['experiments', 'conducted', 'workstation']
['intel', '00ghz', 'powered']
['nvidia', 'graphics', 'processing']
['simulations', 'implemented', 'employing', 'python', 'keras']
['tensorflow', 'library', 'visualization', 'experimental']
['results', 'achieved', 'utilizing', 'python', 'matplotlib', 'library']
['during', 'simulations', 'resized', 'image', 'samples']
['setting']
[]
['images', 'consistent']
['terms', 'number', 'channels', 'samples']
['input', 'images', 'grayscale', 'nature']
['selected', 'based', 'manual', 'tuning', 'using']
['proposed', 'algorithm', 'demand', 'augmentation']
['performed', 'adaptively', 'employing', 'rotation']
['degrees', 'zooming', 'value']
['systematically', 'constructed', 'three', 'experimental']
['scenarios', 'conduct', 'comprehensive', 'performance', 'compari', 'proposed', 'framework', 'consisting']
['algorithm', 'customized', 'models', 'state', 'models', 'which', 'recently', 'reported']
['provide', 'reasonable', 'accuracies', 'covid', 'detection']
['three', 'scenarios', 'constructed', 'incremental', 'fashion']
['described', 'below']
['first', 'scenario', 'designed', 'customized']
['model', 'architecture', 'depicted', 'param', 'eters', 'model', 'selected', 'based', 'results']
['search', 'technique']
['second', 'scenario', 'implemented', 'proposed']
['algorithm', 'analyze', 'effect', 'generic']
['based', 'augmentation', 'train', 'based']
['model', 'robust', 'fashion', 'significantly', 'improve']
['covid', 'detection', 'accuracy']
['third', 'final', 'scenario', 'trained', 'several', 'state', 'models', 'using', 'different', 'learning']
['paradigms', 'compiled', 'dataset']
['unknown', 'chest', 'original', 'images', 'normal']
['covid', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'presented']
['customized', 'model', 'proposed']
['framework', 'contemporary', 'models']
['results', 'compare', 'performances']
['proposal', 'these', 'contemporary', 'models', 'terms']
['covid', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'efficiency']
['volume', '171583s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['figure', 'performance', 'terms', 'accuracy', 'different', 'combinations']
['activation', 'functions', 'optimizers']
['figure', 'performance', 'terms', 'precision', 'different', 'combinations']
['activation', 'functions', 'optimizers']
['figure', 'performance', 'terms', 'score', 'different', 'combinations']
['activation', 'functions', 'optimizers']
['first', 'scenario', 'implemented', 'customized']
['model', 'proposed', 'framework', 'carried']
['search', 'achieve', 'optimal', 'model', 'parameters']
['figure', 'performance', 'comparison', 'diverse', 'ratios']
['covid', 'images', 'generated', 'respect', 'existing']
['number', 'samples', 'dataset']
['activation', 'functions', 'optimizer', 'worth', 'other', 'customized', 'models', 'revealed', 'perfor', 'mance', 'bottleneck', 'terms', 'validation', 'accuracy']
['found', 'model', 'lightweight']
['efficient', 'automating', 'chest', 'classification']
['demonstrate', 'results', 'obtained']
['hyper', 'parameter', 'tuning', 'terms', 'accuracy', 'precision']
['score', 'respectively', 'these', 'performances', 'extensively']
['evaluated', 'across', 'optimizers', 'stochastic', 'gradient', 'descent']
['adaptive', 'moment', 'estimation']
['square', 'propagation', 'rmsprop', 'adaptive', 'delta', 'adadelta']
['nesterov', 'nadam', 'adaptive', 'gradient', 'rithm', 'adagrad', 'activation', 'functions', 'scaled', 'exponential', 'linear', 'rectified']
['linear', 'exponential', 'linear']
['depicted', 'results', 'these', 'figures', 'demonstrated']
['better', 'performances', 'average', 'compared']
['other', 'activation', 'functions', 'however', 'performance']
['exhibited', 'adopted', 'activation', 'function']
['value', 'constant', 'optimizer']
['adagrad', 'learning', 'first', 'exper', 'imental', 'setting', 'selecting', 'optimal', 'hyper', 'parameters']
['learning', 'based', 'model', 'batch']
['number', 'epochs']
['configuration', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'precision']
['score', 'found']
['respectively', 'therefore', 'further', 'analysis', 'applied']
['configuration', 'customized', 'model']
['framework', 'furthermore', 'pooling', 'layer']
['proposed', 'architecture', 'conducted', 'manual', 'parameter']
['tuning', 'assigned', 'where']
['initial', 'input']
[]
['second', 'experimental', 'scenario', 'number']
['covid', 'samples', 'collected', 'dataset', 'lower']
['defined', 'threshold', 'applied', 'proposed']
['algorithm', 'increase', 'number', 'covid', 'samples']
['model', 'trained', 'robust', 'training']
['171584', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['figure', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'testing', 'phase', 'employing', 'stratified', 'cross', 'validation']
['eventually', 'predict', 'positive', 'covid', 'cases']
['accuracy', 'altered', 'proportions', 'tomized', 'model', 'algorithm', 'respect']
['original', 'sample', 'covid', 'class', 'ratios']
['generated', 'samples', 'proposed', 'approach']
['varied', 'respect', 'number']
['covid', 'examples', 'original', 'dataset', 'number']
['iterations', 'producing', 'augmented', 'samples', 'using']
['based', 'method', 'among', 'proportions']
['mentioned', 'earlier', 'covid', 'detection', 'performance']
['customized', 'model', 'found', 'highest']
['accuracy', 'number', 'newly']
['generated', 'samples', 'original']
['covid', 'samples', 'therefore', 'picked', 'configura', 'conducted', 'experiments']
['scenario']
['after', 'producing', 'augmented', 'samples', 'covid']
['class', 'analyzed', 'effect', 'combining', 'adaptive']
['generic', 'augmentation', 'based', 'algorithm']
['architecture', 'fully', 'implement']
['framework', 'compared', 'performance']
['model', 'without', 'adopting']
['algorithm', 'experiment', 'conducted', 'utilizing', 'stratified', 'cross', 'validation', 'using', 'stratification', 'nique', 'samples', 'rearranged']
['stable', 'representation', 'whole', 'dataset', 'maintaining']
['percentage', 'samples', 'class', 'third']
['experimental', 'setup', 'number', 'epochs']
['batch', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'fully', 'connected', 'dense', 'layers', 'fixed']
['these', 'hyperparameter', 'values', 'manually']
['tuned', 'analyze', 'results', 'critically', 'terms']
['covid', 'detection', 'efficiency', 'experimental', 'setting']
['investigated', 'normalized', 'normalized', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'customized', 'model']
['table', 'performance', 'comparison', 'proposed']
['generic', 'based', 'augmentation']
['without', 'model', 'proposed']
['algorithm', 'complete', 'framework']
['represents', 'normalized', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'where', 'posed', 'model', 'implemented', 'without', 'applying']
['augmentation', 'depicts', 'combined']
['algorithm', 'despite', 'similar', 'performances']
['approaches', 'normalized', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'demon', 'strates', 'proposed', 'framework']
['robust', 'classifying', 'positive', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['cases', 'proposed', 'exhibited']
['accuracies', 'while', 'detecting', 'positive', 'covid', 'monia', 'cases', 'respectively', 'encouraging', 'classification']
['performance', 'indicates', 'proposed', 'learning', 'based', 'framework', 'classify', 'radio', 'graph', 'images', 'efficiency', 'specifically', 'covid']
['detection']
['furthermore', 'analyzed', 'impact', 'generic', 'based', 'augmentation', 'separately', 'combined', 'tomized', 'model', 'compared', 'covid', 'detection']
['accuracy', 'proposed', 'framework', 'table']
['exhibits', 'simulation', 'results', 'which', 'proves']
['generic', 'based', 'augmentation', 'significant']
['influence', 'enhancing', 'covid', 'detection', 'efficiency']
['simulation', 'results', 'table', 'model', 'achieved', 'generic']
['augmentation', 'obtained', 'proposed']
['volume', '171585s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['table', 'performance', 'comparison', 'proposed', 'architecture']
['existing', 'architectures', 'three', 'classes']
['based', 'augmentation', 'delivered', 'covid']
['detection', 'accuracy', 'other', 'proposed']
['framework', 'demonstrated', 'highest', 'covid', 'detection']
['accuracy', 'performance', 'attributed']
['combination', 'customized', 'model', 'posed', 'algorithm', 'where', 'generic', 'based']
['augmentation', 'adaptively', 'performed', 'therefore']
['evident', 'these', 'results', 'proposed', 'frame', 'customized', 'model', 'robust']
['algorithm']
['third', 'experimental', 'scenario', 'compared', 'perfor', 'mance', 'customized', 'model', 'performances']
['state', 'models', 'inception', 'resnet']
['resnet', 'densenet', 'reason', 'behind', 'choosing', 'these']
['contemporary', 'models', 'their', 'performances', 'reported']
['recent', 'literature', 'covid', 'detection', 'worth']
['noting', 'inception', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'belong']
['depth', 'based', 'multi', 'based', 'paradigms', 'respec', 'tively', 'other', 'resnet', 'combines', 'depth', 'based', 'multi', 'based', 'architectures', 'table']
['demonstrates', 'comparative', 'analysis', 'which', 'indicates']
['efficiency', 'proposed', 'framework']
['terms', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'using', 'chest']
['images', 'proposed', 'model', 'outperformed', 'resnet']
['inception', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'although', 'densenet']
['achieves', 'prediction', 'performance', 'normal']
['cases', 'accuracy', 'pneumonia', 'detection']
['while', 'exhibits', 'poorest', 'performance']
['identifying', 'covid', 'cases', 'implies', 'multi', 'based', 'structure', 'although', 'reported', 'recent', 'covid', 'detection', 'other', 'inception']
['resnet', 'using', 'depth', 'based', 'modeling', 'paradigm']
['achieves', 'improved', 'covid', 'detection', 'accuracy']
['combination', 'these', 'modeling', 'paradigms', 'incor', 'porated', 'resnet', 'which', 'predict', 'cases', 'having']
['covid', 'samples', 'slightly', 'elevated', 'accuracy']
['other', 'proposed', 'framework', 'bining', 'envisioned', 'algorithm', 'customized']
['model', 'detect', 'covid', 'cases', 'nificantly', 'accuracy', 'pneumo', 'other', 'abnormal', 'present', 'dataset']
['detected', 'higher', 'accuracy', 'compared']
['contemporary', 'models', 'though', 'performance']
['slightly', 'drops', 'normal', 'identification', 'accuracy']
['still', 'close', 'proposal', 'furthermore']
['final', 'column', 'table', 'under']
['receiver', 'operating', 'characteristic', 'curve', 'values', 'listed']
['proposed', 'contemporary', 'models']
['score', 'proposed', 'which', 'demon', 'strates', 'reasonable', 'accuracy', 'identification', 'across']
['samples', 'encouraging', 'performance']
['proposed', 'algorithm', 'prominent']
['models', 'clearly', 'demonstrates', 'proposed', 'technique']
['useful', 'detecting', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'cases']
['significantly', 'reliable', 'accuracy']
['furthermore', 'compare', 'performance', 'proposal']
['recent', 'custom', 'model', 'referred', 'darkcovidnet']
['multi', 'class', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'covidnet', 'reported', 'which', 'considerably']
['lower', 'proposed', 'model', 'performance']
['which', 'believe', 'ensures', 'effectiveness']
['proposed', 'model', 'addition', 'conducted']
['experiments', 'validate', 'compare', 'proposed', 'nique', 'darkcovidnet', 'table', 'demonstrates']
['results', 'obtained', 'proposed', 'model', 'tested']
['datasets', 'darkcovidnet', 'model', 'tested']
['datasets', 'models', 'trained', 'employing']
['respective', 'dataset', 'these', 'experimental', 'results', 'presented', 'table']
['produced', 'after', 'training', 'models', 'epochs']
['trained', 'models', 'tested']
['datasets', 'proposed', 'technique', 'outperformed', 'darkcovid', 'detection', 'accuracies', 'normal', 'covid']
['cases', 'addition', 'classification', 'efficiency', 'posed', 'framework', 'lightweight']
['darkcovidnet', 'customized', 'model', 'consists', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'while', 'darkcovid', 'model', 'comprises', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'making']
['model', 'training', 'phase', 'lightweight', 'computationally']
['expensive', 'darkcovidnet', 'model']
['moreover', 'while', 'researches', 'reported', 'overall', 'mention', 'covid', 'detection', 'accuracy']
['other', 'researches', 'applying', 'learning']
['techniques', 'report', 'score', 'which', 'robust']
['representative', 'performance', 'metric', 'practically', 'evaluating']
['covid', 'detection', 'ability', 'model', 'summary']
['applying', 'various', 'contemporary', 'models', 'inception']
['resenet', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'recent', 'customized']
['model', 'darkcovidnet', 'covid', 'detection', 'latest']
['dataset', 'compiled', 'public', 'repositories', 'realized']
['their', 'reported', 'performances', 'constrained', 'overfit', 'influenced', 'biased', 'accuracy']
['bottleneck', 'those', 'existing', 'models', 'justifies', 'required']
['build', 'customized', 'model', 'research', 'algorithm', 'perform', 'robust', 'training']
['avoid', 'overfitting', 'ensure', 'covid', 'detection']
['accuracy', 'significantly', 'score']
['limitations', 'study']
['section', 'briefly', 'discuss', 'limitations', 'sible', 'future', 'conducted', 'extend', 'study']
['171586', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['table', 'comparison', 'performance', 'proposed', 'model', 'darkcovidnet', 'datasets']
['study', 'experiments', 'conducted']
['critical', 'stage', 'sensitive', 'manner', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'proof', 'concept']
['covid', 'using', 'radiograph', 'images', 'despite', 'compiling']
['datasets', 'multiple', 'sources', 'images', 'taining', 'covid', 'samples', 'consid', 'erably', 'small', 'therefore', 'synthetic', 'images']
['generated', 'using', 'customized', 'assisted', 'mentation', 'technique', 'train', 'robust']
['model', 'perform', 'binary', 'normal', 'covid']
['three', 'classification', 'normal', 'pneumonia']
['covid', 'significantly', 'accuracy']
['datasets', 'consisting', 'other', 'diseases']
['forth', 'which', 'exhibit', 'acute']
['respiratory', 'distress', 'syndrome', 'pneumonia', 'conditions', 'lungs', 'class', 'labels']
['considered']
['physician', 'perspective', 'important', 'severity', 'covid', 'however']
['labeled', 'model', 'could']
['classify', 'various', 'stages', 'covid']
['asymptomatic', 'severe']
['proposed', 'technique', 'performed', 'efficiently']
['utilized', 'analyze', 'samples', 'however', 'study']
['extended', 'evaluate', 'system', 'performance']
['covid', 'detection', 'while', 'using', 'other', 'radiograph']
['techniques', 'ultrasound']
['positron', 'emission', 'tomography']
['dataset', 'study', 'limited']
['modality', 'images', 'containing']
['covid', 'features', 'further', 'customization']
['model', 'required', 'combine', 'multiple']
['imaging', 'modalities', 'ultrasound']
['along', 'images', 'other', 'modalities']
['temperature', 'diabetes', 'level', 'renal', 'function']
['forth', 'patient', 'parameters', 'ethnicity', 'travel', 'history', 'contact', 'history', 'depth', 'covid', 'classification', 'therefore']
['multi', 'modal', 'input', 'characterization', 'corresponding']
['model', 'customization', 'needed', 'future']
['interpreting', 'explaining', 'classification', 'results']
['conclusion']
['paper', 'addressed', 'emerging', 'challenges']
['detecting', 'covid', 'shortage', 'efficient', 'nosis', 'equipment', 'personnel', 'areas', 'particularly']
['developing', 'rural', 'zones', 'numerous', 'people', 'remain']
['diagnosed', 'results', 'substantial', 'between']
['number', 'confirmed', 'actual', 'cases', 'radiographs']
['chest', 'images', 'scans', 'demonstrated']
['potential', 'detecting', 'covid', 'infection']
['lungs', 'complement', 'consuming', 'viral']
['antibody', 'testing', 'while', 'scans', 'higher', 'resolu', 'grained', 'details', 'compared', 'images']
['machines', 'pervasive', 'hospital', 'emergency', 'rooms', 'public']
['health', 'facilities', 'rural', 'health', 'centers', 'clinics']
['addition', 'because', 'cheaper', 'alternative']
['appealing', 'solution', 'portability', 'mobile', 'trucks']
['covid', 'screening', 'booths', 'adequate', 'shielding']
['power', 'supply', 'identify', 'covid', 'infection']
['recognizing', 'patterns', 'glass', 'opacities']
['consolidations', 'raised', 'formidable', 'research', 'problem']
['addressed', 'paper', 'discussed']
['necessary', 'automate', 'image', 'classification']
['prepared', 'covid', 'demic', 'radiologists', 'caregivers', 'expected']
['overwhelmed', 'patient', 'influx', 'isolate', 'themselves', 'become', 'infected', 'means']
['there', 'pressing', 'automate', 'classification']
['radiographs', 'particularly', 'images', 'minimize', 'around', 'covid', 'detection', 'therefore', 'leverage']
['availability', 'efficiency', 'chest', 'imaging']
['paper', 'proposed', 'framework', 'called']
['learning', 'based', 'chest', 'radiograph', 'classification', 'covid', 'detection', 'complement', 'existing', 'viral']
['antibody', 'testing', 'methods']
['proposed', 'framework', 'consists', 'parts']
['algorithm', 'which', 'adaptively', 'employs', 'customized']
['generative', 'adversarial', 'network', 'generic', 'augmen', 'tation', 'techniques', 'rotation', 'dimensional', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'model']
['employed', 'unique', 'dataset', 'multiple', 'publicly', 'available']
['sources', 'containing', 'radiograph', 'images', 'covid']
['pneumonia', 'infected', 'lungs', 'along', 'normal', 'imaging']
['classification', 'accuracy', 'significantly', 'increased']
['adopting', 'proposed', 'framework', 'posal', 'compared', 'existing', 'learning', 'models']
['diverse', 'categories', 'depth', 'based', 'inception', 'resnet', 'multi', 'based', 'densenet', 'hybrid']
['resnet', 'architectures', 'extensive', 'experimental', 'results']
['demonstrated', 'proposed', 'combination']
['custom', 'based', 'framework', 'significantly', 'performed', 'existing', 'architectures', 'incorporating']
['proposed', 'model', 'significantly', 'accuracy']
['volume', '171587s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach']
['clinical', 'grade', 'portable', 'equipment', 'allow']
['automated', 'accurate', 'detection', 'covid']
['scrutinized', 'patients']
['new_paper']
['received', 'october', 'accepted', 'november', 'publication', 'november']
['current', 'version', 'november']
['digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3038279']
['drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated']
['covid', 'infection', 'segmentation']
['digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographs']
['pengyi', 'zhang', 'yunxin', 'zhong', 'yulin', 'xiaoying', 'xiaoqiong']
['1school', 'science', 'beijing', 'institute', 'technology', 'beijing', '100081', 'china']
['laboratory', 'convergence', 'medical', 'engineering', 'system', 'healthcare', 'technology', 'ministry', 'industry', 'information']
['technology', 'beijing', '100081', 'china']
['corresponding', 'author', 'xiaoqiong', 'aeople']
['supported', 'science', 'technology', 'innovation', 'program', 'beijing', 'institute', 'technology', 'under']
['grant', '1870011162001']
['abstract', 'automated', 'infection', 'measurement', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'based', 'chest']
['imaging', 'important', 'faster', 'examination', 'where', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'essential', 'assessment']
['quantification', 'however', 'heterogeneity', 'imaging', 'difficulty', 'annotating']
['infected', 'regions', 'precisely', 'learning', 'automated', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'remains', 'challenging']
['propose', 'novel', 'approach', 'called', 'drr4covid', 'learn', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation']
['digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographs', 'drr4covid', 'consists', 'infection', 'aware']
['generator', 'segmentation', 'network', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'given', 'labeled', 'computed', 'tomography']
['infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'produce', 'infection', 'aware', 'pixel', 'level', 'annotations']
['infected', 'regions', 'training', 'segmentation', 'network', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'designed']
['enable', 'segmentation', 'network', 'trained', 'generalize', 'statistical', 'analyses']
['experiment', 'results', 'indicated', 'infection', 'aware', 'significantly', 'better', 'standard']
['learning', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module']
['improve', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'performance', 'significantly', 'without', 'using']
['annotations', 'network', 'achieved', 'classification', 'score', 'accuracy']
['score', 'segmentation', 'score', 'accuracy', 'score']
['normal', 'cases', 'positive', 'cases', 'besides', 'adjusting', 'strength', 'radiological', 'signs']
['covid', 'infection', 'infection', 'aware', 'estimate', 'detection', 'limit', 'imaging', 'detecting']
['covid', 'infection', 'estimated', 'detection', 'limit', 'measured', 'percent', 'volume']
['infected', 'covid', 'estimated', 'lower', 'bound', 'infected', 'voxel', 'contribution']
['significant', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infection', 'codes', 'publicly', 'available']
['https', 'github', 'pengyizhang', 'drr4covid']
['index', 'terms', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'imaging', 'learning']
['introduction']
['highly', 'contagious', 'coronavirus', 'disease']
['covid', 'caused', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'drome', 'coronavirus', 'virus', 'spread']
['rapidly', 'countries', 'world', 'globally']
['there', 'confirmed']
['cases', 'covid', 'including', 'deaths', 'reported']
['associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript']
['approving', 'publication', 'derek', 'abbott']
['world', 'health', 'organization', 'rapid', 'detection']
['confirmation', 'covid', 'infection', 'critical', 'prevent']
['spread', 'epidemic']
['radiological', 'imaging', 'computed', 'tomogra', 'chest', 'currently', 'provide']
['visual', 'evidence', 'confirming', 'covid', 'positive', 'patients']
['clinical', 'practice', 'provides', 'accurate', 'images']
['lungs', 'detect', 'small', 'lesions', 'effectively']
['nodule', 'tumor', 'however', 'workflow']
['imaging', 'involving', 'several', 'events', 'relatively']
['207736', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'volume', '2020p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographs']
['complex', 'meanwhile', 'examinations', 'costly']
['number', 'infected', 'patients', 'rapidly', 'increases', 'routine']
['brings', 'heavy', 'burden', 'radiology', 'department']
['contrast', 'examination', 'easier', 'faster']
['costly', 'provides', 'resolution', 'images', 'lungs']
['detect', 'variety', 'conditions', 'monia', 'emphysema', 'cancer', 'typical', 'first', 'imaging', 'modality', 'patients', 'under', 'investigation']
['covid', 'therefore', 'automated', 'infection', 'measure', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'based', 'important']
['faster', 'examination', 'where', 'infection', 'segmentation']
['essential', 'assessment', 'quantification']
['approaches', 'proposed', 'automated']
['covid', 'diagnosis', 'based', 'claimed']
['notable', 'detection', 'accuracy', 'covid', 'infection', 'however']
['sufficient', 'pixel', 'level', 'annota', 'tions', 'infected', 'regions', 'majority', 'these', 'approaches']
['designed', 'using', 'classification', 'models', 'rather', 'mentation', 'models', 'projective', 'nature', 'imaging']
['causes', 'large', 'overlapping', 'anatomies', 'fuzzy', 'object', 'bound', 'aries', 'complex', 'texture', 'patterns', 'making', 'extremely']
['difficult', 'delineate', 'infected', 'regions', 'precisely']
['experienced', 'clinicians', 'alternative']
['researchers', 'leveraged', 'interpretability', 'classifica', 'model', 'saliency', 'attention', 'locate']
['infected', 'regions', 'roughly', 'however', 'methods', 'unable']
['produce', 'accurate', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation']
['further', 'assessment', 'quantification', 'currently']
['knowledge', 'effective', 'approaches', 'developed']
['automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation']
['reviewed']
['digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiograph']
['synthetic', 'image', 'generated', 'simulating']
['passage', 'through', 'volume', 'specific', 'poses']
['position', 'orientation', 'within', 'virtual', 'imaging', 'system']
['findings', 'covid', 'infection', 'reflect', 'those', 'described']
['bilateral', 'peripheral', 'consolidation']
['ground', 'glass', 'opacities', 'besides', 'delin', 'eating', 'infected', 'regions', 'scans', 'easier']
['heterogeneous', 'because', 'scans', 'provide']
['accurate', 'images', 'lungs', 'rather', 'heterogeneous']
['images', 'propose', 'learn', 'automated', 'covid']
['infection', 'segmentation', 'labeled']
['leveraging', 'publicly', 'available', 'scans', 'voxel', 'level']
['annotations', 'infected', 'regions', 'correlation', 'between']
[]
['propose', 'novel', 'approach', 'called']
['drr4covid', 'which', 'learn', 'automated', 'covid', 'infec', 'segmentation', 'labeled', 'design']
['drr4covid', 'modular', 'framework', 'which', 'consists']
['infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'segmentation', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'given', 'volume']
['voxel', 'level', 'infection', 'annotations', 'infection', 'aware']
['generator', 'produce', 'adjustable', 'radio', 'logical', 'signs', 'covid', 'infection', 'generate', 'pixel', 'level', 'annotations', 'infected', 'regions', 'match']
['accurately', 'although', 'synthetic', 'photo', 'realistic']
['there', 'still', 'between', 'synthetic']
['which', 'segmentation', 'performance']
['therefore', 'introduce', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module']
['train', 'networks', 'labeled', 'unlabeled']
['together', 'article', 'provide', 'simple', 'effective']
['implementation', 'drr4covid', 'using', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['module', 'based', 'maximum', 'discrepancy']
['based', 'network', 'classification', 'header']
['segmentation', 'header', 'extensive', 'experiment', 'results']
['confirmed', 'efficacy', 'method', 'specifically', 'without']
['using', 'annotations', 'network', 'achieved']
['classification', 'score', 'accuracy']
['score', 'segmentation', 'score', 'accuracy']
['score']
['normal', 'cases', 'positive', 'cases', 'besides', 'adjust', 'strength', 'radiological', 'covid', 'infection']
['synthetic', 'estimate', 'detection', 'limit']
['imaging', 'detecting', 'covid', 'infection', 'estimated']
['detection', 'limit', 'measured', 'percent', 'volume']
['infected', 'covid']
['estimated', 'lower', 'bound', 'contribution', 'infected']
['voxels', 'significant', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infec']
['novelties', 'contributions', 'study', 'mainly']
['major', 'aspects']
['propose', 'novel', 'approach', 'drr4covid']
['learn', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation']
['knowledge', 'first']
['attempt', 'learn', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'mentation', 'using', 'labeled']
['generated', 'chest', 'scans', 'owing', 'modular']
['framework', 'drr4covid', 'implemented', 'shelf', 'segmentation', 'networks']
['domain', 'adaptation', 'algorithms', 'moreover', 'drr4covid']
['unified', 'approach', 'applied', 'other', 'lesion']
['segmentation', 'nodule', 'tumor']
['images']
['design', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'thesize', 'infection', 'aware', 'pixel', 'level', 'tations', 'infected', 'regions', 'training', 'segmentation']
['network', 'statistical', 'analyses', 'experiment']
['results', 'confirmed', 'infection', 'aware']
['significantly', 'better', 'standard', 'learning']
['covid', 'infection', 'segmentation']
['provide', 'simple', 'effective', 'implementation']
['drr4covid', 'using', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module']
['based', 'maximum', 'discrepancy']
['based', 'network', 'classification', 'header']
['segmentation', 'header', 'statistical', 'analyses']
['experiment', 'results', 'confirmed', 'domain']
['adaptation', 'module', 'improve', 'infection', 'segmen', 'tation', 'performance', 'significantly']
['estimate', 'detection', 'limit', 'imaging']
['detecting', 'covid', 'infection', 'first', 'which']
['volume', '207737p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographs']
['great', 'significance', 'severity', 'assessment']
['covid', 'infection', 'based', 'imaging']
['related']
['section', 'review', 'related', 'three', 'aspects']
['including', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'based', 'screening']
['covid', 'light', 'infection', 'segmentation']
[]
['digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiograph', 'thetic', 'image', 'generated', 'simulating', 'passage']
['through', 'volume', 'specific', 'poses', 'position']
['orientation', 'within', 'virtual', 'imaging', 'system']
['generally', 'reference', 'images', 'intensity', 'based']
['image', 'registration', 'algorithms', 'verify', 'correct']
['setup', 'position', 'patient', 'radiotherapy', 'treatments']
['pixel', 'value', 'obtained', 'calculating']
['radiological', 'length', 'summation']
['length', 'travelled', 'voxel', 'multiplied']
['relative', 'intensity', 'voxel', 'measured']
['hounsfield', 'units', 'complexity', 'level']
[]
[]
['synthesis', 'computationally', 'intensive']
['nature', 'meanwhile', 'iterative', 'optimization']
['image', 'registration', 'algorithms', 'synthesis']
['usually', 'performed', 'times', 'calculate', 'similarity']
['measure', 'which', 'greatly', 'limits', 'running', 'speed']
['image', 'registration', 'algorithms', 'therefore']
['majority', 'previous', 'studies', 'focused', 'proposed', 'plenty', 'improved', 'approaches']
['accelerate', 'synthesis']
['contrast', 'concerned', 'consistency']
['between', 'infection', 'annotation', 'masks']
['directly', 'design', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'based']
['siddongpupy', 'which', 'combines', 'serial', 'algorithm']
['proposed', 'jacob', 'improve', 'original', 'siddon']
['algorithm', 'parallel', 'implementation', 'proposed']
['greef']
['closely', 'related', 'learn', 'automatic', 'parsing']
['anatomical', 'objects', 'images', 'labeled']
['scans', 'using', 'synthetic', 'labeled', 'pixel', 'level', 'tations', 'anatomical', 'objects', 'obtained', 'projecting']
['labels', 'along', 'trajectories', 'synthesis']
['adopts', 'cyclegan', 'architecture']
['perform', 'unpaired', 'image', 'image', 'translation', 'unsuper', 'vised', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'enable', 'segmentation', 'models']
['trained', 'generalize', 'images', 'strategy', 'reduce']
['between', 'synthetic', 'images', 'unlike']
['deepdrr', 'attempts', 'produce']
['realistic', 'radiographs', 'fluoroscopy', 'scans']
['enable', 'machine', 'learning', 'models', 'trained', 'directly', 'generalize', 'clinical', 'without']
['domain', 'adaptation', 'deepdrr', 'anatomical']
['landmark', 'detection', 'pelvic', 'simulate']
['femur', 'during', 'insertion', 'dexterous', 'manipulators']
['orthopedic', 'surgery', 'deepdrr']
['about', 'anatomical', 'structures', 'lesion', 'regions', 'given']
['covid', 'infection', 'existing', 'generators']
['produce', 'findings', 'heterogene', 'tough', 'consistency', 'between']
['standard', 'annotation', 'masks', 'lesion', 'regions']
['using', 'existing', 'generators', 'therefore', 'design']
['infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'solve', 'problem', 'through']
['category', 'weighted', 'projection', 'threshold', 'method']
['domain', 'adaptation']
['domain', 'adaptation', 'rectifying', 'distribution', 'discrep', 'between', 'training', 'samples', 'source', 'domain']
['samples', 'target', 'domain', 'tuning', 'model', 'toward']
['better', 'generalization', 'target', 'domain', 'supervised']
['unsupervised', 'manner', 'numerous', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'methods']
['proposed', 'based', 'models', 'recently']
['networks', 'learn', 'transferable', 'features', 'domain']
['adaptation', 'achieve', 'better', 'performance']
['insight', 'behind', 'these', 'approaches', 'extract', 'domain', 'invariant', 'representations', 'embedding', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['modules', 'pipeline', 'learning']
['existing', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'methods', 'align', 'tributions', 'source', 'domain', 'target', 'domain', 'mainly']
['three', 'perspectives', 'first', 'stream', 'image', 'alignment']
['image', 'image', 'translation', 'models', 'typically']
['reduce', 'between', 'source', 'domain', 'images']
['target', 'domain', 'images', 'second', 'stream', 'feature']
['alignment', 'which', 'mainstream', 'approach']
['learn', 'domain', 'invariant', 'features']
['stream', 'output', 'alignment', 'which', 'often']
['learn', 'semantic', 'segmentation', 'urban', 'scenes', 'thetic', 'moreover', 'recognize', 'there']
['approaches', 'perform', 'feature', 'alignment']
['including', 'adversarial', 'approach']
['adversarial', 'approach']
['adversarial', 'approach', 'motivates', 'models', 'extract']
['domain', 'invariant', 'features', 'through', 'adversarial', 'training']
['training', 'specific', 'models', 'minimize']
['specific', 'adversarial', 'simultaneously']
['thereby', 'fooling', 'domain', 'discriminator', 'maximize']
['probability', 'features', 'source', 'domain', 'being', 'classi', 'target', 'domain', 'adversarial', 'approach', 'statis', 'moment', 'matching', 'based', 'approach', 'involving', 'maximum']
['discrepancy', 'central', 'moment']
['discrepancy', 'second', 'order', 'statistics', 'match', 'statistic', 'moment', 'matching', 'based', 'approach']
['encourages', 'models', 'extract', 'domain', 'invariant']
['features', 'minimizing', 'distance', 'between', 'statistic']
['moments', 'features', 'source', 'domain']
['target', 'domain', 'representative', 'method']
['widely', 'measure', 'discrepancy', 'between']
['source', 'domain', 'target', 'domain', 'distributions']
['compared', 'adversarial', 'approaches', 'based']
['methods', 'simple', 'stable', 'imple', 'facilitate', 'verify', 'efficacy']
['207738', 'volume', '2020p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographs']
['drr4covid', 'quickly', 'implementation', 'drr4covid']
['directly', 'shelf', 'based', 'domain', 'tation', 'approach', 'proposed']
['enable', 'models', 'trained', 'generalize']
[]
['based', 'screening', 'covid']
['infection', 'segmentation']
['segmentation', 'essential', 'automated', 'infection']
['measurement', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'which', 'delineation', 'regions', 'interest']
['infected', 'regions', 'further', 'assessment']
['quantification', 'approaches', 'proposed']
['automated', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'based', 'however']
['majority', 'these', 'approaches', 'based', 'classifica', 'models', 'rather', 'segmentation', 'models', 'reviewed']
['aforementioned', 'reasons']
['researchers', 'leveraged', 'interpretability']
['classification', 'models', 'highlight', 'infected', 'regions', 'rather']
['accurately', 'segmenting', 'infected', 'regions', 'specifi', 'cally', 'introduce', 'probabilistic']
['saliency', 'indicate', 'multifocal', 'lesions', 'within']
['their', 'local', 'patch', 'based', 'classification', 'models']
['covid', 'diagnosis', 'method', 'derived', 'famous']
['explanation', 'technique', 'gradient', 'weighted', 'class', 'vation', 'effectively', 'locate']
['radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infection']
['multifocal', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacification', 'consolidations']
['similarly', 'karim', 'revised']
['layer', 'relevance', 'propagation']
['classifying', 'normal', 'pneumonia']
['covid', 'indicate', 'class', 'discriminating', 'regions']
['besides', 'tabik', 'adopt', 'multiple', 'explanation']
['techniques', 'including', 'occlusion', 'saliency', 'input']
['gradient', 'guided', 'backpropagation', 'integrated', 'gradi', 'deeplift', 'investigate', 'interpretabil', 'classification', 'models', 'highlight', 'relevant']
['infected', 'regions', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'separately']
['these', 'approaches', 'based', 'explanation', 'techniques']
['mainly', 'inspection', 'models', 'decision']
['suitable', 'further', 'assessment', 'quantifica', 'comparison', 'drr4covid', 'train', 'mentation', 'models', 'precise', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'directly']
['without', 'pixel', 'level', 'infection', 'annotations']
[]
['methods']
['section', 'describe', 'modular', 'framework', 'posed', 'drr4covid', 'analyze', 'critical', 'elements']
['design', 'drr4covid', 'followed', 'introduction']
['implementation', 'drr4covid']
['modular', 'framework', 'drr4covid']
['given', 'scans', 'voxel', 'level', 'infection', 'annotations']
['unlabeled', 'learn', 'models', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation']
['figure', 'modular', 'framework', 'proposed', 'drr4covid']
['design', 'drr4covid', 'modular', 'framework', 'shown']
['drr4covid', 'consists', 'three', 'components']
['infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'classification']
['segmentation', 'model', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'basic', 'workflow', 'drr4covid', 'involves', 'generating']
['pixel', 'level', 'infection', 'annotations', 'scans']
['training', 'models', 'synthetic', 'labeled']
['unlabeled', 'using', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module']
['generating', 'labeled']
['generator', 'responsible', 'synthesizing', 'photo', 'realistic', 'resemble', 'sible', 'producing', 'pixel', 'level', 'infection', 'annotations']
['match', 'precisely', 'projecting', 'annotations']
['along', 'trajectories', 'synthesizing', 'quality', 'labeled', 'context', 'article']
['defined', 'conditions', 'consistency', 'between']
['infection', 'annotation', 'masks', 'other']
['correlation', 'between', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid']
['infection', 'typically']
['considered', 'sensitive', 'scans', 'happen']
['examination', 'detects', 'abnormality', 'whereas']
['screening', 'patient', 'reports', 'findings']
['suffer', 'problem', 'which']
['inconsistency', 'between', 'infection', 'annotation', 'masks']
['first', 'point', 'designing', 'quality']
['generator', 'second', 'point', 'correlation', 'between']
['radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infection']
['synthetic', 'synthetic', 'infection']
['annotation', 'masks', 'later', 'train', 'segmentation']
['models', 'large', 'between', 'radiological', 'signs']
['covid', 'infection', 'synthetic']
['models', 'trained', 'generalize']
['domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'applied']
['training', 'models', 'domain']
['adaptation', 'module']
['although', 'synthetic', 'photo', 'realistic', 'there', 'still']
['between', 'intro', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'framework']
['drr4covid', 'according', 'quality', 'synthetic', 'labeled']
['volume', '207739p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographs']
['figure', 'illustration', 'synthesis', 'infection', 'aware']
['problem', 'training', 'models', 'labeled']
['unlabeled', 'infection', 'segmentation']
['using', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'divided']
['categories', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'fully', 'super', 'vised', 'learning', 'source', 'domain', 'synthetic']
['unsupervised', 'learning', 'target', 'domain']
['other', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'weakly']
['supervised', 'learning', 'source', 'domain', 'unsupervised']
['learning', 'target', 'domain', 'condition', 'first']
['category', 'consistency', 'between', 'infection']
['annotation', 'masks', 'condition', 'satisfied']
['problem', 'turned', 'second', 'category']
['inaccurate', 'synthetic', 'infection', 'annotations', 'compared']
['second', 'first', 'category', 'problem', 'defined']
['extensively', 'studied', 'article', 'mainly']
['focus', 'solving', 'first', 'category', 'problem', 'first']
['implement', 'quality', 'generator', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator']
['infection', 'aware', 'generator']
['design', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'produce']
['quality', 'defined', 'section', 'standard']
['generator', 'takes', 'volume', 'infection', 'annotation']
['volume', 'specific', 'position', 'orientation', 'input']
['outputs', 'infection', 'contrast']
['generator', 'takes', 'volume', 'infection', 'annotation']
['volume', 'input', 'produce', 'labeled', 'illustrated']
['casted', 'source', 'through']
['labeled', 'volumes', 'center', 'pixel']
['pixel', 'value', 'obtained', 'calculating', 'class', 'weighted', 'class', 'weighted', 'summation']
['length', 'travelled', 'within', 'voxel', 'multiplied']
['relative', 'intensity', 'voxel', 'measured']
['calculation', 'pixel', 'formulated']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['where', 'index', 'voxels']
['direction', 'number', 'voxels', 'repre', 'sents', 'normalized', 'length', 'travelled', 'within']
['voxel', 'denote', 'value']
['weight', 'voxel', 'respectively', 'weight']
['voxel', 'defined']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['otherwise']
[]
['where', 'category']
['voxel', 'represent', 'background', 'lungs']
['covid', 'infection', 'respectively', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'produce', 'standard']
['weights', 'categories', 'equal', 'other']
['207740', 'volume', '2020p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographs']
['figure', 'illustration', 'framework', 'based', 'network', 'equipped', 'based', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['module', 'denotes', 'global', 'average', 'pooling']
['label', 'computed']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['otherwise']
[]
['where']
[]
[]
['denotes', 'contribution', 'voxels', 'egory', 'calculating']
[]
['represents', 'contribution']
['threshold', 'category', 'specifically']
[]
[]
['defined']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['where']
[]
['denotes', 'index', 'voxels', 'category']
['direction']
['strength', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infec', 'depends', 'contribution']
['infected', 'voxels', 'projective', 'nature']
['imaging', 'higher', 'value', 'represents', 'larger']
['number', 'infected', 'voxels', 'appear', 'direction']
['radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infection']
['significant', 'property', 'imaging']
['modeled', 'infection', 'aware']
['generator', 'increasing', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels']
['improve', 'value', 'versa', 'accordingly']
['infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'produce', 'ferent', 'strengths', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infection']
['simply', 'adjusting', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxel', 'thetic', 'pixel', 'level', 'annotations', 'covid', 'infection']
['computed', 'based', 'therefore', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'maintain', 'consistency', 'between']
['synthetic', 'infection', 'annotation', 'masks', 'easily']
['increasing', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels', 'value']
['small', 'infection', 'aware']
['generator', 'following', 'advantages']
['setting', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels', 'small']
['value', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator']
['produce', 'findings', 'which', 'essential']
['training', 'classification', 'models', 'covid']
['diagnosis']
['setting', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels', 'relatively']
['large', 'value', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator']
['generate', 'quality', 'pixel', 'level', 'annota', 'tions', 'infected', 'regions', 'which', 'essential', 'train', 'segmentation', 'models', 'precise', 'covid']
['infection', 'segmentation']
['adjusting', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels', 'small']
['values', 'large', 'values', 'infection', 'aware', 'gener', 'synthesize', 'serial', 'labeled', 'ferent', 'strengths', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid']
['infection', 'might', 'detection', 'limit', 'imaging', 'detecting']
['covid', 'infection']
['volume', '207741p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographs']
['based', 'network', 'equipped']
['based', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module']
['network', 'architectures']
['design', 'based', 'network', 'depicted', 'sists', 'backbone', 'network', 'classification', 'header', 'mentation', 'header', 'compared', 'model']
['auxiliary', 'classification', 'header', 'classification', 'header']
['designed', 'purposes', 'enable', 'model']
['perform', 'classification', 'segmentation']
['automated', 'infection', 'measurement', 'covid', 'diagnosis']
['other', 'facilitate', 'based', 'methods']
['domain', 'adaptation', 'backbone', 'network', 'responsible']
['extracting', 'features', 'performing', 'convolution']
['spatial', 'pooling', 'operations']
['extracted', 'features', 'classification']
['header', 'segmentation', 'header', 'separately', 'classifica', 'branch', 'adopt', 'simple', 'structure', 'global']
['average', 'pooling', 'layer', 'fully', 'convolution']
['layer', 'segmentation', 'branch', 'convolutional']
['layers', 'followed', 'sampling', 'layer', 'generate', 'mentation', 'output', 'input']
[]
['based', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module']
['nonparametric', 'distance', 'estimate', 'between', 'distribu', 'tions', 'widely', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['algorithms', 'measure', 'discrepancy', 'between', 'source']
['target', 'distributions', 'implementation', 'adopt']
['shelf', 'based', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'approach']
['proposed']
['measure', 'discrepancy', 'local', 'distributions', 'taking']
['correlations', 'relevant', 'subdomains', 'consideration']
['minimizing', 'during', 'training']
['models', 'distributions', 'relevant', 'subdomains', 'within']
['category', 'source', 'domain', 'target', 'domain']
['drawn', 'close', 'method', 'proposed', 'context']
['object', 'recognition', 'digit', 'classification', 'tasks', 'apply']
['classification', 'header', 'directly', 'aligning']
['features', 'layer', 'effect', 'feature', 'alignment']
['propagated', 'segmentation', 'branch', 'implicitly']
['through', 'input', 'layer', 'experiment', 'results']
['verified', 'efficacy', 'design', 'which', 'detailed']
['section']
['objective', 'function']
['training', 'model', 'performed', 'minimiz', 'classification', 'segmentation']
['simultaneously', 'total']
['computed']
['ltotal']
['where', 'denote', 'weights']
['classification', 'segmentation']
['respectively']
['experiments', 'results']
['materials']
['chest', 'scans']
['public', 'covid', 'dataset', 'which']
['consists', 'public', 'covid', 'cases', 'voxel', 'level']
['annotations', 'right', 'covid', 'infec', 'annotations', 'first', 'labeled', 'junior', 'annotators']
['refined', 'radiologists', 'years', 'experience']
['further', 'verified', 'refined', 'senior', 'radiologist']
['years', 'experience', 'chest', 'radiology', 'these']
['volumes', 'voxel', 'values', 'volumes', 'normal', 'cannot', 'access', 'their', 'values']
['measured', 'discard', 'these', 'cases', 'other']
['cases', 'synthesis', 'experiments']
['obtain', 'front', 'lateral', 'pixel', 'level', 'annotations', 'infected', 'regions']
['using', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'which']
['detailed', 'section', 'build', 'training']
['source', 'domain', 'these', 'shown', 'table']
['chest', 'images']
['public', 'covid', 'collections']
['which', 'constructed', 'radiopaedia', 'covid']
['image', 'collection', 'chest', 'images', 'pneumo', 'twitter', 'covid', 'dataset']
['hannover', 'medical', 'school', 'dataset', 'first', 'collec', 'consists', 'covid', 'positive', 'images']
['patients', 'normal', 'images', 'patients']
['second', 'collection', 'contains', 'covid', 'positive']
['images', 'different', 'positive', 'images']
['first', 'collection', 'randomly', 'select', 'normal', 'images']
['different', 'patients', 'first', 'collection', 'covid', 'positive', 'images']
['first', 'collection', 'build', 'training', 'validation', 'target']
['domain', 'besides', 'covid', 'positive', 'images']
['second', 'collection', 'normal', 'images']
['randomly', 'selected', 'remaining', 'patients', 'first']
['collection', 'build', 'independent', 'target', 'domain']
['shown', 'table', 'perform', 'cross', 'validation']
['patients', 'training', 'patients', 'testing']
['training', 'validation', 'perform', 'independent', 'testing']
['these', 'pixel', 'level']
['expert', 'annotations', 'infected', 'regions']
['image', 'positive', 'negative', 'evaluate', 'classi', 'fication', 'segmentation', 'results', 'therefore', 'intro', 'another', 'dataset', 'bimcv', 'covid']
['dataset', 'where', 'annotated']
['covid', 'findings', 'consolidation']
['eight', 'radiologists', 'hospital', 'universitario']
['alicante', 'first', 'iteration']
['knowledge', 'covid', 'dataset']
['provides', 'pixel', 'level', 'annotations', 'infected', 'regions', 'currently']
['although', 'small', 'provide']
['207742', 'volume', '2020p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographs']
['table', 'split', 'training', 'validation']
['preliminary', 'insights', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'formance', 'method']
['infection', 'aware']
['generating', 'normal']
['findings', 'important', 'training', 'classi', 'fication', 'segmentation', 'models', 'covid', 'diagnosis']
['infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'generate']
['findings', 'setting', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels']
['relatively', 'small', 'value', 'reduce', 'casting']
['process', 'experiment', 'empirically', 'weights']
['background', 'covid', 'infection']
['several', 'synthetic', 'normal']
['depicted']
['figure', 'illustration', 'normal', 'generated', 'infection', 'aware']
['generator']
['generating', 'multiple', 'single']
['volume']
['generate', 'multiple', 'single', 'volume']
['adjusting', 'position', 'orientation']
['volume', 'within', 'virtual', 'imaging', 'system', 'experiment']
['randomly', 'shift', 'volume', 'between']
['rotate', 'between']
[]
['directions', 'several']
['generated', 'single', 'volume', 'illustrated']
[]
['figure', 'illustration', 'multiple', 'single', 'volume']
['adjusting', 'volume']
['generating', 'different', 'strengths']
['radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infection']
['infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'generate']
['different', 'strengths', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid']
['infection', 'adjusting', 'weights', 'background']
['covid', 'infection', 'experiment']
[]
[]
['separately', 'several', 'samples']
['shown', 'column']
['generating', 'pixel', 'level', 'annotations']
['covid', 'infection']
['empirically', 'contribution', 'threshold', 'infected']
['voxels']
[]
[]
['respectively', 'corresponding', 'infection', 'tation', 'masks', 'contribution', 'threshold', 'lungs']
['several', 'infection', 'masks', 'visualized', 'first']
['columns']
['building', 'training', 'source']
['domain']
['volume', 'first', 'generate', 'normal']
['including', 'front', 'lateral']
['randomly', 'adjusting']
['generate', 'corresponding', 'pixel', 'level', 'tations', 'infected', 'regions', 'given']
[]
[]
['means', 'build', 'training', 'source', 'domain']
['shown', 'table', 'finally', 'given']
['different', 'combinations']
[]
['totally']
['obtain', 'training', 'source', 'domain']
['experiment', 'setting']
['experiment', 'design']
['article', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection']
['segmentation', 'drr4covid', 'which', 'consists', 'infection', 'aware']
['generator', 'based', 'network', 'based', 'domain']
['adaptation', 'module', 'verify', 'efficacy', 'method']
['conduct', 'experiments', 'aspects', 'standard']
['versus', 'infection', 'aware', 'using', 'domain', 'tation', 'versus', 'using', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'estimating']
['detection', 'limit', 'imaging', 'detecting', 'covid']
['infection', 'searching', 'parameters']
[]
[]
['evaluation', 'segmentation', 'performance']
['accordingly', 'first', 'train']
['based', 'network', 'training', 'source']
['domain', 'without', 'using', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'respec', 'tively', 'train', 'network', 'training']
['source', 'domain', 'training', 'target']
['domain', 'using', 'based', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module']
['separately', 'trained', 'models', 'finally', 'evaluated']
['validation', 'report', 'results']
['cross', 'validation', 'format', 'standard']
['deviation', 'annotations', 'target']
['domain', 'always', 'unseen', 'training', 'tasks']
['infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'produce', 'standard']
['equals']
['volume', '207743p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographs']
['figure', 'illustration', 'different', 'strengths', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infection', 'single', 'volume', 'their']
['corresponding', 'pixel', 'level', 'annotations', 'lungs', 'infected', 'regions', 'weights', 'background', 'lungs']
['contribution', 'threshold', 'lungs']
['arrows', 'column', 'highlight', 'infected', 'regions']
['training', 'details']
['resnet', 'adopted', 'backbone', 'based']
['network', 'experiments', 'train', 'network']
['epochs', 'using', 'optimizer', 'parameters']
['adopt', 'batch']
['initial', 'learning', 'linearly']
['decayed', 'epoch', 'after', 'epochs', 'initialize']
['backbone', 'network', 'weights', 'resnet']
['trained', 'imagenet', 'augmentation', 'involving']
['random', 'cropping', 'horizontal', 'flipping', 'vertical', 'flipping']
['random', 'rotating', 'performed', 'input', 'image']
['network', 'besides', 'category', 'weighted']
['cross', 'entropy', 'adopted', 'segmentation']
['emphasize', 'optimization', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmen', 'tation', 'where', 'weights', 'background', 'covid']
['infection', 'binary', 'cross', 'entropy']
['classification', 'weights']
['classification', 'segmentation']
['respectively']
['pytorch1', 'framework', 'build', 'models']
['infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'designed', 'using']
['cuda10', 'python3', 'cython', 'models', 'trained']
['evaluated', 'linux', 'server', 'equipped', 'nvidia']
['gtx1080ti', 'cards']
['evaluation', 'metrics']
['classification', 'output', 'model', 'adopt']
['commonly', 'classification', 'metrics', 'including', 'accuracy']
['score', 'under', 'precision', 'recall', 'curve']
['curve', 'pixel', 'level', 'annotations', 'infected', 'regions']
['available', 'validation', 'target']
['domain', 'unable', 'segmentation', 'uation', 'metrics', 'directly', 'enable', 'evaluate', 'quality', 'mentation', 'output', 'model', 'convert', 'segmentation']
['output', 'classification', 'output', 'determining', 'whether', 'there']
['exists', 'infected', 'regions', 'segmentation', 'output']
['adopt', 'three', 'classification', 'metrics']
['bimcv', 'covid', 'dataset', 'directly']
['207744', 'volume', '2020p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographs']
['adopt', 'commonly', 'segmentation', 'metric']
['similarity', 'coefficient', 'evaluate', 'segmentation']
['results']
['statistical', 'analysis']
['statistical', 'tests', 'conducted', 'determine', 'significance']
['performance', 'differences', 'learning', 'infection', 'segmentation']
['between', 'standard', 'infection', 'aware']
['between', 'using', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module']
['using', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'according', 'experiment']
['design', 'perform', 'paired', 'samples', 'compare']
['means', 'scores', 'specifically', 'remove', 'outliers']
['scores', 'apply', 'shaprio', 'normality']
['variables', 'violate', 'assumption', 'normality', 'perform']
['wilcoxon', 'signed', 'instead', 'paired', 'samples']
['scipy', 'package', 'these', 'analyses']
['experiment', 'results']
['report', 'evaluation', 'results', 'model', 'trained']
['training', 'without', 'based', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['module', 'table', 'appendix', 'analyze', 'these']
['results', 'perspectives', 'introduced', 'exper', 'iment', 'design']
['figure', 'comparison', 'standard', 'infection', 'aware']
['first', 'column', 'represents', 'infection', 'masks', 'generated']
['contribution', 'threshold']
[]
['infection']
['masks', 'indicate', 'infected', 'pixels', 'whose', 'corresponding']
['through', 'infected', 'voxels', 'volume']
['standard', 'versus', 'infection', 'aware']
['firstly', 'qualitative', 'comparison']
['infected', 'pixels', 'standard', 'indicated']
['infection', 'masks', 'present', 'findings', 'contribu', 'infected', 'voxels', 'casting', 'obser', 'vation', 'consistent', 'heterogeneous', 'nature']
['imaging', 'implicates', 'imaging', 'lower', 'sensi', 'tivity', 'imaging', 'notice', 'radiological', 'signs']
['covid', 'infection', 'standard', 'indistinctive']
['strength', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infection']
['standard', 'depends', 'severity', 'covid']
['infection', 'property', 'makes', 'leverage', 'publicly']
['available', 'volumes', 'because', 'there', 'guarantee']
['positive', 'yield', 'positive', 'contrast']
['infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'produce']
['different', 'strengths', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infec', 'simply', 'adjusting', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels']
['instance', 'covid', 'infection']
['yield', 'significant', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid']
['infection', 'whereas', 'severe', 'covid', 'infection']
['yield', 'normal', 'column']
['radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infection', 'become']
['significant', 'gradually', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels']
['increases', 'ability', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator']
['promotes', 'advantages', 'publicly', 'available']
['volumes', 'determine', 'precise', 'infection', 'annotation']
['masks', 'training', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'models']
['visual', 'findings', 'covid', 'infection', 'alistic', 'value', 'large']
['which', 'break', 'correlation', 'between']
['synthetic']
['secondly', 'analyze', 'classification', 'segmentation']
['results', 'validation', 'without', 'using', 'domain']
['adaptation', 'table', 'appendix', 'avoid']
['influence', 'subjective', 'choice', 'contribution', 'threshold']
['average', 'performance', 'scores', 'compare']
['average', 'scores', 'standard', 'infection', 'aware']
['visually', 'infection', 'aware']
['achieve', 'significantly', 'higher', 'average', 'scores']
['validation', 'target', 'domain', 'standard']
['results', 'indicate', 'between', 'infection', 'aware', 'smaller']
['between', 'standard']
['verify', 'efficacy', 'infection', 'aware']
['generator', 'without', 'using', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['analyze', 'classification', 'segmentation']
['results', 'validation', 'using', 'domain']
['adaptation', 'table', 'appendix', 'compare']
['average', 'results', 'standard', 'infection', 'aware']
['visually', 'similarly', 'infection', 'aware']
['surpass', 'standard', 'large', 'margin']
['validation', 'target', 'domain', 'results']
['strongly', 'demonstrate', 'effectiveness', 'infection', 'aware']
['generator', 'using', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module']
['finally', 'perform', 'statistical', 'tests', 'compare', 'means']
['scores', 'between', 'infection', 'aware', 'observe', 'statistical']
['significant', 'difference', 'these', 'comparison']
['items', 'which', 'indicates', 'infection', 'aware', 'signif', 'icantly', 'better', 'standard', 'learning', 'automated']
['covid', 'infection', 'segmentation']
['domain', 'adaptation', 'versus']
['domain', 'adaptation']
['order', 'highlight', 'efficacy', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['module', 'compare', 'average', 'scores', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['domain', 'adaptation', 'validation']
['intuitive', 'comparison', 'shows']
['using', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'improve']
['classification', 'segmentation', 'scores', 'infection', 'aware']
['significantly', 'consistently', 'which', 'verifies', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'besides']
['notice', 'average', 'scores']
['infection', 'aware', 'increase', 'first', 'decrease']
['volume', '207745p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographs']
['figure', 'comparison', 'average', 'scores', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'denotes', 'classification', 'results']
['denotes', 'segmentation', 'results', 'represents', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels']
['scores', 'averaged']
[]
[]
['figure', 'comparison', 'average', 'scores', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'denotes', 'classification', 'results', 'denotes']
['segmentation', 'results', 'represents', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels']
['scores', 'averaged']
[]
['figure', 'comparison', 'average', 'scores', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'denotes', 'classification', 'results', 'denotes']
['segmentation', 'results', 'represents', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels']
['scores', 'averaged']
[]
['figure', 'comparison', 'average', 'scores', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'denotes', 'classification', 'results', 'denotes']
['segmentation', 'results', 'represents', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels']
['scores', 'averaged']
[]
['weight', 'infected', 'voxels', 'increases']
['average', 'scores', 'infection', 'aware']
['appears', 'suggests', 'exces', 'sively', 'large', 'weight', 'infected', 'voxels', 'infected']
['regions', 'unrealistic', 'leading', 'decrease']
['performance', 'scores', 'without', 'using', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module']
['contrast', 'there', 'significant', 'decrease', 'average']
['scores', 'infection', 'aware', 'using', 'domain', 'tation', 'module', 'shown']
['weight', 'infected', 'voxels', 'increases']
['207746', 'volume', '2020p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographs']
['figure', 'comparison', 'average', 'scores', 'validation', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'without', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'scores', 'averaged']
[]
[]
['figure', 'comparison', 'average', 'scores', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'without', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'scores', 'averaged']
[]
[]
['implies', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module']
['still', 'works', 'infected', 'regions', 'become']
['slightly', 'unrealistic', 'other', 'observe']
['segmentation', 'scores', 'relatively', 'lower', 'classifi', 'cation', 'scores', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module']
['applied', 'instance', 'infection', 'aware']
['average', 'segmentation', 'scores']
['target', 'domain', 'including', 'accuracy']
['score', 'respectively', 'whereas']
['corresponding', 'classification', 'scores']
['results', 'implicate', 'segmentation', 'header']
['sensitive', 'domain', 'discrepancy', 'between']
['volume', '207747p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographs']
['classification', 'header', 'using']
['domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'segmentation', 'scores']
['classification', 'scores', 'greatly', 'improved', 'specifically']
['improvement', 'segmentation', 'scores', 'nificant', 'improvement', 'classification', 'scores']
['instance', 'infection', 'aware']
['average', 'segmentation', 'scores']
['respec', 'tively', 'whereas', 'corresponding', 'classification', 'scores']
[]
['results', 'indicate', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module']
['works', 'classification', 'mentation', 'confirming', 'claim', 'effect']
['feature', 'alignment', 'applied', 'classification', 'branch']
['propagated', 'segmentation', 'branch', 'implicitly', 'finally']
['perform', 'statistical', 'tests', 'compare', 'means', 'scores']
['between', 'using', 'domain', 'adapta', 'module', 'using', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'observe']
['statistical', 'significant', 'difference', 'these']
['comparison', 'items', 'except', 'items', 'standard']
['classification', 'validation', 'standard']
['classification', 'segmentation', 'accuracy', 'segmentation']
['score', 'indicates', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['module', 'improve', 'performance', 'learning', 'infec', 'segmentation', 'significantly']
['confirms', 'efficacy', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module']
['visualizing', 'covid', 'infection']
['segmentation', 'results']
['specifically', 'infection', 'aware']
[]
['example']
['covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'results', 'segmentation']
['scores', 'including', 'accuracy', 'score', 'idation']
['respectively', 'listed', 'table']
['appendix', 'visualize', 'infection', 'mentation', 'results', 'first', 'confusion', 'matrices']
['segmentation', 'results', 'corresponding', 'validation']
['shown', 'visualize', 'several']
['positive', 'negative', 'cases', 'compared']
['previous', 'studies', 'highlight', 'infected', 'regions', 'roughly']
['leveraging', 'interpretability', 'classification', 'models']
['segmentation', 'model', 'trained', 'infection', 'aware']
['segment', 'infected', 'regions', 'directly']
['accurately', 'besides', 'present', 'several', 'failure', 'false', 'positive']
['false', 'negative', 'cases']
['estimating', 'detection', 'limit', 'imaging']
['detecting', 'covid', 'infection']
['mentioned', 'earlier', 'generally', 'considered']
['sensitive', 'scans', 'happen', 'ination', 'detects', 'abnormality', 'whereas', 'screening']
['patient', 'reports', 'findings', 'significance']
['level', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infection', 'images', 'depends', 'severity', 'covid', 'infection']
['which', 'typically', 'assessed', 'percent', 'volume']
['figure', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'segmentation', 'results', 'validation']
['infection', 'aware']
[]
[]
['figure', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'results']
['infection', 'aware']
['validation']
['target', 'domain', 'overlay', 'indicate', 'infected']
['regions']
['infected', 'covid', 'short']
['reaches', 'certain', 'level', 'detection', 'limit']
['imaging', 'effectively', 'detect', 'covid', 'infection']
['therefore', 'propose', 'leverage', 'infection', 'aware']
['generator', 'searching', 'parameters']
[]
[]
['estimate', 'detection', 'limit', 'insight', 'behind']
['207748', 'volume', '2020p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographs']
['table', 'total', 'average', 'scores', 'standard', 'deviation', 'model', 'trained', 'different', 'training', 'source', 'domain']
['table', 'average', 'corresponding', 'items', 'table', 'appendix', 'eapiv', 'denotes', 'equivalent', 'average', 'percent', 'infection', 'volume']
['lungs', 'cases', 'synthesis', 'infection', 'aware']
['table', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'results']
['table', 'accuracy', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'classification', 'output', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['table', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'classification', 'output', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['table', 'score', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'classification', 'output', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['estimation', 'method', 'generated', 'using']
['parameters', 'smallest', 'positive']
['images', 'achieve', 'highest', 'classifica', 'segmentation', 'scores', 'matter', 'whether', 'domain']
['adaptation', 'module', 'appied', 'accordingly', 'average']
['corresponding', 'items', 'table', 'appendix']
['obtain', 'total', 'average', 'scores', 'training']
['search', 'parameters', 'meanwhile', 'compute']
['volume', '207749p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographs']
['table', 'accuracy', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'output', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['table', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'output', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['table', 'score', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'output', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['table', 'accuracy', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'classification', 'output', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['table', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'classification', 'output', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['equivalent', 'average', 'eapiv', 'cases']
['generate', 'infection', 'aware']
['table', 'scores', 'table']
['appears', 'consistently', 'corresponding']
['eapiv', 'standard', 'deviation']
['eapiv']
['corresponding']
['scores', 'below', 'matter', 'tribution', 'threshold', 'infected', 'voxels']
[]
[]
['results', 'imply', 'generated', 'whose']
['cannot', 'easily', 'distinguished']
['normal', 'therefore', 'conclude', 'detection', 'limit']
['207750', 'volume', '2020p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographs']
['table', 'score', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'classification', 'output', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['table', 'accuracy', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'output', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['table', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'output', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['table', 'score', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'output', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['figure', 'failure', 'cases', 'segmentation', 'results']
['infection', 'aware']
['validation']
['overlay', 'indicate', 'infected', 'regions']
['imaging', 'measured', 'percent', 'volume']
['infected', 'covid']
['moreover', 'examine', 'function', 'tograms', 'pixels', 'infection', 'aware']
['pixels', 'whose', 'corresponding']
['through', 'infected', 'voxels', 'volume']
['counted', 'these', 'histograms', 'effectiveness']
['infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'changing', 'distribution']
['pixels', 'infection', 'aware']
['parameters', 'column']
['table', 'scores', 'appears']
[]
['increasing']
[]
['makes']
['large', 'numberof', 'pixels', 'whose', 'crivs']
['between', 'treated', 'negative', 'pixels', 'leading']
['significant', 'score', 'meanwhile']
['decreasing']
[]
['makes', 'pixels']
['whose', 'crivs', 'between']
['treated', 'positive', 'pixels', 'leading', 'minor']
['score', 'therefore', 'conclude']
['estimated', 'lower', 'bound', 'significant', 'radiological']
['volume', '207751p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographs']
['figure', 'histograms', 'infected', 'voxel', 'contribution', 'rates', 'pixels', 'infection', 'aware']
['table', 'accuracy', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'classification', 'output', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['table', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'classification', 'output', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['table', 'score', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'classification', 'output', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['signs', 'covid', 'infection', 'means']
['pixels', 'whose', 'crivs', 'lower', 'easily', 'distinguished', 'pixels', 'lungs']
[]
['evaluation', 'segmentation', 'performance']
[]
['simply', 'cross', 'validation', 'models', 'trained']
['using', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'segment']
['207752', 'volume', '2020p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographs']
['table', 'accuracy', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'output', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['table', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'output', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['table', 'score', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'output', 'validation', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['table', 'accuracy', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'classification', 'output', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['table', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'classification', 'output', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['average', 'scores', 'these', 'segmentation', 'results']
['reported', 'table', 'infection', 'aware']
['achieved', 'score', 'which', 'better']
['standard', 'besides', 'observe']
['pattern', 'table', 'average', 'scores']
['infection', 'aware', 'appears', 'provides']
['evidence', 'confirming', 'validity', 'estimated']
['detection', 'limit', 'imaging', 'detecting', 'covid']
['infection']
['volume', '207753p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographs']
['table', 'score', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'classification', 'output', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['table', 'accuracy', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'output', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['table', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'output', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['limitations', 'study']
['study', 'still', 'variety', 'limitations', 'firstly', 'thetic', 'annotation', 'masks', 'infected', 'regions']
['investigated', 'experimentally', 'evaluated']
['radiologists', 'expert', 'annotations', 'infected', 'regions']
['provide', 'evidence', 'determine', 'accurate']
['contribution', 'threshold', 'infected', 'voxels', 'secondly', 'study']
['publicly', 'available', 'datasets', 'various']
['sources', 'variability', 'expert', 'annotations', 'scans']
['assessed', 'which', 'introduce', 'implicit', 'biases']
['training', 'evaluation', 'thirdly', 'evaluation']
['segmentation', 'performance', 'method', 'study']
['incomprehensive', 'sufficient']
['pixel', 'level', 'annotations', 'infected', 'regions', 'evaluation']
['results', 'biased', 'unable', 'optimize', 'method', 'comparison', 'between', 'learning']
['infection', 'segmentation', 'straightway', 'learning']
['provide', 'insights', 'realize']
['quality', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation']
['efficiently', 'lastly', 'study', 'covid']
['positive', 'cases', 'synthesizing', 'performance']
['drr4covid', 'validity', 'estimated', 'detection']
['limit', 'imaging', 'detecting', 'covid', 'infection']
['improved', 'involving', 'scans', 'patients']
['various', 'stages', 'covid', 'infection', 'nevertheless', 'article', 'provide', 'promising', 'results', 'encourage']
['drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid']
['infection', 'segmentation', 'without']
['expert', 'annotations']
['conclusion']
['propose', 'novel', 'approach', 'called', 'drr4covid', 'learn']
['automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation']
['drr4covid', 'consists', 'three', 'components', 'includ', 'infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'classification']
['segmentation', 'network', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module']
['infection', 'aware', 'generator', 'produce']
['adjustable', 'strength', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid']
['infection', 'generate', 'pixel', 'level', 'infection', 'annotations']
['match', 'precisely', 'enabling', 'segmentation']
['networks', 'trained', 'directly', 'automated', 'infection', 'mentation', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'introduced']
['reduce', 'domain', 'discrepancy', 'between']
['training', 'networks', 'unlabeled', 'labeled']
['together', 'provide', 'simple', 'effective', 'implementation']
['drr4covid', 'using', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'module', 'based']
['maximum', 'discrepancy', 'based', 'classification', 'header', 'segmentation', 'header']
['extensive', 'experiment', 'results', 'confirmed', 'efficacy']
['method', 'specifically', 'without', 'using', 'annotations']
['network', 'achieved', 'classification']
['score', 'accuracy', 'score']
['207754', 'volume', '2020p', 'zhang', 'drr4covid', 'learning', 'automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation', 'digitally', 'reconstructed', 'radiographs']
['table', 'score', 'standard', 'deviation', 'table', 'segmentation', 'output', 'target', 'domain', 'domain', 'adaptation']
['segmentation', 'score', 'accuracy']
['score', 'normal', 'cases']
['positive', 'cases', 'besides', 'estimate', 'detection', 'limit']
['imaging', 'detecting', 'covid', 'infection', 'adjusting']
['strength', 'radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infection']
['synthetic', 'estimated', 'detection', 'limit', 'measured']
['percent', 'volume', 'infected', 'covid']
['estimated', 'lower', 'bound']
['contribution', 'infected', 'voxels', 'significant']
['radiological', 'signs', 'covid', 'infection']
['knowledge', 'first', 'attempt', 'realize']
['automated', 'covid', 'infection', 'segmentation']
['using', 'labeled', 'generated', 'chest']
['scans', 'future', 'carried', 'extending']
['drr4covid', 'drr4lesion', 'enable', 'multiple', 'lesion']
['segmentation']
['appendix']
['experimental', 'results']
['tables']
['acknowledgment']
['authors', 'would', 'thank', 'providers', 'radiopaedia']
['covid', 'image', 'collection', 'chest', 'images']
['pneumonia', 'twitter', 'covid', 'dataset']
['hannover', 'medical', 'school', 'dataset']
['new_paper']
['special', 'section', 'learning']
['algorithms', 'internet', 'medical', 'things']
['received', 'april', 'accepted', 'april', 'publication', 'current', 'version']
['digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '2992341']
['comprehensive', 'review']
['covid', 'pandemic']
['drones', 'blockchain']
['managing', 'impact']
['vinay', 'chamola']
['vikas', 'hassija']
['vatsal', 'gupta']
[]
['mohsen', 'guizani']
['fellow']
['1department', 'electrical', 'electronics', 'engineering', 'birla', 'institute', 'technology', 'science', 'pilani', '333031', 'india']
['2department', 'jaypee', 'institute', 'information', 'technology', 'noida', '201309', 'india']
['3department', 'computer', 'science', 'engineering', 'qatar', 'university', 'qatar']
['corresponding', 'author', 'mohsen', 'guizani', 'mguizani']
['supported', 'qatar', 'national', 'research', 'member', 'qatar', 'foundation', 'under', 'grant', 'nprp10', '160012']
['abstract', 'unprecedented', 'outbreak', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'termed', 'covid', 'world']
['health', 'organization', 'placed', 'numerous', 'governments', 'around', 'world', 'precarious', 'position']
['impact', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'earlier', 'witnessed', 'citizens', 'china', 'alone', 'become']
['matter', 'grave', 'concern', 'virtually', 'every', 'country', 'world', 'scarcity', 'resources', 'endure']
['covid', 'outbreak', 'combined', 'overburdened', 'healthcare', 'systems', 'forced', 'majority']
['these', 'countries', 'state', 'partial', 'complete', 'lockdown', 'number', 'laboratory', 'confirmed', 'coronavirus']
['cases', 'increasing', 'alarming', 'throughout', 'world', 'reportedly', 'million']
['confirmed', 'cases', 'april', 'adding', 'these', 'numerous', 'false', 'reports', 'misinformation']
['unsolicited', 'fears', 'regards', 'coronavirus', 'being', 'circulated', 'regularly', 'since', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'response', 'various', 'reliable', 'sources', 'present', 'detailed', 'review', 'major']
['aspects', 'associated', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'addition', 'direct', 'health', 'implications', 'associated']
['outbreak', 'covid', 'study', 'highlights', 'impact', 'global', 'economy', 'drawing', 'things']
['close', 'explore', 'technologies', 'internet', 'things', 'unmanned', 'aerial']
['vehicles', 'blockchain', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'among', 'others', 'mitigate', 'impact']
['covid', 'outbreak']
['index', 'terms', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'transmission', 'stages', 'global', 'economic', 'impact']
['disaster', 'management', 'blockchain', 'applications']
['introduction']
['covid', 'acronym', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'respiratory', 'illness', 'caused', 'severe', 'acute']
['respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'tagious', 'virus', 'belonging', 'family', 'single', 'stranded']
['positive', 'sense', 'viruses', 'known', 'coronaviridae']
['influenza', 'virus', 'attacks', 'respiratory']
['system', 'causes', 'ailments', 'cough', 'fever', 'fatigue']
['breathlessness', 'while', 'exact', 'source', 'virus']
['unknown', 'scientists', 'mapped', 'genome', 'sequence']
['associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript']
['approving', 'publication', 'victor', 'albuquerque']
['determined', 'member']
['genera', 'coronavirus', 'family', 'which', 'typically', 'derives']
['sources', 'rodents', 'covid']
['first', 'reported', 'affect', 'human', 'wuhan']
['hubei', 'province', 'china', 'december', 'since']
['covid', 'spread', 'wildfire', 'throughout']
['world', 'marking', 'presence', 'countries', 'independent']
['territories', 'covid', 'statistics', 'worst', 'affected', 'tries', 'regions', 'world', 'presented']
['according', 'current', 'global', 'tally1', 'confirmed']
['coronavirus', 'cases', 'stands', 'while', 'death']
[]
['april']
['volume', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '90225v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['figure', 'statistics', 'regards', 'covid', 'source', 'situation', 'report', 'april']
['reached', 'rapid', 'number']
['covid', 'incidents', 'worldwide', 'prompted']
['immediate', 'countermeasures', 'catastrophic', 'effects']
['covid', 'outbreak', 'paper', 'evaluates']
['varied', 'technologies', 'blockchain']
['which', 'could', 'mitigate', 'adverse', 'effects']
['pandemic', 'expedite', 'recovery', 'process', 'however', 'before']
['exploring', 'potential', 'technological', 'solutions', 'covid']
['pandemic', 'impact', 'management', 'provide', 'comprehensive']
['review', 'covid', 'including', 'clinical', 'features', 'nosis', 'treatment', 'impact', 'outbreak', 'global']
['economy']
['background']
['according', 'viral', 'infections', 'particularly']
['caused', 'different', 'coronaviruses', 'continue', 'emerge']
['severe', 'public', 'health', 'problem', 'coronaviruses']
['spherical', 'positive', 'sense', 'viruses', 'ranging']
['1400å', 'diameter', 'proteins', 'known', 'spikes']
['protruding', 'surface', 'which', 'impart', 'crown', 'struc', 'under', 'electron', 'microscope']
['decades', 'witnessed', 'emergence', 'several', 'viral', 'breaks', 'different', 'forms', 'coronavirus']
['outbreak']
['recent', 'middle', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus']
['infection', 'outbreak']
['originated', 'guandong', 'province', 'china', 'later']
['spread', 'countries', 'worldwide', 'causing']
['infections', 'around', 'deaths', 'first']
['infection', 'detected', 'saudi', 'arabia', 'which']
['initiated', 'large', 'scale', 'outbreak', 'middle', 'eastern', 'countries']
['ultimately', 'fatalities']
['covid', 'outbreak', 'light', 'decem', 'cases', 'pneumonia', 'unknown', 'etiology']
['reported', 'country', 'office', 'china']
['entire', 'timeline', 'events', 'kindly', 'refer', 'center', 'outbreak', 'linked', 'wuhan', 'wholesale', 'seafood', 'other', 'exotic', 'animals', 'including', 'snakes']
['marmots', 'strain', 'highly', 'contagious']
['coronavirus', 'deemed', 'responsible']
['rapid', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'distinguishing', 'charac', 'teristics', 'virus', 'include', 'extremely', 'contagious', 'nature']
['relatively', 'incubation', 'period', 'during']
['period', 'person', 'infected', 'virus']
['symptoms', 'therefore', 'people', 'infected']
['disease', 'unknowingly', 'serve', 'silent', 'carriers']
['virus', 'contributing', 'basic', 'reproductive']
['covid', 'virus', 'while', 'studies', 'indicate']
['could', 'susceptible', 'ultravio', 'light', 'there', 'specific', 'treatment', 'vaccine']
['infection', 'management', 'protocols']
['disease', 'evolving', 'writing']
['defines', 'basic', 'reproductive', 'number', 'number', 'secondary']
['infections', 'caused', 'single', 'infected', 'individual']
['90226', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['figure', 'timeline', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['clinical', 'features']
['covid', 'manifests', 'clinical', 'features', 'ranging']
['asymptomatic', 'state', 'symptoms', 'acute', 'respiratory']
['distress', 'syndrome', 'multiple', 'organ', 'dysfunction']
['syndrome', 'according', 'results', 'recent']
['study', 'conducted', 'collaboration', 'china']
['laboratory', 'confirmed', 'covid', 'cases']
['examined', 'majority', 'exhibited', 'clinical', 'characteristics']
['fever', 'cough', 'fatigue', 'sputum', 'production']
['handful', 'patients', 'showcased']
['symptoms', 'throat', 'headache', 'myalgia', 'breath', 'lessness', 'while', 'symptoms', 'nausea', 'nasal', 'conges', 'hemoptysis', 'diarrhea', 'conjunctival', 'congestion']
['found', 'refer', 'table', 'while']
['covid', 'patients', 'developed', 'moderate', 'disease']
['patients', 'diagnosed', 'severe']
['critical', 'patients', 'severe']
['critical', 'disease', 'often', 'develop', 'bluish']
['prone', 'variety', 'complications', 'including']
['acute', 'heart', 'injury', 'secondary', 'infection', 'according']
['centers', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention']
['individuals', 'highest', 'severe', 'illness']
['covid', 'include', 'older', 'adults', 'people', 'above']
['people', 'existing', 'medical', 'conditions', 'diabetes']
['hypertension', 'asthma', 'cardiovascular', 'disease']
['transmission', 'mechanism']
['although', 'there', 'several', 'studies', 'direction']
['covid', 'pathophysiological', 'properties', 'propagation']
['mechanism', 'remains', 'somewhat', 'elusive', 'while', 'initial']
['covid', 'cases', 'associated', 'direct', 'exposure']
['individuals', 'infected', 'animals', 'rapid', 'outbreak']
['disease', 'shifted', 'focus', 'research', 'human', 'human', 'transmission', 'analysis', 'around', 'cases']
['covid', 'china', 'revealed', 'covid', 'virus']
['table', 'covid', 'symptoms']
['primarily', 'transmitted', 'between', 'people', 'spread', 'piratory', 'droplets', 'through', 'sneezing', 'coughing', 'these']
['respiratory', 'droplets', 'potential', 'cover', 'distance']
['meters', 'therefore', 'person', 'close']
['contact', 'infected', 'person', 'being', 'exposed']
['respiratory', 'droplets', 'extension', 'virus', 'although']
['symptomatic', 'people', 'identified', 'primary']
['source', 'transmission', 'there', 'possi', 'bility', 'transmission', 'unsymptomatic', 'people', 'direct']
['indirect', 'contact', 'infected', 'surfaces', 'identified']
['another', 'potential', 'cause', 'covid', 'transmission', 'evidence']
['suggests', 'virus', 'survive', 'plastic', 'steel', 'volume', '90227v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['figure', 'organization']
['faces', 'three', 'copper', 'approximately']
['hours', 'hours', 'cardboard']
['virus', 'enters', 'healthy', 'passes', 'through']
['nasal', 'passage', 'mucus', 'membranes', 'present']
['throat', 'binds', 'itself', 'cellular', 'receptors']
['spikes', 'present', 'surface']
['ruptures', 'membrane', 'forces', 'making']
['multiple', 'copies', 'itself', 'these', 'newly', 'generated', 'copies', 'burst']
['infect', 'other', 'cells', 'following']
['virus', 'moves', 'bronchial', 'tubes', 'reaches']
['lungs', 'where', 'severely', 'impairs']
['organization']
['paper', 'organized', 'follows', 'section']
['address', 'existing', 'works', 'reviewed', 'state']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'section', 'present']
['brief', 'overview', 'pandemics', 'occurred']
['century', 'section', 'discuss', 'different', 'stages']
['covid', 'transmission', 'while', 'section', 'global']
['impact', 'outbreak', 'different', 'sectors', 'economy']
['evaluated', 'section', 'includes', 'statistics']
['providing', 'valuable', 'insights', 'widescale', 'impact']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'these', 'sectors', 'section']
['discuss', 'current', 'methods', 'covid', 'diagnosis']
['section', 'examines', 'efforts', 'being', 'various']
['organizations', 'laboratories', 'direction', 'covid']
['vaccine', 'development', 'while', 'section', 'lists']
['preventive', 'measures', 'required', 'safeguard', 'oneself', 'against']
['covid', 'sections', 'provide', 'compre', 'hensive', 'review', 'technologies']
['robots', 'smart', 'wearables', 'blockchain', 'means']
['manage', 'outbreak', 'effectively', 'finally', 'section', 'xviii']
['concludes', 'paper', 'organization', 'paper']
['depicted', 'pictorially']
['related', 'works']
['massive', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'prompted', 'various']
['scientists', 'researchers', 'laboratories', 'organizations', 'around']
['world', 'conduct', 'large', 'scale', 'research', 'develop', 'cines', 'other', 'treatment', 'strategies', 'months', 'following']
['covid', 'outbreak', 'several', 'papers', 'examining', 'different']
['aspects', 'covid', 'published']
['determine', 'clinical', 'characteristics', 'covid']
['dawei', 'studied', 'infected', 'patients']
['wuhan', 'china', 'authors', 'taken', 'account']
['specifics', 'demographics', 'signs', 'symptoms']
['medical', 'history', 'patients', 'assess', 'their', 'cases']
['carefully', 'authors', 'presented', 'laboratory']
['findings', 'these', 'patients', 'demonstrate', 'effects']
['virus', 'different', 'vital', 'organs']
['nanshan', 'studied', 'patients', 'covid']
['direct', 'huanan', 'seafood', 'market']
['wuhan', 'known', 'covid', 'epicenter', 'their', 'findings']
['epidemiological', 'clinical', 'radiological', 'characteris', 'disease', 'published', 'their', 'report', 'among', 'patients', 'studied']
['developed', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'distress', 'syndrome']
['among', 'multiple', 'organ', 'dysfunction']
['syndrome']
['90228', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['table', 'major', 'viral', 'diseases', 'present']
['jiang', 'reviewed', 'published', 'studies', 'ognizing', 'clinical', 'characteristics', 'covid', 'their']
['summarized', 'these', 'studies', 'doing']
['provided', 'brief', 'overview', 'clinical', 'features', 'treatments']
['covid', 'authors', 'reviewed']
['existing', 'literature', 'computed', 'tomography', 'character', 'istics', 'covid', 'available', 'platforms', 'pubmed']
['google', 'scholar', 'elsevier', 'among', 'others', 'primary']
['issue', 'these', 'works', 'review', 'small', 'subset']
['broader', 'subject', 'authors']
['provide', 'brief', 'overview', 'covid', 'outbreak']
['terms', 'clinical', 'features', 'prevention', 'diagnosis']
['treatment', 'although', 'these', 'surveys', 'light']
['current', 'scenario', 'covid', 'outbreak']
['brief', 'limited', 'about', 'exact', 'situation']
['despite', 'abundance', 'research', 'domain']
['covid', 'characteristic', 'analysis', 'vaccine', 'development']
['knowledge', 'writing', 'there']
['survey', 'provides', 'comprehensive', 'review']
['covid', 'outbreak', 'potential', 'implications', 'further', 'existing', 'literature', 'attempts', 'review']
['emerging', 'technologies']
['blockchain', 'managing', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['presents', 'detailed', 'survey', 'provides']
['horizontal', 'vertical', 'covid']
['terms', 'clinical', 'features', 'diagnosis', 'treatment', 'prevention']
['strategies', 'technological', 'solutions', 'being', 'adopted']
['alleviate', 'impact', 'outbreak', 'present']
['comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['readers', 'deeper', 'understanding', 'current', 'global']
['situation', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'before', 'divulging']
['thorough', 'analysis', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['brief', 'pandemics', 'section']
['below']
['pandemics', 'century']
['century', 'plethora', 'outbreaks']
['epidemics', 'while', 'coronaviruses']
['responsible', 'majority', 'these']
['outbreaks', 'refer', 'table', 'different', 'types', 'influenza']
['viruses']
['pandemics', 'years']
['virus', 'alone', 'responsible', 'pandemics']
['spanish', 'swine']
['while', 'influenza', 'viruses']
['responsible', 'asian']
['respectively', 'section']
['provide', 'overview', 'these', 'pandemics']
['spanish', 'pandemic']
['spanish', 'known', 'deadliest', 'demic', 'history', 'humankind', 'total', 'number']
['fatalities', 'surpassing', 'million', 'disease']
['caused', 'virus', 'which', 'believed']
['originated', 'birds', 'unlike', 'diseases', 'spanish']
['peculiar', 'characteristic', 'being', 'extremely', 'lethal', 'against']
['young', 'healthy', 'populace', 'because', 'virus']
['attacked', 'hosts', 'causing', 'cytokine', 'storms', 'patient']
['immune', 'system', 'which', 'often', 'death', 'since', 'young']
['people', 'stronger', 'immune', 'systems', 'compared', 'older']
['adults', 'likely', 'affected', 'virus']
['asian', 'pandemic']
['asian', 'pandemic', 'began', 'february', 'singa', 'second', 'major', 'pandemic', 'century']
['after', 'spanish', 'pandemic', 'believed']
['caused', 'deaths', 'total', 'million']
['fatalities', 'worldwide', 'virus', 'disease']
['identified', 'virus', 'which']
['believed', 'avian', 'origin', 'eleven', 'years', 'after']
['outbreak', 'virus', 'subsequently', 'mutated', 'strain']
['longer', 'affect', 'human', 'hosts']
['pandemic']
['pandemic', 'third', 'major', 'influenza']
['pandemic', 'century', 'caused']
['virus', 'which', 'believed', 'evolved']
['virus', 'caused', 'asian', 'pandemic']
['virus', 'involved', 'mutated', 'version', 'antigen']
['present', 'retained', 'antigen']
['impact', 'pandemic', 'across', 'world']
['volume', '90229v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['figure', 'cumulative', 'number', 'cases', 'covid', 'source', 'situation', 'reports', 'several', 'media', 'reports']
['described', 'sporadic', 'which', 'believed']
['prior', 'immunity', 'developed', 'against', 'account', 'asian', 'pandemic', 'unlike']
['virus', 'behind', 'spanish', 'pandemic', 'virus']
['aggressive', 'towards', 'people', 'above']
['swine', 'pandemic']
['spring', 'strain']
['influenza', 'virus', 'emerged', 'leading', 'swine']
['pandemic', 'spanish', 'which', 'caused']
['different', 'strain', 'virus', 'swine', 'pandemic']
['deadly', 'against', 'people', 'below', 'years']
['acquired', 'immunity', 'older', 'people', 'account', 'previous']
['exposure', 'virus', 'believed']
['reasons', 'centers', 'disease', 'control']
['prevention', 'estimate', 'there']
['million', 'cases', 'hospitalizations', 'deaths']
['alone', 'virus', 'while', 'worldwide', 'tally']
['fatalities', 'stands', 'above']
['different', 'stages', 'covid', 'outbreak']
['according', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'regarded']
['having', 'classes', 'transmission', 'remain']
['consistent', 'throughout', 'world', 'facilitate', 'better', 'munication', 'understanding', 'amongst', 'countries']
['categorization', 'makes', 'simpler', 'other', 'countries']
['enforce', 'policies', 'which', 'think', 'would', 'assist', 'preventing']
['outbreak', 'example', 'imposing', 'travel', 'shutting']
['schools', 'colleges', 'enforcing', 'partial', 'complete']
['lockdown', 'better', 'understanding', 'portrayed']
['transmission', 'classes', 'different', 'stages', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'keeping', 'several', 'media', 'reports']
['onset', 'different', 'stages', 'covid', 'outbreak']
['countries', 'namely', 'china', 'spain', 'italy']
['mapped']
['stage', 'imported', 'cases']
['first', 'stage', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'particular']
['nation', 'characterized', 'first', 'reported', 'incident', 'covid', 'stage', 'disease']
['spread', 'locally', 'infection', 'usually', 'limited']
['people', 'travel', 'history', 'already', 'affected', 'region']
['stage', 'sporadic', 'cases', 'local', 'transmission']
['second', 'stage', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'occurs']
['there', 'sporadic', 'cases', 'disease', 'country']
['happens', 'people', 'already', 'infected']
['disease', 'spread', 'people', 'contact']
['usually', 'immediate', 'family', 'members', 'friends', 'colleagues']
['stage', 'possible', 'perform', 'contact', 'tracing']
['limit', 'spread', 'disease', 'quarantining', 'infected']
['people']
['90230', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['figure', 'countries', 'lockdown', 'april', 'source', 'media', 'reports']
['stage', 'clusters', 'cases']
['third', 'stage', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'country']
['marked', 'presence', 'several', 'clusters', 'covid']
['cases', 'disease', 'causing', 'virus', 'starts', 'circulating']
['within', 'geographic', 'location', 'infects', 'individuals']
['neither', 'history', 'travel', 'contact', 'someone']
['stage', 'becomes', 'trace', 'source', 'virus']
['transmission', 'geographical', 'lockdown', 'becomes', 'highly']
['necessary', 'prevent', 'outbreak', 'reaching', 'stage']
['stage', 'community', 'transmission']
['fourth', 'stage', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'associated', 'community', 'transmission', 'larger']
['outbreaks', 'local', 'transmission', 'country', 'leading']
['extremely', 'number', 'reported', 'incidents', 'deaths']
['stage', 'outbreak', 'control', 'finding']
['vaccine', 'mitigate', 'impact']
['disease', 'countries', 'turkey', 'canada']
['currently', 'fourth', 'stage', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['impact', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['global', 'economy']
['owing', 'concrete', 'treatment', 'strategy', 'social']
['distancing', 'identified', 'possible', 'defense']
['strategy', 'against', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['writing', 'however', 'social', 'distancing', 'prompted']
['governments', 'around', 'world', 'impose', 'lockdowns', 'refer']
['which', 'marked', 'global']
['economy', 'essential', 'services', 'forced']
['causing', 'virtually', 'industrial', 'sectors', 'nificant', 'disruptions', 'supply', 'chain', 'refer', 'table']
['consequently', 'putting', 'billions', 'people', 'losing']
['their', 'furthermore', 'rapid', 'outbreak', 'covid']
['forced', 'governments', 'restrict', 'trade', 'majority', 'goods']
['across', 'country', 'borders', 'leaving', 'international', 'trade', 'flows']
['verge', 'collapse', 'according', 'projections', 'forth']
['jpmorgan', 'chase', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['potential', 'paralyze', 'global', 'economy', 'mated', 'trillion', 'dollars']
['months', 'section', 'analyze', 'impact']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'overall', 'economy', 'oughly', 'dissecting', 'impact', 'different', 'economic', 'sectors']
['automotive', 'industry']
['automotive', 'industry', 'major', 'disruptions', 'duction', 'stringent', 'lockdown', 'measures', 'enforced', 'countries', 'worldwide', 'effort', 'contain', 'pandemic']
['social', 'distancing', 'enforced', 'people', 'required']
['their', 'homes', 'usage', 'automobiles', 'including']
['public', 'private', 'transport', 'declined', 'across', 'world']
['automobiles', 'currently', 'vehicles', 'associated']
['essential', 'services']
['relevant', 'statistics']
['china', 'automobile', 'industry']
['sales', 'sales', 'january']
['despite', 'containment', 'efforts', 'number', 'escalated']
['february', 'which', 'biggest']
['experienced', 'chinese', 'automotive', 'indus']
['march', 'sales', 'passenger', 'vehicles']
['commercial', 'vehicles', 'india', 'decline']
['volume', '90231v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['table', 'industries', 'hardest', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['respectively', 'dealers', 'forced']
['their', 'showrooms', 'following', 'government', 'stipulations']
['limit', 'spread', 'covid']
['according', 'european', 'automobile', 'manufacturers']
['association', 'combined', 'production', 'losses']
['european', 'union', 'united', 'amount', 'million', 'vehicles']
['april', 'additionally', 'employment']
['million', 'people', 'adversely', 'affected']
['factory', 'shutdowns']
['covid', 'outbreak', 'forced', 'major', 'automakers', 'including', 'general', 'motors']
['others', 'suspend', 'their', 'production', 'activi', 'according', 'estimates', 'published']
['alliance', 'automotive', 'innovation', 'march']
['automobile', 'production', 'plants', 'forced']
['close', 'following', 'covid', 'break']
['aviation', 'industry']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'massive', 'impact']
['aviation', 'industry', 'affected', 'countries', 'which', 'includes', 'almost']
['nations', 'forced', 'impose', 'travel']
['international', 'domestic', 'passenger', 'flights', 'active']
['airways', 'include', 'critical', 'supply', 'routes', 'support', 'cargo']
['freight', 'aircraft']
['relevant', 'statistics']
['recent', 'report', 'published', 'international']
['transport', 'association', 'global', 'travel']
['demand', 'increased', 'january']
['which', 'lowest', 'increase', 'registered']
['decade', 'major', 'disruption', 'travel', 'demand']
['however', 'recorded', 'between', 'march']
['reported', 'number', 'operational', 'flights', 'meted', 'sharp', 'decline', 'flights']
['reported', 'period']
['according', 'recent', 'estimates', 'airline']
['industry', 'track', 'dollars', 'revenues', 'globally', 'following']
['covid', 'crisis']
['airline', 'services', 'currently', 'stalled', 'demand']
['purchase', 'aircraft', 'dropped', 'total']
['number', 'aircraft', 'orders', 'decreased']
[]
['tourism', 'industry']
['tourism', 'industry', 'worst', 'affected']
['industries', 'following', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'revenues']
['generated', 'tourism', 'sector', 'account']
['world', 'therefore', 'adversity', 'faced', 'tourism']
['sector', 'potential', 'global', 'economy', 'severely']
['relevant', 'statistics']
['according', 'world', 'travel', 'tourism', 'estimations', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'could']
['layoff', 'about', 'million', 'people', 'associated']
['tourism', 'industry', 'worldwide']
['figures', 'issued', 'united', 'nations', 'world']
['tourism', 'organisation', 'unwto', 'international', 'visitor']
['arrivals', 'could', 'which', 'responds', 'billion', 'dollars']
['international', 'tourism', 'receipts']
['industry']
['shutdown', 'international', 'domestic', 'passenger', 'craft', 'across', 'world', 'resulted', 'drastic', 'decline']
['consumption', 'aviation', 'similarly', 'ground']
['essential', 'traffic', 'remains', 'stalled', 'causing', 'sharp', 'decline']
['global', 'demand']
['relevant', 'statistics']
['china', 'demand', 'crude', 'fallen', 'around']
['million', 'barrels', 'which', 'corresponds']
['total', 'consumption']
['90232', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['brent', 'crude', 'benchmark', 'collapsed']
['first', 'quarter', 'while', 'texas', 'intermedi', 'benchmark', 'recorded']
['prices', 'plummeting', 'nearly', 'dollars']
['these', 'benchmarks', 'recorded', 'their', 'worst', 'quarter']
['history']
['construction', 'industry']
['construction', 'firms', 'likely', 'severe', 'disruptions']
['delays', 'current', 'projects', 'account', 'covid', 'demic', 'majority', 'workforce', 'being', 'unable']
['result', 'stringent', 'quarantine', 'guidelines']
['construction', 'firms', 'required', 'cease', 'essential']
['operations', 'until', 'outbreak', 'contained', 'likely']
['result', 'large', 'scale', 'scheduling', 'existing', 'projects']
['which', 'might', 'severe', 'losses', 'industry']
['relevant', 'statistics']
['within', 'first', 'months', 'fixed', 'asset']
['investment', 'china', 'dropped', 'while']
['estate', 'development', 'dropped']
['widespread', 'impact', 'covid', 'outbreak']
['construction', 'sector', 'china', 'other', 'leading']
['economies', 'prompted', 'globaldata3']
['update', 'construction', 'growth']
[]
['industry']
['comparison', 'other', 'sectors', 'impact', 'covid']
['pandemic', 'severe', 'industry', 'recog', 'nition', 'essential', 'commodity', 'allowed', 'supply']
['chains', 'associated', 'products', 'remain', 'operational']
['agriculture', 'organization']
['united', 'nations', 'packaged', 'demand', 'risen']
['significantly', 'months', 'following', 'covid', 'break', 'however']
['industry', 'affected', 'while', 'supply', 'chains']
['essential', 'items', 'restaurants', 'cafes']
['other', 'luxury', 'service', 'providers', 'forced']
['furthermore', 'several', 'grocery', 'store', 'owners']
['supermarkets', 'often', 'finding', 'themselves', 'unable']
['rising', 'demands', 'owing', 'panic', 'buying', 'stocking']
['supplies', 'masses']
['healthcare', 'medical', 'industry']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'devastating', 'effect']
['healthcare', 'systems', 'across', 'world', 'while', 'industrial']
['sectors', 'economically', 'affected', 'tivity', 'caused', 'result', 'lockdown', 'measures', 'travel']
['healthcare', 'industry', 'witnessing']
['stagnation', 'hospitals', 'across', 'world', 'currently', 'facing']
['shortage', 'ventilators', 'intensive', 'units']
['personal', 'protective', 'equipment', 'required', 'manage']
['covid', 'patients', 'healthcare', 'systems']
[]
['analytics', 'consulting', 'company']
['developed', 'countries', 'world', 'brink', 'lapse', 'exponentially', 'increasing', 'number', 'covid', 'patients']
['telecommunications', 'industry']
['impact', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'telecom', 'munications', 'industry', 'sporadic', 'various', 'telecom', 'munication', 'service', 'providers', 'internet', 'service']
['providers', 'reported', 'witnessing', 'massive', 'increase']
['traffic', 'large', 'scale', 'consumption', 'network', 'width', 'attributed', 'governments', 'lockdown']
['efforts', 'which', 'forced', 'educational', 'institutions']
['online', 'platforms', 'teaching', 'companies', 'allow', 'their']
['employees', 'however', 'covid', 'demic', 'telecommunications', 'sector', 'unscathed']
['other', 'industrial', 'companies', 'majority']
['recorded', 'massive', 'their', 'share', 'prices']
['months', 'globaldata', 'share', 'price', 'analysis']
['worldwide', 'revealed']
['share', 'prices', 'telecom', 'behemoths', 'china', 'telecom']
['telefonica', 'plummeted', 'between', 'march']
['large', 'scale', 'implications', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['global', 'economy', 'attributed', 'substandard', 'response']
['system', 'adopted', 'following', 'initial', 'outbreak', 'although']
['response', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'nized', 'response', 'previous', 'epidemics', 'pandemics']
['issues', 'current', 'epidemic', 'pandemic', 'response', 'remain', 'table', 'lists', 'underlying', 'issues']
['current', 'response', 'along', 'learning', 'points', 'future']
['public', 'health', 'emergency', 'management', 'these', 'lessons']
['relevant', 'other', 'health', 'crises']
['there', 'second', 'third', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['future']
['diagnostic', 'testing', 'covid']
['given', 'significant', 'spurt', 'covid', 'cases', 'across']
['world', 'months', 'carefully', 'devised', 'strategy']
['reliable', 'diagnosis', 'onset']
['stage', 'stage', 'covid', 'outbreak']
['prompted', 'majority', 'countries', 'worldwide', 'extend']
['their', 'scope', 'testing', 'beyond', 'individuals', 'foreign', 'travel']
['history', 'however', 'insufficient', 'number', 'large', 'scale', 'testing', 'covid', 'infeasible']
['furthermore', 'inability', 'distinguish', 'symptoms']
['covid', 'symptoms', 'common']
['difficult', 'governments', 'across', 'world', 'determine', 'fixed']
['criteria', 'required', 'carry']
['issued', 'priority', 'based', 'testing', 'criteria', 'guide', 'evaluation']
['covid', 'cases', 'criteria', 'assign', 'highest', 'priority']
['healthcare', 'workers', 'hospitalized', 'patients', 'showing', 'covid', 'infection', 'while', 'symptomatic', 'patients']
['above', 'having', 'existing', 'medical', 'conditions']
['given', 'second', 'priority', 'entire', 'guidelines']
['testing', 'criteria', 'listed', 'official', 'website']
[]
['volume', '90233v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['table', 'lessons', 'drawn', 'current', 'response', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['contact', 'tracing']
['contact', 'tracing', 'refers', 'process', 'identifying', 'people']
['history', 'exposure', 'infected', 'individuals', 'tively', 'incubation', 'period', 'associated', 'covid']
['absence', 'large', 'scale', 'testing', 'extremely']
['challenging', 'authorities', 'identify', 'actual', 'number']
['infected', 'patients', 'leaves', 'process', 'contact', 'viable', 'option', 'according']
['process', 'contact', 'tracing', 'involves', 'three', 'steps']
['identifying', 'individuals', 'history', 'contact']
['infected', 'person']
['recording', 'details', 'those', 'individuals']
['getting', 'those', 'individuals', 'tested', 'possible']
['adopting', 'process', 'contact', 'tracing', 'particularly']
['advantageous', 'countries', 'currently', 'first']
['second', 'stage', 'covid', 'outbreak']
['clinical', 'tests', 'covid', 'detection']
['developing', 'accurate', 'reliable', 'tests', 'diagnose']
['infection', 'individuals', 'essential']
['rapid', 'transmission', 'currently', 'available', 'covid', 'tests']
['broadly', 'classified', 'types']
['molecular', 'tests']
['recommended', 'nucleic', 'amplification']
['emerged', 'popular', 'detect', 'active', 'infection', 'these', 'tests', 'involve']
['nasopharyngeal', 'technique', 'wherein']
['sample', 'comprising', 'mixture', 'mucus', 'saliva', 'obtained']
['throat', 'upper', 'respiratory', 'tract', 'using']
['cotton', 'kindly', 'refer', 'table', 'details', 'other']
['types', 'sample', 'collection', 'techniques', 'however']
['person', 'being', 'tested', 'suffering', 'severe', 'respiratory']
['ailments', 'recommends', 'obtaining', 'specimens']
['lower', 'respiratory', 'tract', 'these', 'samples']
['brought', 'specialized', 'laboratory', 'where']
['assessed', 'detecting', 'presence', 'viral', 'using']
['reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction']
['diagnosis', 'covid']
['confirmed', 'identifies', 'either']
['presence', 'discriminatory', 'targets']
['genome', 'which', 'preferably']
['explicit']
['presence', 'betacoronavirus', 'followed', 'tification', 'using', 'partial', 'complete']
['sequencing', 'virus', 'genome', 'target', 'sequence']
['should', 'larger', 'amplicon', 'which']
['assay']
['viral', 'genes', 'being', 'targeted', 'nucleic', 'ampli', 'fication', 'tests', 'naats', 'genes']
['identification', 'single', 'generates']
['repeat', 'patient', 'subsequent']
['tests', 'recommends', 'using', 'different', 'specimen']
['target', 'sequence', 'initial']
['90234', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['table', 'various', 'techniques', 'coronavirus', 'sample', 'collection']
['table', 'covid', 'candidate', 'vaccines', 'clinical', 'evaluations']
['while', 'naats', 'sensitivity', 'positive']
['specificity', 'negative', 'their', 'drawbacks']
['diagnose', 'current', 'cases', 'infection']
['provide', 'insights', 'whether', 'someone']
['infection', 'earlier']
['serological', 'tests']
['unlike', 'molecular', 'tests', 'detect', 'presence', 'virus']
['itself', 'serological', 'tests', 'detect', 'existence']
['antibodies', 'bloodstream', 'person', 'being', 'tested']
['antibodies', 'proteins', 'formed', 'white', 'blood', 'cells']
['combat', 'specific', 'antigen', 'enabling', 'healthcare', 'experts']
['identify', 'individuals', 'developed', 'immune', 'response']
['infection', 'serological', 'tests', 'potential']
['massive', 'fight', 'against', 'covid', 'however']
['serological', 'tests', 'significant', 'shortcoming']
['ability', 'detect', 'disease', 'during', 'early']
['still', 'building', 'antibodies', 'against']
['infection']
['treatment']
['covid', 'caused', 'novel']
['world', 'unprecedented', 'state', 'severe', 'disarray']
['writing', 'definitive', 'treatment', 'preventive', 'vaccine']
['exists', 'coronavirus', 'treatment', 'covid', 'mostly', 'symptomatic', 'treatment', 'admin', 'istered', 'depends', 'specific', 'symptoms', 'exhibited']
['patient']
['cases', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'classified']
['patients', 'recovering', 'their', 'without']
['supportive', 'therefore', 'recommended']
['patients', 'covid', 'symptoms', 'managed']
['volume', '90235v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['avoid', 'placing', 'additional', 'strain', 'already', 'stressed']
['health', 'systems', 'however', 'severe', 'critical', 'cases', 'covid', 'require', 'hospitalization', 'patients', 'experiencing']
['hypoxemia4', 'require', 'provision', 'additional', 'oxygen']
['masks', 'ventilators', 'infections', 'occur']
['result', 'weakened', 'immune', 'system', 'virus']
['treated', 'necessary', 'antibiotics', 'antifungals']
['basis', 'virus', 'affect']
['kidney', 'renal', 'replacement', 'therapy', 'might', 'required']
['cases', 'patients', 'diagnosed']
['disease', 'under', 'strict', 'isolation', 'irrespective']
['severity', 'symptoms', 'order', 'prevent', 'further']
['transmission']
['while', 'definitive', 'antiviral', 'medicine', 'preventive', 'available', 'various', 'attempts']
['being', 'available', 'commercial']
['possible', 'following', 'subsections', 'address']
['efforts', 'being', 'produce', 'potent', 'vaccines', 'drugs']
['covid', 'treatment']
['vaccine', 'development']
['developing', 'vaccines', 'viral', 'diseases', 'particularly', 'lenging', 'owing', 'their', 'capability', 'mutate', 'another', 'nevertheless', 'development', 'reliable']
['potent', 'vaccinations', 'viable', 'bringing']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'following', 'outbreak']
['various', 'medical', 'organizations', 'independent', 'laboratories']
['scientists', 'attempting', 'create', 'vaccine']
['according', 'april']
['around', 'candidate', 'vaccines', 'clinical', 'stage']
['while', 'already', 'entered', 'clinical', 'evaluations', 'refer']
['significant', 'efforts', 'being']
['direction', 'covid', 'vaccine', 'development']
['follows']
['moderna']
['moderna', 'based', 'biotech', 'company', 'forth']
['vaccine', 'candidate', 'collaboration', 'national', 'insti', 'allergy', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'niaid', 'moderna']
['approach', 'based', 'injection', 'genetic']
['virus', 'genome', 'human', 'cells', 'allow', 'generate']
['proteins', 'required', 'combat', 'virus', 'unlike', 'methods']
['adopted', 'conventional', 'vaccines', 'approach']
['require', 'growing', 'large', 'numbers', 'virus', 'although']
['vaccine', 'entered', 'first', 'phase', 'clinical', 'trials']
['march', 'commercial', 'release', 'expected']
[]
['cansino']
['another', 'candidate', 'vaccine', 'undergoing', 'clinical', 'uations', 'adenovirus', 'vector', 'based', 'recombinant']
['covid', 'vaccine', 'developed', 'cansino']
['biological', 'association', 'beijing', 'institute']
['technology', 'replicating', 'viral']
[]
['level', 'arterial', 'oxygen', 'supply']
['figure', 'covid', 'preventive', 'measures']
['vector', 'platform', 'their']
['vaccine', 'ebola', 'vaccine', 'relies', 'ovirus', 'vector', 'stimulate', 'immune', 'responses']
['against', 'disease', 'given', 'positive', 'response', 'recorded']
['first', 'phase', 'clinical', 'trials', 'cansino', 'might']
['expedited', 'phase', 'clinical', 'trial']
['pittcovacc', 'pittsburgh', 'coronavirus', 'vaccine']
['researchers', 'university', 'pittsburgh', 'school']
['medicine', 'recently', 'developed', 'vaccine', 'against']
['named', 'pittcovacc', 'unlike']
['vaccine', 'candidate', 'developed', 'moderna', 'pittcovacc', 'adopts']
['conventional', 'method', 'building', 'immunity', 'using']
['laboratory', 'generated', 'pieces', 'viral', 'protein', 'preliminary']
['tests', 'conducted', 'revealed', 'pittcovacc', 'triggered']
['development', 'large', 'number', 'antibodies', 'against']
['within', 'weeks', 'being', 'administered']
['pending', 'approval', 'phase', 'clinical', 'trials']
['vaccine', 'slated', 'commence']
['johnson', 'johnson', 'covid', 'vaccine']
['healthcare', 'conglomerate', 'johnson', 'johnson']
['biomedical', 'advanced', 'research', 'development', 'authority']
['barda', 'subdivision', 'department', 'health']
['human', 'services', 'pledged', 'collectively', 'invest']
['billion', 'dollars', 'covid', 'cines', 'march', 'johnson', 'johnson', 'declared']
['identified', 'candidate', 'vaccine', 'after', 'three', 'months']
['comprehensive', 'research', 'several', 'vaccine', 'candidates']
['collaboration', 'israel', 'deaconess', 'medical', 'center']
['90236', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['table', 'promising', 'candidate', 'drugs', 'treatment', 'covid']
['division', 'harvard', 'medical', 'school', 'johnson', 'johnson']
['plans', 'launch', 'clinical', 'trials', 'candidate', 'vaccine']
['september', 'latest']
['multiple', 'efforts']
['coalition', 'epidemic', 'preparedness', 'innovations']
['norway', 'based', 'foundation', 'established', 'expedite']
['development', 'vaccines', 'against', 'emerging', 'infectious']
['diseases', 'initiated', 'collaborations', 'several', 'organiza', 'tions', 'institutes', 'across', 'world', 'development']
['effective', 'vaccines', 'against']
['glaxosmithkline', 'announced', 'partnership']
['february', 'which', 'existing']
['adjuvant', 'technology', 'available', 'febru', 'struck', 'partnership', 'international']
['vaccine', 'institute', 'international', 'organization', 'based']
['republic', 'korea', 'which', 'shares', 'vision', 'covid']
['world', 'under', 'terms', 'partnership']
['render', 'technical', 'expertise', 'sponsored']
['projects', 'exchange', 'which', 'receive', 'funding']
['addition', 'partnership', 'efforts']
['pledged', 'initial', 'funding', 'various', 'institutes', 'including']
['university', 'queensland', 'university']
['university', 'oxford', 'pasteur', 'institute', 'accelerate']
['development', 'effective', 'vaccines', 'against']
['invested', 'million']
['dollars', 'various', 'covid', 'vaccines']
['although', 'researchers', 'around', 'world', 'making', 'deter', 'mined', 'attempts', 'vaccine', 'extirpation']
['covid', 'imminent', 'arrival', 'effective', 'seems', 'implausible', 'reasons']
['mentioned', 'below']
['coronavirus', 'outbreaks', 'namely']
['observed', 'vaccine']
['administered', 'individual', 'there', 'sudden']
['increase', 'immune', 'response', 'cytokine', 'bursts']
['cytokine', 'bursts', 'often', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'distress']
['syndrome', 'which', 'considered', 'leading']
['cause', 'death', 'covid', 'patients', 'avoid']
['complications', 'ensure', 'vaccines', 'currently']
['development', 'prove', 'counter', 'effective', 'later']
['necessary', 'certify', 'these', 'vaccines']
['safety', 'profile']
['sometimes', 'single', 'vaccine', 'sufficient']
['develop', 'sufficient', 'antibodies', 'example', 'hepatitis']
['vaccine', 'given', 'doses', 'months', 'apart']
['identified', 'scale', 'production']
['covid', 'vaccine', 'world', 'requirements']
['anticipated', 'adding', 'multiple']
['doses', 'across', 'several', 'months', 'required']
['longer', 'before', 'vaccines']
['bringing', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['potential', 'drugs', 'treatment']
['pharmaceutical', 'companies', 'potential']
['drugs', 'solutions', 'treat', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'while']
['globally', 'approved', 'several', 'these', 'drugs']
['being', 'tried', 'various', 'phases']
['clinical', 'trials', 'refer', 'table', 'april']
['clinical', 'trials', 'worldwide', 'listed']
['international', 'clinical', 'trials', 'registry', 'platform', 'ictrp']
['among', 'drugs', 'being', 'tested', 'remdesivir', 'hydroxychloro', 'quine', 'arbidol', 'shown', 'immense', 'promise']
['already', 'undergoing', 'clinical', 'trials', 'several', 'hospitals', 'across']
['world', 'earlier', 'arbidol', 'shown']
['promising', 'results', 'against', 'pathogens']
['virus', 'cellular', 'models', 'proven']
['effective', 'against', 'influenza', 'viruses']
['hepatitis', 'virus']
['volume', '90237v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['another', 'emerged', 'candidate', 'treat']
['covid', 'shuang', 'huang', 'known']
['traditional', 'chinese', 'treat', 'various', 'bacterial']
['viral', 'infections', 'chinese', 'researchers', 'reported']
['liquid', 'inhibitory', 'properties', 'against', 'virus', 'presence', 'baicalin', 'chlorogenic']
['forsythin', 'which', 'known', 'inhibitory', 'effects']
['against', 'multiple', 'pathogenic', 'viruses', 'impor', 'however', 'currently', 'there', 'conclusive']
['evidence', 'backing', 'liquid', 'treatment']
['covid']
['although', 'various', 'attempts', 'being', 'develop']
['efficient', 'treatment', 'strategies', 'against', 'covid', 'mercially', 'viable', 'vaccine', 'might', 'possible', 'least']
['another', 'therefore', 'disease']
['spreading', 'further', 'limit', 'exposure', 'infected']
['individuals', 'infected', 'individuals', 'following', 'section']
['discuss', 'various', 'preventive', 'measures', 'suggested']
['against', 'covid']
['preventive', 'measures']
['world', 'continues', 'suffer', 'covid', 'health']
['crisis', 'essential', 'follow', 'effective', 'preventive', 'measures']
['minimize', 'likelihood', 'becoming', 'another']
['casualty', 'individuals', 'communities', 'comply']
['practices', 'mentioned', 'below', 'world', 'witness', 'tened', 'covid', 'curve', 'flattening', 'curve', 'implies', 'bringing']
['spread', 'covid', 'extent', 'where', 'avail', 'healthcare', 'facilities', 'sufficiently', 'handle', 'impact']
['disease']
['clean', 'hands', 'frequently', 'alcohol', 'based']
['sanitizer', 'thoroughly', 'water']
['practice', 'social', 'distancing', 'yourself']
['distance', 'least', 'meter', 'others']
['unless', 'absolutely', 'necessary']
['individuals', 'above', 'people', 'underlying', 'health', 'ditions', 'pregnant', 'women', 'especially', 'advised']
['social', 'interactions']
['avoid', 'touching', 'mouth', 'without']
['thoroughly', 'cleansing', 'hands']
['frequently', 'touched', 'surfaces', 'doorknobs', 'desks']
['phones', 'light', 'switches', 'laptops', 'should', 'routinely']
['disinfected']
['cover', 'coughs', 'sneezes', 'cloth', 'handkerchief']
['tissue', 'these', 'readily', 'available', 'cough', 'sneezing', 'elbow', 'advisable']
['advisable', 'masks', 'around', 'other', 'people', 'should', 'taken', 'ensure', 'their', 'proper', 'posal']
['rapid', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'placed', 'sincere']
['emphasis', 'follow', 'practices', 'daily']
['washing', 'hands', 'taking', 'regular', 'baths', 'improving', 'eating']
['habits', 'important']
['hygiene', 'practices', 'eating', 'habits', 'should', 'followed']
['during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'after']
['emerging', 'technologies', 'mitigating']
['impact', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['novel', 'coronavirus', 'continues', 'onslaught', 'across']
['globe', 'world', 'reeling', 'under', 'weight', 'crashing']
['economies', 'piling', 'casualties', 'unfortunately', 'billions']
['people', 'still', 'under', 'constant', 'threat', 'infection']
['situation', 'likely', 'better', 'coming', 'multitude', 'technological', 'approaches', 'emerging']
['impacts', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'among']
['digital', 'technologies', 'including', 'blockchain']
['generation', 'telecommunication', 'networks']
['forefront', 'according']
['digital', 'technologies', 'essential']
['improving', 'public', 'health', 'response', 'covid']
['pandemic', 'following', 'sections', 'explore']
['efficacy', 'aforementioned', 'technologies', 'allaying']
['disastrous', 'impacts', 'covid', 'pandemic']
[]
['internet', 'medical', 'things', 'referred']
['healthcare', 'amalgamation', 'medical', 'devices']
['software', 'applications', 'offering', 'extensive', 'healthcare', 'vices', 'connected', 'healthcare', 'systems', 'refer']
['recent', 'times']
['witnessed', 'surge', 'number', 'potential', 'applica', 'tions', 'surge', 'attributed']
['increasing', 'number', 'mobile', 'devices', 'equipped']
['field', 'communication', 'readers', 'allow', 'these']
['devices', 'interact', 'systems', 'applications']
['include', 'monitoring', 'patients', 'remote', 'tracking', 'medication', 'orders', 'using', 'wearables']
['transmit', 'health', 'information', 'concerned', 'health']
['professionals']
['owing', 'their', 'ability', 'collect', 'analyze', 'transmit']
['health', 'efficiently', 'health', 'sector', 'realized']
['transformative', 'potential', 'technologies']
['ongoing', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'several', 'innovators']
['medical', 'organizations', 'government', 'bodies', 'looking']
['leverage', 'tools', 'order', 'reduce', 'burden']
['healthcare', 'systems', 'following', 'sections', 'explore']
['various', 'technologies', 'sizable']
['contribution', 'monitoring', 'consequently', 'managing']
['impact', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['smart', 'thermometers']
['eight', 'years', 'health', 'technology', 'company', 'named']
['kinsa', 'launched', 'internet', 'connected', 'thermometers']
['screen', 'people', 'fevers', 'although', 'these', 'thermometers']
['initially', 'developed', 'track', 'common']
['nevertheless', 'proving', 'highly', 'useful', 'identifying']
['potential', 'covid', 'clusters', 'throughout', 'following']
['covid', 'outbreak', 'kinsa', 'health', 'deployed']
['million', 'smart', 'thermometers', 'households', 'various']
['cities', 'these', 'thermometers', 'linked', 'mobile']
['application', 'which', 'allows', 'transmit', 'their', 'readings']
['company', 'immediately', 'received']
['90238', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['figure']
['assimilated', 'kinsa', 'generate', 'daily', 'showing', 'which']
['regions', 'witnessing', 'increase', 'fevers']
['thereby', 'allowing', 'authorities', 'identify', 'potential']
['hotspots', 'years', 'kinsa', 'interactive']
['proven', 'highly', 'accurate', 'timely', 'prediction']
['spread', 'around', 'outdoing', 'official']
['terms', 'promptness', 'prediction']
['buttons']
['maintain', 'cleaning', 'standards', 'limit', 'number']
['hospital', 'acquired', 'infections', 'several', 'hospitals']
['vancouver', 'installed', 'battery', 'operated', 'buttons']
['these', 'buttons', 'named', 'wanda', 'quicktouch', 'designed']
['rapid', 'deployment', 'facility', 'irrespective', 'their']
['order', 'issue', 'prompt', 'alerts', 'management', 'warning']
['sanitation', 'maintenance', 'issue']
['public', 'safety', 'remarkable', 'feature', 'these', 'buttons']
['their', 'independence', 'external', 'infrastructure', 'their', 'ability']
['stick', 'given', 'surface']
['telemedicine']
['practice', 'using', 'technologies', 'facilitate', 'remote']
['patient', 'monitoring', 'called', 'telemedicine', 'known']
['telehealth', 'practice', 'allows', 'clinicians', 'evaluate']
['diagnose', 'treat', 'patients', 'without', 'needing', 'physi', 'interaction', 'following', 'outbreak']
['highly', 'contagious', 'covid', 'several']
['telemedicine', 'platforms', 'faced', 'rapid', 'surge']
['traffic', 'recently', 'health', 'commerce', 'platform']
['healthcare', 'solutions', 'reported', 'witnessing', 'considerable']
['demand', 'online', 'consultations', 'since', 'outbreak']
['covid', 'office', 'civil']
['rights', 'centers', 'medicare', 'medicaid']
['services', 'waived', 'certain', 'medicare', 'rules']
['allowing', 'doctors', 'provide', 'their', 'patients', 'remote', 'expertise', 'telehealth', 'platforms', 'following']
['relaxations', 'these', 'regulations', 'texas', 'based', 'multinational']
['telemedicine', 'company', 'teladoc', 'health', 'reported', 'increase', 'demand', 'telemedicine', 'solutions']
['surge', 'demand', 'prompted', 'share', 'prices']
['weeks']
['benefits', 'adopting', 'telehealth', 'techniques']
['twofold', 'lessened', 'burden', 'overworked']
['hospital', 'staff', 'reduced', 'emanation']
['virus', 'infected', 'individuals', 'healthcare', 'person', 'mentioned', 'below', 'which', 'telemedicine']
['platforms', 'being', 'around', 'world', 'manage']
['impact', 'covid']
['george', 'washington', 'university', 'hospi', 'adopted', 'several', 'telemedicine']
['strategies', 'including', 'video', 'consultations', 'webinars', 'provide', 'remote', 'medical', 'expertise']
['several', 'people']
['another', 'university', 'hospital']
['university', 'medical', 'center', 'adopted']
['telemedicine', 'platforms', 'facilitate', 'demand', 'video']
['consultations', 'however', 'health', 'professionals']
['university', 'medical', 'center', 'using', 'consul', 'tations', 'provide', 'medical', 'expertise', 'people']
['screen', 'covid']
['india', 'state', 'governments', 'andhra', 'pradesh']
['assam', 'rolled', 'telemedicine', 'facilities', 'enable']
['remote', 'interaction', 'potential', 'covid', 'patients']
['medical', 'experts']
['israel', 'largest', 'hospital', 'sheba', 'medical', 'center']
['several', 'telehealth', 'technologies', 'monitor']
['israeli', 'passengers', 'board', 'cruise']
['quarantined', 'japan', 'several', 'weeks', 'sheba', 'medical', 'center', 'employed']
['telemedicine', 'strategies', 'treat', 'these', 'passengers']
['remotely', 'ensure', 'minimal', 'human', 'contact', 'while']
['treating', 'within', 'hospital', 'premises']
['months', 'several', 'telemedicine', 'tools']
['telemedicine', 'carts', 'teleconsultation', 'software', 'portable']
['tablets', 'proved', 'their', 'merit', 'fight', 'against']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'however', 'potential']
['telemedicine', 'realized', 'existing', 'telemedicine']
['platforms', 'conjunction', 'other', 'technologies']
['drones', 'robots', 'smart', 'wearables', 'generation']
['cellular', 'networks', 'refer', 'consolidation', 'these']
['technologies', 'existing', 'telehealth', 'platforms', 'allow']
['dynamic', 'healthcare', 'ecosystem', 'enable', 'remote']
['monitoring', 'distant', 'clinical', 'patients']
['cases', 'covid']
['range', 'cases', 'presented', 'above', 'indicates']
['potential', 'solving', 'unprecedented', 'lenges', 'posed', 'covid', 'however', 'tools', 'discussed']
['above', 'small', 'subset', 'larger', 'domain']
['sections', 'follow', 'thoroughly', 'dissect']
['prominent', 'technologies', 'linked']
['ranging', 'impact', 'battle', 'against', 'covid', 'namely']
['drone', 'technology', 'robots', 'wearables']
['drone', 'technology']
['during', 'times', 'public', 'health', 'emergency']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'drones', 'offer']
['volume', '90239v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['figure', 'various', 'technologies', 'enabling', 'telemedicine']
['advantages', 'ensure', 'minimized', 'human']
['interaction', 'reach', 'otherwise']
['inaccessible', 'areas', 'china', 'first', 'country', 'wrath']
['covid', 'great', 'drone', 'technology']
['counter', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'taking', 'inspiration']
['several', 'countries', 'around', 'world', 'joined', 'forces']
['numerous', 'researchers', 'innovators', 'attempt']
['ingenious', 'using', 'drones', 'fight', 'covid', 'refer']
['section', 'explore', 'numerous', 'benefits']
['drones', 'provide', 'terms', 'managing', 'covid']
['pandemic', 'other', 'future', 'outbreak']
['crowd', 'surveillance']
['contain', 'spread', 'covid', 'governments', 'around']
['world', 'taking', 'necessary', 'steps', 'ensure', 'social']
['distancing', 'countries', 'around', 'world']
['including', 'china', 'india', 'adopted', 'drone', 'technol', 'crowd', 'surveillance']
['micromulticopter', 'leading', 'industrial', 'drone', 'manufac', 'turer', 'based', 'shenzhen', 'china', 'deployed']
['drones', 'several', 'cities', 'china', 'attempt', 'areas', 'observe', 'crowds', 'efficiently', 'drones']
['equipped', 'speakers', 'instruc', 'tions', 'people', 'compliance', 'guidelines', 'issued']
['chinese', 'government']
['india', 'global', 'technology', 'solutions', 'company', 'named']
['cyient', 'provided', 'telangana', 'police', 'unmanned']
['aerial', 'spectrum', 'monitoring', 'technology', 'manage']
['covid', 'lockdown', 'drones', 'deployed', 'equipped']
['surveillance', 'cameras', 'effectively', 'monitor', 'sitive', 'areas', 'allow', 'police', 'handle']
['unwarranted', 'situation', 'promptly']
['public', 'announcements']
['addition', 'crowd', 'surveillance', 'drones', 'prove']
['highly', 'useful', 'broadcasting', 'important', 'information', 'ticularly', 'areas', 'channels', 'communica', 'police', 'authority', 'madrid', 'spain', 'drone']
['equipped', 'loudspeaker', 'inform', 'people', 'guide', 'lines', 'place', 'regarding', 'state', 'emergency']
['imposed', 'additionally', 'several', 'other', 'european', 'tries', 'regularly', 'drones', 'public', 'announce', 'ments', 'emploring', 'people', 'practice', 'social', 'distancing', 'norms']
['taking', 'other', 'necessary', 'precautions', 'limit', 'spread']
['disease']
['screening', 'masses']
['following', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'several', 'authorities']
['china', 'committed', 'themselves', 'detect', 'covid', 'patients']
['possible', 'employed', 'drones']
['equipped', 'infrared', 'cameras', 'carry', 'large', 'scale', 'perature', 'measurements', 'several', 'residential', 'areas']
['india', 'authorities', 'delhi', 'employed']
['multipurpose', 'drone', 'contain', 'spread']
['covid', 'dubbed', 'corona', 'combat', 'drone']
['equipped', 'thermal', 'camera', 'screening', 'individuals']
['90240', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['figure', 'covid', 'impact', 'management']
['night', 'vision', 'camera', 'monitoring', 'crowd', 'portable']
['medical', 'carrying', 'essential', 'medical', 'supplies', 'speaker', 'making', 'announcements', 'disinfectant']
['capacity', 'liters', 'sanitizing', 'public']
['spaces', 'unlike', 'infrared', 'thermometers', 'temperature', 'person', 'drone']
['measure', 'temperature', 'multiple', 'people']
['simultaneously']
['addition', 'these', 'efforts', 'researchers', 'university']
['south', 'australia', 'association', 'canada', 'based']
['commercial', 'manufacturer', 'draganfly', 'process']
['developing', 'pandemic', 'drone', 'remotely', 'observe']
['identify', 'people', 'infectious', 'respiratory', 'infirmities', 'these']
['drones', 'installed', 'specialized', 'sensor', 'puter', 'vision', 'system', 'monitor', 'people', 'temperature']
['heart', 'rates', 'these', 'drones', 'expected']
['ability', 'detect', 'people', 'sneezing', 'coughing']
['public', 'spaces', 'successful', 'these', 'drones', 'potential']
['revolutionize', 'covid', 'diagnostics', 'early', 'detection']
['potential', 'covid', 'patients']
['spraying', 'disinfectants']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'drones']
['enter', 'contaminated', 'regions', 'spray', 'disinfectants']
['minimize', 'further', 'spread', 'disease', 'while']
['reducing', 'exposure', 'frontline', 'workers', 'virus']
['while', 'china', 'india', 'routinely', 'drones']
['practice', 'since', 'onset', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'spain']
['become', 'first', 'european', 'country', 'deploy', 'drones']
['pandemic', 'management', 'spanish', 'military', 'recently']
['adopted', 'agricultural', 'drones', 'leading']
['chinese', 'drone', 'manufacturer', 'spray', 'disinfecting', 'chemicals']
['public', 'spaces', 'claims', 'drones']
['capacity', 'liters', 'disinfect', 'tenth']
['kilometer']
['delivery', 'medical', 'supplies', 'other']
['essentials']
['september', 'researchers', 'national', 'university']
['ireland', 'deliver', 'diabetes']
['medication', 'galway', 'remote', 'location']
['islands', 'first', 'successful', 'beyond', 'visual']
['sight', 'bvlos', 'diabetes', 'drone', 'mission', 'showed']
['world', 'drones', 'capability', 'carry', 'medical']
['supplies', 'reliably', 'current', 'state', 'crisis', 'tionality', 'prove', 'particularly', 'valuable', 'reduce']
['burden', 'hospitals', 'health', 'staff', 'drones']
['rapid', 'delivery', 'medicines', 'supplies']
['volume', '90241v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['medical', 'facility', 'another', 'medical', 'centers']
['covid', 'patients', 'being', 'cared', 'their', 'homes']
['covid', 'example']
['former', 'china', 'drone']
['medical', 'supplies', 'disease', 'control', 'center', 'xinchang']
['county', 'people', 'hospital', 'xinchang', 'county', 'without']
['exposing', 'humans', 'infection']
['marut', 'drones', 'hyderabad', 'based', 'startup']
['indian', 'institute', 'technology', 'alumni', 'recently']
['launched', 'entire', 'drones', 'combat', 'covid']
['pandemic', 'india', 'company', 'drones', 'sanitizing']
['medicine', 'delivery', 'thermal', 'analysis', 'movement', 'monitoring']
['crowd', 'surveillance', 'arsenal', 'drones', 'combat']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'company', 'claims', 'their']
['medical', 'delivery', 'drones', 'equipped', 'obstacle', 'avoidance']
['advanced', 'navigation', 'technology', 'cover', 'distance']
['kilometers', 'merely', 'minutes', 'thereby', 'ensuring', 'deliveries', 'times', 'faster', 'conventional', 'marut', 'drones', 'already', 'offered', 'drones']
['various', 'authorities', 'telangana', 'monitor', 'crowds']
['disinfect', 'public', 'places', 'company']
['estimates', 'their', 'disinfectant', 'drones', 'already', 'disinfected']
['areas', 'covering', 'pending', 'approval']
['government', 'india', 'company', 'hopes']
['deploy', 'delivery', 'drones']
['following', 'devastating', 'impact']
['covid', 'various', 'steps', 'being', 'taken', 'different']
['bodies', 'introduce', 'drone', 'technology', 'country']
['small', 'coalition', 'filed', 'petition', 'expedited']
['federal', 'aviation', 'administration', 'approvals', 'allow']
['drones', 'delivering', 'medical', 'supplies', 'thermore', 'zipline', 'medical', 'product', 'delivery', 'company']
['planning', 'establish', 'active', 'medical', 'supply', 'delivery']
['network', 'delivering', 'urgent', 'medication', 'directly', 'people']
['doorsteps', 'zipline', 'hopes', 'reduce', 'burden', 'delivery', 'sonnel', 'while', 'promoting', 'practice', 'social', 'distancing']
['among', 'people']
['apart', 'being', 'delivery', 'medical', 'plies', 'drones', 'facilitate', 'delivery', 'groceries', 'nessed', 'parts', 'australia', 'china']
['china', 'commerce', 'giant', 'started', 'using']
['drones', 'deliveries', 'essen', 'goods', 'meanwhile', 'google', 'parent']
['company', 'alphabet', 'recorded', 'considerable', 'increase']
['number', 'deliveries', 'using', 'autonomous', 'drone']
['delivery', 'services', 'known']
['challenges']
['despite', 'numerous', 'benefits', 'provide']
['response', 'health', 'crises', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['drone', 'technology', 'confronted', 'certain', 'lenges', 'limitations']
['integration', 'covid', 'impact']
['response', 'system', 'countries', 'limited']
['clear', 'government', 'regulatory', 'policies']
['vulnerabilities', 'drone', 'operations', 'jamming', 'hacking', 'drones', 'attractive']
['prospect', 'malicious', 'users', 'conduct', 'cyberterrorism']
['other', 'unlawful', 'activities', 'recent', 'times']
['enforcement', 'agencies', 'voiced', 'their', 'concerns']
['about', 'security', 'risks', 'posed', 'drones']
['although', 'considerable', 'strides']
['advancement', 'drone', 'technology', 'recent', 'years']
['beyond', 'visible', 'sight', 'bvlos', 'drone', 'opera', 'tions', 'remain', 'somewhat', 'unsafe', 'there', 'growing']
['technological', 'operational', 'guidelines', 'warrant']
['operations', 'consequently']
['their', 'comprehensive', 'societal', 'benefits']
['present', 'several', 'constraints', 'terms', 'capacity', 'which', 'inhibits', 'their', 'capability']
['cover', 'distances', 'multiple', 'deliveries']
[]
['while', 'challenges', 'plague', 'scale', 'drone']
['technology', 'great', 'promise', 'holds', 'regards']
['healthcare', 'support', 'cannot', 'overlooked']
['countries', 'adopted', 'fight']
['against', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'government']
['authorities', 'should', 'carefully', 'collect', 'assess', 'regards']
['existing', 'projects', 'effort']
['research', 'development']
['robots', 'autonomous', 'vehicles']
['drone', 'technology', 'other', 'autonomous', 'technologies']
['robots', 'autonomous', 'vehicles', 'great']
['strides', 'fight', 'against', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['section', 'discuss', 'authorities', 'around', 'world']
['employed', 'these', 'autonomous', 'technologies', 'impact', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['robots']
['governments', 'medical', 'organizations', 'around', 'world']
['struggle', 'contain', 'spread', 'covid', 'robots']
['being', 'deployed', 'assist', 'treatment', 'patients']
['consequently', 'alleviating', 'stress', 'levels', 'healthcare']
['workers', 'additionally', 'robot', 'controlled', 'noncontact', 'ultra', 'violet', 'surface', 'disinfection', 'methods', 'being']
['employed', 'limit', 'transfer', 'disease', 'contami', 'nated', 'surfaces', 'compared', 'practice', 'manual', 'decon', 'tamination', 'which', 'involves', 'deployment', 'cleaning', 'staff']
['subsequently', 'contracting', 'virus']
['autonomous', 'disinfection', 'robots', 'ensure', 'rapid', 'effective']
['disinfection', 'premises', 'little', 'human', 'presented', 'below', 'examples']
['robots', 'being', 'hospitals', 'around', 'world']
['covid', 'impact', 'management']
['india', 'kerala', 'based', 'startup', 'named', 'asimov', 'robotics']
['developed', 'three', 'wheeled', 'robot']
['assist', 'patients', 'residing', 'isolation', 'wards', 'robot']
['capable', 'doing', 'tasks', 'serving', 'patients']
['giving', 'medication', 'thereby', 'reducing']
['90242', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['burden', 'healthcare', 'workers', 'freeing']
['contracting', 'infection']
['xenex', 'disinfection', 'services', 'company', 'established']
['hopkins', 'educated', 'epidemiologists']
['developed', 'autonomous', 'disinfection', 'robot']
['limit', 'number', 'hospital', 'acquired', 'infections']
['xenex', 'asserts', 'their', 'lightstrike', 'zapping']
['robots', 'potential', 'efficiently', 'obliterate']
['types', 'germs', 'including', 'various', 'types', 'viruses']
['bacteria', 'xenex', 'reported', 'witnessing', 'surge', 'demand', 'zapping', 'robot']
['especially', 'countries', 'singapore', 'japan', 'south']
['korea', 'italy']
['danish', 'robotics', 'company', 'robots', 'devel', 'multiple', 'disinfection', 'robots', 'delivered']
['hospitals', 'around', 'world', 'robots']
['delivered', 'robots', 'several', 'provinces', 'china', 'several']
['parts', 'healthcare', 'markets', 'europe']
['united', 'states', 'these', 'robots', 'powerful', 'light']
['disinfect', 'surfaces', 'tearing', 'apart', 'strands', 'virus']
['danish', 'company', 'claims', 'their', 'robots']
['operate', 'about', 'hours', 'disinfect', 'about']
['rooms', 'single', 'charge']
['according', 'leading', 'robotics', 'expert', 'carnegie']
['mellon', 'university', 'addition', 'tasks', 'mentioned']
['above', 'robots', 'potential', 'execute', 'tasks', 'obtaining']
['nasal', 'samples', 'testing', 'rendering', 'support', 'isolated']
['patients', 'developed']
['autonomous', 'vehicles']
['global', 'health', 'crisis', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['could', 'stress', 'existing', 'delivery', 'mecha', 'nisms', 'while', 'mitigating', 'virus', 'transmission']
['china', 'charge', 'autonomous', 'against', 'pandemic', 'writing']
['believed', 'country', 'world', 'deploy']
['covid', 'impact', 'management', 'beijing', 'headquartered']
['white', 'rhino', 'company', 'alliance', 'unido']
['investment', 'technology', 'promotion', 'office', 'patched', 'autonomous', 'delivery', 'vehicles', 'beijing']
['guanggu', 'field', 'hospital', 'hubei', 'province', 'china']
['these', 'vehicles', 'proved', 'highly', 'useful', 'variety']
['tasks', 'delivering', 'medical', 'supplies', 'meals']
['lessened', 'workload', 'overbur', 'dened', 'hospital', 'staff', 'helped', 'limiting']
['cross', 'infection']
['wearables']
['wearables', 'communication', 'enhancing', 'devices']
['connected', 'internet', 'source', 'wearables']
['range', 'smartwatches', 'apple', 'watch', 'fitness', 'trackers']
['fitbit', 'smart', 'headbands', 'dreem', 'personal', 'sensors']
['patches', 'ability', 'monitor', 'people', 'physical', 'health']
['along', 'their', 'stress', 'levels', 'wearables', 'ideal']
['technology', 'adoption', 'healthcare', 'sector', 'midst']
['current', 'health', 'crisis', 'various', 'organizations', 'their', 'existing', 'offerings', 'rolled', 'wearables']
['covid', 'impact', 'management', 'these', 'technolo', 'discussed', 'below']
['whoop', 'strap']
['boston', 'based', 'human', 'performance', 'technology', 'start']
['whoop', 'collaborated', 'researchers']
['central', 'queensland', 'university', 'cquniversity', 'australia']
['examine', 'potential', 'between', 'alterations', 'respiratory']
['rates', 'covid', 'symptoms', 'primary', 'objective']
['study', 'develop', 'mechanism']
['identify', 'covid', 'during', 'incubation', 'period']
['detecting', 'early', 'signs', 'abnormal', 'respiratory', 'behavior']
['covid', 'patients', 'reproductive', 'number']
['factor', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'severe']
['early', 'warning', 'system', 'global']
['proliferation', 'covid']
['association', 'cleveland', 'clinic', 'researchers']
['cquniversity', 'appleton', 'institute', 'carry', 'study']
['using', 'physiological', 'gathered', 'wrist', 'mounted']
['whoop', 'strap', 'hundreds', 'whoop', 'members']
['identified', 'themselves', 'having', 'covid']
['volunteered', 'study', 'discerning']
['deviation', 'respiratory', 'rates', 'individual', 'their']
['established', 'baseline', 'strap', 'notify', 'individual']
['issues', 'might', 'experience', 'study']
['collect', 'whoop', 'journal', 'recently', 'launched']
['online', 'interface', 'accessible', 'members', 'smartphones']
['enables', 'monitor', 'their', 'daily', 'behavior']
['healthier', 'lifestyle', 'choices']
['although', 'watches', 'garmin', 'fitbit']
['functionality', 'measure', 'respiratory', 'rates', 'whoop']
['claims', 'wearable', 'accuracy', 'suring', 'cardiorespiratory', 'variables', 'validated', 'third', 'party']
['study']
['estimote', 'workplace', 'level', 'contact', 'tracing']
['wearable']
['estimote', 'start', 'known', 'bluetooth', 'location', 'recently', 'developed', 'wearable', 'devices']
['enable', 'contact', 'tracing', 'workplace', 'attempt']
['provide', 'employees', 'safer', 'workplace', 'environment']
['wearable', 'device', 'allows', 'organization', 'leaders', 'monitor']
['health', 'status', 'their', 'employees', 'remotely']
['record', 'covid', 'transmission', 'amongst']
['empowers', 'organization', 'leaders', 'disease']
['spread', 'before', 'spreads', 'rampantly', 'within', 'organization']
['outside', 'device', 'turned']
['scans', 'other', 'wearable', 'devices', 'records', 'close']
['interactions', 'devices', 'hardware', 'includes', 'location', 'tracker', 'addition', 'bluetooth', 'powered']
['proximity', 'sensors', 'ultra', 'wideband', 'connectivity', 'built']
['rechargeable', 'battery', 'furthermore', 'every', 'device']
['indicators', 'buttons', 'smartwatch']
['purpose', 'these', 'buttons', 'allow', 'employees']
['volume', '90243v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['their', 'health', 'status', 'example', 'wearer']
['update', 'health', 'status', 'certified', 'healthy', 'symptomatic']
['verified', 'infected', 'wearer', 'updates', 'health']
['status', 'recorded', 'central', 'database', 'stores']
['information', 'weeks', 'there', 'three', 'variants']
['these', 'devices', 'pebble', 'device', 'around']
['wrist', 'version', 'device']
['lifesignals', 'biosensor', 'patch']
['silicon', 'valley', 'start', 'named', 'lifesignals', 'plans', 'launch']
['novel', 'biosensor', 'patch', 'leverages', 'cardiovascular', 'toring', 'technique', 'assist', 'early', 'detection', 'covid']
['individual', 'single', 'showerproof', 'lightweight']
['wearable', 'named', 'biosensor', 'patch1ax', 'affixed']
['chest', 'record', 'temperature', 'person', 'along']
['respiration', 'trace', 'heart']
['automatically']
['patch', 'application', 'smartphone']
['enabling', 'their']
['person', 'using', 'patch', 'develops', 'covid', 'symptoms']
['centralized', 'secure']
['cloud', 'platform', 'alerting', 'healthcare', 'workers', 'potential']
['covid', 'patient', 'patches', 'designed']
['individual']
['which', 'safely', 'disposed', 'ensure']
['disease', 'spread', 'patch']
['lifesignals', 'plans', 'launch', 'second', 'version']
['patch', 'biosensor', 'patch', 'storing', 'streaming']
['clinical', 'grade', 'vital', 'signs', 'patient', 'patch', 'enable']
['healthcare', 'workers', 'monitor', 'covid', 'patients', 'admitted']
['intensive', 'units']
['health', 'signal']
['health', 'company', 'known', 'health']
['management', 'telemedicine', 'technologies', 'company']
['launched', 'wearable', 'device', 'called', 'signal', 'limit']
['patients', 'visiting', 'hospitals', 'unnecessarily', 'especially', 'times', 'signal', 'helps', 'healthcare', 'personnel']
['remotely', 'manage', 'health', 'people', 'symptoms']
['covid', 'wrist', 'signal', 'tracks']
['heart', 'respiratory', 'pulse', 'oximetry', 'patient']
['these', 'parameters', 'critical', 'assess', 'severity']
['covid', 'patient', 'therefore', 'empower']
['healthcare', 'professionals', 'person', 'visit']
['patient', 'condition', 'warrants', 'device']
['helps', 'collecting', 'hundreds', 'points', 'patient']
['daily', 'basis', 'aggregation', 'large', 'number', 'points']
['provides', 'needed', 'certainty', 'about', 'present', 'condition']
['patient', 'opposed', 'single', 'point']
['error', 'sometimes', 'leading', 'false', 'alarms']
['sphcc', 'cassia', 'vivalnk']
['shanghai', 'public', 'health', 'clinical', 'centre', 'sphcc']
['employed', 'bluetooth', 'gateways', 'developed']
['cassi', 'network', 'wearable', 'sensors', 'developed']
['vivalnk', 'monitor', 'covid', 'patients', 'minimal']
['human', 'contact', 'china', 'successful', 'reducing']
['count', 'covid', 'thanks', 'advent', 'nologies', 'mechanism', 'place', 'sphcc']
['vivalnk', 'wearable', 'sensors', 'constantly', 'supply']
['about', 'changes', 'temperature', 'patient', 'gateways', 'collate', 'transmit', 'wirelessly']
['healthcare', 'staff', 'station', 'enables', 'first', 'health', 'workers', 'track', 'their', 'patients', 'health', 'without']
['having', 'visit', 'personally', 'cassia', 'gateways']
['allow', 'nearly', 'bluetooth', 'energy', 'devices']
['paired', 'thereby', 'facilitating', 'connectivity']
['between', 'multiple', 'rooms', 'sphcc', 'these']
['technologies', 'sphcc', 'significantly', 'reduced']
['healthcare', 'workers', 'exposure', 'infection', 'while']
['ensuring', 'reduced', 'workload']
['challenges']
['although', 'wearables', 'played', 'significant']
['fight', 'against', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'essential']
['certain', 'challenges', 'limitations', 'hinder', 'wearables']
['current', 'health', 'crisis']
['lockdowns', 'interrupted', 'supply', 'chains', 'deliv', 'these', 'wearables', 'challenging', 'parts']
['words']
['battery', 'smart', 'wearables', 'usually', 'question']
['tedious', 'charging', 'wearable', 'devices', 'again']
['again', 'often', 'dissuades', 'users', 'buying', 'these', 'devices']
['altogether']
['there', 'established', 'guidelines', 'about']
['private', 'accumulated', 'using', 'these', 'wearables', 'which']
['gives', 'multitude', 'security', 'privacy', 'cerns', 'necessary', 'ensure', 'development']
['wearables', 'while', 'keeping']
['security', 'privacy', 'preservation', 'users']
['mobile', 'applications', 'other', 'platforms']
['mobile', 'applications', 'commonly', 'referred']
['emerged', 'prominent', 'strategy', 'fight']
['against', 'covid', 'several', 'governments', 'private']
['organizations', 'around', 'world', 'already', 'developed', 'platforms', 'covid', 'impact', 'management']
['while', 'several', 'others', 'process', 'doing']
['these', 'modern', 'platforms', 'variety', 'technologies']
['including', 'bluetooth', 'global', 'positioning', 'system']
['geographic', 'information', 'system', 'certain']
['adopted', 'blockchain', 'emerging', 'technology']
['helps', 'storing', 'immutable', 'blocks']
['table', 'lists', 'technologies', 'being', 'develop']
['contact', 'tracing', 'applications', 'section', 'discuss']
['numerous', 'applications', 'emerged']
['months', 'combating', 'covid', 'crisis']
['blockchain']
['blockchain', 'continuously', 'expanding', 'record', 'transac', 'tions', 'between', 'parties', 'records']
['90244', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['figure', 'contact', 'tracing', 'applications', 'covid']
['verify', 'claims', 'party', 'transaction', 'indeed']
['happened', 'blockchain', 'gaining', 'prominence']
['thanks', 'applications', 'various', 'walks']
['seeing', 'utility', 'numerous', 'companies']
['authorities', 'across', 'globe', 'started', 'using', 'blockchain']
['build', 'countering', 'covid', 'these']
['address', 'crucial', 'problem', 'which']
['integration', 'verified', 'sources', 'according', 'experts']
['advantages', 'using', 'blockchain', 'enabled']
['blockchain', 'capability', 'validating', 'continuously', 'changing']
['feature', 'prove', 'quite', 'valuable', 'aging', 'rapidly', 'escalating', 'covid', 'situation', 'discussed']
['below', 'blockchain', 'based', 'applications', 'developed']
['attempt', 'fight', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['civitas']
['canadian', 'start', 'specializing', 'blockchain', 'solutions']
['recently', 'launched', 'safety', 'system']
['known', 'civitas', 'assist', 'local', 'authorities', 'various']
['nations', 'world', 'control', 'impact', 'covid', 'associates', 'people', 'official', 'blockchain']
['records', 'verify', 'whether', 'person', 'permission', 'leave']
['their', 'homes', 'determines', 'ideal']
['people', 'exhibiting', 'covid', 'symptoms']
['essential', 'items', 'thereby', 'minimizing']
['infecting', 'others', 'additionally', 'civitas', 'offers', 'built']
['telemedicine', 'functionality', 'allows', 'doctors', 'track']
['their', 'patients', 'symptoms', 'notes', 'regards']
['medicines', 'healthcare', 'strategies']
['followed', 'company', 'claims', 'makes']
['people', 'remains', 'private', 'secure']
['mipasa']
['mipasa', 'streaming', 'platform', 'built']
['hyperledger', 'fabric', 'platform', 'draws', 'services']
['provided', 'blockchain', 'cloud', 'platforms']
['facilitate', 'sharing', 'verified', 'health', 'location', 'infor', 'mation', 'among', 'individuals', 'authorities', 'hospitals']
['application', 'works', 'collecting', 'information', 'provided']
['various', 'medical', 'organizations', 'public', 'health', 'officials']
['other', 'individuals', 'recently', 'acknowledged']
['effective', 'platform', 'helping', 'doctors']
['access', 'verifiable', 'information', 'available']
['platform', 'hospitals', 'determine', 'their', 'future']
['action', 'plans', 'efficiently', 'allocate', 'their', 'resources']
['alleviate', 'impact', 'covid', 'outbreak']
['volume', '90245v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['geographic', 'information', 'system']
['understanding', 'geography', 'spread']
['covid', 'crucial', 'comprehend', 'severity', 'crisis']
['particular', 'region', 'deploy', 'appropriate', 'measures']
['mitigate', 'impact', 'disease', 'region']
['systems', 'spatial', 'analytics', 'mapping']
['location', 'intelligence', 'occurrence', 'diseases']
['against', 'multiple', 'parameters', 'demographics', 'ronment', 'occurrences']
['epidemiologists', 'understand', 'origins', 'outbreak']
['governments', 'identify', 'areas', 'deploy']
['healthcare', 'facilities', 'accordingly']
['arcgis', 'application']
['california', 'based', 'environment', 'systems', 'research', 'international', 'provider', 'software']
['whose', 'product', 'includes', 'arcgis', 'desktop', 'arcgis']
['arcgis', 'enterprise', 'among', 'others', 'following', 'outbreak']
['covid', 'partnered', 'several', 'organizations', 'around', 'world', 'launch']
['covid', 'resources', 'featuring', 'compila', 'datasets', 'dashboards', 'applications', 'other', 'helpful']
['resources', 'facilitate', 'adequate', 'planning', 'against', 'demic', 'additionally', 'joined', 'forces', 'various']
['government', 'agencies', 'around', 'world', 'exploit']
['technology', 'taking', 'proactive', 'measures', 'manage']
['covid', 'spread']
['bluetooth']
['bluetooth', 'useful', 'technologies']
['accurate', 'proximity', 'calculation', 'least']
['invasive', 'technologies', 'since', 'monitor', 'exact']
['location', 'rather', 'relative', 'distance', 'between']
['device', 'another', 'bluetooth', 'contact', 'tracing']
['applications', 'generally', 'monitor', 'proximity', 'between']
['people', 'calculating', 'distance', 'between', 'their', 'devices', 'using']
['received', 'signal', 'strength', 'indicator', 'measure']
['store', 'records', 'device', 'prior', 'bluetooth', 'connec', 'tions', 'including', 'which', 'maintained', 'bluetooth']
['connection', 'another', 'device', 'person', 'diagnosed']
['covid', 'these', 'leverage', 'bluetooth']
['connection', 'history', 'device', 'trace', 'people']
['exposure', 'infected', 'individual', 'these']
['simpler', 'authorities', 'effectively', 'determine', 'potential']
['covid', 'patients', 'appropriate', 'measures', 'quaran', 'bluetooth', 'technology']
['contact', 'tracing', 'mentioned', 'below']
['tracetogether']
['tracetogether', 'contact', 'tracing', 'launched', 'ernment', 'singapore', 'which', 'bluetooth', 'technology']
['determine', 'history', 'exposure', 'unaffected', 'vidual', 'infected', 'whenever', 'people']
['mobile', 'application', 'close', 'contact', 'other']
['encrypted', 'transferred', 'between', 'their', 'devices']
['stored', 'their', 'provided', 'bluetooth', 'turned']
['devices', 'person', 'later', 'diagnosed']
['covid', 'authorities', 'check', 'records']
['stored', 'trace', 'people']
['close', 'contact', 'infected', 'person']
['pinpoint', 'location', 'thereby', 'allaying', 'fears']
['those', 'people', 'worried', 'about', 'their', 'privacy']
['april', 'nearly', 'million', 'downloads', 'recorded']
['which', 'incidentally', 'record', 'highest', 'number']
['downloads', 'application', 'hosted', 'government']
['website', 'singapore', 'however', 'number', 'still']
['considered', 'enough', 'government', 'singapore']
['reliable', 'functioning', 'application', 'requires', 'participa', 'everyone', 'country', 'million', 'corresponds']
['sixth', 'singapore', 'entire', 'population']
['apple', 'google', 'joint', 'contact', 'tracing']
['technology']
['light', 'current', 'health', 'crisis', 'silicon', 'valley']
['giants', 'apple', 'google', 'teamed', 'joint', 'governments', 'medical', 'organizations', 'around']
['world', 'their', 'fight', 'against', 'covid']
['develop', 'privacy', 'preserving', 'framework', 'incorporates']
['application', 'programming', 'interfaces', 'operating']
['system', 'level', 'technology', 'assist', 'public', 'contact', 'tracing']
['applications', 'safeguard', 'privacy']
['framework', 'bluetooth', 'technology']
['tracking', 'spread', 'covid', 'furthermore']
['companies', 'claim', 'smartphone']
['available', 'anyone', 'without', 'consent']
['their', 'framework', 'enable', 'contact', 'tracing', 'applications']
['bluetooth', 'energy', 'technology', 'people']
['interactions', 'track', 'whether', 'smartphone', 'owner']
['contact', 'someone', 'later', 'diagnosed']
['covid', 'positive', 'indeed', 'scenario', 'takes', 'place']
['alert', 'stating']
['contact', 'someone', 'diagnosed', 'alerted', 'users', 'isolate']
['themselves', 'tested', 'present', 'framework', 'still']
['development', 'stages', 'expected', 'launched']
['while', 'level', 'technology', 'rolled']
['following', 'months', 'draft', 'technical', 'documentation']
['framework', 'found', 'overview']
['working', 'found']
[]
['global', 'positioning', 'system', 'satellite', 'navigation']
['system', 'owned', 'maintained', 'united', 'states', 'govern', 'provides', 'users', 'positioning', 'navigation']
['timing', 'services', 'leveraging', 'technol', 'government', 'authorities', 'around', 'world', 'monitor']
['location', 'historical', 'location']
['covid', 'positive', 'patients', 'their', 'country', 'which', 'sequently', 'enable', 'trace', 'other', 'potential', 'covid']
['patients', 'mentioned', 'below', 'official', 'contact', 'tracing']
['countries', 'technology']
['90246', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['table', 'challenges', 'associated', 'implementation', 'various', 'technologies', 'mobile', 'applications']
['aarogya']
['national', 'informatics', 'centre', 'subdivision', 'india']
['ministry', 'electronics', 'meity', 'recently', 'devel', 'contact', 'tracing', 'called', 'aarogya']
['spread', 'covid', 'india', 'indian', 'citizen']
['download', 'application', 'register', 'using', 'their']
['mobile', 'number', 'services', 'launching']
['application', 'facing', 'symptoms']
['covid', 'international', 'travel']
['history', 'classified', 'belonging']
['green', 'application', 'currently', 'supports', 'indian', 'guages', 'available', 'android', 'users']
['unlike', 'tracetogether', 'location']
['cellphone', 'addition', 'bluetooth', 'technology']
['determine', 'individual', 'exposed', 'potential']
['covid', 'patient', 'listed', 'database', 'scenario']
['individual', 'belonging', 'green', 'comes']
['contact', 'someone', 'later', 'marked', 'belonging']
['immediately', 'sends', 'alert', 'former']
['notifying', 'guidelines', 'should', 'follow']
['additionally', 'provides', 'users', 'access']
['relevant', 'information', 'release', 'aarogya']
['became', 'instantly', 'popular', 'among', 'indian', 'public']
['garnered', 'million', 'downloads']
['launch', 'response', 'privacy', 'concerns', 'surrounding']
['technology', 'government']
['india', 'assured', 'citizens', 'which']
['collects', 'encrypted', 'purpose']
['besides', 'contact', 'tracing']
['hamagen']
['contact', 'tracing', 'called', 'hamagen', 'launched', 'recently']
['israel', 'health', 'ministry', 'sparked', 'massive', 'interest']
['governments', 'italy', 'australia', 'germany', 'among']
['others', 'hamagen', 'makes', 'technology', 'deter', 'contact', 'someone']
['volume', '90247v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['tested', 'positive', 'disease', 'quashing']
['rumors', 'surrounding', 'application', 'privacy', 'pitfalls']
['health', 'ministry', 'issued', 'statement', 'maintaining']
['private', 'leave', 'phone', 'without']
['consent', 'functioning', 'relies', 'heavily']
['reported', 'information', 'regarding', 'their', 'exposure']
['covid', 'within', 'first', 'launch']
['around', 'users', 'claimed', 'adopted']
['measure', 'isolation']
['voice', 'detection']
['following', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'several', 'voice', 'detection']
['developed', 'covid', 'screening', 'voice']
['detection', 'applications', 'require', 'users', 'voluntarily', 'provide']
['sample', 'their', 'voice', 'based', 'which', 'decides', 'whether']
['person', 'symptoms', 'covid', 'promi', 'attempts', 'developing', 'voice', 'detection', 'platforms']
['covid', 'screening', 'discussed', 'below']
['automated', 'system', 'designed']
['researchers', 'carnegie', 'mellon', 'university', 'detect']
['presence', 'covid', 'individual', 'based']
['voice', 'after', 'logging']
['asked', 'height', 'weight', 'followed', 'request']
['cough', 'three', 'times', 'asked', 'recite']
['alphabet', 'vowel', 'loudly', 'which', 'finally', 'helps']
['measuring', 'capacity']
['comparing', 'thousand', 'other', 'users']
['including', 'those', 'infected']
['brief', 'process', 'given', 'score']
['higher', 'score', 'indicates', 'features', 'highly']
['similar', 'features', 'exhibited', 'covid', 'patients']
['researchers', 'however', 'added', 'caution']
['stating', 'diagnostic', 'process', 'never']
['substituted', 'tests', 'conducted', 'hospitals']
['laboratories']
['similar', 'mobile', 'application', 'voice', 'based']
['covid', 'diagnosis', 'developed', 'dents', 'patil', 'institute', 'technology']
['informatics', 'mumbai', 'india']
['currently', 'being', 'tested', 'university', 'vergata']
['italy', 'speak']
['microphone', 'device', 'following', 'which']
['breaks', 'sound', 'multiple', 'parameters', 'including']
['frequency', 'noise', 'distortion', 'values', 'these']
['parameters', 'compared', 'average', 'person']
['parameter', 'values', 'determine', 'individual', 'poten', 'tially', 'infected', 'covid']
['challenges']
['although', 'people', 'hailed', 'efforts']
['various', 'governments', 'organizations', 'building', 'contact']
['tracing', 'school', 'thought', 'exists', 'believes']
['contact', 'tracing', 'applications', 'claim']
['respect', 'privacy', 'secure', 'blatantly']
['abuse', 'privacy', 'people', 'addition']
['privacy', 'concerns', 'associated', 'contact', 'tracing']
['several', 'issues', 'terms', 'accuracy', 'reliability']
['impede', 'their', 'performance', 'refer', 'table']
['become', 'quite', 'evident', 'covid']
['unless', 'adequate', 'measures', 'taken', 'fight', 'effectively']
['governments', 'health', 'officials', 'alone', 'cannot', 'vanquish']
['current', 'health', 'crisis', 'people', 'around', 'world']
['collectively', 'their', 'governments', 'expedite']
['pandemic', 'things', 'normalcy', 'example']
['tools', 'mentioned', 'above', 'require', 'support']
['masses', 'yield', 'fruitful', 'results', 'presence']
['technologies', 'smart', 'thermometers', 'smart', 'ables', 'meaningless', 'unless', 'people', 'willing']
['fight', 'covid', 'telemedicine', 'platforms']
['inconsequential', 'unless', 'patients', 'willing', 'trust', 'their', 'health']
['experts', 'straightforward', 'contact', 'tracing']
['worthless', 'unless', 'people', 'willing']
['venture', 'their', 'homes', 'coming', 'times', 'actions']
['taken', 'governments', 'people']
['would', 'influence', 'extent', 'havoc', 'wreaked']
['covid', 'pandemic']
['artificial', 'intelligence']
['since', 'inception', 'proved', 'landmark', 'nological', 'advancement', 'properly', 'stands']
['highly', 'effective', 'against', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['mentioned', 'below', 'actual', 'potential']
['which', 'authorities', 'effectively', 'combating']
['covid', 'pandemic']
['disease', 'surveillance']
['prediction']
['medical', 'diagnosis', 'screening']
['curative', 'research']
['virus', 'modeling', 'analysis']
['identification']
['busting']
['enforcing', 'lockdown', 'measures']
['subsections', 'follow', 'review', 'aforemen', 'tioned', 'applications', 'detail']
['disease', 'surveillance']
['timely', 'surveillance', 'forecast', 'diseases', 'especially']
['ability', 'world', 'state']
['disarray', 'crucial', 'toronto', 'based', 'health']
['surveillance', 'company', 'bluedot', 'successful', 'reporting']
['impending', 'outbreak', 'coronavirus', 'december']
['before', 'bluedot', 'model', 'lever', 'several', 'machine', 'learning', 'natural', 'language']
['processing', 'tools', 'evidence', 'emerging']
['diseases', 'model', 'allowed', 'bluedot', 'track', 'spread']
['forecast', 'outbreak', 'before']
['epidemiologists', 'however', 'saying']
['human', 'effort', 'required', 'while']
['their', 'model', 'predictions', 'regards']
['90248', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['figure', 'applications', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'impact', 'mangement']
['outbreak', 'disease', 'human', 'interpretation', 'model']
['output', 'remained', 'central', 'working']
['besides', 'bluedot', 'several', 'other', 'organizations', 'adopted']
['estimate', 'risks', 'associated', 'emerging']
['infections', 'example', 'analytics', 'company', 'founded']
['metabiota', 'developed', 'epidemic', 'monitoring']
['platform', 'allows', 'forecast', 'spread', 'diseases']
['metabiota', 'bases', 'predictions', 'factors', 'infection']
['clinal', 'features', 'fatality', 'availability', 'treat', 'other', 'functionalities', 'metabiota', 'epidemic', 'tracker']
['include', 'providing', 'detailed', 'information', 'statis', 'novel', 'pathogens']
['addition', 'these', 'efforts', 'scientists', 'posed', 'technologies', 'identifying', 'potentially']
['fatal', 'zoonotic', 'viruses', 'before', 'cause', 'damage']
['human', 'population', 'global', 'virome', 'project']
['example', 'endeavor', 'establish']
['genetic', 'ecological', 'database', 'viruses', 'various', 'animal']
['species', 'capable', 'infecting', 'humans', 'large', 'collect', 'viruses', 'could']
['shape', 'technologies', 'predict', 'which', 'zoonotic', 'viruses']
['potential', 'cause', 'human', 'species']
['mechanisms', 'allow', 'proactive', 'development']
['vaccines', 'drugs', 'preventive', 'measures']
['prediction']
['possible', 'avenues', 'application', 'against']
['covid', 'prediction', 'refer', 'broadly']
['prediction', 'classified', 'following']
['categories']
['predicting', 'getting', 'infected']
['predicting', 'developing', 'severe', 'symptoms']
['infected']
['predicting', 'using', 'specific', 'treatment']
['infected', 'person']
['typically', 'getting', 'infected', 'function']
['myriad', 'factors', 'these', 'include', 'travel', 'history', 'hygiene']
['habits', 'current', 'health', 'status', 'existing', 'health', 'conditions']
['family', 'medical', 'history', 'direct', 'mathematical', 'modeling']
['factors', 'would', 'yield', 'fruitful', 'results', 'however']
['comprehensive', 'analysis', 'these', 'factors', 'integrated']
['techniques', 'offer', 'precise', 'reliable', 'prevision']
['individual', 'profiles', 'example', 'authors']
['describe', 'based', 'stratagem', 'build', 'vulnerability', 'index']
['individuals', 'susceptible', 'novel', 'coronavirus']
['person', 'infected', 'capabilities']
['determine', 'probability', 'survival', 'require', 'treatment', 'covid', 'patients']
['physicians', 'universities', 'stanford', 'university']
['chicago', 'making', 'attempts', 'augmenting', 'their', 'existing']
['systems', 'accurately', 'identify', 'covid', 'patients', 'whose']
['condition', 'might', 'worsen', 'earlier', 'these', 'systems', 'proved']
['their', 'mettle', 'predicting', 'whether', 'heart', 'disease', 'patients']
['require', 'transfer', 'another', 'effort', 'bayesian']
['health', 'start', 'tracing', 'roots', 'hopkins', 'univer', 'started', 'working', 'early', 'warning', 'system', 'acute']
['respiratory', 'distress', 'syndrome', 'severe']
['symptoms', 'associated', 'covid', 'authors']
['proposed', 'framework', 'leverages']
['predictive', 'analysis', 'performed', 'covid', 'patients']
['support', 'clinical', 'decision', 'making', 'their', 'powered']
['volume', '90249v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['predictive', 'model', 'capable', 'identifying', 'people']
['higher', 'likelihood', 'developing', 'severe', 'symptoms']
['based', 'initial', 'presentation', 'according', 'their', 'results', 'their']
['model', 'achieved', 'accuracy', 'predicting', 'severe']
['cases', 'covid']
['addition', 'cases', 'mentioned', 'above', 'niques', 'particularly', 'machine', 'learning', 'algorithms']
['correlate', 'patient', 'parameters', 'specific']
['usage', 'correlations', 'predict']
['effect', 'specific', 'group', 'patients', 'emptive']
['knowledge', 'these', 'factors', 'enable', 'doctors', 'suppliers', 'better', 'prepared', 'consequences']
['medical', 'diagnosis', 'screening']
['rapid', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'allow', 'governments']
['effective', 'response', 'measures', 'limit', 'disease', 'further']
['spread', 'shortage', 'testing', 'worldwide', 'however']
['authorities', 'carry', 'large', 'scale', 'nostic', 'testing', 'existing', 'tools', 'being', 'repurposed']
['while', 'being', 'built', 'solve', 'subsection', 'examine', 'various', 'which']
['revolutionizing', 'process', 'covid', 'screening']
['diagnosis']
['scanners']
['following', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'various', 'authorities']
['temperature', 'scanners', 'different', 'public', 'places', 'screen']
['people', 'fever', 'technology', 'however', 'requires']
['presence', 'frontline', 'personnel', 'carry', 'limit']
['exposure', 'frontline', 'staff', 'potential', 'covid']
['patients', 'several', 'hospitals', 'airports', 'medical', 'centers']
['adopted', 'cameras', 'based', 'multisensory', 'nology', 'these', 'cameras', 'enable', 'author', 'ities', 'observe', 'crowds', 'identify', 'individuals']
['temperatures', 'recognize']
['their', 'faces', 'trace', 'their', 'movements', 'first', 'pitals', 'technology', 'tampa', 'general', 'hospital']
['florida', 'hospital', 'installed', 'enabled', 'camera']
['entrance', 'screen', 'entering', 'patients', 'elevated']
['temperatures', 'giving', 'thermal', 'their']
['system', 'machine', 'learning', 'findings', 'camera']
['classify', 'whether', 'individual', 'manifesting']
['symptoms', 'covid']
['medical', 'imaging']
['technology', 'considerable', 'potential', 'improve']
['image', 'based', 'medical', 'diagnosis', 'according', 'researchers']
['global', 'pulse', 'analysis', 'computed', 'tomogra', 'scans', 'using', 'enabled', 'tools']
['radiologists', 'offering', 'timely', 'medical', 'diagno', 'current', 'tests', 'covid']
['multiple', 'efforts', 'already', 'employ']
['enabled', 'medical', 'imaging', 'diagnose', 'covid']
['beijing', 'based', 'start', 'specializes', 'building']
['oncology', 'platform', 'performing', 'medical']
['analysis', 'linkingmed', 'forth', 'based', 'model']
['screening', 'pneumonia', 'through', 'analysis']
['since', 'pneumonia', 'common', 'clini', 'features', 'covid', 'identifying', 'presence']
['pneumonia', 'identify', 'potential', 'covid']
['patients', 'linkingmed', 'source', 'model', 'based']
['baidu', 'parallel', 'distributed', 'learning', 'platform']
['paddlepaddle']
['joint', 'effort', 'between', 'researchers', 'univer', 'waterloo', 'ontario', 'based', 'start']
['darwinai', 'yielded', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'diagnose', 'covid', 'using', 'chest']
['labeled', 'covid', 'algorithm']
['source', 'research', 'facilitate', 'devel', 'opment', 'tools', 'their', 'model']
['another', 'model', 'diagnosing', 'covid', 'using']
['forth', 'researchers']
['delft', 'university', 'technology', 'netherlands', 'named']
['cad4vocid', 'model', 'built', 'model']
['developed', 'university', 'diagnosis']
['tuberculosis']
['although', 'powered', 'medical', 'imaging', 'techniques']
['perceived', 'great', 'potential', 'covid']
['diagnosis', 'several', 'radiologists', 'voiced', 'issues', 'cerning', 'techniques', 'firstly', 'unbiased']
['hinders', 'performance', 'models', 'secondly']
['medical', 'imaging', 'techniques', 'potentially', 'contaminate']
['equipment', 'cause', 'disease', 'spread']
['further']
['powered', 'medical', 'diagnosis', 'south', 'korea']
['republic', 'korea', 'several', 'powered', 'tools']
['helped', 'country', 'quick', 'examination', 'identification']
['covid', 'patients', 'algorithm', 'detect', 'unusual', 'obser', 'vations', 'patient', 'chest', 'chest']
['image', 'support', 'decision', 'potential', 'recog', 'individuals', 'intensive']
['algorithm', 'studies', 'patient', 'images', 'examines']
['whether', 'there', 'issue', 'patient', 'lungs']
['another', 'platform', 'named', 'aihub', 'developed']
['republic', 'korea', 'based', 'medical', 'security']
['solutions', 'company', 'inspection', 'platform']
['capabilities', 'several', 'imaging', 'devices']
['diagnose', 'conditions', 'patient', 'might']
['matter', 'seconds', 'addition', 'various', 'covid', 'diagnosis']
['platforms', 'played', 'essential', 'accelerating']
['development', 'testing', 'korea', 'these', 'testing']
['approved', 'authorities', 'korea']
['european', 'union']
['covid', 'voice', 'detection', 'systems']
['voice', 'detection', 'simplest', 'technologies']
['employed', 'identify', 'potential', 'covid', 'patients', 'during']
['these', 'difficult', 'times', 'there', 'serious', 'dearth', 'testing']
['voice', 'detection', 'platforms', 'screening', 'measure']
['90250', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['decide', 'needs', 'tested', 'details']
['voice', 'detection', 'platforms', 'currently', 'kindly', 'refer']
['section']
['examples', 'presented', 'above', 'crucial']
['better', 'suited', 'assist', 'screening', 'covid']
['patients', 'rather', 'diagnosing', 'altogether']
['diagnose', 'covid', 'patient', 'accurately', 'devices']
['platforms', 'algorithms', 'sufficiently', 'robust']
['detect', 'possible', 'mutations', 'virus']
['curative', 'research']
['being', 'novel', 'major', 'problems']
['existing', 'research', 'treatment']
['protocols', 'virus', 'however', 'analyzing', 'current']
['cases', 'covid', 'existing', 'research']
['different', 'diseases', 'prove', 'beneficial', 'technology']
['speed', 'process', 'development', 'several', 'organi', 'zations', 'research', 'already', 'adopted']
['identify', 'potential', 'treatments', 'covid']
['expedite', 'development', 'process']
['process', 'discovering', 'existing', 'drugs']
['development']
['machine', 'learning', 'subset', 'proved', 'effec', 'tiveness', 'process', 'development', 'times']
['previous', 'health', 'emergencies', 'example', 'during']
['ebola', 'epidemic', 'bayesian', 'models', 'speed']
['process', 'discovering', 'molecular', 'inhibitors', 'against']
['virus', 'similarly', 'authors', 'adopted']
['assisted', 'virtual', 'screening', 'scoring', 'speed']
['process', 'discovering', 'viral', 'inhibitors', 'against', 'avian']
['virus', 'responsible', 'recurring', 'influenza', 'epidemics']
['china', 'light', 'current', 'pandemic', 'models', 'similar']
['models', 'expediting', 'process', 'developing']
['drugs', 'possibly', 'treat', 'covid']
['repurposing', 'existing', 'drugs', 'compounds']
['addition', 'being', 'development', 'scientists']
['using', 'identifying', 'existing', 'drugs']
['repurposed', 'treat', 'covid']
['germany', 'based', 'start', 'named', 'innoplexus']
['exercised', 'powered', 'discovery']
['platform', 'identify', 'combination', 'existing', 'drugs']
['prove', 'useful', 'treatment', 'covid', 'after', 'extensive', 'analysis', 'existing', 'associated']
['covid', 'their', 'platform', 'revealed']
['chroloquine', 'malaria', 'better']
['combination', 'remdesivir', 'experimental', 'antiviral']
['originally', 'developed', 'treat', 'ebola', 'tocilizumab']
['immunosuppressive', 'pegasys', 'treat', 'atitis', 'clarithromycin', 'antibiotic']
['similar', 'effort', 'being', 'british', 'start']
['named', 'exscientia', 'collaboration', 'diamond']
['light', 'source', 'calibr', 'division']
['california', 'based', 'scripps', 'research', 'institute', 'exscientia']
['delivery', 'platform', 'arrive']
['combination', 'compounds', 'could', 'prove', 'eficial', 'treating', 'covid', 'exscientia']
['intends', 'screen', '15000', 'clinically', 'ready', 'molecules']
['present', 'calibr', 'compound', 'library', 'against', 'three']
['viral', 'targets', 'earlier']
['exscientia', 'developed', 'first', 'created']
['enter', 'clinical', 'trials']
['researchers', 'republic', 'korea']
['using', 'learning', 'investigate', 'effective', 'existing', 'antiretroviral', 'treat']
['named', 'atazanavir', 'treatment']
['covid']
['researchers', 'based', 'company', 'benevolent']
['identified', 'baricitinib', 'treat', 'rheumatoid', 'arthritis', 'potential']
['treat', 'covid', 'following', 'their', 'research', 'baric', 'itinib', 'entered', 'controlled', 'trial', 'united']
['states', 'national', 'institute', 'allergy', 'infectious', 'eases', 'niaid']
['powered', 'discovery', 'repurposing']
['platform', 'developed', 'group', 'scientists', 'singa', 'assisted', 'identification', 'several', 'existing']
['drugs', 'including', 'named', 'afatinib', 'treat']
['small', 'cancer', 'could', 'potentially']
['treat', 'covid']
['various', 'techniques', 'being', 'candidates', 'predicting', 'target', 'interac', 'tions', 'between', 'virus', 'proteins', 'existing']
['drugs', 'authors', 'example', 'built']
['learning', 'deeper', 'feature', 'convolutional', 'neural']
['network', 'dfcnn', 'system', 'identify', 'classify']
['protein', 'ligand', 'interactions', 'reasonably', 'gesting', 'possible', 'candidates', 'treatments']
['analyze', 'their', 'expected', 'effectiveness', 'another', 'approach', 'given', 'where']
['learning', 'based', 'target', 'interaction', 'model', 'molecule']
['transformer', 'target', 'interaction']
['developed', 'identify', 'commercially', 'available', 'drugs']
['capable', 'acting', 'viral', 'proteins']
['although', 'effort', 'being', 'discovery']
['treatments', 'highly', 'unlikely']
['available', 'shortly', 'these', 'candidate', 'treatments', 'undergo']
['extensive', 'scientific', 'checks', 'clinical', 'trials', 'before']
['approved', 'commercial']
['virus', 'modeling', 'analysis']
['developing', 'successful', 'treatment', 'against']
['covid', 'understand', 'virus', 'itself', 'since', 'viruses']
['cannot', 'reproduce', 'themselves', 'cells']
['manufacture', 'copies', 'their', 'virus', 'typically']
['infects', 'binding', 'itself', 'receptors']
['mechanism', 'working', 'mechanism']
['inhibitor', 'based', 'agents', 'prevent', 'happening']
['volume', '90251v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['figure', 'debunking', 'myths', 'surrounding', 'covid', 'information', 'source']
['blocking', 'receptors', 'target', 'cells', 'design']
['effective', 'inhibitors', 'requires', 'scientists', 'model', 'binding']
['mechanism', 'machine', 'learning', 'happens']
['useful', 'tools', 'scientist', 'arsenal', 'building', 'models']
['models', 'trained', 'protein']
['proved', 'successful', 'predicting', 'protein', 'protein', 'interac', 'tions', 'between', 'virus', 'human', 'cells']
['thereby', 'eliminating', 'model', 'entire', 'virus']
['interactome', 'machine', 'learning']
['model', 'various', 'protein', 'folding', 'mechanisms', 'virus']
['sustain', 'itself', 'reference', 'example', 'employs']
['learning', 'algorithms', 'predict', 'structure', 'amino', 'sequence', 'knowing', 'protein']
['three', 'dimensional', 'structure', 'great', 'importance', 'tioning', 'strongly', 'correlated', 'structure']
['current', 'covid', 'health', 'crisis', 'deepmind']
['google', 'company', 'adopted', 'alphafold']
['system', 'predict', 'structure', 'proteins', 'associated']
['these', 'predictions', 'scientists']
['better', 'understanding', 'overall', 'structure', 'virus']
['consequently', 'developing', 'treat', 'covid', 'important', 'however', 'deepmind']
['clear', 'these', 'predictions', 'experimen', 'tally', 'verified']
['identification']
['member', 'betacov', 'genera']
['coronaviridae', 'family', 'typically', 'genomes', 'viruses']
['rodent', 'genomes', 'mammalian']
['facilitated', 'transmission', 'covid']
['human', 'beings', 'unknown', 'variable', 'effectively', 'compare', 'viral', 'genome']
['known', 'genomes', 'identify', 'similarities', 'between']
['database', 'known', 'genomes', 'available']
['authors', 'proposed', 'random', 'forest', 'rithm', 'identify', 'hosts', 'influenza', 'virus', 'another']
['example', 'approach', 'given', 'models']
['extended', 'include']
['busting']
['uncertain', 'times', 'following', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'several', 'myths', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'refer']
['misinformation', 'making', 'rounds']
['social', 'media', 'platforms', 'propagation', 'these']
['provide', 'verified', 'information', 'technology', 'panies', 'google', 'youtube', 'facebook', 'employed']
['techniques', 'these', 'platforms']
['effort', 'screen', 'content', 'presence', 'slight', 'misinformation', 'youtube', 'particular', 'placed']
['stringent', 'measures', 'video', 'propagating']
[]
['enforcing', 'lockdown', 'measures']
['countries', 'around', 'world', 'including', 'china', 'india']
['adopting', 'enforce']
['social', 'distancing', 'lockdown', 'measures', 'china', 'baidu']
['largest', 'internet', 'companies', 'world']
['developed', 'computer', 'vision', 'powered', 'infrared', 'cameras']
['public', 'places', 'these', 'cameras', 'identify']
['90252', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['people', 'temperatures', 'their']
['inbuilt', 'facial', 'recognition', 'system', 'recognize', 'following', 'lockdown', 'measures', 'similar']
['camera', 'system', 'deployed', 'oxford', 'england']
['monitor', 'crowds', 'following', 'social', 'distancing']
['measures', 'based', 'start', 'landing']
['helmed', 'renowned', 'experts', 'world']
['andrew', 'developed', 'social', 'distancing', 'detection']
['monitors', 'crowds', 'alerts', 'authorities', 'whenever']
['social', 'distancing', 'guidelines', 'breached']
['challenges']
['artificial', 'intelligence', 'conceivably', 'essential']
['mitigating', 'impact', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'present', 'systems', 'still', 'prefatory', 'stages']
['several', 'challenges', 'limitations', 'hindering', 'applica', 'covid', 'impact', 'management', 'follows']
['yield', 'reliable', 'accurate', 'results', 'models', 'require']
['substantial', 'amount', 'training', 'however', 'owing']
['unprecedented', 'nature', 'pandemic', 'there']
['dearth', 'historical', 'which', 'train', 'which', 'consequently', 'rendered', 'several', 'models']
['inefficient']
['absence', 'impeded']
['performance', 'models', 'noisy']
['outlier', 'presented', 'challenge', 'efficient']
['technologies', 'google', 'trends', 'failed', 'initia', 'sheds', 'light', 'deluge', 'hubris']
['potentially', 'inundate', 'algorithms', 'inhibit', 'their']
['functioning']
['another', 'limitation', 'faced', 'systems', 'particularly']
['machine', 'learning', 'models', 'their', 'inherent', 'assumption']
['possible', 'contingencies', 'given', 'situation']
['exhibited', 'dataset']
['trained']
['techniques', 'crowd', 'surveillance']
['breach', 'privacy', 'although', 'present', 'apprehended', 'public', 'health', 'concerns']
['important', 'privacy', 'concerns', 'pitfalls', 'associated', 'instilled']
['sense', 'among', 'public', 'governments']
['continue', 'monitor', 'after', 'pandemic']
[]
['another', 'limitation', 'current', 'depen', 'dence', 'human', 'knowledge', 'human', 'expertise', 'damental', 'guide', 'implementation', 'techniques']
['significant', 'difference', 'fight', 'against']
['covid', 'pandemic']
['despite', 'several', 'challenges', 'facing', 'systems']
['their', 'contribution', 'fight', 'against', 'covid', 'demic', 'cannot', 'overlooked', 'recent', 'years', 'technol', 'stunning', 'advances', 'fields']
['learning', 'analytics', 'among', 'others', 'develop', 'ments', 'serve', 'prove', 'potential', 'assisting']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'management', 'system']
['blockchain']
['blockchain', 'technology', 'under', 'extensive', 'delib', 'eration', 'amongst', 'researchers', 'industrialists', 'recent']
['times', 'especially', 'since', 'onset', 'blockchain']
['blockchain', 'gradually', 'technology', 'extend', 'presence', 'almost', 'major', 'domains', 'includ', 'insurance', 'sector', 'transportation', 'industry', 'drone']
['communication', 'technologies', 'healthcare']
['sector', 'current', 'health', 'crisis', 'brought']
['covid', 'neither', 'localized', 'independent']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'space', 'seclusion']
['people', 'around', 'globe', 'stand', 'united', 'through']
['crisis', 'nature', 'pandemic', 'itself', 'distributed']
['nature', 'therefore', 'distributed', 'ledger', 'technologies']
['blockchain', 'highly', 'beneficial', 'regards', 'dealing']
['situation', 'blockchain', 'technology', 'enables', 'individuals']
['organizations', 'corner', 'world', 'become']
['single', 'interconnected', 'network', 'facilitates', 'secure']
['sharing', 'tamper', 'proof', 'feature', 'blockchain']
['makes', 'resistant', 'unauthorized', 'changes']
['consensus', 'algorithms', 'smart', 'contracts', 'minimizes']
['potential', 'dissemination', 'bogus', 'fraudulent']
['information', 'blockchain', 'based', 'applications', 'employed']
['monitor', 'manage', 'covid', 'patients', 'digitally']
['thereby', 'relieving', 'burden', 'hospital', 'staff', 'other']
['healthcare', 'personnel', 'refer', 'mentioned', 'below']
['significant', 'which', 'blockchain', 'technology']
['fight', 'against', 'covid']
['facilitating', 'increased', 'testing', 'reporting']
['recording', 'details', 'covid', 'patients']
['managing', 'lockdown', 'implementation']
['preventing', 'circulation']
['enabling', 'incentive', 'based', 'volunteer', 'participation']
['platform']
['enabling', 'secure', 'donation', 'platform', 'supporters']
['limiting', 'supply', 'chain', 'disruptions']
['dissect', 'these', 'subsections']
['follow']
['increased', 'testing', 'reporting']
['various', 'countries', 'china', 'germany', 'republic']
['korea', 'emphasized', 'extensive', 'testing']
['individuals', 'eventual', 'means', 'spread']
['virus', 'however', 'order', 'ensure', 'efficiency', 'tests']
['carried', 'intelligently', 'accurate', 'regards']
['number', 'tests', 'performed', 'needs', 'maintained']
['blockchain', 'technology', 'setting', 'distributed']
['check', 'points', 'testing', 'patients', 'showing']
['symptoms', 'related', 'covid', 'coordinators', 'these']
['check', 'points', 'nodes', 'distributed']
['blockchain', 'network', 'these', 'nodes', 'continuously', 'update']
['regarding', 'number', 'tests', 'performed', 'number']
['laboratory', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'their', 'local', 'check', 'point']
['network', 'getting', 'accurate', 'report']
['number', 'tests', 'being', 'conducting', 'number']
['volume', '90253v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['figure', 'blockchain', 'based', 'architecture', 'covid', 'impact', 'management']
['positive', 'cases', 'recorded', 'these', 'reports', 'further']
['authorities', 'healthcare', 'officials', 'strategize']
['combat', 'spread', 'disease', 'areas', 'reporting']
['number', 'covid', 'positive', 'patients', 'shared']
['blockchain', 'network', 'single', 'source', 'users']
['update', 'retrieve', 'blockchain', 'inherent']
['feature', 'being', 'immutable', 'stored', 'network']
['tamper', 'proof', 'therefore', 'trusted']
['healthcare', 'professionals', 'government', 'authorities']
['recording', 'covid', 'patient', 'details']
['apart', 'securely', 'storing', 'reports', 'blockchain', 'based', 'distributed', 'platforms', 'promising', 'recording', 'covid', 'patient', 'details']
['person', 'tests', 'positive', 'covid', 'details']
['including', 'medical', 'history', 'underlying', 'health', 'condi', 'tions', 'severity', 'disease', 'symptoms', 'developed']
['recommended', 'treatment', 'securely']
['added', 'network', 'platform']
['covid', 'patients', 'facilitate', 'study']
['disease', 'clinical', 'characteristics', 'health', 'network', 'better', 'understand', 'better']
['disease', 'growth', 'pattern', 'future', 'health', 'center']
['dealing', 'confirmed', 'covid', 'refer']
['these', 'studies', 'anticipate', 'facilities', 'medicines']
['required', 'situation']
['managing', 'lockdown', 'implementation']
['living', 'under', 'lockdown', 'conditions', 'unprecedented', 'uation', 'majority', 'people', 'around', 'world']
['essential', 'needs', 'public', 'empower']
['follow', 'lockdown', 'restrictions', 'strictly']
['people', 'police', 'department', 'healthcare', 'department']
['governmental', 'organizations', 'other', 'volun', 'teers', 'government', 'authorities']
['achieve', 'intended', 'results', 'lockdown', 'success', 'fully', 'following', 'implementation', 'lockdown', 'measures']
['multiple', 'reports', 'surfaced', 'claiming', 'people', 'residing']
['easily', 'accessible', 'areas', 'utilizing', 'extra', 'services', 'while']
['people', 'living', 'remote', 'areas', 'bereft', 'damental', 'necessities', 'blockchain', 'technology']
['government', 'government', 'bodies', 'oversee']
['requirements', 'people', 'different', 'regions', 'country']
['efficiently', 'manage', 'lockdown', 'implementation']
['authorized', 'groups', 'individuals', 'associated', 'enforcing']
['lockdown', 'nodes', 'blockchain', 'network']
['register', 'needs', 'residents', 'their', 'designated']
['network', 'participating', 'nodes', 'blockchain']
['network', 'allowed', 'check', 'requirements', 'listed']
['nodes', 'different', 'areas', 'following', 'which', 'intended']
['groups', 'appropriate', 'actions', 'satisfy', 'those', 'needs']
['limit', 'imbalance', 'supply', 'services']
['different', 'areas', 'consequently', 'result', 'stringent']
['lockdown', 'implementation']
['preventing', 'circulation']
['following', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'major']
['concerns', 'governments', 'worldwide', 'limit']
['spread', 'misinformation', 'various', 'unsolicited', 'messages']
['being', 'forwarded', 'giving', 'feelings', 'unrest', 'amongst']
['citizens', 'besides', 'spreading', 'rumors', 'sages', 'particularly', 'inflammatory', 'instill', 'feelings']
['xenophobia', 'amongst', 'readers', 'however', 'since', 'several']
['social', 'platforms', 'currently', 'becomes', 'difficult']
['authorities', 'monitor', 'authenticity', 'information']
['being', 'shared', 'these', 'platforms', 'moreover']
['90254', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['authorities', 'detect', 'unfactual', 'message', 'becomes']
['difficult', 'track', 'original', 'initiator', 'message']
['public', 'blockchain', 'network']
['information', 'sharing', 'highly', 'promising', 'solution']
['spread', 'rumors', 'conspiracy', 'theories']
['inflammatory', 'remarks', 'forcing', 'message', 'initiators']
['their', 'message', 'digital', 'signature', 'authorities']
['track', 'shared', 'which', 'message', 'although']
['consensus', 'algorithms', 'ensure', 'misinformation']
['makes', 'network', 'first', 'place']
['authorities', 'quickly', 'determine', 'message', 'initiator']
['based', 'digital', 'signature', 'platform', 'people', 'falling', 'fraudulent', 'information']
['incentive', 'based', 'volunteer', 'participation']
['general', 'behavior', 'individuals']
['respond', 'quickly', 'incentives', 'offered', 'incentives']
['simple', 'words', 'appreciation', 'monetary', 'benefit', 'small']
['certificate', 'acknowledging', 'blockchain']
['technology', 'makes', 'robust', 'consensus', 'mechanism']
['facilitate', 'secure', 'distribution', 'incentives']
['different', 'deserving', 'candidates']
['current', 'state', 'crisis', 'scaling', 'rapid']
['becomes', 'crucial', 'countries', 'prompt', 'their', 'share', 'vital', 'involve', 'impact']
['management', 'activities', 'blockchain', 'based']
['incentive', 'mechanism', 'proposed']
['prove', 'highly', 'useful', 'motivating']
['large', 'number', 'citizens', 'volunteers', 'covid', 'crisis', 'management', 'volunteers', 'distributing']
['masks', 'other', 'essential', 'products', 'furthermore']
['reporting', 'identities', 'people', 'breaking']
['social', 'distancing', 'protocols', 'hoarding', 'items', 'daily']
['misusing', 'current', 'state', 'panic', 'among', 'people']
['charge', 'extra', 'fundamental', 'necessi', 'participants', 'blockchain', 'network']
['rewarded', 'tokens', 'certificates', 'appreciation']
['acknowledge', 'their', 'motivate', 'partici', 'enthusiasm']
['secure', 'donation', 'platform']
['following', 'massive', 'impact', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['globally', 'especially', 'those', 'belonging', 'underpriv', 'ileged', 'class', 'several', 'people', 'organizations', 'around']
['world', 'coming', 'forward', 'fortunate']
['themselves', 'since', 'these', 'times', 'everyone']
['cannot', 'personally', 'needy', 'people']
['chosen', 'donate', 'several', 'international', 'national', 'relief']
['funds', 'however', 'reports', 'fraudulent', 'accounts']
['relief', 'funds', 'instilled', 'feeling', 'insecurity', 'among']
['people', 'otherwise', 'willing', 'donate', 'recently']
['india', 'group', 'fraudsters', 'caught', 'collecting', 'tions', 'creating', 'account', 'under']
['initiated', 'indian', 'prime', 'minister']
['secure', 'transparent', 'donation', 'platform']
['required', 'quash', 'skepticism', 'surrounding', 'validity']
['transparency', 'existing', 'donation', 'platforms', 'sequently', 'enable', 'citizens', 'extend', 'monetary']
['various', 'blockchain', 'based', 'crowdfunding', 'platforms']
['proposed', 'recent', 'times', 'blockchain', 'based']
['platforms', 'ensure', 'secure', 'collection', 'money', 'while']
['warranting', 'transparency', 'regards', 'where', 'donated']
['money', 'being']
['limiting', 'supply', 'chain', 'distruptions']
['onset', 'covid', 'particularly', 'trouble', 'international', 'trade', 'supply', 'chains']
['lockdown', 'measures', 'currently', 'imposed', 'several', 'countries']
['organizations', 'around', 'world', 'experiencing', 'siderable', 'difficulties', 'maintaining', 'goods']
['services', 'supply', 'chain', 'disruptions', 'further', 'exacerbated']
['trade', 'restrictions', 'caused', 'majority', 'suppliers']
['production', 'several', 'logistic', 'partners', 'postpone']
['transport', 'goods', 'technologies', 'blockchain']
['being', 'hailed', 'reforming', 'trade', 'networks']
['making', 'supply', 'chain', 'tolerant', 'emergencies']
['future']
['years', 'several', 'attempts']
['organizations', 'around', 'world', 'incorporate', 'blockchain']
['their', 'supply', 'chains', 'increase', 'supply', 'chain', 'visibility']
['which', 'cited', 'primary', 'reason', 'supply', 'chain']
['disruptions', 'existing', 'systems', 'manufacturers']
['familiar', 'difficulties', 'being', 'faced', 'their', 'immediate']
['suppliers', 'might', 'oblivious', 'challenges', 'faced']
['their', 'supplier', 'partners', 'knowledge', 'challenges']
['allow', 'manufacturers', 'arrange', 'temporary', 'solutions']
['deter', 'supply', 'chain', 'problems', 'however', 'owing']
['insecurities', 'losing', 'competitive', 'suppliers']
['leery', 'disseminating', 'their', 'partner', 'details', 'mission', 'blockchains', 'feasible', 'supplier']
['share', 'without', 'actually', 'disclosing', 'their', 'partner', 'identity']
['challenges']
['technical', 'technical', 'challenges', 'hinder']
['application', 'blockchain', 'covid', 'impact', 'manage', 'before', 'blockchain', 'based', 'solutions', 'implemented']
['current', 'situation', 'these', 'issues', 'adequately']
['addressed']
['first', 'technical', 'challenge', 'blockchain', 'imple', 'mentation', 'awareness', 'about', 'blockchain']
['potential', 'furthermore', 'several', 'people', 'reserva', 'tions', 'regarding', 'blockchain', 'since', 'associate']
['blockchain', 'cryptocurrencies', 'fraudulent']
['activities']
['although', 'technical', 'challenges', 'handled']
['increased', 'awareness', 'challenges']
['blockchain', 'implementation', 'technical']
['blockchain', 'based', 'platforms', 'often', 'suffer', 'their']
['scalability', 'current', 'crisis', 'necessitates']
['highly', 'scalable', 'solution', 'since', 'affecting', 'almost']
['people', 'around', 'world', 'currently']
['volume', '90255v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['blockchain', 'based', 'platforms', 'available', 'almost']
['inherent', 'scalability', 'constraints']
['response', 'current', 'pandemic', 'requires', 'solidation', 'various', 'emerging', 'legacy', 'technologies']
['since', 'blockchain', 'technology', 'relatively', 'becomes', 'difficult', 'integrate', 'blockchain', 'applica', 'tions', 'legacy', 'systems']
['significant', 'advantages', 'blockchain']
['absence', 'central', 'authority', 'times', 'backfire', 'ensure', 'proper', 'functioning']
['blockchain', 'based', 'applications', 'essential', 'properly']
['enforce', 'government', 'regulations', 'standards']
['design', 'development', 'applications']
['although', 'blockchain', 'technology', 'relatively']
['entire', 'potential', 'explored', 'disastrous', 'impact']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'warranted']
['blockchain', 'based', 'transparency', 'solutions', 'enhanced', 'impact']
['management', 'techniques', 'coming', 'times']
['several', 'benefits', 'offers', 'blockchain', 'technology']
['potential', 'become', 'indispensable', 'healthcare']
['industry', 'rapid', 'response', 'system']
['network', 'technology']
['refers', 'fifth', 'generation', 'wireless', 'communica', 'technology', 'supporting', 'mobile', 'networks', 'globally']
['comparison', 'expected', 'better', 'formance', 'terms', 'higher', 'speed', 'lower', 'latency', 'wider']
['range', 'increased', 'availability', 'reliability', 'together']
['other', 'concomitant', 'technologies']
['network', 'technology', 'potential', 'revolutionize']
['healthcare', 'sector', 'commercialization', 'technology']
['china', 'already', 'transformed', 'response', 'mechanism']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'providing', 'better', 'assistance']
['frontline', 'staff', 'facilitating', 'improved', 'virus', 'tracking']
['patient', 'monitoring', 'collection', 'analysis', 'citing']
['china', 'example', 'section', 'discuss', 'various']
['which', 'countries', 'adopt', 'improve']
['efficiency', 'their', 'efforts', 'resisting', 'covid', 'health']
['crisis']
['telemedicine']
['defined', 'section', 'telemedicine', 'refers', 'practice']
['remotely', 'monitoring', 'patients', 'although']
['drones', 'smart', 'wearables', 'mobile', 'applications', 'functionalities', 'telemedicine', 'sector', 'technology', 'necessity', 'realize', 'those', 'functional', 'ities', 'limited', 'bandwidth', 'transfer', 'speed']
['existing', 'networks', 'cannot', 'support', 'quality', 'video', 'conferencing', 'which', 'essential', 'requirement']
['seamless', 'consultation', 'teleconferencing', 'further', 'networks', 'often', 'hinder', 'connection']
['devices', 'cloud', 'platforms', 'consequently', 'rendering']
['inefficient', 'features', 'ultra']
['latency', 'speed', 'transmission', 'enable', 'mobile']
['networks', 'address', 'these', 'issues', 'furthermore']
['enable', 'immersive', 'virtual', 'augmented', 'reality']
['applications', 'which', 'conceivably', 'interactive']
['experience', 'telemedicine', 'equip', 'caregivers', 'provide']
['immediate', 'expertise', 'regards', 'possible', 'complications']
['treatment', 'strategies']
['china', 'where', 'technology', 'commercially']
['unveiled', 'early', 'november', 'already', 'drawn']
['features', 'networks', 'bring', 'telemedicine']
['various', 'hospitals', 'medical', 'centers', 'china', 'launched']
['telemedicine', 'platforms', 'covid', 'patients']
['example']
['china', 'hospital', 'launched', 'covid']
['teleconsultation', 'platform', 'assistance', 'china']
['telecom']
['hospital', 'affiliated', 'kunming', 'medical', 'univer', 'launched', 'based', 'online', 'platform']
['covid', 'diagnosis', 'treatment']
['emergency', 'facility', 'wuhan', 'huoshenshan', 'hospi', 'launched', 'remote', 'consultation', 'platform']
['consultation', 'platform', 'enabled', 'efficient']
['diagnosis', 'treatment', 'covid', 'patients']
['hospital', 'equipping', 'healthcare', 'profession', 'beijing', 'medical']
['hospital']
['medical', 'imaging']
['recent', 'years', 'medical', 'imaging', 'techniques', 'archiving', 'communication', 'systems', 'become']
['indispensable', 'diagnosis', 'treatment', 'tandem']
['generation', 'cellular', 'networks', 'technologies']
['analytics', 'offer', 'enhanced']
['analysis', 'management', 'while', 'requiring', 'minimal', 'human']
['effort', 'specialist', 'field', 'hospital', 'wuhan', 'leishenshan']
['hospital', 'enabled', 'medical', 'imaging', 'platforms', 'allowed']
['diagnosis', 'covid', 'patients', 'doing']
['relieved', 'hospital', 'medical']
['staff']
['thermal', 'imaging']
['thermal', 'imaging', 'technology', 'initially', 'developed']
['aircraft', 'defense', 'found', 'several']
['domains', 'including', 'healthcare', 'where', 'proved']
['particularly', 'propitious', 'establishment', 'networks']
['facilitated', 'development', 'enabled', 'thermal', 'imaging']
['systems', 'several', 'applications', 'defense']
['healthcare', 'thermal', 'imaging', 'monitoring', 'system']
['enable', 'temperature', 'moving', 'bodies']
['accuracy', 'precision', 'accumulated']
['systems', 'transmitted', 'central', 'monitoring']
['system', 'ultra', 'latency', 'using', 'networks']
['covid', 'outbreak', 'functionality', 'around', 'clock', 'public', 'temperature', 'monitoring', 'china', 'several']
['thermal', 'imaging', 'systems', 'already', 'consolidated']
['robots', 'which', 'deployed', 'public', 'spaces']
['several', 'cities', 'reduce', 'spread', 'covid']
['90256', 'volume', '2020v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['figure', 'epidemic', 'monitoring', 'platform']
['robots']
['following', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'several', 'attempts']
['around', 'globe', 'develop', 'deploy', 'robots']
['burden', 'first', 'officials', 'although']
['these', 'attempts', 'already', 'discussed', 'section']
['section', 'focuses', 'mainly', 'powered', 'robots', 'having', 'functionalities', 'enabled', 'robots']
['often', 'efficient', 'performing', 'assigned', 'tasks']
['robots', 'deployed', 'thailand']
['thailand', 'advanced', 'services', 'country']
['largest', 'phone', 'operator', 'leveraged', 'technology', 'fight', 'outbreak', 'covid']
['installed', 'networks', 'hospitals', 'deployed', 'several']
['robots', 'hospitals', 'augmenting', 'their', 'telemedicine']
['facilities', 'apart', 'serving', 'means', 'communication']
['between', 'medics', 'patients', 'these', 'robots']
['ability', 'perform', 'thermal', 'scans']
['china', 'mobile', 'robots', 'shanghai']
['effort', 'contain', 'spread', 'covid']
['chinese', 'telecommunications', 'operator', 'china', 'mobile']
['provided', 'enabled', 'intelligent', 'robots', 'shanghai']
['public', 'health', 'clinical', 'center', 'these', 'robots', 'perform']
['multitude', 'operations', 'sanitizing', 'health', 'center']
['premises', 'delivering', 'medicines', 'patients']
['addition', 'robots', 'telecom', 'operators', 'shanghai']
['deployed', 'smart', 'devices', 'thermal', 'imaging']
['cameras', 'health', 'monitors', 'their', 'combat']
['covid', 'crisis']
['cloudminds', 'robots', 'wuhan']
['field', 'hospital', 'staffed', 'several', 'enabled', 'smart', 'robots']
['recently', 'opened', 'wuhan', 'china', 'these', 'robots', 'vided', 'beijing', 'based', 'company', 'called', 'cloudminds']
['clean', 'disinfect', 'premises', 'deliver', 'medicine']
['patients', 'measure', 'their', 'temperature', 'facility', 'monly', 'referred', 'smart', 'field', 'hospital', 'employed']
['various', 'other', 'devices', 'burden']
['hospital', 'staff', 'patients', 'facility', 'smart', 'bracelets']
['rings', 'synced', 'cloudminds', 'platform', 'enable']
['health', 'workers', 'continually', 'track', 'their', 'patients', 'vital', 'signs']
['including', 'their', 'temperature', 'heart', 'blood', 'oxygen']
['levels', 'without', 'requiring', 'physically', 'present']
['times']
['patrol', 'robots', 'multiple', 'cities', 'china']
['local', 'robotics', 'company', 'based', 'guangzhou', 'china']
['recently', 'designed', 'police', 'patrol', 'robots']
['advantech', 'developed', 'computer', 'these', 'smart']
['robots', 'intersection', 'cloud']
['computing', 'technologies', 'equipped', 'infrared', 'mometers', 'resolution', 'cameras', 'allow']
['measure', 'temperatures', 'people']
['furthermore', 'employing', 'environmental', 'sensing']
['these', 'robots', 'determine', 'someone', 'wearing']
['volume', '90257v', 'chamola', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['anytime', 'robot', 'encounters', 'someone']
['wearing', 'temperature', 'immediately']
['sends', 'alert', 'local', 'authorities', 'these', 'robots']
['deployed', 'public', 'places', 'multiple', 'cities', 'china']
['including', 'shanghai', 'guangzhou', 'guiyang']
['challenges']
['since', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'several', 'technologi', 'solutions', 'proposed', 'mitigating', 'impact']
['among', 'drone', 'technology']
['forefront', 'however', 'realize', 'transformative', 'potential']
['these', 'technologies', 'there', 'cellular', 'network']
['overcome', 'bandwidth', 'latency', 'flexibility', 'issues']
['inherent', 'current', 'network', 'technology', 'responsibility']
['rests', 'generation', 'cellular', 'networks']
['integration', 'tools', 'robots', 'telemedicine']
['platforms', 'supported', 'features', 'speed']
['transmission', 'ultra', 'latency', 'advanced', 'analytics']
['allow', 'efficient', 'system', 'monitoring', 'crowds']
['detecting', 'infected', 'individuals', 'providing', 'treatment']
['without', 'physical', 'human', 'contact']
['refer', 'future', 'epidemic', 'control']
['system', 'potential', 'building', 'blocks']
['development', 'dynamic', 'smart', 'manage', 'model', 'however', 'present', 'implementation']
['networks', 'faces', 'several', 'challenges', 'which']
['mentioned', 'below']
['since', 'deployment', 'networks', 'still', 'nascent']
['stages', 'pitfalls', 'infrastructure']
['support', 'their', 'working', 'furthermore', 'costs']
['associated', 'installation', 'maintenance']
['networks', 'scale', 'deployment', 'difficult']
['governments', 'telecom', 'operators']
['their', 'networks', 'cannot', 'revolutionize']
['healthcare', 'sector', 'prove', 'effective']
['tandem', 'other', 'emerging', 'technologies']
['cloud', 'computing']
['present', 'there', 'established', 'guidelines', 'ulate', 'patient', 'confidential', 'collected']
['using', 'healthcare', 'systems', 'besides', 'confidential', 'several', 'other', 'security', 'issues', 'associated']
['resolved']
['although', 'scale', 'deployment', 'networks']
['healthcare', 'industry', 'likely', 'years', 'increasing']
['number', 'medical', 'centers', 'already', 'contemplating']
['enabled', 'healthcare', 'systems', 'enhance', 'quality']
['medical', 'service', 'patient', 'experience', 'reduce']
['medical', 'minimize', 'burden', 'healthcare']
['personnel']
['xviii', 'conclusion']
['while', 'world', 'continues', 'grapple', 'impact']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'complementary', 'efforts', 'various']
['emerging', 'technologies', 'blockchain']
['endeavoring', 'alleviate', 'impact', 'keeping']
['foundation', 'offer']
['latest', 'insights', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'begin']
['paper', 'comprehensive', 'review', 'covid', 'itself']
['which', 'explore', 'clinical', 'features', 'transmission', 'anism', 'diagnosis', 'procedures', 'following', 'discuss']
['stages', 'disease', 'through', 'course', 'spread']
['various', 'treatment', 'efforts', 'being']
['pandemic', 'preventive', 'measures']
['followed', 'possible', 'calibrate']
['disastrous', 'impact', 'covid', 'broad']
['state', 'global', 'economy', 'following', 'break', 'thorough', 'discussion', 'dissect']
['various', 'technological', 'interventions', 'direction']
['covid', 'impact', 'management', 'primarily', 'discussion']
['focuses', 'emerging', 'technologies']
['drones', 'blockchain', 'mitigating', 'impact']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'disease']
['surfaces', 'responsibility', 'manage', 'limit', 'impact']
['rests', 'largely', 'these', 'technologies']
['acknowledgment']
['statements', 'herein', 'solely', 'responsibility']
['authors']
['new_paper']
['special', 'section', 'emerging', 'learning']
['theories', 'methods', 'biomedical', 'engineering']
['received', 'april', 'accepted', 'publication', 'current', 'version']
['digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '2994762']
['covidgan', 'augmentation', 'using', 'auxiliary']
['classifier', 'improved', 'covid', 'detection']
['abdul', 'waheed1']
['muskan', 'goyal']
['deepak', 'gupta']
['ashish', 'khanna1']
[]
['turjman']
['plácido', 'rogerio', 'pinheiro', 'member']
['1maharaja', 'agrasen', 'institute', 'technology', 'delhi', '110086', 'india']
['2artificial', 'intelligence', 'department', 'research', 'center', 'university', '99138', 'mersin', 'turkey']
['3state', 'university', 'ceará', 'fortaleza', '60714903', 'brazil']
['4university', 'fortaleza', 'fortaleza', '60811905', 'brazil']
['corresponding', 'author', 'deepak', 'gupta', 'deepakgupta']
['abstract', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'viral', 'disease', 'caused', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coron', 'avirus', 'spread', 'covid', 'seems', 'detrimental', 'effect', 'global', 'economy']
['health', 'positive', 'chest', 'infected', 'patients', 'crucial', 'battle', 'against', 'covid']
['early', 'results', 'suggest', 'abnormalities', 'exist', 'chest', 'patients', 'suggestive', 'covid']
['introduction', 'variety', 'learning', 'systems', 'studies', 'shown', 'accuracy']
['covid', 'patient', 'detection', 'through', 'chest', 'strongly', 'optimistic', 'learning']
['networks', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'networks', 'substantial', 'amount', 'training', 'because']
['outbreak', 'recent', 'difficult', 'gather', 'significant', 'number', 'radiographic', 'images', 'short']
['therefore', 'research', 'present', 'method', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'chest', 'images']
['developing', 'auxiliary', 'classifier', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'network', 'acgan', 'based', 'model', 'called']
['covidgan', 'addition', 'demonstrate', 'synthetic', 'images', 'produced', 'covidgan', 'utilized']
['enhance', 'performance', 'covid', 'detection', 'classification', 'using', 'alone', 'yielded']
['accuracy', 'adding', 'synthetic', 'images', 'produced', 'covidgan', 'accuracy', 'increased']
['method', 'speed', 'covid', 'detection', 'robust', 'systems', 'radiology']
['index', 'terms', 'learning', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'networks', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'networks', 'synthetic']
['augmentation', 'covid', 'detection']
['introduction']
['coronavirus', 'disease', 'respiratory', 'disease', 'caused', 'severe']
['acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus']
['covid', 'initially', 'detected', 'wuhan', 'china']
['december', 'spread', 'worldwide', 'since', 'ongoing', 'coronavirus', 'pandemic']
['million', 'cases', 'deaths', 'registered']
['countries', 'territories']
['since', 'vaccines', 'cures', 'exist', 'efficient']
['human', 'protection', 'against', 'covid', 'reduce', 'spread']
['prompt', 'testing', 'population', 'isolation', 'infected']
['individuals']
['certain', 'health', 'symptoms', 'combined', 'chest']
['diagnose', 'infection', 'chest']
['visual', 'indicator', 'coronavirus', 'infection']
['radiologists', 'creation', 'numerous']
['associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript']
['approving', 'publication', 'shuihua']
['learning', 'models', 'tests', 'shown', 'highly', 'likely']
['patients', 'covid', 'infection', 'detected', 'correctly']
['using', 'chest', 'radiography', 'images']
['convolutional', 'neural', 'networks', 'attained', 'state', 'performance', 'field', 'medical', 'imaging']
['given', 'enough', 'performance', 'accom', 'plished', 'training', 'labeled', 'tuning', 'lions', 'parameters', 'easily', 'overfit', 'small']
['datasets', 'because', 'large', 'number', 'parameters', 'there', 'efficiency', 'generalization', 'proportional']
['labeled', 'limited', 'quantity', 'variety']
['samples', 'biggest', 'challenge', 'medical', 'imaging']
['domain', 'small', 'datasets', 'medical', 'image', 'collec', 'expensive', 'tedious', 'process', 'requires']
['participation', 'radiologists', 'researchers']
['since', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'recent', 'sufficient']
['chest', 'images', 'difficult', 'gather', 'alleviate', 'drawbacks', 'using', 'synthetic']
['augmentation']
['91916', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'volume', '2020a', 'waheed', 'covidgan', 'augmentation']
['augmentation', 'methods', 'employed', 'extend']
['training', 'dataset', 'artificially', 'current', 'augmentation', 'niques', 'simple', 'modifications', 'incorporate', 'affinity']
['image', 'transformations', 'color', 'adjustments', 'flipping', 'converting', 'improving', 'contrast', 'brightness']
['blurring', 'sharpening', 'white', 'balance', 'classical']
['augmentation', 'reliable', 'however']
['augmentation', 'changes', 'limited', 'because', 'structured']
['existing', 'sample', 'slightly', 'altered', 'sample']
['other', 'words', 'classical', 'augmentation', 'produce']
['completely', 'unseen', 'modern', 'advanced', 'mentation', 'synthetic', 'augmentation', 'which', 'overcomes']
['limitations', 'classical', 'augmentation', 'generative']
['adversarial', 'network', 'innovative', 'model']
['generates', 'synthetic', 'images', 'powerful', 'method']
['generate', 'unseen', 'samples', 'without']
['supervision', 'general', 'concept']
['opposing', 'networks', 'where']
['generator', 'produces', 'realistic', 'image', 'trick', 'other']
['equipped', 'better', 'discriminate', 'between']
['false', 'images', 'discriminator', 'generator']
['minimize', 'value', 'function', 'whereas']
['discriminator', 'maximizes', 'related', 'works', 'contribu', 'tions', 'discussed', 'below']
['related', 'works']
['recently', 'framework', 'medical']
['imaging', 'techniques', 'developed', 'multi', 'scale']
['vgg16', 'network', 'dcgan', 'based', 'model', 'forward']
['backward', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'images']
['nodules', 'classification', 'beers', 'trained']
['pggan', 'progressively', 'grown', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'synthesize', 'medical', 'images', 'fundus', 'pictures', 'premature', 'retinopathic', 'vascular', 'pathology']
['glioma', 'multimodal', 'pictures', 'applied']
['order', 'produce', 'segmented', 'images']
['heart', 'chest', 'patch', 'based', 'developed']
['convert', 'brain', 'pictures', 'responding', 'suggested', 'automated', 'image']
['optimization', 'model', 'suggested']
['networks', 'called', 'segmentor', 'critic', 'which', 'studied']
['connection', 'between', 'binary', 'brain', 'tumor', 'segmentation']
['brain', 'pictures', 'schlegl', 'utilized']
['study', 'distribution', 'healthy', 'tissue', 'using', 'patches']
['retinal', 'region', 'checked', 'anomaly']
['detection', 'retinal', 'images', 'patches', 'unseen']
['healthy', 'imagery']
['medical', 'imaging', 'explore']
['expanding', 'image', 'datasets', 'present', 'research']
['focusing', 'improvements', 'covid', 'detection', 'order']
['synthesize', 'standard', 'images', 'developed', 'iliary', 'classifier', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'network', 'acgan']
['based', 'model']
['research', 'published', 'journal', 'radiology', 'chest']
['radiography', 'outperformed', 'laboratory', 'testing', 'detec', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'frequency']
['anomalies', 'radiographical', 'images', 'rapidly', 'increased', 'after']
['onset', 'symptoms', 'peaked', 'during', 'illness']
['researchers', 'concluded', 'chest', 'radiogra', 'should', 'covid', 'screening', 'method']
['known', 'particular', 'imaging']
['various', 'advantages', 'readily', 'available', 'accessible']
['easily', 'portable', 'helps', 'rapid', 'prioritization']
['covid', 'suspected', 'patients', 'since', 'pandemic', 'recent']
['there', 'limited', 'number', 'images', 'available']
['study', 'therefore', 'develop', 'covidgan', 'generate', 'artificial']
['training', 'generation', 'artificial']
['effective', 'small', 'datasets']
['includes', 'sensitive', 'information', 'synthesize', 'images']
['scratch', 'specific', 'category', 'produce']
['satisfactory', 'results', 'combined', 'other', 'methods']
['research', 'projects', 'innovations', 'related']
['covid', 'proposed', 'paper', 'knowledge', 'first', 'present']
['architecture', 'improvement', 'covid', 'detection']
['contributions']
['study', 'covid', 'detection']
['extensively', 'field', 'computer', 'vision', 'these']
['widely', 'examine', 'visual', 'imagery']
['image', 'classification', 'years', 'several', 'studies']
['medical', 'imagery', 'applied', 'recorded', 'better']
['performance', 'combine', 'synthetic', 'images', 'gener', 'using', 'covidgan', 'proposed', 'architecture']
['research', 'following', 'contributions']
['propose', 'auxiliary', 'classifier', 'generative', 'adversarial']
['network', 'acgan', 'based', 'called', 'covidgan']
['generation', 'synthetic', 'images']
['design', 'based', 'model', 'covid', 'detection']
['using', 'covidgan', 'augmentation', 'training', 'dataset']
['model', 'improved', 'detection']
['covid']
['remaining', 'transposition', 'follows', 'section', 'defines']
['dataset', 'architecture', 'covid']
['detection', 'section', 'elaborates', 'method', 'thetic', 'augmentation', 'extension', 'dataset']
['section', 'results', 'conclusion']
['research', 'respectively', 'section', 'discusses', 'limitations']
['study']
['covid', 'detection']
['section', 'describes', 'characteristics', 'dataset']
['architecture', 'covid', 'detection']
['dataset', 'generation']
['dataset', 'composed', 'images', 'cisely', 'there', 'images', 'covid', 'images']
['normal', 'generate', 'dataset', 'collected']
['images', 'three', 'publicly', 'accessible', 'datasets']
['covid', 'chest', 'dataset', 'covid', 'radiogra', 'database', 'covid', 'chest', 'dataset']
['volume', '91917a', 'waheed', 'covidgan', 'augmentation']
['initiative', 'decision', 'develop', 'dataset', 'these']
['three', 'datasets', 'driven']
['sourced', 'completely', 'available', 'public']
['research', 'communities', 'collected', 'images', 'merged']
['duplicate', 'images', 'removed', 'dataset', 'image']
['hashing', 'method', 'remove', 'duplicate', 'images']
['method', 'creates', 'value', 'uniquely', 'identifies', 'input']
['image', 'based', 'contents', 'image']
['striking', 'trend', 'limited', 'number', 'cases']
['associated', 'pictures', 'covid', 'indicate', 'scant']
['availability', 'covid', 'public', 'domain', 'samples']
['dataset', 'given']
['architecture']
['research', 'vgg16', 'network', 'covid']
['detection', 'vgg16', 'architecture', 'consists', 'twelve']
['convolutional', 'layers', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'lowed', 'pooling', 'layer', 'finally', 'three']
['fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'stride', 'fixed', 'pixel']
['convolutional', 'layers', 'pooling', 'layers']
['fixed', 'stride', 'pixel', 'filter', 'padding']
['pixel', 'convolutional', 'layers']
['layers', 'network', 'activation', 'function']
['advantage', 'vgg16', 'simplicity', 'depth']
['architecture', 'extracts', 'features', 'spatial', 'resolution']
['results', 'image', 'classification', 'problems']
['vgg16', 'architecture', 'which', 'connected']
['custom', 'layers', 'global', 'average', 'pooling']
['layer', 'followed', 'units', 'dense', 'layer', 'dropout', 'layer']
['probability', 'lastly', 'softmax', 'layer', 'attached']
['prediction', 'network']
['dataset', 'consists', 'training', 'samples']
['covid', 'images', 'normal', 'images']
['testing', 'samples', 'covid', 'images']
['normal', 'images', 'image', 'preprocessing', 'steps']
['involved', 'resizing', 'normalizing', 'since', 'scale']
['images', 'varies', 'dataset', 'images']
['resized', 'using', 'image', 'processing', 'scikit']
['further', 'image', 'normalized', 'rescaling', 'pixels']
['fixed', 'image']
[]
['since', 'vgg16', 'network', 'million', 'parameters']
['requires', 'training', 'computing', 'resources']
['therefore', 'tuning', 'performed', 'modify', 'parameters']
['trained', 'vgg16', 'model', 'adapt']
['custom', 'layers', 'model']
['trained', 'without', 'updating', 'weights', 'vgg16', 'layers']
['tuning', 'updates', 'weights', 'custom', 'layer']
['allows', 'output', 'layers', 'learn', 'interpret', 'learned']
['features', 'vgg16', 'model', 'which', 'achieved', 'setting']
['trainable', 'property', 'layers', 'false']
['before', 'training']
['training', 'implementation', 'details', 'adaptive', 'moment']
['estimation', 'optimizer', 'egorical_cross_entropy', 'function']
['method', 'stochastic', 'optimization', 'which', 'calculates', 'adaptive']
['figure', 'acgan', 'architecture']
['learning', 'rates', 'parameters', 'activation']
['function', 'network', 'proposed', 'approxi', 'mately', 'million', 'parameters', 'learning', 'rates']
['controlled', 'parameter', 'hyperparameters']
['training', 'learning_rate']
['batch_size', 'network', 'trained', 'epochs']
['after', 'training', 'accuracy', 'achieved', 'proposed']
['architecture', 'trained', 'tested', 'using', 'keras', 'learning']
['library']
['generating', 'synthetic', 'images']
['major', 'drawback', 'above', 'model', 'small']
['dataset', 'extend', 'training', 'boost', 'results']
['covid', 'detection', 'increased', 'synthetic']
['augmentation', 'section', 'elaborates', 'method', 'augmen', 'tation', 'detail']
['auxiliary', 'classifier', 'generative', 'adversarial']
['network', 'acgan']
['generative', 'adversarial', 'networks', 'utilizes', 'neural']
['networks', 'compete', 'another', 'create', 'virtual']
['instances', 'which', 'transmitted']
['extensively', 'image', 'generation']
['research', 'version', 'called', 'auxiliary', 'classifier']
['perform', 'augmentation']
['difficult', 'generate', 'resolution', 'samples']
['highly', 'variable', 'conditional']
['variant', 'which', 'allows', 'model', 'outside']
['information', 'improve', 'sample', 'quality', 'latent']
['space', 'point', 'class', 'label', 'given', 'input', 'generator']
['attempts', 'generate', 'image', 'class']
['discriminator', 'provided', 'image', 'class']
['label', 'decides', 'image', 'false']
['transforms', 'discrim', 'inator', 'predict', 'particular', 'image', 'class', 'label', 'instead']
['receiving', 'input', 'stabilizes', 'training', 'process']
['allows', 'generation', 'quality', 'images', 'while', 'learning']
['representation', 'independent', 'class', 'label']
['acgan', 'architecture', 'shown']
['acgan', 'applies', 'associated', 'class', 'label', 'noise']
['produced', 'sample', 'generator', 'utilizes']
['produce', 'xfake', 'images', 'discriminator', 'gives']
['91918', 'volume', '2020a', 'waheed', 'covidgan', 'augmentation']
['figure', 'covidgan', 'complete', 'architecture', 'generator', 'discriminator']
['figure', 'layered', 'architecture', 'covidgan', 'generator']
['distribution', 'probability', 'class', 'labels', 'sources']
[]
['likelihood', 'source', 'class', 'correct', 'class']
['forms', 'objective', 'function']
['xreal']
['xfake']
['xreal']
['xfake']
['maximizes', 'maximizes']
['propose']
['architecture', 'based', 'acgan', 'called', 'covidgan']
['produces', 'synthetic', 'images', 'improve', 'covid']
['detection']
['synthetic', 'image', 'augmentation', 'using', 'covidgan']
['covidgan', 'generator', 'architecture']
['generator', 'takes', 'latent', 'vector', 'noise', 'which']
['random', 'normal', 'distribution', 'standard', 'deviation']
['class', 'label', 'input', 'output', 'single']
['image', 'class', 'label', 'passed', 'through', 'embedding', 'layer']
['dimensions', 'categorical', 'input', 'further']
['passed', 'through', 'dense', 'layer', 'linear', 'activation']
['output', 'tensor', 'point', 'latent', 'space']
['interpreted', 'dense', 'layer']
['activations', 'reshaped']
['copies', 'resolution', 'version', 'output', 'image']
['tensors', 'generated', 'class', 'label', 'noise']
['concatenated', 'passed', 'through']
['transpose', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'upsample']
['feature', 'first']
['finally', 'transpose']
['convolutional', 'layer', 'except', 'followed']
['batch', 'normalization', 'layer', 'activation', 'layer', 'model']
['methodologies', 'activation', 'kernel']
['stride', 'hyperbolic', 'tangent']
['activation', 'function', 'output', 'layer', 'total', 'parameters']
['generator', 'approximately', 'million', 'output']
['generator', 'image', 'shape', 'layered']
['architecture', 'generator', 'given']
['covidgan', 'discriminator', 'architecture']
['discriminator', 'model', 'architecture']
['output', 'layers', 'takes', 'image', 'shape']
['input', 'model', 'outputs', 'prediction', 'image']
['volume', '91919a', 'waheed', 'covidgan', 'augmentation']
['figure', 'images', 'dataset', 'synthetic', 'images', 'generated', 'covidgan']
['class', 'class', 'outputs', 'class', 'label']
['covid', 'normal', 'block', 'discrim', 'inator', 'represents', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'which', 'followed']
['batch', 'normalization', 'layer', 'activation', 'layer', 'dropout']
['layer', 'probability', 'input', 'downsampled']
[]
['finally', 'model']
['kernel', 'stride', 'changes', 'alternatively']
['leakyrelu', 'activation', 'function']
['slope', 'discriminator', 'approximately', 'million']
['parameters', 'final', 'output', 'flattened', 'probability']
['image', 'reality', 'probability', 'image', 'belonging']
['class', 'estimated', 'first', 'output', 'layer', 'sigmoid']
['function', 'predicts', 'realness', 'image', 'second', 'output']
['layer', 'softmax', 'function', 'predicts', 'label']
['training', 'procedure']
['generator', 'model', 'stacked', 'discrimi', 'nator', 'model', 'initially', 'layers', 'discriminator']
['trainable', 'generator', 'updated']
['discriminator', 'forms', 'composite', 'model']
['which', 'covidgan', 'covidgan', 'trained']
['synthesize', 'images', 'covid']
['normal', 'class', 'image', 'preprocessing', 'involved']
['resizing', 'normalizing', 'images']
['normalization', 'process', 'changes']
['range', 'pixel', 'values', 'purpose', 'convert', 'input']
['image', 'range', 'pixel', 'values', 'familiar']
['normal', 'senses', 'optimizer']
['function', 'implement', 'works', 'sparse', 'dients', 'requires', 'little', 'memory', 'space', 'computationally']
['efficient', 'therefore', 'choice', 'mization', 'model', 'following', 'hyperparameters']
['training', 'covidgan', 'batch_size', 'learning_rate']
['momentum', 'mizer', 'number', 'epochs', 'covidgan', 'approx', 'imately', 'million', 'parameters', 'takes', 'around', 'hours']
['train', 'model', 'optimized', 'using']
['functions', 'output', 'layer', 'discrimi', 'nator', 'first', 'layer', 'binary_crossentropy', 'second']
['sparse_categorical_crossentropy', 'complete', 'architecture']
['trained', 'using', 'keras', 'learning', 'library']
['complete', 'covidgan', 'architecture', 'shown']
['synthetic', 'images', 'generated', 'covidgan', 'shown']
['covidgan', 'generated', 'synthetic', 'images']
['normal', 'synthetic', 'images', 'covid']
['results', 'discussion']
['section', 'analyze', 'effect', 'synthetic', 'mentation', 'technique', 'improved', 'covid', 'detec', 'initially', 'perform', 'covid', 'detection']
['classifier', 'defined', 'section', 'improve']
['performance', 'synthetic', 'augmenta', 'technique', 'performance', 'model', 'observed']
['testing', 'samples', 'testing', 'samples', 'consists']
['actual', 'covid', 'images', 'normal']
['images', 'found', 'synthetic', 'augments', 'duced', 'shown', 'covidgan', 'enhanced']
['performance', 'accuracy', 'achieved']
['actual', 'precision', 'recall', 'covid']
['class', 'increased', 'synthetic', 'augments']
['precision', 'recall', 'covid', 'class', 'detailed']
['analysis', 'shown', 'table', 'results', 'environment']
['setup', 'presented', 'section']
['evaluation', 'measures', 'environment', 'setup']
['implementation', 'covidgan', 'architecture']
['using', 'keras', 'learning', 'library', 'training']
['testing', 'processes', 'performed', 'using', 'nvidia']
['memory', 'intel', 'generation']
[]
['precision', 'recall', 'sensitivity', 'score']
['specificity', 'measure', 'analyze', 'performance']
['model', 'using', 'synthetic', 'augmentation', 'technique']
['precision', 'classifier', 'ability', 'negative']
['sample', 'positive', 'recall', 'classifier', 'ability']
['91920', 'volume', '2020a', 'waheed', 'covidgan', 'augmentation']
['table', 'performance', 'comparison', 'covid', 'detection']
['classify', 'those', 'disease', 'correctly', 'positive']
['score', 'weighted', 'average', 'precision', 'recall']
['specificity', 'ability', 'classifier', 'correctly', 'identify']
['those', 'without', 'disease', 'negative', 'addition']
['total', 'accuracy', 'macro', 'average', 'weighted', 'average']
['calculated', 'formulas', 'measures', 'given']
['below']
['precision']
[]
[]
[]
['sensitivity', 'recall']
[]
[]
[]
['f1score']
['recall', 'precision']
['recall', 'precision']
[]
['specificity']
[]
[]
[]
['total', 'accuarcy']
[]
['total', 'covid19', 'samples']
[]
['where', 'positives', 'false', 'positives']
['false', 'negatives', 'macro', 'average', 'finds', 'unweighted']
['label', 'without', 'taking', 'label', 'imbalance', 'account']
['weighted', 'average', 'calculated', 'using', 'instances']
['label']
['performance', 'analysis', 'synthetic']
['augmentation']
['table', 'analyzes', 'covid', 'detection', 'performance']
['synthetic', 'augmentation', 'technique']
['actual', 'detec', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity']
['specificity', 'described', 'previous', 'section']
['covidgan', 'augmentation', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'images']
['observed', 'training', 'actual']
['synthetic', 'images', 'yields', 'accuracy']
['sensitivity', 'specificity', 'which', 'clearly', 'better']
['performance']
['increase', 'precision', 'recall', 'recorded']
['covid', 'precision', 'recall', 'normal']
['precision', 'recall', 'class', 'suggests']
['synthetic', 'augments', 'produced', 'meaningful', 'features']
['enhancement', 'performance']
['visualization', 'using']
['visualization', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'results', 'principal', 'component', 'analysis']
['method', 'which', 'reduces', 'dimension', 'feature', 'space']
['variables', 'independent', 'retains']
['large', 'distances', 'order', 'optimize', 'variance']
['steps', 'involved']
['standardization', 'dimensions']
['dataset', 'calculated', 'except', 'labels', 'scaled']
['variable', 'contributes', 'equally', 'analysis']
['equation', 'given', 'below', 'scaled', 'value', 'initial']
['standard', 'deviation', 'respectively']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['covariance', 'matrix', 'computation', 'covariance', 'sured', 'between', 'dimensions', 'dimensional']
['covariance', 'between', 'dimensions']
['dimensions', 'dimensions', 'sured', 'covariance', 'variables', 'computed']
['using', 'following', 'formula', 'given', 'below']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['where']
[]
[]
[]
['arithmetic', 'respectively']
['number', 'observations', 'resultant', 'covariance']
['matrix', 'would', 'square', 'matrix', 'dimensions']
['dimensional', 'covariance', 'matrix']
['compute', 'eigenvectors', 'corresponding', 'eigen', 'values', 'eigenvector', 'corresponding', 'eigenvalues']
['computed', 'covariance', 'matrix', 'corresponding']
['eigenvalue', 'factor', 'which', 'eigenvector', 'scaled']
['eigenvector', 'matrix', 'vector', 'satisfies']
['following', 'equation']
[]
['where', 'eigenvalue', 'means', 'linear', 'trans', 'formation', 'defined', 'equation', 'written']
[]
[]
['where', 'identity', 'matrix']
['volume', '91921a', 'waheed', 'covidgan', 'augmentation']
['figure', 'visualization']
['figure', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'covid', 'detection', 'using', 'actual']
[]
['choose', 'eigenvectors', 'largest', 'eigenvalues']
['eigenvectors', 'respect', 'their', 'decreasing', 'order']
['eigenvalues', 'sorted', 'chosen', 'where']
['number', 'dimensions', 'dataset']
['recasting', 'along', 'principal', 'components']
['samples', 'transformed']
['subspace', 'orienting', 'original']
['represented', 'principal', 'components']
['final', 'feature', 'vector', 'transpose', 'scaled']
['lastly', 'principal', 'components', 'computed']
['points', 'accordance', 'projected']
['features', 'dimensional', 'taken']
['layer', 'features', 'images', 'thetic', 'images', 'plotted', 'synthetic']
['images', 'shown', 'green', 'close', 'images']
['shown', 'purple']
['confusion', 'matrices', 'covid', 'detection', 'confusion', 'matrix']
['summarize', 'performance', 'covidgan', 'model']
['recorded', 'performance', 'model', 'testing']
['samples', 'covid', 'images', 'normal']
['images', 'colored', 'diagonal', 'matrix']
['correct', 'classifications', 'whereas', 'other', 'entries', 'classifications', 'covid']
['images', 'misclassified', 'normal', 'false', 'negative']
['normal', 'images', 'misclassified', 'covid']
['false', 'positive', 'trained', 'actual']
['figure', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'covid', 'detection', 'using']
['synthetic', 'augmentation', 'actual']
['images', 'misclassified', 'normal']
['trained', 'actual', 'synthetic', 'augments', 'erated', 'covidgan', 'number', 'false', 'positives']
['reduced']
['conclusion']
['research', 'proposed', 'acgan', 'based', 'model']
['called', 'covidgan', 'generates', 'synthetic', 'images']
['enlarge', 'dataset', 'improve', 'performance']
['covid', 'detection', 'research', 'implemented']
['dataset', 'covid', 'images', 'normal']
['images', 'limited', 'dataset', 'highlights', 'scarcity', 'medical']
['images', 'research', 'communities']
['initially', 'proposed', 'architecture', 'classify']
['classes', 'covid', 'normal']
['further', 'performance', 'synthetic', 'mentation', 'technique', 'investigated']
['synthetic', 'augmentation', 'variability']
['dataset', 'enlarging', 'covidgan', 'generate', 'thetic', 'images', 'chest', 'improvement', 'sification', 'performance', 'accuracy', 'recorded']
['trained', 'actual', 'synthetic', 'augments']
['increase', 'precision', 'recall', 'classes']
['observed']
['findings', 'synthesized', 'images']
['significant', 'visualizations', 'features']
['detection', 'covid', 'lastly', 'detailed', 'analysis']
['performance', 'architecture', 'synthetic']
['augmentation', 'technique', 'given', 'table']
['conclusion', 'proposed', 'enhance', 'accuracy']
['covid', 'detection', 'minimal', 'generating']
['synthetic', 'medical', 'images', 'chest', 'despite', 'excellent']
['results', 'covidgan', 'intended', 'compete', 'ratory', 'testing', 'instead', 'approach', 'leads']
['stronger', 'reliable', 'radiology', 'systems']
['future', 'intend', 'improve', 'quality']
['synthetic', 'images', 'training', 'progressive', 'growing']
[]
['91922', 'volume', '2020a', 'waheed', 'covidgan', 'augmentation']
['limitations']
['analysis', 'still', 'variety', 'limitations', 'firstly']
['architecture', 'training', 'improved', 'further', 'secondly']
['small', 'dataset', 'because', 'constraints']
['difficulty', 'gathering', 'enough', 'quality', 'thetic', 'samples', 'produced', 'research', 'could', 'improved']
['integrating', 'labeled', 'which', 'improves', 'learning']
['process', 'thirdly', 'dataset', 'obtained', 'various']
['sources', 'cross', 'center', 'validations', 'conducted']
['analysis', 'every', 'effort', 'ensure']
['collected', 'correctly', 'labeled', 'mistake', 'label', 'however', 'would', 'probably', 'affect', 'results', 'reported']
['impact', 'could', 'especially', 'pronounced', 'dataset']
['small', 'lastly', 'reliably', 'detect', 'covid']
['through', 'medical', 'assistance', 'clinical', 'testing', 'findings']
['paper', 'provide', 'promising', 'results', 'encourage']
['approach', 'robust', 'radiology', 'systems']
['paper', 'promotes', 'systematic', 'large', 'scale', 'gathering']
['covid', 'images']
['acknowledgment']
['research', 'dedicated', 'those', 'impacted']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'those', 'assisting', 'fight', 'would']
['thank', 'doctors', 'nurses', 'healthcare', 'providers']
['putting', 'their', 'lives', 'combating', 'coronavirus']
['outbreak']
['new_paper']
['radio', 'science', 'bulletin', 'march']
['telecommunications', 'health', 'safety']
['james']
['university', 'illinois', 'chicago']
['south', 'morgan', 'street']
['chicago', '60607']
[]
['covid', 'pandemic', 'cellular']
['telecommunication', 'systems']
['recently', 'there', 'several', 'unusual', 'reports']
['coming', 'about', 'linking', 'coronavirus']
['disease', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'rollout']
['communication', 'systems', 'sounded', 'rather', 'bizarre']
['conspiracy', 'theory', 'sense', 'while']
['covid', 'global', 'phenomena', 'happening']
['around', 'boggles']
['entangled', 'second', 'thought', 'shocking']
['encounter']
['write', 'early']
['coronavirus', 'established', 'global', 'pandemic']
['rapidly', 'increasing', 'counts', 'fatalities', 'worldwide']
['impact', 'interruptions', 'computer', 'viruses']
['private', 'citizen', 'commerce', 'corporation', 'government']
['operations', 'common', 'lives', 'widely', 'publicized']
['recognized', 'quite']
['slowly', 'embedded', 'public', 'consciousness']
['undesirable', 'iction', 'still', 'search', 'ective']
['remedy', 'moreover', 'couple', 'years', 'longer', 'various']
['groups', 'broadcasting', 'escalating', 'politicized']
['overblown', 'concerns', 'about', 'security', 'challenges']
['threats']
['aside', 'array', 'socio', 'technical', 'issues']
['surrounding', 'cellular', 'mobile', 'network', 'technology']
['palpable', 'politicization', 'caused', 'bewilderment']
['consternation', 'deployment', 'certainly', 'impacted']
['which', 'investment', 'decisions', 'being']
['namely', 'engage5g', 'tortoise']
['onset', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'complex']
['devastating', 'global', 'pandemic', 'public', 'already']
['jittery', 'about', 'computer', 'viruses', 'wireless', 'cellular']
['technology', 'perhaps', 'conjures', 'horrors', 'people']
['minds', 'being', 'attacked', 'pandemic', 'viruses', 'malevolent']
['cells', 'associated', 'phones']
['script', 'neoteric', 'scapegoating', 'cultural']
['quarters', 'years']
['there', 'between', 'covid']
['virus', 'phone', 'technology', 'communication']
['station', 'towers', 'these', 'totally', 'erent', 'constructs']
['close', 'conspiracy', 'theories']
['coronavirus', 'scientifi', 'cally']
['sense', 'electromagnetic', 'radiation', 'devices']
['systems', 'carrying', 'covid', 'virus']
['other', 'microbial', 'virus', 'which', 'humans']
['contact', 'infect', 'anyone']
['proponents', 'mobile', 'technology']
['faster', 'secure', 'technology', 'predecessors']
['systems', 'which', 'incidentally', 'necessarily']
['entirely', 'secure', 'either', 'vulnerable']
['attempts', 'location', 'tracking', 'surveillance']
['practices', 'however', 'there', 'security', 'concerns']
['issues', 'somewhat', 'complicated', 'central']
['vulnerability', 'threat', 'allow', 'spying']
['users', 'either', 'nevertheless', 'system']
['architecture', 'technology', 'regulatory', 'issue']
['biological', 'health', 'matter', 'challenge']
['cellular', 'mobile', 'technology', 'telecommunication']
['platform', 'multifaceted', 'radio', 'frequency']
['engagement', 'varied', 'operational', 'scope']
['performance', 'includes', 'extremely', 'range', 'multiple', 'radio', 'science', 'bulletin', 'march']
['bands', 'frequency', 'coverage', 'roughly', 'separated']
['ranges', 'bands']
['frequencies', 'reach', 'millimeter', 'region', 'frequency', 'ranges', 'often', 'further']
['divided']
['begins', 'about', 'often']
['existing', 'previous', 'frequencies', 'newly', 'opened']
['frequencies', 'operate', 'which', 'example', 'overlap']
['current', 'especially', 'includes']
['frequencies', 'around', 'however']
['primary', 'technological', 'advances', 'associated']
['promising', 'performance', 'bandwidths']
['multiple', 'input', 'multiple', 'output']
['using', 'antennas', 'short', 'distances', 'ering']
['performance', 'times', 'current', 'networks']
['perspective', 'frequency', 'allocation']
['encompasses', 'enormous', 'range']
['beyond', 'giant', 'current']
['technological', 'advances', 'demand', 'performance']
['challenges', 'clearly', 'immensely']
['bands', 'anticipated', 'performance', 'bandwidth']
['obviously', 'viable', 'supportable', 'design']
['default', 'spectrum', 'necessity', 'bandwidth', 'performance']
['accomplished', 'leapfrogging']
['biological', 'matters', 'obvious', 'whether']
['biological', 'responses', 'radiations', 'would']
['earlier', 'generations', 'radiations']
['given', 'distinctive', 'characteristics']
['interaction', 'complex', 'structure', 'composition']
['pertinent', 'biological', 'tissues']
['world', 'health', 'organization']
['international', 'agency', 'research', 'cancer']
['classifi', 'exposure', 'radiation', 'possible', 'carcinogen']
['humans', 'evaluated', 'available', 'scientifi']
['studies', 'concluded', 'while', 'evidence', 'incomplete']
['limited', 'especially', 'regarding', 'results', 'animal']
['experiments', 'epidemiological', 'studies', 'humans', 'reported']
['increased', 'risks', 'gliomas', 'malignant', 'brain']
['cancer', 'acoustic', 'neuromas', 'acoustic', 'schwannomas']
['malignant', 'tumor', 'schwann', 'sheathed', 'auditory']
['nerves', 'brain', 'among', 'heavy']
['users', 'cellular', 'mobile', 'telephones', 'suffi', 'ciently', 'strong']
['support', 'classifi', 'cation', 'being', 'possibly', 'cancer', 'causing']
['humans', 'exposure', 'radiation']
['classification', 'radiation', 'possibly']
['carcinogenic', 'humans', 'third', 'groupings']
['carcinogenic', 'humans', 'highest', 'category']
['group', 'which', 'reserved', 'agents', 'found']
['carcinogenic', 'humans', 'followed', 'group']
['probably', 'carcinogenic', 'humans', 'possibly', 'carcinogenic']
['humans', 'group', 'classifi']
['carcinogenicity', 'humans', 'lastly', 'group', 'probably']
['carcinogenic', 'humans']
['recently', 'national', 'toxicology', 'program']
['national', 'institute', 'environmental', 'health', 'science']
['niehs', 'reported', 'observations', 'types', 'cancers']
['laboratory', 'given', 'exposure', 'radiation']
['wireless', 'cellular', 'mobile', 'telephone', 'operations']
['largest', 'health', 'study', 'undertaken']
['niehs', 'concluded', 'among', 'other', 'observations']
['there', 'statistically', 'signifi', 'clear', 'evidence']
['radiation', 'development', 'malignant']
['schwannoma', 'tumor', 'heart']
['further', 'there', 'equivocal', 'evidence']
['schwannoma', 'among', 'female', 'noted']
['there', 'unusual', 'patterns', 'cardiomyopathy', 'damage']
['heart', 'tissue', 'exposed', 'female']
['compared', 'concurrent', 'control', 'animals', 'addition']
['based', 'statistical', 'signifi', 'cance', 'pathology', 'ndings']
['showed', 'indications', 'evidence', 'dependent']
['carcinogenic', 'activity', 'brain', 'specifi', 'cally']
['glioma', 'however', 'ndings', 'female', 'deemed']
['providing', 'equivocal', 'evidence', 'malignant']
['gliomas', 'compared', 'concurrent', 'controls']
['categories', 'evidence']
['carcinogenic', 'activity', 'classify', 'strength', 'evidence']
['observed', 'their', 'reports', 'clear', 'evidence']
['evidence', 'positive', 'ndings', 'equivocal', 'evidence']
['uncertain', 'results', 'evidence', 'observable']
['inadequate', 'study', 'results', 'cannot', 'evaluated']
['because', 'major', 'experimental']
['shortly', 'after', 'report', 'cesare', 'maltoni']
['cancer', 'research', 'center', 'ramazzini', 'institute']
['bologna', 'italy', 'published', 'results']
['comprehensive', 'study', 'carcinogenicity', 'exposed']
['either', 'lifelong', 'prenatal', 'until', 'death']
['radiation', 'study', 'involved', 'whole', 'exposure']
['female', 'under', 'plane', 'equivalent']
['exposure', 'conditions', 'authors', 'estimated']
['whole', 'roughly']
['during', 'exposures', 'approximately']
['years', 'statistically', 'signifi', 'increase']
['schwannomas', 'hearts', 'detected']
['highest', 'exposure', 'furthermore', 'increase']
['heart', 'schwann', 'hyperplasia', 'observed', 'exposed']
['female', 'highest', 'exposure', 'although']
['statistically', 'signifi', 'increase']
['gliomas', 'observed', 'exposed', 'female']
['highest', 'exposure', 'level', 'deemed', 'statistically']
['signifi', 'important', 'recent']
['ramazzini', 'exposure', 'studies', 'presented', 'similar', 'ndings']
['heart', 'schwannomas', 'brain', 'gliomas', 'relatively']
['conducted', 'exposure', 'studies', 'employing']
['strain', 'showed', 'consistent', 'results', 'signifi', 'cantly']
['increased', 'cancer', 'risks']
['recently', 'advisory', 'group']
['recommended', 'including', 'evaluation', 'carcinogenicity']
['human', 'exposure', 'radiation', 'priority']
['their', 'monograph', 'series', 'radio', 'science', 'bulletin', 'march']
['mentioned', 'above', 'frequency', 'domain']
['divided', 'bands', 'operating']
['frequencies', 'bands', 'overlap']
['current', 'below', 'biological']
['radiations', 'these', 'lower', 'frequency', 'bands', 'likely']
['comparable', 'however', 'scenarios']
['especially']
['region', 'capacity', 'short', 'range', 'wireless']
['communications', 'relatively', 'recent', 'arrivals']
['considerable', 'challenge', 'health', 'assessment']
['there', 'paucity', 'permittivity']
['coupling', 'ection', 'transmission', 'induced']
['energy', 'deposition', 'biological', 'tissues']
['frequency']
['principle', 'frequencies', 'induced']
['energy', 'deposition', 'biological', 'medium']
['determined', 'manner']
['permittivity', 'relevant', 'biological', 'tissues', 'these']
['frequencies', 'known', 'although', 'there', 'earlier']
['extrapolations', 'based', 'debye', 'formulas', 'using', 'complex']
['dielectric', 'permittivity', 'lower', 'frequencies']
['measurements', 'within', 'range']
['available', 'humans', 'rodents']
['tissue', 'homogeneous', 'consists', 'multiple', 'layers']
['stratum', 'corneum', 'epidermis', 'dermis', 'moreover']
['erentiated', 'according', 'location', 'example']
['forearm', 'skins', 'thick', 'stratum', 'corneum']
['respectively']
['shown', 'permittivity']
['erent', 'layers', 'described', 'debye', 'equation']
['single', 'relaxation', 'measured', 'human']
['frequency', 'range', 'showed']
['measured', 'results', 'tended', 'lower', 'compared', 'earlier']
['extrapolations', 'importantly', 'frequencies']
['permittivity', 'governed', 'cutaneous', 'water']
['content', 'available', 'information']
['indicates', 'behavior', 'relative', 'permittivity', 'follows']
['lower', 'frequencies', 'specifi', 'cally']
['imaginary', 'parts', 'permittivity', 'decrease']
['respectively']
['power', 'ection', 'coeffi', 'cients', 'frequencies']
['decreased']
['forearm', 'respectively']
['power', 'transmission', 'coeffi', 'cient', 'forearm']
['showed', 'increase', 'respectively', 'between']
['noteworthy', 'thick', 'stratum']
['corneum', 'causes', 'increase', 'transmission']
['because', 'layer', 'matching', 'phenomenon', 'higher']
['frequencies', 'penetration', 'depth', 'plane']
['decreases']
['forearm', 'respectively']
['between', 'induced', 'energy', 'deposition']
['increases', 'frequency', 'however', 'highest']
['frequencies', 'energy', 'deposition', 'deeper', 'regions']
['inside', 'lower', 'because', 'reduced', 'penetration']
['depth', 'these', 'frequencies']
['studies', 'interactions', 'aimed', 'toward']
['biological', 'medical', 'applications', 'began', 'nearly']
['years', 'notably', 'former', 'soviet', 'union']
['comprehensive', 'review', 'research', 'biological']
['waves', 'former', 'soviet', 'union', 'showed']
['intensities']
[]
['growth', 'proliferation', 'enzyme', 'activity', 'genetic', 'status']
['function', 'excitable', 'membranes', 'peripheral', 'receptors']
['other', 'biological', 'systems']
['recently', 'published', 'review', 'included']
['studies', 'conducted', 'using', 'laboratory', 'animals', 'other']
['biological', 'preparations', 'vitro', 'studies', 'involving']
['primary', 'cells', 'cultured', 'lines', 'review']
['based', 'published', 'scientifi', 'papers', 'written']
['english', 'available', 'through', 'using']
['source', 'however', 'because', 'fewer', 'studies']
['reported', 'below', 'frequencies', 'higher']
['review', 'mainly', 'covered', 'published', 'studies']
['conducted', 'frequency', 'range', 'about']
[]
['industry', 'supported', 'review', 'noted', 'aside']
['frequency', 'ranges', 'studies', 'diverse']
['subjects', 'points', 'investigated', 'biological']
['observed', 'occur', 'vitro']
['erent', 'biological', 'endpoints', 'studied', 'indeed']
['percentage', 'positive', 'responses', 'thermal', 'levels']
['frequency', 'groups', 'higher', 'intensities']
['cause']
['greater', 'responses', 'example', 'vitro']
['studies', 'involving', 'primary', 'cells', 'lines']
['approximately', 'primary', 'studies']
['investigations', 'showed']
['related', 'exposure', 'however', 'protocol']
['applied', 'control', 'biological', 'target', 'culture', 'medium']
['temperature', 'during', 'exposure', 'unclear']
['large', 'fraction', 'these', 'studies']
['while', 'these', 'investigations', 'exposures', 'reported', 'biological', 'responses', 'there']
['inconsistency', 'dependence', 'biological']
['intensity', 'exposure', 'number']
['reported', 'vitro', 'laboratory', 'investigations']
['modest', 'diverse', 'considering', 'frequency', 'domain', 'biological']
['health', 'impact', 'still', 'moreover', 'there']
['ongoing', 'controlled', 'laboratory', 'investigations', 'simply']
['existing', 'scientifi', 'inadequate', 'reliable']
['assessment', 'conclusion', 'confi', 'dence']
['new_paper']
['received', 'accepted', 'publication', 'current', 'version']
['digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3003810']
['iteratively', 'pruned', 'learning', 'ensembles']
['covid', 'detection', 'chest']
['sivaramakrishnan', 'rajaraman']
['member', 'jenifer', 'siegelman2']
[]
['philip', 'alderson3']
['lucas', 'folio4', 'folio6']
[]
['sameer', 'antani']
['senior', 'member']
['1lister', 'national', 'center', 'biomedical', 'communications', 'national', 'library', 'medicine', 'bethesda', '20894']
['2takeda', 'pharmaceuticals', 'cambridge', '02139']
['3school', 'medicine', 'saint', 'louis', 'university', 'louis', '63104']
['4functional', 'applied', 'biomechanics', 'section', 'clinical', 'center', 'national', 'institutes', 'health', 'bethesda', '20892']
['5walt', 'whitman', 'school', 'bethesda', '20817']
['6radiological', 'imaging', 'sciences', 'clinical', 'center', 'national', 'institutes', 'health', 'bethesda', '20894']
['corresponding', 'author', 'sivaramakrishnan', 'rajaraman', 'sivaramakrishnan', 'rajaraman']
['supported', 'intramural', 'research', 'program', 'national', 'library', 'medicine', 'national', 'institutes']
['health']
['abstract', 'demonstrate', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'learning', 'model', 'ensembles', 'detecting']
['pulmonary', 'manifestations', 'covid', 'chest', 'disease', 'caused', 'novel', 'severe']
['acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'virus', 'known', 'novel', 'coronavirus']
['custom', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'selection', 'imagenet', 'pretrained', 'models']
['trained', 'evaluated', 'patient', 'level', 'publicly', 'available', 'collections', 'learn', 'modality', 'specific']
['feature', 'representations', 'learned', 'knowledge', 'transferred', 'tuned', 'improve', 'performance']
['generalization', 'related', 'classifying', 'normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia']
['covid', 'viral', 'abnormalities', 'performing', 'models', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'reduce', 'complexity']
['improve', 'memory', 'efficiency', 'predictions', 'performing', 'pruned', 'models', 'combined', 'through']
['different', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'improve', 'classification', 'performance', 'empirical', 'evaluations', 'demonstrate']
['weighted', 'average', 'performing', 'pruned', 'models', 'significantly', 'improves', 'performance', 'resulting']
['accuracy', 'under', 'curve', 'detecting', 'covid', 'findings']
['combined', 'modality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'iterative', 'model', 'pruning', 'ensemble', 'learning']
['resulted', 'improved', 'predictions', 'expect', 'model', 'quickly', 'adopted', 'covid', 'screening']
['using', 'chest', 'radiographs']
['index', 'terms', 'covid', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'learning', 'ensemble', 'iterative', 'pruning']
['introduction']
['novel', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'caused']
['severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome']
['coronavirus', 'originated', 'wuhan']
['hubei', 'province', 'china', 'spread', 'worldwide']
['world', 'health', 'organization', 'declared', 'break', 'pandemic', 'march', 'disease']
['rapidly', 'affecting', 'worldwide', 'population', 'statistics', 'quickly']
['falling', 'april', 'there']
['million', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'reported', 'globally']
['reported', 'deaths', 'disease', 'causes', 'difficulty']
['breathing', 'reported', 'early', 'indicator', 'along']
['hyperthermia', 'covid', 'infected', 'population']
['associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript']
['approving', 'publication', 'victor', 'albuquerque']
['abnormalities', 'caused', 'viruses']
['observed', 'peripheral', 'hilar', 'visually', 'similar']
['often', 'distinct', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'other', 'bacterial']
['pathogens']
['reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction']
['tests', 'performed', 'detect', 'presence']
['virus', 'considered', 'standard', 'diagnose']
['covid', 'infection', 'however', 'reported']
['variable', 'sensitivity', 'geographic', 'regions']
['widely', 'available', 'while', 'currently', 'recommended']
['primary', 'diagnostic', 'tools', 'chest', 'puted', 'tomography', 'scans', 'screen']
['covid', 'infection', 'evaluate', 'disease', 'progression']
['hospital', 'admitted', 'cases', 'while', 'chest', 'offers', 'greater']
['sensitivity', 'pulmonary', 'disease', 'there', 'several', 'challenges']
['these', 'include', 'portability', 'requirement']
['volume', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '115041s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection']
['figure', 'graphical', 'abstract', 'proposed', 'study']
['sanitize', 'equipment', 'between', 'patients', 'followed']
['delay', 'least', 'exposing']
['hospital', 'staff', 'other', 'patients', 'persons', 'under']
['investigation', 'virus', 'although', 'sensitive']
['portable', 'considered', 'acceptable', 'alternative']
['since', 'imaged', 'isolated', 'rooms']
['limiting', 'personnel', 'exposure', 'because', 'sanitation']
['complex', 'obtain']
['automated', 'computer', 'aided', 'diagnostic', 'tools']
['driven', 'automated', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'methods']
['designed', 'detect', 'differentiate', 'covid', 'related', 'racic', 'abnormalities', 'should', 'highly', 'valuable', 'given', 'heavy']
['burden', 'infected', 'patients', 'especially', 'important']
['locations', 'insufficient', 'availability', 'radiological']
['expertise', 'produce', 'throughput', 'triage']
['casualty', 'automated', 'approaches', 'dated', 'shown', 'reduce', 'inter', 'intra', 'observer']
['variability', 'radiological', 'assessments', 'additionally']
['tools', 'gained', 'immense', 'significance', 'clinical']
['medicine', 'supplementing', 'medical', 'decision', 'making']
['improving', 'screening', 'diagnostic', 'accuracy', 'these', 'tools']
['combine', 'elements', 'radiological', 'image', 'processing']
['computer', 'vision', 'identifying', 'typical', 'disease', 'manifesta', 'tions', 'localizing', 'suspicious', 'regions', 'interest']
['present', 'recent', 'advances', 'machine', 'learning', 'particularly']
['driven', 'learning', 'methods', 'using', 'convolutional']
['neural', 'networks', 'shown', 'promising', 'performance']
['identifying', 'classifying', 'quantifying', 'disease', 'patterns']
['medical', 'images', 'particularly', 'scans']
['these', 'models', 'learn', 'hierarchical', 'feature']
['representations', 'medical', 'images', 'analyze', 'typical']
['disease', 'manifestations', 'localize', 'suspicious', 'densities']
['evaluation']
['study', 'highlight', 'benefits', 'offered', 'through']
['ensemble', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'models', 'toward']
['distinguishing', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related']
['opacities', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'normals', 'using', 'licly', 'available', 'collections', 'shows', 'graphi', 'abstract', 'proposed', 'study', 'shows', 'instances']
['being', 'normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia']
['covid', 'related', 'pneumonia']
['custom', 'selection', 'pretrained', 'trained', 'large', 'scale', 'selection', 'learn']
['modality', 'specific', 'feature', 'representations', 'learned']
['knowledge', 'transferred', 'tuned', 'classify']
['normal', 'abnormal', 'leverage', 'benefits']
['modality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'iterative', 'pruning']
['figure', 'showing', 'clear', 'lungs', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia']
['manifesting', 'consolidations', 'right', 'upper', 'retro', 'cardiac']
['lower', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'infection', 'manifesting']
['peripheral', 'opacities']
['ensemble', 'strategies', 'reduce', 'model', 'complexity', 'improve']
['robustness', 'generalization', 'inference', 'capability']
['model']
['remainder', 'manuscript', 'organized', 'follows']
['section', 'discusses', 'prior', 'works', 'section', 'discusses']
['datasets', 'methods', 'toward', 'modality', 'specific']
['knowledge', 'transfer', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'ensemble', 'learn', 'section', 'elaborates', 'results', 'obtained']
['section', 'concludes', 'study', 'discussion', 'merits']
['limitations', 'proposed', 'approach', 'future']
['directions']
['prior']
['covid', 'detection']
['study', 'literature', 'reveals', 'several', 'efforts']
['covid', 'screening', 'authors', 'distinguished']
['covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'manifestations', 'other']
['viral', 'pneumonia', 'chest', 'scans', 'specificity']
['observed', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'found']
['peripherally', 'distributed', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities']
['vascular', 'thickening', 'authors', 'established']
['publicly', 'available', 'collection', 'scans', 'showing']
['covid', 'pneumonia', 'manifestations', 'trained']
['achieve', 'score', 'classifying', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities']
['authors', 'customized', 'pretrained']
['alexnet', 'model', 'classify', 'normal', 'showing']
['covid', 'pneumonia', 'accuracy', 'respec', 'tively', 'authors', 'resnet']
['classify', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumo', 'manifestations', 'achieved', 'accuracy']
['score', 'commonly']
['analyzed', 'diagnose', 'differentiate', 'other', 'types', 'pneumo', 'including', 'bacterial', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia']
['authors', 'proposed', 'custom', 'model']
['designed', 'combining', 'manual', 'design', 'prototyp', 'machine', 'driven', 'designing', 'approach', 'classify']
['normal', 'showing', 'covid', 'covid']
['pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'accuracy']
['modality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer']
['limited', 'amounts', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['traditional', 'transfer', 'learning', 'strategies', 'offer', 'promise']
['where', 'learned', 'feature', 'representations', 'tuned']
['115042', 'volume', '2020s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection']
['improve', 'performance', 'however', 'unique', 'challenges', 'posed']
['appearance', 'medical', 'images', 'including']
['inter', 'class', 'similarity', 'intra', 'class', 'variance']
['model', 'overfitting', 'resulting', 'reduced', 'perfor', 'mance', 'generalization', 'these', 'issues', 'alleviated']
['through', 'modality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'retraining']
['models', 'large', 'image', 'collection', 'learn']
['modality', 'specific', 'feature', 'representations', 'modality', 'specific']
['model', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'ensembles']
['demonstrated', 'superior', 'disease', 'localization', 'compared']
['individual', 'constituent', 'models']
['model', 'pruning']
['alleviate', 'burdens', 'computing', 'resources', 'models']
['pruned', 'reduce', 'inference', 'facilitate']
['deployment', 'resource', 'conditions']
['improvement', 'performance', 'performed', 'model', 'pruning', 'decrease', 'computational', 'complexity']
['hassibi', 'deleted', 'network', 'parameters', 'leveraging']
['second', 'derivative', 'taylor', 'series', 'improved']
['model', 'generalization', 'authors', 'found']
['earlier', 'layers', 'neural', 'networks', 'activations']
['effectively', 'excluded', 'network', 'without']
['affecting', 'model', 'performance', 'proposed', 'iterative']
['optimization', 'method', 'gradually', 'eliminate', 'neurons']
['least', 'activations', 'toward', 'reducing', 'memory', 'power']
['requirements', 'promoting', 'faster', 'model', 'inference']
['applied', 'medical', 'imaging', 'authors', 'proposed']
['genetic', 'algorithm', 'based', 'pathway', 'evolution', 'strategy', 'prune']
['models', 'resulted', 'reduction', 'network']
['parameters', 'improved', 'classification', 'performance']
['breast', 'mammograms', 'systematic', 'weight', 'pruning', 'strat', 'prune', 'model', 'based', 'monia', 'detector', 'classifying', 'normal', 'showing']
['pneumonia', 'manifestations', 'using', 'radiological', 'north', 'america', 'collection', 'however']
['there', 'further', 'research']
['ensemble', 'classification']
['linear', 'models', 'learn', 'complex', 'relationships']
['through', 'error', 'backpropagation', 'stochastic']
['optimization', 'making', 'highly', 'sensitive', 'random', 'weight']
['initializations', 'statistical', 'noise', 'present', 'training']
['these', 'issues', 'alleviated', 'ensemble', 'learning']
['training', 'multiple', 'models', 'combining', 'their', 'predictions']
['where', 'individual', 'model', 'weaknesses', 'offset']
['predictions', 'other', 'models', 'combined', 'predictions', 'shown']
['superior', 'individual', 'models', 'there', 'several']
['ensemble', 'strategies', 'reported', 'literature', 'including']
['voting', 'simple', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'stacking', 'boosting']
['blending', 'others', 'shown', 'minimize', 'variance']
['error', 'improve', 'generalization', 'performance']
['models', 'applied', 'authors']
['leveraged', 'ensemble', 'models', 'toward']
['improving', 'detection', 'averaging', 'ensemble']
['pretrained', 'authors', 'toward']
['improving', 'cardiomegaly', 'detection', 'using']
['table', 'dataset', 'characteristics', 'numerator', 'denominator', 'denotes']
['number', 'train', 'respectively', 'normal']
['pneumonia', 'unknown', 'bacterial', 'proven']
['pneumonia', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['materials', 'methods']
['collection', 'preprocessing']
['table', 'shows', 'distribution', 'across', 'different']
['categories', 'following', 'publicly', 'available']
['collections', 'retrospective', 'analysis']
['pediatric', 'dataset']
['authors', 'collected', 'guangzhou', 'women']
['children', 'medical', 'center', 'guangzhou', 'china', 'anterior', 'posterior', 'children', 'years']
['showing', 'normal', 'lungs', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia']
['covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'expert', 'radiologists', 'curated']
['collection', 'remove', 'quality', 'chest', 'radiographs']
['dataset']
['multi', 'expert', 'curated', 'dataset', 'includes', 'images']
['national', 'institutes', 'health', 'dataset']
['dataset', 'released', 'kaggle', 'pneumonia', 'detec', 'challenge', 'organized', 'jointly']
['collection', 'includes', 'normal', 'abnormal', 'images']
['pneumonia', 'pneumonia', 'opacities', 'images']
['available', 'pixel', 'resolution', 'dicom']
['format']
['twitter', 'covid', 'dataset']
['cardiothoracic', 'radiologist', 'spain', 'available']
['collection', 'pixel', 'resolution']
['format', 'twitter', 'positive', 'subjects']
['https', 'twitter', 'chestimaging']
['montreal', 'covid', 'dataset']
['publicly', 'available', 'periodically', 'updated', 'github', 'repository']
['includes', 'covid', 'cases', 'other', 'pulmonary']
['viral', 'disease', 'manifestations', 'posterior', 'anterior']
['supine', 'views', 'april', 'repository']
['showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities']
['performed', 'patient', 'level', 'splits', 'these', 'collections']
['allocate', 'training', 'testing', 'ferent', 'stages', 'learning', 'discussed', 'study', 'domly', 'allocated', 'training', 'validate']
['models', 'ground', 'truth', 'comprising']
['showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities']
['verification', 'publicly', 'identified', 'cases']
['expert', 'radiologists', 'annotated']
['segmentation']
['while', 'covid', 'cases', 'mimic', 'common', 'upper']
['respiratory', 'viral', 'infections', 'advanced', 'disease', 'results']
['volume', '115043s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection']
['figure', 'segmentation', 'approach', 'showing', 'based']
['generation', 'cropping']
['figure', 'architecture', 'customized', 'model', 'input']
['convolution', 'global', 'average', 'pooling', 'dropout']
['dense', 'softmax', 'activation', 'normal', 'predictions']
['abnormal', 'predictions']
['respiratory', 'dysfunction', 'principal', 'cause']
['triggering', 'mortality', 'developing', 'solutions', 'detecting']
['disease', 'important', 'guard', 'against', 'irrelevant']
['features', 'could', 'severely', 'affect', 'reliable', 'decision', 'making']
['study', 'performed', 'based', 'semantic', 'segmen', 'tation', 'segment', 'pixels', 'background']
['gaussian', 'dropout', 'layers', 'added']
['encoder', 'dropout', 'ratio', 'empirically']
['determined', 'study', 'illustrates']
['segmentation', 'steps', 'performed', 'study']
['collection', 'masks']
['train', 'model', 'generate', 'masks']
['pixel', 'resolution', 'aforementioned', 'datasets']
['model', 'checkpoints', 'monitor', 'performance']
['stored', 'model', 'weights', 'generate', 'final']
['masks', 'these', 'masks', 'superimposed']
['images', 'bounding', 'containing']
['pixels', 'cropped', 'lungs', 'resized', 'pixel', 'lution', 'crops', 'further', 'preprocessed', 'performing']
['pixel', 'rescaling', 'median', 'filtering', 'noise', 'removal']
['preservation', 'normalization', 'standardization']
['identical', 'feature', 'distribution', 'preprocessed', 'crops']
['model', 'training', 'evaluation', 'different', 'stages']
['learning', 'discussed', 'study']
['models', 'computational', 'resources']
['evaluated', 'performance', 'customized']
['selection', 'imagenet', 'pretrained', 'models']
['inception']
['xception', 'inceptionresnet', 'mobilenet']
['densenet', 'nasnet', 'mobile']
['customized', 'linear', 'stack', 'strided', 'separable']
['convolution', 'layers', 'global', 'average', 'pooling']
['dense', 'layer', 'softmax', 'activation', 'shows', 'archi', 'tecture', 'custom', 'study']
['dropout', 'reduce', 'issues', 'model', 'overfitting', 'viding', 'restricted', 'regularization', 'improving', 'generalization']
['reducing', 'model', 'sensitivity', 'specifics']
['training', 'input', 'strided', 'convolutions']
['shown', 'improve', 'performance', 'several', 'visual', 'recognition']
['benchmarks', 'compared', 'pooling', 'layers', 'separable']
['convolutions', 'reduce', 'model', 'parameters']
['figure', 'architecture', 'pretrained', 'input']
['truncated', 'model', 'padding', 'convolution']
['global', 'average', 'pooling', 'dropout', 'dense', 'softmax']
['activation', 'output']
['improve', 'performance', 'compared', 'conventional', 'convolution']
['operations', 'number', 'separable', 'convolutional', 'filters']
['initialized', 'increased', 'factor']
['successive', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'filters']
['stride', 'length', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'added']
['layer', 'average', 'spatial', 'feature', 'dimensions']
['final', 'dense', 'layer', 'softmax', 'activation']
['talos', 'optimization', 'package', 'optimize']
['parameters', 'hyperparameters', 'customized']
['include', 'dropout', 'ratio', 'optimizer', 'linear']
['activation', 'function', 'model', 'trained', 'evaluated']
['optimal', 'parameters', 'classify', 'their']
['respective', 'categories']
['instantiated', 'pretrained', 'their', 'imagenet']
['weights', 'truncated', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers']
['following', 'layers', 'added', 'truncated', 'model']
['padding', 'strided', 'separable', 'convolutional', 'layer']
['filters', 'feature', 'layer']
['dropout', 'layer', 'empirically', 'determined', 'dropout']
['ratio', 'final', 'dense', 'layer', 'softmax', 'activation']
['shows', 'customized', 'architecture', 'pretrained']
['models', 'study']
['optimized', 'following', 'hyperparameters']
['pretrained', 'using', 'randomized', 'search', 'method']
['momentum', 'regularization', 'initial']
['learning', 'stochastic', 'gradient', 'descent', 'mizer', 'search', 'ranges', 'initialized']
['momentum']
['regularization', 'initial', 'learning', 'respectively']
['pretrained', 'retrained', 'smaller', 'weight']
['updates', 'improve', 'generalization', 'categorize']
['their', 'respective', 'classes', 'class', 'weights', 'during']
['model', 'training', 'penalize', 'overrepresented', 'classes']
['prevent', 'overfitting', 'improve', 'performance']
['model', 'checkpoints', 'store', 'model', 'weights', 'further']
['analysis']
['modality', 'specific', 'transfer', 'learning']
['tuning']
['performed', 'modality', 'specific', 'transfer', 'learning', 'where']
['customized', 'imagenet', 'pretrained', 'models']
['retrained', 'collection', 'learn']
['modality', 'specific', 'features', 'classify']
['normal', 'abnormal', 'categories', 'collec', 'includes', 'normal', 'abnormal', 'images', 'contain', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'weight']
['layers', 'specific', 'modality', 'through']
['learning', 'features', 'normal', 'abnormal', 'lungs']
['learned', 'knowledge', 'transferred', 'tuned', 'related']
['classifying', 'pooled', 'pediatric']
['115044', 'volume', '2020s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection']
['twitter', 'covid', 'montreal', 'covid', 'collec', 'tions', 'respectively', 'normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumo', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'improve']
['classification', 'performance']
['performing', 'modality', 'specific']
['instantiated', 'truncated', 'their', 'deepest', 'convolutional']
['layer', 'added', 'following', 'layers', 'padding']
['strided', 'separable', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'feature', 'layer', 'dropout']
['layer', 'final', 'dense', 'layer', 'softmax', 'activation']
['modified', 'models', 'tuned', 'classify', 'being']
['normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'viral']
['pneumonia', 'class', 'weights', 'during', 'model', 'training']
['award', 'higher', 'weights', 'under', 'represented', 'class', 'reduce']
['issues', 'class', 'imbalance', 'improve', 'generalization']
['performance', 'tuning', 'performed', 'through']
['optimization', 'model', 'checkpoints', 'store']
['weights', 'further', 'analysis']
['iterative', 'model', 'pruning']
['iteratively', 'pruned', 'tuned', 'models']
['optimal', 'number', 'neurons', 'convolutional', 'layers']
['reduce', 'model', 'complexity', 'performance']
['gradually', 'eliminated', 'neurons', 'fewer', 'activations']
['through', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'model', 'retrain', 'average', 'percentage', 'zeros']
['percentage', 'neuron', 'activations', 'observed']
['validation', 'dataset', 'measure', 'neurons']
['convolutional', 'layer', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'percentage']
['neurons', 'highest', 'layer']
['retrained', 'pruned', 'model', 'process', 'repeated']
['until', 'maximum', 'percentage', 'pruning', 'achieved']
['pruned', 'model', 'selected', 'collection']
['iteratively', 'pruned', 'models', 'based', 'their', 'performance']
['retrained', 'pruned', 'model', 'expected', 'achieve']
['similar', 'better', 'performance', 'unpruned', 'models']
['reduced', 'model', 'complexity', 'computational', 'requirements']
['algorithm', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'performed', 'study']
['described', 'below']
['learning', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles']
['performing', 'pruned', 'models', 'selected', 'construct']
['ensemble', 'improve', 'prediction', 'performance', 'gener', 'alization', 'compared', 'individual', 'constituent', 'model']
['several', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'including', 'voting']
['averaging', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'stacking', 'combine']
['predictions', 'pruned', 'models', 'toward', 'classifying']
['normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'stacking', 'ensemble', 'neural']
['network', 'based', 'learner', 'learns', 'optimally', 'predictions', 'individual', 'pruned', 'models']
['learner', 'consisting', 'single', 'hidden', 'layer']
['neurons', 'trained', 'interpret', 'multi', 'class', 'input']
['pruned', 'models', 'final', 'dense', 'layer', 'outputs']
['predictions', 'categorize', 'their', 'respective']
['classes']
['algorithm', 'iterative', 'pruning']
['input', 'pruning', 'percentage']
['maximum', 'pruning', 'percentage']
['train', 'evaluate', 'models', 'store']
['model', 'weights']
['while', 'percent', 'pruned']
['calculate', 'number', 'filters', 'convolu', 'tional', 'layer']
['identify', 'delete', 'percentage', 'filters']
['convolutional', 'layer', 'highest', 'average', 'centage', 'zeros']
['retrain', 'evaluate', 'pruned', 'model']
['store', 'pruned', 'weights']
[]
['incrementally', 'prune', 'network', 'retraining']
['pruned', 'model']
['while']
['return', 'number', 'pruned', 'models']
['visualization', 'studies']
['visualizing', 'learned', 'behavior', 'models']
['debated', 'topic', 'particularly', 'medical', 'visual', 'recognition']
['tasks', 'there', 'several', 'visualization', 'strategies', 'reported']
['literature', 'include', 'visualizing', 'overall', 'structure', 'gradient', 'based', 'visualization']
['performs', 'gradient', 'manipulation', 'during', 'network', 'training']
['gradient', 'weighted', 'class', 'activation', 'mapping']
['gradient', 'based', 'visualization', 'method', 'computes']
['scores', 'given', 'image', 'category', 'concerning', 'deepest', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'trained']
['model', 'gradients', 'flowing', 'backward']
['pooled', 'globally', 'measure', 'importance', 'weights']
['decision', 'making', 'process', 'study', 'verified']
['learned', 'behavior', 'pruned', 'models', 'comparing']
['salient', 'consensus', 'annotations', 'experienced']
['radiologists']
['statistical', 'analyses']
['analyzed', 'model', 'performance', 'statistical']
['significance', 'different', 'stages', 'learning', 'fidence', 'intervals', 'measure', 'analyze', 'skill']
['models', 'shorter', 'infers', 'smaller', 'margin']
['error', 'relatively', 'precise', 'estimate', 'while', 'larger']
['allows', 'margin', 'error', 'therefore', 'results', 'reduced']
['precision', 'computed', 'values']
['different', 'learning', 'stages', 'explain', 'models']
['predictive', 'performance', 'values', 'computed']
['clopper', 'pearson', 'exact', 'interval', 'corresponds']
['separate', 'sided', 'interval', 'individual', 'coverage', 'probabil', 'ities']
['statsmodels', 'version']
['compute', 'measures', 'codes', 'associated', 'study']
['available', 'https', 'github', 'sivaramakrishnan', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'model', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection']
['volume', '115045s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection']
['table', 'optimal', 'values', 'parameters', 'hyperparameters']
['custom', 'pretrained', 'models', 'obtained', 'through', 'optimization', 'tools']
['momentum', 'initial', 'learning', 'weight', 'decay']
['dropout', 'ratio']
['table', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'during', 'modality', 'specific', 'transfer']
['learning', 'using', 'dataset', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity']
['precision', 'score', 'matthews', 'correlation', 'coefficient']
['param', 'trainable', 'parameters', 'values', 'square', 'brackets']
['computed', 'clopper', 'pearson', 'exact', 'interval']
['corresponding', 'separate', 'sided', 'interval', 'individual', 'coverage']
['probabilities']
['results', 'discussion']
['optimal', 'values', 'parameters', 'hyperparameters']
['obtained', 'customized', 'pretrained']
['talos', 'optimization', 'randomized', 'search']
['respectively', 'shown', 'table']
['table', 'shows', 'performance', 'achieved', 'through']
['modality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'customized']
['pretrained', 'using', 'dataset']
['observed']
['inception', 'models', 'accurate', 'other', 'under', 'study', 'aforementioned', 'models', 'demonstrated']
['promising', 'values', 'shorter', 'hence', 'smaller']
['margin', 'error', 'thereby', 'offering', 'precise', 'estimates', 'compared']
['other', 'models', 'because', 'architecture', 'depths']
['inception', 'models', 'optimal', 'learn']
['hierarchical', 'representations', 'features']
['classify', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'classes']
['considering', 'score', 'balanced']
['measure', 'precision', 'recall', 'aforementioned', 'models']
['delivered', 'performance', 'superior', 'other', 'models']
['table', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'modality', 'specific']
['knowledge', 'transfer', 'models', 'target', 'tasks']
['performing', 'modality', 'specific', 'knowledge']
['transfer', 'models', 'inception']
['instantiated', 'their', 'modality', 'specific', 'weights', 'cated', 'their', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'appended']
['specific', 'heads', 'table', 'shows', 'performance', 'achieved']
['specific', 'models', 'toward', 'following', 'classifi', 'cation', 'tasks', 'binary', 'classification', 'classify']
['normal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'multi', 'class', 'sification', 'classify', 'normal', 'showing', 'bacterial']
['pneumonia', 'covid', 'pneumonia']
['observed', 'binary', 'classification']
['models', 'accurate', 'however', 'least']
['number', 'trainable', 'parameters', 'multi', 'class', 'classifica', 'observed', 'inception', 'model']
['accurate', 'shorter', 'metric', 'signifying']
['least', 'margin', 'error', 'hence', 'provides', 'estimate', 'considering', 'score', 'inception', 'model', 'delivered', 'superior', 'performance', 'compared']
['models']
['multi', 'class', 'classification', 'predictions']
['specific', 'models']
['inception', 'combined', 'through', 'several', 'ensemble']
['methods', 'including', 'voting', 'simple', 'averaging', 'weighted']
['averaging', 'model', 'stacking', 'perform', 'ensemble']
['learning', 'binary', 'classification', 'since', 'vidual', 'models', 'accurate', 'classifying']
['normal', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities']
['table', 'shows', 'performance', 'achieved', 'multi', 'class']
['classification', 'different', 'ensemble', 'strategies']
['observed', 'simple', 'average', 'models', 'predictions']
['accurate', 'shorter', 'metric']
['signifying', 'smaller', 'margin', 'error', 'therefore', 'higher']
['precision', 'compared', 'other', 'ensemble', 'methods', 'considering']
['score', 'averaging', 'ensemble', 'outper', 'formed', 'other', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'classifying']
['normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'covid']
['viral', 'pneumonia']
['multi', 'class', 'classification', 'iteratively']
['pruned', 'specific', 'models']
['115046', 'volume', '2020s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection']
['table', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'unpruned', 'models', 'through']
['different', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'multiclass', 'classification']
['table', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'iteratively', 'pruned']
['models', 'compared', 'baseline', 'unpruned', 'models', 'table']
['unpruned', 'pruned']
['inception', 'removing', 'neurons']
['highest', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'given']
['retrained', 'pruned', 'model', 'evaluate', 'perfor', 'mance', 'validation', 'model', 'checkpoints']
['store', 'pruned', 'model', 'superior', 'performance']
['validation', 'process', 'repeated', 'until']
['maximum', 'pruning', 'percentage', 'reached']
['evaluated', 'performance', 'pruned', 'models']
['pruned', 'model', 'achieved', 'superior', 'performance']
['further', 'analysis']
['table', 'shows', 'comparison', 'performance', 'achieved']
['pruned', 'models', 'baseline', 'unpruned']
['specific', 'models', 'shown', 'table', 'observed']
['pruned', 'models', 'accurate', 'their', 'unpruned']
['counterparts', 'considering', 'score', 'metrics']
['pruned', 'models', 'found', 'deliver', 'superior', 'perfor', 'mance', 'unpruned', 'models', 'interesting']
['performance', 'improvement', 'achieved', 'nificant', 'reduction', 'number', 'parameters']
['number', 'parameters', 'pruned', 'model', 'reduced', 'compared', 'unpruned']
['counterpart', 'similarly', 'number', 'trainable', 'parameters']
['reduced', 'pruned']
['inception', 'models', 'respectively', 'added', 'benefit']
['figure', 'visualizations', 'showing', 'salient', 'detection']
['different', 'pruned', 'models', 'showing', 'covid', 'viral']
['pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'annotations', 'pruned']
['model', 'pruned', 'model', 'inception', 'pruned', 'model']
['bright', 'corresponds', 'pixels', 'carrying', 'higher', 'importance']
['hence', 'weights', 'categorizing', 'sample', 'covid', 'viral']
['pneumonia', 'category']
['performance', 'improvement', 'terms', 'accuracy', 'score']
['metrics', 'compared', 'their', 'unpruned', 'counterparts']
['shows', 'results', 'performing']
['visualizations', 'localize', 'salient', 'ferent', 'pruned', 'models', 'classify', 'sample']
['covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'category', 'visualizations']
['compared', 'consensus', 'annotations', 'provided']
['expert', 'radiologists', 'predictions', 'pruned', 'models']
['decoded', 'sample', 'dimensional']
['generated', 'bright', 'which', 'corresponds', 'pixels', 'rying', 'higher', 'importance', 'hence', 'weights', 'categorizing']
['sample', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'infected', 'category']
['distinct', 'color', 'transitions', 'observed', 'varying', 'ranges']
['pixel', 'importance', 'toward', 'making', 'predictions', 'salient']
['localized', 'superimposing']
['input', 'sample', 'observed', 'pruned', 'models']
['precisely', 'localize', 'salient', 'underscores']
['pruned', 'models', 'learned', 'implicit', 'rules']
['generalize', 'conform', 'experts', 'knowledge', 'about']
['problem']
['table', 'shows', 'comparison', 'performance', 'metrics']
['achieved', 'different', 'ensemble', 'strategies']
['unpruned', 'pruned', 'models', 'toward', 'classifying']
['normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'viral']
['pneumonia']
['while', 'performing', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'ensemble']
['unpruned', 'pruned', 'models', 'predictions', 'awarded']
['importance', 'based', 'their', 'score', 'measures']
['offer', 'balanced', 'measure', 'precision', 'sensitivity']
['table', 'observed', 'pruned', 'unpruned']
['volume', '115047s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection']
['table', 'comparing', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'pruned']
['unpruned', 'model', 'ensembles', 'table']
['figure', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'obtained', 'weighted', 'average', 'pruned']
['ensemble']
['inception', 'model', 'delivered', 'superior', 'performance', 'lowed', 'models', 'regard']
['assigned', 'weights', 'predictions']
['inception', 'models', 'respectively']
['observed', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'ensemble']
['predictions', 'pruned', 'models', 'delivered', 'superior']
['performance', 'aspects', 'shows', 'confu', 'matrix', 'curves', 'respectively', 'obtained']
['weighted', 'averaging', 'pruned', 'ensemble']
['metric', 'shortest', 'error']
['margin', 'precise', 'estimate', 'obtained']
['other', 'ensemble', 'methods', 'considering', 'score']
['weighted', 'averaging', 'ensemble', 'outperformed']
['other', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'classifying', 'normal']
['bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia']
['figure', 'curves', 'showing', 'micro', 'macro', 'averaged', 'class', 'specific']
['obtained', 'weighted', 'average', 'pruned', 'ensemble']
['conclusion']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'enormously', 'negative']
['impact', 'population', 'health', 'national', 'economies', 'world', 'early', 'diagnosis', 'often', 'suboptimal', 'serolog', 'tests', 'widely', 'available', 'opportunity']
['utilize', 'diagnostic', 'approach', 'could']
['important', 'nearly', 'universally', 'available', 'battle']
['against', 'covid', 'other', 'respiratory', 'viruses', 'might']
['emerge', 'future', 'current', 'study', 'demonstrate']
['applying', 'ensemble', 'findings']
[]
['modality', 'specific', 'transfer', 'learning', 'performed']
['large', 'scale', 'collection', 'diversified', 'distribu', 'helped', 'learning', 'modality', 'specific', 'features']
['learned', 'feature', 'representations', 'served', 'weight', 'tialization', 'improved', 'model', 'adaptation', 'generalization']
['compared', 'imagenet', 'pretrained', 'weights', 'transferred']
['tuned', 'related', 'classification']
['iterative', 'pruning', 'specific', 'models', 'selection']
['performing', 'pruned', 'model', 'improved']
['prediction', 'performance', 'significantly']
['reduced', 'number', 'trainable', 'parameters', 'because']
['there', 'redundant', 'network', 'parameters', 'neurons']
['model', 'contribute', 'improving', 'prediction']
['performance', 'these', 'neurons', 'lesser', 'activations']
['identified', 'removed', 'results', 'faster', 'smaller', 'model']
['similar', 'improved', 'performance', 'unpruned']
['models', 'would', 'facilitate', 'deploying', 'these', 'models']
['browsers', 'mobile', 'devices']
['further', 'improved', 'performance', 'constructing']
['ensembles', 'pruned', 'models', 'empirically', 'evaluating']
['performance', 'pruned', 'models', 'awarding', 'weights']
['based', 'their', 'predictions', 'observed', 'weighted']
['averaging', 'ensemble', 'pruned', 'models', 'outperformed']
['other', 'ensemble', 'methods']
['performed', 'visualization', 'studies', 'validate']
['pruned', 'model', 'localization', 'performance', 'found']
['pruned', 'models', 'precisely', 'localized', 'salient']
['categorizing', 'input', 'their', 'expected', 'categories']
['115048', 'volume', '2020s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection']
['observe', 'combined', 'modality', 'specific']
['knowledge', 'transfer', 'iterative', 'model', 'pruning', 'ensem', 'learning', 'reduced', 'prediction', 'variance', 'model', 'complexity']
['promoted', 'faster', 'inference', 'performance', 'generalization']
['however', 'success', 'approach', 'controlled']
['broad', 'factors', 'dataset', 'inherent', 'variability']
['computational', 'resources', 'needed', 'successful', 'deploy', 'dataset', 'specifically', 'refer']
['minimum', 'number', 'topically', 'relevant', 'images']
['viral', 'pneumonia', 'distinct', 'bacte', 'normal', 'images', 'needed', 'build', 'confidence']
['ensemble', 'computational', 'resources', 'recog', 'training', 'memory', 'constraints', 'required']
['practicable', 'deployment', 'however', 'solutions']
['performance', 'computing', 'cloud', 'technology']
['would', 'address', 'feasibility', 'regard', 'future', 'studies']
['could', 'explore', 'visualizing', 'interpreting', 'learned', 'behav', 'pruned', 'model', 'ensembles', 'their', 'application']
['other', 'screening', 'situations', 'covid', 'detection']
['localization', 'scans', 'present', 'expect']
['proposed', 'approach', 'quickly', 'adapted', 'detection']
['covid', 'pneumonia', 'using', 'digitized', 'chest', 'radiographs']
['new_paper']
['received', 'february', 'accepted', 'march', 'publication', 'march', 'current', 'version', 'march']
['digital', 'object', 'identifier', 'access', '3065456']
['analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']
['pneumonia', 'covid', 'patients']
['catalá']
['ismael', 'salvador', 'igual']
[]
['francisco', 'javier', 'pérez', 'benito']
['david', 'millán', 'escrivá']
[]
['vicent', 'ortiz', 'castelló']
['rafael', 'llobet']
[]
['carlos', 'peréz', 'cortés']
[]
['instituto', 'tecnológico', 'informática', 'universitat', 'politècnica', 'valència', '46022', 'valencia', 'spain']
['2department', 'computer', 'systems', 'computation', 'universitat', 'politècnica', 'valència', '46022', 'valencia', 'spain']
['3department', 'computing', 'engineering', 'disca', 'universitat', 'politècnica', 'valència', '46022', 'valencia', 'spain']
['corresponding', 'author', 'ismael', 'salvador', 'igual', 'issalig']
['supported', 'generalitat', 'valenciana', 'through', 'instituto', 'valenciano', 'competitividad', 'empresarial', 'ivace', 'under']
['grant', 'imdeea']
['abstract', 'chest', 'images', 'useful', 'early', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'advantage']
['devices', 'already', 'available', 'health', 'centers', 'images', 'obtained', 'immediately', 'datasets']
['containing', 'images', 'cases', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'controls', 'available']
['develop', 'machine', 'learning', 'based', 'methods', 'diagnosing', 'disease', 'however', 'these', 'datasets']
['mainly', 'composed', 'different', 'sources', 'coming', 'covid', 'datasets', 'covid', 'datasets']
['particularly', 'detected', 'significant', 'released', 'datasets', 'train']
['diagnostic', 'systems', 'which', 'might', 'imply', 'results', 'published', 'optimistic', 'overestimate']
['actual', 'predictive', 'capacity', 'techniques', 'proposed', 'article', 'analyze', 'existing']
['commonly', 'datasets', 'propose', 'series', 'preliminary', 'steps', 'carry', 'before', 'classic', 'machine']
['learning', 'pipeline', 'order', 'detect', 'possible', 'biases', 'avoid', 'possible', 'report', 'results']
['representative', 'actual', 'predictive', 'power', 'methods', 'under', 'analysis']
['index', 'terms']
['learning', 'covid', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'networks', 'chest', 'segmentation', 'saliency']
['introduction']
['chest', 'radiography', 'widely', 'accepted']
['imaging', 'modality', 'detecting', 'pneumonia', 'becom', 'crucial', 'tracking', 'clinical', 'evolution', 'covid']
['patients', 'covid', 'disease', 'caused', 'severe']
['acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus']
['become', 'global', 'pandemic', 'months', 'early']
['diagnosis', 'factor', 'stealthy', 'contagious', 'nature']
['virus', 'vaccines', 'effective', 'treatments']
['helps', 'prevent', 'further', 'spreading', 'control']
['under', 'existing', 'healthcare', 'facilities', 'small']
['acquisition', 'devices', 'their', 'operation', 'their']
['widely', 'available', 'computer']
['tomography', 'equipment', 'despite', 'image', 'quality']
['diagnostic', 'performance', 'superior']
['associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'manuscript']
['approving', 'publication', 'derek', 'abbott']
['response', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'scientific']
['community', 'rapidly', 'reacted', 'works', 'using']
['images', 'covid', 'detection', 'published']
['majority', 'known', 'architec', 'tures', 'resnet', 'squeezenet']
['densenet', 'combine', 'decision', 'trees']
['support', 'vector', 'machines', 'given', 'difficulty']
['obtaining', 'covid', 'samples', 'networks']
['order', 'enhance', 'performance', 'other', 'approaches', 'based', 'multi', 'resolution']
['methods', 'report', 'results', 'comparable', 'those', 'obtained']
[]
['machine', 'learning', 'models', 'large', 'amounts']
['which', 'difficult', 'acquire', 'being', 'existing']
['collections', 'already', 'known', 'datasets']
['covid', 'image', 'datasets', 'heterogeneous', 'mixture']
['observations', 'provides', 'variety', 'usually', 'reduces', 'temic', 'uncertainty', 'however', 'these', 'datasets', 'instance']
['42370', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'volume', '2021o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']
['figure', 'workflow', 'different', 'experiments', 'right', 'network', 'activations', 'image', 'features', 'evaluation']
['background', 'expansion', 'exclusion']
['equally', 'balanced', 'label', 'induce', 'certain']
['amount', 'dataset', 'training', 'phase', 'happens']
['images', 'easily', 'discriminated', 'features']
['relevant', 'dataset', 'inadvertently', 'contains']
['distinctive', 'features', 'which', 'related', 'disease']
['shared', 'among', 'source', 'datasets', 'instance']
['assume', 'extreme', 'image', 'datasets', 'formed']
['different', 'classes', 'dataset', 'class']
['samples', 'dataset', 'class', 'samples', 'assume']
['dataset', 'samples', 'there', 'white', 'rectangle']
['right', 'corner', 'class', 'features', 'trivial']
['classifiers', 'focus', 'easiest', 'feature', 'discriminate']
['between', 'classes', 'class', 'features', 'therefore']
['leads', 'generalization', 'given', 'dataset']
['class', 'samples', 'white', 'rectangle']
['misclassified']
['detected', 'significant', 'biases']
['commonly', 'datasets', 'intended', 'pneumonia']
['covid', 'detection', 'suspect', 'accuracy']
['reported', 'studies', 'might']
['directly', 'related', 'image', 'features', 'could', 'character', 'disease', 'these', 'biases', 'could', 'arise', 'example']
['using', 'specific', 'devices', 'acquire', 'images', 'patients']
['probability', 'suffering', 'disease', 'mainly', 'controls']
['different', 'those', 'patients', 'probability']
['suffering', 'mainly', 'cases', 'could', 'happen', 'example']
['patients', 'screened', 'certain', 'health', 'vices', 'highly', 'suspicious', 'patients', 'derived', 'different']
['worse', 'aiming', 'increase', 'number']
['controls', 'cases', 'dataset', 'expanded', 'samples']
['coming', 'significantly', 'different', 'origins', 'labeled']
['unbalanced', 'class', 'identifiers', 'these', 'cases', 'trained']
['discriminate', 'between', 'cases', 'controls', 'could', 'learn']
['differentiate', 'images', 'different', 'origins', 'rather', 'finding']
['features', 'actually', 'related', 'disease']
['therefore', 'effectively', 'assess', 'performance']
['classifier', 'there', 'exist', 'previous', 'study', 'dataset']
['results', 'validated', 'present', 'several']
['studies', 'assess', 'validity', 'results', 'following']
['datasets', 'perform', 'experiments', 'bimcv']
['padchest', 'chexpert', 'covid', 'image']
['collection', 'refer', 'covidcxr', 'which']
['further', 'described', 'section']
['contributions']
['propose', 'analysis', 'methodology', 'assert']
['validity', 'results', 'achieved', 'dataset']
['study', 'possible', 'existence', 'three', 'broadly']
['pneumonia', 'classification', 'datasets']
['study', 'effect', 'mixing', 'several', 'datasets']
['structured', 'follows', 'section', 'outlines']
['problem', 'datasets', 'after', 'datasets']
['networks', 'along', 'proposed', 'methodology']
['described', 'section', 'workflow', 'related', 'section']
['figure', 'section', 'shows', 'results', 'achieved']
['using', 'article', 'methodology', 'proposed', 'datasets']
['section', 'gives', 'analysis', 'results', 'finally', 'clusions', 'presented', 'section']
['methods']
['datasets']
['several', 'public', 'datasets', 'article']
['padchest1']
['dataset', 'includes']
['images', '67625', 'patients']
['reported', 'radiologists', 'hospital', 'spain']
['1http', 'bimcv', 'bimcv', 'projects', 'padchest']
['volume', '42371o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']
['reports', 'labeled']
['different', 'radiographic', 'findings', 'differential', 'noses', 'anatomic', 'locations', 'reports']
['manually', 'annotated', 'trained', 'physicians']
['remaining', 'labeled', 'using', 'supervised', 'method']
['based', 'recurrent', 'neural', 'network', 'attention']
['mechanisms', 'generated', 'labels', 'validated', 'achieving']
['micro', 'score', 'using', 'independent']
['experiments', 'posterior', 'anterior', 'images']
['considered', 'therefore', 'there', 'images']
['remaining', 'dataset', 'control', 'pneumonia']
['images']
['pneumonia', 'dataset2']
['images']
['national', 'institutes', 'health', 'labeled']
['radiological', 'society', 'north', 'america', 'along']
['society', 'thoracic', 'radiology']
['dataset', 'develop', 'classifier', 'capable']
['distinguishing', 'between', 'pneumonia', 'control', 'images']
['released', 'kaggle', 'competition']
['consists', '26684', 'images', 'which', '20672', 'pneumonia', 'images']
['chexpert', 'dataset3']
['provided', 'stanford']
['university', 'contains', '224316', 'chest', 'radiographs']
['65240', 'patients', 'labels', 'categories']
['exams', 'performed', 'stanford', 'hospital', 'between']
['october', 'structured', 'labels']
['images', 'created', 'automated', 'based', 'labeler']
['which', 'researchers', 'developed', 'extract', 'observations']
['radiology', 'reports', '224316', 'chest']
['radiographs', 'article', 'takes', 'related']
['pneumonia', 'control', 'cases', 'therefore', 'images']
['remaining', 'dataset', 'control', 'monia', 'images']
['covid', 'image', 'collection', 'covidcxr']
[]
['project', 'collect', 'images', 'present']
['covid', 'online']
['sources', 'these', 'sources', 'varied', 'scientific', 'publica', 'tions', 'websites', 'covidcxr']
['around', 'covid', 'images', 'largest']
['covid', 'datasets', 'publicly', 'available']
['knowledge']
['motivation']
['motivation', 'study', 'comes', 'analyzing']
['results', 'neural', 'network', 'trained', 'classify', 'between']
['radiographic', 'images', 'patients', 'pneumonia', 'healthy']
['control', 'patients', 'order', 'determine', 'validity']
['classification', 'interesting', 'first', 'validation']
['visualizing', 'network', 'activation', 'heatmaps', 'formed', 'these', 'checks', 'against', 'networks', 'trained', 'pneumo', 'datasets', 'observed', 'suspicious', 'patterns', 'these']
['heatmaps', 'often', 'highlighted', 'areas', 'image', 'which']
['2https', 'kaggle', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'challenge']
['3https', 'healthimaging', 'topics', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'stanford', 'researchers', 'release', 'chest', 'dataset', 'train']
['4https', 'github', 'ieee8023', 'covid', 'chestxray', 'dataset']
['contain', 'tissue', 'figure', 'suspect']
['networks', 'learning', 'classify', 'achieving', 'large', 'values']
['using', 'features', 'unrelated']
['datasets', 'might', 'biased']
['figure', 'heatmaps', 'bimcv', 'dataset']
['allows', 'visualize', 'gradient']
['label', 'final', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'produce', 'heatmap']
['depicting', 'regions', 'image', 'relevant', 'diction', 'pixels', 'pixels', 'correspond']
['values', 'gradient', 'final', 'convolutional', 'layer']
['respectively']
['observed', 'figure', 'there', 'highly', 'activated', 'regions']
['areas', 'without', 'presence', 'expected', 'activation']
['should', 'inside', 'known', 'pixels']
['inside', 'lungs', 'should', 'activation', 'detection']
['available', 'however', 'assume', 'activation']
['control', 'patient', 'should', 'exceed', 'given', 'threshold']
['whilst', 'positive', 'should', 'widespread', 'activa', 'tions', 'within', 'lungs', 'nonetheless', 'activated', 'outside']
['lungs', 'should', 'minimal', 'cases', 'reason']
['measure', 'inform', 'about', 'distribution', 'activated']
['pixels', 'could', 'useful']
['given', 'heatmap', 'image', 'where']
['number', 'number', 'columns']
['represents', 'pixel', 'value', 'column']
['region', 'interest', 'complement']
['activation', 'threshold', 'number']
['pixels', 'activation', 'value', 'higher']
['respectively']
['calculate', 'percentage', 'pixels', 'activation']
['value', 'threshold', 'outside', 'expected', 'region']
['quotient', 'between', 'figure']
['equations', 'below', 'where']
['considering', 'activated', 'pixels', 'region', 'false', 'tives', 'activated', 'pixels', 'region', 'positives']
['above', 'quotient', 'corresponds', 'false', 'discovery']
['42372', 'volume', '2021o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']
['figure', 'activation', 'regions', 'diagram']
['which', 'complement', 'positive', 'predic', 'value']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['instance', 'activated', 'pixel', 'falls']
['outside', 'lungs', 'marked', 'wrong', 'information']
['should', 'found', 'there', 'lower', 'value', 'better']
['score', 'designed', 'measure', 'validity', 'trained']
['classifier', 'based', 'activation', 'allows', 'selection']
['different', 'operation', 'points', 'depending', 'threshold']
['applied', 'heatmaps']
['maximum', 'heatmap', 'value']
['table', 'shows', 'computed', 'activation']
['under', 'three', 'different', 'datasets', 'worth', 'noting']
['image', 'findings', 'usually', 'located', 'border', 'lungs']
['highlighted', 'border', 'pixels']
['might', 'easily', 'outside', 'region', 'considered']
['wrong', 'grounds', 'information', 'provided']
['further', 'experiments', 'would', 'required', 'measure']
['extent', 'which', 'phenomenon', 'affects', 'datasets']
['table', 'false', 'discovery', 'activation', 'three', 'different']
['datasets']
['additionally', 'suspicious', 'patterns', 'appeared']
['visualizing', 'grayscale', 'histograms', 'images']
['ideally', 'levels', 'images', 'different', 'sources', 'should']
['equally', 'distributed', 'practice', 'happen']
['inaccurate', 'conclusions', 'histograms']
['images', 'considered', 'probability', 'density']
['functions', 'serve', 'measure', 'variability']
['among', 'level', 'distributions', 'using', 'methodology', 'based']
['information', 'geometry', 'methodology']
['successfully', 'applied', 'characterize', 'electronic', 'health']
['record', 'assess', 'variability', 'among']
['patients', 'different', 'headache', 'intensity']
['detect', 'pixel', 'distribution', 'differences', 'among', 'images', 'acquired']
['different', 'mammographs']
['given', 'approach', 'based', 'putation', 'distance', 'between', 'using']
['jensen', 'shannon', 'distance', 'simplex', 'where', 'point']
['represents', 'distance', 'between', 'points']
['jensen', 'shannon', 'distance', 'between']
['represent', 'known', 'statistical', 'manifold', 'which']
['riemannian', 'manifold', 'visualization', 'purposes']
['simplex', 'embedded', 'euclidean', 'space', 'using']
['multidimensional', 'scaling', 'finally', 'projected']
['dimensions', 'using', 'dimension', 'reduction', 'algorithm']
['principal', 'component', 'analysis']
['methodology', 'applied', 'three', 'times', 'random']
['balanced', 'sample', 'individuals', 'pneumonia', 'cases']
['controls', 'dataset', 'mentioned', 'which']
['described', 'section', 'firstly', 'applied']
['histograms', 'complete', 'images', 'after', 'segmenta', 'which', 'described', 'detail', 'section']
['variability', 'analysis', 'applied', 'histograms']
['backgrounds', 'histograms', 'lungs']
['figure', 'variability', 'three', 'datasets', 'shown']
['figure']
['center', 'figure', 'which', 'depicts', 'distribu', 'tions', 'backgrounds', 'different', 'datasets']
['first', 'columns', 'distinct', 'clusters', 'composed']
['predominantly', 'cases', 'controls', 'allow', 'certain', 'degree']
['discrimination', 'without', 'taking', 'account', 'tissue']
['which', 'represents', 'shows', 'fewer']
['differences', 'between', 'cases', 'control', 'patient', 'histograms']
['column', 'corresponding', 'chexpert', 'dataset', 'these']
['differences', 'evident']
['could', 'imply', 'datasets', 'bimcv']
['machine', 'learning', 'algorithm', 'classify', 'pneumo', 'control', 'cases', 'using', 'features', 'outside', 'lungs']
['network']
['article', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'networks']
['classify', 'images', 'these', 'machine', 'learn', 'models', 'widely', 'employed', 'years']
['image', 'classification', 'particularly', 'field', 'medical']
['imaging', 'topology', 'vgg16', 'which']
['broadly', 'reported', 'classifier', 'chest', 'image']
['analysis', 'scenario', 'common', 'practice']
['networks', 'layers', 'usually']
['dense', 'layers', 'lighter', 'classifier', 'which']
['volume', '42373o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']
['figure', 'example', 'control', 'patient', 'histograms', 'first', 'shows', 'histogram', 'whole', 'image', 'example']
['control', 'patient', 'second', 'shows', 'histogram', 'background', 'image', 'subtracted', 'shows']
['histogram', 'lungs']
['global', 'average', 'pooling', 'followed', 'multilayer']
['perceptron', 'which', 'projects', 'pooled', 'features']
['convolution', 'dimensions', 'before', 'performing']
['classification']
['transfer', 'learning', 'technique', 'common', 'practice', 'within']
['learning', 'models', 'proven', 'pretrained', 'works', 'particular', 'their', 'first', 'layers', 'generic']
['transferred', 'domains', 'without', 'requiring']
['special', 'training', 'facilitates', 'training']
['domains', 'scarce', 'amount', 'training', 'samples', 'there', 'vgg16', 'network', 'pretrained', 'genet', 'dataset', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'along']
['classification', 'layers', 'unfrozen', 'domain']
['training']
['noteworthy', 'network', 'structure']
['point', 'critical', 'conclusions', 'drawn', 'article']
['trying', 'present', 'advancement', 'state', 'classification', 'datasets', 'focus', 'rather']
['comparing', 'results', 'obtained', 'images', 'coming']
['different', 'datasets', 'whether', 'those', 'results', 'suggest', 'classification', 'biases', 'within', 'nonetheless']
['least', 'achieve', 'acceptable', 'accuracy', 'order']
['ensure', 'extracted', 'features', 'enough', 'close']
['extracted', 'other', 'articles']
['segmentation']
['segmenting', 'lungs', 'possible', 'remove', 'parts']
['image', 'contain', 'relevant', 'information']
['source', 'noise', 'presence']
['annotations', 'identify', 'machine', 'hospital']
['appearance', 'images', 'coming', 'specific', 'medical', 'devices']
['cases', 'control', 'patients']
['versa']
['segmentation', 'images', 'successfully']
['tackled', 'different', 'approaches', 'during', 'years']
['network', 'trained']
['montgomery', 'dataset', 'moreover', 'manually']
['labeled', 'total', 'images', 'coming', 'bimcv']
['42374', 'volume', '2021o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']
['figure', 'image', 'histogram', 'variability', 'first', 'represents', 'variability', 'histograms', 'complete', 'images', 'second', 'variability']
['background', 'histograms', 'images', 'subtracted', 'third', 'histograms', 'lungs', 'first', 'column', 'represents']
['sample', 'bimcv', 'dataset', 'second', 'column', 'sample', 'sample', 'chexpert']
['padchest', 'dataset', 'increase', 'number', 'training', 'images']
['figure', 'shows', 'segmentation', 'results', 'network']
['achieves', 'scores', 'gomery', 'partition', 'where', 'defined']
['follows', 'being', 'predicted', 'segmentation']
['segmentation']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['volume', '42375o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']
['analysis']
['proposes', 'methodology', 'measure', 'degree']
['dataset', 'focus', 'classification', 'monia', 'covid', 'against', 'control', 'samples', 'methods']
['generalized', 'other', 'classification', 'tasks', 'where', 'prior']
['knowledge', 'region', 'interest', 'available']
['stated', 'before', 'areas', 'should', 'contain', 'informa', 'about', 'problem', 'possibly', 'discriminate']
['between', 'classes', 'example', 'annotations', 'image', 'tures', 'related', 'medical', 'devices', 'employed', 'order']
['solve', 'problem', 'segmentation', 'algorithm']
['extract', 'relevant', 'regions', 'which', 'lungs']
['figure', 'these', 'regions', 'referred', 'masks']
['image', 'considered', 'background']
['figure']
['figure', 'segmentation', 'after', 'process', 'right']
['check', 'previous', 'hypothesis', 'presented']
['experiments', 'carried', 'training', 'model']
['different', 'image', 'areas', 'according', 'following']
['ideas']
['study', 'background', 'affects', 'results']
['starting', 'image', 'contains', 'lungs']
['background', 'erased', 'visible', 'region', 'gressively', 'expanded', 'include', 'background']
['means', 'sequential', 'dilation', 'operations']
['figure', 'unbiased', 'dataset', 'should', 'increase']
['classification', 'accuracy', 'along', 'process']
['analyze', 'affects']
['results', 'starting', 'whole', 'image']
['progressively', 'removing', 'lungs', 'figure']
['classification', 'accuracy', 'unbiased', 'dataset', 'should']
['progressively', 'maximum', 'value', 'whole']
['image']
['adjusting', 'expansion', 'exclusion', 'region']
['allow', 'trace', 'variation', 'accuracy', 'metric']
['images', 'scaled', 'pixels', 'background']
['expansion', 'segmentation', 'masks', 'dilated']
['pixels', 'exclusion', 'masks']
['eroded', 'pixels', 'right']
['figure']
['figure', 'shows', 'segmented']
['background', 'expansion', 'green', 'figure', 'shows']
['exclusion', 'yellow', 'additionally', 'detailed']
['workflow', 'experiment', 'shown', 'figure']
['combination', 'analysis']
['combining', 'datasets', 'useful', 'enlarge', 'sample']
['increase', 'variability', 'explained', 'reduce']
['epistemic', 'uncertainty', 'classifiers', 'latter', 'related']
['problem', 'domain', 'knowledge', 'model', 'being']
['uncertainty', 'knowledge', 'bound', 'limited', 'amount']
['however', 'combination', 'balance', 'among']
['classes', 'carefully', 'controlled', 'classifier', 'learn']
['discriminate', 'between', 'features', 'different', 'datasets']
['check', 'hypothesis', 'mixed', 'chexpert']
['datasets', 'achieve', 'balanced', 'combination', 'adding', 'positive']
['pneumonia', 'observations', 'dataset', 'latter', 'highly', 'unbalanced', 'dataset', 'ative', 'positive', 'observations', 'after', 'process']
['segmentation', 'validity', 'filters', 'could', 'considered']
['positive', 'samples', 'another', 'dataset']
['needless', 'images', 'distinct']
['features', 'allow', 'classifier', 'apart']
['chexpert', 'example', 'including', 'large', 'proportion', 'images']
['particular', 'equipment', 'brand', 'model', 'system']
['learn', 'classify', 'images', 'equipment', 'positive']
['regardless', 'image', 'content', 'could', 'related']
['disease']
['additionally', 'simulated', 'combination']
['covid', 'control', 'datasets', 'evaluated', 'their']
['proposed', 'method', 'particular', 'datasets', 'bined', 'positive', 'covid', 'cases', 'covidcxr']
['chexpert', 'negative', 'control', 'samples', 'covidcxr', 'built']
['datasets', 'different', 'origins', 'hence', 'experiment', 'illus', 'trates', 'likely', 'problematic', 'effects', 'heterogeneous']
['combinations']
['based', 'methodology', 'probes', 'discrimination']
['induced', 'outside', 'lungs', 'expectations', 'about', 'results']
['experiment', 'there', 'dataset']
['background', 'expansion', 'could', 'increase', 'accuracy']
['accuracy', 'occluding', 'lungs', 'should', 'differ']
['significantly', 'results', 'follow']
['these', 'predictions', 'hypothesis', 'would', 'confirmed']
['results']
['background', 'expansion', 'exclusion']
['study']
['previous', 'section', 'proposed', 'examine', 'perfor', 'mance', 'classification', 'experiments', 'varying', 'addition']
['background', 'reduction', 'expected']
['results', 'first', 'biased', 'dataset', 'where']
['background', 'added', 'initial', 'images']
['classification', 'stays', 'constant', 'almost', 'stant', 'possible', 'imprecise', 'segmentation', 'other', 'perturbations', 'disease', 'information', 'already']
['present', 'beginning']
['second', 'scenario', 'accuracy', 'should', 'potentially']
['value', 'achieved', 'network']
['complete', 'image', 'value', 'close']
['lungs', 'completely', 'removed', 'necessarily']
['42376', 'volume', '2021o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']
['figure', 'background', 'expansion', 'exclusion', 'original', 'contour', 'shown', 'expanded', 'contour', 'green']
['contour', 'removed', 'shown', 'yellow']
['figure', 'analysis', 'workflow']
['linear', 'shown', 'graphs', 'straight']
['right', 'figure', 'offer', 'simplified']
['graphical', 'representation', 'expected', 'behavior']
['figure', 'green', 'represents', 'classification']
['obtained', 'using']
['analysis', 'performed', 'three', 'datasets']
['first', 'figure', 'bimcv', 'clearly', 'shows']
['significant', 'within', 'classification']
['steadily', 'increases', 'background', 'expansion']
['second', 'graph', 'shows', 'removing']
['associated', 'significant', 'decrease', 'accuracy']
['should', 'complete', 'exclusion']
['lungs', 'classifier', 'achieves', 'almost']
['second', 'figure', 'displays']
['slightly', 'lower', 'still', 'consistent', 'within']
['graphs', 'however', 'dataset', 'harder']
['segment', 'other']
['variability', 'shown', 'could', 'arise', 'poorly', 'segmented']
['images', 'nonetheless', 'achieved']
['lungs', 'completely', 'occluded', 'which']
['expected']
['third', 'figure', 'chexpert', 'conveys', 'inter', 'esting', 'results', 'graph', 'trend', 'expected']
['unbiased', 'dataset', 'doesn', 'along']
['background', 'expansion', 'nevertheless', 'precision']
['achieved', 'completely', 'occluded']
['around', 'implies']
['located', 'specifically', 'background']
['whole', 'image']
['combination', 'study']
['mentioned', 'before', 'combination', 'study', 'seeks', 'evaluate']
['combination', 'datasets', 'might', 'provoke', 'creation']
['biased', 'methodology', 'proposed', 'detect']
['these', 'weaknesses', 'final', 'collection']
['experiments', 'section', 'reproduced']
['using', 'combined', 'dataset', 'figure', 'shows', 'effect']
['varying', 'background', 'expansion', 'exclusion']
['combination', 'designed', 'balance', 'chexpert']
['cases', 'control', 'positive', 'pneumonia', 'images']
['chexpert', 'positive', 'images', 'giving']
['balanced', 'dataset', 'observations', 'class']
['experiment', 'explored', 'combination', 'images']
['control', 'patients', 'chexpert', 'whole']
['covid', 'images', 'covidcxr', 'dataset']
['combination', 'typical', 'recent', 'crisis', 'scenario', 'where']
['images', 'disease', 'available', 'obtained']
['different', 'locations', 'under', 'uncontrolled', 'conditions']
['different', 'equipment', 'acquisition', 'protocols']
['worst', 'scenario', 'results', 'accordance']
['figure']
['results', 'these', 'experiments', 'similar', 'fashion']
['chexpert', 'ubiquitous']
['volume', '42377o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']
['figure', 'accuracy', 'function', 'background', 'expansion', 'reduction', 'green', 'dotted', 'lines']
['correct', 'behavior', 'biased', 'dataset', 'background', 'included']
['dotted', 'lines', 'indicate', 'expected', 'reduction', 'classification', 'lungs', 'removed']
['analysis', 'lines', 'accuracy', 'given', 'expansion', 'reduction', 'vertical', 'indicating']
['standard', 'deviation']
['image', 'despite', 'increasing', 'amount', 'background', 'inside']
['images', 'doesn', 'affect', 'accuracy', 'effect']
['occlusion', 'remarkable', 'within', 'results']
['discussion']
['learning', 'receiving', 'attention']
['powerful', 'methodology', 'analyzing', 'medical']
['images', 'ability', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'works', 'obtain', 'excellent', 'results']
['blackbox', 'opposed', 'classical', 'design']
['algorithms', 'attracted', 'researchers']
['works', 'using', 'covid', 'detection']
['images', 'report', 'accuracies', 'variety', 'network']
['architectures', 'particular', 'studies', 'using', 'vgg16', 'report']
['accuracy', 'dataset', 'built', 'covid']
['control', 'samples', 'accuracy', 'obtained']
['dataset', 'composed', 'covid', 'images', 'pneumo', 'negative', 'accuracy', 'achieved']
['using', 'dataset', 'contains', 'covid', 'images']
['pneumonia', 'negative', 'vgg16', 'achieves']
['results', 'detecting', 'pulmonary', 'diseases', 'strengthens']
['hypothesis', 'features', 'extracted', 'network']
['relevant', 'therefore', 'detected']
['experiments', 'related', 'within', 'images']
['drawbacks', 'often']
['large', 'amounts', 'learn', 'while', 'generic']
['databases', 'available', 'public', 'existing', 'covid', 'datasets']
['composed', 'images', 'collected']
['volunteers', 'consequence', 'these', 'datasets']
['unbalanced', 'labels', 'different', 'sources']
['42378', 'volume', '2021o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']
['figure', 'addition', 'positive', 'samples', 'covidcxr', 'chexpert', 'dataset', 'green', 'dotted']
['lines', 'correct', 'behavior', 'biased', 'dataset', 'background', 'included']
['dotted', 'lines', 'indicate', 'expected', 'reduction', 'classification', 'lungs', 'removed']
['analysis', 'lines', 'accuracy', 'given', 'expansion', 'reduction', 'vertical']
['indicating', 'standard', 'deviation']
['makes', 'getting', 'robust', 'model', 'reliable', 'performance']
['measures', 'difficult', 'regard', 'articles', 'report']
['problem', 'small', 'unbalanced', 'datasets', 'covid']
['detection', 'propose', 'solutions', 'mitigate']
['problem']
['analysis', 'tackled', 'other', 'authors']
['instance', 'authors', 'proposed', 'train']
['partitions', 'should', 'different', 'datasets', 'related']
['classifier', 'trying', 'achieve', 'maximum']
['performance', 'certain', 'dataset']
['assert', 'generalization', 'capacity', 'classi', 'other', 'sought', 'minimize', 'effects']
['different', 'biased', 'datasets', 'converting', 'different']
['dataset', 'observations', 'prototypes', 'greatly', 'reducing', 'possible']
['intra', 'dataset', 'specific', 'features']
['recently', 'addresses', 'issue', 'covid', 'detection']
['reports', 'problem', 'mixing', 'different', 'datasets']
['network', 'learn', 'background', 'information', 'study']
['performs', 'similar', 'approach', 'presented', 'thisar', 'ticle', 'study', 'possible', 'biases', 'within', 'lungs']
['occludes', 'lungs', 'rectangular', 'fixed', 'black', 'boxes']
['measures', 'accuracy', 'achieved', 'however', 'proposed']
['methodology', 'extends', 'concept', 'proposed', 'precise']
['masks', 'progressive', 'inclusion', 'exclusion', 'information']
['learning', 'process', 'allows', 'ability', 'detect']
['where', 'approximately', 'enables', 'precise']
['estimation']
['furthermore', 'studies', 'within', 'ncov2019', 'dataset']
['using', 'information', 'about', 'patients', 'symptoms', 'comorbidities']
['dataset', 'collects', 'clinical', 'differ', 'sources', 'rather', 'images', 'found', 'significant']
['related', 'origin', 'exposed', 'several', 'issues']
['related', 'multisource', 'variability']
['article', 'focused', 'detecting', 'biases', 'within']
['widely', 'datasets', 'glimpse', 'degree', 'which']
['these', 'biases', 'affect', 'results', 'proposes', 'detection']
['methodology', 'assert', 'validity', 'results', 'methodol', 'makes', 'techniques', 'heatmap', 'visualization']
['histogram', 'analysis', 'selective', 'image', 'occlusion', 'which']
['combined', 'evaluate', 'which', 'parts', 'images', 'being']
['discriminative', 'features', 'classification']
['methodology', 'applied', 'scenar', 'existence', 'individual', 'pneumonia']
['datasets', 'another', 'detect', 'existence']
['datasets']
['limitations', 'study']
['regarding', 'possible', 'limitations', 'there', 'could', 'problem']
['methodology', 'proposed', 'since', 'segmentation', 'masks']
['expansion', 'reduction', 'biased', 'themselves']
['segmentation', 'process', 'might', 'prone']
['images', 'pneumonia', 'since', 'borders', 'lungs']
['diffuse', 'whereas', 'could', 'happen', 'images']
['control', 'patients', 'could', 'significant', 'difference']
['volume', '42379o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']
['figure', 'occlusion', 'fixed', 'rectangular', 'boxes']
['between', 'cases', 'controls', 'masks', 'therefore', 'might']
['introducing', 'would', 'imply', 'problem']
['proposed', 'methodology']
['however', 'designed', 'experiment', 'where']
['occlusion', 'masks', 'substituted', 'rectangles']
['lungs', 'experiment', 'similar', 'presented']
['ensure', 'lungs', 'completely']
['removed', 'using', 'segmentation', 'shape', 'whereas']
['aforementioned', 'place', 'fixed', 'black', 'angle', 'central', 'leaving', 'uncovered']
['examples', 'method', 'figure']
['results', 'achieved', 'bimcv', 'dataset']
['figure', 'where', 'differences', 'found', 'significant']
['suggesting', 'shape', 'masks', 'influencing']
['detection', 'algorithm', 'proposed']
['furthermore', 'increase', 'confidence', 'conclusions']
['processed', 'images', 'means', 'clahe', 'togram', 'normalization', 'assert', 'process', 'affected']
['results', 'figure', 'there', 'difference']
['results', 'achieved', 'between', 'normalized', 'plain']
['images']
['talking', 'about', 'strengths', 'results', 'experiments']
['described', 'section', 'demonstrated', 'classification']
['improve', 'background', 'included']
['images', 'which', 'means', 'either', 'there']
['specifically', 'background', 'significant']
['already', 'within', 'lungs', 'however']
['progressively', 'removed', 'image']
['experiments', 'accuracy', 'decrease', 'suggesting']
['figure', 'comparison', 'between', 'grain', 'squared', 'masks', 'bimcv', 'dataset']
['42380', 'volume', '2021o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']
['figure', 'comparison', 'between', 'normalized', 'plain', 'bimcv', 'dataset']
['system', 'classifying', 'images', 'according']
['elements', 'present', 'whole', 'image', 'inside']
['lungs', 'result', 'confirms', 'hypothesis', 'powerful', 'convolutional', 'networks', 'subtle', 'features']
['images', 'optimistic', 'classification', 'results']
['measures', 'taken', 'avoid', 'biases']
['summarize', 'further', 'research', 'should', 'conducted']
['reduce', 'impact', 'intrinsic', 'datasets', 'whose']
['images', 'collected', 'several', 'sources', 'recent', 'literature']
['demonstrated', 'emergence', 'methodologies', 'useful']
['reduce', 'impact', 'image', 'preprocess', 'methods', 'learning', 'architectures', 'designed']
['biased', 'datasets', 'starting']
['point']
['conclusion']
['novel', 'methodology', 'assess', 'existence']
['image', 'datasets', 'presented', 'techniques']
['activation', 'heatmap', 'visualization', 'histogram', 'analysis']
['selective', 'image', 'occlusion', 'combined', 'evaluate', 'which']
['images', 'being', 'discriminative', 'features']
['classification', 'regions', 'interest']
['lungs', 'datasets', 'different', 'levels']
['these', 'comprising', 'datasets', 'informa', 'quickly', 'available', 'urgent', 'scenario', 'current']
['covid', 'crisis', 'examples', 'bimcv', 'collection']
['combination', 'datasets', 'created', 'purpose', 'which']
['problems', 'results', 'confirmed']
['other', 'methodologies']
['activation', 'histogram', 'analysis']
['study', 'effects', 'combining', 'datasets', 'differ', 'sources', 'especially', 'interesting', 'because', 'shows']
['strictly', 'controlled', 'important', 'biases', 'induced']
['final', 'dataset', 'typical', 'solution', 'samples']
['given', 'class', 'compile', 'different', 'datasets']
['collects', 'categories', 'study', 'recent', 'covid']
['datasets', 'particular', 'widely', 'covidcxr', 'dataset']
['built', 'different', 'sources', 'might', 'included']
['significant', 'biases', 'inadvertently', 'affected', 'results', 'lished', 'heterogeneous', 'dataset', 'often', 'observa', 'tions', 'coming', 'diverse', 'equipment', 'acquisition', 'proto', 'processing', 'software', 'context', 'features', 'found']
['convolutional', 'networks', 'images', 'including']
['background', 'areas', 'enough', 'classification']
['whilst', 'actual', 'performance', 'classifier', 'clinical']
['attempted', 'lower']
['acknowledgments']
['authors', 'would', 'thanks', 'gratitude', 'bimcv']
['other', 'teams', 'compiled', 'available']
['datasets', 'experiments', 'ducted', 'employing', 'instituto', 'tecnológico', 'informática']
['performance', 'computing', 'platform', 'which', 'funded']
['ivace', 'implemented', 'within']
['space', 'being', 'these', 'experiments', 'tech4cv', 'project']
[]
['volume', '42381o', 'catalá', 'analysis', 'public', 'image', 'datasets']

# LSA Model
number_of_topics=100
words=word_count_science
model_science=create_gensim_lsa_model(clean_text,number_of_topics,words)
words_from_law =dict(model_science.show_topic(0, topn=words))##dict and encoding matrix values

#These variables are for further experimentation in vertical comparission mantel test
model_science_paragraph=create_gensim_lsa_model(clean_text,number_of_topics,words)

dict(model_science.show_topic(0, topn=5))

{'covid': 0.8660700355392115,
 'imag': 0.28583433568785827,
 'detect': 0.16478264861820718,
 'model': 0.10872916366533712,
 'dataset': 0.10315349187066715}

from wordcloud import WordCloud
text = dict(model_science.show_topic(0, topn=20))
l=list(text.keys())
wordcloud = WordCloud(width=150, height=200,max_font_size=25, max_words=20, background_color="white").generate(" ".join(l))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation='bilinear')
plt.axis("off")
plt.savefig('graph25.png')

# LSA Model

a=pd.DataFrame()

for i in range(number_of_topics):
    words_science =dict(model_science.show_topic(i, topn=words))
    b=pd.DataFrame(words_science,index=[i])
    a=a.append(b)

a=a.transpose()

top_words = dict(model_science.show_topic(0,topn=5))

df = pd.DataFrame(columns=list(top_words.keys()), 
                  index = list(top_words.keys()))

l = list(top_words.keys())
print('cosine-similarity')
for i in l:
    for j in l:
            matrix=np.array([a.loc[i],a.loc[j]])
            n = s.metrics.pairwise.cosine_similarity(matrix, matrix, dense_output=True)
            df.loc[[i],[j]] = n[0,1]
print(df)

dfi.export(df, 'df_styled28.png')

cosine-similarity
               covid         imag       detect        model      dataset
covid              1   0.00093759   0.00521477  0.000165767   0.00130962
imag      0.00093759            1  -0.00174039  0.000644706  -0.00208865
detect    0.00521477  -0.00174039            1  -0.00186949 -0.000593241
model    0.000165767  0.000644706  -0.00186949            1 -0.000449147
dataset   0.00130962  -0.00208865 -0.000593241 -0.000449147            1

df = df.apply(pd.to_numeric, errors='coerce')

df=df.round(4)

l = list(top_words.keys())

df_adj = pd.DataFrame(df.to_numpy(), index=l, columns=l)
G = nx.from_pandas_adjacency(df)
pos = {l[0]: (0, 0),l[1]: (1, 0), l[2]: (0, 1), l[3]: (1, 1), l[4]: (0.5, 0.8)}
a=list(G.edges(data=True))

b=[]
for i in a:
    b.append(i[:][2]['weight'])
w = [x *100  for x in b]

colors = range(4)
nx.draw(G,pos, alpha=1, width=w, with_labels = True,node_size=200, edge_color='green',node_color='b')
labels = nx.get_edge_attributes(G,'weight')
nx.draw_networkx_nodes(G, pos, nodelist=l, node_color="w")
nx.draw_networkx_edge_labels(G,pos,edge_labels=labels)
plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = (8,5)
plt.savefig('fig28.png')

covid-psychology-large.txt

document_list,titles,word_count_psy=load_data("","covid-psychology-30.txt")

Number of words in text file : 143564
Total Number of Documents: 14623

clean_text=preprocess_data(document_list)

['international', 'sociology']
[]
['author']
['article', 'reuse', 'guidelines']
['sagepub', 'journals', 'permissions']
['0268580920948807']
['journals', 'sagepub']
['psychology', 'politics']
['covid', 'misinfodemics']
['people']
['believe', 'misinfodemics']
['sonia', 'mukhtar']
['university', 'management', 'technology', 'lahore', 'pakistan']
['abstract']
['misinfodemics', 'related', 'covid', 'negatively', 'impacted', 'people', 'lives', 'adverse']
['health', 'psycho', 'sociopolitical', 'outcomes', 'scientific', 'community', 'seeks', 'communicate']
['evidence', 'based', 'information', 'regarding', 'misplaced', 'preventive', 'strategies', 'misinformed', 'helpseeking', 'behaviors', 'global', 'multifaceted', 'systems', 'secondary', 'emerged', 'effects']
['misinfodemics', 'public', 'published', 'articles', 'pubmed', 'embase', 'google', 'scholar', 'elsevier']
['about', 'covid', 'related', 'misinfodemics', 'considered', 'reviewed', 'article']
['review', 'examines', 'mechanisms', 'operational', 'structure', 'prevalence', 'predictive', 'factors', 'effects']
['responses', 'potential', 'curtailing', 'strategies', 'misinfodemics', 'covid', 'present', 'article']
['shows', 'popular', 'variants', 'covid', 'misinfodemics', 'could', 'joint', 'product']
['psychological', 'predisposition', 'which', 'either', 'reject', 'information', 'experts', 'perceive']
['crisis', 'situation', 'product', 'misinfodemics', 'mechanisms', 'partisan', 'ideological', 'motivations']
['psychological', 'foundations', 'political', 'disposition', 'misinfodemics', 'implications']
['development', 'strategies', 'designed', 'curtail', 'negative', 'consequences', 'public', 'health']
['keywords']
['conspiracy', 'theories', 'covid', 'health', 'communication', 'misinformation', 'mistrust', 'science']
['mechanisms', 'misinfodemics']
['modern', 'mainstream', 'social', 'media', 'become', 'primary', 'source', 'information', 'people', 'around', 'world', 'misinfodemics', 'surrounding']
['corresponding', 'author']
['sonia', 'mukhtar', 'university', 'management', 'technology', 'block', 'phase', 'johar', 'lahore']
['punjab', '54770', 'pakistan']
['email', 'sonia', 'mukhtar12', 'gmail']
['948807iss0010', '0268580920948807international', 'sociologymukhtar']
['research', 'article2020']
['article']
['international', 'sociology']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'challenging', 'ongoing', 'coronavirus']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'highlighted', 'interconnectedness', 'modern']
['globalized', 'world', 'where', 'public', 'health', 'threats', 'extend', 'beyond', 'their', 'point', 'origin']
['unvarying', 'reliance', 'misplaced', 'confidence', 'media', 'platforms', 'during']
['lockdown', 'quarantine', 'isolation', 'social', 'distancing', 'virtual', 'communication']
['become', 'major', 'source', 'interaction', 'holman']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'escalated', 'challenges']
['healthcare', 'social', 'educational', 'economic', 'political', 'environmental', 'cultural', 'socioeconomic', 'systems', 'world', 'gained', 'momentum', 'innumerable']
['misinfodemics', 'mechanisms', 'rumors', 'myths', 'superstitions', 'conspiracy', 'theories']
['claims', 'hoaxes', 'false', 'misinformation', 'polarization', 'mistrust', 'science']
['times', 'crisis', 'absence', 'checking', 'misinformation', 'misleading', 'content', 'false']
['context', 'manipulated', 'fabricated', 'material', 'imposter', 'documents', 'disinformation', 'regarding', 'etiology', 'outcomes', 'misplaced', 'prevention', 'disease']
['mukhtar', '2020a']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'saturated', 'mainstream', 'media', 'which', 'disseminate', 'information', 'local', 'global', 'scale', 'similarly', 'social', 'media', 'platforms']
['become', 'accessible', 'source', 'information', 'numerous', 'incidents', 'initiated']
['these', 'rumors', 'caused', 'several', 'mishaps', 'across', 'world', 'instance']
['after', 'positive', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'india', 'people', 'overdosed']
['cholorquine', 'after', 'about', 'effectiveness', 'against', 'covid', 'proliferated', 'nigeria', 'busari', 'adebayo', 'there', 'failure']
['distinction', 'between', 'empirically', 'based', 'scientific', 'truths', 'fabricated', 'unconfirmed']
['science', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'among', 'general', 'public', 'reports', 'reduce', 'legitimacy', 'scientific', 'discoveries', 'regarding', 'vaccine', 'covid']
['create', 'social', 'stigma', 'resulting', 'xenophobia', 'chinese', 'sentiment', 'racism', 'marginalization', 'reduced', 'compliance', 'adherence', 'quarantine', 'adverse', 'health']
['psychosocial', 'impacts', 'aguilera', '2020a', '2020b', 'these', 'considerations', 'become', 'exacerbated', 'during', 'lockdown', 'leading', 'people', 'fringe']
['popular', 'opinion', 'spend', 'social', 'media', 'people', 'trying']
['sense', 'their', 'changed', 'lives', 'proclaimed', 'celebrities', 'identified', 'social']
['media', 'stars', 'politicians', 'mainstream', 'media', 'public', 'figures', 'propagating', 'their']
['subjective', 'interpretations', 'events', 'situation', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'misinfodemics', 'lederer']
['scientific', 'studies', 'previous', 'disease', 'outbreaks', 'demonstrated', 'misinformation', 'represents', 'secondary', 'challenge', 'public', 'health', 'efforts', 'controlling', 'epidemic', 'pandemic', 'earnshaw', 'kalichman', 'individuals', 'endorse']
['misinformation', 'about', 'disease', 'likely', 'follow', 'public', 'health', 'instructions', 'during']
['ebola', 'outbreak', 'respondents', 'credence', 'conspiracy', 'theories']
['alleged', 'would', 'likely', 'support', 'during', 'disease', 'outbreak']
['national', 'cancer', 'institute', 'study', 'montanaro', 'conducted']
['respondents', 'reported', 'trust', 'medical', 'healthcare', 'professionals', 'contrast', 'study', 'where', 'majority', 'respondents', 'reported', 'mistrust', 'information']
['about', 'covid', 'current', 'administration', 'mainstream', 'media', 'outlets']
['times']
['mukhtar']
['psychology', 'misinfodemics']
['adaptive', 'emotion', 'which', 'serves', 'mobilize', 'energy', 'towards', 'potential', 'actual']
['perceived', 'threat', 'mertens', 'however', 'excessive']
['detrimental', 'effects', 'individual', 'mental', 'health', 'problems', 'anxiety']
['phobia', 'community', 'level', 'hoarding', 'panic', 'shopping', 'xenophobia']
['insufficient', 'cause', 'individual', 'incompliance', 'nonadherence', 'towards', 'quarantine', 'isolation', 'community', 'reckless', 'implementation']
['policies', 'ignores', 'risks', 'socioeconomic', 'infrastructure', 'likewise', 'interpersonal']
['safety', 'measures', 'mitigate', 'certain', 'threats', 'transmission', 'disease', 'paradoxically', 'enhance', 'transmission', 'excessive', 'health', 'anxiety', 'psychosocial']
['issues', 'similarly', 'social', 'safety', 'measures', 'lockdowns', 'curfews', 'control', 'transmission', 'prolonged', 'stringent', 'measures', 'could', 'negative', 'consequences', 'socioeconomic', 'impact', 'mental', 'health', 'impact']
['efforts', 'misinfodemics', 'process', 'increased', 'because', 'adverse']
['effects', 'public', 'health', 'communication', 'encourage', 'adoption', 'sustainable']
['preventive', 'measures', 'manage', 'social', 'physical', 'distancing', 'psychological', 'health']
['resilience', 'socioeconomic', 'conditions', 'address', 'stigma', 'prejudice', 'discrimination']
['inequalities', 'mukhtar', '2020b', 'among', 'various', 'factors', 'psychological', 'vulnerability', 'mukhtar', '2020c', 'mukhtar', 'mahmood', 'propensity', 'follow', 'popular']
['opinion', 'excessive', 'social', 'media', 'presence', 'predisposition', 'anxiety']
['uncertainty', 'intolerance', 'unpredictability', 'coronavirus', 'brings', 'levels', 'uncertainty', 'inability', 'uncertainty', 'exponentially', 'higher', 'causing', 'anxiety']
['health', 'related', 'worry', 'situation', 'exacerbated', 'exposure', 'plethora']
['information', 'including', 'misinformation', 'disinformation', 'about', 'impending']
['threat', 'mainstream', 'media', 'social', 'media', 'alike', 'rosser', 'perceived', 'threat']
['information', 'elevates', 'repeated', 'engagement', 'trauma', 'related', 'media', 'content']
['several', 'hours', 'daily', 'culminates', 'acute', 'stress', 'emotional', 'distress', 'consequently']
['either', 'increase', 'virus', 'cause', 'insensitivity', 'towards', 'course']
['identification', 'monitoring', 'internet', 'centrifugal', 'clarification', 'filter']
['accuracy', 'content', 'become', 'challenging', 'increasing', 'number', 'people']
['social', 'media', 'platforms', 'challenging', 'problems', 'misinformation', 'disinformation', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'social', 'media', 'emulsify', 'false']
['misleading', 'click', 'content', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'launched']
['mythbuster', 'feature', 'website', 'countermeasure', 'spread', 'unauthentic']
['social', 'media', 'people', 'reported', 'highest', 'media', 'exposure', 'reported', 'higher']
['acute', 'stress', 'holman', 'media', 'exposure', 'accumulates', 'emerging', 'threats']
['repeated', 'exposure', 'these', 'events', 'increase', 'symptoms', 'distress', 'worry', 'fixation']
['mentality', 'misplaced', 'conviction', 'people', 'vulnerable', 'media', 'exposure', 'distress']
['alongside', 'amount', 'media', 'exposure', 'content', 'exposure', 'matters']
['exposure', 'tragic', 'events', 'graphic', 'images', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'violence', 'could']
['instigate', 'posttraumatic', 'stress', 'future', 'which', 'personal']
['functioning', 'recent', 'years', 'mainstream', 'media', 'electronic', 'print', 'social', 'media']
['established', 'themselves', 'beyond', 'government', 'channel', 'global']
['international', 'sociology']
['population', 'developed', 'affinity', 'channels', 'particular', 'while', 'older']
['population', 'mainly', 'relies', 'traditional', 'channels', 'youth', 'social', 'media']
['tiktok', 'instagram', 'youtube', 'twitter', 'facebook', 'whatsapp', 'social', 'media']
['become', 'conduit', 'spreading', 'rumors', 'deliberate', 'misinformation', 'disinformation', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'personally', 'motivated', 'anecdotes', 'appeal', 'followers']
['attract', 'attention', 'create', 'panic', 'liang', 'proclaimed', 'celebrities', 'media', 'stars', 'become', 'influential', 'large', 'number', 'people', 'solely']
['their', 'content', 'merchant', 'social', 'media', 'posts', 'circulating']
['platforms', 'endorsed', 'multiple', 'social', 'media', 'account', 'users', 'encourage', 'optimal']
['personal', 'functioning', 'maximum', 'productivity', 'business', 'oriented', 'activities', 'downplaying', 'intensity', 'traumatic', 'event', 'certain', 'posts']
['quarantine', 'skill', 'hustle', 'started', 'knowledge']
['never', 'lacked', 'lacked', 'discipline', 'circulating', 'various', 'social', 'media', 'accounts']
['prompting', 'people', 'utilize', 'their', 'learning', 'things', 'skills', 'exacerbate']
['worry', 'already', 'anxiety', 'prone', 'individuals', 'place', 'psychological', 'pressure', 'productive', 'rather', 'messages', 'quarantine', 'skill']
['hustle', 'started', 'knowledge', 'doing', 'should', 'disseminated', 'social', 'media', 'individuals', 'realize', 'during', 'intense', 'traumatic', 'event', 'everyone', 'equally', 'endowed', 'strength', 'coping', 'strategies']
['problem', 'solving', 'skills', 'transform', 'trauma', 'positive', 'emotion', 'which']
['source', 'shame', 'guilt']
['there', 'coercive', 'impression', 'percolating', 'among', 'individuals', 'regarding', 'lockdown']
['people', 'should', 'assume', 'holiday', 'utilize', 'their', 'productively', 'engage', 'occupational', 'academic', 'activities', 'psychological', 'pressure']
['further', 'aggravated', 'feelings', 'guilt', 'shame', 'regret', 'sadness', 'anger', 'internalized']
['emotions', 'being', 'overwhelmed', 'negative', 'unrealistic', 'expectations', 'perceived', 'sense', 'failure', 'mukhtar', '2020a', '2020b', 'psychological', 'pressure', 'compete', 'peers', 'achieving', 'maximum', 'tasks', 'producing', 'occupational', 'academic']
['outcomes', 'harnessing', 'followers', 'subscribers', 'media', 'accounts']
['downplaying', 'trauma', 'others', 'devastating', 'effects', 'mental']
['wellbeing']
['lockdown', 'resulting', 'isolation', 'quarantine', 'social', 'distancing', 'removed']
['normal', 'leisure', 'might', 'utilized', 'improved', 'personal', 'functioning']
['collective', 'traumatic', 'event', 'which', 'poses', 'serious', 'threat', 'people', 'resulted']
['lives', 'displacement', 'individuals', 'mukhtar', 'mukhtar', 'mukhtar']
['covid', 'individual', 'collective', 'traumatic', 'event', 'directly']
['indirectly', 'affected', 'every', 'individual', 'world', 'efforts', 'should', 'directed', 'towards']
['minimizing', 'negative', 'effects', 'traumatic', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'survivors']
['people', 'going', 'through', 'interpersonal', 'traumatic', 'events', 'addition', 'collective']
['trauma', 'covid', 'domestic', 'violence', 'gender', 'based', 'violence', 'abuse', 'mukhtar', '2020d']
['financial', 'burden', 'loneliness', 'emotional', 'behavioral', 'problems', 'grief', 'bereavement']
['losing', 'family', 'mental', 'health', 'issues', 'physical', 'injuries', 'fatalities']
['isolated', 'people', 'facing', 'psychological', 'issues', 'require', 'trauma', 'focused', 'psychological']
['support', 'mental', 'health', 'psychological', 'support', 'guidance', 'treatment', 'intervention']
['information', 'psychological', 'cyber', 'counseling', 'smartphone']
['mukhtar']
['instance', 'mental', 'health', 'hotlines', 'professional', 'seeking', 'behaviors', 'should']
['encouraged', 'endorsed', 'related', 'barriers', 'stigma', 'marginalization', 'discrimination', 'shaming', 'phobias', 'should', 'discouraged', 'through', 'government', 'driven', 'programs']
['evidence', 'based', 'treatment', 'models']
['emerging', 'pandemics', 'command', 'intellectual', 'incapacity', 'decision', 'making']
['degree', 'irrationality', 'bombarded', 'conflicting', 'opinions', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'empirical', 'interpretation', 'origins', 'impacts', 'result', 'moral', 'judgments']
['based', 'religious', 'cultural', 'beliefs', 'emergence', 'garnered', 'plethora']
['moral', 'judgments', 'orbiting', 'around', 'sexual', 'morality', 'substance', 'abuse', 'arrival']
['blame', 'directed', 'towards', 'primitive', 'farming', 'practices', 'guangzhou']
['unprecedented', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'welcomed', 'magnitude', 'misinfodemics']
['multitude', 'fronts', 'ophir', 'richtel', 'psychological', 'predisposition', 'reject']
['authorized', 'information', 'through', 'denial', 'byproduct', 'founded', 'mistrust']
['tendency', 'major', 'social', 'political', 'events', 'through', 'conspiracies', 'partisan', 'motivations', 'byproduct', 'conspiracy', 'thinking', 'likely', 'explanatory', 'factors', 'understanding', 'believes', 'covid', 'misinfodemics', 'association', 'between']
['conspiracy', 'thinking', 'defense', 'mechanism', 'denial', 'could', 'potential', 'reason']
['refusal', 'corrective', 'actions', 'several', 'health', 'related', 'cases', 'carey']
['misinfodemics', 'could', 'motivated', 'various', 'factors', 'epistemic', 'desire', 'causal']
['explanation', 'subjective', 'certainty', 'existential', 'desire', 'control', 'security']
['social', 'desire', 'maintain', 'positive', 'image', 'group', 'douglas']
['stigmatization', 'labeling', 'scapegoating', 'swiftly', 'follow', 'narrative', 'which']
['invokes', 'vernacular', 'human', 'conflict', 'waging', 'against', 'killer', 'virus', 'indomitable', 'invisible', 'threat', 'enemy', 'armed', 'vaccine', 'flinging', 'victims', 'quarantine']
['camps', 'losing', 'sense', 'proportion', 'ability', 'mitigate', 'reasonable']
['knowledge', 'based', 'measures', 'challenge', 'normalize', 'perceived', 'threat', 'infection']
['mechanism', 'misinfodemics', 'engrossed', 'silos', 'public', 'information', 'which']
['inept', 'limiting', 'risks', 'instance', 'social', 'theme', 'focusing', 'socioeconomic', 'disruption', 'scientific', 'theme', 'focusing', 'medical', 'health', 'communication', 'pandemic', 'theme', 'focusing', 'state', 'global', 'response', 'populations']
['likely', 'affected', 'emerging', 'disease', 'pandemic', 'simultaneous', 'misinfodemics']
['include', 'those', 'where', 'there', 'disproportionally', 'inadequate', 'health', 'literacy', 'disadvantaged', 'socioeconomic', 'groups', 'migrants', 'ethnic', 'minorities', 'vulnerable', 'groups']
['including', 'older', 'people', 'people', 'chronic', 'health', 'conditions', 'people', 'disability']
['mukhtar', '2020e', 'rowlands']
['politics', 'coronavirus']
['conspiracy', 'theories', 'heavily', 'influenced', 'geopolitics', 'spread', 'regarding', 'origin']
['scale', 'prevention', 'treatment', 'diagnosis', 'disease', 'covid', 'being', 'viral']
['bioweapon', 'genetically', 'engineered', 'rogue', 'government', 'racist', 'genocidal']
['agenda', 'economic', 'psychological', 'chinese', 'biological', 'weapon']
['conspiracy', 'theory', 'which', 'spread', 'throughout', 'united', 'states', 'united', 'kingdom']
['india', 'ukraine', 'biological', 'weapon', 'conspiracy', 'theory', 'spread', 'throughout']
['russia', 'china', 'philippines', 'venezuela', 'muslims']
['international', 'sociology']
['espionage', 'population', 'control', 'scheme', 'medical', 'misinformation', 'vaccine', 'preexistence', 'cocaine', 'african', 'resistance', 'vegetarian', 'immunity', 'methanol']
['other', 'views', 'endorsed', 'presidents', 'governments', 'public', 'figures', 'abound', 'causing']
['misinfodemics', 'incorrect', 'information', 'about', 'virus', 'which', 'poses', 'risks']
['global', 'scale', 'mccarthy']
['meanwhile', 'covid', 'could', 'positively', 'viewed', 'through', 'partisan']
['right', 'nationalism', 'pandemonium', 'allegations', 'coronavirus']
['politics', 'misinfodemics', 'censorship', 'pathological', 'nationalism', 'multitude']
['governments', 'introduced', 'policy', 'blame', 'shifting', 'launching', 'their', 'powerrivalry', 'statements', 'revolving', 'around', 'illogical', 'reasoning', 'narrative', 'national']
['immunity', 'towards', 'covid', 'there', 'claims', 'biological', 'weapon']
['against', 'western', 'world', 'chinese', 'experiment', 'wrong', 'china', 'equivalent']
['level', 'threat', 'infamous', 'chinese', 'virus', 'italy', 'accused', 'migrants']
['africa', 'disease', 'carriers', 'shores', 'france', 'hungary', 'there']
['narration', 'correlation', 'between', 'immigrants', 'coronavirus', 'reminiscent']
['influx', 'migrants', 'inflicted', 'countries', 'called', 'border']
['crisis', 'european', 'right', 'wingers', 'declare', 'enemy', 'changed', 'migrants']
['convergence', 'crises', 'aggravates', 'mistrust', 'scientific', 'political']
['economic', 'bodies', 'around', 'world', 'these', 'narratives', 'imply', 'through', 'heavily', 'nuanced']
['differential', 'discourse', 'their', 'countries', 'immune', 'coronavirus', 'would']
['contracted', 'covid', 'could', 'manage', 'effectively', 'absence']
['immigrants', 'mccarthy']
['covid', 'provided', 'fodder', 'europe', 'nativist', 'populist', 'further']
['incite', 'clamor', 'immigrants', 'building', 'walls', 'closing', 'borders', 'immigration', 'policies', 'public', 'opinions', 'shaped', 'landscape', 'media', 'scientific', 'bodies']
['frameworks', 'governments', 'obstinate', 'prejudice', 'confrontations']
['ignite', 'globalization', 'nationalism', 'nativism', 'protectionism', 'tariffs', 'closed', 'borders']
['erection', 'walls', 'which', 'intensify', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'outbreak']
['pakistan', 'research', 'study', 'conducted', 'ipsos', 'revealed', 'people']
['country', 'believed', 'performing', 'ablution', 'protected', 'transmitting']
['coronavirus', 'others', 'believed', 'congregation', 'prayers', 'shaking', 'hands', 'cannot']
['infect', 'anyone', 'since', 'sunnah', 'samaa', 'claims', 'circulating', 'about', 'pakistanis']
['resistance', 'coronavirus', 'quite', 'prevalent', 'backed', 'pakistan', 'relatively', 'mortality', 'these', 'rumors', 'argued', 'pakistan', 'culture', 'religion', 'geographical', 'location', 'climate', 'pakistanis', 'vulnerable', 'virus', 'india']
['political', 'activists', 'claimed', 'drinking', 'urine', 'applying']
['coronavirus', 'parliamentarian', 'claimed', 'saying', 'namaste', 'instead']
['greetings', 'prevents', 'contraction', 'coronavirus', 'influential', 'celebrity', 'claimed']
['vibrations', 'generated', 'clapping', 'blowing', 'conch', 'shells', 'virus', 'selfproclaimed', 'tiktok', 'media', 'claim', 'about', 'eating', 'poisonous', 'fruit', 'preventive']
['measure', 'hospitalized', 'people', 'coronavirus', 'coronavirus']
['mattress', 'quite', 'prevalent', 'example', 'popular', 'various', 'countries']
['remedies', 'prevent', 'people', 'contracting', 'coronavirus']
['these', 'rumored', 'remedies', 'gained', 'traction', 'social', 'media', 'severe', 'adverse']
['effects', 'involves', 'mixing', 'sodium', 'chlorite', 'solution', 'citric', 'producing', 'chlorine']
['mukhtar']
['dioxide', 'powerful', 'bleaching', 'agent', 'claiming', 'antimicrobial', 'antiviral', 'antibacterial']
['benefits', 'similar', 'phenomena', 'observed', 'world', 'which', 'prolonged', 'health', 'psychosocial', 'economic', 'consequences', 'covid', 'among']
['general', 'public']
['becomes', 'difficult', 'limit', 'negative', 'impact', 'misinfodemics', 'especially']
['partisanship', 'mobilized', 'effort', 'there', 'could', 'three', 'strategies', 'overcome']
['these', 'negative', 'effects', 'prevention', 'strategies', 'limit', 'spread', 'exposure', 'misinfodemics', 'corrective', 'strategies', 'founded', 'scientific', 'empirical']
['knowledge', 'challenge', 'these', 'predispositions', 'their', 'effects', 'subsequent', 'belief', 'system']
['reduce', 'uncertainty', 'increase', 'perceived', 'control', 'promote', 'image', 'collaborative', 'strategies', 'corrective', 'strategies', 'efficacious', 'other', 'political', 'social', 'agents']
['activated', 'mobilized', 'override', 'partisan', 'ideological', 'motivations', 'misinfodemics', 'tendencies', 'politics', 'media', 'promote', 'misinformation', 'likeminded', 'individuals', 'exposed', 'rhetoric', 'likely', 'follow', 'elite', 'motivated', 'reasoning']
['engage', 'these', 'ideas', 'partisan', 'elites', 'potential', 'inflame']
['foster', 'misinfodemics', 'shape', 'landscape', 'information', 'general', 'public']
['swire', 'instance', 'outset', 'covid', 'american', 'political', 'administration', 'referred', 'covid', 'rieder', 'likened', 'pandemic']
['common', 'brooks', 'coronavirus', 'bioweapon', 'stevenson', 'rhetoric', 'likely', 'encourage', 'adoption', 'related', 'beliefs', 'likeminded', 'supporters']
['threat', 'seriously', 'media', 'outlets', 'including', 'personalities', 'media', 'figures']
['aspersion', 'threat', 'covid', 'questioning', 'hospitals', 'truly', 'filled']
['coronavirus', 'infected', 'patients', 'peters', 'after', 'human', 'became', 'increasingly', 'apparent', 'unassailable', 'change', 'reporting', 'behavior', 'media']
['political', 'leaders', 'previously', 'explicitly', 'unequivocally', 'trafficked', 'misinfodemics', 'hinted', 'possibility', 'misinformation', 'having', 'actually', 'served', 'correct', 'prevent', 'negative', 'consequences', 'among', 'general', 'public']
['animosity', 'wrapped', 'hatred', 'inside', 'hostility']
['media', 'channels', 'initially', 'racially', 'labeled', 'biased', 'headlines', 'covid']
['chinese', 'virus', 'pandemonium', 'china', 'china']
['chinese', 'coronavirus', 'which', 'caused', 'xenophobia', 'misperceptions']
['misled', 'general', 'public', 'witnessed', 'surge', 'chinese', 'sentiment', 'racist', 'driven']
['cases', 'against', 'individuals', 'chinese', 'origin', 'outside', 'china', 'chinese', 'asian', 'xenophobia', 'reported', 'countries', 'including', 'australia']
['european', 'countries', 'chinese', 'customers', 'refused', 'entrance', 'restaurants']
['japan', 'south', 'korea', 'vietnam', 'indonesia', 'amnesty', 'international']
['office', 'united', 'nations', 'commissioner', 'human', 'rights', 'ohchr']
['issued', 'statement', 'twitter', 'understandable', 'alarmed', 'coronavirus']
['amount', 'excuse', 'prejudice', 'discrimination', 'against', 'people', 'asian', 'descent']
['fightracism', 'hatred', 'support', 'other', 'public', 'health']
['emergency', 'standup4humanrights']
['similar', 'response', 'twitter', 'began', 'jenesuispasunvirus', 'virus', 'after']
['french', 'newspaper', 'front', 'headline', 'yellow', 'alert', 'ontario', 'human', 'rights']
['international', 'sociology']
['commission', 'stated', 'discrimination', 'prohibited', 'under', 'human', 'rights']
['aguilera', 'ontario', 'human', 'rights', 'commission']
['government', 'dilemma']
['writing', 'government', 'pakistan', 'under', 'leadership', 'prime', 'minister']
['imran', 'witnessed', 'sudden', 'setback', 'number', 'cases', 'steadily']
['increasing', 'their', 'challenge', 'curtail', 'disease', 'pakistan', 'however', 'there']
['bigger', 'dilemma', 'government', 'pakistan', 'facing', 'partial']
['lockdown', 'lockdown', 'either', 'message', 'common', 'intention', 'minimize', 'urgency', 'severity', 'pandemic', 'downplay', 'social', 'isolation', 'measures', 'disregard', 'potential', 'crisis', 'health', 'sector', 'while', 'exaggerating', 'impact']
['economy', 'recession', 'looms', 'horizon', 'overlook', 'mitigating', 'measures', 'necessary', 'transmission', 'medical', 'mistrust', 'among', 'public', 'alwan']
['religion', 'politics', 'business', 'fundamentally', 'governing']
['aspects', 'pakistan', 'opposed', 'lockdown', 'putting', 'pressure', 'government', 'consequently', 'resulting', 'lifting', 'lockdown', 'pakistan', 'pandemic', 'pandemic', 'hardline', 'clerics', 'power', 'override', 'government', 'social', 'distancing']
['instructions', 'place', 'april', 'dozens', 'known', 'clerics', 'signed', 'letter']
['warning', 'government', 'should', 'exempt', 'mosques', 'shutdown', 'during']
['month', 'ramadan', 'otherwise', 'invite', 'wrath', 'ulterior', 'narrative', 'insinuating']
['political', 'chaos', 'clerics', 'unleashed', 'exercising', 'their', 'religious', 'authority']
['gather', 'loyalists', 'siege', 'state', 'subservient', 'state', 'already', 'signed']
['agreement', 'deferentially', 'promising', 'abide', 'begging', 'question']
['charge', 'government', 'during', 'pandemic', 'crisis', 'government', 'mosques']
['physical', 'mental', 'health', 'social', 'interpersonal', 'factors', 'including', 'intimate', 'partner']
['violence', 'marital', 'child', 'abuse', 'domestic', 'violence', 'racism', 'xenophobia', 'dissociation']
['prejudice', 'stigmatization', 'marginalization', 'least', 'pakistani', 'clerics']
['mosques', 'concerns', 'during', 'public', 'crisis', 'clerics', 'protect', 'their', 'central', 'interests', 'money', 'power', 'millions', 'dollars', 'charitable', 'donations', 'during', 'ramadan', 'benefit', 'pakistan', 'mosques', 'which', 'under', 'state', 'authority', 'clerics', 'often']
['partake', 'political', 'power', 'challenge', 'government', 'despite', 'evidence', 'prevalent', 'rhetoric', 'undermining', 'covid', 'related', 'risks', 'endorsed', 'austerely']
['followed', 'public', 'highest', 'level', 'authority', 'pakistan', 'clerics']
['religious', 'misinfodemics', 'branch', 'clerics', 'superciliously', 'propagated', 'doctrine', 'narrated', 'through', 'pandemic', 'religious', 'explanation', 'could']
['allowed', 'disease', 'emerge', 'through', 'rigorous', 'devotion', 'congregational']
['prayer', 'followers', 'faith', 'conquer', 'devil', 'machinations', 'coronavirus', 'anyone', 'tries', 'these', 'efforts', 'these', 'zionist', 'agents', 'pawns']
['destroying', 'faith', 'dogmatic', 'doctrine', 'seeps', 'through', 'present']
['omniscient', 'online', 'media', 'infiltrate', 'minds', 'sheeple', 'votary', 'conformists', 'usually', 'heads', 'household', 'enforce', 'these', 'maladaptive', 'cognitive', 'twisted', 'patterns']
['within', 'their', 'families', 'these', 'instructions', 'dictated', 'higher', 'authorities', 'their']
['adherence', 'infringing', 'individual', 'rights', 'freedom', 'planting', 'unquestionable']
['canon', 'propagating', 'science', 'medical', 'mistrust', 'among', 'public', 'putting', 'people']
['mukhtar']
['halting', 'emergency', 'control', 'preventive', 'measures', 'necessary']
['pandemic', 'creating', 'public', 'panic', 'social', 'unrest', 'distrust', 'systems']
['strong', 'these', 'eschewed', 'beliefs', 'result', 'adverse', 'behavioral', 'consequences', 'instance', 'failing', 'administer', 'polio', 'vaccination', 'children', 'attributing', 'islamic', 'contributing', 'resurgence', 'eradicated', 'disease']
['pakistan', 'misinfodemics', 'especially', 'those', 'which', 'revolve', 'around', 'science', 'medicine']
['health', 'related', 'topics', 'widespread', 'prompting', 'people', 'eschew', 'appropriate', 'healthrelated', 'behaviors', 'jolley', 'douglas', 'oliver']
['potential', 'strategies', 'curtailment']
['research', 'predicted', 'there', 'psychosocial', 'stress', 'adverse', 'health', 'outcomes']
['people', 'isolation', 'social', 'distancing', 'quarantine', 'crisis', 'situation']
['require', 'remediation', 'credible', 'sources', 'information', 'these', 'include']
['example', 'centers', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention', 'national', 'institutes']
['health', 'especially', 'which', 'partnered', 'several', 'social', 'media']
['platforms', 'technological', 'companies', 'google', 'linkedin', 'microsoft', 'reddit', 'twitter']
['facebook', 'youtube', 'promote', 'health', 'updates', 'misinformation', 'disinformation', 'hossain', 'seeking', 'safeguard', 'ensure', 'effective', 'communication', 'covid', 'between', 'healthcare', 'systems', 'general', 'public', 'despite']
['these', 'efforts', 'infodemics', 'rampant', 'multiple', 'misinformation', 'disinformation']
['sources', 'circulating', 'social', 'media', 'accounts', 'address', 'these', 'discrepancies', 'certain']
['strategies', 'implemented', 'empirically', 'evidence', 'based', 'scientific', 'research', 'findings']
['integration', 'communication', 'information', 'technology', 'frontline', 'healthcare', 'providers', 'communicate', 'patients', 'caregivers', 'populations']
['results', 'positive', 'health', 'outcomes', 'subsequent', 'optimization', 'resources']
['building', 'strategic', 'partnerships', 'local', 'global', 'levels', 'coordinate', 'connecting', 'offline']
['online', 'resources', 'communication', 'uniform', 'information', 'across', 'platforms', 'media', 'community', 'organizations', 'support', 'groups', 'community']
['society', 'contain', 'infodemics', 'information', 'disinformation', 'disseminate']
['scientifically', 'evidence', 'based', 'information', 'through', 'mining', 'algorithms', 'detect']
['remove', 'those', 'propagate', 'misinformation']
['accountable', 'individuals', 'online', 'portals', 'should', 'identified', 'local', 'authorities']
['enforcement', 'agencies', 'precautionary', 'culturally', 'tailored', 'information', 'translated']
['multiple', 'language', 'manuals', 'factual', 'regarding', 'covid', 'should', 'promoted']
['through', 'media', 'campaigns', 'evidence', 'based', 'approach', 'services']
['local', 'languages', 'mostly', 'graphic', 'pictorial', 'understanding', 'should']
['available', 'people', 'limited', 'access', 'healthcare', 'elderly', 'people', 'rural', 'areas']
['general', 'public', 'isolation', 'quarantined', 'decrease', 'covid', 'infection']
['imperative', 'bring', 'communities', 'institutional', 'leadership', 'together', 'promote']
['transparency', 'information', 'governance', 'control', 'misinfodemics', 'related']
['covid', 'people', 'physical', 'mental', 'psychosocial', 'health', 'sound', 'economic', 'political', 'systematic', 'functioning', 'during', 'pandemic', 'oliver']
['world', 'needs', 'coordinated', 'national', 'international', 'efforts', 'apply', 'scientific']
['empirical', 'local', 'settings', 'mitigate', 'grave', 'predicament', 'lockdown', 'aftereffects']
['international', 'sociology']
['associated', 'issues', 'media', 'healthcare', 'organizations', 'community', 'based', 'organizations', 'stakeholders', 'should', 'strategically', 'partnership', 'disseminate', 'based']
['mutual', 'consensus', 'empirically', 'based', 'public', 'health', 'messages', 'remove', 'science']
['online', 'content', 'through', 'natural', 'language', 'processing', 'mining', 'approaches']
['global', 'solution', 'global', 'disease', 'international', 'collaboration', 'exchange', 'scientific', 'ideas', 'health', 'communication', 'facilitating', 'coordination']
['paper']
['impact', 'covid', 'psychology', 'among', 'university']
['students']
['bablu', 'kumar', 'foster', 'ayittey', 'sabrina', 'maria', 'sarkar']
['purpose', 'study', 'psychological', 'impact']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'university', 'students', 'study', 'focuses']
['university', 'students', 'different', 'public', 'private', 'universities']
['bangladesh', 'through', 'questionnaires', 'according', 'guideline']
['generalized', 'anxiety', 'disorder', 'scale', 'result', 'among']
['respondents', 'shows', 'suffering', 'severe', 'anxiety']
['moderate', 'anxiety', 'anxiety', 'results', 'highlight']
['epidemic', 'related', 'stressors', 'positively', 'correlated', 'level']
['anxiety', 'among', 'epidemic', 'related', 'stressors', 'worry', 'about', 'economic']
['influences', 'during', 'after', 'covid', 'worry', 'about']
['influence', 'covid', 'daily', 'highly']
['positive', 'impact', 'level', 'anxiety', 'following', 'these', 'stressors', 'worry', 'about']
['academic', 'delays', 'covid', 'worry', 'about']
['social', 'support', 'during', 'covid', 'moderately']
['positively', 'correlated', 'level', 'anxiety', 'study', 'suggests', 'proper']
['government', 'support', 'social', 'awareness', 'should', 'monitored']
['during', 'epidemics', 'decreasing', 'anxiety', 'maintaining', 'mental']
['health', 'university', 'students']
['introduction']
['current', 'population', 'density', 'bangladesh']
['people', 'square', 'kilometer', 'which', 'increase']
['because', 'density', 'population', 'bangladesh']
['densely', 'populated', 'country', 'world']
['according']
['report', 'world', 'economic', 'forum', 'covid', 'threatens', 'cause', 'humanitarian', 'crisis']
['country', 'according', 'world']
['bangladesh', 'workers']
[]
['economic', 'shutdown', 'sparked', 'covid']
['endangers', 'millions', 'livelihoods', 'nently', 'people', 'could', 'their']
['daily', 'expenditures', 'their', 'children']
['school', 'expected', 'could']
['money', 'emergency', 'health', 'crisis']
['majority', 'villagers', 'depend', 'remit', 'tances', 'cities', 'overseas', 'current', 'global', 'crisis', 'people']
['income', 'halted']
['based', 'report', 'reuters']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'confirmed']
['spread', 'bangladesh', 'march']
['after', 'recognizing', 'first', 'three', 'known']
['cases', 'reported', 'march']
['institute', 'epidemiology', 'disease', 'control']
['research', 'iedcr', 'country']
['according', 'iedcr', 'bangladesh']
['level', 'infections', 'remained']
['march', 'although', 'there', 'precipitous']
['april', 'ending', 'april', 'cases', 'bangla', 'highest', 'ahead', 'indonesia']
['there', 'total', 'confirmed']
['cases', 'besides', 'recovered', 'death', 'cases']
['novel', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'spreading', 'faster']
['country', 'current', 'situation', 'imposes', 'massive', 'government', 'bangladesh', 'general', 'public']
['healthcare', 'medical', 'providers']
['pandemic', 'brought']
['danger', 'death', 'epidemiologic', 'conta', 'intolerable', 'psychological', 'burden', 'people']
['among', 'world']
['bangladesh', 'faster', 'spread', 'virus', 'strict', 'isolation', 'measures']
['delays', 'starting', 'schools', 'colleges', 'universities', 'across']
['country', 'anticipated', 'influence', 'psychology', 'versity', 'students']
['psychological', 'reports', 'indicate', 'influence']
['epidemic', 'children', 'public', 'older', 'adults', 'medical']
['staff', 'patients']
['however', 'thorough', 'research']
['psychology', 'university', 'students', 'facing', 'epidemic']
['conducted']
['other', 'sectors', 'education', 'sector', 'affected']
['severely', 'bangladesh', 'march', 'government']
['closed', 'schools', 'colleges', 'universities', 'bangladesh']
['eight', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'among', 'students']
['universities', 'bangladesh', 'number', 'public', 'univer', 'sities', 'students', 'number', 'private']
['universities', 'students', 'average', 'student', 'count', 'public', 'university', 'private']
['university', 'indicates', 'there', 'students', 'versity', 'having', 'number', 'undergraduate', 'graduate']
['postgraduate', 'students', 'country', 'wishes', 'secure', 'future']
['temporary', 'collapsed', 'current', 'pandemic']
['detecting', 'anxiety', 'disorders', 'seven', 'generalized']
['anxiety', 'disorder', 'scale', 'extensively']
['tools', 'score', 'takes', 'finish']
['moreover', 'applicable', 'diagnosis', 'screening']
['valuation', 'strictness', 'anxiety', 'disorders']
['panic', 'disorders', 'stress', 'disorders', 'traumatic', 'disorders']
['social', 'phobia']
['prior', 'problem', 'students', 'university', 'mostly']
['related', 'their', 'career', 'future', 'uncertainty', 'stress']
['increases', 'among', 'university', 'students']
['hence', 'method']
['supervisory', 'university', 'students', 'during', 'public', 'health', 'crises']
['different', 'challenging', 'therefore', 'study', 'aimed', 'psychological', 'impact', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'among']
['university', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'moreover', 'study', 'intends']
['provide', 'suggestions', 'government', 'government']
['organizations', 'taking', 'necessary', 'steps']
['results']
['demographic', 'statistics']
['table', 'shows', 'demographic', 'particular', 'characteristics']
['population', 'study', 'table', 'indicates']
['university', 'students', 'respondents']
['approximately', 'thirds', 'urban']
['their', 'financial', 'status', 'steady', 'majority']
['participants', 'their', 'parents']
['their', 'relatives', 'friends', 'infected', 'covid']
['however', 'relatives', 'friends']
['respondents', 'infected', 'virus']
['anxiety', 'level', 'among', 'university', 'students', 'during']
['outbreak']
['table', 'demonstrates', 'psychological', 'health', 'university']
['students', 'affected', 'during', 'epidemic']
['shocking', 'observe', 'students']
['level', 'anxiety', 'their', 'psychological', 'condition', 'alarming']
['among', 'students', 'number', 'students']
['normal', 'level', 'anxiety', 'however']
['nearly', 'students', 'moderate', 'level', 'anxiety']
['suffering']
['severe', 'level', 'anxiety']
['influencing', 'factors', 'anxiety', 'among', 'university', 'student']
['during', 'outbreak']
['univariate', 'analysis']
['association', 'between', 'demographic', 'variables']
['level', 'nervousness', 'anxiety', 'among', 'bangladeshi', 'university']
['students', 'pointed', 'table', 'analysis', 'shows', 'significant', 'effect', 'anxiety', 'during', 'epidemic']
['gender', 'significant', 'effect', 'anxiety', 'males']
['severely', 'worried', 'female', 'during', 'epidemic']
['place', 'residence', 'urban', 'significant', 'impact']
['anxiety', 'living', 'urban', 'creates', 'moderate', 'anxiety']
['rural', 'areas', 'living', 'their', 'parents', 'stantial', 'consequence', 'anxiety', 'students', 'alone']
['amplified', 'anxiety', 'level', 'other']
['financial', 'condition', 'infection', 'covid', 'among']
['relatives', 'friends', 'significant', 'effect', 'anxiety']
[]
['ordinal', 'regression', 'analysis']
['table', 'points', 'consequences', 'ordinal', 'multivariate']
['analysis', 'related', 'influences', 'anxiety', 'level', 'through']
['epidemic', 'among', 'university', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'nificant', 'influences', 'univariate', 'analysis', 'comprised']
['analysis', 'ordered', 'logistic', 'regression', 'table']
['model', 'indicates', 'value', 'ratio']
['variables', 'statistically', 'significant', 'moreover']
['square', 'observed', 'values', 'indicates']
['model', 'results', 'analysis', 'factors']
['influence', 'anxiety', 'level', 'among', 'university', 'students', 'indicate']
['living', 'urban', 'areas', 'causes', 'anxiety']
['unstable', 'financial', 'condition', 'causes']
['table', 'demographic', 'profile', 'respondents']
['frequency', 'percent']
['gender']
[]
['female']
['place', 'residence']
['urban']
['rural']
['financial', 'condition']
['steady']
['steady']
['living', 'status']
['parents']
['without', 'parents']
['relatives', 'friends', 'infected', 'covid']
['infected']
['infected']
['table', 'different', 'anxiety', 'level', 'among', 'number', 'university', 'students']
[]
['level', 'anxiety', 'number', 'students', 'ratio']
['normal']
[]
['moderate']
['severe']
['global', 'challenges', '2000038www', 'advancedsciencenews']
['2000038']
['global', 'challenges']
['authors', 'published', 'wiley']
['worry', 'comparison', 'stable', 'financial', 'condition']
['living', 'without', 'parents', 'increases', 'nervous', 'level', 'infected', 'relatives']
['friends', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'enhance', 'anxiety', 'factor']
[]
['correlation', 'between', 'level', 'anxiety']
['epidemic', 'related', 'stressors']
['table', 'indicates', 'result', 'correlation', 'analysis', 'between']
['level', 'anxiety', 'covid', 'epidemic', 'related', 'stressors']
['including', 'worry', 'about', 'economic', 'influences', 'worry', 'about']
['academic', 'delays', 'worry', 'about', 'influence', 'covid']
['daily', 'worry', 'about', 'social', 'support', 'during', 'covid']
['results', 'highlight', 'epidemic', 'related', 'stressors', 'itively', 'associated', 'level', 'anxiety', 'among', 'epidemic', 'related', 'stressors', 'worry', 'about', 'economic', 'influences', 'during']
['after', 'covid', 'worry', 'about']
['influence', 'covid', 'daily']
['highly', 'positive', 'impact', 'level', 'anxiety', 'level', 'following']
['these', 'stressors', 'worry', 'about', 'academic', 'delays', 'covid']
['worry', 'about', 'social', 'support', 'during']
['covid', 'moderately', 'positively']
['connected', 'level', 'anxiety']
['discussion']
['according', 'previous', 'studies', 'public', 'health', 'emergencies']
['several', 'psychological', 'effects', 'students', 'study', 'higher']
['educational', 'institutions', 'according', 'cornine']
['college', 'dents', 'anxiety', 'connected', 'consequence', 'virus']
[]
['mentioned', 'growing', 'number', 'infected']
['table', 'univariate', 'analysis', 'anxiety', 'university', 'students', 'about', 'outbreak']
['variables', 'total', 'level', 'anxiety', 'statistics']
['normal', 'moderate', 'severe']
['gender']
[]
['female']
['place', 'residence']
['urban']
['rural']
['financial', 'condition']
['steady']
['steady']
['living', 'parents']
[]
[]
['relatives', 'friends', 'infected', 'covid']
[]
[]
['kruskal', 'wallis', 'whitney']
['table', 'analysis', 'factors', 'influence', 'anxiety', 'level', 'among']
['students']
['factors', 'total']
['place', 'residence']
['urban']
['rural']
['financial', 'condition']
['steady']
['steady']
['living', 'parents']
[]
[]
['relatives', 'friends', 'infected', 'covid']
[]
[]
['error', 'ratio', 'confidence', 'interval']
['table', 'analysis', 'correlation', 'between', 'epidemic', 'related', 'stressors']
['university', 'students', 'anxiety']
['stressors', 'anxiety', 'level']
[]
['worry', 'about', 'economic', 'influences', 'during', 'after', 'covid']
['worry', 'about', 'academic', 'delays', 'covid']
['worry', 'about', 'influence', 'covid', 'daily']
['worry', 'about', 'social', 'support', 'during', 'covid']
['correlation', 'coefficient']
['global', 'challenges', '2000038www', 'advancedsciencenews']
['2000038']
['global', 'challenges']
['authors', 'published', 'wiley']
['suspected', 'patients', 'increased', 'anxiety', 'level', 'among', 'students']
['ayittey']
['highlighted', 'significant', 'scarcity', 'masks']
['sanitizers', 'devastating', 'astonishing', 'erroneous']
['reports', 'different', 'social', 'media', 'increased', 'anxiety']
['study']
['pointed', 'anxiety']
['among', 'college', 'students', 'during', 'epidemic', 'related']
['their', 'place', 'residence', 'source', 'parental', 'income', 'whether']
['living', 'parents', 'whether', 'relative', 'acquaintance']
['infected', 'epidemic', 'without', 'significant', 'difference']
['gender', 'region', 'dissimilar', 'conclusions']
['moreno']
[]
['concluded', 'female']
['students', 'similar', 'stresses', 'negative', 'emotions']
['result', 'covid', 'study']
['indicated']
['anxiety', 'elmer']
[]
['focused', 'future']
['employment', 'cornine']
['emphasized', 'infection', 'relatives']
['friends', 'during', 'epidemic', 'kmietowicz']
[]
['lighted', 'psychological', 'condition', 'during', 'interpersonal']
['communication']
['foremost', 'intention', 'current', 'study', 'assess']
['psychological', 'situation', 'university', 'students', 'during', 'current']
['epidemic', 'covid', 'explore', 'influencing', 'factors']
['their', 'anxiety', 'study', 'found', 'almost', 'university']
['students', 'experiencing', 'anxiety', 'outbreak']
['current', 'epidemic', 'among', 'students', 'participated']
['suffering', 'moderate', 'level', 'anxiety']
['experiencing', 'severe', 'level', 'anxiety', 'other']
['amount', 'experiencing', 'level', 'anxiety']
['feeling', 'anxiousness', 'ratio', 'current']
['study', 'shows', 'opposite', 'scenario', 'study']
['study']
['highlighted', 'psychological', 'condi', 'college', 'students', 'china', 'during', 'covid', 'study']
[]
['indicated', 'among', 'chinese', 'students']
['experienced', 'severe', 'anxiety', 'experienced', 'anxiety']
['during', 'covid', 'outbreak']
['economy', 'urban', 'areas', 'relatively', 'significant']
['delivers', 'citizens', 'better', 'safety']
['living', 'urban', 'areas']
['protective', 'factor', 'against', 'anxiety']
['there', 'indeed', 'cultural', 'economic', 'education', 'between', 'rural']
['urban', 'areas', 'example', 'hygienic', 'conditions', 'urban', 'areas']
['healthier', 'rural', 'which', 'reduces', 'chances', 'viving', 'spreading', 'covid']
['however', 'univariate']
['analysis', 'analysis', 'factors', 'level', 'anxiety']
['among', 'students', 'universities', 'bangladesh', 'ferent', 'scenario', 'explanation', 'participants', 'mentioned']
['reason', 'overdensity', 'among', 'urban', 'areas', 'bangladesh']
['higher', 'educational', 'institutions', 'urban', 'areas']
['reason', 'majority', 'students', 'urban']
['areas', 'experience', 'immense', 'anxiety', 'during', 'current']
['epidemic']
['living', 'without', 'parents', 'another', 'favorable', 'factor']
['increasing', 'anxiety', 'among', 'students', 'current', 'study']
['finds', 'similar', 'result', 'regarding', 'factor', 'study']
[]
['earlier', 'studies', 'specified', 'connected', 'anxiety', 'emotional', 'sicknesses', 'among']
['adults', 'comprise', 'living', 'parents', 'parents', 'physical']
['psychological', 'problems', 'death', 'parents', 'infantile']
['which', 'reliable', 'results', 'present', 'study']
['financial', 'stability', 'condition', 'matters', 'anxiety']
['among', 'students']
['elmer']
['found']
['constancy', 'family', 'income', 'significant', 'influence']
['anxiety', 'level', 'university', 'students', 'during', 'covid']
['catastrophe']
['higher', 'levels', 'stress', 'connected', 'young', 'having']
['female', 'gender', 'having', 'acquaint', 'infected', 'covid']
['contemporary', 'study']
['found', 'having', 'relatives', 'friends', 'being', 'infected', 'novel']
['coronavirus', 'becomes', 'factor', 'among', 'university', 'students']
['anxiety', 'during', 'epidemic', 'according', 'respondents']
['generates', 'contagiousness', 'covid']
['economic', 'stressors', 'academic', 'delays', 'effects', 'daily']
['families', 'friends', 'being', 'infected', 'epidemic']
['positively', 'related', 'anxiety', 'among', 'university', 'students']
['bangladesh', 'during', 'epidemic', 'similar', 'studies']
['specified', 'along', 'national', 'health', 'condition']
['covid', 'substantial', 'influence', 'economy']
['country', 'individuals']
['bangladesh', 'remains']
['knife', 'covid', 'crisis', 'lockdowns', 'prompted']
['epidemic', 'already', 'deteriorated', 'economic', 'polit', 'stability', 'country', 'outbreak', 'families']
['losing', 'their', 'source', 'income', 'students', 'feeling', 'about', 'paying', 'their', 'tuition']
['hunger', 'malnutrition']
['other', 'related', 'problems', 'augmented', 'bangladesh']
['result', 'lockdown']
['other', 'countries', 'primary']
['secondary', 'schools', 'schools', 'colleges', 'universities']
['closed', 'delaying', 'classes', 'until', 'march', 'which', 'creates']
['anxiety', 'among', 'students', 'reducing', 'anxiety', 'regarding']
['issue', 'using', 'distant', 'remote', 'learning', 'methods']
['model', 'these', 'actions', 'certainly', 'precise', 'influence']
['education', 'development', 'students']
['social', 'support', 'positively', 'correlated', 'anxiety']
['university', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'which', 'sistent', 'previous', 'findings']
['according', 'partici', 'pants', 'study', 'social', 'support', 'lessens', 'mental', 'pressure']
['during', 'epidemic', 'changes', 'attitude', 'regarding', 'social']
['support', 'society', 'students']
['social', 'support', 'bangladesh', 'under', 'single']
['umbrella', 'developed', 'countries', 'supports']
['government', 'enough']
['consequence']
['indicates', 'active', 'vigorous', 'social', 'support', 'essential']
['during', 'public', 'health', 'emergencies', 'reduce', 'anxiety', 'level']
['among', 'students']
['conclusions']
['being', 'burdened', 'population', 'bangladesh', 'becomes']
['major', 'risky', 'zones', 'during', 'covid', 'epidemic', 'where', 'finan', 'physical', 'psychological', 'crisis', 'arise', 'every', 'moment']
['overall', 'situation', 'creates', 'psychological', 'impact', 'among']
['university', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'about', 'univer', 'students', 'anxiety', 'current', 'epidemic']
['living', 'urban', 'areas', 'having', 'steady', 'financial', 'situation']
['living', 'parents', 'infection', 'relatives', 'friends']
['epidemic', 'become', 'severe', 'factors', 'severe', 'anxiety', 'among']
['university', 'students', 'during', 'outbreak', 'novel', 'coronavirus']
['stressors', 'covid', 'including', 'economic', 'stressors']
['academic', 'delays', 'impact', 'daily', 'social', 'supports']
['entirely', 'linked', 'symptoms', 'anxiety', 'levels', 'among']
['global', 'challenges', '2000038www', 'advancedsciencenews']
['2000038']
['global', 'challenges']
['authors', 'published', 'wiley']
['university', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'during', 'epidemic']
['though', 'government', 'bangladesh', 'adopting', 'several']
['policies', 'regarding', 'issue', 'consciousness', 'preventive']
['measurements', 'inhabitants', 'country', 'according']
['guidelines', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'needed']
['resolve', 'critical', 'problem', 'priority', 'proper', 'govern', 'support', 'social', 'awareness', 'should', 'monitored']
['during', 'epidemics', 'decrease', 'anxiety', 'maintaining']
['mental', 'health', 'university', 'students', 'crafting', 'better']
['future', 'nation']
['experimental', 'section']
['study', 'population', 'sample', 'analysis', 'study', 'targeted']
['public', 'private', 'university', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'respondents']
['selected', 'randomly', 'different', 'universities', 'different', 'cities']
['bangladesh', 'using', 'structured', 'reliable', 'confidential']
['questionnaire', 'study', 'tried', 'measure', 'psychological', 'health']
['university', 'students', 'during', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'total', 'number']
['respondents', 'responded', 'response', 'willingly']
['discovering', 'psychological', 'effect', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'among']
['university', 'students', 'bangladesh']
['instruments', 'finding', 'psychological', 'impact']
['university', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'study', 'comprises']
['seven', 'items', 'constructed', 'seven', 'symptoms', 'queries']
['respondents', 'suffered', 'within', 'weeks']
[]
['total', 'score', 'range', 'questions', 'followed', 'point']
['likert', 'scale', 'almost', 'every']
['moreover']
['study', 'tried', 'related', 'demographic', 'information']
['respondents', 'including', 'gender', 'place', 'residence', 'financial', 'situation']
['living', 'condition', 'status', 'infection', 'covid', 'among', 'their']
['relatives', 'friends', 'furthermore', 'respondents', 'queried', 'about']
['their', 'thoughts', 'preventive', 'behaviors', 'economic', 'conditions', 'academic']
['progress', 'availability', 'social', 'support', 'influence', 'daily']
['during', 'epidemic', 'internal', 'consistency', 'cronbach']
[]
['analysis', 'version', 'analyze']
['collected', 'study', 'implemented', 'several', 'statistical', 'methods']
['justify', 'impact', 'covid', 'epidemic', 'among', 'bangladeshi']
['university', 'students', 'including', 'descriptive', 'statistics', 'demonstrate']
['demographic', 'features', 'univariate', 'analysis', 'nonparametric']
['discover', 'significant', 'relations', 'between', 'sample', 'characteristics']
['anxiety', 'level']
['multivariate', 'logistic', 'regression', 'analyses', 'determine']
['statistical', 'significance', 'among', 'variables', 'through', 'ratio']
['confidence', 'interval']
['spearman', 'correlation', 'coefficient']
['tailed', 'statistical', 'significance', 'assess', 'connotation']
['between', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'related', 'stressors', 'level', 'anxiety']
['ethical', 'considerations', 'department', 'students', 'affairs', 'different']
['universities', 'approved', 'study', 'university', 'authorities']
['interested', 'psychological', 'impact', 'covid', 'epidemic']
['students', 'after', 'describing', 'study', 'respondents']
['their', 'consent', 'voluntarily']
['paper']
['since', 'january', 'elsevier', 'created', 'covid', 'resource', 'centre']
['information', 'english', 'mandarin', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'covid', 'resource', 'centre', 'hosted', 'elsevier', 'connect']
['company', 'public', 'information', 'website']
['elsevier', 'hereby', 'grants', 'permission', 'covid', 'related']
['research', 'available', 'covid', 'resource', 'centre', 'including']
['research', 'content', 'immediately', 'available', 'pubmed', 'central', 'other']
['publicly', 'funded', 'repositories', 'covid', 'database', 'rights']
['unrestricted', 'research', 'analyses', 'means']
['acknowledgement', 'original', 'source', 'these', 'permissions']
['granted', 'elsevier', 'covid', 'resource', 'centre']
['remains', 'active', 'contents', 'lists', 'available', 'sciencedirect']
['asian', 'journal', 'psychiatry']
['journal', 'homepage', 'elsevier', 'locate']
['letter', 'editor']
['covid', 'people', 'psychology', 'enforcement']
['article']
['keywords']
['covid']
['period']
['psychological', 'aspects']
['enforcement']
['december', 'unknown', 'virus', 'starts', 'affecting', 'human']
['being', 'wuhan', 'seafood', 'market', 'china', 'trade', 'various', 'birds', 'snakes', 'birds', 'though', 'exactly', 'source']
['virus', 'unknown', 'wuhan', 'institute', 'virology', 'declared']
['identical', 'corona', 'virus', 'found', '2020g', 'initially']
['believed', 'virus', 'communal', 'spread', 'virus']
['people', 'migrated', 'wuhan', 'celebrate', 'their', 'annual', 'chunyun', 'festival']
['large', 'together', 'festival', 'cause', 'virus', 'spread', 'among']
['without', 'knowing', 'started', 'travelled', 'their']
['places', 'virus', 'starts', 'affecting', 'countries']
['across', 'globe']
['world', 'health', 'organisation', 'declared', 'virus', 'covid']
['initial', 'symptoms', 'include', 'fever', 'cough', 'breathing', 'difficulties']
['severe', 'results', 'pneumonia', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory']
['syndrome', 'result', '2020h', 'stage']
['spread', 'virus', 'include', 'stages', 'stage', 'people', 'affected']
['travelling', 'affected', 'countries', 'stage', 'people']
['closely', 'interacting', 'affected', 'people', 'stage']
['2020e', 'stage', 'community', 'spreads', 'occur', 'still', 'disease']
['controlled', 'stage', 'massive', 'number', 'people', 'affected']
['difficult', 'control']
['india', 'though', 'first', 'corona', 'reported']
['january', 'virus', 'starts', 'spreading', 'march']
['government', 'taken', 'preventive', 'measure', 'control']
['spread', 'virus', '2020a', 'virus', 'spreads', 'closer']
['interaction', 'people', 'government', 'asked', 'their', 'citizens']
['maintain', 'social', 'distancing', 'march', 'janata', 'curfew']
['voluntary', 'quarantine', 'activity', 'observed', 'nationwide', 'march']
['pandemic', 'welfare', 'people']
['honourable', 'prime', 'minister', 'announced', 'lockdown', 'period']
['imposed', 'section', 'throughout', 'country']
['2020f', 'imposing', 'lockdown', 'pandemic', 'controlled']
['adversely', 'without', 'further', 'consequences', 'government']
['disinfect', 'public', 'areas', 'allow', 'hospitals', 'prepare', 'themselves']
['handle', 'situation', 'accordingly', 'person', 'disobeys', 'rules']
['would', 'definitely', 'punished']
['enforcement']
['constitution', 'india', 'considered']
['government', 'other', 'government']
['ultra', 'vires', 'constitution', '2020b']
['ultra', 'vires', 'considered', 'unconstitutional']
['valid']
['article', 'constitution', 'india', 'states', 'about', 'fundamental']
['rights', 'citizen', 'which', 'include', 'freedom', 'speech', 'freedom']
['anywhere', 'country', 'association', 'unions', 'gather', 'public']
['place', 'cause', 'without', 'armour', 'under', 'certain', 'emergency']
['critical', 'there', 'certain', 'exceptions', 'fundamental', 'rights']
['being', 'exercised', 'citizens', 'india', 'which', 'stated']
['article', 'article', 'under', 'clause', 'stated']
['state', 'impose', 'welfare', 'people', 'emergency']
['situation', 'example', 'natural', 'disaster', 'follow']
['rules', 'restrictions', 'restrictions', 'imposed']
['there', 'special', 'named', 'epidemic', 'disease']
['specifically', 'emergency', 'purposes', 'according']
['centre', 'state', 'discretionary', 'powers']
['control', 'their', 'hands', 'further', 'spread', 'disease', 'epidemic']
['pandemic', 'based', 'centre', 'state', 'power']
['quarantine', 'people', 'affected', 'contagious', 'disease']
['people', 'suspected', 'symptoms', 'contagious']
['disease', 'healthy', 'people', 'protect', 'further', 'spread']
['disease']
['rules', 'imposed', 'government', 'reference']
['epidemic', 'disease', 'followed', 'properly', 'section']
['comes', 'action', 'according', 'section', 'anyone', 'disobeys']
['imposed', 'disobedience', 'order', 'promulgated', 'public']
['servant', 'subjected', 'month', 'imprisonment', 'inr200']
['general', 'conditions', 'person', 'reason', 'spread']
['disease', 'healthy', 'person', 'death', 'person', 'jected', 'imprisonment', 'months', 'inr100']
['disaster', 'management', 'another', 'related']
['current', 'situation', 'under', 'section', 'states', 'punishment']
['obstruction', 'caused', 'according', 'person', 'disobeys']
['imposed', 'given', 'simple', 'imprisonment']
['person', 'responsible', 'spread', 'disease', 'death', 'jected', 'imprisonment', 'years', 'section', 'states']
['person', 'creates', 'panic', 'situation', 'spreading', 'false']
['information', 'means', 'sharing', 'information', 'social', 'media']
['subjected', 'imprisonment']
['https', '102102']
['received', 'april']
['asian', 'journal', 'psychiatry', '102102']
['elsevier', 'rights', 'reserved']
['taccording', 'section', 'which', 'applies', 'malignant']
['likely', 'spread', 'infection', 'disease', 'dangerous', 'violator']
['jailed', 'years', 'could', 'fined', 'without']
['under', 'section', 'person', 'tested', 'positive', 'suspected']
['affected', 'disease', 'prescribed', 'quarantine']
['person', 'violates', 'quarantine', 'booked', 'under']
['section', 'imprisonment', 'years', 'which', 'cognizable']
['according', 'essential', 'commodities', 'essential', 'modities', 'basic', 'needs', 'during', 'emergency']
['disaster', 'price', 'reasonable']
['based', 'demand', 'requirement', 'selling', 'essential', 'things']
['unreasonable', 'prices', 'crime', 'subjected', 'prisonment', 'years']
['psychological', 'aspects', 'people', 'during', 'lockdown', 'period']
['lockdown', 'psychological', 'aspects', 'people', 'affected']
['follows']
['government', 'announces', 'india', 'going', 'under']
['lockdown', 'general', 'public', 'become', 'panic', 'there']
['ambiguity', 'among', 'common', 'public', 'whether', 'essential', 'items']
['available', 'started', 'items', 'quired', 'tried', 'store', 'commodities']
['reduce', 'doctors', 'nurses', 'other', 'healthcare']
['workers', 'government', 'declared', 'insurance', 'order']
['enhance', 'healthcare', 'nation', 'service', 'private', 'hospitals']
['leveraged', 'government', 'providing', 'permission', 'setup']
['testing', 'facility', 'identify', 'infected', 'people', 'providing', 'treat', 'ministry', 'invited', 'manufacturer', 'supplier']
['produce', 'personal', 'protective', 'equipment', 'ventilators', 'medical']
['equipment', 'benefit', 'healthcare', 'professionals', 'public']
['various', 'training', 'programmes', 'organised', 'healthcare', 'fessionals', 'handle', 'situation']
['middle', 'class', 'people', 'salaried', 'people', 'organised', 'sector']
['reduced', 'which', 'results', 'reduction']
['interest', 'loans', 'customer']
['months', 'withdraw', 'waived', 'cylin', 'wheat', 'pulses', 'provided', 'beneficiaries']
['deadlines', 'income', 'returns', 'extended', 'small']
['medium', 'entrepreneurs', 'collateral', 'loans', 'provided']
['filling', 'dates', 'extended']
['during', 'lockdown', 'period', 'migrant', 'workers']
['travel', 'their', 'native', 'place', 'leverage', 'their', 'government']
['instructed', 'employers', 'employees']
['provide', 'shelter', 'government', 'instructed']
['wages', 'during', 'lockdown', 'period', 'their', 'employees', 'however']
['three', 'fourths', 'indian', 'population', 'working', 'unorganised', 'sectors']
['lockdown', 'results', 'financial', 'insecurity']
['farmers', 'mentally', 'stressed', 'reason', 'where', 'there', 'people']
['harvesting', 'their', 'goods', 'cultivated', 'products', 'vegetables']
['fruits', 'flowers', 'species', 'cannot', 'exported', 'foreign', 'national']
['which', 'affect', 'their', 'economy']
['issued', 'guidelines', 'higher', 'education', 'institutes']
['mental', 'health', 'psychosocial', 'concerns', 'being', 'students', 'community', 'during', 'after', 'covid', 'outbreak']
['2020c', 'address', 'challenge', 'teachers', 'undertook']
['socially', 'responsibility', 'improvise', 'quality', 'teaching', 'based']
['teaching', 'learning', 'adopted', '2020d', 'order']
['mental', 'wellness', 'people', 'national', 'institute', 'mental', 'thiness', 'neuro', 'science', 'launched', 'telephone', 'counsel']
['mental', 'illness', 'people']
['conclusion']
['corona', 'outbreak', 'considered', 'pandemic', 'central']
['state', 'government', 'taking', 'precautionary', 'measures']
['relief', 'measures', 'welfare', 'people', 'however', 'there', 'people']
['without', 'unaware', 'impact', 'corona', 'virus', 'unnecessarily', 'moving']
['around', 'streets', 'people', 'become', 'panic', 'situation', 'buying']
['commodities', 'needed', 'without', 'maintaining', 'social', 'distancing', 'advised']
['government', 'without', 'public', 'cooperation', 'spread', 'virus']
['cannot', 'controlled', 'government', 'orders', 'violated']
['government', 'strictly', 'enforce', 'advised']
['wisely', 'cooperate', 'government', 'guard', 'lives']
['lives', 'other', 'people']
['present', 'situation', 'conveys', 'medicine']
[]
['funding', 'statement']
['research', 'receive', 'specific', 'grant', 'funding']
['agencies', 'public', 'commercial', 'profit', 'sectors']
['contributors']
['authors', 'contributed', 'equally']
['declaration', 'competing', 'interest']
['authors', 'declare', 'known', 'competing', 'financial']
['interests', 'personal', 'relationships', 'could', 'appeared', 'influ', 'reported', 'paper']
['paper']
['fpsyg', '626934', 'february']
['original', 'research']
['published', 'february']
['fpsyg', '626934']
['edited']
['ghulam', 'meran']
['university', 'punjab', 'pakistan']
['reviewed']
['zeying']
['guangdong', 'university', 'technology']
['china']
['sohail', 'ahmad', 'javeed']
['nanjing', 'agricultural', 'university', 'china']
['correspondence']
['muhammad', 'mohsin']
['mohsinlatifntu', 'gmail']
['penglai']
['ruhiyyih']
['specialty', 'section']
['article', 'submitted']
['organizational', 'psychology']
['section', 'journal']
['frontiers', 'psychology']
['received', 'november']
['accepted', 'january']
['published', 'february']
['citation']
['naseem', 'mohsin']
['liyan', 'penglai']
['investor', 'psychology', 'stock']
['market', 'behavior', 'during', 'initial']
['covid', 'study', 'china']
['japan', 'united', 'states']
['front', 'psychol', '626934']
['fpsyg', '626934']
['investor', 'psychology', 'stock']
['market', 'behavior', 'during', 'initial']
['covid', 'study', 'china']
['japan', 'united', 'states']
['sobia', 'naseem1']
['muhammad', 'mohsin2']
[]
['liyan1', 'penglai1']
[]
['school', 'economics', 'management', 'shijiazhuang', 'tiedao', 'university', 'shijiazhuang', 'china', 'school', 'business', 'hunan']
['university', 'humanities', 'science', 'technology', 'loudi', 'china']
['highly', 'transmittable', 'pathogenic', 'viral', 'infection', 'covid', 'dramatically']
['changed', 'world', 'tragically', 'large', 'number', 'human', 'lives', 'being', 'epidemic']
['created', 'psychological', 'resilience', 'unbearable', 'psychological', 'pressure', 'among']
['patients', 'health', 'professionals', 'objective', 'study', 'analyze', 'investor']
['psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behavior', 'during', 'covid', 'psychological', 'behavior']
['investors', 'whether', 'positive', 'negative', 'toward', 'stock', 'market', 'change', 'picture']
['economy', 'research', 'explores', 'shanghai', 'nikkei', 'jones', 'stock']
['markets', 'january', 'april', 'employing', 'principal', 'component']
['analysis', 'results', 'showed', 'investor', 'psychology', 'negatively', 'related', 'three']
['selected', 'stock', 'markets', 'under', 'psychological', 'resilience', 'pandemic', 'pressure']
['negative', 'emotions', 'pessimism', 'investors', 'cease', 'financial', 'investment']
['stock', 'market', 'consequently', 'stock', 'market', 'returns', 'decreased', 'deadly']
['pandemic', 'masses', 'concerned', 'about', 'their', 'lives', 'livelihood']
['about', 'wealth', 'leisure', 'research', 'contributes', 'literature', 'investors']
['psychological', 'behavior', 'during', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'study', 'suggests', 'policy', 'makers', 'should', 'design', 'fight', 'against', 'covid', 'government', 'should']
['manage', 'health', 'sector', 'budget', 'overcome', 'future', 'crises']
['keywords', 'covid', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behavior', 'financial', 'sustainability', 'masses', 'psychology']
['introduction']
['terminology', 'corona', 'newly', 'invented', 'science', 'single', 'stranded']
['virus', 'primary', 'roots', 'observed', 'belonging', 'corona', 'viridae', 'family']
['order', 'nidovirales', 'galante', 'kanwar', 'mohsin']
['2020b', 'taxonomic', 'naming', 'comes', 'virus', 'structure', 'which', 'gives', 'appearance']
['crown', 'spikes', 'virus', 'outer', 'surface', 'sarfraz', '2020c']
['shereen', 'first', 'coronavirus', 'species', 'chicken', 'there']
['human', 'human', 'transmission', 'different', 'allied', 'versions']
['family', 'viruses', 'observed', 'common', 'adults']
['severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus']
['human', 'coronavirus', 'common', 'bronchitis', 'asthma', 'chronic', 'obstructive', 'pulmonary']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february']
['naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behavior']
['disease', 'exacerbations', 'pneumonia']
['middle', 'respiratory', 'syndrome']
['severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'displaying', 'unmatched']
['intensity', 'severity', 'compared', 'previous', 'species', 'corona']
['mcintosh']
['esper', 'start']
['virus', 'breakout', 'virus']
['international', 'committee', 'taxonomy', 'viruses']
['chinese', 'center', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention']
['changed', 'january']
['structure', 'symptoms', 'covid', 'first', 'discovered']
['wuhan', 'market', 'hubei', 'province', 'china', 'early', 'december']
['aroused', 'global', 'attention', 'january']
['virus', 'spreading', 'exponentially', 'using', 'human', 'human', 'transmission', 'through', 'respiratory', 'droplets', 'sneezing']
['coughing', 'sarfraz']
['2020a', 'shereen', 'during', 'incubation', 'period']
['researchers', 'focused', 'exploring', 'preventing', 'treating']
['patients', 'still', 'pandemic', 'psychological', 'impact', 'other']
['disease', 'mental', 'illness', 'global', 'quarantine']
['announcement', 'sparked', 'several', 'concerns', 'separation']
['family', 'illness', 'death', 'avoidance', 'medical']
['facilities', 'threat', 'infection', 'unemployment']
['threat', 'racism', 'against', 'people', 'perceived']
['affected', 'areas', 'losing']
['because', 'virus', 'maintained', 'space', 'minors']
['disabled', 'elderly', 'family', 'members', 'infection']
['isolation', 'recalling', 'severity', 'treatment', 'infected']
['people', 'these', 'become', 'originators', 'anxiety', 'stress']
['grave', 'concern', 'globally', 'these', 'mental', 'health', 'aspects']
['covid', 'outbreak', 'affected', 'individual', 'lives']
['financial', 'markets']
['human', 'psychology', 'covid']
['current', 'pandemic', 'seriously', 'influenced']
['human', 'psychology', 'through', 'notable', 'mental', 'state', 'anxiety']
['anxiety', 'covers', 'population', 'reaction', 'toward']
['epidemic', 'media', 'whether', 'information', 'authentic']
['erroneous', 'inappropriate', 'behavior', 'people', 'concerning']
['abandonment', 'animals', 'panic', 'buying', 'other', 'foods']
['panic', 'attacks', 'properly', 'defined', 'without', 'linkage']
['anxiety', 'disorder', 'medical', 'sense', 'anxiety', 'combination']
['different', 'psychiatric', 'disorders', 'internal', 'phobias', 'panic']
['attacks', 'panic', 'disorder', 'external', 'worry', 'stress']
['painful', 'experiences', 'events', 'psychological', 'effect']
['covid', 'hysteria', 'traumatic', 'stress']
['disorder', 'panic', 'attacks', 'obsessive', 'compulsive', 'disorder']
['generalized', 'anxiety', 'disorder', 'behavioral']
['immune', 'system', 'theory', 'stress', 'theory', 'perceived']
['theory', 'explain', 'negative', 'emotion', 'anxiety', 'aversion']
['negative', 'cognitive', 'assessment', 'human', 'beings', 'developed']
['protection', 'people', 'develop', 'avoidant', 'behavior']
['strictly', 'follow', 'social', 'norms', 'pandemic']
['severe', 'effects', 'potential', 'threat', 'disease']
['sarfraz', '2020b', 'anxiety', 'stress']
['panic', 'attacks', 'people', 'covid', 'created']
['etiologies', 'first', 'identification', 'symptoms']
['acute', 'respiratory', 'distress', 'syndrome', 'cough']
['dyspnea', 'frequency', 'preter', 'klein']
['javelot', 'weiner', 'second', 'false', 'alarming']
['klein', 'psychopathological', 'catastrophic']
['figure', 'impact', 'covid', 'stock', 'markets', 'source', 'bloomberg']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february']
['naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behavior']
['table', 'principle', 'component', 'analysis', 'variables', 'china']
['eigenvalues', 'number', 'value', 'difference', 'proportion', 'cumulative', 'value', 'cumulative', 'proportion']
['eigenvalues', 'average']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['source', 'author', 'calculation']
['interpretation', 'physiological', 'sensation', 'respiration']
['recurrence', 'panic', 'attacks', 'increased', 'respiration']
['become', 'reason', 'excessively', 'avoidant', 'behaviors']
['blind', 'conformity', 'mohsin', '2020a']
['psychopathology', 'concern', 'study', 'because']
['intense', 'effect', 'investor', 'behavior', 'stock', 'market', 'investors']
['business', 'people', 'generally', 'spend', 'their']
['workplace', 'however', 'currently', 'mostly', 'homebound']
['present', 'situation', 'stock', 'markets', 'investment', 'decision']
['pressure', 'family', 'members', 'psychological', 'health']
['pressure', 'investor', 'psychology']
['investors', 'psychology', 'sentiments']
['stock', 'market', 'covid']
['covid', 'outbreak', 'threatened', 'every', 'individual']
['field', 'influence', 'public', 'health', 'sustainability']
['global', 'stock', 'market', 'financial', 'markets', 'carries']
['significant', 'repercussions', 'huang', 'zheng']
['being', 'societal', 'system', 'investor', 'psychology']
['sentiments', 'their', 'optimism', 'pessimism', 'about', 'future', 'stock']
['prices', 'change', 'sharp', 'decrease', 'observed']
['shanghai', 'jones', 'nikkei', 'stock', 'prices']
['investor', 'sentiment', 'volatility', 'during', 'pandemic', 'outbreak']
['figure', 'visual', 'presentation', 'figure', 'shown']
['sudden', 'downward', 'trend', 'stock', 'markets', 'after', 'outbreak']
['pandemic']
['existing', 'literature', 'focused', 'relationship', 'between']
['stock', 'prices', 'investor', 'sentiment', 'brown']
['cliff', 'explained', 'market', 'returns']
['important', 'sentiment', 'determinants', 'while', 'investor', 'sentiment']
['changes', 'significantly', 'correlated', 'contemporary']
['market', 'return', 'positive', 'relationship', 'between', 'stock']
['markets', 'sentiment', 'confirm', 'investor', 'sentiment']
['contrarian', 'predictor', 'consequent', 'market', 'returns']
['meanwhile', 'sentiment', 'impact', 'stronger']
['value', 'stocks', 'negatively', 'positively', 'influenced']
['sentiments', 'baker', 'wurgler', 'xiang']
['using', 'component', 'market', 'index', 'return', 'which']
['avoidant', 'fundamental', 'macroeconomic', 'factors']
['observed', 'robust', 'evidence', 'announcement']
['abnormal', 'return', 'derives', 'investor', 'sentiment', 'sentiment']
['determined', 'overvaluation', 'corrects', 'within', 'month', 'announcement', 'period', 'market', 'timers', 'tackle', 'sentiment']
['situation', 'advantage', 'issuing', 'season', 'shares']
['stock', 'price', 'sensitivity', 'terms', 'earning']
['higher', 'during', 'sentiment', 'period', 'contrast']
['sentiment', 'period', 'stock', 'price', 'sensitivity', 'behaves', 'negatively']
['analysis', 'suggestions', 'investor', 'sentiment', 'becomes']
['reason', 'general', 'mispricing', 'stock', 'because']
['sentient', 'driven', 'mispricing', 'earning', 'contributions', 'schmeling']
['zouaoui', 'sankaraguruswamy']
['cheema', 'market', 'competition', 'indicated']
['sentiments', 'returns', 'positively', 'related', 'other']
['relationship', 'disappears', 'market', 'competition']
['although', 'financial', 'crisis', 'changes', 'situation', 'irrespective']
['market', 'competition', 'positive', 'relationship', 'exists', 'between']
['sentiments', 'returns', 'investors', 'accept']
['psychological', 'pressure', 'sensitively', 'intensively']
['person', 'apart', 'pandemic', 'rapid', 'spread']
['financial', 'media', 'amplifiers', 'worked']
['spreaders', 'about', 'covid', 'tetlock', 'elucidated']
['spread', 'about', 'stock', 'market', 'strongly', 'affects', 'investor']
['psychology', 'sociology', 'media', 'pessimism', 'leads']
['downward', 'pressure', 'market', 'prices', 'versa', 'investor']
['sentiment', 'theory', 'confirmed', 'consistent', 'relationship']
['between', 'media', 'content', 'individual', 'investor', 'behavior']
['disproportionately', 'small', 'stocks', 'research', 'based']
['ideology', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market']
['during', 'pandemic', 'there', 'studies']
['research', 'centers', 'human', 'psychology']
['covid', 'stock', 'market', 'covid']
['under', 'caption', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market']
['covid', 'tried', 'explain', 'research', 'nature']
['relationship']
['psychological', 'pressure', 'negatively', 'impacts', 'investors']
['investing', 'decisions', 'which', 'decline', 'individual', 'country']
['economy', 'study', 'analyzed', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock']
['market', 'behavior', 'during', 'covid', 'comparatively', 'debate']
['about', 'covid', 'research', 'contribute', 'existing']
['literature', 'dimensions', 'understanding']
['investor', 'sentiment', 'toward', 'investment', 'decisions', 'stock']
['table', 'eigen', 'vector', 'loadings', 'japan']
['variable']
['sturn']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['source', 'author', 'calculation']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february']
['naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behavior']
['figure', 'relationship', 'between', 'shanghai', 'stock', 'returns', 'created', 'sentiment', 'index']
['market', 'under', 'special', 'circumstances', 'during', 'outbreak']
['pandemics', 'times', 'intense', 'anxiety', 'research', 'differs']
['previous', 'studies', 'proxies', 'investor']
['sentiment', 'indicators', 'stock', 'market', 'covid']
['strong', 'theoretical', 'upbringing', 'psychological', 'behavior']
['dynamic', 'process', 'stock', 'price', 'fluctuation', 'deepen']
['understanding', 'readers', 'investors', 'researchers', 'sample']
['three', 'different', 'stock', 'markets', 'elaborate', 'investors']
['psychological', 'geographical', 'sensation', 'during', 'investment']
['decisions', 'pandemic']
['description']
['methodology']
['description']
['research', 'includes', 'daily', 'observations', 'three', 'different', 'stock']
['markets', 'shanghai', 'stock', 'market', 'nikkei', 'jones']
['january', 'april', 'market', 'selection', 'based']
['reasons', 'first', 'impact', 'covid', 'investor']
['sentiment', 'during', 'pandemic', 'shanghai', 'stock', 'market']
['china', 'second', 'check', 'global', 'impact', 'using', 'nikkei']
['jones', 'reason', 'behind', 'selected']
['global', 'spread', 'covid', 'sample', 'period', 'starts']
['declaration', 'sample', 'markets', 'because', 'synchronized']
['accurate', 'results', 'collected', 'stock']
['markets', 'china', 'japan', 'united', 'states', 'analyzed']
['secondary', 'publically', 'available', 'mentioned', 'databases']
['bloomberg', 'stock', 'markets', 'covid']
['methodology']
['sentiment', 'index', 'model', 'research']
['presented', 'below']
['α1sturn', 'α2mfi', 'α3rsi']
['α41cc', 'α51cd']
['table', 'ordinary', 'correlations', 'united', 'states']
['sturn']
['sturn']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['source', 'author', 'calculation']
[]
['indicates', 'first', 'principal', 'component', 'estimated']
['linear', 'combination', 'standardized', 'variables']
['stock', 'exchange', 'turnover', 'ratio', 'sturn', 'turnover']
['respective', 'stock', 'exchange', 'money', 'index']
['relative', 'strength', 'index', 'change', 'daily', 'confirm']
['cases', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'deaths']
['stock', 'exchange', 'turnover', 'ratio']
['stock', 'market', 'trading', 'activity', 'measured', 'turnover']
['ratio', 'subsequently', 'primary', 'measurement', 'model']
['rehman', 'explained']
['considerable', 'turnover', 'indication', 'stock', 'prices']
['bullish', 'market', 'while', 'small', 'turnover', 'reflects', 'stock']
['prices', 'bearish', 'market', 'stock', 'exchange', 'turnover', 'ratio']
['calculated', 'using', 'following', 'equation']
['sturn']
['vmdaily']
['vmmonthly']
[]
['where', 'vmdaily', 'daily', 'volume', 'vmmonthly', 'average']
['volume', 'month', 'sturn', 'calculated', 'using', 'running']
['moving', 'basis', 'which', 'means', 'previous', 'dropping', 'value']
['adding']
['money', 'index']
['comprises', 'daily', 'stock', 'prices', 'turnover', 'information']
['increase', 'money', 'indicates', 'market', 'trend']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february']
['naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behavior']
['table', 'principle', 'component', 'analysis', 'variables', 'china']
['eigenvalues', 'number', 'value', 'difference', 'proportion', 'cumulative', 'value', 'cumulative', 'proportion']
['eigenvalues', 'average']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['source', 'author', 'calculation']
['rising', 'trend', 'increases', 'buying', 'pressure']
['whereas', 'falling', 'trend', 'increases', 'selling']
['pressure', 'following', 'formula', 'calculate']
[]
['daily', 'prices']
['close']
[]
[]
['money', 'daily', 'prices', 'turnover']
['current', 'price', 'higher', 'previous']
['money', 'positive', 'while', 'there', 'comparatively']
['lower', 'current', 'price', 'previous', 'money']
['negative', 'tolonen', 'marek']
['marková', 'daily', 'calculated']
['follows']
[]
[]
['positive', 'money', 'flowdaily']
['positive', 'money', 'flowdaily', 'negative', 'money', 'flowdaily']
[]
['relative', 'strength', 'index']
['technical', 'analysis', 'momentum', 'indicator']
['measures', 'magnitude', 'recent', 'price', 'changes', 'evaluate']
['oversold', 'overbought', 'condition', 'stock', 'other', 'asset']
['prices', 'russell', 'wilder', 'russell', 'franzmann']
['ivascu', 'cioca', 'oscillator', 'display', 'board']
['between', 'extremes', 'range']
['suppose', 'oscillator', 'shows', 'upward', 'trend']
['value', 'meaning', 'security', 'overbought']
['overvalued', 'positive', 'downward', 'trend']
['value', 'indicates', 'oversold', 'undervalued']
['condition']
['rsidaily']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['otherwise']
['change', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cases']
['changes', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cases', 'covid', 'capture', 'investor', 'swings', 'regarding']
['spreading', 'pandemic']
['check', 'impact', 'market', 'index']
['table', 'eigen', 'vector', 'loadings', 'japan']
['variable']
['sturn']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['source', 'author', 'calculation']
['change', 'investor', 'changes', 'daily', 'confirmed']
['cases', 'daily', 'death', 'cases', 'calculated', 'follows']
[]
[]
['relationship', 'between', 'stock', 'market', 'index']
['investor', 'sentiment']
['regressed', 'stock', 'market', 'volatility', 'series', 'during']
['covid', 'following', 'regression', 'equation', 'checks']
['respective', 'sentiment', 'market', 'return', 'relationship']
['βlnsmim']
['market', 'return', 'stock', 'market', 'indicator']
['concerning', 'while']
['sentiment', 'index']
['calculation', 'following', 'equation']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['equation']
['current', 'market', 'price', 'closing']
['preceding', 'market', 'price', 'closing']
['results']
['principle', 'component', 'analysis']
['principle', 'component', 'analysis', 'employed', 'extract']
['meaningful', 'information', 'multivariate', 'orthogonal']
['linear', 'transformation', 'present', 'information']
['variables', 'scalar', 'projections', 'which']
['called', 'principal', 'components', 'total', 'number']
['equal', 'original', 'number', 'variables']
['variables', 'known', 'linear', 'combination']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february']
['naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behavior']
['figure', 'relationship', 'between', 'nikkei', 'market', 'returns', 'created', 'sentiment', 'index']
['actual', 'variables', 'direction', 'identifiers']
['correspond', 'total', 'variation', 'multivariate']
['dimensionality', 'reduces', 'using', 'minimal']
['information', 'eigenvalues', 'explained', 'every', 'retains']
['amount', 'variation', 'division', 'variation', 'between']
['eigenvalues', 'large', 'first', 'small', 'subsequent']
['first', 'eigenvalue']
['check', 'correlation', 'because', 'increased', 'variation']
['retention']
['shanghai', 'stock', 'market']
['principal', 'component', 'analysis', 'selected', 'variable']
['shanghai', 'stock', 'market', 'presented', 'tables', 'according']
['kaiser', 'criterion', 'principle', 'component', 'eigenvalue']
['yeomans', 'golder', 'braeken']
['assen', 'rehman', 'eigenvalue']
['which', 'meets', 'criteria', 'maximal', 'variation']
['numeric', 'presentation', 'shows', 'shanghai']
['stock', 'market', 'relationship', 'which', 'highest', 'value', 'compared']
['other', 'principal', 'components', 'following', 'index', 'created']
['using', 'first', 'principle', 'component']
['smisse', '0584sturn', '1759mfi', '1244rsi']
['68811cc', '69041cd']
['relationship', 'between', 'shanghai', 'stock', 'returns']
['created', 'graphically', 'presented', 'figure']
['correlation', 'matrix', 'results', 'displayed', 'table', 'which']
['employed', 'check', 'multicollinearity', 'among', 'independent']
['variables', 'multicollinearity', 'check', 'essential', 'accuracy']
['results', 'because', 'inter', 'correlation', 'among', 'independent', 'variables']
['multiple', 'regression', 'model', 'mislead', 'results']
['regressor', 'shows', 'value']
['series', 'shows', 'multicollinearity', 'correlation', 'matrix', 'range']
['shanghai', 'stock', 'market', 'ensuring']
['series', 'multicollinearity']
['table', 'ordinary', 'correlations', 'united', 'states']
['sturn']
['sturn']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['source', 'author', 'calculation']
['nikkei', 'stock', 'market']
['selected', 'variable', 'nikkei', 'stock', 'market']
['presented', 'tables', 'according', 'kaiser', 'criterion']
['principle', 'component', 'eigenvalue']
['yeomans', 'golder', 'braeken', 'assen']
['rehman', 'eigenvalue', 'nikkei']
['stock', 'market', 'which', 'captures', 'maximum', 'variation']
['support', 'kaiser', 'criterion', 'cumulative']
['proportion', 'value', 'shows', 'nikkei', 'stock']
['market', 'relationship', 'selected', 'variables', 'following']
['index', 'created', 'using', 'first', 'principle', 'component']
['smin225', '6844sturn', '1786mfi', '6003rsi']
['13801cc', '34691cd']
['relationship', 'shanghai', 'stock', 'returns', 'created']
['graphically', 'presented', 'figure']
['correlation', 'matrix', 'results', 'displayed', 'table', 'which']
['employed', 'check', 'multicollinearity', 'among', 'independent']
['variables', 'range', 'correlation', 'matrix', 'nikkei']
['stock', 'market', 'between', 'which', 'rejects']
['existence', 'multicollinearity']
['jones', 'stock', 'market']
['selected', 'variable', 'jones', 'stock', 'market']
['presented', 'tables', 'eigenvalue']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february']
['naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behavior']
['table', 'principle', 'component', 'analysis', 'variables', 'china']
['number', 'value', 'difference', 'proportion', 'cumulative', 'value', 'cumulative', 'proportion']
['eigenvalues']
['eigenvalues', 'average']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['source', 'author', 'calculation']
['table', 'eigen', 'vector', 'loadings', 'japan']
['variable']
['sturn']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['source', 'author', 'calculation']
['which', 'captures', 'maximum', 'variation', 'support']
['kaiser', 'criterion', 'yeomans', 'golder', 'cioca']
['braeken', 'assen', 'rehman']
['cumulative', 'proportion', 'value', 'shows']
['jones', 'stock', 'market', 'relationship', 'chosen', 'variables', 'which']
['highest', 'value', 'among', 'principal', 'components', 'following']
['index', 'created', 'using', 'first', 'principle', 'component']
['smidj', '2275sturn', '1650mfi', '1960rsi']
['67981cc', '64841cd']
['relationship', 'between', 'jones', 'stock', 'returns']
['created', 'graphically', 'presented', 'figure']
['correlation', 'matrix', 'results', 'displayed', 'table', 'which']
['employed', 'check', 'multicollinearity', 'among', 'independent']
['variables', 'importance', 'multicollinearity', 'observed']
['because', 'inter', 'correlation', 'among', 'independent', 'variables']
['multiple', 'regression', 'model', 'betray', 'results', 'range']
['correlation', 'matrix', 'jones', 'stock', 'market']
['which', 'guarantees', 'series']
['multicollinearity']
['regression', 'results', 'presented', 'table', 'which']
['shows', 'coefficient']
['value', 'probability']
['values', 'shanghai', 'nikkei', 'jones', 'stock', 'markets']
['respectively', 'according', 'study', 'negative']
['significantly', 'related', 'stock', 'returns', 'level', 'significance']
['baker', 'wurgler', 'importance']
['explicated', 'investor', 'sentiments', 'strongly', 'affected']
['volatility', 'investment', 'decision', 'stock', 'market', 'during']
['pandemic', 'results', 'shown', 'negative', 'impact']
['covid', 'investor', 'sentiment', 'stock', 'market', 'returns']
['spreading', 'pandemic', 'disturbs', 'general', 'public', 'daily', 'routines']
['interrupts', 'stock', 'markets', 'financial', 'markets', 'investor']
['psychology', 'toward', 'investment', 'decisions']
['discussion']
['after', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'classification']
['public', 'health', 'emergency', 'investors', 'psychological', 'pressure']
['figure', 'relationship', 'between', 'jones', 'stock', 'market', 'returns', 'created', 'sentiment', 'index']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february']
['naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behavior']
['table', 'ordinary', 'correlations', 'united', 'states']
['sturn']
['sturn']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['source', 'author', 'calculation']
['table', 'relationship', 'between', 'stock', 'exchange', 'sentiment', 'index']
['during', 'covid']
['consent']
['shanghai', 'stock', 'exchange']
['sentiment', 'index']
[]
['statistic']
['nikkei']
['sentiment', 'index']
[]
['statistic']
['jones']
['sentiment', 'index']
[]
['statistic']
['shows', 'level', 'significance']
['source', 'author', 'calculation']
['response', 'showed', 'downward', 'trend', 'stock', 'markets']
['sudden', 'reduction', 'shanghai', 'jones']
['nikkei', 'observed', 'figure', 'numerical']
['facts', 'stock', 'markets', 'collected', 'bloomberg', 'official']
['investor', 'sentiment', 'generated', 'using', 'different']
['proxies', 'selected', 'proxies', 'represent', 'different', 'circumstances']
['might', 'affected', 'psychological', 'behavior', 'decision']
['power', 'investors', 'research', 'daily', 'stock', 'markets']
['increase', 'covid', 'death', 'confirmed', 'cases']
['accurately', 'covering', 'investors', 'daily', 'psychological', 'pressure']
['employed', 'useful', 'features', 'correlation']
['removal', 'improved', 'algorithm', 'performance', 'repaired', 'overfitting']
['among', 'variables', 'reduction', 'dimensions']
['dimensions', 'clear', 'visualization', 'every', 'single', 'component']
['research', 'results', 'elucidated', 'negative', 'significant', 'relationship']
['between', 'investor', 'psychology', 'investment', 'decision', 'under']
['pandemic', 'outbreaks', 'selected', 'markets', 'stock', 'market']
['movement', 'along', 'investor', 'figures', 'shown']
['beneficial', 'relationship', 'between', 'investor', 'psychology']
['stock', 'market', 'returns', 'investors', 'business', 'people']
['generally', 'outbound', 'during', 'pandemic']
['however', 'homebound', 'which', 'affected', 'their', 'psychology']
['adversely', 'research', 'provides', 'precautionary', 'measures']
['releasing', 'pandemic', 'investment', 'pressure', 'investors']
['should', 'adopt', 'behavior', 'therapy', 'based', 'relaxation', 'exercises']
['control', 'their', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'small', 'scale', 'version']
['their', 'official', 'stock', 'market', 'setup', 'should', 'established', 'their']
['homes', 'visits', 'offices', 'should', 'reduced', 'global']
['paramedical', 'staff', 'scientists', 'continually', 'struggling']
['elucidate', 'vaccines', 'until', 'succeed', 'everyone', 'should', 'follow']
['precautions', 'wearing', 'sanitizing', 'maintaining']
['distance', 'workplaces', 'psychological', 'control']
['pressure', 'investors', 'invest', 'money', 'stock']
['markets', 'economies', 'track']
['conclusion']
['origin', 'current', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'considered']
['market', 'hunan', 'hubei', 'province', 'china', 'within']
['month', 'evolution', 'covid', 'spread']
['countries', 'pandemic', 'gained', 'intense', 'global', 'attention']
['sudden', 'outbreak', 'pandemic', 'rapid', 'increase']
['spread', 'significant', 'impact', 'human', 'physiology']
['psychology', 'psychological', 'effect', 'disrupts', 'psychology']
['general', 'public', 'investor', 'psychology', 'toward', 'stock', 'market']
['investment', 'decisions', 'increasing', 'number', 'cases', 'deaths']
['worldwide', 'covid', 'economic', 'situation']
['uncertain', 'unpredictable', 'sudden', 'dramatic']
['downward', 'trend', 'financial', 'markets', 'observed', 'chinese']
['global', 'financial', 'markets', 'shanghai', 'nikkei']
['jones', 'which']
['points', 'respectively', 'there', 'promising', 'clinical', 'treatments']
['prevention', 'strategies', 'developed', 'against', 'covid', 'until']
['threatening', 'human', 'psychology', 'healthcare']
['workers', 'searching', 'solution', 'question', 'vaccination']
['against', 'covid', 'psychiatrist', 'designed', 'psycho', 'therapeutic']
['strategies', 'threat', 'stress', 'anxiety']
['pandemic', 'which', 'devastating', 'effect', 'daily']
['research', 'paper', 'examined', 'relationship', 'between']
['stock', 'market', 'investor', 'psychology', 'regarding', 'stock', 'market']
['investment', 'decisions', 'during', 'pandemic', 'employing']
['research', 'observed', 'downward', 'trend', 'stock', 'markets']
['pandemic', 'negative', 'impact', 'investor', 'sentiment']
['investigation', 'confirmed', 'economic', 'crises']
['shanghai', 'nikkei', 'jones', 'stock', 'markets', 'during']
['pandemic', 'results', 'pointed', 'threat']
['health', 'strongly', 'affected', 'psychology', 'investors', 'created']
['behaved', 'negatively', 'significance', 'three']
['selected', 'markets', 'three', 'selected', 'markets', 'represented', 'three']
['different', 'world', 'areas', 'diverse', 'geographical', 'backgrounds']
['financial', 'positions', 'cultures', 'resources', 'traditions', 'check']
['global', 'investor', 'behavior', 'significant', 'relationship', 'between']
['stock', 'market', 'during', 'pandemic', 'confirmed']
['behavior', 'almost', 'every', 'nation', 'fighting', 'covid']
['investor', 'financial', 'behavior', 'across', 'china']
['other', 'developed', 'countries', 'study', 'concluded', 'health']
['crises', 'psychological', 'disorders', 'among', 'general', 'public', 'affect']
['economic', 'condition', 'financial', 'position', 'individual']
['global', 'investors']
['limitations', 'suggestions']
['pandemic', 'still', 'under', 'discussion', 'healthcare', 'workers']
['trying', 'solution', 'issue', 'vaccination']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february']
['naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behavior']
['doubtlessly', 'tough', 'global', 'systems', 'stock', 'market']
['workers', 'individual', 'homes', 'working']
['anxiety', 'psychological', 'threat', 'solution']
['problem', 'investor', 'sentiment', 'creates', 'tremendous', 'uncertainty']
['stock', 'markets', 'commensurate', 'potential', 'crisis']
['scale', 'speed', 'governments', 'policy', 'makers', 'should']
['domestic', 'international', 'policies']
['unpredictable', 'situation', 'workplaces', 'pandemic']
['worldwide', 'issue', 'courageous', 'actions', 'governments']
['global', 'citizens', 'policy', 'makers', 'healthcare', 'workers', 'scientists']
['investors', 'enable', 'overcome', 'global', 'crisis']
['availability', 'statement']
['supporting', 'conclusions', 'article']
['available', 'authors', 'without', 'undue', 'reservation']
['author', 'contributions']
['authors', 'listed', 'substantial', 'direct']
['intellectual', 'contribution', 'approved']
['publication']
['paper']
['sport', 'psychology', 'services', 'professional', 'athletes']
['working', 'through', 'covid']
['robert', 'schinke', 'athanasios', 'papaioannou', 'charles', 'maher', 'william']
['parham', 'carsten', 'larsen', 'richard', 'gordin', 'stewart', 'cotterill']
['article', 'robert', 'schinke', 'athanasios', 'papaioannou', 'charles', 'maher', 'william', 'parham']
['carsten', 'larsen', 'richard', 'gordin', 'stewart', 'cotterill', 'sport', 'psychology', 'services']
['professional', 'athletes', 'working', 'through', 'covid', 'international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercis']
['sport', 'psychology', 'services', 'professional', 'athletes', 'working']
['through', 'covid']
['fandom', 'around', 'world', 'yearns', 'sports', 'entertainment', 'discussions', 'within']
['recent', 'flurry', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology', 'writings', 'focused', 'challenging']
['experiences', 'potential', 'olympians', 'during', 'olympic', 'indeed', 'olympics']
['entertainment', 'event', 'others', 'across', 'sport', 'levels']
['within', 'previous', 'editorial', 'titled', 'sport', 'psychology', 'services', 'performance', 'athletes']
['during', 'covid', 'editors', 'international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology']
['invited', 'several', 'renowned', 'experts', 'international', 'amateur', 'sport', 'community']
['dialog', 'regarding', 'amatuer', 'athletes', 'various', 'national', 'teams', 'experienced', 'their', 'through', 'covid', 'editorial', 'revealed', 'convergences', 'though', 'idiosyncrasies']
['training', 'during', 'pandemic', 'undertaken', 'within', 'centralised']
['programs', 'recent', 'olympic', 'editorial', 'found', 'following', 'https']
['1612197x', '1754616']
['international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology', 'committed', 'advancing']
['dialogs', 'regarding', 'forms', 'sport', 'physical', 'activity', 'intention', 'contribute']
['healthier', 'world', 'through', 'better', 'evidence', 'based', 'theory', 'practice', 'ijsep', 'continues']
['welcome', 'authors', 'seeking', 'contribute', 'covid', 'discussions', 'submit', 'their', 'scholarship']
['emphasising', 'impacts', 'pandemic', 'sport', 'physical', 'activity', 'participants']
['those', 'support', 'psychological', 'services']
['within', 'editorial', 'shifted', 'professional', 'sport', 'professional', 'sport']
['unlike', 'olympic', 'sport', 'accessible', 'viewership', 'every', 'there', 'number', 'fessional', 'individual', 'sports', 'attract', 'viewership', 'whilst', 'inspiring', 'populations']
['within', 'across', 'national', 'boundaries', 'recently', 'aforementioned', 'editorial']
['current', 'editorial', 'accessible', 'composition', 'authorship', 'editorial']
['diverse', 'sport', 'representation', 'given', 'large', 'number', 'professional', 'sports', 'known']
['within', 'global', 'community', 'current', 'contributors', 'narrowed', 'experts']
['experience', 'working', 'professional', 'baseball', 'charles', 'maher']
['gordin', 'basketball', 'william', 'parham', 'cricket', 'stewart', 'cotterill', 'soccer']
['carsten', 'larsen', 'editors', 'actively', 'involved', 'combat', 'sport']
['boxing', 'mixed', 'martial', 'boxing', 'robert', 'schinke', 'these', 'experts', 'collaborated']
['augment', 'wider', 'perspectives', 'about', 'professional', 'sport', 'athletes', 'pandemic']
['contributors', 'consider', 'their', 'recent', 'current', 'approaches', 'active', 'fessional', 'sport', 'clients', 'following', 'sequence', 'professional', 'sporting', 'events', 'stopped']
['current', 'approaches', 'their', 'professional', 'athletes', 'brief', 'broader', 'reflec', 'reader', 'temporal', 'stages', 'final', 'conclusion']
['indicate', 'growth', 'opportunities', 'consultants', 'professional', 'sport', 'clients', 'alike']
['contributors', 'recently', 'multisport', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultant', 'video', 'session']
['participant', 'suggested', 'current', 'state', 'affairs', 'relation', 'elite', 'athletes', 'being']
['experienced', 'primarily', 'tragic', 'narrative', 'might', 'athletes', 'regard']
['current', 'moment', 'their', 'careers', 'story', 'matter']
['international', 'society', 'sport', 'psychology']
['international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology']
[]
['https', '1612197x', '1766182mentally', 'healthy', 'story', 'opportunities', 'teachable', 'moments', 'before']
['structure', 'directly', 'above', 'inform', 'narrative', 'editorial']
['emergence', 'pandemic']
['during', 'march', 'professional', 'sports', 'around', 'world', 'preparation', 'formance', 'scheduling', 'sport', 'business', 'immediate', 'imminent', 'closures']
['inability', 'athletes', 'coaches', 'managers', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'continue']
['their', 'onsite', 'roles', 'within', 'their', 'organisations', 'contributors', 'involved', 'developing']
['action', 'plans', 'accomplish', 'closure', 'training', 'settings', 'communicating', 'delicate']
['decision', 'closure', 'players', 'staff', 'aware', 'their', 'seasons', 'trending']
['toward', 'stoppage', 'those', 'working', 'cities', 'their', 'families', 'viding', 'clients', 'health', 'safety', 'travel', 'guidelines', 'arrangements', 'return']
['their', 'residences']
['ripple', 'effect', 'abrupt', 'stoppage', 'crisis', 'transition', 'known', 'leave', 'athletes']
['coaches', 'psychological', 'emotional', 'challenges', 'population', 'level', 'where', 'athletes']
['included', 'there', 'increased', 'cases', 'domestic', 'violence', 'suicide', 'bigotry', 'highly', 'licised', 'challenge', 'understand', 'athlete', 'unique', 'engagement']
['social', 'isolation', 'though', 'challenges', 'social', 'distancing', 'encountered', 'worldwide']
['written', 'cultural', 'sport', 'psychology', 'identifying', 'variations', 'collective', 'vidual', 'approaches', 'within', 'across', 'cultures', 'certain', 'cultures', 'nationalities', 'formal']
['terms', 'socially', 'accepted', 'distance', 'where', 'people', 'other', 'close', 'family', 'naturally', 'maintain']
['extensive', 'physical', 'distance', 'there', 'hispanic', 'latino', 'cultures']
['where', 'social', 'exchanges', 'encountered', 'closer', 'physical', 'distance', 'where', 'people', 'mally', 'demonstrative', 'through', 'kisses', 'friends', 'colleagues', 'beyond', 'family']
['schinke', 'hanrahan', 'catina', 'cannot', 'assume', 'single', 'major', 'league']
['baseball', 'franchise', 'professional', 'boxing', 'management', 'group', 'cricket', 'soccer', 'letes', 'experienced', 'required', 'transition', 'formal', 'cultural', 'distance']
['comfortable', 'social', 'distancing']
['based', 'athlete', 'identity', 'research', 'practice']
['practical', 'exposures', 'performance', 'athletes', 'amateur', 'professional', 'alike', 'emphasise']
['their', 'athletic', 'identities', 'within', 'professional', 'sport', 'there', 'individual', 'differences', 'terms']
['emphasis', 'placed', 'athletic', 'identity', 'compared', 'number', 'identities']
['comprise', 'personhood', 'clients', 'families', 'partners']
['businesses', 'enterprises', 'however', 'recognise', 'professional', 'athletes']
['derive', 'gainful', 'employment', 'their', 'sporting', 'activities', 'consequently', 'emphasis']
['athletic', 'identity', 'often', 'heavily', 'weighted', 'perhaps', 'disproportionately', 'athlete']
['commitment', 'sport', 'excellence', 'highest', 'level', 'players', 'rarely', 'explore']
['other', 'roles', 'contexts', 'result', 'suffer', 'identity', 'foreclosure', 'overly']
['narrow', 'singular', 'identity', 'nesti', 'littlewood', 'which', 'counter', 'productive', 'during', 'demic', 'social', 'isolation']
['challenges', 'overly', 'weighted', 'athletic', 'identity', 'include']
['increased', 'possibilities', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'addictions', 'other', 'mental', 'health', 'concerns']
['henriksen', 'schinke', 'moesch', 'mccann', 'parham', 'larsen', 'terry', 'exemplifying', 'point']
['between', 'march', 'april', 'percentage', 'professional', 'soccer', 'players', 'reporting', 'depression', 'doubled', 'fifpro', 'affiliated', 'national', 'player', 'associations', 'surveyed']
['professional', 'soccer', 'players', 'countries', 'implemented', 'drastic', 'measures', 'contain']
['spread', 'covid', 'confinement', 'thousand', 'hundred', 'thirty']
['players', 'female', 'players']
['editorialthe', 'survey', 'twenty', 'percent', 'women', 'players', 'percent', 'players', 'reported']
['symptoms', 'consistent', 'diagnosis', 'depression', 'eighteen', 'percent', 'women']
['percent', 'reported', 'symptoms', 'consistent', 'diagnosis', 'generalised']
['anxiety', 'fifpro']
['there', 'identity', 'challenges', 'associated', 'pandemic', 'every', 'other', 'unforeseen']
['transition', 'there', 'exist', 'possibilities', 'personal', 'enrichment', 'pause', 'thought', 'albeit']
['lengthier', 'first', 'might', 'anticipated', 'often', 'assumed', 'inertia']
['motivated', 'directed', 'athlete', 'holistic', 'opportunities', 'growth', 'abound']
['moments', 'extensive', 'longstanding', 'training', 'commitments', 'travel']
['afford', 'professional', 'athletes', 'develop', 'their', 'personal', 'identities', 'existing', 'relationships']
['explore', 'breadth', 'interests', 'beyond', 'sport', 'immediate', 'pause', 'opportunity']
['nourish', 'relationships', 'whilst', 'nourishing']
['counterbalanced', 'opportunity', 'reconnect', 'recognition']
['their', 'playing', 'contracts', 'short', 'peril', 'example', 'boxer', 'compensated']
['after', 'bouts', 'income', 'younger', 'professionals', 'financially']
['heeled', 'discussions', 'related', 'financial', 'constraints', 'layered', 'further', 'dimension', 'stress']
['several', 'younger', 'athletes', 'lesser', 'contracts', 'returned', 'presently', 'residing']
['parents', 'extended', 'family', 'there', 'second', 'group', 'athletes', 'identified', 'sently', 'living', 'alone', 'these', 'athletes', 'socially', 'isolated', 'those', 'surrounded']
['family', 'members', 'finally', 'athletes', 'financial', 'independence', 'young', 'families']
['their', 'continue', 'struggle', 'await', 'loosened', 'restrictions', 'inevitable', 'recon', 'ceptualisation', 'professional', 'training', 'subsequent', 'sporting', 'events']
['fewer', 'seats', 'questions', 'linger', 'among', 'athletes', 'terms', 'interruptions', 'existing', 'career']
['paths', 'associated', 'their', 'financial', 'livelihood', 'these', 'questions', 'could', 'apply', 'deeply']
['athletes', 'residing', 'developing', 'countries', 'where', 'finances', 'perhaps', 'available']
['current', 'interventions']
['there', 'consensus', 'among', 'authors', 'order', 'effectively', 'clients']
['needed', 'develop', 'organic', 'approach', 'logical', 'question', 'asked', 'athletes']
['exactly', 'looking', 'terms', 'support', 'during', 'pandemic', 'moment']
['initially', 'uncertain', 'terms', 'respond', 'ended', 'approach']
['enveloped', 'unfamiliar', 'circumstance', 'covid', 'these', 'athletes', 'reside']
['among', 'their', 'peers', 'trending', 'positively']
['terms', 'their', 'athletic', 'careers', 'follows', 'approaches', 'integrated']
['sport', 'specific', 'holistic', 'these', 'approaches', 'undertaken']
['through', 'online', 'means', 'regular', 'video', 'platforms', 'discussions']
['forums', 'individuals', 'teams']
['founded', 'premise', 'athletes', 'relate', 'structured', 'communi', 'cation', 'contact', 'athletes', 'performance', 'career', 'professionals', 'evolve', 'based']
['logical', 'short', 'plans', 'their', 'career', 'pathways', 'sense']
['needs', 'logically', 'toward', 'outcomes', 'parlayed', 'improved', 'consistent', 'formance', 'viability', 'future', 'accountability', 'terms', 'planning']
['athlete', 'terms', 'thoughts', 'emotions', 'actions', 'athlete', 'invested']
['improvement', 'allocate', 'schedule', 'regular', 'times', 'within']
['mental', 'rarely', 'there', 'reflect', 'guidance']
['mental', 'performance', 'consultant', 'perhaps', 'collaboration', 'coaching', 'staff', 'member']
['identify', 'existing', 'derive', 'short', 'plans', 'compliment', 'existing', 'strengths']
['weekly', 'scheduled', 'small', 'group', 'discussions', 'support', 'staff', 'members', 'followed']
['international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology', '411individual', 'sessions', 'providers', 'advancement', 'player', 'development', 'hence']
['immediate', 'become', 'treasured', 'terms', 'offers', 'person', 'interpersonally', 'terms', 'unanticipated', 'newfound', 'gains', 'sport', 'specific']
['skills']
['underlying', 'regular', 'support', 'opportunity', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultant']
['forge', 'strengthened', 'relationship', 'athlete', 'during', 'season', 'season', 'athletes']
['focused', 'securing', 'their', 'positions', 'immediacy', 'performance', 'collaborating']
['coaches', 'teammates', 'proactive', 'sport', 'psychology', 'often', 'associated', 'player']
['access', 'something', 'become', 'challenging', 'scarce', 'professional', 'sport', 'alternately']
['assigned', 'tasks', 'often', 'reactionary', 'based', 'immediate', 'setbacks', 'struggles', 'during']
['current', 'moment', 'there', 'become', 'further', 'acquainted', 'athlete', 'uniqueness']
['person', 'terms', 'person', 'comes', 'forth', 'training', 'competition']
['reciprocally', 'athlete', 'learn', 'about', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultant']
['terms', 'discussions', 'around', 'values', 'where', 'athlete', 'might', 'coincide']
['practitioner', 'skills', 'ensues', 'deepened', 'through', 'mutual', 'under', 'standing', 'strengthened', 'relationship', 'leading', 'future', 'anticipated', 'return']
[]
['specifics', 'underpin', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultant', 'depending']
['athlete', 'needs', 'toward', 'valued', 'progression', 'under', 'taken', 'exercises', 'focused', 'mindfulness', 'guided', 'performance', 'imagery', 'setting', 'goals']
['revisiting', 'competition', 'plans', 'affirmation', 'exercises', 'broader', 'holistic', 'balance']
['values', 'related', 'discussions', 'engaged', 'groups', 'athletes', 'sometimes', 'sport', 'organisations', 'where', 'facilitate', 'sharing', 'their', 'current', 'experiences']
['recognition', 'alone', 'their', 'career', 'challenges', 'peers', 'undergoing']
['similar', 'challenges', 'which', 'contributes', 'recognition', 'athlete', 'still', 'among', 'peers']
['virtual', 'distance']
['forward']
['there', 'hidden', 'inspiration', 'words', 'athletes', 'coaching', 'staff', 'mental', 'performance']
['consultants', 'expressed', 'since', 'covid', 'ourselves', 'working', 'positive', 'direction']
['betterment', 'sport', 'author', 'identified', 'above', 'plays', 'formances', 'being', 'played', 'performances', 'field', 'often', 'product']
['active', 'inspirations', 'series', 'opportune', 'moments', 'profound']
['strengthening', 'existing', 'relationships', 'within', 'athletes', 'lives', 'their', 'personal']
['professional', 'spheres', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'often', 'affirm', 'these', 'relationships']
['serve', 'basis', 'client', 'engagement', 'contributing', 'sporting', 'excellence', 'current']
['historical', 'perhaps', 'people', 'envisioned', 'curious']
['further', 'human', 'potential', 'answers', 'might', 'atypical', 'based', 'previously']
['about', 'roles', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'atypical', 'approaches', 'healthy']
['contributive', 'excellence', 'founded', 'ingenuity', 'predict']
['professional', 'sport', 'performance', 'progress', 'gleaned']
['current', 'pandemic', 'moment', 'assuming', 'athletes', 'providers', 'alike']
['wisely']
['paper']
['fpsyg', '585897']
['review']
['published', 'november']
['fpsyg', '585897']
['edited']
['ghulam', 'meran']
['university', 'punjab', 'pakistan']
['reviewed']
['teresa', 'anguera']
['university', 'barcelona', 'spain']
['maria', 'gianni']
['university', 'macedonia', 'greece']
['correspondence']
['mogeda', 'sayed', 'keshky']
['drmogeda', 'gmail']
['specialty', 'section']
['article', 'submitted']
['organizational', 'psychology']
['section', 'journal']
['frontiers', 'psychology']
['received']
['accepted', 'october']
['published', 'november']
['citation']
['keshky', 'basyouni']
['sabban', 'getting']
['through', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['impact', 'psychology']
['sustainability', 'quality']
['global', 'economy']
['systematic', 'review']
['front', 'psychol', '585897']
['fpsyg', '585897']
['getting', 'through', 'covid']
['pandemic', 'impact']
['psychology', 'sustainability', 'quality']
['global', 'economy']
['systematic', 'review']
['mogeda', 'sayed', 'keshky1']
['sawzan', 'sadaqa', 'basyouni3']
['abeer', 'mohammad', 'sabban3']
['abdulaziz', 'university', 'jeddah', 'saudi', 'arabia', 'assiut', 'university', 'asyut', 'egypt', 'university', 'mecca']
['saudi', 'arabia']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'affect', 'world', 'severely', 'terms', 'quality', 'political']
['environmental', 'economic', 'sustainable', 'development', 'global', 'economy']
['impact', 'attested', 'number', 'research', 'studies', 'study']
['evaluate', 'impact', 'covid', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'quality']
['sustainable', 'development', 'global', 'economy', 'computerized', 'literature']
['search', 'performed', 'journal', 'articles', 'authentic', 'sources', 'extracted']
['including', 'medline', 'pubmed', 'google', 'scholar', 'science', 'direct', 'proquest', 'emerald']
['insight', 'references', 'selected', 'articles', 'screened', 'identify', 'relevant', 'studies']
['following', 'inclusion', 'criteria', 'followed', 'research', 'articles', 'based', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'articles', 'research', 'papers', 'journals', 'articles', 'published']
['exclusion', 'criteria', 'follow', 'psychology', 'research', 'articles']
['journals', 'published', 'before', 'research', 'articles', 'having', 'current']
['pandemic', 'impact', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'quality', 'global']
['economy', 'initial', 'articles', 'identified', 'studies', 'found', 'relevant']
['inclusion', 'criteria', 'based', 'these', 'articles', 'review', 'highlights']
['compared', 'developed', 'countries', 'developing', 'nations', 'nations']
['african', 'countries', 'compromised', 'health', 'structures', 'greatly', 'affected', 'there']
['close', 'associations', 'between', 'health', 'economic', 'environmental', 'political', 'issues']
['globally', 'pandemic', 'managed', 'follow', 'policies', 'implement']
['economic', 'public', 'health', 'changes', 'worldwide', 'planned', 'coordinated', 'approach']
['between', 'public', 'private', 'sector', 'required', 'designed', 'according', 'country']
['health', 'system', 'economy', 'crisis', 'together']
['support', 'developed', 'developing', 'nations']
['keywords', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'economic', 'growth', 'sustainable']
['development', 'quality', 'world', 'economy']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897']
['keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['introduction']
['there', 'uncertainty', 'related', 'covid', 'whose']
['pandemic', 'impacts', 'economic', 'performance', 'sustainability', 'criteria']
['development', 'processes', 'haider', 'mention']
['effect', 'coronavirus', 'health', 'economic', 'crises', 'analysis']
['growth', 'countries', 'clearly', 'shows', 'development']
['leads', 'crises', 'declining', 'rates', 'damage', 'health', 'education']
['industrial', 'progress', 'globally', 'according', 'herbert']
['covid', 'affects', 'socio', 'economic', 'circumstances', 'because']
['declining', 'global', 'declining', 'capital', 'flows', 'fewer', 'investment']
['opportunities', 'decreased', 'trading', 'limited', 'economic']
['pandemic', 'impacts', 'social', 'parameters', 'changes']
['sustainable', 'psychological', 'development', 'globally']
['poverty', 'increasing', 'international', 'monetary']
['world', 'economic', 'update', 'estimated', 'considerable']
['fluctuation', 'final', 'ratios']
['million', 'people', 'currently', 'extreme']
['poverty', 'however', 'mukhtar', 'reports', 'increase']
['about', 'million', 'projected', 'living', 'extreme', 'poverty']
['findings', 'gathered', 'united', 'nations', 'industrial', 'development']
['organization', 'unido', 'reflect', 'covid', 'resulted']
['severe', 'decline', 'human', 'development', 'first', 'since']
['zandifar', 'badrfam', 'their', 'examination', 'reveals']
['current', 'global', 'picture', 'lacks', 'socio', 'economic', 'development', 'these']
['issues', 'challenges', 'directly', 'affect', 'individual', 'psychology']
['assure', 'psychological', 'sustainability']
['addition', 'financial', 'crises', 'specifically', 'risks', 'affecting']
['public', 'cases', 'mental', 'crises', 'increasing']
['result', 'people', 'being', 'restricted', 'their', 'homes', 'being']
['asked', 'maintain', 'isolation', 'there', 'chance', 'someone']
['being', 'severely', 'affected', 'psychologically', 'which', 'further', 'impacted']
['accurate', 'guidelines', 'treatment']
['resources', 'provided', 'manage', 'people', 'being', 'situation', 'including', 'pandemic', 'prevention', 'measures']
['reframed', 'affects', 'psychological', 'health', 'concerning']
['impact', 'sustainable', 'psychology', 'discuss']
['importance', 'improved', 'mental', 'health', 'because', 'affects']
['individual', 'growth', 'counters', 'restricted', 'personal', 'activities']
['authorities', 'actions', 'management', 'criteria', 'regulating']
['pandemic', 'beyond', 'people', 'control', 'adversely', 'impact']
['their', 'exercising', 'eating', 'habits', 'gardening', 'dancing', 'meditation']
['learning', 'other', 'activities', 'result', 'people', 'perceive']
['negative', 'impact', 'their', 'minds', 'sustainability', 'their']
['psychological', 'health', 'damaged']
['covid', 'impacts', 'quality']
['mental', 'health', 'prejudices', 'human', 'living', 'standards', 'joint']
['united', 'nations', 'program', 'unaids', 'notes']
['pandemic', 'increases', 'numbers', 'people', 'suffering']
['stress', 'anxiety', 'conditions', 'related', 'depression']
['essential', 'conduct', 'study', 'evaluate', 'impact']
['covid', 'perspective', 'quality', 'economic']
['psychological', 'environmental', 'perspectives']
['several', 'research', 'studies', 'highlighted', 'severe', 'impact']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'worth', 'noting']
['outbreak', 'experienced', 'damaged', 'mental', 'health']
['fernandes', 'specific', 'covid', 'there', 'diverse']
['effects', 'mental', 'health', 'following', 'imposition', 'preventive']
['measures', 'social', 'distancing', 'isolation', 'limited', 'meetings']
['interaction', 'directly', 'decelerate', 'economy', 'mental']
['health', 'countries', 'declining', 'projected', 'global', 'trade']
['export', 'volumes', 'allcott', 'psychological']
['sustainability', 'involves', 'merger', 'political', 'perspectives']
['human', 'development', 'economic', 'aspects', 'covid']
['impact', 'three', 'fetzer', 'discuss']
['pandemic', 'impact', 'global', 'economy', 'isolation', 'results']
['business', 'revenue', 'restrictions', 'consumers', 'being']
['purchase', 'ultimately', 'result', 'economic', 'downturn']
['apart', 'stresses', 'being', 'constantly', 'imposed']
['people', 'worldwide', 'negatively', 'affect', 'their', 'minds', 'decrease']
['economic', 'activity', 'iacus', 'covid', 'considerable']
['impact', 'emotionally', 'traumatized', 'individuals', 'handling']
['situation', 'reduced', 'their', 'level', 'comfort', 'socially']
['economically', 'environmentally', 'according', 'cartwright']
['amalgamation', 'these', 'factors', 'triggers']
['level', 'stress', 'people', 'minds', 'which', 'meanwhile', 'affects']
['economic', 'development', 'ruins', 'efforts', 'developmental']
['projects', 'pirouz']
['faced', 'several', 'epidemics', 'asian', 'nations']
['impacted', 'middle', 'respiratory', 'syndrome']
['outbreak', 'africa', 'under', 'attack', 'ebola']
['virus', 'influenced', 'socio', 'economic', 'equilibrium']
['affected', 'public', 'health', 'caused', 'numerous', 'deaths', 'similar']
['facing', 'covid', 'marin', 'lawanson']
['evans', 'pandemic', 'affected', 'types', 'businesses']
['there', 'shortages', 'medical', 'equipment', 'masks']
['personal', 'protection', 'equipment', 'realize']
['fragile', 'systems', 'country', 'crisis']
['targeted', 'collaborative', 'approach', 'required']
['current', 'research', 'evaluate']
['impact', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'sustainability']
['quality', 'people', 'tending', 'toward', 'stress', 'anxiety']
['depression', 'other', 'health', 'mental', 'issues', 'limited']
['alone', 'study', 'discusses', 'pandemic', 'impact', 'sustainable']
['development', 'psychologically', 'economically', 'given']
['changes', 'psychological', 'sustainability', 'people', 'living']
['style', 'their', 'situations', 'there']
['conduct', 'study', 'direction', 'currently', 'there']
['reports', 'research', 'articles', 'separately', 'discuss', 'impact']
['covid', 'rapid', 'spread', 'health', 'system', 'mental', 'health']
['sustainability', 'global', 'economy', 'allcott']
['banerjee', 'pirouz', 'research', 'related']
['pandemic', 'simultaneous', 'effects', 'psychological', 'economic']
['environmental', 'paradigms', 'required']
['study', 'explores', 'information', 'about', 'human', 'experiences']
['influence', 'their', 'quality', 'psychologically', 'economically']
['environmentally']
['pandemic', 'trade', 'largely', 'affected']
['impact', 'chaos', 'effect', 'globalization']
['private', 'public', 'sectors', 'under', 'influence', 'donald']
['previously', 'large', 'companies', 'goals', 'focused']
['financial', 'however', 'level', 'interconnected', 'trade']
['meaning', 'there', 'unequal', 'distribution']
['benefits', 'associated', 'globalization', 'roome']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897']
['keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['powerful', 'governments', 'those', 'major']
['conglomerations', 'should', 'realize', 'unless', 'together']
['overall', 'quality', 'compromised', 'globally', 'working']
['culture', 'environment', 'worker', 'policies', 'should']
['looked', 'obtain', 'flexible', 'innovative', 'empathetic']
['workplace', 'everyone', 'crisis']
['therefore', 'research', 'report']
['analyze', 'impact', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['sustainability', 'quality']
['determine', 'effect', 'covid', 'economic']
['social', 'political', 'factors', 'relating', 'sustainable']
['development', 'environment']
['evaluate', 'impact', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['global', 'economy']
['examine', 'organizational', 'changes', 'solutions']
['dealing', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['highlight', 'effect', 'support', 'world', 'trade']
['environmental', 'infrastructure', 'tackling', 'condition']
['covid']
['methodology']
['study', 'design']
['guidelines', 'principles', 'followed', 'while', 'preparing']
['methodology', 'research', 'thorough', 'literature', 'search']
['conducted', 'after', 'proper', 'evaluation', 'analysis', 'relevant']
['literature', 'identified', 'included', 'present', 'review']
['accomplish', 'desired', 'objectives', 'studies', 'related']
['topic', 'published', 'selected']
['assumed', 'including', 'publications', 'previous']
['decade', 'would', 'helpful', 'reflecting', 'practices']
['strategies', 'implemented', 'situations', 'previously']
['global', 'economic', 'recession', 'computerized', 'literature', 'search']
['performed', 'journal', 'articles', 'authentic', 'sources']
['extracted', 'including', 'medline', 'pubmed', 'google', 'scholar']
['science', 'direct', 'proquest', 'emerald', 'insight', 'references']
['selected', 'articles', 'screened', 'identify', 'relevant']
['studies', 'literature', 'search', 'performed', 'including']
['following', 'keywords', 'coronavirus', 'pandemic', 'covid', 'sustainability', 'quality']
['global', 'economy', 'psychology', 'organizational']
['changes', 'covid']
['inclusion', 'exclusion', 'criteria']
['inclusion', 'criteria', 'research', 'articles', 'based']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'articles', 'research', 'papers', 'journals']
['articles', 'published', 'articles']
['sustainability', 'management', 'related', 'virus', 'pandemic']
['exclusion', 'criteria', 'psychology', 'research', 'articles', 'journals']
['published', 'before', 'research', 'articles', 'having']
['current', 'pandemic', 'impact', 'psychology', 'sustainability']
['quality', 'global', 'economy', 'additionally', 'articles']
['languages', 'other', 'english', 'process']
['retrieving', 'screening', 'studies', 'according', 'these', 'criteria']
['systematic', 'review', 'shown', 'figure', 'after', 'initial', 'search']
['figure', 'diagram', 'illustrating', 'literature', 'search', 'selection', 'criteria']
['according', 'prisma', 'preferred', 'reporting', 'items', 'systematic', 'reviews']
['analysis', 'moher']
['total', 'articles', 'identified', 'medline', 'pubmed']
['through', 'other', 'databases', 'after', 'removing', 'duplicate', 'records']
['titles', 'abstracts', 'screened', 'finally', 'studies']
['found', 'relevant', 'inclusion', 'criteria']
['literature', 'review']
['psychology', 'sustainability']
['according', 'chandler', 'psychology', 'sustainability']
['criteria', 'relative', 'development', 'associated']
['socio', 'economic', 'progress', 'leading', 'improved', 'living', 'standards']
['study', 'srivastava', 'proposed']
['management', 'sustainability', 'relates', 'ecology', 'equity']
['economy', 'meanwhile', 'cartwright', 'observed']
['covid', 'affects', 'quality', 'overall', 'economic']
['ecological', 'equity', 'conditions', 'changed', 'according']
['bastola', 'psychological', 'sustainability', 'factors']
['contribute', 'being', 'allow', 'psychological', 'development']
['recycling', 'dismantling', 'demolishing', 'factors', 'affected']
['sustainability', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'relates']
['deconstruction', 'recoverability', 'oxygenation', 'iacus']
['using', 'micro', 'dimension', 'awareness', 'creates']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897']
['keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['opportunity', 'increase', 'awareness', 'ultimately', 'enables']
['involvement', 'centered', 'development', 'criteria']
['impact', 'coronavirus', 'disease']
['psychology', 'sustainability', 'quality']
[]
['political', 'environmental', 'economic', 'aspects', 'collectively']
['determine', 'sustainable', 'development', 'psychologically', 'bowen']
['these', 'aspects', 'determine', 'humans', 'should', 'spend']
['their', 'current', 'lives', 'quality']
['transferred', 'enjoyed', 'future', 'generations', 'according']
['garfin', 'minimal', 'changes', 'human', 'slowly', 'alter']
['future', 'future', 'generations', 'perceive', 'their', 'lives']
['outcome', 'change', 'think', 'people', 'before']
['their', 'lives', 'similar', 'world', 'pandemics']
['impacted', 'present', 'lives', 'moreover', 'covid']
['pandemic', 'dramatically', 'impacted', 'political', 'environmental']
['economic', 'aspects', 'human', 'which', 'psychological']
['development', 'sustainability', 'dependent', 'ultimately']
['affects', 'quality', 'disturbing', 'people', 'living', 'standards']
['outbreak', 'covid', 'early', 'agitated', 'social']
['problems', 'threatened', 'economies', 'world', 'nicola']
['according', 'arden', 'chilcot', 'growth']
['development', 'different', 'countries', 'stopped', 'financial']
['stability', 'developed', 'undeveloped', 'countries']
['shattered', 'pandemic', 'targeted', 'lives', 'human', 'beings']
['highly', 'dependent', 'socialization', 'because', 'social', 'distancing']
['lockdown', 'necessary', 'precautions', 'avoiding', 'covid', 'resultant', 'increased', 'stress', 'depression', 'directly', 'lessens']
['quality', 'balasubramanian', 'people', 'around']
['globe', 'losing', 'their', 'their', 'income', 'profit', 'margins']
['revenue', 'generated', 'various', 'organizations', 'dropped']
['economy', 'their', 'citizens', 'psychological', 'health']
['pandemic', 'countries', 'developed', 'strategies']
['years', 'struggle', 'required', 'regain', 'economic', 'stability']
['moreover', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'associated', 'crises']
['traumatized', 'people', 'psychological', 'being', 'especially']
['employees', 'their', 'being', 'employees']
['working', 'compromised', 'between', 'their']
['professional', 'personal', 'lives', 'reduced', 'pratt', 'frost']
['situation', 'stressed', 'employees']
['uncomfortable', 'aggressive', 'relationship', 'organization']
['which', 'directly', 'indirectly', 'ruined', 'their', 'psychological']
['sustainability', 'macro', 'level', 'according', 'mahase']
['world', 'before', 'after', 'pandemic', 'never']
['people', 'isolated', 'themselves', 'millions', 'lives', 'already']
['global', 'economy', 'slowed', 'exponentially', 'covid', 'imposed', 'harsh', 'realities', 'unemployment', 'illness']
['bereavement', 'people', 'lasting', 'hardships']
['struggles', 'required', 'mitigate', 'situation', 'negative', 'impact']
['coronavirus', 'substantially', 'impacted', 'people', 'psychology']
['created', 'extensive', 'psychological', 'experiment', 'human']
['beings', 'which', 'eventually', 'change', 'overall', 'lifestyle']
['current', 'future', 'generations']
['knowing', 'condition', 'current', 'pandemic']
['diverse', 'effects', 'psychological', 'sustainability', 'disturbs']
['quality', 'restricts', 'people', 'having']
['preventive', 'measures', 'however', 'according', 'fabio']
['management', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'helps', 'foster']
['being', 'enhance', 'working', 'conditions', 'within', 'society', 'there']
['changes', 'behavior', 'which', 'people', 'suffering']
['stress', 'anxiety', 'fatigue', 'lockdown']
['restriction', 'staying', 'negatively', 'impacts', 'human']
['living', 'standards', 'professional', 'examination', 'reveals', 'increasing']
['cases', 'related', 'traumatic', 'stress', 'nutritional', 'deficiencies']
['psychological', 'issues', 'reported', 'psychological']
['impacts', 'covid', 'include', 'growing', 'leaving']
['impact', 'coronavirus', 'disease']
['sustainable', 'development']
['impact', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'economic']
['conditions']
['interdependency', 'overall', 'prosperity', 'integrity', 'health']
['emphasizes', 'human', 'dependence', 'state', 'economy']
['econometric', 'analysis', 'world', 'economic', 'growth', 'shows']
['current', 'pandemic', 'widespread', 'health', 'crises']
['economic', 'damage', 'according', 'haider']
['economic', 'situation', 'depends', 'helping', 'affect']
['economic', 'recovery', 'measures', 'global', 'economic', 'crises']
['covid', 'reveal', 'economic', 'decline', 'moreover', 'report']
['allcott', 'highlights', 'declining', 'economy', 'related']
['fluctuations', 'rates', 'current', 'scenario']
['shrunk', 'approximately', 'first']
['pandemic', 'fetzer', 'another', 'report', 'estimated']
['difference', 'projected', 'coming', 'period']
['conditions', 'continue', 'additionally', 'there']
['considerable', 'number', 'further', 'crises', 'faces', 'losses']
['overall', 'rates', 'advanced', 'economies', 'those', 'europe']
['america', 'declined', 'emerging', 'economies']
[]
['covid', 'impacts', 'global', 'trade', 'investment']
['fernandes', 'changing', 'global', 'trading', 'volumes']
['observed', 'industries', 'eventually', 'affected']
['pandemic', 'world', 'trade', 'organization', 'supports']
['graphs', 'represent', 'changes']
['average', 'value', 'trade', 'which', 'includes', 'contribution']
['change', 'economic', 'outlook', 'which', 'relates']
['growing', 'global', 'poverty', 'declining', 'living', 'standards', 'bastola']
['growth', 'projections', 'apparent', 'living']
['standards', 'heading', 'extreme', 'poverty', 'increased']
['subsequently', 'negatively', 'affects', 'economy', 'leads']
['economic', 'crises']
['chandler', 'reports', 'covid', 'impacted', 'labor']
['weeks', 'which', 'signifies']
['directly', 'increases', 'stress', 'levels', 'highest', 'unemployment']
['rates', 'europe', 'america', 'pacific']
['regions', 'unemployment', 'rates', 'headed', 'toward', 'decrease']
['america', 'europe', 'central', 'apart']
['fluctuations', 'trading', 'sectors', 'decline']
['manufacturing', 'textile', 'cosmetics', 'industries']
['according', 'iacus', 'covid', 'enormously']
['impacted', 'income', 'ratios', 'developed', 'developing']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897']
['keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['countries', 'shift', 'fiscal', 'policy', 'packages', 'assessed']
['across', 'countries', 'distributed', 'austria']
['france', 'qatar']
['united', 'states', 'australia']
['monetary', 'stimulus', 'packages', 'across', 'these', 'countries']
['distributed', 'bahrain', 'china']
['germany', 'united', 'kingdom']
['sarkodie', 'owusu']
['impact', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'environmental']
['issues']
['along', 'impact', 'covid', 'economic', 'conditions']
['there', 'environmental', 'impact', 'which', 'cartwright']
['discuss', 'covid', 'situation', 'impacts', 'global', 'emissions']
['especially', 'relation', 'release', 'emissions']
['atmosphere', 'lessening', 'emissions', 'relates']
['effect', 'covid', 'human', 'development', 'which']
['bastola', 'financial', 'crisis']
['restrictions', 'human', 'development', 'declining', 'rates', 'change']
['evolved', 'along', 'environmental', 'degradation']
['observed', 'asian', 'european', 'countries', 'extent']
['ambient', 'particulate', 'matter', 'declined', 'significantly']
['gautam', 'trivedi', 'kasha', 'urban', 'industrial']
['areas', 'carbon', 'monoxide', 'aerosol', 'present']
['situation', 'gautam', 'trivedi', 'holthaus', 'these']
['environmental', 'gains', 'mirror', 'losses', 'fields', 'health']
['education', 'income', 'trade']
['impact', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'political', 'issues']
['coronavirus', 'impact', 'observed', 'politically']
['lockdown', 'isolation', 'result', 'reduced', 'export', 'import']
['rates', 'current', 'situation', 'difficult', 'carry', 'activities']
['designed', 'economic', 'wheel', 'haider']
['furthermore', 'there', 'considerable', 'shift', 'policies']
['strategies', 'related', 'economic', 'policies', 'industrial']
['level', 'there', 'decline', 'industrial', 'restriction']
['though', 'support', 'being', 'provided', 'business', 'opportunities']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'there', 'still', 'restrictions']
['mobilizing', 'current', 'development', 'according', 'bastola']
['political', 'parties', 'provided', 'funds', 'highlighted']
['financial', 'support', 'ensure', 'people', 'survival', 'during', 'covid']
['moreover', 'impact', 'lockdown', 'isolation', 'rescheduling']
['spread', 'virus', 'resulted']
['political', 'perceptions']
['impact', 'coronavirus', 'disease']
['global', 'economy']
['according', 'global', 'economic']
['integration', 'required', 'implications']
['coronavirus', 'pandemic', 'balanced', 'partnership', 'between']
['public', 'private', 'sector', 'which', 'takes', 'account', 'contextual']
['economy', 'health', 'system', 'specific', 'country']
['situation', 'national', 'international', 'health']
['economic', 'recovery', 'world', 'total', 'depends']
['economies', 'separate', 'countries', 'china', 'economy']
['largest', 'contributing', 'economy', 'united', 'states', 'second']
['largest', 'covid', 'factories', 'moving', 'toward']
['closure', 'stopping', 'production', 'goods']
['production', 'goods', 'services', 'great', 'impact']
['consumers', 'significant', 'purchasing', 'practices']
['recorded', 'since', 'spread', 'covid', 'context']
['declining', 'sales', 'forcing', 'international', 'market']
['situation', 'brands', 'apple', 'toyota', 'jaguar', 'rover']
['facing', 'investors', 'consumers']
['ahmad', 'according', 'hyundai']
['business', 'services', 'supply', 'operations']
['consumer', 'purchases', 'starbucks', 'outlets']
['consumers', 'cannot', 'purchase', 'reduction', 'import']
['china', 'resulted', 'decline', 'international', 'prices']
['multiple', 'uncertainties', 'observed', 'consumption']
['smartphones', 'demand', 'supplies', 'worsening']
['production', 'company', 'faced', 'declining', 'purchases']
['ahmad', 'aftermath', 'covid']
['impact', 'global', 'economy', 'according', 'report']
['issues', 'related', 'current', 'pandemic', 'restrict']
['global', 'economy', 'overall', 'sustainable', 'development', 'criteria']
['expected', 'collapse', 'distribution', 'economic', 'policy', 'globally']
['response', 'covid', 'conducted', 'across', 'countries']
['demonstrated', 'united', 'states', 'followed']
['sweden', 'there', 'countries', 'economic', 'policy']
['kazakhstan', 'ukraine', 'yemen', 'liberia', 'denmark']
['sarkodie', 'owusu']
['organizational', 'survival', 'envisioned']
['human', 'resources', 'during', 'pandemic']
['during', 'outbreak', 'coronavirus', 'management', 'styles']
['changed', 'tackle', 'operations', 'reduce', 'chances']
['crisis', 'according', 'ågerfalk', 'includes']
['consideration', 'online', 'management', 'online', 'networks']
['organizations', 'survive', 'donald', 'there']
['major', 'types', 'organizational', 'arrangements', 'traditional']
['pandemic', 'system', 'traditional', 'structure', 'pandemic', 'model', 'existed', 'during', 'decades']
['however', 'demerits', 'clearly', 'evident', 'during', 'pandemic']
['lacks', 'clarity', 'defining', 'roles', 'responsibilities', 'there']
['disparity', 'outcome', 'attainment', 'system', 'working', 'conditions', 'efficient', 'although', 'power', 'allocation']
['matrix', 'structure', 'crisis', 'instability']
['control', 'roome', 'resulting', 'inadequate']
['organizational', 'structure', 'model', 'pandemic']
['focuses', 'innovation', 'knowledge', 'better', 'required']
['skillsets', 'huang', 'organizations', 'quickly']
['adaptive', 'build', 'creativity', 'possess', 'sharing', 'attitude']
['better', 'situation', 'manage', 'employees', 'pandemic']
['models', 'based', 'power', 'control', 'shift']
['flexible', 'modernized', 'culture']
['current', 'situation', 'typical', 'hierarchical', 'organizations']
['result', 'better', 'outcomes', 'approach', 'allocate']
['power', 'authority', 'specific', 'group', 'restrict', 'working']
['conditions', 'human', 'resources', 'envisioned', 'model']
['using', 'distributed', 'leadership', 'innovation', 'continuous', 'training']
['adapt', 'changing', 'times', 'obtain', 'effective']
['results', 'according', 'mcconnell', 'study', 'organizations']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897']
['keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['networked', 'hierarchical', 'distributed', 'leadership', 'styles']
['cross', 'training', 'practices', 'flexible', 'guidelines', 'using', 'survival']
['techniques', 'tackle', 'covid', 'conditions']
['support', 'world', 'trade', 'environmental']
['infrastructure', 'tackle', 'covid']
['impact', 'covid', 'limited', 'sustainable']
['development', 'there', 'challenges', 'associated', 'global', 'trade']
['management', 'according', 'united', 'nations', 'environment']
['program', 'united', 'nations', 'environment', 'programme']
['trade', 'essential', 'saving', 'livelihoods', 'increasing']
['economic', 'cooperation', 'whether', 'related', 'covid']
['typical', 'situations', 'trade', 'infrastructure', 'boosts', 'confidence']
['level', 'operations', 'allows', 'improvement', 'transparency']
['environmental', 'trade', 'infrastructure', 'deshmukh', 'haleem']
['other', 'multiple', 'actions', 'procedures']
['followed', 'management', 'covid']
['situation', 'hishan', 'support', 'world', 'trade']
['environment', 'infrastructure', 'there', 'opportunity', 'supply']
['health', 'products', 'organizations', 'avoid']
['unnecessary', 'export', 'import', 'practices', 'development', 'world']
['trade', 'environmental', 'infrastructure', 'helps', 'ensure', 'public', 'interest']
['government', 'support', 'effectively', 'analyze', 'development']
['choices', 'gilbert', 'confirm', 'importance', 'world']
['trade', 'environmental', 'infrastructure', 'boost', 'confidence', 'level']
['increase', 'transparency', 'economies', 'deshmukh']
['haleem', 'consider', 'transparency', 'shared', 'strong']
['collections', 'information', 'contributes', 'supporting']
['managed', 'infrastructure', 'required', 'covid']
['africa', 'suffered', 'massive', 'outbreak']
['ebola', 'virus', 'death', 'affected', 'country']
['numerous', 'levels', 'smith', 'socio', 'economic', 'disparity']
['growth', 'rates', 'shortage', 'businesses']
['resulted', 'facing', 'similar', 'situation', 'presently', 'which']
['demands', 'health', 'economic', 'environmental', 'policies']
['should', 'modified', 'recover', 'crisis']
['collaborate', 'future', 'efficiently', 'smith']
['research', 'findings']
['analysis', 'helped', 'evaluate', 'impact', 'covid']
['psychology', 'sustainability', 'quality', 'global']
['economy', 'initial', 'search', 'found', 'articles', 'including']
['duplicate', 'articles', 'after', 'title', 'abstract', 'screening']
['articles', 'these', 'assessed', 'eligibility']
['inclusion', 'criteria', 'after', 'extraction', 'relevant']
['articles', 'categorized', 'following', 'subheadings']
['provide', 'clear', 'description', 'author', 'published']
['article', 'assessment', 'findings', 'covid']
['present', 'implications', 'caused', 'pandemic', 'future']
['perspective', 'recovery', 'crisis', 'situation']
['table', 'focus', 'review', 'research']
['published', 'specifically', 'response', 'covid', 'interesting']
['observe', 'majority', 'studies']
['justified', 'pandemic', 'occurred', 'recent']
['times', 'hence', 'research', 'mainly', 'highlighted', 'current', 'impact']
['globally', 'lessons', 'learned', 'current', 'scenarios', 'among']
['these', 'majority', 'review', 'articles']
['randomized', 'controlled', 'clinical', 'trials', 'which', 'assessed']
['economic', 'environmental', 'health', 'sustainability', 'impacts']
['covid', 'caused', 'greater', 'chaos', 'previous', 'pandemics']
['represented', 'studies', 'global', 'spread', 'implications']
['ruined', 'sectors', 'small', 'large', 'though']
['assessment', 'various', 'factors', 'studies', 'clear']
['conclusive', 'steps', 'followed', 'included']
['research', 'shown', 'developing', 'countries']
['worse', 'situation', 'managing', 'their', 'health', 'systems', 'economy']
['developed', 'countries', 'additionally', 'people', 'rural', 'areas']
['elderly', 'women', 'children', 'undergoing', 'major', 'stresses']
['changes', 'pandemic', 'though', 'pollution']
['decreased', 'tremendously', 'countries', 'pandemic', 'there']
['piles', 'medical', 'waste', 'which', 'impact', 'entire']
['environment', 'these', 'research', 'projects', 'management']
['leadership', 'systems', 'based', 'power', 'control']
['sustainable', 'option', 'future', 'creativity']
['technological', 'usage', 'strict', 'policies', 'cannot', 'continued']
['table', 'clearly', 'shows', 'pandemic', 'disrupted']
['balance', 'among', 'nations', 'though', 'impact', 'mainly']
['health', 'sector', 'economy', 'deeper', 'level']
['everything', 'affected', 'there', 'struggle', 'social']
['distancing', 'norms', 'working', 'online']
['teaching', 'suffering', 'daily', 'workers', 'crisis', 'situation']
['restaurants', 'hotels', 'aviation', 'department', 'changes']
['fiscal', 'monetary', 'policies', 'psychological', 'impact', 'health']
['professionals', 'health', 'workers', 'extra', 'workload']
['sanitation', 'department', 'terms', 'analyzing', 'research']
['findings', 'included', 'studies', 'clear']
['impact', 'pandemic', 'assessed']
['factors', 'health', 'economy', 'environment', 'sustainability']
['management', 'however', 'clear', 'conclusive', 'result', 'based']
['psychology', 'sustainability', 'overall', 'being', 'global']
['economic', 'implications', 'lacking', 'contributed']
['present', 'study', 'learn', 'these']
['challenges', 'faced', 'humans', 'globally']
['discussion']
['analysis', 'impact', 'covid', 'global', 'economy']
['highlights', 'various', 'elements', 'affect', 'economic', 'conditions']
['study', 'pirouz', 'observes', 'current', 'pandemic']
['hurts', 'directly', 'weakens', 'region', 'overall', 'economy']
['supported', 'consumer', 'consumption']
['affects', 'economy', 'regional', 'economies', 'fetzer']
['other', 'words', 'multiple', 'socio', 'economic', 'factors', 'lessen']
['economic', 'decelerate', 'global', 'economy']
['collected', 'discusses', 'impact', 'covid', 'psychological', 'sustainability', 'information', 'gathered']
['revealed', 'humans', 'experience', 'increasing', 'uncertainty']
['stress', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'continually', 'increasing']
['unaids', 'according', 'zandifar', 'badrfam']
['there', 'various', 'which', 'covid', 'affect', 'sustainable']
['development', 'psychologically', 'evaluation', 'elements', 'related']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897']
['keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'table', 'impact', 'covid', 'future', 'perspective', 'improve', 'health', 'economy', 'sustainability', 'quality', 'author', 'assessment', 'implications', 'future', 'perspective', 'impact', 'health', 'economy', 'compared', 'developed', 'countries', 'developing', 'nations', 'nations', 'african', 'countries', 'compromised', 'health', 'structure', 'greatly', 'affected', 'policies', 'should', 'implemented', 'focus', 'economic', 'recovery', 'there', 'inflation', 'essential', 'goods', 'services', 'government', 'should', 'strategically', 'execute', 'revised', 'norms', 'combat', 'pandemic', 'should', 'implement', 'mitigation', 'policy', 'pandemic', 'policy', 'mitigation', 'policy', 'should', 'target', 'nation', 'health', 'sector', 'include', 'various', 'changes', 'pandemic', 'defined', 'containment', 'measures', 'protection', 'health', 'workers', 'additional', 'benefits', 'increased', 'supply', 'sanitizers', 'other', 'personal', 'protection', 'equipment', 'regional', 'opening', 'testing', 'centers', 'online', 'education', 'aimed', 'improving', 'awareness', 'regarding', 'risks', 'associated', 'covid', 'successfully', 'manage', 'pandemic', 'recovery', 'policy', 'ensure', 'individual', 'follow', 'social', 'distancing', 'properly', 'abide', 'lockdown', 'rules', 'people', 'sustain', 'allowed', 'specific', 'hours', 'offices', 'avoiding', 'gatherings', 'businesses', 'citizens', 'sarkodie', 'owusu', 'assessed', 'impact', 'environment', 'health', 'economy', 'pollution', 'declined', 'however', 'amount', 'medical', 'waste', 'dramatically', 'increased', 'several', 'fiscal', 'measures', 'changes', 'monetary', 'policies', 'economy', 'recovery', 'shared', 'private', 'sectors', 'across', 'numerous', 'countries', 'countries', 'united', 'kingdom', 'ranks', 'highest', 'level', 'uncertainty', 'assessment', 'pandemic', 'uncertainty', 'among', 'countries', 'united', 'states', 'implemented', 'greatest', 'policy', 'crisis', 'developing', 'developed', 'countries', 'recession', 'introduced', 'several', 'policies', 'fiscal', 'monetary', 'measures', 'additional', 'welfare', 'costs', 'health', 'policies', 'impacted', 'developing', 'weaker', 'nations', 'badly', 'economic', 'slowdown', 'these', 'countries', 'adapt', 'scaled', 'effect', 'priority', 'given', 'resource', 'depletion', 'sustainable', 'utilization', 'governments', 'across', 'nations', 'should', 'achieve', 'outcome', 'ensuring', 'health', 'economy', 'sustainable', 'development', 'compromised', 'recover', 'pandemic', 'berchin', 'andrade', 'guerra', 'impact', 'sustainable', 'development', 'sectors', 'covid', 'increased', 'demand', 'healthier', 'organic', 'making', 'various', 'systems', 'susceptible', 'impact', 'pandemic', 'largely', 'observed', 'among', 'women', 'children', 'elderly', 'workers', 'small', 'medium', 'enterprises', 'several', 'measures', 'should', 'taken', 'achieve', 'balance', 'among', 'sectors', 'regional', 'mobilization', 'policies', 'ensure', 'trade', 'continued', 'involves', 'private', 'firms', 'small', 'medium', 'enterprises', 'global', 'support', 'combat', 'associated', 'cross', 'border', 'transactions', 'enhanced', 'accessibility', 'technology', 'changing', 'world', 'innovation', 'occurring', 'faster', 'technology', 'should', 'provided', 'rural', 'areas', 'people', 'access', 'kinds', 'information', 'pandemic', 'revised', 'policy', 'policies', 'strengthen', 'overall', 'system', 'focus', 'solely', 'financial', 'growth', 'education', 'encourage', 'technologies', 'distance', 'learning', 'irrespective', 'region', 'nationality', 'continued']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897']
['keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'table', 'continued', 'author', 'assessment', 'implications', 'future', 'perspective', 'donald', 'impact', 'management', 'leaders', 'business', 'decision', 'models', 'design', 'models', 'organizations', 'based', 'creativity', 'flexibility', 'which', 'favorable', 'years', 'importance', 'decision', 'making', 'management', 'involvement', 'stakeholders', 'worked', 'previously', 'needs', 'modification', 'present', 'situation', 'organizational', 'structures', 'required', 'based', 'innovation', 'confidence', 'taking', 'attitude', 'flexibility', 'newly', 'designed', 'organizations', 'there', 'should', 'restricted', 'roles', 'responsibilities', 'structure', 'training', 'should', 'conducted', 'everyone', 'adaptive', 'modify', 'their', 'needs', 'requirements', 'kottika', 'impact', 'involving', 'business', 'consumer', 'markets', 'there', 'economic', 'breakdown', 'growth', 'united', 'states', 'decreased', 'first', 'quarter', 'european', 'nations', 'shrunk', 'period', 'important', 'develop', 'entrepreneurial', 'personality', 'traits', 'clearly', 'shown', 'their', 'attitude', 'plays', 'significant', 'orientation', 'quality', 'service', 'should', 'provided', 'consumers', 'following', 'specific', 'protocols', 'change', 'depending', 'market', 'situation', 'etemad', 'impact', 'quality', 'economy', 'organization', 'various', 'institutions', 'there', 'slowdown', 'functioning', 'sectors', 'whether', 'large', 'small', 'rural', 'urban', 'place', 'however', 'impacted', 'pandemic', 'situation', 'prior', 'crisis', 'should', 'assessed', 'closely', 'processes', 'followed', 'regarding', 'entrepreneurial', 'internationalization', 'perspectives', 'review', 'reevaluation', 'sectors', 'should', 'maximize', 'financial', 'support', 'those', 'cannot', 'recover', 'their']
['sustainability', 'reveals', 'associations', 'social', 'environmental']
['economic', 'factors', 'psychological', 'sustainability']
['practices', 'collected', 'reveals', 'impact', 'covid']
['psychology', 'sustainability', 'current', 'situation']
['consistent', 'impact', 'people', 'result', 'there']
['adapt', 'services', 'tackle', 'mental', 'health', 'issues']
['allow', 'people', 'survive', 'improved', 'quality']
['declining', 'economy', 'contribution']
['covid', 'observed', 'global', 'emission', 'system']
['labor', 'expect', 'decline', 'future', 'there']
['chance', 'individual', 'facing', 'overall', 'situation']
['leads', 'stress', 'restricts', 'people', 'developing', 'economy']
['sustainably', 'chandler', 'these', 'employment', 'issues']
['linked', 'psychological', 'factors', 'leading', 'cause']
['stress', 'depression', 'ultimately', 'quality']
['banerjee']
['collected', 'shows', 'departments']
['changing', 'working', 'criteria', 'focusing', 'alternative', 'working']
['solutions', 'organizations', 'allcott', 'observe']
['covid', 'forces', 'shift', 'management', 'close', 'ended']
['ended', 'leadership', 'styles', 'dispersed', 'workforce']
['interdependency', 'loose', 'criteria', 'considered', 'necessary']
['organizational', 'survival', 'pandemic', 'apart']
['prefers', 'adopt', 'flexible', 'guidelines', 'cross', 'training', 'practices']
['provide', 'practices', 'services', 'manage', 'pandemic']
['result', 'these', 'sorts', 'instructions', 'guidelines', 'ensure']
['survival', 'organization', 'corporations']
['calamities', 'experienced', 'covid', 'fernandes']
['similarly', 'organizations', 'reacting', 'managed']
['manner', 'increase', 'their', 'productive', 'outcomes', 'clear']
['declining', 'projection', 'observed', 'globally']
['improvement', 'projected', 'rates', 'expected', 'pratt', 'frost']
['according', 'report', 'published']
['capital', 'flows', 'decline', 'annual', 'charges']
['decelerating', 'economic', 'conditions', 'furthermore', 'there']
['considerable', 'covid', 'effects', 'losses', 'faced']
['global', 'trade', 'investment', 'practices', 'analysis', 'impact']
['covid', 'economy', 'reveals', 'world', 'economy']
['expected', 'further', 'decreases', 'volumes', 'global', 'trade']
['projections', 'because', 'current', 'situation', 'worsening']
['along', 'there', 'impact', 'covid', 'politically']
['which', 'results', 'reduced', 'exports', 'imports', 'politically']
['level', 'funds', 'required', 'support', 'country', 'regulation']
['bowen', 'spread', 'virus', 'endangers']
['overall', 'sustainability', 'development', 'situation', 'during']
['covid', 'managed', 'support', 'trade']
['environmental', 'infrastructure', 'various', 'macro', 'level', 'elements']
['ensure', 'sustainable', 'development']
['improved', 'access', 'advanced', 'technologies', 'anticipated']
['production', 'processes', 'development', 'efficient']
['haider', 'there', 'shortage', 'supply']
['drugs', 'medicine', 'mental', 'health', 'issues', 'according']
['pharmacists', 'significant', 'issue', 'hinders', 'development']
['health', 'services', 'makes', 'difficult', 'practitioners']
['improve', 'their', 'patients', 'quality', 'unaids', 'there']
['opportunity', 'support', 'world', 'trade', 'environmental']
['infrastructure', 'allows', 'corporations', 'advanced']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897']
['keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['infrastructures', 'increased', 'interest', 'levels', 'moreover', 'world']
['trade', 'support', 'systems', 'enhance', 'efficient', 'supply']
['medicines', 'there', 'clear', 'avoidance']
['import', 'export', 'practices', 'without', 'advanced', 'infrastructures']
['herbert', 'infrastructure', 'support', 'there']
['chance', 'transparency', 'management', 'economies']
['these', 'companies', 'support', 'developed', 'infrastructure', 'arden']
['chilcot', 'world', 'trade', 'environmental', 'infrastructure']
['support', 'includes', 'focus', 'planting', 'trees', 'promoting']
['sustainable', 'practices', 'provide', 'useful', 'opportunities', 'increase']
['healthy', 'regional', 'recovery']
['impact', 'covid', 'psychological', 'sustainability']
['examined', 'observing', 'changes', 'people', 'behavior']
['fabio', 'shared', 'thoughts', 'people', 'quitting']
['workplace', 'because', 'pandemic', 'affected']
['educational', 'institutions', 'along', 'healthcare', 'related', 'facilities', 'contributed', 'negative', 'psychological', 'impact']
['sustainability', 'balkhi', 'found', 'various']
['psychological', 'factors', 'affect', 'people', 'behavior', 'ultimately', 'changing']
['global', 'lifestyles', 'people', 'worldwide']
['concern', 'about', 'safety', 'prefer', 'reduce', 'physical']
['contact', 'others', 'around', 'people']
['extremely', 'anxious', 'conditions', 'mental', 'being']
['unaids', 'other', 'peoples', 'behavioral', 'changes']
['include', 'increasing', 'exhaustion', 'fatigue', 'directly', 'restrict']
['working', 'toward', 'development']
['there', 'between', 'psychology', 'sustainability']
['sustainable', 'development', 'economic', 'crises', 'because', 'these']
['depend', 'quality', 'related', 'improvement', 'rothan']
['byrareddy', 'zenker', 'mention']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'changes', 'people', 'lifestyles', 'globally']
['affecting', 'their', 'social', 'economic', 'environmental', 'contexts']
['multiple', 'reasons', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'toward']
['losses', 'profit', 'margins', 'revenue', 'generated']
['highlighted', 'crisis', 'covid', 'reflecting']
['crises', 'consumption', 'rates', 'consumers', 'increasing']
['unemployment', 'rates', 'covid', 'impact', 'individual']
['being', 'compromised', 'policies', 'difficult']
['employees', 'survive', 'peacefully', 'context']
['multiple', 'changes', 'observed', 'situation', 'experienced']
['globally', 'condition', 'isolation', 'makes', 'people']
['interested', 'harming', 'economy', 'destructive']
['realities', 'associated', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'include', 'illness']
['unemployment', 'bereavement', 'lasting', 'hardship', 'struggle']
['handling', 'situation', 'fetzer', 'other']
['there', 'diverse', 'effects', 'covid', 'economically', 'socially']
['environmentally', 'rothan', 'byrareddy', 'survey']
['explore', 'psychological', 'impact', 'ongoing', 'pandemic']
['found', 'people', 'suffer', 'confidence']
['infection', 'itself', 'there', 'concern', 'about', 'maintenance']
['health', 'people', 'access', 'infection']
['control', 'measures', 'along', 'there', 'realization']
['situation', 'gravity', 'people', 'understand', 'terms']
['their', 'situations']
['multiple', 'uncertainties', 'result', 'outbreak', 'covid']
['affects', 'individual', 'humanity', 'large', 'covid']
['impact', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'nature']
['thought', 'attitudes', 'expressed', 'within', 'context']
['continual', 'stresses', 'imposed', 'people', 'restrictions']
['negatively', 'affect', 'their', 'minds', 'along', 'covid', 'stresses', 'employees', 'others', 'creates', 'uncomfortable']
['relationship', 'peaceful', 'directly', 'indirectly', 'affecting']
['psychological', 'sustainability']
['people', 'psychologies', 'changed', 'dependent']
['global', 'situation', 'currently', 'negatively', 'affected', 'covid']
['result', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'associated', 'crises']
['traumatized', 'people', 'psychological', 'being', 'disturbing']
['their', 'social', 'economic', 'environmental', 'peace']
['policies', 'leads', 'stress', 'criteria', 'managing', 'situation']
['undeveloped', 'involving', 'regional']
['rates', 'economic', 'efficiencies', 'sales', 'rates', 'trade', 'rates', 'reveal']
['economic', 'impact', 'covid', 'these', 'aspects', 'directly']
['indirectly', 'associated', 'pandemic']
['observed', 'economies']
['however', 'learn', 'crises', 'survive', 'present']
['global', 'economic', 'greek', 'financial', 'breakdown']
['between']
['medium', 'sized', 'businesses', 'largely', 'impacted']
['compared', 'small', 'businesses', 'entrepreneurs', 'managed']
['crisis', 'providing', 'findings']
['better', 'covid', 'ensured', 'their']
['products', 'their', 'consumers', 'needs', 'lowered', 'their', 'prices']
['bourletidis', 'triantafyllopoulos', 'utilized', 'advanced']
['tools', 'technologies', 'provide', 'something', 'meaningful']
['giannacourou', 'additionally', 'entrepreneurial']
['managerial', 'personality', 'traits', 'played', 'significant', 'defining']
['company', 'successes', 'elenurm', 'espíritu', 'olmos']
['sastre', 'castillo']
['various', 'findings', 'reveal', 'fluctuations', 'regarding', 'trading']
['system', 'volumes', 'relates', 'losses', 'improvements']
['industries', 'worldwide', 'reveal', 'increased', 'proportion']
['living', 'standards', 'worldwide', 'heading', 'toward', 'extreme', 'poverty']
['crises', 'facing', 'energy', 'production', 'there', 'lower']
['emissions', 'which', 'mirrors', 'human', 'development']
['progress', 'declining', 'changes', 'management', 'styles']
['required', 'society', 'operates', 'reduce']
['chance', 'further', 'crises', 'however', 'adoption', 'networked']
['hierarchical', 'distributed', 'leadership', 'style', 'cross', 'training', 'practices']
['flexible', 'guidelines', 'benefit', 'corporations', 'tackling']
['covid', 'crises', 'finally', 'impact', 'covid']
['tackled', 'support', 'world', 'trade', 'environmental']
['infrastructure', 'which', 'known', 'boost', 'confidence', 'levels']
['corporations', 'operations', 'improve', 'transparency']
['global', 'trade']
['implications', 'future']
['perspectives']
['humans', 'witnessed', 'several', 'previous', 'crises', 'different']
['regions', 'countries', 'humanity', 'emerged']
['should', 'think', 'about', 'creating', 'global', 'change', 'prevent', 'further']
['suffering', 'caused', 'covid', 'crisis', 'highly', 'probable']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897']
['keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['recurrence', 'present', 'crisis', 'strike', 'global', 'population']
['severely', 'therefore', 'desirable']
['government', 'proactive', 'implement', 'planned']
['precautions', 'before', 'situation', 'worsens']
['management', 'institutions', 'organizations', 'develop']
['their', 'skill', 'demonstrate', 'sustainability', 'resilience']
['innovation', 'covid', 'compromised', 'traditional']
['business', 'management', 'systems']
['globally', 'nations', 'sanction', 'policies']
['collective', 'instead', 'their', 'interests']
['educational', 'institutions', 'provide', 'necessary', 'guidance']
['professional', 'deepen', 'understanding', 'crisis']
['management', 'individuals', 'become', 'aware']
['protect', 'themselves', 'avoid', 'risks', 'caused']
['their', 'negligence']
['important', 'health', 'organizations', 'health']
['professionals', 'scientists', 'researchers', 'provided']
['targeted', 'provides', 'sufficient', 'training']
['understanding', 'regarding', 'pandemic', 'impact', 'public']
['health', 'crisis', 'dealt', 'effectively']
['humanity', 'collective', 'approach', 'avoid', 'unnecessary']
['environment', 'earth', 'saved']
['becomes', 'responsible', 'provides', 'support']
['another']
['learn', 'pandemic', 'become']
['capable', 'dealing', 'future', 'crisis']
['conclusion']
['pandemic', 'taught', 'entire', 'world', 'connected']
['together', 'cooperate', 'humanity', 'suffer']
['drastically', 'implement', 'changes']
['emerge', 'crisis', 'continue']
['lives', 'healthy', 'sustainable', 'firstly', 'important']
['marketing', 'processes', 'modified', 'instead', 'blindly', 'following']
['brands', 'getting', 'attracted', 'logos', 'companies', 'should']
['their', 'customers', 'requirements', 'there', 'should']
['shift', 'business', 'approaches', 'financial', 'targets']
['customers', 'unnecessary', 'plastic', 'products', 'should']
['strictly', 'prohibited', 'secondly', 'health', 'related', 'issue', 'should']
['handled', 'global', 'level', 'limit', 'ourselves', 'specific']
['ethnicity', 'culture', 'nationality', 'background', 'humanity']
['sustain', 'pandemic', 'broader']
['understanding', 'public', 'health', 'drivers']
['political', 'parties', 'thirdly', 'globally', 'oriented', 'specific', 'goals']
['should', 'decision', 'maker', 'health', 'being', 'guaranteed', 'budgets', 'should', 'allocated', 'policies']
['prioritizing', 'health', 'different', 'regions', 'cultures', 'should']
['planned', 'fourthly', 'people', 'cultures', 'interests']
['health', 'professionals', 'scientists', 'environmentalists', 'researchers']
['politicians', 'sociologists', 'ethicists', 'should', 'cooperate']
['improve', 'current', 'situation', 'additionally', 'policies']
['related', 'functioning', 'society', 'taxation', 'fiscal', 'policy']
['environmental', 'issues', 'economy', 'health', 'should', 'changed']
['humans', 'survive', 'planet', 'earth', 'harmoniously']
['author', 'contributions']
['authors', 'substantial', 'direct', 'intellectual']
['contribution', 'approved', 'publication']
['funding']
['authors', 'would', 'thank', 'deanship', 'scientific']
['research', 'university', 'supporting']
['grant']
['paper']
['sport', 'psychology', 'services', 'performance', 'athletes']
['during', 'covid']
['these', 'trying', 'times', 'covid', 'altered', 'lives', 'citizens', 'changes', 'associ', 'current', 'pandemic', 'presented', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychologists']
['challenges', 'opportunities', 'related', 'sport', 'performance', 'physical', 'activity', 'health']
['focus', 'presently', 'being', 'encountered', 'mental', 'performance', 'sultants', 'relation', 'aspiring', 'olympic', 'athletes', 'supporting']
['within', 'recent', 'weeks', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'working', 'olympic', 'aspirants']
['evidenced', 'growing', 'number', 'suggestions', 'aspiring', 'athletes', 'might', 'proceed', 'their']
['sports', 'their', 'broader', 'lives', 'based', 'their', 'national', 'conditions', 'regional', 'responses']
['pandemic', 'national', 'funding', 'agency', 'olympic', 'committee', 'federal', 'government']
['sport', 'organisation', 'rolling', 'strategies', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants']
['effectively', 'clients', 'socially', 'distanced', 'world']
['discussions', 'varied', 'challenges', 'athletes', 'encountering', 'issues', 'associ', 'social', 'isolation', 'career', 'disruption', 'qualification', 'process', 'uncertainty', 'unconven', 'tional', 'limited', 'access', 'effective', 'training', 'environments', 'training', 'partners']
['underpinning', 'these', 'considerations', 'health', 'wellbeing', 'athletes', 'their', 'pursuits']
['toward', 'excellence']
['historically', 'editorials', 'within', 'international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology']
['paired', 'special', 'issues', 'focused', 'international', 'approaches', 'olympic']
['athlete', 'performance', 'published', 'within', 'current', 'editorial', 'however', 'there', 'ation', 'approach', 'caused', 'global', 'circumstance', 'sport', 'being', 'experienced', 'usual']
['challenges', 'posed', 'those', 'engaging', 'sport', 'region', 'region', 'uncharted']
['focus', 'should', 'olympic', 'placed']
['shared', 'challenges', 'emergence', 'solutions', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants']
['presently', 'undertaking', 'their', 'athletes', 'authors', 'editorial']
['europe', 'north', 'america', 'published', 'topic', 'olympic', 'performance']
['currently', 'immersed', 'olympic', 'athletes', 'respective', 'countries']
['follows', 'synthesised', 'commentary']
['reader', 'might', 'posit', 'embedded', 'author', 'approaches', 'idiosyncratic']
['driven', 'partly', 'culture', 'context', 'which', 'correct', 'assumption', 'example']
['working', 'distance', 'where', 'others', 'consulting', 'however']
['share', 'common', 'astounding', 'despite', 'respective', 'locations', 'circumstances']
['present', 'editorial', 'structured', 'three', 'temporal', 'stages', 'before', 'olympics']
['postponed', 'olympics', 'postponed', 'being']
['toward', 'tokyo']
['before', 'olympic', 'postponement']
['tends', 'normal', 'before', 'crisis', 'transitions', 'experienced', 'within', 'outside', 'performance', 'sport', 'within', 'performance', 'sport', 'there', 'initial', 'murmurings', 'potential']
['international', 'society', 'sport', 'psychology']
['international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology']
[]
['https', '1612197x', '1754616virus', 'several', 'countries', 'contributing', 'authors', 'helped', 'prepare', 'accompany', 'aspirants']
['qualification', 'events', 'progressively', 'there', 'increasing', 'numbers', 'people', 'identified']
['covid', 'these', 'heightening', 'numbers', 'found', 'across', 'continents', 'point', 'where', 'letes', 'experienced', 'cancellations', 'olympic', 'qualification', 'events', 'initial', 'postponements']
['became', 'indefinite', 'postponements']
['athletes', 'puzzled', 'centre', 'these', 'discussions', 'their', 'mental', 'performance']
['consultants', 'seeking', 'support', 'agile', 'mindsets', 'their', 'clients', 'calendars', 'changing']
['countries', 'centralised', 'programmes', 'began', 'experience', 'positive', 'cases', 'athletes']
['covid', 'within', 'countries', 'programmes', 'temporarily', 'closed', 'within', 'other']
['cases', 'athletes', 'experiencing', 'tighter', 'world', 'comprised', 'their', 'centralised']
['lives', 'though', 'diminishing', 'direct', 'contact', 'world', 'outside', 'their', 'national', 'sport', 'centres']
['athletes', 'these', 'particular', 'nations', 'shared', 'reality', 'being', 'stifled']
['apart', 'their', 'local', 'communities', 'including', 'their', 'cities', 'limited', 'physical', 'access']
['family', 'members', 'friends', 'became', 'apparent', 'athletes', 'through', 'social', 'media']
['while', 'distancing', 'competitors', 'foreign', 'countries', 'still']
['train', 'normal', 'formats', 'serving', 'advantage', 'disadvantage', 'others']
['national', 'sport', 'organisations', 'olympic', 'committees', 'began', 'express', 'concerns']
['regarding', 'scheduling', 'olympics', 'within', 'fluid', 'global', 'environment', 'practitioners']
['contact', 'athletes', 'plans', 'olympics']
['after', 'olympics', 'planned', 'continuation', 'olympic', 'cycle', 'especially']
['those', 'earlier', 'stages', 'their', 'national', 'careers', 'where', 'others', 'planned', 'begin']
['families', 'return', 'universities', 'colleges', 'enter', 'professional', 'career', 'plans']
['these', 'extended', 'beyond', 'sport', 'broader', 'holistic', 'existence', 'stress', 'responses']
['moment', 'included', 'decreased', 'sleep', 'decreased', 'appetite', 'increased', 'rumination', 'loneliness']
['present', 'uncertainty', 'could', 'parlay', 'their', 'olympic', 'moment']
['altogether']
['underpinning', 'collective', 'approaches', 'strategies', 'fostered', 'openness', 'terms']
['concerns', 'athletes', 'thinking', 'feeling', 'varied', 'person']
['socially', 'distanced', 'consulting', 'though', 'approaches', 'often', 'converged', 'openness']
['matter', 'encouraging', 'athletes', 'express', 'their', 'challenges', 'fears', 'frustrations', 'uncertain', 'first', 'these', 'begin', 'prepare', 'problem', 'solving', 'information']
['emerged', 'openness', 'meant', 'encouraging', 'clear', 'communication', 'among', 'letes', 'those', 'worked', 'their', 'sport', 'organisations', 'belief']
['moments', 'challenge', 'served', 'fortify', 'relationships', 'unify', 'membership', 'especially', 'cathartic', 'discussions', 'constructive', 'openness', 'encour', 'beyond', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'onward', 'support', 'seeking']
['close', 'friends', 'family', 'members', 'openness', 'meant', 'sport', 'focused', 'discus', 'sions', 'onward', 'those', 'about', 'basic', 'human', 'conditions', 'healthy', 'living', 'eating', 'sleep', 'thinking', 'general']
['formal', 'olympic', 'postponement']
['within', 'weeks', 'olympic', 'committees', 'withdrawing', 'games', 'domino']
['effect', 'these', 'decisions', 'nations', 'transitioned', 'international', 'olympic']
['committee', 'nation', 'decision', 'cancel', 'existing', 'olympics']
['athletes', 'emotional', 'responses', 'varied', 'relief', 'questioning', 'whether', 'sched', 'event', 'would', 'place', 'aspiring', 'olympic', 'athletes', 'known', 'their', 'fortitude', 'lience', 'their', 'visions', 'advance', 'whilst', 'technical', 'tactical', 'physiological']
['psychological', 'filled', 'athletes', 'their', 'prime', 'compete']
['editorialworld', 'stage', 'during', 'their', 'olympic', 'moment', 'however', 'suddenly', 'years', 'diligence']
['commitment', 'placed', 'question', 'immediate', 'unknown', 'whether', 'there']
['would', 'tangible', 'olympic', 'games', 'equivalent', 'culmination', 'olympic', 'quadren', 'further', 'questions', 'followed', 'about', 'athletes', 'already', 'nearly', 'qualified']
['would', 'their', 'qualifications', 'remain', 'valid', 'future', 'should', 'calendared']
['should', 'meantime', 'while', 'event', 'being', 'scheduled', 'could']
['their', 'typically', 'consumed', 'training', 'built', 'around', 'based']
['either', 'qualification', 'olympic', 'engagement']
['responses', 'negative', 'athletes', 'recognised', 'their', 'development']
['toward', 'their', 'olympic', 'birth', 'their', 'potential', 'olympic', 'performance', 'athletes', 'train']
['intensity', 'there', 'particular', 'quadrennia', 'during', 'final', 'cycle']
['associated', 'qualification', 'where', 'those', 'support', 'commit', 'capitalising']
['existing', 'strengths', 'minimising', 'existing', 'limitations', 'always', 'exist', 'every', 'athlete']
['preparation', 'athletes', 'began', 'reflect', 'their', 'current', 'status', 'pondered']
['about', 'their', 'existing', 'several', 'posed', 'question', 'these', 'athletes']
['allowed', 'during', 'olympic', 'would', 'focus']
['enhance', 'these', 'technical', 'tactical', 'analytical', 'psychological', 'physiological']
['several', 'athletes', 'lingering', 'injuries', 'compromised', 'their', 'ability', 'perform']
['their', 'always', 'nature', 'pushing', 'physical', 'limits']
['athletes', 'began', 'compile', 'their', 'current', 'developmental', 'status']
['openings', 'created', 'explore', 'opportunities', 'previously', 'available', 'athletes', 'these']
['opportunities', 'necessitated', 'creativity', 'typical', 'training', 'access', 'athletes']
['immediately', 'available', 'athletes', 'remained', 'centralised', 'became', 'available']
['delve', 'begin', 'explore', 'these', 'their', 'coaches', 'support', 'mental']
['performance', 'consultants', 'shift', 'these', 'athletes', 'feeling', 'being', 'halted']
['their', 'progress', 'undefined', 'period', 'where', 'constructive', 'problem', 'solving', 'could']
['ensue', 'athletes', 'those', 'worked', 'could', 'channel', 'energy', 'strengthen']
['existing', 'weaknesses', 'could', 'reinforce', 'existing', 'strengths', 'competition', 'activities']
['resumed', 'hence', 'there', 'moments', 'interventions', 'mindfulness', 'setting', 'framing', 'regardless', 'whether', 'these', 'video', 'consulting', 'person', 'moment', 'arrived']
['scenarios', 'focused', 'searches', 'above', 'exemplified', 'effective', 'responses', 'trying']
['moment', 'athletes', 'would', 'capitalised', 'without', 'constructive', 'guidance']
['support', 'athletes', 'finding', 'themselves', 'unforeseeably', 'inactive', 'without', 'direction']
['suffer', 'substantive', 'psychological', 'stress', 'potential', 'mental', 'health', 'known']
['about', 'athletes', 'during', 'crisis', 'transitions', 'mental', 'health', 'career', 'transition', 'scholar', 'relation', 'latter', 'particularly', 'injury', 'retirement', 'scholarship', 'suggests']
['lacking', 'career', 'direction', 'after', 'years', 'immersing', 'oneself', 'intrinsic', 'performance']
['places', 'athletes', 'peril', 'these', 'athletes', 'challenged', 'burnout', 'drome', 'personal', 'feelings', 'alienation', 'coping', 'responses', 'compounded']
['social', 'isolation', 'resulted', 'compromised', 'mental', 'health', 'never', 'there']
['important', 'moment', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'accessible', 'their', 'clients']
['validate', 'multitude', 'mixed', 'thoughts', 'emotions', 'experienced', 'olympic', 'aspir', 'access', 'needed', 'transcend', 'availability', 'encouragement', 'could']
['serve', 'performance', 'athlete']
['international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology', '271paths', 'ahead', 'tokyo']
['schedules', 'begin', 'shift', 'readjust', 'toward', 'recently', 'scheduled', 'olympics']
['there', 'remains', 'uncertainty', 'terms', 'olympic', 'pathways', 'sport']
['events', 'become', 'viable', 'latter', 'months', 'formal', 'competitions', 'qualifica', 'tions', 'resume', 'early', 'without', 'crystal', 'become', 'nearly', 'impossible', 'predict']
['intermediate', 'steps', 'visible', 'culmination', 'current', 'olympic', 'quadrennia']
['there', 'never', 'athletes', 'those', 'worked', 'needed']
['flexible', 'creative', 'current', 'pandemic', 'offers', 'opportunities', 'athletes', 'their']
['providers', 'right', 'under', 'noses', 'lessons', 'gained', 'through', 'autonomy', 'nuity', 'resilience', 'balance', 'mindfulness', 'possible', 'skillsets', 'forge']
['modified', 'strengthened', 'athletes', 'enhanced', 'service', 'provisions', 'moments', 'quietness']
['present', 'openings', 'reflect', 'evaluate', 'revise', 'reform', 'plans', 'these', 'plans', 'undoubtedly']
['roads', 'travelled', 'highly', 'valued', 'pervasiveness', 'these', 'lessons', 'serve', 'letes', 'extremely', 'lives', 'never', 'linear', 'paths', 'often', 'meandering', 'circuitous']
['retrospectively', 'agree', 'believes', 'standing', 'still', 'uncer', 'tainties', 'never', 'human', 'condition', 'people', 'learn', 'their', 'circumstances']
['adapt', 'ahead', 'provide', 'fascinating', 'dialogues', 'interventions']
['built', 'result', 'could', 'easily', 'dismissed', 'isolated', 'unfortunate', 'moment']
['human', 'olympic', 'history', 'however', 'cannot', 'underestimate', 'strength']
['human', 'spirit', 'olympians', 'continue', 'forged', 'through']
['aversities']
['paper']
['covid', 'school', 'psychology', 'adaptations', 'directions', 'field']
['samuel', 'songa']
['cixin', 'wangb', 'dorothy', 'espelagec']
['fenningd', 'shane', 'jimersone']
[]
['university', 'nevada', 'vegas', 'buniversity', 'maryland']
['university', 'north', 'carolina', 'chapel', 'dloyola', 'university', 'chicago']
['university']
['california', 'santa', 'barbara']
['abstract']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'beginning', 'january', 'already', 'unprecedented', 'impact']
['children', 'families', 'schools', 'around', 'world', 'context', 'impact', 'varied']
['considerably', 'including', 'tremendous', 'variation', 'schools', 'providing', 'education', 'services']
['person', 'remote', 'distance', 'learning', 'various', 'hybrid', 'configurations', 'involving']
['person', 'remote', 'distance', 'learning', 'configurations', 'special', 'topic', 'section', 'school']
['psychology', 'review', 'disseminate', 'innovations', 'adaptations', 'research', 'training']
['practice', 'inform', 'advance', 'field', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'introductory']
['article', 'offers', 'brief', 'acknowledgement', 'pervasive', 'impact', 'communities', 'around', 'world']
['provides', 'succinct', 'synthesis', 'several', 'recent', 'research', 'developments', 'focused', 'issues']
['related', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'school', 'psychology', 'pervasive', 'impact']
['society', 'highlights', 'first', 'three', 'articles', 'featured', 'special', 'topic', 'section', 'focused']
['adaptations', 'directions', 'field']
['impact', 'statement']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'massive', 'impact', 'education', 'children', 'communities']
['around', 'world', 'contemporary', 'research', 'highlights', 'innovations', 'adaptations', 'research']
['training', 'practice', 'inform', 'advance', 'field', 'school', 'psychology', 'during']
['following', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'recent', 'scholarship', 'provides', 'important', 'guidance', 'related']
['important', 'ethical', 'legal', 'safety', 'technology', 'considerations', 'related', 'conducting', 'psychoeducational']
['assessments', 'additionally', 'recommendations', 'regarding', 'consultation', 'parents', 'support', 'young']
['children', 'facing', 'challenges', 'inattention', 'hyperactivity', 'discussed']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'described', 'century', 'pandemic', 'gates', 'disrupted']
['essential', 'aspects', 'public', 'economic', 'education', 'around', 'globe', 'world', 'health', 'organization']
['2020a', 'around', 'world', 'november', 'there']
['million', 'confirmed', 'covid', 'cases']
['million', 'deaths', 'associated', 'covid', 'world']
['health', 'organization', '2020b', 'november']
['there', 'million', 'confirmed', 'covid']
['cases', 'deaths', 'associated', 'covid']
['centers', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention', '2020a']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'already', 'unprecedented']
['impact', 'children', 'families', 'schools', 'around']
['world', 'including', 'hopkins', 'university']
['world', 'health', 'organization', '2020a', 'presently', 'there']
['unknowns', 'regarding', 'increasing', 'number']
['cases', 'reduced', 'spread', 'covid']
['controlled', 'around', 'world', 'scudellari']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'schools']
['closed', 'period', 'while']
['schools', 'continue', 'remain', 'closed', 'person', 'instruc', 'education', 'variety', 'strategies']
['emerged', 'attempt', 'continue', 'educate', 'support']
['children', 'including', 'providing', 'education', 'services', 'remote', 'distance', 'learning', 'various', 'hybrid', 'config', 'urations', 'involving', 'person', 'remote', 'distance']
['strategies', 'education', 'professionals', 'adapt']
['education', 'social', 'emotional', 'needs', 'students', 'there']
['range', 'services', 'students', 'continue']
['disrupted', 'example', 'nutrition', 'healthcare', 'extra', 'curricular', 'activities', 'family', 'community', 'collaboration']
['mental', 'health', 'services', 'reducing', 'scope', 'support', 'services', 'additional', 'challenges', 'children']
['during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'include', 'disruption']
['academic', 'learning', 'social', 'isolation', 'family', 'financial', 'cerns', 'greater', 'childhood', 'adverse', 'experiences', 'trauma']
['grief', 'increased', 'screen', 'golberstein']
['notably', 'impact', 'greater', 'students', 'abilities', 'brandenburg', 'students', 'minori', 'tized', 'communities', 'including', 'black', 'indigeneous', 'culturally']
['national', 'association', 'school', 'psychologists']
['contact', 'samuel', 'university', 'nevada', 'vegas', 'santa', 'barbara']
['https', '2372966x', '1852852']
['keywords']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'syndemic']
['school', 'psychology', 'practice']
['education']
['article', 'history']
['received', 'january']
['accepted', 'october']
['introduction432', 'school', 'psychology', 'review', 'volume', '2372966x', '1852852']
['linguistically', 'diverse', 'students', 'families']
['income', 'economic', 'marginalization', 'sexual', 'minoritized', 'youth', 'salerno']
['students', 'experiencing', 'intersection', 'oppressive']
['systems', 'vanlancker', 'parolin']
['special', 'topic', 'section', 'school', 'psychology', 'review']
['disseminate', 'innovations', 'adaptations']
['research', 'training', 'practice', 'contribute', 'advanc', 'field', 'school', 'psychology', 'continuing']
['course', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'articles', 'addressing']
['special', 'topic', 'published', 'across', 'several', 'volumes']
['feature', 'information', 'throughout', 'course', 'demic', 'current', 'research', 'developments', 'issues']
['related', 'pandemic', 'school', 'psychology', 'cussed', 'pervasiveness', 'covid', 'impact']
['society', 'requires', 'selective', 'review', 'finally', 'three', 'pertaining', 'covid', 'school', 'psychology']
['featured', 'issue', 'briefly', 'described']
['recognizing', 'disproportionate']
['deleterious', 'impact', 'minoritized']
['communities']
['while', 'covid', 'virus', 'indiscriminately', 'affects']
['humans', 'known', 'individuals', 'racially']
['ethnically', 'minoritized', 'communities', 'increased']
['contracting', 'virus', 'dying', 'centers']
['disease', 'control', 'prevention', '2020b']
['compared', 'white', 'persons', 'covid', 'cases', 'hospital', 'izations', 'deaths', 'disproportionately', 'higher', 'among']
['american', 'indian', 'alaska', 'native', 'black', 'latinx', 'while', 'asian', 'persons', 'disparate', 'numbers', 'cases']
['hospitalizations', 'centers', 'disease', 'control']
['prevention', '2020b', 'excess', 'death', 'statistics', 'collected']
['january', 'october', 'compared']
['deaths', 'tragic']
['happening', 'markedly', 'among', 'latinx', 'persons', 'lowed', 'american', 'indian', 'alaska', 'native', 'black', 'asian']
['persons', 'rossen', 'rossen', 'colleagues', 'define']
['excess', 'deaths', 'number', 'persons']
['causes', 'excess', 'expected', 'number', 'deaths']
['given', 'place']
['factors', 'identified', 'increasing', 'covid']
['structural', 'systemic', 'racism', 'discrim', 'ination', 'healthcare', 'access', 'occupation', 'opportu', 'education', 'income', 'wealth']
['overcrowded', 'housing', 'napoles', 'perez', 'stable']
['students', 'minoritized', 'communities', 'including']
['black', 'indigenous', 'latinx', 'asian', 'lesbian', 'bisex', 'transgender', 'questioning', 'lgbtq', 'prone']
['additional', 'trauma', 'discriminatory', 'treatment']
['during', 'covid', 'beyond', 'which', 'already']
['unjust', 'societal', 'inequities', 'which', 'across']
['systems', 'including', 'employment', 'insurance', 'income']
['access', 'health', 'including', 'mental', 'health', 'treatment']
['gaylord', 'harden', 'lopez', 'poteat']
['salerno', 'tsethlikai']
['wakabayashi', 'fueled', 'racist']
['xenophobic', 'language', 'united', 'states', 'including', 'placed', 'blame', 'spreading', 'covid', 'asian', 'americans']
['being', 'unjustly', 'scapegoated', 'targets', 'covid', 'related', 'racist', 'discrimination', 'gruber', 'further']
['covid', 'related', 'school', 'closures', 'particularly']
['harmful', 'persons', 'identify', 'lgbtq']
['intersected', 'minoritized', 'identities', 'racial', 'ethnic']
['minorities', 'because', 'schools', 'frequently', 'places', 'where']
['mental', 'health', 'services', 'provided', 'those', 'experiencing']
['homelessness', 'having', 'undocumented', 'immigration']
['status', 'zhang', 'cited', 'salerno']
['interlocking', 'systems', 'oppression']
['syndemic', 'theory']
['tragic', 'reality', 'health', 'disparities', 'surprising']
['considering', 'history', 'systemic', 'oppression', 'uities', 'plagued', 'targeted', 'these']
['communities', 'since', 'beginnings', 'important']
['scholarship', 'black', 'females', 'including', 'crenshaw']
['combahee', 'river', 'collective', 'inter', 'sectionality', 'theory', 'understand', 'these', 'factors']
['inequitable', 'conditions', 'stemming', 'interlocking']
['systems', 'oppression', 'velez', 'spencer', 'indeed']
['these', 'complex', 'cultural', 'ecological', 'systems', 'interacted']
['covid', 'existing', 'health', 'conditions', 'syndemic', 'clusters', 'around', 'particular']
['minoritized', 'populations', 'complex', 'unjust']
['mendenhall', 'singer']
['while', 'covid', 'global', 'pandemic', 'disparate']
['patterns', 'documented', 'global']
['localized', 'country', 'unique', 'cultural']
['socio', 'political', 'context', 'mendenhall', 'other']
['countries', 'experienced', 'syndemic', 'outcomes', 'during']
['pandemic', 'mendenhall', 'wilson']
['reason', 'mendenhall', 'explains', 'because']
['existing', 'conditions', 'hypertension', 'diabetes']
['respiratory', 'disorders', 'systemic', 'racism', 'mistrust', 'leadership', 'fragmented', 'health', 'driven', 'spread', 'interacted', 'virus']
['these', 'synergistic', 'failures', 'caused', 'death']
['devastation', 'other', 'contexts']
['psychosocial', 'mental', 'health']
['pandemic']
['recent', 'research', 'pointed', 'impact', 'demic', 'children', 'adolescents', 'psychological', 'school', 'based', 'mental', 'health', 'school', 'climate']
['functioning', 'research', 'focused']
['impact', 'lockdowns', 'school', 'closure', 'quarantine']
['adjustment', 'largely', 'countries', 'hardest']
['early', 'china', 'italy', 'spain', 'india']
['example', 'reported', 'results']
['preliminary', 'study', 'conducted', 'china', 'china', 'epaunepsa', 'working', 'group', 'understand', 'emotional']
['distress', 'among', 'children', 'years', 'years', 'rates']
['anxiety', 'found', 'youth', 'residing', 'areas']
['rates', 'infection', 'while', 'distress', 'gated', 'media', 'entertainment', 'reading', 'physical']
['exercise', 'surveyed', 'children']
['adolescents', 'china', 'found', 'fering', 'depressive', 'symptoms', 'further', 'greater']
['depression', 'symptoms', 'associated', 'emotion', 'cused', 'coping', 'being', 'female', 'residing', 'urban', 'areas']
['whereas', 'depressive', 'symptoms', 'associated']
['problem', 'focused', 'coping']
['study', 'impact', 'being', 'quarantined', 'india']
['saurabh', 'ranjan', 'found', 'among', 'quaran', 'tined', 'children', 'adolescents', 'worry', 'helpless', 'common']
['feelings', 'experienced', 'quarantined', 'youth', 'spain']
['parents', 'indicated', 'changes', 'their', 'children', 'tional', 'state', 'behaviors', 'during', 'quarantine', 'includ', 'difficulty', 'concentrating', 'boredom']
['irritability', 'loneliness', 'worries']
['orgilés', 'study', 'italian', 'children', 'found']
['children', 'showed', 'regressive', 'demanding', 'physical', 'proximity', 'parents', 'during']
['night', 'showed', 'increased', 'agitation']
['intolerance', 'rules', 'excessive', 'demands', 'pisano']
['galimi', 'cerniglia', 'sharma', 'identi', 'protective', 'factors', 'adolescent']
['emerging', 'adult', 'mental', 'health', 'nepal', 'country', 'whose']
['lockdown', 'happened', 'little', 'warning', 'preparation']
['factors', 'mental', 'health', 'challenges', 'included']
['mental', 'health', 'services', 'social', 'media']
['understanding', 'lockdown', 'restrictions', 'sudden']
['student', 'changes', 'protective', 'factors']
['included', 'cultural', 'acceptance', 'facemasks', 'school', 'space']
['repurposing', 'counseling', 'school', 'closures']
['disruption', 'school', 'based', 'mental', 'health', 'services']
['students', 'resulting', 'increase', 'mental', 'health']
['difficulties', 'among', 'children', 'adolescents']
['there', 'increased', 'concern', 'abuse', 'lence', 'rates', 'increase', 'among', 'children', 'adolescents']
['result', 'being', 'quarantined', 'humphreys']
['argue', 'parental', 'stress', 'anxiety', 'about', 'financial']
['logistical', 'existential', 'concerns', 'result', 'parents']
['managing', 'anxiety', 'directing', 'verbal', 'physical']
['abuse', 'toward', 'their', 'children', 'school', 'closures']
['there', 'fewer', 'mandatory', 'reporters', 'interacting']
['potentially', 'abused', 'children', 'pandemic']
['potential', 'reduced', 'detection']
['maltreatment']
['research', 'training', 'practice']
['school', 'psychology']
['school', 'psychology', 'adapt', 'across', 'aspects']
['research', 'training', 'practice', 'remain', 'throes']
['consequences', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'assessment']
['intervention', 'consultation', 'other', 'forms', 'service']
['delivery', 'begun', 'adapted', 'likely']
['markedly', 'different', 'foreseeable', 'future']
['monumental', 'covid', 'related', 'changes']
['sudden', 'shift', 'telepsychology', 'following', 'closure']
['schools', 'clinics', 'community', 'mental', 'health', 'agencies']
['across', 'united', 'states', 'world', 'callahan']
['telepsychology', 'while', 'relatively', 'school', 'psychology']
['focus', 'research', 'clinical', 'practice']
['years', 'abbott', 'cited', 'littleton']
['hilty', 'maheu']
['mccord', 'offer', 'empirical', 'research', 'showing']
['equivalent', 'telepsychology', 'behavioral', 'mental', 'health']
['outcomes', 'compared', 'services', 'mccord']
['specifically', 'highlight', 'separate', 'backhaus', 'hilty', 'which']
['support', 'telepsychology', 'benefits', 'backhaus']
['reported', 'positive', 'results', 'efficacy', 'feasibility']
['client', 'satisfaction', 'video', 'psychotherapy', 'based']
['studies', 'there', 'studies', 'analysis']
['included', 'children', 'adolescents', 'three', 'incorporating']
['family', 'therapy', 'reported', 'ethnicity']
['three', 'studies', 'evaluated', 'video', 'psychotherapy']
['sample', 'mostly', 'racial', 'minority', 'clients', 'hilty']
['analysis', 'included', 'telepsychiatry']
['mental', 'health', 'keywords', 'along', 'others', 'resulting']
['studies', 'evaluating', 'telemental', 'health', 'published']
['between', 'there', 'seven', 'studies', 'specific']
['children', 'adolescents', 'while', 'focused', 'popula', 'tions', 'culturally', 'linguistically', 'diverse', 'hilty']
['colleagues', 'concluded', 'their', 'analysis', 'showed']
['telemental', 'health', 'outcomes', 'equivalent', 'services', 'provided', 'different', 'client', 'populations']
['concerns', 'including', 'children', 'adolescents', 'across']
['multiple', 'settings', 'emergency', 'settings', 'hilty']
['colleagues', 'stressed', 'importance', 'providing', 'treat', 'client', 'primary', 'language', 'stressed']
['rigorous', 'study', 'designs', 'research', 'policy', 'tions', 'centered', 'ethnicity', 'culture', 'language']
['along', 'other', 'considerations', 'geography', 'chological', 'diagnosis', 'school', 'psychology', 'review', 'volume', '2372966x', '1852852']
['school', 'psychology', 'contextual']
['considerations']
['existing', 'literature', 'reveals', 'efficacy', 'telepsychology']
['service', 'provision', 'backhaus', 'hilty']
['mccord', 'professional', 'psychology', 'field']
['general', 'rapidly', 'advancing', 'developing', 'measurable']
['telepsychology', 'competencies', 'deemed', 'necessary', 'ethical']
['legal', 'telepsychology', 'practice', 'developed']
['guidelines', 'telepsychology', 'recently']
['professional', 'competency', 'framework', 'forth']
['guide', 'telebehavioral', 'health', 'across', 'multiple', 'behavioral']
['health', 'specialties', 'addition', 'professional', 'psychology']
['referred', 'ctibs', 'framework', 'maheu']
['relatedly', 'consolidated', 'model', 'telepsychology']
['practice', 'compiled', 'multiple', 'state', 'psychological']
['association', 'national', 'international', 'australian']
['psychological', 'society', 'zealand', 'psychologists', 'board']
['ontario', 'psychological', 'association', 'guidelines']
['recently', 'created', 'mccord', 'these', 'advances']
['consider', 'telepsychology', 'apply']
['school', 'psychology', 'practice', 'mccord', 'argue']
['understanding', 'telepsychology', 'needed', 'ferent', 'developmental', 'school', 'settings', 'given']
['school', 'psychologists', 'schools', 'psychology', 'works', 'children', 'adolescents', 'schools']
['particularly', 'germane', 'example', 'school', 'psychologists']
['contend', 'ethical', 'legal', 'practice', 'issues']
['similar', 'those', 'related', 'applied', 'psychology', 'fields']
['perhaps', 'different', 'given', 'school', 'psychologists']
['schools', 'where', 'there', 'provisions', 'ferpa']
['federal', 'driven', 'united', 'states', 'further']
['school', 'psychologists', 'spend', 'substantive', 'doing', 'assess', 'using', 'special', 'education', 'eligibility']
['determination', 'might', 'difficult', 'transition']
['virtual', 'environment', 'compared', 'teletherapy', 'wright']
['testing', 'assessment', 'conditions', 'online']
['environment', 'equivalent', 'standardization', 'cedures', 'calling', 'question', 'utility', 'findings']
['farmer', 'press', 'wright', 'highlight', 'further', 'research', 'inform', 'interpreta', 'these', 'measures']
['salient', 'issues', 'maintaining']
['client', 'privacy', 'delivering', 'remote', 'services']
['concerns', 'about', 'during', 'sessions', 'electronic', 'communications', 'handling', 'patient']
['records', 'consistent', 'hipaa', 'regulations', 'mccord']
['covid', 'being', 'declared', 'national', 'health']
['emergency', 'office', 'civil', 'rights']
['department', 'health', 'human', 'services']
['relaxed', 'hipaa', 'compliance', 'guidelines', 'health']
['providers', 'including', 'psychologists', 'still', 'issues', 'privacy']
['confidentiality', 'remain', 'services']
['being', 'delivered', 'child', 'adolescents', 'setting']
['where', 'family', 'members', 'siblings', 'others', 'present']
['legal', 'ethical', 'issues', 'related', 'telepsychology', 'vices', 'practicing', 'across', 'state', 'lines', 'having', 'proto', 'there', 'concerns', 'about', 'suicide']
['ensuring', 'comprehensive', 'intake', 'assessment']
['conducted', 'there', 'access', 'traditional', 'paper']
['pencil', 'tools', 'issues', 'raised']
['years', 'remain', 'today', 'hilty']
['school', 'psychologists', 'ethically', 'required', 'serve']
['children', 'adolescents', 'social', 'justice']
['doing', 'abrupt', 'change', 'online', 'learn', 'illuminated', 'inequities', 'access', 'technology']
['correia', 'therefore', 'school', 'psychologists', 'fully', 'consider', 'advocate', 'students', 'equitable']
['access', 'telepsychology', 'resources', 'adequate', 'nology', 'tools', 'computers', 'laptops', 'bandwidth']
['other', 'forms', 'technology', 'access', 'instruction']
['unfortunately', 'discussed', 'previously', 'structural', 'racism']
['other', 'forms', 'interlocking', 'oppression', 'precludes', 'table', 'access', 'students', 'families', 'minoritized']
['identities', 'salerno']
['school', 'psychologists', 'promote', 'equity']
['respect', 'access', 'adequate', 'mental', 'health', 'social', 'tional', 'support', 'proper', 'diagnosis', 'assessment', 'which']
['occurring', 'presently', 'influenced', 'stand', 'racism', 'related', 'inequities', 'combahee']
['river', 'collective', 'crenshaw', 'sullivan']
['special', 'topic', 'contributions']
['despite', 'abrupt', 'changes', 'described', 'above', 'school', 'chology', 'equipped', 'address', 'changing', 'nature']
['research', 'training', 'practice', 'special', 'topic']
['disseminate', 'innovations', 'adaptations']
['research', 'training', 'practice', 'inform']
['advance', 'field', 'nature', 'pandemic']
['special', 'topic', 'section', 'published', 'across', 'several', 'disseminate', 'projects', 'various', 'stages']
['course', 'pandemic', 'issue', 'three', 'articles', 'address']
['various', 'facets', 'assessment', 'mental', 'health', 'outcomes']
['articles', 'address', 'assessment', 'issues', 'during', 'demic', 'first', 'stifel', 'assessment', 'during']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'ethical', 'legal', 'safety', 'considerations']
['moving', 'forward', 'delineate', 'important', 'ethical', 'legal']
['safety', 'considerations', 'conducting', 'assessments', 'during']
['pandemic', 'authors', 'first', 'elucidate', 'complex', 'issues']
['school', 'psychologists', 'consider', 'conducting', 'assess', 'ments', 'based', 'extant', 'literature', 'farmer', 'press']
['which', 'includes', 'international', 'literature', 'recommended', 'protocol', 'conducting', 'assessments']
['during', 'pandemic', 'ethically', 'legally', 'safely', 'school', 'based', 'mental', 'health', 'school', 'climate']
['research', 'brief', 'aspiranti']
['comparing', 'paper', 'tablet', 'modalities', 'assessment']
['multiplication', 'addition', 'examined', 'technology', 'versus', 'paper', 'based', 'curriculum', 'based', 'measurement']
['modalities', 'across', 'single', 'tielement', 'studies', 'findings', 'study', 'suggest']
['modalities', 'cannot', 'interchangeably']
['begin', 'document', 'disparities', 'between', 'paper']
['tablet', 'based', 'assessment', 'tools', 'notably', 'paper', 'based', 'benefited', 'students', 'income', 'economi', 'cally', 'marginalized', 'contexts', 'raising', 'interesting']
['considerations', 'future', 'research', 'practice']
['third', 'article', 'wendel']
['association', 'between', 'child', 'symptoms', 'changes']
['parental', 'involvement', 'kindergarten', 'children']
['learning', 'during', 'covid', 'examined', 'changes', 'parent']
['involvement', 'child', 'behavior', 'symptoms']
['among', 'children', 'their', 'parents']
['before', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'lected', 'prior', 'covid', 'december', 'january']
['again', 'several', 'months', 'remote', 'learning']
['results', 'indicated', 'parents', 'ratings']
['their', 'children', 'symptoms', 'increased', 'prior']
['covid', 'during', 'covid', 'there']
['changes', 'parents', 'educational', 'involvement', 'however']
['parents', 'beliefs', 'about', 'their', 'responsibility', 'involved']
['their', 'children', 'learning', 'changed', 'varied']
['girls', 'these', 'results', 'suggest', 'covid']
['deleterious', 'effect', 'children', 'inattention', 'hyper', 'activity', 'while', 'there', 'limitations', 'study']
['results', 'suggest', 'school', 'psychologists', 'support']
['parents', 'providing', 'specific', 'strategies', 'increase', 'struc', 'incorporate', 'healthy', 'routines', 'physical']
['activity']
['overall', 'these', 'three', 'articles', 'highlight', 'important']
['information', 'school', 'psychologists', 'consider']
['continue', 'adapt', 'adjust', 'needs', 'staff', 'families', 'within', 'context']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'psychoeducational', 'assessment']
['should', 'conducted', 'after', 'careful', 'consideration']
['ethical', 'legal', 'safety', 'issues', 'stifel']
['similarly', 'conducted', 'technology']
['should', 'assumed', 'equivalent', 'paper', 'aspiranti', 'children', 'inattention']
['hyperactivity', 'appears', 'negatively', 'affected', 'during']
['pandemic', 'suggesting', 'additional', 'parent', 'consul', 'tation', 'likely', 'warranted', 'wendel', 'while']
['further', 'scholarship', 'needed', 'address', 'topics']
['related', 'covid', 'supporting', 'education']
['learning', 'adjustment', 'being', 'students', 'these']
['articles', 'contribute', 'school', 'psychology', 'emerging', 'logue', 'covid', 'global', 'pandemic', 'national']
['syndemic']
['paper']
['ijbpsy', 'nawaz']
[]
['covid', 'state', 'research', 'perspective', 'psychology']
['kalsoom', 'nawaz', 'hafiza', 'saeed', 'tanveer', 'aslam', 'sajeel']
['riphah', 'international', 'university', 'lahore', 'pakistan']
['riphah', 'international', 'university', 'lahore', 'pakistan']
['clinical', 'psychologist', 'amina', 'abdullah', 'hospital', 'deplapur', 'okara', 'pakistan']
['corresponding', 'author', 'email', 'kalsoombutt35', 'gmail']
['abstract']
['study', 'identify', 'current', 'psychological', 'research', 'status', 'perspective']
['covid', 'doing', 'extracted', 'scopus', 'database', 'order', 'outline']
['trends', 'terms', 'number', 'publications', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'authorships', 'constructed', 'intellectual', 'structure', 'research']
['viewer', 'software', 'besides', 'based', 'understating', 'content', 'published']
['literature', 'presented', 'suggestions', 'practitioners', 'future', 'researchers']
['keywords', 'covid', 'bibliometric', 'analysis', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'psychological']
['interventions']
['document']
['nawaz', 'saeed', 'sajeel', 'covid', 'state', 'research', 'perspective']
['psychology', 'international', 'journal', 'business', 'psychology']
['introduction']
['covid', 'originated', 'wuhan', 'china', 'december', 'become']
['significant', 'health', 'economic', 'challenges', 'governments', 'around', 'world', 'world', 'health']
['organizations', 'confirmed', 'global', 'epidemic', 'january', 'deterrent', 'spread']
['covid', 'countries', 'already', 'announced', 'complete', 'lockdown', 'jiloha', 'besides']
['government', 'research', 'institutes', 'funding', 'agencies', 'spending']
['covid', 'connection', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'february', 'assessed']
['existing', 'level', 'research', 'information', 'covid', 'resultantly', 'issued']
['global', 'research', 'communities', 'prioritize', 'funding', 'covid']
['pandemic', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'meeting', 'organization', 'headquarter']
['february', 'identified', 'following', 'focus', 'research']
['mobilize', 'study', 'rapid', 'evaluation', 'treatment', 'community', 'level']
['international', 'journal', 'business', 'psychology']
['issue', '1ijbpsy', 'nawaz']
[]
['evaluate', 'available', 'immediately', 'level', 'treatment', 'strategies']
['effective', 'china', 'elsewhere']
['evaluate', 'impact', 'adjunctive', 'supportive', 'therapies', 'possible']
['optimize', 'protective', 'equipment', 'other', 'interventions', 'avoid', 'manage']
['infections', 'healthcare', 'community', 'environments']
['review', 'current', 'information', 'classify', 'animal', 'avoid', 'continued', 'spillover']
['better', 'understand', 'transmissibility', 'virus', 'various', 'contexts', 'disease']
['frequency', 'vulnerable', 'infection']
['review', 'evidence', 'available', 'identify', 'animal', 'prevent', 'continued', 'spillover']
['better', 'understand', 'virus', 'transmissibility', 'different', 'contexts', 'severity']
['disease', 'susceptible', 'infection']
['accelerate', 'evaluation', 'investigational', 'therapeutics', 'vaccines', 'using', 'master']
['protocols']
['maintain', 'degree', 'communication', 'interaction', 'among', 'funders', 'critical']
['research', 'implemented']
['broadly', 'rapidly', 'share', 'virus', 'materials', 'clinical', 'samples', 'immediate', 'public']
['health', 'purposes']
['study', 'supporting', 'research', 'agenda', 'regarding', 'sharing', 'current']
['emerging', 'trends', 'research', 'covid', 'numerous', 'studies', 'published', 'covid']
['covering', 'different', 'aspects', 'medications', 'immunology', 'microbiology', 'biochemistry']
['genetics', 'molecular', 'biology', 'pharmacology', 'toxicology', 'pharmaceutics', 'however']
['research', 'about', 'psychological', 'aspect', 'consequences', 'covid', 'early', 'basis']
['covid', 'conclude', 'connects', 'psychiatric', 'neuropsychiatric', 'conditions']
['fatigue', 'stress', 'feeling', 'loneliness', 'sleep', 'disorders', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'psychological', 'distress']
['mazza', 'traumatic', 'stress', 'disorder', 'cognitive', 'impairment', 'altered', 'consciousness']
['delirium', 'rogers', 'therefore', 'study', 'review', 'analyze', 'bibliometric']
['research', 'related', 'psychological', 'aspect', 'support', 'initiative']
['aftermath', 'pandemic']
['bibliometric', 'quantitative', 'study', 'investigating', 'trends', 'trajectories', 'scientific']
['communication', 'believe', 'analysis', 'research', 'covid', 'researchers']
['appreciate', 'existing', 'research', 'prepare', 'future', 'research', 'design', 'directions']
['first', 'presents', 'trend', 'publication', 'citation', 'relating', 'december']
['secondly', 'analyze', 'worldwide', 'perception', 'countries', 'maximum', 'number']
['articles', 'citations', 'third', 'productive', 'universities', 'institutes', 'enlisted', 'fourth']
['leading', 'journals', 'identified', 'fifth', 'prolific', 'authors', 'identified', 'based', 'numeral']
['publications', 'citations', 'terms', 'covid', 'research', 'study', 'bibliometric', 'coupling']
['citation', 'analysis', 'these', 'journals', 'countries', 'authors', 'related', 'other', 'lastly']
['based', 'reviews', 'obtained', 'suggest', 'future', 'research', 'agenda', 'covid', 'research', 'perspective', 'psychology']
['critical', 'participation', 'research', 'offers', 'general', 'famous']
['countries', 'journals', 'occurring', 'keywords', 'future', 'research', 'agendas', 'covid', 'research']
['perspective', 'psychology', 'study', 'assist', 'editorial', 'journals']
['recognize', 'probable', 'growth', 'future', 'research']
['method']
['scopus', 'database', 'search', 'research', 'publications', 'covid', 'scopus', 'database']
['extensive', 'reviewed', 'research', 'repositories', 'social', 'sciences', 'ijbpsy', 'nawaz']
[]
['repository', 'accessed', 'acknowledged', 'empirical', 'quantitative', 'research', 'donthu']
['following', 'criteria', 'research', 'consist', 'these', 'entitle', 'covid']
['severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'coronavirus']
['searched', 'title', 'abstract', 'keywords', 'option', 'search', 'results', 'showed', 'publications']
['since', 'december']
['bibliometric', 'technique', 'evaluate', 'collected', 'statistics', 'bibliometric']
['research', 'field', 'library', 'information', 'science', 'studies', 'bibliometric', 'stuff']
['quantitative', 'method', 'broadus', 'technique', 'instrumental', 'classifying']
['analyzing', 'general', 'trend', 'specific', 'issue', 'journal', 'research', 'country', 'bonilla']
['martínez', 'lópez', 'literature', 'bibliometric', 'studies']
['determine', 'significance', 'subject', 'laengle', 'journals', 'amiguet']
['educational', 'institutes', 'martínez', 'lópez', 'country', 'bonilla']
['viewer', 'bibliographical', 'material', 'graphically']
['waltman', 'viewer', 'takes', 'bibliographic', 'input', 'converts', 'output']
['graphs', 'research', 'other', 'bibliometric', 'methods', 'including', 'citing']
['author', 'keywords', 'kessler', 'happens', 'documents', 'discuss', 'third']
['document', 'studies', 'usually', 'known', 'studies', 'citation', 'takes', 'place']
['three', 'texts', 'publications', 'studies', 'study']
['moreover', 'concurrence', 'keywords', 'analyses', 'keywords', 'appear', 'frequently']
['papers', 'following', 'prominent', 'bibliographic', 'studies', 'donthu']
['study', 'authors', 'institutions', 'citation', 'documents', 'journals', 'occurrence', 'keywords', 'classify', 'keywords', 'under', 'general', 'topics']
['results']
['search', 'scopus', 'database', 'showed', 'there', 'total', 'documents', 'related']
['covid', 'psychology', 'brief', 'content', 'analysis', 'these', 'articles', 'revealed']
['publications', 'focused', 'impact', 'covid', 'psychological', 'issues', 'however']
['studies', 'discussed', 'suggestions', 'interventions', 'pandemic']
['study', 'endeavor', 'address', 'issue', 'while', 'providing', 'holistic', 'psychological', 'research']
[]
['leading', 'countries', 'covid']
['since', 'covid', 'affected', 'almost', 'countries', 'world']
['pandemic', 'several', 'countries', 'around', 'globe', 'contributed', 'spread', 'awareness', 'through']
['publication', 'their', 'research', 'following', 'table', 'categorized', 'countries']
['greatest', 'number', 'these', 'results', 'might', 'future', 'researchers', 'productive']
['impactful', 'countries', 'terms', 'psychological', 'research', 'perspective', 'covid']
['following', 'table', 'presents', 'results', 'countries', 'contributed', 'publications']
['ijbpsy', 'nawaz']
[]
['table', 'productive', 'countries']
['country', 'publications']
['united', 'states']
['united', 'kingdom']
['china']
['canada']
['australia']
['italy']
['ireland']
['spain']
['france']
['india']
['great', 'interest', 'understand', 'networking', 'connection', 'among']
['countries', 'publishing', 'research', 'covid', 'doing', 'utilized', 'viewer']
['software', 'constructed', 'networking', 'structure', 'terms', 'bibliometric', 'coupling']
['bibliographic', 'coupling', 'occurs', 'documents', 'third', 'study', 'commonly', 'regarding']
['countries', 'bibliometric', 'coupling', 'occurs', 'document', 'different', 'countries']
['third', 'document', 'their', 'publications', 'shows', 'other', 'countries', 'similar']
['literature', 'their', 'publications']
['figure', 'countriesijbpsy', 'nawaz']
[]
['figure', 'represents', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'among', 'countries', 'based']
['clusters', 'represented', 'different', 'colors', 'green', 'yellow', 'purple']
['strong', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'bigger', 'circle', 'shows', 'stronger', 'bibliographic']
['coupling', 'countries', 'green', 'color', 'clusters', 'strong', 'bibliographic', 'coupling']
['other', 'color', 'clusters']
['while', 'having', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'country', 'level', 'question', 'might']
['around', 'authors', 'different', 'countries', 'networked', 'terms', 'authorship']
['address', 'issue', 'developing', 'networking', 'diagram', 'authorship', 'country']
['level']
['while', 'having', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'country', 'level', 'question', 'might']
['around', 'authors', 'different', 'countries', 'networked', 'terms', 'authorship']
['address', 'issue', 'developing', 'networking', 'diagram', 'authorship']
['country', 'level']
['table', 'authorship', 'among', 'countries']
['country', 'documents', 'citations', 'total', 'strength']
['united', 'states', '14557']
['united', 'kingdom', '12166']
['china']
['canada']
['australia']
['italy']
['ireland']
['spain']
['france']
['india']
['table', 'shows', 'authorship', 'among', 'countries', 'indicates', 'similar']
['documents', 'bibliographically', 'coupled', 'common', 'documents', 'there']
['twelve', 'clusters', 'found', 'different', 'colors', 'biggest', 'circle', 'showed', 'strongest']
['authorship', 'respective', 'countries']
['cluster', 'represented', 'color', 'shows', 'strong', 'authorship', 'among']
['argentina', 'botswana', 'brazil', 'chile', 'colombia', 'dominican', 'republic', 'guatemala']
['mexico', 'panama', 'paraguay', 'puerto', 'uruguay', 'cluster', 'represented']
['maroon', 'color', 'comprises', 'india', 'indonesia', 'lebanon', 'zeeland', 'nigeria']
['pakistan', 'portugal', 'serbia', 'singapore', 'tunisia', 'color', 'cluster', 'encompasses']
['australia', 'bangladesh', 'canada', 'china', 'finland', 'japan', 'macau', 'philippines']
['russia', 'federation', 'countries', 'present', 'similar', 'clusters', 'strong', 'authorships', 'ijbpsy', 'nawaz']
[]
['figure', 'authorship', 'among', 'countries']
['journals']
['other', 'important', 'aspects', 'bibliographic', 'coupling']
['journals', 'publish', 'frequently', 'psychology', 'research', 'perspective']
['covid', 'following', 'table', 'represented', 'journal', 'published']
['papers', 'covid', 'first', 'seven', 'months']
['psychological', 'trauma']
['theory', 'research', 'practice', 'policy', 'remains', 'productive', 'journal', 'terms']
['number', 'publications', 'covid', 'aspects', 'psychology', 'while', 'irish']
['journal', 'psychological', 'medicine', 'remains', 'productive', 'publications']
['suggest', 'these', 'facts', 'future', 'researchers', 'should', 'consult', 'these', 'journals']
['their', 'seminal']
['table', 'journals']
['journal', 'title', 'publication']
['psychological', 'trauma', 'theory', 'research', 'practice', 'policy']
['irish', 'journal', 'psychological', 'medicine']
['social', 'anthropology']
['asian', 'journal', 'psychiatry']
['counselling', 'psychology', 'quarterly']
['journal', 'trauma']
['journal', 'humanistic', 'psychology']
['journal', 'affective', 'disorders']
['nature', 'human', 'behaviour']
['journal', 'psychotherapy', 'integration', '13ijbpsy', 'nawaz']
[]
['figure', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'journals']
['occurrence', 'keywords']
['table', 'figure', 'display', 'occurring', 'keywords', 'using']
['published', 'documents', 'occurrence', 'keywords', 'frequently', 'occur', 'studied']
['documents', 'given', 'psychological', 'aspect', 'infectious', 'covid', 'virus', 'causes', 'mental']
['health', 'problems', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'stress', 'traumatic', 'stress', 'disorder']
['future', 'research', 'trends', 'around', 'these', 'occurring', 'words', 'explore', 'about']
['phenomenon']
['table', 'occurring', 'keywords']
['keywords', 'occurrences', 'total', 'strength']
['covid']
['pandemic']
['coronavirus']
['mental', 'health']
['anxiety']
['trauma']
['depression']
['stress']
['covid', 'pandemic']
['30ijbpsy', 'nawaz']
[]
[]
['figure', 'occurrence', 'keywords']
['discussion', 'psychological', 'interventions']
['evidence', 'suggests', 'covid', 'consequences', 'patient', 'families']
['society', 'scientist', 'biologist', 'continuing', 'their', 'efforts']
['pandemic', 'social', 'psychological', 'aspects', 'should', 'ignored', 'however', 'since']
['resources', 'devoted', 'occupied', 'biomedical', 'research', 'hence', 'current']
['state', 'psychology', 'research', 'bibliometric', 'analysis']
['psychological', 'research', 'first', 'seven', 'months', 'pandemic', 'substantiated', 'claim']
['bibliometric', 'analysis', 'showed', 'there', 'studies', 'psychological']
['consequences', 'covid', 'keeping', 'researchers', 'should', 'forward']
['formulate', 'interventions', 'practical', 'theoretical', 'research', 'should', 'initiated']
['crisis', 'strengthen', 'mental', 'psychological', 'health', 'psychological', 'cries']
['should', 'taken', 'public', 'health', 'emergencies', 'cooperation', 'between', 'community', 'health']
['services', 'mental', 'health', 'institutions', 'should', 'decoupled', 'studies']
['confirmed', 'individuals', 'experienced', 'public', 'health']
['emergencies', 'still', 'varying', 'degrees', 'stress', 'disorders', 'after', 'event']
['cured', 'discharged', 'hospital', 'indicating', 'these', 'individuals', 'should']
['ignored', 'cheng', 'there', 'systematic', 'studies', 'ijbpsy', 'nawaz']
[]
['interventions', 'psychological', 'problems', 'hence', 'present']
['suggestions', 'practitioners', 'researchers', 'consider', 'formulating', 'psychological']
['intervention', 'conducting', 'psychological', 'research']
['immediate', 'support', 'system', 'should', 'established', 'early', 'weeks', 'novel']
['coronavirus', 'awareness', 'programs', 'should', 'conducted', 'through', 'devices', 'television']
['radio', 'mobile', 'phone', 'internet', 'resources', 'there', 'should', 'audio', 'video', 'highlighted']
['message', 'attracts', 'attention', 'community', 'programs', 'based', 'psycho', 'education']
['covid', 'disease', 'course', 'precautionary', 'measures', 'symptoms', 'management']
['programs', 'telecast', 'healthcare', 'mental', 'health', 'professionals', 'expert']
['interviews', 'messages', 'regarding', 'disease', 'course', 'severity', 'clinical', 'symptoms', 'place']
['treatment', 'other', 'factors', 'classify', 'individuals', 'management', 'interventions']
['should', 'addressed', 'venerable', 'groups', 'communities', 'children', 'elderly']
['immigrant', 'workers']
['universities', 'institutes', 'should', 'online', 'courses', 'platforms', 'provide']
['counseling', 'services', 'patients', 'their', 'family', 'members', 'people', 'suspected']
['infection', 'disease', 'underneath', 'isolation', 'community', 'psychological', 'health']
['services', 'should', 'primary', 'mental', 'health', 'concerned', 'although', 'since']
['complicated', 'strategies', 'heavy', 'burden', 'workloads', 'insufficient', 'training']
['psychiatry', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'community', 'health', 'services', 'always']
['diminish', 'psychological', 'distress', 'patients', 'specialized', 'comprising', 'mental']
['health', 'services', 'dealing', 'emotional', 'distress', 'other', 'psychological', 'disorders', 'caused']
['epidemics', 'further', 'public', 'health', 'emergencies']
['experience', 'covid', 'survivors', 'prone']
['negative', 'behavioral', 'emotional', 'responses', 'grievance', 'bitterness', 'anger']
['needed', 'dealt', 'sensitive', 'instance', 'tailor', 'psychological', 'screening']
['personal', 'inquiry', 'invitation', 'psychological', 'consultation', 'rather']
['arbitrarily', 'distributing', 'postal', 'questionnaires', 'would', 'appropriate']
['receptive', 'counseling', 'addition', 'facing', 'possible', 'future', 'outbreak', 'psychological']
['preparation', 'stress', 'inoculation', 'meichenbaum', 'needed', 'strengthen']
['sense', 'social', 'support', 'reduce', 'associated', 'social', 'discrimination', 'facilitate']
['socially', 'endorsed', 'communication', 'channels', 'without', 'reducing', 'amount', 'contact']
['brainstorm', 'share', 'possible', 'coping', 'educate', 'adopt', 'realistic', 'threat', 'appraisal']
['booster', 'morale', 'among', 'staff']
['second', 'psychological', 'assessment', 'covid', 'survivors', 'clinicians']
['should', 'include', 'social', 'support', 'negative', 'appraisal', 'perceived', 'impacts', 'positive', 'appraisal']
['traumatic', 'growth', 'efficacy', 'which', 'essential', 'parameters']
['monitoring', 'ongoing', 'psychological', 'perceived', 'physical', 'health', 'covid']
['survivors']
['third', 'these', 'significant', 'psychosocial', 'correlates', 'embed', 'essential', 'values']
['clinical', 'intervention', 'covid', 'survivors', 'instance', 'given', 'significant']
['negative', 'appraisal', 'outcomes', 'cognitive', 'techniques', 'comparing']
['disadvantages', 'reappraising', 'disastrous', 'fears', 'might', 'appropriate', 'particular', 'ijbpsy', 'nawaz']
[]
['maladaptive', 'thinking', 'beliefs', 'elicited', 'further', 'clinicians', 'should', 'actively']
['inquire', 'about', 'impacts', 'covid', 'elicit', 'educate', 'various', 'coping', 'efforts']
['booster', 'coping', 'confidence', 'reinforce', 'their', 'perceived', 'ability']
['impacts', 'allowing', 'survivors', 'review', 'reiterate', 'personal', 'growth']
['traumatic', 'experience', 'create', 'positive', 'meaning', 'reframe', 'impacts']
['possibly', 'alleviate', 'their', 'distress']
['paper']
['fpsyg', '01924', 'september']
['original', 'research']
['published', 'september']
['fpsyg', '01924']
['edited']
['ilhan', 'ozturk']
['university', 'turkey']
['reviewed']
['jasim', 'tariq']
['university', 'pakistan']
['muhammad', 'usman']
['jiangsu', 'university', 'china']
['correspondence']
['khurram', 'shehzad']
['khurramscholar64', 'hotmail']
['specialty', 'section']
['article', 'submitted']
['organizational', 'psychology']
['section', 'journal']
['frontiers', 'psychology']
['received']
['accepted']
['published', 'september']
['citation']
['shehzad', 'xiaoxing']
['rehman', 'ilyas']
['investigating', 'psychology']
['financial', 'markets', 'during', 'covid']
['study']
['european', 'markets']
['front', 'psychol']
['fpsyg', '01924']
['investigating', 'psychology']
['financial', 'markets', 'during', 'covid']
['study']
['european', 'markets']
['khurram', 'shehzad1']
['xiaoxing1']
['muhammad', 'arif2']
['khaliq', 'rehman3']
['muhammad', 'ilyas2']
['school', 'economics', 'management', 'southeast', 'university', 'nanjing', 'china', 'school', 'economics', 'finance']
['jiaotong', 'university', 'china', 'school', 'management', 'wuhan', 'university', 'technology', 'wuhan', 'china']
['novel', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'imperatively', 'shaken', 'behavior', 'global']
['financial', 'markets', 'study', 'estimated', 'impact', 'covid', 'behavior']
['financial', 'markets', 'europe', 'results', 'revealed', 'returns']
['index', 'greatly', 'affected', 'lockdown', 'owing', 'covid']
['however', 'health', 'crisis', 'generated', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'significantly', 'decreased']
['stock', 'returns', 'nasdaq', 'composite', 'index', 'results', 'showed']
['economic', 'crisis', 'generated', 'pandemic', 'spain', 'impact']
['compared', 'health', 'crisis', 'itself', 'other', 'italy']
['stock', 'markets', 'affected', 'health', 'crisis', 'contrasted', 'economic']
['crisis', 'while', 'short', 'lockdown', 'conditions', 'economic', 'instability', 'lower']
['stock', 'returns', 'stock', 'markets', 'witnessed', 'short']
['deficiency', 'health', 'management', 'systems', 'imperatively', 'damaged', 'stock', 'returns']
['london', 'stock', 'exchange', 'investigation', 'revealed', 'deficiency', 'health', 'systems']
['lockdown', 'conditions', 'imperatively', 'damaged', 'structure', 'financial', 'markets']
['inferring', 'sustainable', 'development', 'these', 'nations', 'covid']
['study', 'suggested', 'governments', 'should', 'allocate', 'their', 'budget', 'health']
['sector', 'overcome', 'health', 'crisis', 'future']
['keywords', 'covid', 'financial', 'stability', 'financial', 'markets', 'psychology', 'sustainable', 'development', 'global']
['development', 'health', 'crisis', 'economic', 'crisis']
['introduction']
['historically', 'countries', 'affected', 'pandemic', 'epidemic', 'large']
['impact', 'within', 'economy', 'their', 'financial', 'markets', 'specific']
['example', 'would', 'spread', 'ebola', 'disease', 'which', 'caused']
['billion', 'dollars', 'fernandes', 'however', 'potential', 'damages', 'current']
['virus', 'still', 'largely', 'unknown', 'significantly', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'infection', 'disease']
['first', 'reported', 'wuhan', 'december', 'spread', 'rapidly', 'almost']
['whole', 'world', 'within', 'months', 'albulescu', 'compared', 'severe', 'acute']
['respiratory', 'syndrome', 'covid', 'contagious', 'which', 'indicated']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september']
['shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid']
['different', 'fatality', 'rate1']
['covid', 'infected']
['individuals', 'deaths', 'documented']
['throughout', 'globe', 'until', 'april', 'financial', 'times']
['order', 'eradicate', 'pandemic', 'world', 'health']
['organization', 'recommended', 'maintaining', 'social', 'distance']
['which', 'generated', 'severe', 'lockdown', 'situation', 'globe']
['accordingly', 'economic', 'circle', 'whole']
['world', 'disturbed', 'notably', 'online', 'travel']
['agencies', 'airlines', 'hotels', 'unexpectedly', 'declined']
['world', 'economic', 'forum', 'prices', 'nosedived']
['sudden', 'outbreak', 'pandemic']
['globalization', 'current', 'coronavirus', 'outbreak', 'aggravate']
['economic', 'condition', 'which', 'toward', 'financial']
['meltdown', 'huang', 'pandemic', 'caused']
['severe', 'psychological', 'impact', 'economy', 'while', 'agitating']
['service', 'industries', 'financial', 'markets']
['moreover', 'coronavirus', 'outbreak', 'severely', 'affected']
['financial', 'markets', 'while', 'declining', 'value', 'stock', 'index']
['daube', 'surprisingly', 'specific', 'events']
['fluctuate', 'stock', 'values', 'shehzad', 'sohail', 'figure']
['revealed', 'market', 'value', 'european', 'american', 'chinese']
['markets', 'january', 'march']
['period', 'divided', 'three', 'rounds', 'comparison', 'purposes']
['first', 'lagged', 'january', 'january']
['second', 'lagged', 'january', 'march']
['third', 'lagged', 'denoted', 'period', 'march', 'march']
['results', 'showed', 'market', 'values', 'these']
['indices', 'significantly', 'declined', 'third', 'lagged', 'covid', 'approached', 'western', 'countries', 'spain', 'stock', 'market']
['share', 'value', 'decreased', 'third', 'lagged']
['covid', 'tremendously', 'shrank', 'greece', 'stock', 'markets']
['moreover', 'figure', 'illustrates', 'volatility', 'index']
['january', 'march', 'denotes', 'world', 'faced']
['severe', 'financial', 'crises', 'stock', 'markets', 'collapsed']
['economies', 'through', 'enormous', 'pressure', 'similar']
['scenario', 'built', 'during', 'global', 'pandemic', 'covid', 'stock', 'market', 'variance', 'highest', 'second']
['after', 'global', 'financial', 'crises']
['regard', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'impact']
['detrimental', 'pandemic', 'behavior', 'unknown', 'effect']
['stock', 'return', 'longer', 'relevant']
['stock', 'volatility', 'agitated', 'enormous', 'spread']
['pandemic', 'resulting', 'severe', 'economic', 'crisis', 'sharif']
['circumstances', 'quite', 'significant']
['analyze', 'coronavirus', 'short', 'impacts']
['advanced', 'countries', 'stock', 'return', 'investigation', 'argued']
['confirmed', 'patients', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'increase']
['lockdown', 'conditions', 'becomes', 'stricter', 'which']
['significant', 'economic', 'crisis', 'shocked', 'economic', 'stability']
['nations', 'moreover', 'deaths', 'befell', 'result', 'novel']
['coronavirus', 'specified', 'deficiency', 'health', 'facilities', 'which']
['caused', 'substantial', 'health', 'crisis', 'particularly', 'examination']
['analyzed', 'effects', 'economic', 'health', 'crisis']
['novel', 'coronavirus', 'behavior', 'financial', 'markets']
['fatality', 'while', 'fatality', 'novel', 'coronavirus']
['around', 'globe']
['united', 'states', 'germany', 'united', 'kingdom', 'italy']
['spain', 'period', 'february', 'april']
['study', 'elucidates', 'effects', 'executing', 'linear', 'autoregressive', 'distributed', 'lagged', 'nardl', 'model']
['investigation', 'provides', 'remarkable', 'policies', 'handle']
['impacts', 'covid', 'financial', 'market']
['answers', 'momentous', 'queries', 'researchers', 'policymakers']
['government', 'officials', 'academicians', 'firstly']
['covid', 'linear', 'impact', 'financial', 'markets']
['behavior', 'secondly', 'health', 'crisis', 'economic', 'instability']
['generated', 'covid', 'significant', 'impact']
['index', 'thirdly', 'nasdaq', 'composite', 'index']
['index', 'respond', 'critically', 'covid', 'crisis']
['fourthly', 'economic', 'crisis', 'generated', 'covid']
['health', 'crisis', 'significant', 'impact', 'stock', 'returns']
['fifthly', 'suspended', 'circle', 'economy']
['lockdown', 'begin', 'again', 'according', 'author', 'knowledge']
['first', 'study', 'examines', 'asymmetrical', 'impact']
['covid', 'psychology', 'stock', 'markets', 'mostly']
['infected', 'nations', 'world', 'firstly', 'project', 'ascertained']
['stationary', 'level', 'study', 'variables', 'discovered']
['variables', 'stationary', 'stationary']
['hence', 'linear', 'version', 'autoregressive']
['distributed', 'model', 'applied']
['methodology']
[]
['study', 'utilized', 'daily', 'number', 'confirmed']
['patients', 'deaths', 'covid', 'stock', 'markets']
['spain', 'italy', 'germany', 'period']
['february', 'april', 'study', 'taken']
['database', 'yahoo', 'finance', 'european', 'center']
['disease', 'control', 'prevention', 'further', 'investigation']
['analyzed', 'daily', 'returns']
['london', 'stock', 'exchange', 'nomination', 'spain', 'italy']
['germany', 'however', 'nasdaq', 'composite']
['index', 'represents']
['methodology']
['investigation', 'utilized', 'stock', 'market', 'daily', 'returns']
['dependent', 'variable', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'deaths']
['independent', 'variable', 'daily', 'returns', 'study']
['computed', 'follows', 'syllignakis', 'kouretas', 'shehzad']
['sohail']
[]
[]
[]
['denote', 'return', 'value', 'closing']
['price', 'previous', 'closing', 'price']
['stock', 'market', 'respectively', 'linear', 'association', 'between', 'these']
['variables', 'defined']
['1sprt', 'β1usct', 'β2usdt']
['1nsrt', 'β1usct', 'β2usdt']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september']
['shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid']
['figure', 'deterioration', 'stock', 'markets', 'owing', 'novel', 'coronavirus']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september']
['shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid']
['figure', 'variations', 'global', 'financial', 'crisis']
['covid', 'crisis']
['1ibert', 'β1spct', 'β2spdt']
['1ftmrt', 'β1itlct', 'β2itldt']
['1daxrt', 'β1gerct', 'β2gerdt']
['1lsert', 'β1ukct', 'β2ukdt']
['where', 'signifies', 'first', 'difference', 'β0β1β2']
['independent', 'parameters', 'however']
['defines', 'return', 'values', 'nasdaq']
['composite', 'index']
['london', 'stock', 'exchange', 'respectively', 'moreover']
['indicate', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'covid', 'spain', 'italy', 'germany', 'respectively']
['further', 'refer', 'confirmed']
['deaths', 'covid', 'spain', 'italy', 'germany']
['respectively']
['ascertain', 'short', 'asymmetries']
['study', 'employed', 'linear', 'autoregressive', 'distributed']
['nardl', 'model', 'introduced', 'model']
['performs', 'small', 'number', 'observations']
['applied', 'mixed', 'level', 'stationary']
['evaluates', 'linearity', 'cointegration', 'between', 'variables']
['equation', 'shared', 'short', 'variations']
['asymmetries', 'after', 'taking', 'parameters', 'account']
['nardl', 'model', 'extended']
['pesaran', 'model', 'hence']
['nardl', 'model', 'stock', 'market', 'specified']
['1sprt']
[]
[]
[]
['1sprt']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['γ2ausc']
['γ2busc']
['γ3ausd']
[]
[]
[]
['1nsrt']
[]
[]
[]
['1nsrt']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['γ1nsrt', 'γ2ausc']
['γ2busc']
[]
[]
['γ3busd']
[]
['1ibert']
[]
[]
[]
['1ibert']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['γ1ibert', 'γ2aspc']
['γ2bspc']
[]
[]
['γ3bspd']
[]
['1ftmrt']
[]
[]
[]
['1ftmrt']
[]
[]
[]
['1itlc']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['1itlc']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['1itld']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['γ1ftmrt', 'γ2aitlc']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['1daxrt']
[]
[]
[]
['1daxrt']
[]
[]
[]
['1gerc']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['1gerc']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['1gerd']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['γ1daxrt', 'γ2agerc']
['γ2bgerc']
[]
[]
['γ3bgerd']
[]
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september']
['shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid']
['1lsert']
[]
[]
[]
['1lsert']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['γ1lsert', 'γ2aukc']
['γ2bukc']
[]
[]
['γ3bukd']
[]
['ϑ2bϑ3aand', 'short', 'factors', 'while']
[]
[]
['indicates', 'parameters']
['whereas', 'symbolizes', 'number', 'model']
['based', 'akaik', 'information', 'criterion', 'schwarz', 'information']
['criterion', 'above', 'stated', 'equations', 'assumed']
['confirmed', 'number', 'cases', 'deaths', 'covid']
['asymmetrical', 'impact', 'stock', 'returns']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['designates', 'positive', 'shock', 'though']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['implies', 'negative', 'shock', 'variable']
['computed', 'follows']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['delineates', 'positive', 'shock', 'variable', 'denotes']
['asymmetric', 'distributive', 'error', 'correction']
['these', 'factors', 'written', 'follows']
['1sprt']
[]
[]
[]
['1sprt']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['φ1ectt']
['1nsrt']
[]
[]
[]
['1nsrt']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['φ1ectt']
['1ibert']
[]
[]
[]
['1ibert']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['φ1ectt']
['1ftmrt']
[]
[]
[]
['1ftmrt']
[]
[]
[]
['1itlc']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['1itlc']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['1itld']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['φ1ectt']
['1daxrt']
[]
[]
[]
['1daxrt']
[]
[]
[]
['1gerc']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['1gerc']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['1gerd']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['φ1ectt']
['1lsert']
[]
[]
[]
['1lsert']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['φ1ectt']
['directs', 'error', 'correction']
['cointegration', 'among', 'variables', 'examined', 'through', 'bound']
['approach', 'pesaran', 'method', 'relies', 'evaluate', 'hypothesis']
['purpose', 'pesaran', 'defined', 'bounds']
['upper', 'lower', 'bound', 'estimated', 'statistics']
['higher', 'upper', 'bound', 'limit', 'hypothesis']
['cointegration', 'rejected', 'however', 'projected', 'value', 'lower', 'lower', 'bound', 'limit', 'hypothesis', 'cannot']
['rejected', 'besides', 'value', 'remains', 'between']
['limits', 'results', 'conclusive', 'project']
['employed', 'verify', 'asymmetric']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['andshort']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['asymmetric']
['relationship', 'between', 'study', 'variables']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september']
['shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid']
['study', 'findings']
['descriptive', 'summary', 'showed', 'table', 'during', 'covid', 'stock', 'returns', 'negative', 'further', 'skewness']
['values', 'these', 'markets', 'negative', 'except']
['kurtosis', 'which', 'predicts', 'chances', 'these']
['table', 'presents', 'results', 'augmented', 'dickey', 'fuller']
['dickey', 'fuller', 'phillip', 'perron']
['phillips', 'perron', 'showed', 'study', 'variables']
['diverse', 'stationary', 'levels', 'variable']
['cointegrated']
['bound', 'cointegration', 'fallouts']
['outcomes', 'bound', 'displayed', 'table', 'disclosed']
['significant', 'statistical', 'evidence', 'association', 'between']
['study', 'variables', 'equation', 'statistics', 'joint']
['significance', 'lagged', 'level', 'parameters', 'stated']
['respectively', 'these', 'values']
['surpass', 'upper', 'bound', 'limits', 'implying']
['cointegration', 'exists', 'among', 'economic', 'crisis', 'health']
['crisis', 'financial', 'markets', 'equation']
['short', 'asymmetric']
['cointegration', 'reckoning']
['table', 'exhibited', 'upshots', 'statistics']
['particularized', 'linear', 'association']
['however', 'revealed', 'short', 'asymmetric']
['affiliation', 'besides', 'caused', 'asymmetric']
['influence', 'short', 'periods']
['while', 'possessed', 'short', 'asymmetry', 'additionally']
['table', 'descriptive', 'statistics']
[]
['41737', '08997', '70833', '28187']
['skewness', '68003', '687765', '641313', '027343', '392073', '081854', '35422', '186996']
['kurtosis', '36907', '166164', '206693', '903565', '778953', '75376', '380136', '389965']
['jarque', '26244', '69524', '87966', '47298', '76708']
['probability', '00434', '000161']
[]
['18523', '54717', '42086', '40245']
['skewness', '927378', '53985', '120857', '230936', '65869', '232889', '058817', '31595']
['kurtosis', '43888', '59924', '573906', '120135', '135106', '868864', '472667', '04434']
['jarque', '44518', '49843', '45175', '59309', '03773', '08892']
['probability', '000013', '003185', '000121', '000872']
['source', 'author', 'calculation']
['table']
['statistics', 'statistics']
['variable', 'level', 'level']
['893713', '54426', '057616']
['293963', '969976', '971366', '51473']
['935247', '359161', '147762', '393867']
['631659', '55646', '451458']
['127702', '174362', '400067', '35456']
['300231', '849862', '488626', '372171']
['27056', '985616', '446574', '65801']
['506727', '32241', '159422', '09496']
['552953', '028486', '374729', '97616']
['775255', '591517', '768878', '87539']
['816325', '578091', '746256', '61778']
['429147', '36282', '571441', '31254']
['89506', '022076', '13962']
['847753', '567572', '310638', '46537']
['138569', '097646', '384682', '006879']
['66594', '40744', '64235', '28961']
['denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september']
['shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid']
['table', 'results', 'bound']
['statistic', 'value', 'signif', 'statistics', 'value', 'signif']
[]
['statistic', '02410', 'statistic', '165881']
[]
[]
[]
['statistic', '11238', 'statistic', '23325']
[]
[]
[]
['statistic', '490181', 'statistic', '03259']
[]
[]
['source', 'author', 'calculation']
['table']
['asymmetry', 'short', 'asymmetry', 'asymmetry', 'short', 'asymmetry']
[]
['242605']
[]
[]
['574046']
['589403', '609162', '338933']
[]
['569179', '725822', '640751']
['61007', '786146', '718125']
['denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation']
['results', 'designated', 'asymmetric']
['relationship', 'statistics', 'enlightened']
['short', 'linear', 'impacts']
['short', 'linear', 'affiliation']
['moreover', 'denotes', 'asymmetric', 'liaison']
['hence', 'existence', 'linearity', 'study', 'variables']
['choose', 'nardl', 'model', 'computing']
['short', 'factors']
['modeling', 'nardl', 'parameters']
['linear', 'fallouts', 'presented', 'table', 'illustrated']
['expansion', 'contraction', 'brings', 'reduction']
['increase', 'respectively', 'indicates', 'strict', 'lockdown']
['substantially', 'decreases', 'market', 'returns']
['versa', 'further', 'positive', 'shock', 'caused', 'significant']
['short', 'lagged', 'values', 'specified']
['negative', 'shock', 'amplified', 'besides', 'lagged']
['terms', 'described', 'uptick', 'effect', 'improved']
['negative', 'shock', 'second', 'augmented']
['first', 'third', 'represents', 'reverse', 'impact']
['furthermore', 'negative', 'significant', 'value', 'stated']
['disequilibrium', 'occurred', 'today', 'covid']
['adjust', 'speed', 'units', 'subsequent']
['squared', 'value', 'indicated', 'volatility']
['owing', 'covid']
['model', 'results', 'exhibited', 'table', 'particularized']
['positive', 'negative', 'shocks', 'escalate']
['while', 'enlargement', 'reduction', 'instigate', 'decrease']
['increase', 'specifies', 'upsurge', 'health', 'crisis']
['expressively', 'distressed', 'nasdaq', 'composite', 'index']
['versa', 'nonetheless', 'short', 'negative', 'shock']
['demonstrated', 'imperative', 'decrease']
['whereas', 'expansion', 'lessens', 'negative']
['significant', 'parameter', 'stated', 'financial', 'instability']
['generated', 'covid', 'would', 'settled', 'speed']
['units', 'square', 'value', 'signified']
['instability', 'occurring', 'result', 'covid']
['finding', 'parameters', 'model', 'table', 'identified']
['assertive', 'shock', 'encouraging', 'effect']
['besides', 'adverse', 'shocks', 'remain', 'insignificant', 'other']
['escalation', 'decline', 'negative', 'positive', 'influence']
['implying', 'strict', 'lockdown', 'considerably', 'caused']
['financial', 'crisis', 'spain', 'period', 'short']
['period', 'intensification', 'decline']
['increased', 'negative', 'significant', 'value']
['elucidated', 'today', 'disequilibrium', 'adjust']
['speed', 'units', 'coefficient', 'square']
['stated', 'variations', 'owing', 'covid']
['table', 'displayed', 'fallouts', 'stock', 'market']
['condition', 'covid', 'italy', 'stock', 'markets', 'exposed']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september']
['shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid']
['table', 'asymmetric', 'parameters']
['variables', 'short', 'coefficients', 'error']
['usc_neg', '047867', '003539', '52394']
['usc_neg', '061323', '003402', '02596']
['usc_neg', '108895', '005569', '55339']
['usc_neg', '072915', '003619', '14618']
['usd_pos', '713848', '036514', '55011']
['usd_pos', '23431', '014268', '42276']
['usd_pos', '194744', '01369', '22562']
['usd_pos', '334891', '029691', '27907']
['usd_neg', '377433', '055371', '816426']
['usd_neg', '65514', '097958', '89641']
['usd_neg', '074692', '02737', '728986']
['usd_neg', '650475', '235321', '51275']
['369525', '066813', '49782']
['squared', '912909']
['adjusted', 'squared', '892007']
['durbin', 'watson', '006439']
['variables', 'coefficients', 'error']
['usc_pos', '004491', '001667', '694157']
['usc_neg', '054381', '014406', '774912']
['usd_pos', '064436', '029631', '174626']
['usd_neg', '290139', '338048', '858278']
['181416', '264851', '684971']
['denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation']
['table', 'asymmetric', 'parameters']
['variables', 'short', 'coefficients', 'error']
['usd_neg', '039324', '019503', '016267']
['usc_pos', '002147', '000382', '622014']
['usc_neg', '002319', '00069', '360414']
['usc_neg', '008198', '001064', '703282']
['501702', '093855', '00026']
['squared', '812596']
['adjusted', 'squared', '800102']
['durbin', 'watson', '130245']
['variables', 'coefficients', 'error']
['usd_pos', '013042', '004465', '920922']
['usd_neg', '026413', '030567', '864107']
['usc_pos', '001013', '00034', '977381']
['usc_neg', '004258', '001923', '214416']
['525513', '274541', '914153']
['denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation']
['reduction', 'diminished', 'amplified']
['inferring', 'heath', 'crisis', 'imperatively', 'contributes', 'italy']
['financial', 'instability', 'period', 'addition', 'growth']
['enlarged', 'imperatively', 'condition']
['italy', 'denoted', 'first', 'second', 'third', 'values']
['harmed', 'returns', 'growth', 'negative']
['impression', 'nonetheless', 'negative', 'shock']
['second', 'value', 'indicated', 'encouraging', 'effect']
['consequences', 'symbolized', 'proliferation']
['possess', 'negative', 'ftmer', 'first']
['second', 'value', 'definite', 'furthermore', 'decline']
['direct', 'influence', 'negative']
['significant', 'figure', 'itemized', 'readjust']
['equilibrium', 'speed', 'units', 'squared', 'parameter', 'denoted', 'uncertainty', 'generated']
['caused', 'covid']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september']
['shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid']
['table', 'asymmetric', 'parameters']
['variables', 'short', 'coefficients', 'error']
['368944', '09522']
['spd_pos', '018471', '009268']
['spd_neg', '026216', '010675']
['spc_pos', '001511', '000911']
['spc_neg', '001832', '000966']
['spc_neg', '00301', '000996']
['spc_neg', '006948', '00129']
['824331', '137511']
['squared', '726141']
['adjusted', 'squared', '694191']
['durbin', 'watson', '154368']
['variables', 'coefficients', 'error']
['spd_pos', '053991', '01765']
['spd_neg', '023488', '018017']
['spc_pos', '006341', '001968']
['spc_neg', '005173', '001945']
['636028', '428132']
['denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation']
['table', 'asymmetric', 'parameters']
['variables', 'short', 'coefficients', 'error']
['27947', '138377', '019624']
['154875', '136743', '132605']
['295127', '113398', '602569']
['itlc_pos', '008711', '001397', '235569']
['itlc_pos', '015154', '003264', '642728']
['itlc_pos', '002589', '573306']
['itlc_neg', '001115', '001937', '575378']
['itlc_neg', '006885', '00198', '477965']
['itlc_neg', '003758', '001782', '109409']
['itld_pos', '06983', '014714', '745672']
['itld_pos', '023801', '011962', '989722']
['itld_pos', '029575', '010511', '813763']
['itld_neg', '002565', '012862', '199404']
['itld_neg', '038093', '015194', '507186']
['itld_neg', '04502', '013664', '294772']
['959373', '163657', '862111']
['squared', '851016']
['adjusted', 'squared', '807197']
['durbin', 'watson', '763297']
['variables', 'coefficients', 'error']
['itlc_pos', '013317', '005649', '357295']
['itlc_neg', '001321', '002682', '492464']
['itld_pos', '109433', '053273', '054209']
['itld_neg', '048345', '020559', '351573']
['500777', '455916', '098396']
['denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation']
['parameters', 'table', 'directed']
['upsurge', 'diminution', 'compacted']
['enlarge', 'moreover', 'decline']
['improves', 'these', 'findings', 'revealed', 'lockdown']
['health', 'crises', 'harmful', 'stock', 'markets']
['germany', 'short', 'findings', 'described', 'second']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september']
['shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid']
['table', 'asymmetric', 'parameters']
['variables', 'short', 'coefficients', 'error']
['gerc_pos', '015476', '001209', '80122']
['gerc_pos', '012439', '001923', '467043']
['gerc_pos', '088025', '005402', '29596']
['gerc_pos', '057992', '003854', '04828']
['gerc_pos', '00647', '99249']
['gerc_neg', '05202', '004721', '11903']
['gerc_neg', '067796', '004325', '67443']
['gerc_neg', '044564', '003649', '21376']
['gerc_neg', '01327', '004158', '191441']
['gerc_neg', '183056', '01145', '98705']
['gerd_pos', '101477', '313432', '27619']
['gerd_pos', '265597', '35462', '84858']
['gerd_pos', '054459', '100825', '540134']
['gerd_pos', '261756', '386781', '18939']
['gerd_neg', '913296', '288936', '54383']
['gerd_neg', '64757', '850055', '56576']
['gerd_neg', '76795', '466544', '20677']
['gerd_neg', '21192', '08761']
['497359', '029762', '71134']
['squared', '945788']
['adjusted', 'squared', '910937']
['durbin', 'watson', '667758']
['variables', 'coefficients', 'error']
['gerc_pos', '016748', '035958', '465776']
['gerc_neg', '255912', '083972']
['gerd_pos', '28734', '569148', '548151']
['gerd_neg', '49979', '581496']
['440744', '93232', '617925']
['denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation']
['table', 'asymmetric', 'parameters']
['variables', 'short', 'coefficients', 'error']
['ukc_pos', '00127', '001661', '764723']
['ukc_pos', '022345', '003248', '878603']
['ukc_neg', '009267', '002137', '337228']
['ukd_pos', '03503', '00746', '695883']
['ukd_pos', '090212', '014812', '090388']
['100754', '115104', '563147']
['squared', '651816']
['adjusted', 'squared', '624182']
['durbin', 'watson', '867108']
['variables', 'coefficients', 'error']
['ukc_pos', '003609', '00191', '889866']
['ukc_neg', '003213', '002112', '521044']
['ukd_pos', '075038', '02864', '620078']
['ukd_neg', '086022', '035056', '453823']
['319529', '353596', '903654']
['denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation']
['third', 'fourth', 'positive', 'shocks']
['lessening', 'impact', 'however', 'negative', 'shock']
['other', 'values', 'except', 'first', 'indicated']
['indirect', 'association', 'additionally', 'positive']
['shocks', 'quantified', 'mixed', 'impact']
['while', 'short', 'decline', 'negative', 'first']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september']
['shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid']
['second', 'third', 'values', 'point', 'positive']
['linkage', 'these', 'effects', 'because', 'instability']
['generated', 'covid', 'squared', 'coefficient']
['diagnosed', 'instability', 'because']
['covid']
['table', 'represents', 'results', 'london', 'stock']
['exchange', 'concluding', 'coefficients', 'explored']
['augmentation', 'improved', 'while', 'diminution']
['reduces', 'period', 'although']
['growth', 'brought', 'significant', 'decrease']
['short', 'period', 'outlined', 'positive', 'shocks']
['reduced', 'first', 'value', 'positive', 'shock']
['showed', 'alternate', 'impression', 'additionally']
['upturn', 'possesses', 'diminishing', 'impact']
['these', 'outcomes', 'designated', 'lockdown', 'health', 'crises']
['generated', 'covid', 'negatively', 'impact', 'financial']
['markets', 'short', 'period', 'value']
['showed', 'fluxes', 'occurred', 'today']
['equilibrium', 'speed', 'units']
['square', 'value', 'reported', 'variation']
['covid', 'figure', 'depicts', 'adjustment', 'asymmetric']
['effect', 'existing', 'equilibrium', 'moved']
['equilibrium', 'result', 'positive', 'adverse']
['shocks', 'asymmetric', 'plots', 'denote', 'alliance', 'dynamic']
['multipliers', 'owing', 'positive', 'adverse', 'shocks']
['nasdaq', 'composite', 'index']
['markets', 'outcomes', 'revealed', 'these', 'markets', 'tremendously']
['respond', 'positive', 'negative', 'shocks', 'befallen']
['covid']
['diagnostic', 'parameters', 'evaluation']
['examination', 'employed', 'breusch', 'pagan']
['diagnose', 'serial', 'correlation', 'heteroskedasticity']
['model', 'residuals', 'ramsey', 'reset', 'technique', 'ascertain']
['functional', 'misspecification', 'cusum', 'cusumsq', 'ploberger']
['kramer', 'define', 'reliability', 'parameters']
['conclusions', 'these', 'tests', 'given', 'table', 'nominated']
['there', 'serial', 'correlation', 'heteroskedasticity']
['residuals', 'model', 'besides', 'plots', 'cusum']
['cusumsq', 'presented', 'figure', 'remain', 'within', 'critical']
['boundaries', 'inferring', 'coefficients', 'nardl', 'model']
['stable']
['conclusion']
['covid', 'imperatively', 'shaken', 'economic', 'indicators']
['primarily', 'financial', 'markets', 'globe', 'number']
['patients', 'deaths', 'result', 'covid', 'increasing']
['economic', 'conditions', 'become', 'entirely']
['uncertain', 'moreover', 'financial', 'markets', 'world', 'fronted']
['sudden', 'crash', 'their', 'market', 'values', 'investigation']
['utilized', 'linear', 'autoregressive', 'distributed', 'nardl']
['approach', 'estimate', 'linear', 'impact', 'economic', 'crisis']
['health', 'crisis', 'generated', 'result', 'covid']
['pandemic', 'behavior', 'financial', 'markets']
['infected', 'territories', 'europe', 'analysis', 'stated']
['figure', 'dynamic', 'multiplier', 'plots']
['returns', 'index', 'greatly', 'affected']
['economic', 'crisis', 'generated', 'because', 'covid']
['however', 'accession', 'health', 'crisis', 'because']
['covid', 'significantly', 'decreased', 'nasdaq', 'composite', 'index']
['returns', 'these', 'results', 'confirmed', 'economic', 'instability']
['health', 'management', 'system', 'imperative', 'control']
['financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'verdicts', 'elaborated']
['economic', 'crisis', 'produced', 'result', 'lockdown', 'circumstances']
['spain', 'impact', 'compared']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september']
['shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid']
['table', 'diagnostic', 'results']
['heteroskedasticity', 'value', 'serial', 'correlation', 'value', 'heteroskedasticity', 'value', 'serial', 'correlation', 'value']
[]
['statistic', 'statistic', 'statistic', 'statistic']
['ramsey', 'reset', 'statistic', 'ramsey', 'reset', 'statistic']
[]
['heteroskedasticity', 'serial', 'correlation', 'heteroskedasticity', 'serial', 'correlation']
['statistic', 'statistic', 'statistic', 'statistic']
['ramsey', 'reset', 'statistic', 'ramsey', 'reset', 'statistic']
[]
['heteroskedasticity', 'serial', 'correlation', 'heteroskedasticity', 'serial', 'correlation']
['statistic', 'statistic', 'statistic', 'statistic']
['ramsey', 'reset', 'statistic', 'ramsey', 'reset', 'statistic']
['denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation']
['figure', 'cusum', 'cusumsq', 'graph']
['health', 'crisis', 'resulted', 'spain', 'italy']
['stock', 'markets', 'affected', 'health', 'crisis']
['economic', 'crisis', 'while', 'short', 'economic', 'uncertainty']
['lowered', 'stock', 'returns', 'nevertheless']
['health', 'crisis', 'germany', 'pointing', 'significant', 'upsurge']
['economic', 'crisis', 'intimated', 'unimportant', 'impression']
['index', 'stock', 'markets', 'recorded']
['short', 'upsurge', 'health', 'crisis', 'imperatively']
['damages', 'stock', 'returns', 'index']
['influence', 'reverse', 'therefore']
['research', 'authenticated', 'health', 'crisis', 'begun', 'covid', 'devised', 'another', 'global', 'financial', 'crisis', 'almost']
['every', 'nation', 'fighting', 'these', 'crises', 'today', 'moreover']
['study', 'disclosed', 'economic', 'uncertainty', 'generated']
['covid', 'highest', 'german', 'stock', 'markets', 'while']
['index', 'second', 'ranking', 'italian']
['stock', 'markets', 'third', 'ranking', 'study', 'concluded']
['health', 'crisis', 'economic', 'crisis', 'ominously', 'affected']
['stock', 'markets', 'globe', 'consequently', 'significant']
['amount', 'should', 'allocated', 'budget', 'explore']
['prevent', 'these', 'pandemics', 'future', 'further', 'complete']
['lockdown', 'strategy', 'prove', 'excellent', 'remedy']
['harms', 'financial', 'markets', 'other', 'strategies', 'should']
['developed', 'smart', 'partial', 'lockdown', 'these', 'suggestions']
['essential', 'policymakers', 'government', 'officials', 'researchers']
['general', 'public']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september']
['shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid']
['availability', 'statement']
['publicly', 'available', 'datasets', 'analyzed', 'study']
['found', 'https', 'europa']
['author', 'contributions']
['conceptualization', 'analysis', 'methodology']
['supervision', 'introduction', 'results', 'discussion']
['conclusion', 'revising', 'proofreading', 'visualization']
['authors', 'contributed', 'article', 'approved']
['submitted', 'version']
['paper']
['psychology', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['group', 'level', 'perspective']
['cheri', 'marmarosh']
['george', 'washington', 'university']
['donelson', 'forsyth']
['university', 'richmond']
['bernhard', 'strauss']
['university', 'hospital', 'germany']
['burlingame']
['brigham', 'young', 'university']
['objective', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'threatened', 'people', 'physical']
['health', 'every', 'aspect', 'their', 'psychological', 'being', 'their', 'struggle']
['avoid', 'contracting', 'disease', 'their', 'coping', 'disruption', 'normal', 'course']
['their', 'lives', 'trauma', 'endured', 'virus', 'lives', 'those']
['loved', 'objective', 'article', 'consider', 'group', 'level', 'processes', 'sustain']
['people', 'physical', 'psychological', 'being', 'during', 'covid', 'method', 'applying']
['group', 'dynamic', 'group', 'therapy', 'theory', 'research', 'explore', 'covid']
['spread', 'rapidly', 'explore', 'people', 'prolonged', 'social', 'isolation']
['distress', 'social', 'inequities', 'people', 'psychological', 'trauma']
['disease', 'which', 'includes', 'heightened', 'levels', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'substance']
['abuse', 'complicated', 'bereavement', 'results', 'researchers', 'theorists', 'suggest']
['human', 'beings', 'fundamentally', 'social', 'gather', 'others', 'extremely']
['important', 'especially', 'during', 'times', 'distress', 'belong']
['importance', 'reducing', 'loneliness', 'during', 'uncertain', 'times', 'often', 'encourages', 'people']
['connect', 'despite', 'recommendations', 'remain', 'socially', 'distant', 'conclusions', 'group']
['treatment', 'options', 'developed', 'group', 'psychotherapists', 'effective', 'reducing', 'pression', 'anxiety', 'complicated', 'grief', 'stress', 'conclude', 'examining', 'impact', 'online', 'groups', 'these', 'groups', 'people', 'improve']
['their', 'psychological', 'being', 'during', 'covid', 'crisis']
['highlights', 'implications']
['group', 'dynamic', 'theorists', 'researchers', 'provide', 'important', 'contributions']
['understanding', 'prevention', 'covid', 'group', 'dynamics', 'explain']
['people', 'perceive', 'threat', 'people', 'refuse']
['masks', 'social', 'distance']
['group', 'psychotherapy', 'researchers', 'practitioners', 'describe', 'importance']
['group', 'leadership', 'group', 'cohesion', 'effects', 'loneliness', 'social']
['isolation', 'people', 'coping', 'covid']
['cheri', 'marmarosh', 'department', 'psychology']
['george', 'washington', 'university', 'donelson']
['forsyth', 'jepson', 'school', 'leadership', 'studies', 'univer', 'richmond', 'bernhard', 'strauss', 'institute', 'psycho', 'social', 'medicine', 'psychotherapy', 'psycho', 'oncology']
['university', 'hospital', 'germany', 'lingame', 'department', 'psychology', 'brigham', 'young']
['university']
['correspondence', 'concerning', 'article', 'should', 'addressed']
['cheri', 'marmarosh', 'department', 'psychology']
['george', 'washington', 'university', 'street', 'ington', '20008', 'cmarmarosh', 'gmail']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly']
['group', 'dynamics']
['theory', 'research', 'practice']
['american', 'psychological', 'association']
['gdn0000142']
['given', 'mental', 'physical', 'health', 'challenges', 'covid', 'online']
['group', 'group', 'therapy', 'interventions', 'becoming', 'prevalent']
['importance', 'future', 'studies', 'examining', 'effectiveness', 'online', 'groups']
['support', 'therapy', 'necessary', 'studies', 'examine']
['individual', 'difference', 'variables', 'influence', 'effectiveness', 'online', 'group', 'inter', 'ventions', 'class', 'ethnicity', 'culture', 'attachment', 'style', 'level']
['isolation']
['implications', 'article', 'critical', 'examine']
['group', 'level', 'factors', 'influence', 'navigate', 'pandemic', 'groups', 'influ', 'prevent', 'transmission', 'covid', 'sustain', 'ourselves']
['during', 'periods', 'social', 'isolation', 'address', 'effects', 'complicated']
['bereavement', 'trauma', 'illness', 'social', 'inequities', 'unemployment', 'anxiety']
['depression']
['keywords', 'group', 'therapy', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'group', 'dynamics']
['march', 'world', 'health', 'nization', 'declared', 'severe', 'respiratory']
['syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['devastating', 'disease', 'virus', 'caused', 'respira', 'collapse', 'inflammation', 'organ', 'failure']
['resulting', 'death', 'million']
['people', 'first', 'months', 'pandemic']
['known', 'vaccine', 'available']
['threat', 'seemed', 'unavoidable', 'lives', 'substantially', 'disrupted', 'eryday', 'interactions', 'replaced', 'prolonged']
['periods', 'isolation', 'loneliness', 'social']
['activities', 'school', 'pended', 'sources', 'general']
['satisfaction', 'happiness', 'leisure']
['recreational', 'activities', 'disease', 'intensi', 'researchers', 'documented', 'elevated', 'levels']
['depression', 'anxiety', 'increases', 'intrusive']
['thoughts', 'sleep', 'disturbances', 'substantial']
['negative', 'changes', 'feelings', 'emotional', 'sponsiveness', 'substance', 'abuse']
['difficult', 'identify', 'aspect']
['people', 'psychological', 'experiences']
['significantly', 'influenced', 'disease']
['understanding', 'responding', 'effectively']
['psychological', 'impact', 'pandemic', 'quires', 'recognizing', 'intervening']
['chaos', 'wrought', 'individuals', 'adjustment']
['focus', 'group', 'level', 'processes', 'taining', 'prevention', 'maintenance', 'toration', 'after', 'psychological', 'being']
['before', 'during', 'after', 'pandemic']
['pandemic', 'attacked', 'individuals']
['their', 'relationships', 'groups', 'sustain']
['those', 'relationships', 'including', 'their', 'families']
['groups', 'friendship', 'circles']
['social', 'isolation', 'mandated', 'mandate']
['separated', 'people', 'groups', 'sustain']
['sheltering', 'place', 'isola', 'strained', 'resources', 'people', 'remain', 'alliances', 'including', 'their', 'families', 'friendships', 'illness']
['cases', 'fatal', 'permanently', 'changed']
['nature', 'structure', 'people']
['groups', 'relationships', 'specifically']
['psychology', 'groups', 'their', 'dynamics']
['explain', 'people', 'reacted', 'threat']
['virus', 'coping', 'health', 'threats', 'creasing', 'compliance', 'health', 'mandates']
['suggest', 'counter', 'negative', 'psycho', 'logical', 'effects', 'people', 'experience', 'pandemic', 'dealing', 'social', 'lation', 'reducing', 'stress', 'quarantined', 'groups']
['individuals', 'psycho', 'logical', 'consequences', 'pandemic', 'experi', 'including', 'friends', 'loved']
['disease', 'coping', 'grief']
['focus', 'group', 'level', 'processes']
['assume', 'individual', 'level', 'processes']
['considered', 'instead', 'seeks', 'redress']
['tendency', 'stress', 'individual', 'approaches', 'rather']
['interpersonal', 'often', 'analyses']
['focus', 'individual', 'prevention', 'strategies']
['wearing', 'individual', 'factors', 'influ', 'health', 'risks', 'individual']
['interventions', 'distress', 'counseling', 'current', 'analysis', 'trast', 'serves', 'reminder', 'people', 'stantially', 'influenced', 'group', 'interactions']
['extremely', 'important', 'groups']
['group', 'covid']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'preventing', 'treating', 'people', 'suffer', 'during', 'covid', 'american']
['psychological', 'association', 'commission']
['recognition', 'specialties', 'proficiencies']
['professional', 'psychology', 'recognized', 'group']
['therapy', 'specialty', 'recognition', 'empha', 'sized', 'importance', 'group', 'dynamics']
['benefits', 'group', 'interventions', 'critical']
['mental', 'health', 'relevant', 'coping']
['covid', 'although', 'there', 'research']
['studied', 'group', 'factors', 'directly', 'lated', 'prevention', 'intervention', 'covid', 'apply', 'knowledge']
['years', 'group', 'theory', 'research', 'demic', 'group', 'theory', 'research', 'practice']
['important', 'implications', 'control']
['spread', 'covid', 'facilitate', 'coping']
['virus', 'intervene', 'public', 'strug', 'mental', 'illness', 'health', 'dispar', 'ities', 'complicated', 'grief']
['prevention', 'minimizing']
['contracting', 'covid']
['covid', 'highly', 'communicable', 'disease']
['spread', 'worldwide', 'authorities', 'recognizing']
['magnitude', 'threat', 'warned', 'citizens']
['infection', 'proposed', 'series', 'nonphar', 'maceutical', 'interventions', 'limit', 'conta', 'stock', 'sufficient', 'water', 'medical', 'supplies', 'avoid', 'travel']
['destinations', 'where', 'virus', 'emerging']
['these', 'crucially', 'important', 'trolling', 'spread', 'disease', 'cases', 'lower', 'places', 'where', 'people']
['prepared', 'diligently', 'brauner']
['however', 'people', 'failed', 'accurately', 'magnitude', 'threat', 'peated', 'reminders', 'minimize', 'threat', 'though', 'studies', 'people', 'prepare']
['impending', 'crises', 'identified', 'number']
['psychological', 'processes', 'inter', 'proactive', 'responses', 'including', 'unreal', 'istic', 'optimism', 'diminished', 'efficacy']
['avoidance', 'information', 'pertaining']
['threat', 'shepperd', 'klein', 'waters', 'weinstein']
['stewart', 'sweeny', 'melnyk', 'miller']
['shepperd', 'these', 'psychological', 'cesses', 'amplified', 'group', 'level', 'processes']
['caused', 'individuals', 'misjudge', 'magni', 'threat', 'together', 'others']
['should', 'practiced', 'social', 'distanc']
['reassurance', 'accuracy']
['people', 'encountering', 'threat', 'usually', 'respond']
['minimize', 'threat', 'particularly', 'lieve', 'threat', 'highly', 'probable']
['outcome', 'severely', 'negative', 'steps']
['reduce', 'threat', 'considered', 'cacious', 'floyd', 'prentice', 'rogers']
['their', 'estimates', 'likelihood', 'severity']
['response', 'efficacy', 'determined']
['objective', 'factual', 'claims', 'authorities']
['warnings', 'centers', 'disease', 'control']
['prevention', 'actions']
['reactions', 'those', 'around', 'though']
['covid', 'poses', 'great', 'health', 'individ', 'reject', 'information', 'incon', 'sistent', 'estimates', 'those', 'associate']
['regular', 'basis', 'family', 'members']
['coworkers', 'social', 'network', 'connections', 'social', 'comparison', 'processes', 'suggest', 'dividuals', 'strive', 'accuracy']
['preference', 'reassuring', 'comforting']
['information', 'covid', 'associ', 'ating', 'people', 'suggested', 'virus']
['threatening']
['resulted', 'incautious', 'response', 'virus']
['erceg', 'ružojcˇic', 'galic']
['individuals', 'miscalibrated', 'estimates', 'threat']
['potential', 'could', 'adjusted', 'cussed', 'their', 'estimates', 'other', 'people']
['error', 'checking', 'often', 'overlooked', 'groups']
['share', 'information', 'groups', 'manifest', 'ratio', 'nality', 'information', 'reach']
['decision', 'possible', 'larson']
['often', 'people', 'overshare', 'ideas', 'common']
['within', 'group', 'individuals']
['group', 'aware', 'datum']
['group', 'spend', 'inordinate', 'amount']
['discussing', 'those', 'inputs', 'consider']
['ideas', 'information', 'viduals', 'group', 'consequence', 'groups']
['often', 'choice']
['fully', 'informed', 'available', 'information']
['covid', 'group', 'aware', 'rately', 'signal', 'magnitude', 'threat', 'their']
['voices', 'heard', 'group', 'discusses']
['crisis', 'stasser', 'abele']
['unfortunately', 'people', 'recognize']
['extent', 'which', 'their', 'opinions', 'beliefs', 'haviors', 'influenced', 'those', 'around']
['cialdini', 'often', 'assume']
['marmarosh', 'forsyth', 'strauss', 'burlingame']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'objectively', 'reviewed', 'facts']
['based', 'their', 'response', 'rational', 'analysis']
['actuality', 'their', 'responses', 'deter', 'mined', 'social', 'comparison', 'biases', 'overreli', 'shared', 'information', 'conformity']
['group', 'norms', 'example']
['themselves', 'gather', 'locally', 'those', 'teract', 'influence', 'people']
['realize', 'alicke']
['discovered', 'their', 'studies', 'local', 'nance', 'effect', 'people', 'judgments', 'fluenced', 'their', 'close', 'social', 'contacts', 'rather']
['diffuse', 'based', 'sponses', 'thousands', 'people', 'asked']
['describe', 'their', 'metacognitive', 'processing']
['information', 'people', 'certain']
['relying', 'highly', 'repre', 'sentative', 'sample', 'rather', 'anecdotal']
['provided', 'their', 'associates']
['socializing', 'quarantining']
['because', 'there', 'known']
['disease', 'vaccine', 'would', 'prevent', 'infec', 'public', 'health', 'authorities', 'relied']
['limit', 'spread', 'disease', 'within', 'lation', 'particular', 'advised', 'individu', 'maintain', 'social', 'distance']
['coronavirus', 'state', 'officials', 'included']
['requirement', 'health', 'mandates']
['medically', 'necessary', 'limiting']
['individuals', 'contact', 'other', 'people', 'blocked']
['primary', 'means', 'coping']
['stress', 'traumatic', 'events', 'their', 'groups', 'those']
['study', 'mental', 'health', 'clinical', 'counseling']
['community', 'health', 'psychologists', 'social']
['workers', 'psychiatrists', 'recog', 'nized', 'relationship', 'between', 'groups']
['members', 'psychological', 'being', 'theory']
['research', 'suggest', 'people']
['connected', 'other', 'people', 'these']
['connections', 'severed', 'experience', 'signif', 'icant', 'psychological', 'distress', 'baumeister']
['leary', 'suggested', 'humans', 'power', 'belong', 'pervasive', 'drive']
['maintain', 'least', 'minimum', 'quantity']
['lasting', 'positive', 'impactful', 'interpersonal', 'lationships', 'likened']
['belong', 'other', 'basic', 'needs', 'hunger']
['thirst', 'individuals', 'therefore', 'under', 'circum', 'stances', 'resist', 'isolation', 'seclusion']
['choose', 'affiliate', 'others', 'rather']
['alone']
['belong', 'strongest', 'people']
['stressful', 'uncertain', 'future', 'times']
['trouble', 'illness', 'catastrophe', 'natural', 'saster', 'financial', 'upheaval', 'support', 'joining', 'other', 'people']
['decades', 'research', 'coping']
['confirms', 'stress', 'affiliation', 'effect', 'people']
['others', 'coping', 'mechanism', 'quire', 'reassuring', 'information', 'germane']
['threat', 'secure', 'emotional', 'support', 'acquire']
['tangible', 'aspinwall', 'taylor', 'cohen']
['wills', 'reaction']
['cases', 'adaptive', 'affiliating']
['others', 'reduces', 'morbidity', 'mortality', 'lates', 'neural', 'biological', 'responses']
['stress', 'reduces', 'negative', 'effects', 'major']
['stressful', 'events', 'taylor']
['review', 'however', 'threat']
['contagious', 'disease', 'belong', 'compels']
['individuals', 'association', 'others']
['though', 'association', 'unhealthy']
['consequence', 'despite', 'warnings', 'avoid']
['groups', 'people', 'continued']
['though', 'risky', 'socializing', 'provided']
['disease', 'opportunity', 'spread', 'fected', 'uninfected', 'surveyed', 'after']
['released', 'guidelines', 'social', 'tancing', 'march', 'people', 'ported', 'actions', 'inconsistent']
['mandate', 'continuing']
['others', 'social', 'groups']
['public', 'settings', 'large']
['social', 'gatherings', 'without', 'coverings']
['forsyth', 'these', 'individuals', 'general']
['people', 'sample']
['unlikely', 'contract', 'illness', 'those']
['believed', 'would', 'survive', 'illness']
['recognition', 'virus', 'significant']
['health', 'threat', 'would', 'likely', 'contract']
['associated', 'rather']
['risky', 'socializing', 'disregarding', 'mandate']
['socially', 'distance', 'associated', 'positional', 'differences', 'respondents', 'prefer', 'others', 'stressed']
['those', 'engaged', 'risky', 'socializing']
['people', 'likely', 'agree']
['statements', 'unhappy']
['depressed', 'stressed', 'usually']
['around', 'other', 'people', 'better']
['greatest', 'sources', 'comfort']
['things', 'rough', 'being', 'other', 'people']
[]
['group', 'covid']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'compliance', 'resistance']
['number', 'covid', 'cases', 'increased']
['urged', 'individuals', 'continue', 'taking']
['precautions', 'minimize', 'spread', 'virus']
['including', 'maintaining', 'social', 'distance', 'avoiding']
['groups', 'wearing', 'coverings', 'however']
['people', 'resisted', 'mandate', 'churches']
['continued', 'services', 'people', 'congregated']
['parks', 'beaches', 'clubs', 'travel', 'sumed', 'requirement', 'covering', 'became', 'contentious', 'litically', 'charged', 'issue', 'media', 'reported']
['multiple', 'incidents', 'confrontations', 'between']
['masked', 'unmasked', 'mckelvey']
['cases', 'large', 'groups', 'people', 'gathered']
['publicly', 'protest', 'mandates', 'displaying']
['marked', 'consistency', 'their', 'actions', 'tudes']
['factor', 'distinguishes', 'those', 'opted', 'mandated', 'those', 'sisted', 'refused', 'comply']
['think', 'disease', 'significant', 'threat']
['personally', 'harper', 'satchell']
['latzman', 'individuals', 'certain']
['traits', 'elevated', 'levels', 'narcissism']
['psychopathy', 'complied', 'people']
['whose', 'personalities', 'include', 'these']
['triad', 'characteristics', 'group', 'level', 'processes', 'likely', 'gener', 'marked', 'variance', 'response']
['pandemic', 'restricted', 'people']
['contact', 'other', 'people', 'reduced']
['density', 'heterogeneity', 'their', 'social', 'works', 'isolation', 'combined', 'dency', 'maximize', 'cohesion', 'during', 'periods']
['stress', 'likely', 'resulted', 'polarization']
['increased', 'identification', 'group']
['norms', 'those', 'norms', 'cases', 'stressed']
['compliance', 'taking', 'steps', 'minimize']
['spread', 'virus', 'socially', 'approved']
['course', 'action', 'complying', 'would']
['considered', 'unusual', 'inappropriate']
['social', 'groups', 'noncompliance', 'became']
['these', 'groups', 'maintained', 'govern', 'authorities', 'right', 'curtail', 'people']
['freedom', 'assemble', 'travel']
['wearing', 'public', 'quarantining']
['considered', 'socially', 'indefensible', 'these', 'groups', 'consequence', 'noncom', 'pliance', 'associated', 'group', 'social', 'identity', 'theory', 'suggests']
['people', 'categorize', 'themselves', 'members']
['particular', 'group', 'subsequently', 'strive']
['think', 'believe']
['prototypical', 'member', 'group']
['hains', 'mason', 'sustained', 'psycholog', 'ically', 'collectively', 'shared', 'social', 'those', 'resisted', 'compliance', 'acted']
['spread', 'rather', 'controlled', 'deadly']
['disease', 'forsyth']
['protection', 'coping', 'during']
['covid', 'crisis']
['endure', 'forced']
['effects', 'pandemic', 'covid', 'addressed', 'challenges', 'prevent']
['spread', 'disease', 'there', 'other', 'strug', 'caused', 'covid', 'there', 'stress']
['isolation', 'groups', 'people', 'families']
['sequestered', 'outside', 'world']
['there', 'ongoing', 'getting']
['financial', 'insecurity', 'death', 'loved']
['mention', 'stress', 'racial']
['economic', 'inequities', 'overwhelmed']
['health', 'system', 'psychologists', 'impact', 'these', 'being']
['provide', 'important', 'guidance']
['navigate', 'social', 'groups', 'group']
['therapy', 'people']
['experiences', 'isolated', 'groups', 'value']
['cohesion']
['during', 'covid', 'families', 'lated', 'outside', 'world', 'people']
['their', 'social', 'networks', 'shrink']
['seize']
['enforced', 'togetherness', 'strengthen', 'their', 'attach', 'ments', 'another', 'share', 'support']
['appreciate', 'other', 'boredom', 'tension']
['conflict', 'passing']
['studies', 'groups', 'spent', 'isolation', 'teams', 'stationed']
['antarctica', 'explorers', 'living', 'months']
['confined', 'space', 'suggest']
['groups', 'prosper', 'others', 'falter', 'under']
['strain', 'during', 'international', 'geophysical']
['example', 'several', 'tries', 'small', 'groups', 'military', 'civilian']
['personnel', 'outposts', 'antarctica', 'these']
['groups', 'responsible', 'collecting']
['about', 'largely', 'unknown', 'continent']
['violent', 'weather', 'forced', 'staff', 'remain', 'doors', 'months']
['marmarosh', 'forsyth', 'strauss', 'burlingame']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'little', 'change', 'their', 'situation', 'morale', 'declined']
['group', 'members', 'initial', 'friendliness']
['humor', 'sensitivity', 'replaced', 'morale', 'grouchiness', 'boredom']
['other', 'groups', 'however', 'manage', 'prosper']
['outside', 'world']
['isolated', 'groups', 'studied', 'researchers']
['naval', 'medical', 'research', 'institute', 'bethesda']
['maryland', 'example', 'responded', 'quite', 'tively', 'sequestered', 'these', 'researchers', 'fined', 'pairs', 'volunteers']
['means', 'interacting', 'anyone']
['outside', 'space', 'computer', 'internet']
['media', 'these', 'groups', 'imploded']
['insisted', 'released', 'study']
['after', 'others', 'however', 'thrived']
['course', 'isolation', 'their', 'reliance']
['another', 'strengthened', 'their', 'satis', 'faction', 'their', 'circumstances', 'shared']
['concerns', 'worries', 'about', 'isolation', 'adjustments']
['whenever', 'conflicts', 'tensions', 'arose']
['schedules', 'activities', 'agreeing']
['action', 'meals', 'exercise', 'recre', 'ation', 'cooperation', 'critical']
['person', 'spent', 'considerable', 'lated', 'group', 'underwater', 'habitat', 'sealab']
['explained', 'compatible']
['group', 'there', 'might', 'everybody', 'cooperative']
['worked', 'helped', 'other', 'sible', 'think', 'group', 'radloff']
['helmreich', 'successful']
['groups', 'avoided', 'symptoms']
['maladaptive', 'responding', 'displayed']
['successful', 'groups', 'withdrawal', 'members']
['groups', 'isolation']
['tended', 'interacting']
['other', 'cocooned', 'instead', 'communicat', 'collaborating', 'cooperating', 'caring']
['another', 'radloff', 'helmreich']
['learn', 'study', 'groups']
['isolation', 'group', 'cohesion']
['factors', 'helps', 'groups', 'survive', 'during', 'times']
['distress', 'keeps', 'people', 'together']
['things', 'challenging', 'group']
['conflict', 'within', 'group', 'during', 'demic', 'people', 'groups']
['health', 'workers', 'helping', 'patients']
['covid', 'employees', 'engaging', 'online']
['meetings', 'families', 'socially', 'isolating']
['together', 'important', 'understand']
['facilitate', 'cohesion', 'within', 'these', 'groups']
['tolerate', 'conflict', 'surfaces', 'group']
['researchers', 'therapists', 'recognized']
['importance', 'group', 'cohesion', 'studied']
['facilitates', 'safety', 'ability', 'toler', 'tensions', 'group', 'yalom', 'leszcz']
[]
['bonds', 'between', 'members', 'cohesive']
['groups', 'strong', 'easily', 'broken']
['these', 'bonds', 'sustain', 'members', 'sense', 'being', 'several', 'studies', 'indicated', 'positively', 'correlates', 'elevation']
['members', 'esteem', 'reduced', 'symptoms']
['higher', 'rates', 'attainment', 'braaten']
['budman', 'tschuschke']
['families', 'cohesion', 'negatively', 'lated', 'loneliness', 'family', 'cohesion']
['decrease', 'loneliness', 'family', 'members', 'hayashi', 'fujiwara', 'matsusaka']
['analysis', 'examining', 'relationship', 'tween', 'cohesion', 'group', 'therapy', 'treatment']
['outcome', 'studies', 'indicated', 'cohesion']
['significantly', 'related', 'outcome', 'tient', 'outpatient', 'settings', 'burlingame', 'clendon']
['foster', 'cohesion', 'groups']
['important', 'question', 'group', 'dynamic', 'searchers', 'group', 'therapists', 'focused']
['impact', 'empathy', 'group', 'johnson']
['burlingame', 'olsen', 'davies', 'gleave']
['found', 'empathy', 'leaders', 'members']
['related', 'perceived', 'positive', 'relationships']
['within', 'group', 'researchers', 'shown']
['leaders', 'promote', 'interpersonal', 'interac', 'prioritize', 'cultivation', 'cohesion']
['facilitate', 'greater', 'between', 'members']
['burlingame']
['inhibiting', 'leadership', 'factors']
['leader', 'inability', 'tolerate', 'emotional']
['reactions', 'mikulincer', 'shaver', 'failure']
['express', 'accept', 'caring', 'address']
['conflict', 'explore', 'members', 'avoidant', 'haviors', 'missed', 'sessions', 'tardy', 'behavior']
['negatively', 'influences', 'development', 'within', 'group', 'yalom', 'leszcz']
['social', 'psychologists', 'found']
['leader', 'engaged', 'avoidant', 'behaviors']
['dismissing', 'vulnerability', 'avoiding', 'members']
['needs', 'group', 'members', 'rated', 'group', 'hesion', 'davidovitz', 'mikulincer', 'shaver', 'izsak']
['popper', 'similarly', 'smokowski']
['todar', 'reardon', 'found', 'dropout']
['group', 'increased', 'group', 'members']
['group', 'covid']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'experienced', 'group', 'leaders', 'adequately']
['supporting', 'protecting']
['during', 'covid', 'people', 'often', 'interact', 'groups', 'cloistered', 'family']
['periods', 'isolation', 'medical']
['teams', 'working', 'together', 'stress', 'ations', 'government', 'groups', 'negotiating']
['supplies', 'protect', 'health', 'workers']
['helpful', 'recognize', 'research', 'influence', 'these', 'groups', 'increase']
['cohesion', 'within', 'these', 'groups', 'needs']
['leaders', 'invite', 'conversations', 'among']
['members', 'encourage', 'differences', 'agreements', 'burlingame', 'fuhriman', 'johnson']
['yalom', 'leszcz', 'medical']
['teams', 'cohesion', 'critical', 'brindley', 'mosier']
['hicks', 'studied', 'clear', 'tasks']
['preparation', 'enhanced', 'cohesion', 'which', 'neces', 'establishing', 'airway', 'patients']
['covid', 'groups', 'there', 'needs']
['awareness', 'impact', 'nicity', 'culture', 'dellucia', 'waack']
['leaders', 'group']
['examine', 'resolve', 'conflicts', 'around', 'diversity']
['members', 'experience', 'discrimination']
['prejudice', 'group', 'likely', 'erode']
['group', 'cohesion']
['loneliness', 'benefit', 'groups']
['public', 'required', 'social', 'distance']
['protect', 'others', 'oneself', 'exposure']
['virus', 'there', 'likelihood', 'people']
['experience', 'isolation', 'loneliness', 'while']
['others', 'social', 'distance', 'remain', 'socially']
['connected', 'being', 'socially', 'nected', 'positively', 'influences', 'psychological']
['emotional', 'being', 'physical', 'health', 'uchino']
['expectancy', 'lunstad']
['smith', 'baker', 'harris', 'stephenson']
['roelfs', 'yogev', 'unfortunately']
['people', 'fortunate']
['experience', 'disconnection', 'isolation']
['causes', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'stress']
['mihashi', 'brooks']
['reviewed', 'effects', 'quarantine', 'found']
['there', 'lasting', 'effects', 'being']
['quarantined', 'exist', 'years', 'later', 'especially']
['health', 'workers', 'these', 'effects', 'included']
['avoiding', 'people', 'could', 'avoiding']
[]
['researchers', 'shown', 'loneliness']
['deleterious', 'effects']
['subjective', 'experience', 'people', 'alone']
['their', 'families', 'groups']
['lunstad', 'found', 'after']
['accounting', 'multiple', 'factors', 'increased']
['likelihood', 'death', 'reported', 'liness', 'social', 'isolation']
['living', 'alone', 'results', 'indicated', 'difference']
['between', 'objective', 'subjective', 'measures']
['social', 'isolation', 'predicting', 'mortality']
['seems', 'though', 'loneliness']
['health', 'especially', 'important', 'during']
['covid', 'people', 'distancing']
['feeling', 'isolated']
['joining', 'groups']
['individuals', 'loneliness', 'isola', 'forsyth', 'people', 'struggle']
['these', 'feelings', 'often', 'support']
['groups', 'alone', 'forsyth', 'elliott']
['addition', 'support', 'groups', 'people']
['group', 'psychotherapy']
['alone', 'address', 'important', 'issues']
['yalom', 'leszcz', 'describe', 'being']
['others', 'group', 'experience', 'similar']
['feelings', 'curative', 'aspects']
['groups']
['subset', 'population']
['particularly', 'elderly', 'elderly']
['required', 'socially', 'isolate', 'prevent', 'rious', 'illness', 'likely']
['isolated', 'researchers', 'applied', 'psychoso', 'group', 'intervention', 'lonely', 'older', 'people']
['effective', 'increasing', 'social']
['activation', 'friendships', 'remaining']
['group', 'improved', 'being']
['subjective', 'health', 'decreasing', 'health']
['services', 'supiano', 'luptak']
['unemployment', 'financial']
['group', 'support']
['major', 'stressors', 'individuals']
['during', 'pandemic', 'requirement']
['unemployment']
['according', 'brooks', 'financial']
['during', 'quarantine', 'related', 'psychological', 'orders', 'anger', 'anxiety', 'found']
['delays', 'receiving', 'government', 'funding']
['having', 'lower', 'income', 'general', 'before']
['quarantine', 'negative', 'impact']
['groups', 'provide', 'support', 'those', 'during']
['times', 'layoff', 'spending', 'fellow']
['coworkers', 'facilitate', 'coping', 'cooper']
['social', 'support', 'shown', 'moderate']
['marmarosh', 'forsyth', 'strauss', 'burlingame']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'effects', 'involuntary', 'caravan']
['gallo', 'marshall', 'related']
['education', 'prior', 'social', 'support', 'before']
['employment', 'essence', 'white', 'ucated', 'individuals', 'prior', 'social', 'support']
['benefited', 'social', 'support', 'after']
['involuntary', 'reduce', 'depression']
['findings', 'expose', 'different', 'experience']
['during', 'pandemic', 'importance']
['examining', 'unemployment']
['covid', 'affect', 'people', 'differently', 'depend', 'economic', 'status']
['social', 'inequality', 'groups']
['promote', 'change']
['started', 'impacted']
['covid', 'learned', 'everyone']
['affected', 'minorities', 'cially', 'black', 'minorities', 'highest']
['mortality', 'major', 'cities']
['virus', 'according', 'yancy']
['covid', 'deaths', 'black', 'individuals']
['represented', 'total', 'ulation', 'similar', 'pattern', 'found']
['globally', 'predominantly', 'black', 'countries']
['having', 'greatest', 'infection', 'death']
['compared', 'predominantly', 'white', 'countries', 'racism', 'discrimination', 'health']
['inequities', 'incredible', 'stress', 'individuals']
['relate', 'mental', 'carter', 'forsyth']
['murali', 'oyebode', 'schwartz']
['physical', 'health', 'sacker', 'gimeno', 'relate', 'coping']
['additional', 'trauma', 'covid']
['although', 'discrimination', 'groups', 'ative', 'impact', 'health', 'pascoe', 'smart', 'groups', 'provide', 'resource']
['minorities', 'marginalized', 'populations']
['belonging', 'groups', 'others', 'experiences', 'increases', 'sense', 'belonging']
['provides', 'support', 'groups', 'invite', 'people']
['different', 'backgrounds', 'identities', 'social', 'justice', 'change', 'frantell', 'miles']
['reviewed', 'importance']
['intergroup', 'dialogues', 'bringing', 'people']
['different', 'identities', 'together', 'fosters', 'inter', 'group', 'relationships', 'develops', 'awareness']
['promotes', 'social', 'justice', 'these', 'types']
['group', 'conversations', 'critical', 'during', 'covid', 'facing']
['seeing', 'higher', 'mortality', 'minorities', 'health']
['inequalities', 'increased', 'racism']
['complicated', 'bereavement', 'group']
['intervention']
['during', 'covid', 'people', 'loved']
['suddenly', 'virus']
['comfort', 'their', 'dying', 'family', 'members', 'funerals', 'family', 'friends']
['support', 'religious', 'rituals', 'physical']
['proximity', 'family', 'experience']
['complicated', 'bereavement', 'burke', 'neimeyer']
['complicated', 'bereavement', 'occurs']
['individuals', 'intense', 'grief', 'response']
['lasts', 'longer', 'eventually', 'influences']
['daily', 'functioning', 'mayland', 'harding', 'preston']
['payne', 'reviewed', 'studies', 'prior', 'demics', 'found', 'multiplicity']
['losses', 'inability', 'goodbye', 'disrup', 'tions', 'social', 'connections', 'contributed']
['complicated', 'bereavement', 'during', 'pandemics']
['suggested', 'providing', 'group', 'connec', 'tions', 'increasing', 'support', 'would', 'people']
['during', 'covid']
['groups', 'effectively']
['people', 'grief', 'maass', 'perlinger', 'wagner', 'piper']
['ogrodniczuk', 'joyce', 'weideman']
['provide', 'emotional', 'support', 'reduce']
['depression', 'caused', 'isolation', 'supiano']
['haynes', 'qualitative', 'study']
['members', 'short', 'grief', 'group']
['found', 'facilitate', 'meaning']
['catastrophic', 'grief', 'experiences', 'during']
['covid', 'online', 'groups']
['provide', 'support', 'health', 'providers', 'wladkowski', 'gibson', 'white']
['individuals', 'struggling', 'loved']
['wallace']
['recommend', 'online', 'support', 'groups']
['those', 'individuals', 'providing', 'palliative']
['those', 'dying', 'covid', 'knowles']
['stelzer', 'jovel', 'connor', 'examined']
['effectiveness', 'virtual', 'support', 'group']
['elderly', 'experiencing', 'spouse']
['found', 'members', 'better', 'sleep']
['depression', 'ruminations', 'spouse']
['loneliness', 'after', 'group', 'intervention']
['mayland', 'suggests', 'providing']
['technologically', 'assisted', 'social', 'support', 'during']
['illness', 'prior', 'death', 'after', 'could']
['decrease', 'complicated', 'mourning', 'recom', 'online', 'group', 'related', 'support', 'during']
['covid', 'includes', 'family', 'gatherings']
['religious', 'rituals', 'involving', 'community']
['group', 'covid']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'restoration', 'group', 'therapy', 'intervention']
['during', 'covid']
['people', 'suffering', 'groups', 'provide']
['healing', 'bring', 'decrease', 'isolation']
['connect', 'something', 'bigger']
['loneliness', 'yalom', 'leszcz']
['surprising', 'group']
['therapy', 'effective', 'treatments']
['restore', 'during', 'after', 'covid']
['general', 'evidence', 'group', 'therapy']
['group', 'therapy', 'recently', 'described']
['triple', 'treatment', 'burlingame', 'strauss']
['press', 'yalom', 'leszcz', 'effective']
['equivalent', 'efficient', 'randomized', 'clinical']
['trials', 'shown', 'effective']
['contrasted', 'treatment', 'controls', 'recent']
['analysis', 'nearly', 'contrasted']
['individual', 'group', 'therapy', 'formats', 'using']
['identical', 'patients', 'treatments', 'duced', 'equivalent', 'outcomes', 'compared', 'vidual', 'treatment', 'burlingame', 'seebeck', 'janis']
['furthermore', 'equivalence']
['found', 'group', 'therapy', 'contrasted']
['other', 'treatments', 'common']
['anxiety', 'disorders', 'burlingame']
['strauss', 'press', 'finally', 'considers']
['therapist', 'treatment', 'group', 'therapy']
['efficient', 'treatment', 'compared']
['individual', 'therapy', 'burlingame']
['covid', 'evidence']
['group', 'therapy']
['global', 'national', 'health', 'reported', 'increased', 'preva', 'lence', 'mental', 'problems', 'related', 'covid']
['zhang', 'group']
['interventions', 'important', 'option']
['prevent', 'restore', 'mental', 'health', 'problems', 'lated', 'pandemic', 'recent', 'review']
['burlingame', 'strauss', 'press', 'provides', 'ample']
['evidence', 'efficacy', 'group', 'treatment']
['respect', 'specific', 'psychological', 'disorders']
['triggered', 'pandemic', 'findings', 'randomized', 'controlled']
['studies', 'treated', 'patients', 'showed']
['large', 'effects', 'favoring', 'group', 'treatment']
['waitlist', 'controls', 'differences', 'active']
['controls', 'follows', 'brief', 'summary']
['major', 'conclusions', 'regarding', 'efficacy']
['group', 'therapy', 'anxiety', 'trauma']
['substance', 'abuse', 'disorders']
['obsessive', 'compulsive', 'disorder']
['individuals', 'suffering', 'report', 'aggra', 'vations', 'their', 'symptoms', 'especially']
['contamination', 'excessive', 'washing', 'hands']
['during', 'covid', 'kumar', 'somani']
['inhibitory', 'control', 'result']
['pandemic', 'consequences']
['roots', 'increase', 'symptoms', 'needing']
['additional', 'treatment', 'options', 'group']
['treatment', 'concerned', 'schwartze', 'barkowski']
['burlingame', 'strauss', 'rosendahl']
['summarized', 'three', 'commonly', 'administered']
['group', 'treatment', 'comparisons', 'analysis']
['studies', 'adult', 'patients', 'complex']
['cognitive', 'behavioral', 'group', 'treatment']
['exposure', 'response', 'prevention', 'alone']
['cognitive', 'therapy', 'signifi', 'differences', 'found', 'between', 'group', 'chotherapy', 'active', 'treatments', 'individ', 'psychotherapy', 'pharmacotherapy']
['common', 'factors', 'similar', 'pattern', 'evident', 'secondary', 'outcomes', 'pression', 'anxiety']
['posttraumatic', 'stress', 'disorder']
['china', 'indicated', 'mental']
['health', 'consequences', 'covid']
['example', 'reported', 'incidence']
['traumatic', 'stress', 'medical', 'staff']
['sample', 'nurses', 'doctors', 'entire']
['sample', 'average', 'scored']
['rating', 'scale', 'huang']
['recent', 'analysis', 'studying', 'schwar', 'barkowski', 'strauss', 'knaevelsrud', 'rosen', 'group', 'treatment', 'studies', 'prising', 'individuals', 'diagnosed']
['summarized', 'expected', 'clinical']
['characteristics', 'trauma', 'comorbidity']
['severity', 'personal', 'background', 'ticipants', 'varied', 'across', 'studies', 'nevertheless']
['those', 'receiving', 'group', 'treatment', 'experienced']
['improvement', 'anxiety', 'depression']
['symptoms', 'compared', 'treatment']
['based', 'these', 'studies', 'group', 'psychotherapy']
['appears', 'efficacious', 'treatment']
['although', 'there', 'insufficient', 'trials']
['equivalence', 'between', 'group', 'individ', 'treatment']
['anxiety', 'disorders', 'reports', 'indicate']
['increase', 'anxiety', 'panic', 'symptoms']
['anxiety', 'disorders', 'immediate', 'consequence']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'huang']
['marmarosh', 'forsyth', 'strauss', 'burlingame']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'rajkumar', 'raising', 'question']
['effective', 'treatments', 'patients', 'suffering']
['panic', 'combined', 'anxiety', 'disorders']
['benefit', 'group', 'treatments', 'effects']
['assessed', 'recent', 'analysis']
['comprising', 'group', 'treatments', 'panic']
['disorder', 'schwartze', 'large', 'effect']
['found', 'panic', 'agoraphobia']
['symptoms', 'compared', 'treatment', 'trols', 'differences', 'found']
['compared', 'treatments']
['including', 'individual', 'therapy', 'three']
['fourths', 'patients', 'panic', 'after']
['group', 'psychotherapy', 'compared']
['waitlist', 'control', 'condition', 'appears']
['robust', 'treatment', 'panic', 'disorder']
['major', 'depressive', 'disorder']
['other', 'psychological', 'disorders', 'crease', 'depressive', 'symptoms', 'depressive']
['disorders', 'expected', 'described', 'following']
['outbreak', 'covid', 'huang']
['rajkumar']
['assumed', 'feeling', 'control']
['paired', 'consequences', 'social']
['physical', 'distancing', 'directly', 'affects']
['individuals', 'especially', 'countries', 'regions']
['rates', 'cases', 'deaths']
['virus', 'janis', 'svien', 'jensen', 'burlingame']
['press', 'pooled', 'findings', 'studies']
['comparisons', 'individuals', 'diagnosed']
['treated', 'group', 'treat', 'treatment', 'usual', 'medication']
['treatment', 'frequent', 'treatment']
['followed', 'mindfulness', 'based']
['cognitive', 'therapy', 'psycho', 'educational', 'groups', 'combined']
['effect', 'group', 'treatment', 'depression', 'large', 'compared']
['treatment', 'patients', 'being', 'nearly', 'times']
['likely', 'improved']
['treatment', 'there', 'strong', 'support']
['promising', 'evidence', 'supporting']
['compared', 'treatment', 'trols']
['substance', 'abuse', 'disorders']
['increase', 'substance', 'abuse', 'especially', 'alcohol']
['assumed', 'consequence']
['covid', 'parker', 'galea', 'chant', 'lurie', 'ornell', 'vocate', 'reinforcement', 'addiction']
['several', 'reasons', 'individuals', 'sidered', 'population', 'contami', 'nation', 'their', 'clinical', 'psychoso', 'condition', 'these', 'individuals']
['expected', 'problems', 'treatment', 'adherence', 'changes']
['social', 'economy', 'caused', 'demic']
['recently', 'analysis', 'focusing']
['adults', 'marized', 'studies', 'comprising', 'comparisons']
['studies', 'comparing', 'group', 'treatment', 'controls', 'seven', 'comparing', 'group']
['individual', 'therapy', 'comparing', 'group']
['treatment', 'other', 'treatments', 'twelve', 'steps']
['group', 'treatments', 'included', 'cognitive']
['behavioral', 'therapy', 'behavioral', 'mindfulness', 'alectical', 'behavior', 'therapy', 'integrated', 'treat', 'ments', 'group', 'treatment', 'outperformed', 'individ', 'therapy', 'moderate', 'effects']
['groups', 'facilitating', 'immune', 'ctioning', 'moreover', 'there', 'added', 'beyond', 'traditional', 'psychological', 'comes', 'given', 'recent', 'evidence', 'impact']
['group', 'treatments', 'immune', 'system']
['shields', 'spahr', 'slavich', 'under', 'standable', 'consequence', 'pandemic']
['increase', 'general', 'specific', 'stress', 'viduals', 'countries', 'prevalence']
['covid', 'infections', 'during', 'stress', 'pathetic', 'nervous', 'system', 'suppresses', 'antiviral']
['processes', 'regulates', 'proinflammatory']
['processes', 'neurotransmitter', 'norepineph', 'slavich', 'irwin', 'stress', 'responses']
['constant', 'state', 'fight', 'flight']
['sapolsky', 'further', 'there', 'evidence']
['psychosocial', 'stress', 'suppressing', 'cellular', 'moral', 'immunity', 'increasing', 'nonspecific', 'flammation', 'segerstrom', 'miller', 'irwin']
['psychosocial', 'interventions', 'appear', 'exert']
['positive', 'effect', 'immunity']
['recent', 'analysis', 'shields']
['documents', 'psychosocial', 'intervention', 'impact']
['immune', 'system', 'which', 'causally', 'volved', 'deaths', 'worldwide', 'furman']
['shields', 'demonstrated']
['group', 'interventions', 'equally']
['effective', 'individual', 'therapy', 'milieu', 'groups', 'provide', 'tivator', 'encourage', 'attendance', 'which']
['supportive', 'social', 'environment', 'linked']
['health', 'related', 'biomarkers', 'social', 'milieu']
['creates', 'opportunity', 'interact', 'affected']
['peers', 'experience', 'therapeutic', 'factors']
['instillation', 'universality', 'altruism']
['group', 'covid']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'interpersonal', 'feedback', 'cohesion']
['empirically', 'linked', 'better', 'outcomes']
['online', 'group', 'therapy', 'adjusting']
['covid']
['although', 'online', 'modes', 'group', 'therapy']
['existed', 'grown', 'exponentially']
['covid', 'aafjes', 'doorn', 'békès', 'prout']
['burlingame', 'strauss']
['joyce', 'therapists', 'shift', 'telehealth']
['during', 'covid', 'important', 'examine']
['current', 'group', 'research', 'benefits', 'limits']
['online', 'group', 'interventions', 'weinberg']
['synchronous', 'groups', 'synchronous', 'online']
['groups', 'consist', 'rooms']
['group', 'conferences', 'where', 'participants']
['other', 'therapist', 'efficacy']
['these', 'interventions', 'tested', 'several']
['larger', 'samples', 'different']
['clinical', 'problems', 'eating', 'disorders', 'depression']
['attention', 'deficit', 'hyperactivity', 'disorder', 'cancer']
['social', 'anxiety', 'disorder', 'being', 'victim']
['family', 'violence', 'studies', 'support', 'their']
['efficacy', 'compared', 'waitlist']
['conditions', 'crisp', 'griffiths', 'mackinnon']
['bennett', 'christensen', 'zanden']
['kramer', 'gerrits', 'cuijpers', 'while', 'others']
['indicate', 'format', 'equivalence', 'compared']
['asynchronous', 'group', 'treatments', 'burlingame']
['strauss', 'press', 'users', 'commonly', 'report']
['degree', 'satisfaction', 'indicate']
['online', 'group', 'important', 'source', 'crease', 'coping', 'grange', 'moessner']
['bauer', 'stephen', 'these']
['types', 'groups', 'being', 'during']
['covid']
['benefits', 'limitations', 'online', 'groups']
['internet', 'based', 'group', 'treatments']
['stigmatizing', 'especially', 'young', 'people']
['those', 'limited', 'access', 'psychosocial', 'moreover', 'average', 'amount', 'therapist']
['weekly', 'participant', 'significantly']
['reduced', 'compared', 'tradi', 'tional', 'schulz', 'equally']
['effective', 'these', 'benefits']
['balanced', 'other', 'ethical', 'challenges', 'regarding']
['confidentiality', 'weinberg', 'rolnick']
['described', 'evidence', 'screen', 'relations']
['reduce', 'interpersonal', 'connections', 'russell']
['highlighted', 'obstacles', 'shifts']
['traditional', 'group', 'practice', 'screen']
['these', 'include', 'control', 'limited']
['bodily', 'interactions', 'inability']
['respond', 'verbal', 'nonverbal', 'signals']
['meaning', 'member', 'background']
['should', 'considered', 'ignored', 'short']
['still', 'building', 'practice', 'means']
['these', 'groups', 'might', 'adverse']
['harmful', 'weinberg', 'rolnick']
['despite', 'limitations', 'video', 'conferences']
['times', 'covid', 'accepted']
['perceived', 'helpful', 'patients', 'providers']
['there', 'evidence']
['suggest', 'online', 'support', 'groups', 'those']
['quarantined', 'during', 'disease', 'outbreaks']
['chang', 'found', 'having']
['online', 'support', 'group', 'feeling', 'connected']
['others', 'through', 'situation']
['validating', 'provided', 'people']
['support', 'needed', 'indeed', 'scientific', 'liter', 'ature', 'videoconferencing', 'plentiful']
['individual', 'backhaus', 'claine', 'rather', 'group', 'treatment']
['pandemic', 'already', 'begun', 'produce']
['publications', 'online', 'group', 'treatment', 'kordi', 'sakhi', 'gholamzad', 'azizpor', 'shahini']
['sustainability', 'online', 'group']
['treatment', 'using', 'different', 'theoretical', 'orienta', 'tions', 'question']
['implications']
['critical', 'examine', 'group', 'level']
['processes', 'pertaining', 'prevention', 'mainte', 'nance', 'restoration', 'during', 'covid', 'though', 'often', 'aware', 'individual']
['factors', 'emphasized', 'navigate']
['pandemic', 'social', 'factors', 'equally', 'impor', 'group', 'dynamics', 'influence', 'tension']
['people', 'ambivalent', 'about', 'wearing']
['masks', 'social', 'distancing', 'people']
['social', 'isolation', 'groups']
['provide', 'relief', 'depression', 'anxiety']
['substance', 'abuse']
['working', 'together']
['covid']
['groups', 'bring', 'together', 'different', 'disci', 'plines', 'understand', 'diverse', 'challenges']
['ahead', 'endure', 'covid', 'holmes']
['according', 'connor']
['requires', 'group', 'researchers', 'clinicians']
['across', 'professions', 'address', 'impact']
['covid', 'single', 'disciple', 'tackle']
['marmarosh', 'forsyth', 'strauss', 'burlingame']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'issue', 'isolation', 'requires', 'psychology', 'chiatry', 'neuroscience', 'epidemiology', 'infec', 'tious', 'disease', 'specialists', 'together']
['argue', 'there', 'needs', 'collaboration']
['between', 'public', 'patients', 'health', 'provid', 'policymakers', 'cohesive', 'focused']
['research', 'agenda', 'influence', 'policy']
['practice', 'group', 'indeed', 'specialty', 'within']
['psychology', 'navigate', 'people']
['psychological', 'physical', 'being', 'increase']
['successful', 'health', 'delivery', 'fight', 'systemic']
['injustices', 'develop', 'public', 'policy', 'gether', 'develop', 'vaccination', 'covid']
['group', 'leadership', 'during', 'covid']
['valuable', 'lessons', 'learned']
['research', 'cohesion']
['leader', 'facilitating', 'successful', 'group', 'dynamics']
['burlingame', 'described']
['things', 'leaders', 'facilitate', 'successful']
['group', 'process', 'outcome', 'modeling']
['interpersonal', 'feedback', 'helping', 'members', 'toler', 'conflict', 'embracing', 'vulnerability', 'cussing', 'clear', 'goals', 'group', 'research', 'suggest', 'important']
['empathize', 'members', 'johnson']
['supportive', 'members', 'distressed']
['davidovitz', 'important']
['political', 'leaders', 'health', 'leaders']
['aware', 'public', 'needing', 'support', 'direc', 'empathy', 'during', 'pandemic']
['group', 'psychotherapy', 'online', 'groups']
['important', 'messages']
['group', 'psychotherapy', 'effective', 'treatment']
['effective', 'individual', 'psychotherapy', 'lingame', 'seebeck', 'janis']
['important', 'treatment', 'those', 'suffering']
['during', 'covid', 'individuals', 'anxiety']
['depression', 'grief', 'loneliness', 'substance']
['abuse', 'during', 'pandemic']
['online', 'therapy', 'group', 'interventions', 'although']
['beginning', 'understand', 'differ', 'ences', 'between', 'online', 'group', 'therapy', 'treatment', 'seeing', 'benefits']
['being', 'reach', 'diverse', 'populations']
['while', 'ensuring', 'safety', 'people']
['isolating', 'prevent', 'spread', 'virus']
['ability', 'engage', 'socially', 'while', 'protecting']
['ourselves', 'illness', 'makes', 'online', 'groups']
['important', 'resources', 'during']
['covid', 'pandemic']
['paper']
['journal', 'research', 'psychology']
['copyright', 'authors', 'access', 'article', 'distributed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'which', 'permits', 'unrestricted', 'distribution']
['reproduction', 'medium', 'provided', 'original', 'properly', 'cited']
[]
['journal', 'research', 'psychology']
['readersinsight']
['online']
['print']
['editorial']
['psychology', 'preventive', 'behavior', 'covid', 'outbreak']
['farhan', 'sarwar1']
['aisyah', 'panatik2']
['farhat', 'sarwar3']
['1faculty', 'economics', 'business', 'administration', 'university', 'education', 'lahore']
['2school', 'human', 'resource', 'development', 'psychology', 'universiti', 'teknologi', 'malaysia']
['3clinical', 'psychologist']
['abstract']
['biggest', 'challenge', 'humanity', 'facing', 'right', 'curtail', 'outspread', 'covid']
['successful', 'people', 'adopt', 'precautions', 'social', 'interaction', 'health', 'hygiene', 'recommended']
['recent', 'evidence', 'indicates', 'public', 'tends', 'casual', 'approach', 'towards']
['recommendation', 'especially', 'those', 'which', 'pertain', 'social', 'distancing', 'using', 'health', 'belief', 'model']
['guiding', 'theory', 'recommend', 'public', 'awareness', 'campaigns', 'focus', 'creating', 'awareness', 'regarding']
['potential', 'benefits', 'preventive', 'approach', 'seriousness', 'susceptibility', 'disease', 'besides', 'authorities']
['should', 'create', 'environment', 'people', 'fewer', 'barriers', 'adopting', 'preventive', 'measures']
['highlighted', 'potential', 'positive', 'psychology', 'during', 'covid']
[]
['https', '31580']
[]
['keywords', 'covid', 'preventive', 'behavior', 'health', 'belief', 'model', 'awareness', 'campaign', 'social', 'distancing', 'readers', 'insight', 'publication']
['although', 'pandemic', 'covid', 'caused']
['virus', 'first', 'century', 'already', 'surpassed']
['outreach', 'death', 'previous', 'pandemics', 'according']
['situation', 'report', 'published', 'there']
['approximately', 'million', 'cases', 'covid', 'thousand', 'deaths']
['worldwide', 'though', 'there', 'about', 'similarity', 'between']
['genetic', 'structures', 'which', 'first', 'appeared', 'leduc']
['barry', 'latter', 'proven', 'highly']
['contagious', 'transfer', 'through', 'direct', 'contact']
['being', 'close', 'infected', 'patients', 'there', 'indications']
['transfer', 'within', 'contact', 'initial']
['evidence', 'indicated', 'could', 'survive', 'inanimate', 'objects']
['person', 'catch', 'virus', 'touches', 'contaminated', 'surface']
['although', 'virus', 'cannot', 'penetrate', 'contaminated']
['hands', 'touch', 'mouth', 'easily', 'infected']
['centers', 'disease', 'control']
['early', 'experiences', 'other', 'types', 'recent', 'outbreaks', 'involving']
['novel', 'viruses', 'middle', 'respiratory', 'syndrome']
['swine', 'others', 'taught', 'being']
['prepared', 'illusion', 'faced', 'virus']
['countries', 'always', 'looking', 'urgent', 'public', 'health', 'strategies']
['minimize', 'eventually', 'contain', 'spread', 'pandemic']
['however', 'sorts', 'epidemics', 'involve', 'highly', 'communicable']
['viruses', 'shown', 'individual', 'needs', 'essential']
['containment', 'mitigation', 'spread', 'leung']
['especially', 'there', 'vaccination', 'covid']
['therefore', 'international', 'local', 'health', 'agencies']
['governments', 'emphasizing', 'citizens', 'follow']
['precautionary', 'guidelines', 'recommended', 'world', 'health']
['organization', 'these', 'guidelines', 'unaffected', 'individuals', 'include']
['thoroughly', 'washing', 'hands', 'alcoholic', 'sanitizer', 'maintaining']
['minimum', 'three', 'preferred', 'distance', 'another']
['person', 'social', 'place', 'covering', 'tissue', 'elbow']
['coughing', 'sneezing', 'hence', 'maintaining', 'respiratory']
['hygiene', 'avoiding', 'crowded', 'places', 'extent', 'possible']
['maintaining', 'social', 'isolation', 'staying', 'those']
['symptoms', 'respiratory', 'disease', 'fever', 'cough']
['difficulty', 'breathing', 'direction', 'given', 'contact', 'health']
['professionals', 'wilder', 'smith']
['covid', 'significantly', 'different', 'previous']
['contamination', 'diseases', 'unlimited', 'infectious', 'period', 'severe']
['transmissibility', 'clinical', 'severity', 'extent', 'spread']
['community', 'healthy', 'individual', 'passive', 'carrier']
['responsible', 'transmission', 'disease', 'community']
['social', 'isolation', 'crucial', 'means', 'effective', 'breaking']
['chain', 'infection', 'huremović', 'suggested', 'entire']
['community', 'country', 'rather', 'infected', 'individuals']
['governments', 'world', 'putting', 'their', 'efforts']
['mitigate', 'disease', 'taken', 'steps', 'imposing']
['lockdowns', 'closing', 'airports', 'restricting', 'social', 'gatherings']
['movements', 'establishing', 'health', 'quarantine', 'facilities']
['addition', 'various', 'awareness', 'campaigns', 'launched']
['educate', 'public', 'about', 'covid', 'importance', 'adopting']
['precautionary', 'measures', 'against', 'governments', 'maintain']
['lockdowns', 'possible', 'hurting']
['economy', 'trade', 'commerce', 'activities']
['consequently', 'giving', 'unemployment', 'reduction', 'income']
['wilder', 'smith', 'international', 'monetary']
['estimates', 'current', 'recession', 'comparable', 'great', 'recession']
['occurred', '1920s', 'governments', 'balance']
['between', 'their', 'lives', 'livelihoods', 'countries', 'decided']
['relax', 'lockdown', 'restrictions', 'there', 'resuming']
['economic', 'social', 'activities', 'scenario']
['individual', 'prevent', 'themselves', 'prevalent', 'disease', 'going']
['undoubtedly', 'important', 'journal', 'research', 'psychology']
['copyright', 'authors', 'access', 'article', 'distributed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'which', 'permits', 'unrestricted', 'distribution']
['reproduction', 'medium', 'provided', 'original', 'properly', 'cited']
[]
['relaxation', 'restrictions', 'lockdown', 'operating']
['rules', 'including', 'social', 'distancing', 'being', 'established', 'safety']
['people', 'warning', 'failure', 'precautionary', 'action']
['severity', 'situation', 'people']
['lockdown', 'questions', 'arise', 'possible']
['people', 'resume', 'social', 'economic', 'activities', 'while', 'maintaining']
['social', 'distancing', 'healthy', 'practices', 'limit']
['outbreak', 'worry', 'being', 'mingled', 'would']
['situation', 'mentally', 'psychologically']
['seems', 'community', 'feeling', 'relaxed', 'relaxation']
['lockdown', 'restrictions', 'there', 'reasons', 'people']
['letting', 'social', 'first', 'understand', 'gravity']
['situation', 'enjoy', 'their', 'social', 'freedom', 'witnessed']
['developed', 'countries', 'europe', 'pinkser']
['pandemic', 'nearly', 'intensity', 'occurred', 'century']
['contemporary', 'public', 'cannot', 'comprehend', 'disastrous']
['aftermath', 'exponential', 'spread', 'disease', 'result', 'adjustment']
['anchoring', 'heuristics', 'explain', 'judgmental']
['scenario', 'second', 'possible', 'reason', 'there', 'people']
['challenge', 'survival', 'there', 'income']
['disease', 'would', 'priority', 'themselves', 'their']
['families']
['media', 'plays', 'vital', 'sharing', 'information', 'around', 'world']
['regulating', 'emotions', 'public', 'often', 'happens']
['corrupts', 'message', 'wrong', 'details', 'manipulates', 'perception']
['using', 'sensational', 'which', 'stokes', 'unnecessary', 'panic']
['among', 'public', 'reactions', 'responses', 'media', 'coverage']
['current', 'ongoing', 'outbreak', 'coronavirus', 'variant']
['there', 'attack', 'anxiety', 'restlessness', 'people']
['hyper', 'vigilant', 'cautious', 'about', 'spread', 'pandemic']
['gives', 'understanding', 'facing', 'traumatic', 'event']
['experience', 'headaches', 'muscle', 'aches', 'stomach', 'aches', 'their']
['sleeping', 'eating', 'pattern', 'disrupts']
['other', 'people', 'seriously']
['already', 'trust', 'media', 'aware', 'notoriety']
['media', 'information', 'observed', 'individuals']
['developed', 'countries', 'parts', 'europe']
['willing', 'their', 'social', 'interactions', 'during']
['pandemic', 'their', 'countries', 'might', 'spread', 'virus']
['unknowingly']
['addition', 'imposing', 'rules', 'regulations', 'regarding', 'social']
['interactions', 'authorities', 'launch', 'large', 'scale', 'interventions', 'educate']
['masses', 'towards', 'adopting', 'preventive', 'lifestyle', 'public', 'health']
['agencies', 'utilize', 'psychologist', 'design', 'awareness', 'campaigns']
['public', 'willingly', 'follow', 'protocols', 'social', 'interaction']
['required', 'minimize', 'spread', 'covid', 'preventive']
['health', 'behavior', 'framework', 'provide', 'guidelines']
['regard', 'health', 'belief', 'model', 'rosenstock']
['there', 'determinants', 'preventive', 'health', 'behavior', 'perceived']
['susceptibility', 'perceived', 'severity', 'perceived', 'benefits']
['perceived', 'barriers', 'disease']
['disease', 'often', 'enhance', 'preventive', 'behaviors', 'increasing']
['individual', 'threat', 'appraisal', 'disease', 'until', 'people', 'aware']
['serious', 'disease', 'extent', 'which', 'physically']
['vulnerable', 'infected', 'would', 'eager']
['themselves', 'covid', 'collectively', 'known']
['coping', 'appraisals', 'people', 'aware', 'beneficial']
['follow', 'precautionary', 'protocols', 'there', 'higher', 'chance']
['would', 'adopt', 'those', 'behaviors', 'similarly', 'authorities', 'create']
['supportive', 'environment', 'people', 'perceive', 'there']
['practical', 'barriers', 'observing', 'preventive', 'behaviors', 'recommend']
['psychological', 'researchers', 'explore', 'framework', 'during']
['outbreak', 'efficacy', 'model', 'covid', 'preventive']
['behavior']
['governments', 'mobilize', 'forms']
['communication', 'mediums', 'create', 'awareness', 'among', 'public', 'people']
['understand', 'there', 'vaccination', 'covid', 'until']
['neither', 'lockdowns', 'imposed', 'longer', 'regard']
['media', 'useful', 'needs', 'understand', 'difference']
['between', 'sensational', 'messages', 'false', 'information', 'which', 'creates']
['largescale', 'panic', 'informative', 'enhance', 'components']
['although', 'media', 'helps', 'create', 'awareness', 'often', 'happens']
['corrupts', 'message', 'wrong', 'information', 'sensational']
['which', 'creates', 'unnecessary', 'panic', 'among', 'public', 'dramatic']
['information', 'often', 'underplays', 'importance', 'media', 'especially']
['social', 'media', 'useful', 'communication', 'medium', 'depoux']
['regulatory', 'authorities', 'check', 'balance', 'situation']
['suggest', 'psychology', 'researchers', 'explore']
['positive', 'psychological', 'characteristics', 'during', 'pandemic', 'previous']
['research', 'shown', 'people', 'health', 'based', 'positive']
['psychological', 'capital', 'satisfied', 'their', 'health']
['cholesterol', 'levels', 'luthans', 'youssef']
['sweetman', 'harms', 'seems', 'positive', 'personality', 'types']
['psychological', 'capital', 'resource', 'guiding', 'individuals']
['during', 'challenging', 'times', 'enable']
['handle', 'stressful', 'situation', 'optimistic', 'confident', 'hopeful']
['resilient', 'mindset', 'luthans', 'jensen', 'personality']
['resource', 'people', 'psychological', 'capital', 'excellent', 'managers']
['resources', 'effectively', 'utilize', 'existing', 'resources', 'according']
['prevalent', 'situation', 'gather', 'useful', 'resources']
['future', 'demands', 'arise', 'roche', 'newton']
['coronavirus', 'challenge', 'human', 'being', 'people']
['given', 'thorough', 'understanding', 'deadly', 'pandemic']
['prepared', 'their', 'current', 'prolonged', 'pandemic']
['effects', 'their', 'lives', 'livings', 'decisions', 'countries']
['extent', 'right', 'direction', 'restricted', 'extended', 'lockdown']
['solution', 'drastic', 'scenario', 'because', 'proved']
['economically', 'disastrous', 'revival', 'social', 'economic', 'activities']
['undeniable', 'still', 'along', 'people', 'should', 'aware']
['their', 'balance', 'their', 'outdoor']
['activities', 'saving', 'measures', 'protect', 'themselves', 'their']
['community', 'respect', 'media', 'governing', 'bodies', 'bound']
['their', 'duties', 'honestly', 'vigilantly', 'welfare', 'human', 'beings']
['humanities']
['paper']
['editorial']
['health', 'psychology', 'covid']
['kenneth', 'freedland1']
['amanda']
['david', 'sarwer3']
['matthew', 'burg4']
['trevor', 'hart5']
['sarah', 'feldstein', 'ewing7']
['carolyn', 'fang8']
['shelley', 'blozis9']
['puterman10']
['becky', 'marquez11', 'peter', 'kaufmann12']
['department', 'psychiatry', 'washington', 'university', 'school', 'medicine', 'louis', 'department', 'psychiatry', 'university', 'pittsburgh', 'school', 'medicine', 'department', 'social', 'behavioral', 'sciences', 'temple', 'university', 'college', 'public', 'health']
['departments', 'internal', 'medicine', 'anesthesiology', 'university', 'school', 'medicine', 'department', 'psychology', 'ryerson', 'university', 'dalla', 'school', 'public', 'health', 'university', 'toronto']
['department', 'psychology', 'university', 'rhode', 'island', 'cancer', 'prevention', 'control', 'program', 'chase', 'cancer', 'center', 'philadelphia', 'pennsylvania', 'united', 'states', 'department', 'psychology', 'university', 'california', 'davis']
['school', 'kinesiology', 'university', 'british', 'columbia', 'department', 'family', 'medicine', 'public', 'health', 'school', 'medicine', 'university', 'california', 'diego', 'college', 'nursing', 'villanova', 'university']
['health', 'psychology', 'received', 'numerous', 'papers']
['several', 'months', 'topics', 'related', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['concern', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'stress', 'other', 'forms']
['distress', 'general', 'population', 'health', 'workers']
['received', 'fewer', 'papers', 'covid', 'related', 'health', 'behaviors']
['health', 'communications', 'factors', 'played', 'central', 'roles']
['spread', 'pandemic', 'major', 'topics', 'health']
['psychology']
['experience', 'consistent', 'published', 'scientific', 'liter', 'ature', 'pandemic', 'medline', 'search', 'conducted']
['september', 'yielded', 'english', 'language', 'articles', 'pertain', 'covid', 'concerned', 'topics']
['within', 'scope', 'health', 'psychology', 'shown', 'table']
['covid', 'related', 'mental', 'disorders', 'comprised', 'largest', 'category']
['other', 'studies', 'concerned', 'other', 'forms', 'stress', 'emotional']
['distress', 'least', 'articles', 'addressed', 'profound', 'ethnic']
['racial', 'disparities', 'covid', 'infection', 'death', 'rates']
['access', 'health', 'accentuating', 'longstanding', 'health']
['inequities', 'these', 'articles', 'addressed', 'behavioral', 'chosocial', 'aspects', 'covid', 'health', 'disparities', 'liter', 'ature', 'behavioral', 'psychosocial', 'aspects', 'pandemic']
['dominated', 'least', 'research', 'stress']
['distress', 'fewer', 'reports', 'published', 'critical']
['covid', 'related', 'health', 'behaviors', 'health', 'communication', 'health']
['disparities']
['united', 'states', 'centers', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention']
['other', 'public', 'health', 'agencies', 'around', 'world', 'agree']
['preventive', 'health', 'behaviors', 'including', 'social', 'distancing', 'masks', 'washing', 'limiting', 'contagion', 'hospitalizations', 'deaths', 'especially']
['effective', 'vaccines', 'available', 'these', 'agencies']
['identified', 'number', 'factors', 'increase', 'vulnerability', 'infection', 'contribute', 'adverse', 'outcomes']
['obesity', 'belanger', 'tartof', 'vaping']
['armatas', 'dumas', 'evali', 'outbreak']
['vaping', 'which', 'health', 'behaviors', 'critical']
['roles', 'reported', 'pandemic', 'created']
['interrelated', 'crises', 'social', 'isolation', 'psychiatric', 'disorders', 'stance', 'abuse', 'violence', 'domestic', 'abuse', 'chandan']
['czeisler', 'makaroun', 'ragavan']
['roesch', 'these', 'health', 'related', 'behavioral']
['psychosocial', 'problems', 'within', 'province', 'health']
['psychology', 'since', 'inception', 'specialty']
['these', 'reasons', 'field', 'health', 'psychology', 'special']
['responsibility', 'apply', 'expertise', 'psychological', 'social']
['pathologies', 'associated', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['including', 'problems', 'vaccine', 'hesitancy', 'resistance', 'preventive']
['health', 'behaviors', 'wearing', 'masks', 'social', 'isolation']
['health', 'psychologists', 'important']
['contributions', 'solution', 'focused', 'research', 'improve', 'public', 'health']
['communication', 'strategies', 'develop', 'interventions']
['sequelae', 'covid']
['responsibility', 'address', 'health', 'disparities']
['plagued', 'racial', 'ethnic', 'minority', 'populations']
['exacerbated', 'pandemic', 'compared']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'other', 'public', 'health', 'crisis', 'rapidly']
['convincingly', 'demonstrated', 'tragic', 'impacts', 'racial']
['ethnic', 'biases', 'other', 'social', 'determinants', 'health', 'variety']
['kenneth', 'freedland', 'https', 'orcid']
['correspondence', 'concerning', 'article', 'should', 'addressed', 'kenneth']
['freedland', 'department', 'psychiatry', 'washington', 'university', 'school']
['medicine', 'louis', 'forest', 'avenue', 'suite', 'louis']
['63108', 'united', 'states', 'email', 'freedlak', 'wustl']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['content', 'shared', 'requests', 'reuse', 'content', 'whole', 'through', 'american', 'psychological', 'association']
['health', 'psychology']
['american', 'psychological', 'association']
['https', 'hea0001049']
['1021disadvantages', 'poverty', 'limited', 'access', 'health']
['placed', 'people', 'color', 'elevated', 'health']
['outcomes', 'decades', 'recognizes']
['discrimination', 'increases', 'illness', 'death']
['covid', 'national', 'center', 'immunization', 'respiratory']
['diseases', 'division', 'viral', 'diseases', 'racism', 'poses']
['urgent', 'threat', 'health', 'minority', 'communities', 'calls']
['innovative', 'solutions', 'actions', 'health', 'psychology']
['battle', 'become', 'solution', 'without', 'delay']
['health', 'psychologists', 'taking', 'these', 'responsibilities']
['seriously', 'arden', 'chilcot', 'garfin']
['williams', 'example', 'health', 'psychologists']
['working', 'often', 'within', 'multidisciplinary', 'collaborations']
['strategies', 'reduce', 'transmission']
['milad', 'michie', 'revenson']
['prominent', 'roles']
['informative', 'early', 'research', 'social', 'behavioral', 'aspects']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'international', 'covid']
['awareness', 'responses', 'evaluation', 'project', 'lejtenyi']
['study', 'impact', 'pandemic', 'physical', 'activity']
['children', 'dunton', 'started', 'address']
['psychosocial', 'aspects', 'racial', 'ethnic', 'disparities', 'covid']
['susceptibility', 'outcomes', 'valenzuela']
['valrie']
['contrary', 'major', 'reports', 'behavioral', 'psychos', 'ocial', 'aspects', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'included']
['health', 'psychologists', 'coauthors', 'alsan', 'bavel']
['shook', 'their', 'absence', 'suggests']
['increase', 'visibility', 'within', 'scientific']
['community', 'participation', 'vital', 'research']
['could', 'about', 'health', 'psychology', 'public']
['arena', 'experts', 'address', 'behavioral', 'psychosocial']
['aspects', 'pandemic', 'great', 'demand']
['shows', 'newspapers', 'social', 'media', 'psychologists']
['called', 'times', 'offer', 'insights', 'advice', 'coping']
['pandemic', 'exceptions', 'keilar']
['those', 'appear', 'usually', 'specialists', 'health', 'psychology']
['september', 'example', 'story', 'under']
['headline', 'psychology', 'behind', 'college', 'students']
['break', 'covid', 'rules', 'andrew', 'although', 'story']
['focused', 'health', 'behaviors', 'reporter', 'spoke', 'devel', 'opmental', 'psychologist', 'counseling', 'psychologist', 'clinical']
['psychologist', 'health', 'psychologist', 'similarly']
['expert', 'panelists', 'coronavirus']
['cooper', 'gupta', 'included', 'school', 'psychologist']
['professor', 'psychology', 'background', 'neuroscience']
['health', 'psychologist']
['understandable', 'media', 'government', 'agencies', 'school']
['systems', 'health', 'organizations', 'would', 'developmen', 'school', 'psychologists', 'questions', 'about', 'effects']
['pandemic', 'children', 'clinical', 'counseling', 'psychologists']
['questions', 'about', 'covid', 'related', 'mental', 'health', 'problems']
['appropriate', 'experts', 'psychologists', 'asked']
['weigh', 'certain', 'behavioral', 'psychosocial', 'aspects']
['pandemic', 'political', 'scientists', 'enforcement', 'ficials', 'public', 'health', 'experts', 'asked', 'irate', 'customers']
['would', 'attack', 'frontline', 'workers', 'promoting', 'compliance']
['masking', 'mandates', 'retail', 'stores', 'macfarquhar', 'neverthe', 'believe', 'could', 'ensure', 'health']
['psychologists', 'experts', 'reporters', 'policy', 'makers', 'others', 'public', 'arena', 'address']
['questions', 'about', 'behavioral', 'psychosocial', 'aspects']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'other', 'public', 'health', 'problems']
['concerns']
['ourselves', 'helps', 'determine', 'others']
['since', 'inception', 'field', 'health', 'psychology', 'occupied', 'prevalent', 'chronic', 'diseases', 'obesity', 'diabetes']
['heart', 'disease', 'cancer', 'attention']
['infectious', 'diseases', 'example', 'about', 'thousands']
['papers', 'published', 'health', 'psychology']
['focused', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'vaccination', 'related', 'topics']
['these', 'reports', 'concern', 'fisher', 'fisher']
['hatzenbuehler', 'safren', 'other']
['sexually', 'transmitted', 'diseases', 'corbin', 'fromme']
['widman', 'about', 'fifth', 'focused', 'other']
['infectious', 'diseases', 'could', 'explain', 'scientists']
['other', 'fields', 'policymakers', 'reporters', 'might', 'overlook', 'health', 'chologists', 'engage', 'experts', 'behavioral', 'chosocial', 'aspects', 'infectious', 'diseases']
['health', 'psychologists', 'shown']
['interest', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'vaccination', 'related', 'issues']
['decade', 'evident', 'before', 'papers']
['published', 'health', 'psychology', 'vaccination', 'related', 'issues']
['infectious', 'diseases', 'other', 'published']
['since', 'similarly', 'across', 'highest', 'impact', 'european']
['north', 'american', 'health', 'psychology', 'journals', 'focused', 'these', 'topics', 'published', 'since']
['highest', 'impact', 'covid', 'papers', 'focused', 'protective']
['health', 'behaviors', 'during', 'pandemics', 'michie', 'vacci', 'nation', 'betsch', 'sachse', 'ernsting']
['gerend', 'hornsey', 'keenan']
['krawczyk', 'mantzari', 'overutilization']
['antibiotics', 'sirota', 'hygiene']
['susceptibility', 'viral', 'challenge', 'miller', 'ebola']
['epidemic', 'idoiaga', 'mondragon', 'demic', 'karademas', 'infections', 'cancer', 'patients']
[]
['upsurge', 'interest', 'these', 'topics', 'traceable', 'series']
['disconcerting', 'developments', 'including', 'successive', 'epidemics']
['table']
['english', 'language', 'articles', 'covid', 'medline']
['september']
['topic', 'count']
['health', 'behavior']
['health', 'communication']
['mental', 'disorders']
['stress', 'psychological']
['behavioral', 'symptoms', 'stress', 'psychological']
['subtotal']
['health', 'status', 'disparities', 'healthcare', 'disparities']
['behavioral', 'psychosocial', 'topic', 'disparities']
[]
[]
['categories', 'listed', 'table', 'medline', 'medical', 'subject']
['heading', 'terms', 'behavioral', 'psychosocial', 'subtotal']
['rather', 'because', 'these', 'articles', 'indexed']
['terms']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['content', 'shared', 'requests', 'reuse', 'content', 'whole', 'through', 'american', 'psychological', 'association']
['freedland', 'emerging', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'overutilization', 'antibiotics']
['spread', 'vaccination', 'hesitancy', 'antivaccination', 'movements']
['interest', 'increased', 'exponentially', 'lives']
['those', 'everyone', 'around', 'turned', 'upside']
['cases', 'ended', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'growing']
['publications', 'behavioral', 'psychosocial', 'aspects']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'impact', 'journals', 'lancet']
['betsch', 'nature', 'human', 'behavior', 'bavel']
['betsch', 'provides', 'evidence', 'psychologists', 'increas', 'visibility', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'vaccination']
['right', 'consider', 'field', 'health']
['psychology', 'build', 'these', 'developments', 'there', 'larger']
['visible', 'cadre', 'health', 'psychologists', 'specialized']
['novel', 'communicable', 'diseases', 'behavioral', 'aspects', 'epidemics']
['psychology', 'vaccine', 'hesitancy', 'would', 'probably']
['speed', 'national', 'local', 'media', 'outlets']
['however', 'these', 'professionals', 'might', 'challenging', 'career']
['specialize', 'narrowly', 'epidemics', 'pandemics']
['world', 'experienced', 'anything', 'covid', 'since']
['pandemic', 'years', 'seems', 'difficult']
['build', 'research', 'career', 'clinical', 'practice', 'around', 'behavioral']
['psychosocial', 'aspects', 'obesity', 'diabetes', 'heart', 'disease']
['cancer', 'conditions', 'large', 'numbers', 'every']
['around', 'pandemics', 'threatening', 'epidemics', 'front', 'sporadically']
['despite', 'challenge', 'believe', 'there', 'viable']
['interested', 'health', 'psychologists', 'develop', 'special', 'expertise']
['knowledge', 'recognition', 'public', 'visibility', 'experts']
['behavioral', 'psychosocial', 'aspects', 'infectious', 'diseases']
['development', 'subspecialty', 'within', 'health', 'psychology']
['would', 'consistent', 'recent', 'integrated', 'approach']
['agent', 'environmental', 'behavioral', 'factors', 'emerging']
['infectious', 'diseases', 'morens', 'fauci', 'would', 'build']
['adjacent', 'areas', 'which', 'health', 'psychologists', 'already', 'special']
['expertise', 'other', 'sexually', 'transmitted', 'eases', 'feldstein', 'ewing', 'bryan']
['vaccination', 'ayling', 'bednarczyk', 'adher', 'bassett', 'cornelius', 'gathright']
['health', 'disparities', 'harkness', 'hostinar']
['subspecialty', 'training', 'opportunities', 'could']
['developed', 'postdoctoral', 'levels', 'departments']
['psychology', 'psychiatry', 'medicine', 'health', 'behavior', 'visions', 'schools', 'public', 'health', 'addition', 'providing']
['subspecialization', 'trainees', 'special', 'interest', 'infec', 'tious', 'diseases', 'postdoctoral', 'training', 'programs', 'health']
['psychology', 'should', 'consider', 'placing', 'greater', 'emphasis', 'across']
['board', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'public', 'health', 'prevention', 'health']
['inequities']
['finally', 'health', 'psychology', 'organizations', 'create', 'portunities', 'health', 'psychologists', 'apply', 'disseminate', 'their']
['expertise', 'behavioral', 'psychosocial', 'aspects', 'infectious']
['diseases', 'vaccine', 'hesitancy', 'related', 'problems', 'should']
['ensure', 'health', 'psychologists', 'special', 'expertise']
['visible', 'available', 'government', 'agencies', 'health', 'ganizations', 'media', 'representatives', 'experts', 'behav', 'ioral', 'psychosocial', 'aspects', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'vaccina', 'health', 'psychology', 'organizations', 'training']
['centers', 'recognize', 'concerted', 'efforts', 'strengthen']
['current', 'pandemic', 'succession', 'epidemics']
['surely', 'years', 'ahead']
['paper']
['contents', 'lists', 'available', 'sciencedirect']
['annals', 'medicine', 'surgery']
['journal', 'homepage', 'elsevier', 'locate']
['lockdown', 'important', 'prevent', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'effects']
['psychology', 'environment', 'economy', 'perspective']
['abdulkadir', 'atalan']
['department', 'industrial', 'engineering', 'gaziantep', 'islam', 'science', 'technology', 'university', '27010', 'gaziantep', 'turkey']
['article']
['keywords']
['covid']
['lockdown']
['correlation']
['psychology']
['environment']
['economy']
['abstract']
['covid', 'daily', 'increasing', 'cases', 'deaths', 'worldwide', 'lockdown', 'quarantine', 'restrictions']
['study', 'analyze', 'effect', 'lockdown', 'spread', 'coronavirus', 'countries', 'covid', 'cases']
['lockdown', 'collected', 'countries', 'implemented', 'lockdown', 'between', 'certain', 'dates']
['without', 'interruption', 'correlation', 'tests', 'analysis', 'based', 'unconstrained', 'normal']
['constrained', 'tukey', 'lambda', 'lockdown', 'significantly', 'correlated', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'based']
['unconstrained', 'ratio', 'ratio', 'observations', 'based']
['tukey', 'lambda', 'lockdown', 'social', 'isolation', 'restrictions']
['observed', 'prevent', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'showed', 'spread', 'virus', 'significantly']
['reduced', 'preventive', 'restriction', 'study', 'study', 'offers', 'initial', 'evidence', 'covid', 'demic', 'suppressed', 'lockdown', 'application', 'lockdown', 'governments', 'thought']
['effective', 'psychology', 'environment', 'economy', 'besides', 'having', 'impact', 'covid']
['introduction']
['disease', 'similar', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'began', 'emerge', 'wuhan']
['hubei', 'province', 'china', 'december', 'studies', 'vealed', 'cases', 'emerged', 'coronavirus']
['previously', 'described', 'virus', 'called', 'onavirus', 'covid', 'since', 'appeared', 'source']
['virus', 'thought', 'huanan', 'seafood', 'market', 'wuhan']
['china', 'understood', 'virus', 'which', 'transmitted']
['animal', 'human', 'spread', 'human', 'human']
['although', 'molecular', 'mechanism', 'covid', 'transmission']
['pathway', 'human', 'human', 'still', 'resolved', 'principle']
['transmission', 'respiratory', 'diseases', 'similar', 'general', 'spiratory', 'diseases', 'spread', 'droplet', 'scattering']
['spreading', 'person', 'exposed', 'microbe', 'people', 'around']
['coughing', 'sneezing', 'other', 'words', 'environmental', 'factors']
['important', 'transmission', 'virus']
['covid', 'outbreak', 'spreading', 'every']
['million', 'people', 'actively', 'infected', 'virus']
['covid', 'restrictions', 'applied', 'almost', 'areas']
['basic', 'measure', 'reduce', 'spread', 'coronavirus', 'prevent']
['infection', 'follow', 'hygiene', 'rules', 'important', 'these']
['washing', 'hands', 'reason', 'spread', 'virus', 'slower']
['societies', 'habit', 'washing', 'hands', 'attention']
['general', 'hygiene', 'rules', 'there', 'level', 'participation']
['official', 'institutions', 'scientists']
['covid', 'virus', 'reach', 'group', 'quickly']
['approximately', 'countries', 'reported', 'number', 'confirmed']
['covid', 'cases', 'countries', 'taken', 'strict', 'restrictions']
['vacation', 'schools', 'working', 'quarantine', 'regions']
['number', 'cases', 'importantly', 'lockdown']
['covid', 'outbreak', 'lockdown', 'differ', 'countries']
['countries', 'lockdown', 'started', 'ended', 'cording', 'covid', 'effect', 'their', 'public', 'countries']
['extended', 'lockdown', 'covid', 'continues']
['influence', 'intensely', 'public', 'chakraborty', 'maity', 'phasized', 'lockdown', 'environmental', 'economic']
['impact', 'countries', 'lockdown', 'created', 'ground', 'renewal']
['environment', 'especially', 'closure', 'factories']
['reduction', 'private', 'public', 'transportation', 'vehicles']
['covid', 'increased', 'quality', 'parts', 'world']
['lockdown', 'imposed', 'during', 'pandemic', 'process', 'economic', 'activities', 'stopped', 'reducing', 'carbon', 'emissions']
[]
['prevent', 'pandemic', 'governments', 'started', 'apply']
['under', 'social', 'restrictions', 'lockdown', 'forefront', 'these']
['restrictions', 'study', 'analyze', 'statistically']
['lockdown', 'plays', 'important', 'preventing', 'covid']
['https']
['received', 'accepted']
['address', 'abdulkadiratalan', 'gmail']
['annals', 'medicine', 'surgery']
['available', 'online']
['author', 'published', 'elsevier', 'behalf', 'publishing', 'group', 'access', 'article', 'under', 'license']
['creativecommons', 'licenses']
['psychological', 'effect', 'people', 'study', 'covid']
['countries', 'analyze', 'impact', 'lockdown']
['covid', 'outbreak', 'countries', 'constantly', 'enforce']
['lockdown', 'included', 'study', 'correlation', 'tests']
['analysis', 'based', 'unconstrained', 'normal', 'constrained']
['tukey', 'lambda']
['study', 'includes', 'sections', 'first', 'section', 'deals']
['literature', 'review', 'studies', 'related', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'second']
['gives', 'detailed', 'information', 'about', 'methodology', 'study']
['results', 'obtained', 'method', 'mentioned', 'methodology']
['section', 'discussed', 'third', 'section', 'overview', 'psycho', 'logical', 'environmental', 'economic', 'impacts', 'lockdown', 'imposed']
['countries', 'covid', 'discussed', 'fourth', 'section']
['section', 'conclusion', 'about', 'study', 'provided']
['methodology']
['covid', 'countries', 'considered', 'collected']
['worldometer', 'total', 'number', '3726797', 'million', 'firmed', 'active', 'covid', 'cases', 'documented', 'worldwide']
['number', 'approved', 'active', 'covid', 'cases']
['countries', 'considered', 'study', 'recorded', '1440776']
['covid', 'cases', 'lockdown', 'collected']
['countries', 'implemented', 'lockdown', 'between', 'certain', 'dates']
['without', 'interruption', 'lockdown', 'countries', 'tained', 'websites', 'official', 'institutions', 'country']
['correlation', 'analyze', 'associations', 'between']
['lockdown', 'factor', 'total', 'cases', 'covid', 'countries']
['correlation', 'lockdown', 'number', 'covid', 'cases']
['calculated', 'unconstrained', 'normal', 'unconstrained', 'tukey', 'lambda', 'distribution', 'distribution', 'tukey', 'lambda']
['shape', 'parameter', 'tukey', 'lambda', 'distribution', 'created']
['position', 'parameter', 'scale', 'parameter', 'because']
['general', 'probability', 'functions', 'expressed', 'terms']
['standard', 'normal', 'distribution', 'values']
['heavy', 'tailed', 'distribution', 'close', 'approx', 'cauchy']
['optimal', 'value', 'increases', 'progressively', 'heavy']
['tails', 'implied', 'similarly', 'optimal', 'value', 'becomes', 'greater']
['shorter', 'tails', 'implied', 'tukey', 'lambda', 'distribution']
['expressed', 'mathematically']
[]
[]
['shows', 'total', 'number', 'covid', 'cases', 'countries']
['countries', 'considered', 'located', 'european', 'region']
['including', 'austria', 'belgium', 'denmark', 'france', 'germany', 'italy', 'nether', 'lands', 'norway', 'spain', 'although', 'covid', 'appeared', 'china']
['european', 'region', 'become', 'epicenter', 'virus', 'cases']
['emerged', 'europe', 'china', 'highest', 'covid']
['selected', 'countries', 'occurred', 'spain', '250561', 'covid', 'cases']
['italy', 'announced', 'first', 'approved', 'covid']
['january', 'country', 'lowest', 'covid']
['paraguay', 'covid', 'cases']
['shows', 'lockdown', 'imposed', 'countries']
['these', 'countries', 'continue', 'lockdown', 'however', 'these', 'countries', 'accepted', 'study']
['ireland', 'which', 'curfewed', 'longest', 'lockdown']
['period', 'total', '21983', 'covid', 'cases', 'approved']
['ireland', 'spain', 'country', 'highest', 'number', 'cases']
['imposed', 'lockdown']
['although', 'china', 'became', 'center', 'first', 'epidemic']
['italy', 'passed', 'china', 'emerging', 'cases', 'though', 'italy', 'suffered']
['severe', 'injury', 'pandemic', 'italy', 'managed', 'control']
['number', 'covid', 'cases', 'lockdown']
['other', 'although', 'there', 'downward', 'trend', 'cases', 'confirmed']
['france', 'spain', 'number', 'cases', 'confirmed', 'spain', 'ceeded', 'number', 'cases', 'confirmed', 'italy']
['descriptive', 'analyses', 'implemented', 'statis', 'tical', 'sided', 'value', 'measured', 'model']
['parameter', 'statistically', 'significant', 'based', 'regression', 'model']
['study', 'analyzed', 'using', 'software']
['version', 'numbers', 'minitab', 'statistical', 'computer']
['results', 'discussions']
['descriptive', 'analyses', 'presented']
['study', 'table', 'results', 'descriptive', 'analyses', 'prompted']
['confidence', 'intervals', 'upper', 'lower', 'lockdown']
['total', 'cases', 'covid', 'statistical', 'sided']
['value', 'measured', 'model', 'parameter', 'statistically']
['significant']
['suitable', 'normal', 'distribution', 'according']
['anderson', 'darling', 'value', 'value', 'anderson', 'darling', 'shapiro', 'value']
['value', 'shapiro', 'normality', 'tests', 'statistical']
['processes', 'performed', 'transforming', 'covid', 'trans', 'formed', 'covid', 'using', 'transformation', 'method']
['cumulative', 'confirmed', 'covid', 'cases', 'countries']
['atalan', 'annals', 'medicine', 'surgery']
[]
['where', 'value', 'trans', 'formation', 'observation']
[]
['value', 'shows', 'power']
['which', 'observation', 'increased', 'limited', 'between']
['adapt', 'normal', 'distribution']
['correlation', 'analysis', 'between', 'spread', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'lockdown', 'correlation', 'value', 'varies', 'between']
['correlation', 'value', 'factor', 'indicates', 'negative']
['relationship', 'approaches', 'positive', 'relationship', 'proaches', 'lockdown', 'found', 'strong']
['correlation', 'approved', 'covid', 'cases', 'unconstrained', 'correla', 'value', 'calculated', 'shows', 'tukey', 'lambda']
['correlation', 'curve', 'normality']
['tukey', 'lambda', 'distribution', 'forms', 'distribution', 'family']
['approach', 'normal', 'distribution', 'maximum', 'correlation', 'covid', 'numbers', 'occurred', 'value']
['covid', 'modeled', 'according', 'normal']
['distribution', 'table']
['period', 'lockdown', 'applied', 'countries', 'average']
['taken', 'lockdown', 'imposed', 'minimum']
['while', 'lockdown', 'imposed', 'maximum', 'countries']
['during', 'period', 'average', '29403', 'people', 'these', 'countries']
['actively', 'infected', 'covid', 'virus', 'number', 'confirmed']
['covid', 'cases', 'recorded', 'minimum', 'maximum']
['250561', 'predictive', 'statistics', 'covid', 'lockdown']
['mentioned', 'countries', 'given', 'table', 'minimum']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'lockdown', 'countries']
['transformed', 'covid']
['table']
['descriptive', 'statistics', 'lockdown', 'covid', 'cases']
['lockdown', 'cases']
['367347', '29403']
['080988', '57887']
['8687126']
['upper', '124645', '46030']
['lower', '610049', '12776']
['000000', '000000']
['variance', '11224', '000003']
['skewness', '3677305', '6740095']
['kurtosis', '523178', '3728059']
['minimum', '000000', '00000']
['maximum', '000000', '250561']
['atalan', 'annals', 'medicine', 'surgery']
['40observations', 'required', 'create', 'effective', 'statistical', 'analysis']
['study', 'calculate', 'lockdown', 'afore', 'mentioned', 'countries', 'spread', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['relative', 'confidence', 'intervals', 'ratio', 'ratio']
['adjusted', 'observed']
['developed', 'model', 'found', 'important', 'according', 'statistical']
['analyses', 'lockdown', 'parameter', 'significant']
['close', 'confidence', 'level', 'ratio']
['ratio']
['healthcare', 'system', 'capacities', 'countries', 'serious', 'concerns']
['about', 'meeting', 'needs', 'infected', 'covid', 'patients', 'therefore']
['countries', 'strictest', 'measures', 'necessary']
['pandemic', 'otherwise', 'situation', 'triggers', 'intensive']
['units', 'their', 'maximum', 'level', 'these', 'countries', 'although']
['number', 'infected', 'patients', 'spain', 'italy', 'number']
['cases', 'decreased', 'significantly', 'recent', 'situation']
['found', 'other', 'countries', 'result', 'strict', 'measures', 'taken', 'ernments', 'return', 'normal', 'gradually', 'countries', 'tioned', 'result', 'absolute', 'decrease', 'number', 'cases']
['occur', 'there', 'possibility', 'virus', 'mutation']
['effects', 'lockdown']
['psychological', 'effects']
['observed', 'there', 'confusion', 'rapid', 'spread']
['covid', 'outbreak', 'world', 'emergence', 'serious', 'sequences', 'reason', 'certain', 'covid']
['mental', 'health', 'effects', 'obtained', 'clearly']
['obtained', 'according', 'first', 'findings', 'obtained', 'studies']
['lockdown', 'shown', 'related', 'human', 'psychology']
['determined', 'stress', 'depression', 'chological', 'reactions', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'these', 'findings']
['limitations', 'these', 'psychological', 'symptoms', 'emerged']
['affected', 'countries', 'reflect', 'experiences']
['people', 'living', 'other', 'parts', 'world', 'result', 'clear']
['having', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'mortality', 'rates', 'covid', 'demic', 'impact', 'mental', 'health', 'problems']
['environmental', 'effects']
['effect', 'lockdown', 'environment', 'covid']
['addressed', 'studies', 'observed', 'environment']
['started', 'renew', 'itself', 'kinds', 'industry', 'vehicle', 'movement']
['social', 'activities', 'people', 'continue', 'level']
['particular', 'positive', 'effect', 'lockdown', 'restrictions', 'water']
['quality', 'observed', 'yunus', 'quantitatively', 'determined']
['quality', 'water', 'venbanad', 'increased', 'approxi', 'mately', 'india', 'remote', 'sensing', 'imaging', 'method']
['kerimray', 'analyzed', 'effect', 'lockdown']
['almaty', 'kazakhstan', 'concentrations', 'pollutants']
['emphasized', 'increase', 'quality', 'almaty', 'another', 'study']
['showed', 'quality', 'lockdown', 'delhi']
['positive', 'effect', 'dantas', 'calculated', 'emission', 'level']
['approximately', 'lockdown', 'janeiro']
['brazil', 'study', 'emphasized', 'effect', 'lockdown']
['tukey', 'lambda', 'normality']
['table']
['tukey', 'lambda', 'correlation']
['distribution', 'lambda', 'correlation']
['approx', 'cauchy']
['exact', 'logistic']
['approx', 'normal']
['shaped']
['exactly', 'uniform']
['table']
['validation', 'statistical', 'analysis']
['source']
['error']
['squares', 'ratio', 'ratio']
[]
['model', '15944', '19001496']
['lockdown', '6933250']
['atalan', 'annals', 'medicine', 'surgery']
['covid', 'statistically', 'significant', 'examples', 'environmental']
['impacts', 'indirect', 'lockdown', 'covid', 'provided']
['economic', 'effects']
['covid', 'outbreak', 'which', 'turning', 'pandemic']
['global', 'health', 'crisis', 'however', 'measures', 'taken', 'countries', 'against']
['epidemic', 'bring', 'along', 'unprecedented', 'economic', 'disaster']
['global', 'pandemic', 'namely', 'covid', 'dealt']
['studies', 'socio', 'economic', 'effects', 'world', 'economy']
['almost', 'world', 'social', 'isolation', 'applied', 'people']
['streets', 'workplaces', 'closed', 'flights', 'banned']
['people', 'dismissed', 'terms', 'extent', 'destruction']
['economy', 'during', 'pandemic', 'speed', 'expected', 'recovery']
['after', 'pandemic', 'level', 'outbreak']
['brought', 'under', 'control', 'current', 'social', 'distance', 'isolation', 'oriented', 'measures', 'loosened', 'begin', 'normalize']
['expansionary', 'economic', 'measures', 'already', 'taken']
['limitations', 'study']
['there', 'limitations', 'study', 'measure', 'effect']
['lockdown', 'covid', 'cases', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'still', 'ongoing']
['statistical', 'analysis', 'should', 'continue', 'there', 'conflicting', 'statements']
['regarding', 'lockdown', 'countries', 'covid', 'countries', 'where']
['covid', 'intensely', 'occurring', 'either', 'lockdown', 'imposed']
['applied', 'intermittently', 'addition', 'claimed', 'besides']
['positive', 'aspects', 'lockdown', 'people', 'comply', 'striction', 'cause', 'weakened', 'immune', 'system', 'reason']
['there', 'consumption', 'limited', 'mobility']
['effect', 'lockdown', 'caused', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'human']
['health', 'subject', 'future']
['conclusion']
['covid', 'daily', 'increasing', 'cases', 'deaths', 'worldwide']
['lockdown', 'quarantine', 'restrictions', 'study', 'analyze']
['effect', 'lockdown', 'spread', 'coronavirus', 'tries', 'study', 'offers', 'initial', 'evidence', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['suppressed', 'lockdown', 'addition', 'other', 'parameters']
['demographic', 'population', 'density', 'populations', 'parameters']
['weather', 'economy', 'infrastructure', 'healthcare', 'systems', 'sidered', 'studies', 'considering', 'effective', 'covid']
['pandemic', 'result', 'application', 'lockdown', 'governments']
['thought', 'effective', 'psychology', 'environment', 'economy']
['being', 'effective', 'covid']
['ethical', 'approval']
['applicable']
['sources', 'funding']
[]
['paper']
['special', 'section', 'paper']
['covid', 'context', 'people']
['emergencies', 'probably', 'because']
['collective', 'psychology']
['drury1']
['stephen', 'reicher2', 'clifford', 'stott3']
[]
['university', 'sussex', 'brighton']
[]
['university', 'andrews']
[]
['keele', 'university']
['notions', 'psychological', 'frailty', 'forefront', 'debates', 'around', 'public']
['response', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'particular', 'there', 'argument', 'collective']
['selfishness', 'thoughtless', 'behaviour', 'reaction', 'would', 'effects', 'covid', 'worse', 'kinds', 'claims', 'relation', 'other', 'kinds']
['emergencies', 'fires', 'earthquakes', 'sinking', 'ships', 'argue', 'these', 'cases']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'other', 'factors', 'better', 'explanations']
['fatalities', 'namely', 'under', 'reaction', 'threat', 'systemic', 'structural', 'factors']
['mismanagement', 'psychologizing', 'disasters', 'serves', 'distract', 'causes']
['might', 'responsible', 'being', 'problem', 'collective']
['behaviour', 'emergencies', 'including', 'solidarity', 'cooperation', 'commonly']
['witnessed', 'among', 'survivors', 'solution', 'should', 'harnessed']
['effectively', 'policy', 'practice']
['notions', 'psychological', 'frailty', 'weaknesses', 'reason', 'weaknesses', 'morality']
['evident', 'comments', 'public', 'responses', 'covid', 'crisis']
['these', 'informed', 'policy', 'example', 'reason', 'delay', 'introducing']
['stricter', 'distancing', 'measures', 'united', 'kingdom', 'authorities', 'assumption']
['public', 'would', 'fatigue', 'observing', 'though', 'frailty']
['magnified', 'collective', 'early', 'covid']
['commentators', 'argued', 'collective', 'panic', 'would', 'potentially', 'disastrous']
['pandemic', 'itself', 'through', 'effects', 'markets', 'availability', 'goods', 'relations']
['between', 'different', 'groups', 'crime', 'panic', 'meaning', 'selfish', 'thoughtless', 'behaviour']
['reaction', 'contagious', 'virus', 'itself', 'collective']
['psychology', 'would', 'therefore', 'emergency', 'disaster']
['really', 'exactly', 'claim', 'about', 'public', 'panic']
['historically', 'relation', 'other', 'kinds', 'emergencies', 'including', 'fires']
['terrorist', 'attacks', 'sinking', 'ships', 'crowd', 'crushes', 'really', 'selfishness', 'reaction']
['general', 'behaviour', 'caused', 'deaths', 'these', 'cases', 'something']
[]
['sinking', 'estonia', 'example', 'people', 'prima']
['facie', 'greater', 'survival', 'rates', 'women', 'passengers', 'might']
['suggest', 'strongest', 'individuals', 'selfishly', 'neglected', 'others', 'order']
['themselves', 'analysis', 'survivorship', 'records', 'eyewitness', 'testimonies', 'illustrates']
['danger', 'psychologizing', 'physical', 'constraints', 'cornwell', 'extreme']
['listing', 'sudden', 'there', 'attempts', 'among', 'passengers']
['other', 'strength', 'exits', 'themselves', 'alone', 'assist']
['others']
['examining', 'evidence', 'emergencies', 'suggests', 'three', 'reasons', 'there']
['avoidable', 'fatalities', 'under', 'reaction', 'threat', 'systemic', 'factors', 'mismanage', 'briefly', 'describe', 'these', 'alternative', 'explanations', 'deaths', 'disasters']
['examine', 'understand', 'happened', 'covid', 'context', 'before', 'discussing', 'collective', 'psychology', 'emergencies']
[]
['rather', 'reaction', 'first', 'factor', 'turns', 'emergency', 'disaster', 'under', 'reaction', 'people', 'often', 'underestimate', 'disregard', 'possible', 'signals', 'danger']
['tierney', 'lindell', 'perry', 'during', 'people', 'inside', 'world', 'trade', 'center']
['objects', 'falling', 'outside', 'initially', 'recognize', 'these', 'pieces']
['plane', 'struck', 'their', 'building', 'slowness', 'comprehend', 'threat', 'means', 'delay']
['attempts', 'escape', 'people', 'close', 'their', 'computers', 'before']
['sought', 'leave', 'building']
['second', 'reason', 'deaths', 'emergencies', 'systemic', 'disasters', 'affect']
['everyone', 'those', 'already', 'disadvantaged', 'suffer', 'disproportionately']
['grenfell', 'tower', 'worst', 'united', 'kingdom', 'since', 'second', 'world']
['neglect', 'saving', 'authorities', 'manufacturers', 'behind', 'fatal']
['decision', 'block', 'flammable', 'material', 'poorer', 'sections', 'society', 'fewer']
['resources', 'disaster', 'strikes', 'power', 'demand', 'adequate']
['aftercare']
['third', 'reason', 'emergencies', 'often', 'badly', 'mismanagement', 'cocoanut']
['grove', 'nightclub', 'which', 'people', 'presented', 'psychology']
['textbooks', 'embodiment', 'received', 'wisdom', 'deaths', 'night', 'fires']
['crowd', 'panic', 'chertkoff', 'kushigian', 'detailed', 'analysis', 'events']
['suggests', 'instead', 'failure', 'management', 'types', 'first', 'there', 'mismanagement']
['space', 'emergency', 'locked', 'windows', 'nailed']
['prevent', 'people', 'leaving', 'without', 'paying', 'their', 'second', 'there', 'failures']
['communication', 'there', 'signs', 'training', 'emergency', 'evacuation']
['staff', 'tried', 'survivors', 'could', 'official']
['investigation', 'major', 'causes', 'locked', 'doors']
['unfamiliarity', 'inaccessibility', 'normal', 'exits', 'jamming', 'revolving']
['there', 'implication', 'crowd', 'behaviour', 'caused', 'deaths', 'management']
['subsequently', 'prosecuted', 'manslaughter', 'neglect', 'building']
['similar', 'story', 'mismanagement', 'space', 'found', 'literature', 'fatal', 'crowd']
['crushes', 'sometimes', 'usually', 'erroneously', 'called', 'stampedes', 'panic', 'explanations']
['dominated', 'recent', 'systematic', 'review', 'cites', 'common', 'causes']
['fatalities', 'collective', 'psychology', 'overcrowding', 'closure', 'exits', 'congestion']
['bottlenecks', 'deficiencies', 'safety', 'barriers', 'coordination', 'local', 'authorities']
['almeida', 'schreeb', 'notoriously', 'fatal', 'crush', 'hillsborough']
['initially', 'explained', 'terms', 'disorderly', 'behaviour', 'later']
['demonstrated', 'disproportionate', 'concern', 'among', 'authorities', 'preventing', 'football']
['hooliganism', 'neglect', 'crowd', 'safety', 'including', 'disastrous', 'decision']
['already', 'overcrowded', 'terrace', 'short', 'hillsborough', 'cocoanut', 'grove']
['happen', 'because', 'failings', 'level', 'collective', 'psychology']
['relation', 'failures', 'communication', 'changes', 'information', 'communication']
['practices', 'often', 'improved', 'safety', 'saved', 'lives', 'world', 'trade', 'center']
['subject', 'terrorist', 'attack', 'evacuation', 'relatively', 'aguirre', 'wenger']
['subsequently', 'regular', 'drills', 'introduced', 'people', 'became']
['familiar', 'locations', 'emergency', 'exits', 'measure', 'helped']
['evacuation', 'successful', 'casualty', 'decontamination', 'following']
['chemical', 'incident', 'failure', 'responders', 'communicate', 'effectively', 'reduced']
['public', 'compliance', 'procedure', 'increasing', 'fatalities', 'carter']
['solution', 'train', 'responders', 'skills', 'communicate', 'public']
['decontamination', 'needed', 'carry', 'drury']
['under', 'reaction', 'system', 'mismanagement', 'covid', 'response']
['united', 'kingdom']
['unlike', 'fires', 'earthquakes', 'floods', 'bombings', 'which', 'short', 'events']
['which', 'occur', 'place', 'effects', 'current', 'pandemic', 'dispersed']
['space', 'these', 'other', 'emergencies', 'there', 'mortal', 'threat', 'which', 'creates', 'collective']
['examine', 'major', 'problems', 'response', 'outcomes9']
['covid', 'crisis', 'prima', 'facie', 'three', 'classification', 'above', 'better']
['explanations', 'terms', 'public', 'selfishness', 'thoughtlessness', 'reaction']
['first', 'under', 'reaction', 'while', 'members', 'public', 'taken', 'pandemic']
['seriously', 'majority', 'adhered', 'social', 'distancing']
['regulations', 'there', 'evidence', 'highly', 'consequential', 'political', 'under', 'reaction', 'united', 'kingdom', 'criticism', 'government']
['prepare', 'respond', 'importantly', 'official', 'advice', 'social', 'distancing']
['given', 'march', 'instruction', 'result']
['under', 'reaction', 'death', 'proportionately', 'higher', 'other', 'countries']
['hospital', 'community', 'deaths', 'recorded', 'scally']
['jacobson', 'abbasi']
['failure', 'prepare', 'straightforward', 'mismanagement']
['under', 'estimating', 'those', 'authority', 'world', 'health']
['organization', 'warned', 'about', 'human', 'human', 'transmission', 'covid', 'early']
['january', 'urged', 'precautions', 'first', 'department', 'health', 'social']
['press', 'release', 'covid', 'january', 'stated', 'population']
['later', 'lancet', 'published', 'first', 'article', 'showing', 'evidence']
['covid', 'transmittable', 'humans', 'authors', 'recommended', 'careful', 'surveillance']
['rigorous', 'testing', 'respirators', 'greater', 'personal', 'protective', 'equipment']
['chief', 'medical', 'officer', 'still', 'maintained', 'public']
['first', 'documented', 'transmission', 'within', 'united', 'kingdom', 'opposed']
['travellers', 'abroad', 'appeared', 'february', 'level', 'raised']
['march']
['relation', 'second', 'factor', 'example', 'where', 'systemic', 'factors', 'evident']
['discourse', 'public', 'behaviour', 'mobilized', 'called', 'panic']
['buying', 'rapid', 'emptying', 'supermarket', 'shelves', 'effect', 'vulnerability']
['supply', 'chains', 'small', 'uptick', 'consumer', 'spending', 'purchasing']
['evidence', 'suggests', 'small', 'proportion', 'population', 'stockpiling']
['response', 'expectations', 'lockdown', 'shortages', 'nevertheless', 'government']
['ministers', 'chided', 'public', 'their', 'selfishness', 'psychologizing', 'problem']
['representation', 'public', 'selfish', 'highly', 'consequential', 'where', 'others']
['community', 'competitors', 'create', 'individualism', 'being']
['condemned', 'undermining', 'sense', 'collectivity', 'needed', 'these', 'times', 'bavel']
[]
['systemic', 'factors', 'crucial', 'another', 'sense', 'poorer', 'powerful', 'sections']
['society', 'fewer', 'choices', 'about', 'behave', 'during', 'first', 'phase', 'lockdown']
['despite', 'media', 'campaigns', 'vilify', 'people', 'selfish', 'thoughtless', 'covidiots']
['evidence', 'reasons', 'adherence', 'shows', 'practical', 'rather']
['psychological', 'people', 'trains', 'because']
['needed', 'money', 'survive', 'government', 'support', 'schemes', 'insufficient', 'people']
['could', 'exercise', 'those', 'urban', 'areas', 'limited', 'public', 'space']
['employers', 'failed', 'provide', 'support', 'social', 'distancing', 'hygiene']
['those', 'income', 'wealth', 'crowded', 'homes']
['outcomes', 'these', 'systematic', 'inequalities', 'predictable', 'poorer', 'people']
['repeatedly', 'shown', 'vulnerable', 'infection', 'likely', 'these']
['inequalities', 'persisted', 'second', 'phase', 'lockdown']
['lower', 'income', 'people', 'being', 'likely']
['bring', 'contact', 'others']
['finally', 'there', 'evidence', 'specific', 'mismanagement', 'failure']
['communication', 'response', 'thing', 'observed', 'changed', 'which']
['might', 'therefore', 'indicate', 'recognition', 'earlier', 'error', 'public']
['addressed', 'official', 'messaging', 'initial', 'government', 'communications', 'stressed']
['oneself', 'individual', 'example']
['current', 'advice', 'important', 'thing', 'individuals', 'protect', 'themselves']
['remains', 'washing', 'their', 'hands', 'often', 'least', 'seconds', 'water']
['emphasis', 'added']
['message', 'people', 'therefore', 'picked', 'about']
['themselves', 'personally', 'individual', 'focused', 'messaging', 'people', 'discount']
['especially', 'consider', 'themselves', 'young', 'healthy', 'later', 'there', 'shift']
['rationale', 'being', 'protect', 'protect', 'others', 'change']
['potential', 'victim', 'spreader', 'which', 'seems']
['persuasive']
['collective', 'psychology']
['example', 'makes', 'point', 'indeed', 'psychology', 'heavily', 'involved', 'public']
['response', 'covid', 'however', 'psychology', 'fixed', 'behavioural', 'tendencies']
['since', 'hence', 'interest', 'motivations', 'boundaries', 'concern']
['varies', 'contextual', 'factors', 'political', 'leadership', 'which', 'failed', 'initially']
['communicate', 'collectivist', 'terms', 'course', 'psychology', 'matters', 'happens']
['emergencies', 'reasons', 'other', 'inevitable', 'collective', 'selfishness', 'thoughtlessness']
['reaction']
['consider', 'first', 'conditions', 'under', 'which', 'behaviour', 'competitive']
['cooperative', 'emergencies', 'there', 'reports', 'mutual', 'social', 'support']
['members', 'public', 'during', 'covid', 'crisis', 'reviews', 'suggest', 'cooperation']
['among', 'survivors', 'common', 'emergencies', 'members', 'public']
['lives', 'professional', 'responders', 'drury', 'emergencies']
['people', 'compete', 'trample', 'other', 'conditions']
['occur', 'chertkoff', 'kushigian', 'comparison', 'different', 'evacuations', 'found']
['there', 'competition', 'exits', 'narrow', 'unfamiliar']
['people', 'compete', 'coordinate', 'evacuations', 'positioned']
['psychologically', 'individuals', 'rather', 'group', 'members', 'mintz', 'shows']
['evacuating', 'crowd', 'blocks', 'explained', 'terms']
['prevalence', 'individual', 'competition', 'collective', 'setting', 'rather', 'terms']
['excessive', 'emotion', 'these', 'cases', 'emergency', 'badly', 'absence']
['collective', 'psychology', 'coordination', 'cooperation']
['cooperating', 'giving', 'support', 'carry', 'risks', 'which', 'acknowledged']
['evacuations', 'larger', 'group', 'slower', 'egress', 'because', 'speed', 'reduced']
['through', 'people', 'interacting', 'other', 'aguirre', 'motivation']
['support', 'other', 'survivors', 'risks', 'their', 'personal', 'safety']
['collective', 'emergency', 'always', 'particular', 'individuals']
['drury', 'cocking', 'reicher', 'covid', 'individual']
['supporting', 'group', 'clear', 'where', 'supportive', 'behaviour', 'involves', 'physical']
['proximity', 'whether', 'delivering', 'giving', 'emotional', 'support']
['about', 'public', 'under', 'reaction', 'occur', 'under', 'estimation']
['sometimes', 'characterized', 'optimistic', 'kinsey', 'gwynne', 'kuligowski']
['kinateder', 'context', 'where', 'emergency', 'events']
['reasonable', 'assume', 'happen', 'assumption', 'reverse']
['emergency', 'events', 'become', 'common', 'example', 'after', 'spate']
['terrorist', 'attacks', 'london', 'hundreds', 'people', 'oxford', 'street', 'noise']
['turned', 'harmless', 'general', 'extent', 'which', 'information', 'concerning']
['threat', 'plausible', 'function', 'broad', 'social', 'context', 'dangers', 'expectations']
['danger', 'raised', 'readiness', 'other', 'action', 'greater', 'context']
['recent', 'incidents', 'relevant', 'social', 'group']
['perceptions', 'become', 'collective', 'people', 'respond', 'direct']
['signals', 'other', 'people', 'responses', 'signal', 'bruder', 'fischer', 'manstead']
['suggest', 'extent', 'which', 'response', 'others', 'possible', 'threat']
['conveying', 'information', 'dependent', 'relevance', 'these', 'others']
['particular', 'context', 'which', 'often', 'function', 'shared', 'identity', 'based']
['about', 'social', 'influence', 'processes', 'other', 'contexts', 'bruder']
['covid', 'plausible', 'suppose', 'sight', 'others', 'community', 'routinely']
['observing', 'ignoring', 'social', 'distancing', 'regulations', 'example', 'likely', 'strong']
['signal', 'around', 'safety', 'doing', 'particularly', 'where', 'identify']
['community', 'these', 'exemplars', 'prototypes']
['psychological', 'factors', 'interact', 'management', 'failures', 'explain']
['emergency', 'events', 'badly', 'fearing', 'public', 'panic', 'leads', 'authorities', 'withhold']
['information', 'about', 'emergency', 'drury', 'information']
['emergency', 'increases', 'public', 'anxiety', 'public', 'perceives', 'information']
['being', 'withheld', 'damages', 'their', 'relationship', 'authority', 'carter']
['consequently', 'authorities', 'release', 'correct', 'information']
['public', 'mistrust', 'covid', 'treat']
['public', 'respect', 'order', 'build', 'trust', 'advice', 'given', 'behavioural']
['scientists', 'government']
['discussion', 'conclusions']
['emergencies', 'people', 'behave', 'selfishly', 'thoughtlessly']
['react', 'indeed', 'explained', 'research', 'suggests', 'conditions']
['competition', 'prevail', 'cooperation', 'questioning', 'notion']
['public', 'reactions', 'default', 'major', 'cause', 'problems', 'covid']
['crisis', 'existing', 'literature', 'disasters', 'support', 'prima', 'facie']
['major', 'problems', 'covid', 'response', 'outcomes', 'better', 'understood']
['otherwise', 'terms', 'political', 'under', 'reaction', 'systemic', 'issues', 'mismanagement']
['collective', 'panic', 'referred', 'disaster', 'literature', 'disasters', 'drury']
['rather', 'neutral', 'description', 'people', 'actually', 'behave']
['understood', 'particular', 'discourse', 'cultural', 'representation', 'which']
['psychologizes', 'indeed', 'pathologizes', 'public', 'responses', 'emergencies', 'disasters']
['given', 'known', 'about', 'under', 'reaction', 'systemic', 'factors', 'mismanagement']
['emergencies', 'emphasize', 'instead', 'collective', 'behaviour', 'clear']
['ideological', 'functions', 'naturalizing', 'fatalities', 'distracts', 'causes']
['might', 'responsible', 'mismanagement', 'instead', 'blaming', 'victims']
['irony', 'course', 'being', 'problem', 'collective', 'psychology']
['emergencies', 'solidarity', 'cooperation', 'commonly', 'witnessed', 'among', 'community']
['members', 'strangers', 'usually', 'solution', 'collective', 'psychology', 'therefore']
['should', 'harnessed', 'effectively', 'policy', 'practice', 'covid', 'response']
['elcheroth', 'drury', 'through', 'framing', 'threat', 'solution', 'collective']
['terms', 'through', 'emphasizing', 'shared', 'norms', 'around', 'collective', 'being', 'safety']
['drury', 'people', 'emergencies', 'probably', 'because']
['collective', 'psychology']
['paper']
['psychology', 'covid', 'impacts']
['themes', 'forward']
['anthony', 'pillay1', 'brendon', 'barnes3']
['abstract']
['covid', 'brought', 'challenges', 'poorer', 'nations', 'struggling']
['existing', 'burdens', 'however', 'lockdown', 'restrictions', 'aimed', 'slowing', 'infection']
['created', 'problems', 'their', 'increased', 'unemployment', 'poverty', 'mental', 'health']
['problems', 'while', 'lockdown', 'approach', 'effective', 'public', 'health', 'there', 'concern']
['about', 'formulated', 'empirical', 'basis', 'restrictions', 'societal', 'impacts']
['there', 'additional', 'concern', 'covid', 'associated', 'restrictions', 'disproportionately', 'affect']
['marginalised', 'groups', 'discipline', 'primarily', 'concerned', 'human', 'behaviour', 'psychology']
['contribute', 'addressing', 'pandemic']
['keywords']
['covid', 'mental', 'health', 'poverty', 'psychology', 'women']
['words', 'emerged', 'never', 'previously', 'contemplated', 'others']
['hardly', 'thought', 'would', 'lifetime', 'terms', 'phrases', 'lockdown']
['isolation', 'social', 'distancing', 'flatten', 'curve', 'immunity', 'normal', 'daily']
['recent', 'inclusions', 'oxford', 'english', 'dictionary', 'conversations']
['include', 'abbreviations', 'personal', 'protective', 'equipment', 'working']
['severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'course', 'referring']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'caused', 'untold', 'havoc', 'forced', 'develop', 'knowledge']
['disease', 'regardless', 'profession', 'occupation', 'knowledge', 'about', 'virus', 'quickly']
['became', 'essential', 'health', 'professionals', 'public', 'because', 'treatment', 'option']
['writing', 'prevention', 'became', 'order', 'approach', 'being']
['behaviour', 'change', 'strategies']
['coincidentally', 'century', 'world', 'began', 'picking', 'pieces', 'after', 'spanish']
['caused', 'virus', 'which', 'infected', 'about', 'million', 'killed', 'excess', 'million']
['across', 'globe', 'centers', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention', 'about', 'third', 'world']
['population', 'infected', 'between', 'transnational']
['transcontinental', 'travel', 'relatively', 'infrequent', 'other', 'pandemics', 'century', 'include']
['asian', 'killed', 'estimated', 'million', 'people', 'worldwide']
['killed', 'about', 'million', 'people', 'after', 'mackenzie']
['covid', 'profound', 'effect', 'thoughts', 'emotions', 'behaviour', 'understandably']
['generated', 'panic', 'globally', 'mental', 'health', 'correlates', 'pandemic']
['widespread', 'varied', 'presentation', 'related', 'vulnerability', 'premorbid', 'functioning']
['social', 'economic', 'factors', 'contributing', 'heavily', 'commenting', 'national', 'survey', 'during']
['covid', 'united', 'nations', 'raised', 'concern', 'after', 'studies', 'showed', 'distress', 'prevalence']
['ranging', 'recent', 'population', 'based', 'survey', 'found', 'south', 'africans']
['viewed', 'themselves', 'moderate', 'contracting', 'virus', 'suggesting', 'level']
['anxiety', 'about', 'their', 'current', 'situation', 'human', 'sciences', 'research', 'council', 'another', 'commu', 'survey', 'respondents', 'noted', 'significant', 'negative', 'emotions', 'including']
['adults', 'depressed', 'fearful', 'stress', 'depression', 'prevalent', 'those', 'under']
['years', 'older', 'persons', 'orkin', 'worrying', 'however']
['increased', 'mental', 'health', 'service', 'needs', 'surfacing', 'during', 'reduced', 'mental', 'health', 'service']
['provision', 'risks', 'associated', 'person', 'consultations', 'attempts', 'limit', 'spread']
['infection', 'large', 'numbers', 'mental', 'health', 'service', 'providers', 'opted', 'offer', 'telehealth', 'consultations', 'extent', 'which', 'consultation', 'meeting', 'needs', 'cerned', 'current', 'situation', 'determined', 'considering', 'diversity', 'those']
['especially', 'terms', 'educational', 'level', 'technological', 'sophistication', 'financial', 'resources']
['numerous', 'other', 'variables', 'indication', 'egalitarian', 'virus']
['mental', 'health', 'problems', 'evident', 'globally', 'however', 'directly', 'covid']
['cases', 'there', 'severe', 'anxiety', 'about', 'being', 'infected', 'obsession', 'prevention', 'behaviours']
['possible', 'neuropsychiatric', 'sequelae', 'infection', 'itself', 'troyer', 'other']
['mental', 'health', 'effects', 'considered', 'iatrogenic', 'being', 'caused', 'interventions']
['aimed', 'curbing', 'health', 'problem', 'lockdown', 'which', 'instituted', 'countries', 'delay']
['transmission', 'order', 'avoid', 'overwhelming', 'health', 'system', 'imposed', 'strictly']
['countries', 'opted', 'approach', 'citizens', 'restricted', 'their', 'homes', 'educa', 'tional', 'facilities', 'sectors', 'employment', 'closed', 'except', 'essential', 'services']
['social', 'distancing', 'orders', 'tolerated', 'initially', 'having', 'continued', 'several']
['weeks', 'months', 'psychological', 'effects', 'varying', 'degrees', 'increased', 'preva', 'lence', 'depressive', 'anxiety', 'symptoms', 'united', 'nations', 'recent', 'review', 'lancet']
['psychological', 'effects', 'quarantine', 'noted', 'symptoms', 'traumatic', 'stress', 'anger', 'confu', 'studies', 'linking', 'longer', 'quarantine', 'duration', 'greater', 'distress', 'while']
['water', 'shortages', 'frequent', 'stressors', 'during', 'quarantine', 'brooks', 'gested', 'instituting', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'global', 'community', 'ducting', 'arguably', 'largest', 'psychological', 'experiment', 'while', 'authorities', 'setting']
['field', 'hospitals', 'treat', 'disease', 'there', 'concomitant', 'failure', 'psychological']
['resources', 'needed', 'price', 'later']
['included', 'major', 'psychological', 'social', 'consequences', 'employment']
['broader', 'economic', 'crisis', 'caused', 'lockdown', 'history', 'shown', 'alcohol', 'other', 'stances', 'often', 'coping', 'times', 'distress', 'however']
['alcohol', 'tobacco', 'products', 'south', 'africa', 'created', 'anger', 'frustration', 'looting']
['liquor', 'stores', 'legal', 'action', 'threats', 'liquor', 'sales', 'groups', 'arguing', 'unreason', 'unconstitutional', 'mlamla', 'there', 'frustrating', 'restrictions']
['little', 'prevention', 'being', 'allowed', 'shoes', 'short', 'south', 'african', 'journal', 'psychology']
['sleeved', 'unless', 'knitted', 'fabric', 'instances', 'against', 'prevention']
['example', 'crowding', 'during', 'restricted', 'exercise', 'times', 'allocated', 'public', 'spaces']
['extended', 'lockdown', 'countries', 'distrust', 'about']
['effectiveness', 'critics', 'argued', 'lockdowns', 'achieve', 'desired', 'impact', 'infections']
['density', 'areas', 'because', 'interventions', 'simply', 'possible', 'especially']
['poorer', 'countries', 'those', 'south', 'american', 'african', 'asian', 'continents', 'example']
['people', 'practice', 'social', 'distancing', 'crowded', 'living', 'conditions', 'people', 'practice']
['handwashing', 'limited', 'water', 'together', 'extreme', 'force', 'enforcement', 'cials', 'mostly', 'directed', 'marginalised', 'question', 'overreach', 'ernment', 'actions', 'impede', 'human', 'rights', 'governments', 'particular', 'attention']
['precarious', 'balance', 'between', 'instituting', 'restrictions', 'necessary', 'which', 'achieve']
['reducing', 'infection', 'while', 'treading', 'basic', 'rights', 'citizens']
['interestingly', 'researchers', 'oxford', 'group', 'found', 'relative', 'severity', 'outbreak']
['poorer', 'nations', 'imposed', 'severe', 'lockdown', 'measures', 'wealthy', 'nations', 'gibney']
['perhaps', 'unexpected', 'finding', 'whether', 'approach', 'advantageous', 'determined']
['phenomenon', 'could', 'reflect', 'health', 'resource', 'inadequacies', 'poorer', 'countries', 'result', 'panic', 'about', 'whether', 'pandemic', 'hence', 'their', 'haste', 'towards', 'cautious']
['approach', 'adopting', 'early', 'robust', 'planning', 'strategy', 'derided', 'however']
['restrictive', 'measures', 'appear', 'arbitrary', 'cannot', 'question', 'their', 'validity']
['scientific', 'basis', 'leads', 'inevitably', 'concerns', 'about', 'extent', 'social', 'control', 'governments']
['known', 'other', 'contexts', 'curbing', 'dissenting', 'political', 'views', 'wheat']
['restricting', 'freedom', 'speech', 'overreach', 'destined', 'evoke', 'severe', 'reactions', 'serves']
['alienate', 'populace', 'leaders', 'unified', 'stance', 'essential']
['critical', 'responsive', 'socially', 'engaged', 'psychology']
['offer']
['south', 'african', 'psychologists', 'allies', 'other', 'disciplines', 'active', 'important']
['quickly', 'adapted', 'teaching', 'practicing', 'psychology', 'virtually', 'professional', 'societies']
['lobbied', 'medical', 'support', 'online', 'consultations', 'teletherapy', 'alerted']
['authorities', 'immense', 'mental', 'health', 'burden', 'lockdown', 'individuals', 'stretched', 'health', 'practitioners', 'psychologists', 'active', 'media', 'conveying', 'valuable']
['messaging', 'information', 'public', 'stresses', 'lockdown', 'anxieties']
['related', 'disease', 'enhanced', 'facilities', 'people', 'struggling', 'mental', 'health']
['issues', 'gender', 'based', 'violence', 'psychologists', 'highlighted', 'behavioural', 'sciences']
['frame', 'public', 'health', 'interventions', 'tomlinson', 'young', 'actively']
['involved', 'local', 'international', 'research', 'projects', 'understand', 'psychological', 'impacts']
['determinants', 'health', 'related', 'behaviour', 'these', 'efforts', 'should', 'commended']
['importantly', 'scholars', 'pointed', 'uneven', 'impacts', 'disease', 'lockdown']
['covid', 'marginalised', 'example', 'unemployed', 'income', 'earners', 'women']
['migrants', 'disabled', 'communities', 'lgbti', 'lesbian', 'bisexual', 'transgender', 'intersex', 'munities', 'those', 'abusive', 'relationships', 'covid', 'previous', 'crises', 'highlighted', 'standing', 'social', 'fractures', 'poverty', 'inequality', 'xenophobia', 'racism', 'patriarchy', 'ableism']
['unequal', 'health', 'access', 'example', 'concern', 'significant', 'racial', 'disparity']
['virus', 'affected', 'communities', 'centers', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention']
['noted', 'disproportionate', 'representation', 'african', 'hispanic', 'latino', 'americans']
['among', 'those', 'becoming', 'severely', 'dying', 'relates', 'number', 'factors']
['vulnerable', 'including', 'living', 'conditions', 'circumstances', 'underlying', 'comorbid', 'health', 'pillay', 'barnes']
['problems', 'inadequate', 'health', 'service', 'access', 'south', 'africa', 'class', 'historically']
['associated', 'insecurities', 'inadequate', 'housing', 'health', 'access', 'among']
['other', 'disparities', 'however', 'apartheid', 'factors', 'socioeconomic']
['status', 'dictate', 'health', 'access', 'black', 'africans', 'rural', 'communities', 'having', 'ficulty', 'harris', 'south', 'africa', 'being', 'world', 'unequal', 'societies']
['large', 'portion', 'people', 'extremely', 'dependent', 'social', 'grants', 'informal', 'sector']
['employment', 'lockdown', 'effects', 'overwhelming', 'orkin']
['impact', 'women', 'particularly', 'women', 'cannot', 'ignored', 'impact', 'unemploy', 'black', 'women', 'already', 'highest', 'unemployed', 'likely', 'severe', 'women', 'across']
['class', 'strata', 'experience', 'increased', 'domestic', 'child', 'burdens', 'increases', 'domestic']
['violence', 'reports', 'gender', 'based', 'violence', 'domestic', 'abuse', 'police', 'first', '2months']
['since', 'lockdown', 'began', 'numbered', 'gauteng', 'province', 'south', 'africa', 'meaning']
['actual', 'prevalence', 'higher', 'given', 'women', 'report', 'violence', 'abuse', 'seleka']
['result', 'increased', 'domestic', 'other', 'demands', 'employed', 'women', 'reported']
['lower', 'productivity', 'compared', 'during', 'lockdown', 'example', 'publication', 'productivity']
['significantly', 'lower', 'women', 'academics', 'compared', 'fazarkerley', 'added']
['pressures', 'accompany', 'lockdown', 'restrictions', 'significant', 'schools', 'closed']
['child', 'minders', 'domestic', 'helpers', 'prohibited', 'working', 'latter', 'scenario']
['plays', 'further', 'economic', 'disaster', 'because', 'domestic', 'workers', 'south', 'africa', 'mainly']
['women', 'heavily', 'source', 'income', 'private', 'households', 'known', 'provide']
['around', 'million', 'statistics', 'south', 'africa', 'publication']
['majority', 'without', '2months', 'recent', 'survey', 'orkin', 'noted']
['significant', 'mental', 'health', 'impact', 'women', 'during', 'period', 'feelings', 'depression']
['apprehension', 'reported', 'respectively', 'study', 'highlighted', 'hunger']
['significant', 'predictor', 'overall', 'psychological', 'distress', 'revealing', 'those', 'hungry']
['experience', 'sadness', 'anger', 'stress', 'depression']
['those', 'hungry']
['lockdown', 'severe', 'impacts', 'lgbti', 'people', 'there', 'reports', 'increased']
['stigmatisation', 'discrimination', 'violence', 'against', 'group', 'office', 'united', 'nations']
['commissioner', 'human', 'rights', 'example', 'government', 'allowed']
['women', 'alternative', 'accommodation', 'transgender', 'people', 'leading', 'matisation', 'perez', 'brumer', 'silva', 'santisteban', 'similarly', 'lockdown', 'profound']
['impacts', 'migrants', 'precarious', 'positions', 'unstable', 'xenophobic', 'attitudes']
['access', 'services', 'health', 'susceptibility', 'unscrupulous', 'enforcement', 'tices', 'mobility', 'restrictions', 'mental', 'physical', 'impacts', 'people', 'disabilities']
['particularly', 'acute', 'deserving', 'attention', 'mckinney']
['addition', 'scholars', 'cautioned', 'about', 'political', 'consequences', 'health', 'behav', 'change', 'barnes', 'health', 'behaviour', 'change', 'tends', 'place', 'blame', 'remedy']
['covid', 'marginalised', 'becket', 'writes', 'about', 'united', 'states', 'covid', 'discourse', 'shifted', 'blame', 'unhealthy', 'lifestyles', 'marginalised', 'argument']
['forward', 'health', 'secretary', 'reason', 'morbidity', 'mortality']
['because', 'unhealthy', 'lifestyles', 'comorbidity', 'diabetes', 'among', 'african', 'americans']
['racist', 'classist', 'undertones', 'ignores', 'structural', 'determinants', 'covid']
['poverty', 'inequality', 'environmental', 'injustices', 'leadership', 'country', 'particular']
['health', 'governments', 'failed', 'address']
['important', 'psychologists', 'continue', 'important', 'related', 'covid', 'terms']
['research', 'teaching', 'practice', 'important', 'organised', 'psychology', 'continue']
['attention', 'inadequately', 'resourced', 'mental', 'health', 'systems', 'strengthen', 'partnerships', 'south', 'african', 'journal', 'psychology']
['other', 'sectors', 'disciplinary', 'allies', 'activist', 'organisations', 'important', 'speak']
['against', 'human', 'rights', 'violations', 'reported', 'several', 'parts', 'world', 'equally']
['important', 'highlight', 'upstream', 'issues', 'governments', 'around', 'world', 'specifically']
['failed', 'address', 'covid', 'previous', 'social', 'crises', 'offers', 'another', 'opportunity']
['psychologists', 'actively', 'speak', 'marginalised', 'groupings', 'pursuit', 'equal']
['society']
['psychology', 'behavioural', 'human', 'science', 'contribute', 'shaping']
['reinforcing', 'behavioural', 'interventions', 'public', 'health', 'strategies', 'times', 'pandemics']
['covid', 'addition', 'placed', 'advise', 'necessary', 'social', 'policy', 'development', 'cially', 'considering', 'societal', 'support', 'essential', 'governments', 'effectively', 'manage']
['pandemic', 'south', 'african', 'journal', 'psychology', 'together', 'psychological']
['society', 'south', 'africa', 'psyssa', 'partner', 'publishing', 'outlets', 'everything']
['avenue', 'psychological', 'contributions', 'covid', 'discipline', 'psychology']
['witnessed', 'global', 'challenges', 'including', 'famine', 'economic', 'crises', 'fascism', 'racism']
['disease', 'vital', 'consider', 'carefully', 'learn', 'pandemic']
['world', 'responded', 'failings', 'think', 'behave', 'differently']
['covid', 'world']
['declaration', 'conflicting', 'interests']
['authors', 'declared', 'potential', 'conflicts', 'interest', 'respect', 'research', 'authorship', 'publica', 'article']
['paper']
['fpsyg', '590594', 'october']
['conceptual', 'analysis']
['published', 'november']
['fpsyg', '590594']
['edited']
['joanna', 'sokolowska']
['university', 'social', 'sciences']
['humanities', 'poland']
['reviewed']
['nigel', 'harvey']
['university', 'college', 'london']
['united', 'kingdom']
['barbara', 'summers']
['leeds', 'university', 'business', 'school']
['united', 'kingdom']
['correspondence']
['hersh', 'shefrin']
['hshefrin']
['specialty', 'section']
['article', 'submitted']
['cognition']
['section', 'journal']
['frontiers', 'psychology']
['received', 'august']
['accepted', 'october']
['published', 'november']
['citation']
['shefrin', 'psychology']
['underlying', 'biased', 'forecasts']
['covid', 'cases', 'deaths']
['united', 'states']
['front', 'psychol', '590594']
['fpsyg', '590594']
['psychology', 'underlying', 'biased']
['forecasts', 'covid', 'cases']
['deaths', 'united', 'states']
['hersh', 'shefrin']
['department', 'finance', 'leavey', 'school', 'business', 'santa', 'clara', 'university', 'santa', 'clara', 'united', 'states']
['paper', 'discusses', 'impact', 'series', 'psychological', 'phenomena']
['response', 'covid', 'focusing', 'forecasts', 'cases', 'deaths']
['specific', 'phenomena', 'comprise', 'unrealistic', 'optimism', 'overconfidence', 'anchoring']
['adjustment', 'representativeness', 'motivated', 'reasoning', 'groupthink']
['keywords', 'biases', 'forecasts', 'deaths', 'cases', 'pandemic', 'covid']
['introduction']
['combination', 'psychological', 'issues', 'negatively', 'impacted', 'manner', 'which']
['united', 'states', 'responded', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'especially', 'judgments', 'future']
['cases', 'deaths']
['september', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'number', 'deaths', 'covid', 'united', 'states', 'second', 'highest', 'world', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'exceeded']
['million', 'total', 'deaths', 'exceeded', 'capita', 'basis', 'ranked', 'second']
['confirmed', 'cases', 'million', 'deaths', 'million', 'behind', 'brazil', 'contrast']
['china', 'country', 'which', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'originated', 'experienced']
['confirmed', 'cases', 'deaths', 'corresponding', 'respectively']
['million']
['situation', 'united', 'states', 'starker', 'contrasted', 'countries']
['south', 'korea', 'approximately', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'million']
['deaths', 'million', 'taiwan', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'million', 'deaths']
['million', 'which', 'managing', 'outbreak']
['pandemic']
['reasons', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'deaths', 'covid', 'united', 'states']
['varied', 'complex', 'useful', 'place', 'countries', 'following', 'categories']
['those', 'responded', 'aggressively', 'virus', 'first', 'presented', 'within', 'their', 'borders']
['using', 'testing', 'tracing', 'social', 'distancing', 'hygiene', 'masks', 'restrictions', 'gatherings']
['lockdowns1']
[]
['those', 'whose', 'first', 'responses', 'experienced', 'serious', 'outbreaks', 'revised', 'their']
['responses', 'along', 'lines', 'followed', 'countries', 'initially', 'reacted', 'strongly2']
[]
[]
['south', 'korea', 'taiwan', 'first', 'category', 'subsequent', 'infection', 'waves', 'occurred', 'among', 'countries', 'falling']
['first', 'category']
[]
['stancati', 'pancevski', 'italy', 'example', 'country', 'falling', 'second', 'category', 'other', 'countries']
['qualify', 'china', 'germany', 'spain', 'france']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '590594fpsyg', '590594', 'october']
['shefrin', 'biased', 'covid', 'forecasts']
['those', 'whose', 'first', 'responses', 'experienced']
['serious', 'outbreaks', 'delayed', 'revising', 'their', 'responses']
['along', 'lines', 'followed', 'countries', 'initially', 'reacted']
['strongly', 'thereby', 'losing', 'control', 'virus', 'continued']
['spread', 'within', 'their', 'borders3']
[]
['those', 'experienced', 'serious', 'outbreaks4']
[]
['suggest', 'united', 'states', 'falls', 'third', 'category']
['there', 'reasons', 'country', 'response']
['involve', 'differences', 'ideology', 'about', 'individual', 'liberties']
['collective', 'action', 'regulatory', 'structures', 'nature']
['public', 'health', 'system', 'supply', 'chain', 'issues', 'flawed', 'human']
['judgment5']
['these', 'broad', 'issues', 'although', 'touch']
['these', 'paper', 'focus', 'mostly', 'flawed']
['human', 'judgments', 'small', 'group', 'president']
['members', 'coronavirus', 'force', 'institute']
['heath', 'metrics', 'evaluation', 'university']
['washington']
['forecasts', 'professionals', 'important', 'because', 'their']
['potential', 'inform', 'expectations', 'public']
['influence', 'decisions', 'policy', 'makers', 'moreover', 'there']
['important', 'psychological', 'dimension', 'manner', 'which']
['people', 'generally', 'predictions', 'paper', 'discuss']
['facet', 'these', 'issues', 'manifest']
['response', 'covid', 'focusing', 'presence', 'optimism']
['weinstein', 'overconfidence', 'svenson']
['harvey', 'hoffrage', 'forecasts', 'confirmed', 'cases']
['deaths', 'associated', 'pandemic', 'discuss']
['impact', 'additional', 'psychological', 'phenomena', 'contribute']
['optimism', 'overconfidence', 'namely', 'motivated']
['reasoning', 'kunda', 'representativeness', 'kahneman']
['tversky', 'similarity', 'tversky', 'anchoring']
['adjustment', 'tversky', 'kahneman', 'groupthink']
['janis']
['remainder', 'paper', 'organized', 'follows', 'section']
['context', 'forecasting', 'covid', 'cases', 'deaths']
['describes', 'context', 'development', 'projections', 'cases']
['deaths', 'covid', 'section', 'judgments']
['decisions', 'biases', 'psychology', 'focuses', 'series']
['psychological', 'issues', 'appear', 'injected', 'biases', 'these']
['projections', 'section', 'conclusion', 'concludes']
['context', 'forecasting']
['covid', 'cases', 'deaths']
['january', 'president', 'donald', 'trump', 'received']
['warning', 'about', 'covid', 'national', 'security', 'adviser']
['robert', 'brien', 'biggest', 'national']
['security', 'threat', 'presidency', 'going']
['united', 'kingdom', 'sweden', 'brazil', 'category', 'suggest']
['below', 'united', 'states']
['until', 'botswana', 'namibia', 'fourth', 'category', 'since']
['confirmed', 'cases', 'deaths', 'increasing']
['5during', 'february', 'center', 'disease', 'control', 'experienced']
['serious', 'failure', 'creating', 'covid', 'which', 'contributed', 'major', 'delay']
['country', 'ability', 'detect', 'infection', 'leonhardt', 'lipton', '2020a']
['roughest', 'thing', 'woodward']
['later', 'president', 'provided', 'implicit', 'private']
['conditional', 'estimate', 'annual', 'fatalities', 'covid']
['estimate', 'range', 'between', 'deaths']
['conditional', 'china', 'maintaining', 'control', 'virus', 'within']
['borders6']
['noted', 'above', 'total', 'fatalities', 'crossed']
['september']
['president', 'trump', 'public', 'pronouncements', 'diametrically']
['opposed', 'views', 'shared', 'privately', 'woodward']
['february', 'number', 'coronavirus', 'cases']
['cases', 'having', 'direct', 'china', 'source']
['outbreak', 'president', 'remarked']
['within', 'couple', 'going', 'close']
['watkins']
['third', 'february', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases']
['began', 'discrete', 'amounts', 'equity', 'market', 'declined']
['sharply', 'investors', 'reduced', 'their', 'estimates', 'downwards']
['ability', 'prevent', 'outbreak', 'homeland', 'imbert']
['huang', 'february', 'number']
['confirmed', 'cases', 'risen', 'deaths', 'being']
['attributed', 'covid']
['during', 'march', 'states', 'within', 'began']
['impose', 'lockdowns', 'other', 'containment', 'measures']
['outbreak', 'cases', 'consequence', 'unemployment']
['sharply', 'congress', 'federal', 'reserve']
['cyclical', 'policy', 'measures', 'place', 'counteract', 'negative']
['shock', 'economy', 'messaging']
['white', 'house', 'which', 'established', 'coronavirus']
['force', 'downplayed', 'severity', 'threat', 'emphasized']
['importance', 'avoiding', 'unnecessary', 'containment', 'measures']
['would', 'reduce', 'economic', 'activity', 'third']
['march', 'during', 'press', 'briefing', 'president', 'suggested']
['economy', 'might', 'fully', 'reopen', 'easter']
['weeks', 'away7']
[]
['during', 'march', 'confirmed', 'cases']
['total', 'deaths', 'attributed', 'covid']
['press', 'briefing', 'march', 'whitehouse']
['president', 'reversed', 'views', 'about', 'easter', 'reopening']
['together', 'coronavirus', 'force', 'leaders', 'provided', 'forecast']
[]
['february', 'taped', 'telephone', 'conversation', 'woodward', 'president', 'trump']
['following', 'deadly']
['strenuous', 'people', 'realize', 'people']
['would', 'think', 'right', 'pretty', 'amazing']
['thing', 'deadly']
['estimates', 'inferred', 'figures', 'given']
['quotation']
['7this', 'focus', 'paper', 'narrow', 'issue', 'forecasting']
['broad', 'issues', 'relating', 'problematic', 'judgments', 'decisions']
['response', 'pandemic', 'examples', 'broader', 'issues', 'include', 'president', 'trump']
['flanked', 'members', 'coronavirus', 'force', 'trumpeting', 'report', 'lists']
['being', 'number', 'respect', 'global', 'health', 'security', 'index', 'failing']
['acknowledge', 'report', 'emergency', 'preparedness', 'points']
['ranks', 'poorly', 'respect', 'health', 'access', 'white', 'house']
['having', 'disbanded', 'pandemic', 'office', 'therefore', 'readiness']
['pandemic', 'president', 'firing', 'deputy', 'inspector', 'general', 'department']
['health', 'human', 'services', 'identifying', 'severe', 'shortages', 'hospitals']
['treating', 'covid', 'center', 'disease', 'control', 'failing', 'produce', 'timely']
['covid', 'early', 'during', 'pandemic', 'having', 'disjointed']
['public', 'health', 'system', 'reliant', 'outdated', 'technology', 'which', 'limited']
['ability', 'conduct', 'testing', 'contact', 'tracing']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '590594fpsyg', '590594', 'october']
['shefrin', 'biased', 'covid', 'forecasts']
['ranges', 'eventual', 'cumulative', 'deaths', 'covid']
['particular', 'press', 'briefing', 'important', 'three']
['first', 'briefing', 'clear', 'white', 'house', 'accepted']
['engaging', 'containment', 'measures', 'total', 'deaths']
['covid', 'would', 'likely', 'million']
['second', 'white', 'house', 'estimated', 'containment']
['total', 'deaths', 'would', 'likely', 'between']
[]
['although', 'several', 'later', 'increased']
['bierman', 'levey']
['third', 'deborah', 'leading', 'member', 'white']
['house', 'force', 'addressing', 'pandemic', 'stated']
['reviewed', 'institutes']
['forecasting', 'cases', 'deaths', 'covid', 'pointed', 'people']
['website', 'noting', 'estimates']
['their']
['early', 'april', 'eichenbaum', 'presented']
['framework', 'integrated', 'standard', 'models', 'epidemiology']
['economics', 'paper', 'analyzed', 'interrelationship', 'among']
['containment', 'policy', 'economic', 'activity', 'trajectory']
['cumulative', 'deaths', 'covid', 'authors', 'examined']
['several', 'cases', 'examined', 'range', 'outcomes', 'their', 'analysis']
['suggested', 'cumulative', 'deaths', 'covid', 'would']
['range', 'million', 'depending', 'strength']
['containment', 'policy', 'immunity', 'would', 'between']
['population', 'immunity', 'would']
['achieved', 'between', 'weeks', 'onset', 'epidemic']
['containment', 'virus', 'would', 'occur', 'between']
['weeks', 'after', 'onset', 'notably', 'containment', 'policy']
['would', 'result', 'immunity', 'being', 'achieved', 'quickly']
['total', 'cases', 'deaths9']
[]
['april', 'important', 'month']
['three', 'reasons', 'first', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'deaths', 'associated']
['covid', 'soared', 'daily', 'rates', 'peaked']
['first', 'month', 'anthony', 'fauci', 'arguably']
['respected', 'member', 'white', 'house', 'coronavirus', 'force']
['remarked', 'total', 'number', 'deaths', 'covid', 'might']
['exceed', 'chappell']
['third', 'white', 'house']
['established', 'broad', 'strategy', 'addressing', 'outbreak']
['strategy', 'involved', 'limiting', 'federal', 'government']
['delegating', 'responsibility', 'individual', 'states', 'providing', 'states']
['measure', 'resources', 'working', 'encourage']
['weakening', 'containment', 'measures', 'consequent', 'reopening']
['economy', 'quickly', 'possible', 'white', 'house']
['transcript', 'press', 'briefing', 'quotes', 'saying', 'following']
['model', 'there', 'there', 'large', 'confidence', 'interval']
['anywhere', 'model', 'between', 'maybe', 'potentially']
['people', 'succumbing', 'mitigation', 'model']
['assumption', 'continue', 'doing', 'exactly', 'doing']
['better', 'every', 'metro', 'level', 'intensity', 'because', 'hoping']
['models', 'completely', 'right', 'better', 'predictions']
[]
['9value', 'models', 'eichenbaum']
['traditionally', 'policy', 'makers', 'evaluate', 'tradeoff', 'between']
['covid', 'infections', 'deaths', 'economic', 'activity']
['other', 'notably', 'evidence', 'suggest', 'tradeoff', 'frameworks']
['eichenbaum', 'played', 'major', 'indeed', 'white']
['house', 'policy', 'decisions', 'related', 'covid', 'meaning', 'policies', 'appear']
['developed', 'based', 'intuition', 'systematic', 'analysis']
['10chappell']
['figure', 'daily', 'deaths', 'million', 'covid', 'italy']
['between', 'january', 'september', 'source']
['ourworldindata']
['personnel', 'working', 'response', 'covid']
['state', 'authority', 'handoff', 'describe', 'first']
['strategy11']
[]
['although', 'white', 'house', 'established', 'coronavirus']
['force', 'within', 'white', 'house', 'small', 'group', 'aides', 'actually']
['separately', 'developed', 'policy', 'dealing', 'virus', 'group']
['headed', 'chief', 'staff12', 'member', 'group']
['public', 'health', 'official', 'expert']
['infectious', 'diseases', 'spoken', 'alongside', 'president']
['march', 'press', 'briefing', 'according', 'coverage']
['times13', 'constant', 'source', 'upbeat']
['provided', 'charts', 'emphasizing', 'outbreaks']
['gradually', 'easing', 'particular', 'argument', 'advanced']
['april', 'likely', 'resemble', 'italy', 'where']
['virus', 'cases', 'declined', 'steadily', 'frightening', 'heights']
['figure', 'contrasts', 'number', 'daily', 'deaths', 'million']
['covid', 'italy', 'between', 'january']
['september', 'portion', 'figure']
['january', 'through', 'april', 'provides', 'trajectory']
['relevant', 'during', 'march', 'april']
['perspective', 'provided', 'provided', 'support']
['white', 'house', 'priorities', 'namely', 'relaxing', 'containment']
['measures', 'shifting', 'responsibility', 'addressing', 'pandemic']
['states', 'upcoming', 'presidential', 'election']
['november', 'president', 'appears', 'especially']
['concerned', 'strong', 'containment', 'measures', 'would', 'continue']
['depress', 'economic', 'activity', 'therefore', 'likelihood']
['being', 'elected']
['march', 'press', 'briefing', 'clear']
['modeling', 'approach', 'estimates', 'cases', 'deaths']
['similar', 'subsequently', 'media', 'focused']
['attention', 'during', 'april', 'spokesperson']
['mokdad', 'chief', 'strategy', 'officer', 'professor', 'global', 'health']
['11see', 'shear', 'their', 'article', 'authors', 'suggest', 'state', 'authority']
['handoff', 'strategy', 'would', 'serve', 'shift', 'blame', 'president', 'states']
['event', 'cases', 'deaths', 'covid', 'surged']
['12the', 'chief', 'staff', 'meadows']
['13see', 'shear']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '590594fpsyg', '590594', 'october']
['shefrin', 'biased', 'covid', 'forecasts']
['university', 'washington', 'participated', 'several', 'media']
['interviews', 'discuss', 'projections', 'forecasts', 'april']
['indicated', 'according', 'their', 'model']
['number', 'covid', 'cases', 'peaked']
['before', 'number', 'total', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'reached']
['number', 'total', 'deaths', 'reached']
['april', 'projecting', 'eventual']
['number', 'deaths', 'attributable', 'covid', 'would']
['projection', 'significantly', 'below']
['range', 'provided', 'white', 'house', 'weeks', 'before']
['statement', 'fauci', 'before']
['statements', 'about', 'daily', 'deaths', 'having']
['reached', 'lower', 'estimate', 'total', 'eventual', 'deaths']
['provided', 'support', 'those', 'favored', 'relaxing', 'containment']
['measures', 'reopening', 'economy']
['provide', 'sense', 'economic', 'situation']
['april', 'congressional', 'budget', 'office', 'forecast']
['during', 'second', 'quarter', 'april', 'gross']
['domestic', 'product', 'would', 'shrink', 'approximately']
['previous', 'quarter', 'january', 'march', 'which', 'corresponded']
['annual', 'april', 'white', 'house']
['communicated', 'preference', 'reopening', 'economy']
['possible', 'encouraged', 'reopening', 'measures']
['place']
['april', 'daily', 'deaths', 'director']
['christopher', 'murray', 'publicly', 'warned', 'reopening']
['economy', 'would', 'higher', 'daily', 'deaths16']
['interview', 'times', 'murray', 'noted']
['about', 'april', 'detected', 'change', 'conversations']
['which', 'reflected', 'serious', 'interest', 'reopening']
['economy', 'imminently17', 'became', 'clear']
['reopening', 'indeed', 'taking', 'place', 'raised']
['projection', 'cumulative', 'deaths', 'effectively', 'doubling']
['prior', 'point', 'forecast']
['infection', 'rates', 'strongly', 'depend', 'social', 'distancing', 'behaviors']
['according', 'coverage', 'times', 'models']
['employed', 'analysis', 'properly', 'account']
['infection', 'related', 'implications', 'associated', 'reopening']
['economy18', 'between', 'daily', 'cases']
['ranged', 'between', 'series', 'cycles']
['discernable', 'trend', 'however', 'thereafter', 'daily', 'cases', 'began']
['sharply', 'writing', 'washington', 'fritz']
['14two', 'examples', 'interview', 'april', 'https']
['video', '471218', 'tracking', 'spread', 'covid', 'april', 'interview']
['https', 'foxnews', 'media', 'mokdad', 'revised', 'model']
['15this', 'forecast', 'those', 'private', 'economists', 'nicholson']
['notably', 'forecast', 'during', 'third', 'quarter']
['september', 'gross', 'domestic', 'product', 'would', 'annual']
['fourth', 'quarter', 'october', 'december', 'january', 'december']
['regard', 'assumed', 'social', 'distancing', 'maintained']
['lower', 'levels', 'those', 'march', 'april', 'through', 'first']
['forecasts', 'growth', 'between', 'december', 'higher']
['those', 'academic', 'economists', 'latter', 'having', 'predicted', 'slower', 'recovery']
['baker']
['16cbs', 'interview', 'https', 'axios', 'model', 'coronavirus', 'social', 'distancing', '93489e69', '9d4456d0f52e']
['17see', 'shear']
['18see', 'shear']
['report', 'highest', 'single', 'caseload']
['united', 'states', 'since', 'outbreak', 'pandemic', 'within']
['number', 'cases', 'would', 'cross']
['during', 'would', 'exceed', 'fritz', 'quote', 'robert']
['redfield', 'director', 'center', 'disease', 'control']
['having', 'estimate', 'right', 'every']
['reported', 'there', 'actually', 'other', 'infections20']
['fritz', 'write', 'according', 'infectious', 'disease']
['experts', 'increased', 'number', 'cases', 'reflects', 'relax']
['containment', 'measures', 'without', 'having', 'appropriate', 'safety']
['measures', 'place', 'which', 'sends', 'dangerous']
['inaccurate', 'message']
[]
['during', 'first', 'acknowledged']
['underestimated', 'community', 'spread', 'virus', 'noting']
['transmission', 'young', 'people', 'month', 'later']
['epidemic', 'entered', 'phase', 'moved', 'rural']
['areas', 'urban', 'centers', 'clear']
['situation', 'early', 'august', 'distinctly', 'different']
['during', 'preceding', 'march', 'april', 'become']
['extraordinarily', 'widespread22']
['during', 'public', 'presentation', 'early', 'august']
['responded', 'question', 'about', 'whether', 'number']
['covid', 'related', 'deaths', 'would', 'surpass']
['figure', 'suggested', 'former', 'commissioner']
['administration', 'responded']
['question', 'saying', 'anything', 'possible', 'noted']
['outcome', 'would', 'likely', 'americans', 'practiced']
['appropriate', 'social', 'distancing', 'avoided', 'gatherings']
['hawkins']
['fauci', 'regularly', 'emphasized', 'importance', 'wearing']
['masks', 'social', 'distancing', 'choosing', 'outdoors']
['indoors', 'whenever', 'possible', 'avoiding', 'crowds', 'washing', 'hands']
['repeated', 'point', 'exchange', 'senator']
['during', 'august', 'appearance', 'senate', 'hearing', 'nation']
['coronavirus', 'response']
['whereas', 'fauci', 'argued', 'these', 'measures', 'mentioned']
['helped', 'recover', 'major', 'outbreak', 'april']
['senator', 'recovery', 'reflected', 'immunity']
['fauci', 'responded', 'immunity', 'assertion', 'stating']
['covid', 'infection']
['immunity', 'covid', 'however', 'senator']
['perspective', 'other', 'forms', 'coronavirus']
['already', 'provided', 'immunity', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'perhaps', 'population', 'which', 'combination']
['would', 'closer', 'argument', 'already']
['reached', 'immunity', 'august', 'pandemic', 'already']
['begun']
['august', 'president', 'invited', 'scott', 'atlas']
['coronavirus', 'force', 'policy', 'group', 'atlas', 'radiologist']
['19during', 'march', 'april', 'majority', 'covid', 'cases', 'deaths']
['concentrated', 'state', 'jersey', 'during', 'summer', 'cases']
['deaths', 'concentrated', 'south', 'country']
['20for', 'tractability', 'address', 'undercount', 'issue', 'therefore']
['analysis', 'provide', 'considered', 'conservative']
['21this', 'comment', 'underscores', 'relevance', 'possible', 'optimism']
['professional', 'forecasts', 'covid', 'deaths']
['22see', 'hawkins']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '590594fpsyg', '590594', 'october']
['shefrin', 'biased', 'covid', 'forecasts']
['figure', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'million', 'covid', 'italy']
['period', 'january', 'through', 'september', 'source']
['ourworldindata']
['neuroradiologist', 'fellow', 'hoover', 'institution']
['shared', 'president', 'senator', 'views', 'about', 'opening']
['economy', 'opening', 'schools', 'wearing', 'masks']
['atlas', 'perspective', 'sharply', 'differed', 'eminent']
['epidemiologists', 'surveyed', 'mcneil', 'whose', 'combined']
['estimates', 'suggest', 'between', 'population']
['infected', 'covid', 'mcneil', 'notes']
['range', 'infection', 'rates', 'characterizing']
['areas', 'covid', 'which', 'immunity', 'coronaviruses']
['other', 'prevent']
['retrospect', 'although', 'europe', 'experienced']
['rapidly', 'rising', 'covid', 'related', 'cases', 'deaths', 'during']
['early', 'months', 'europe', 'managed', 'reduce']
['infections', 'deaths', 'quite', 'dramatically', 'while']
['experiencing', 'upsurge', 'stancati', 'pancevski']
['europe', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'peaked', 'under']
['beginning', 'april', 'while', 'daily', 'confirmed']
['cases', 'peaked', 'during', 'second', 'april']
['subsequently', 'europe', 'brought', 'daily', 'cases', 'about']
['during', 'july23', 'contrast', 'mentioned', 'above']
['daily', 'cases', 'soared', 'above', 'figure', 'which']
['contrasts', 'number', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'million']
['italy', 'between', 'january', 'september']
['mentioned', 'above', 'center']
['disease', 'control', 'stated', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'might', 'severely']
['understate', 'number', 'actual', 'infections']
['differences', 'experienced', 'europe']
['reflect', 'different', 'policy', 'decisions', 'april']
['there', 'reason', 'suspect', 'those', 'policy', 'decisions', 'reflect']
['different', 'judgments', 'about', 'threat', 'covid']
['different', 'preferences', 'about', 'bearing', 'costs', 'containment']
['european', 'governments', 'appeared', 'willing']
['responsibility', 'coordinating', 'centralized', 'approach', 'within']
['country', 'testing', 'tracing', 'order', 'detect']
['contain', 'emerging', 'clusters', 'infections', 'series', 'daily']
['deaths', 'italy', 'displayed', 'figure', 'reflect', 'italy']
['began', 'increase', 'because', 'reduced', 'social']
['distancing', 'mostly', 'young', 'people']
['eventually', 'pursued', 'focused', 'strategy', 'reduce']
['sufficiently', 'before', 'reopening', 'economy', 'undertook', 'effective']
['testing', 'contact', 'tracing', 'population', 'remained', 'vigilant']
['about', 'social', 'distancing']
['contrast', 'followed', 'decentralized', 'approach']
['lacking', 'coordination', 'addition', 'europeans', 'appear']
['concerned', 'about', 'their', 'civil', 'liberties', 'being', 'infringed']
['because', 'requirements', 'wearing', 'masks', 'whereas']
['portions', 'required', 'wearing', 'viewed']
['being', 'highly', 'problematic', 'addition']
['execute', 'sufficiently', 'effective', 'strategy', 'combining']
['testing', 'contact', 'tracing', 'which', 'becomes', 'difficult']
['number', 'cases', 'grows']
['judgments', 'decisions', 'biases']
['psychology']
['suggest', 'series', 'biases', 'reflecting', 'influences']
['intentional', 'strategic', 'misrepresentation', 'unintentional']
['psychological', 'processes', 'characterized', 'judgments']
['decisions', 'about', 'covid', 'section', 'focus']
['statements', 'actions', 'predictions', 'about', 'pandemic']
['following', 'actors', 'president', 'leading', 'figures']
['coronavirus', 'force', 'organized']
['section', 'focus', 'actor']
['central', 'psychological', 'elements', 'discussed', 'below']
['unrealistic', 'optimism', 'overconfidence', 'sense']
['precision', 'which', 'occurred', 'conjunction', 'motivated']
['reasoning', 'elements', 'groupthink', 'availability', 'anchoring']
['representativeness24', 'place', 'psychological', 'issues']
['order', 'highlight', 'their', 'appearance', 'likewise']
['strategic', 'misrepresentation']
['president', 'record', 'clear', 'respect']
['president', 'having', 'consistently', 'downplayed', 'seriousness']
['covid', 'rejected', 'advice', 'scientific', 'community']
['would', 'constitute', 'effective', 'response25', 'march']
['woodward', 'woodward', 'trump', 'acknowledged']
['wanted', 'always', 'still', 'playing']
['because', 'create', 'panic', 'statement', 'serves']
['reconcile', 'diametrically', 'opposite', 'nature', 'president']
['public', 'pronouncements', 'about', 'pandemic', 'which', 'reflected']
['severely', 'unrealistic', 'optimism', 'private', 'views', 'which']
['retrospect', 'appeared', 'display', 'optimism']
['theorists', 'strategic', 'misrepresentation']
['actors', 'agency', 'intentionally', 'disseminating', 'information']
['untrue', 'means', 'further', 'their']
['private', 'interests', 'record', 'clear']
['president', 'engaged', 'strategic', 'misrepresentation', 'explaining']
['woodward', 'motive', 'making', 'untruthful', 'statements']
['about', 'pandemic', 'avoid', 'creating', 'panic']
[]
['24references', 'these', 'issues', 'appear', 'introductory', 'section']
['repeated', 'addition', 'readers', 'assumed', 'familiar', 'terminology']
['25see', 'lipton', '2020b']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '590594fpsyg', '590594', 'october']
['shefrin', 'biased', 'covid', 'forecasts']
['interview', 'national', 'public', 'radio', 'february']
['pandemic', 'expert', 'laurie', 'garrett', 'suggested', 'president']
['intent', 'downplay', 'dangers', 'pandemic', 'order']
['limit', 'damage', 'economy', 'financial', 'markets']
['economic', 'downturn', 'would', 'threaten', 'prospects', 'being', 'elected', 'following', 'november', 'national', 'public', 'radio']
['garrett', 'stated', 'white', 'house', 'interfering']
['limiting', 'ability', 'pronouncements']
['reflected', 'scientific', 'judgments', 'staff', 'bruni']
['extent', 'intimidation', 'became', 'major', 'media', 'story']
['september', 'weiland', 'first', 'october']
['president', 'first', 'several', 'white', 'house', 'officials']
['tested', 'positive', 'covid', 'baker', 'haberman']
['summarize', 'points', 'about', 'president']
['judgments', 'deaths', 'covid', 'suggest']
['misrepresentations', 'associated', 'president', 'public']
['pronouncements', 'pandemic', 'largely', 'reflect', 'attempt']
['induce', 'unrealistic', 'optimism', 'large', 'segment']
['population', 'including', 'public', 'officials']
['respect', 'driver', 'optimism', 'desirability', 'weinstein']
['interpreted', 'wishful', 'thinking', 'suggest']
['motivated', 'reasoning', 'reinforced', 'optimism', 'inducing']
['segment', 'public', 'underweight', 'ignore']
['subsequent', 'events', 'pandemic', 'strongly', 'disconfirmed']
['perspective', 'inherent', 'president', 'earlier', 'pronouncements']
['intent', 'misrepresentations', 'suggest']
['foster', 'political', 'environment', 'facilitated', 'relaxation']
['containment', 'measures', 'april', 'order', 'reopen']
['economy', 'discuss', 'below', 'doing', 'appears']
['induced', 'surge', 'covid', 'cases', 'beginning']
['continuing', 'through', 'summer', 'beyond', 'messaging']
['white', 'house', 'consistently', 'downplayed']
['statistics', 'cases', 'deaths', 'views', 'traditional']
['medical', 'scientists', 'epidemiologists', 'president', 'himself']
['contracted', 'covid', 'after', 'flouting', 'masks']
['appears', 'consistent', 'unrealistic', 'optimism']
['proprietary', 'statistical', 'forecasting']
['methodology', 'makes', 'multiple', 'variables', 'although']
['provide', 'details', 'their', 'forecasting', 'methodology']
['methodology', 'projecting', 'deaths']
['based', 'models', 'different', 'other', 'research']
['groups', 'because', 'emphasis', 'fitting', 'patterns']
['daily', 'mortality', 'observed', 'experiences', 'other', 'geographic']
['areas', 'wuhan', 'italy', 'spain']
['stated', 'march', 'perspective']
['similar', 'mentioned']
['reviewed', 'different', 'models', 'institutions', 'included']
['imperial', 'college', 'london', 'columbia', 'university', 'notably']
['reich', 'university', 'massachusetts', 'amherst', 'tracks']
['these', 'models', 'compile', 'aggregate']
['ensemble', 'forecast']
['figure', 'displays', 'projections', 'published', 'april']
['cumulative', 'number', 'deaths', 'attributable']
['covid', 'period', 'april', 'august', 'notice']
['there', 'three', 'projections', 'figure', 'point', 'forecast', 'along']
['forecast', 'forecast', 'defining', 'confidence']
['interval', 'forecast']
['figure', 'period', 'february', 'through']
['projection', 'cumulative', 'deaths', 'covid', 'consisting']
['point', 'forecast', 'totdeath_mean', 'lower', 'bound', 'totdeath_lower']
['upper', 'bound', 'totdeath_upper', 'forecast', 'confidence', 'interval']
['projection', 'april', 'source', 'healthdata']
['according', 'point', 'forecast', 'figure', 'covid']
['outbreak', 'would', 'fully', 'contained', 'august']
['deaths', 'containment', 'being', 'achieved']
['forecasts', 'daily', 'deaths', 'computed']
['first', 'difference', 'cumulative', 'forecast']
['lowest', 'among', 'professional', 'forecasts', 'covid', 'deaths']
['compiled', 'reich', 'lower', 'estimates']
['eichenbaum', 'while', 'forecasts', 'featured', 'positive']
['daily', 'deaths', 'after', 'daily', 'forecast']
['after']
['consider', 'whether', 'forecast', 'displayed', 'figure', 'exhibit']
['unrealistic', 'optimism', 'overconfidence26', 'formally', 'unrealistic']
['optimism', 'features', 'forecast', 'number', 'deaths']
['being', 'while', 'overconfidence', 'features', 'width']
['confidence', 'intervals', 'being', 'narrow']
['formally', 'unrealistic', 'optimism', 'compare']
['cumulative', 'death', 'forecast', 'trajectory', 'actual']
['death', 'series', 'between', 'april', 'august', 'figure', 'which']
['shows', 'forecast', 'april', 'lying', 'below']
['subsequent', 'actual', 'death', 'totals', 'covid', 'formal']
['optimism', 'based', 'ratio', 'actual', 'series']
['point', 'forecast', 'series', 'hypothesis', 'being']
['trend', 'regression', 'series', 'ratio', 'should', 'feature']
['intercept', 'slope', 'coefficient', 'trend', 'regression']
['actual', 'series', 'exhibits', 'intercept', 'positive']
['slope', 'coefficient', 'statistic', 'result', 'supports']
['conclusion', 'unrealistic', 'optimism']
['figure', 'projection', 'containment', 'august']
['exhibits', 'unrealistic', 'optimism']
['formally', 'overconfidence', 'sense', 'excess']
['precision', 'compare', 'relative', 'frequency', 'which', 'actual']
['deaths', 'outside', 'confidence', 'interval', 'between', 'april']
['26see', 'shefrin', 'prospective', 'discussion', 'these', 'projections', 'rather']
['retrospective', 'discussion']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '590594fpsyg', '590594', 'october']
['shefrin', 'biased', 'covid', 'forecasts']
['figure', 'period', 'february', 'through', 'august', 'actual']
['cumulative', 'deaths', 'covid', 'actual', 'deaths']
['projection', 'cumulative', 'deaths', 'covid', 'april']
['consisting', 'point', 'forecast', 'totdeath_mean', 'lower', 'bound']
['totdeath_lower', 'upper', 'bound', 'totdeath_upper', 'forecast']
['confidence', 'interval', 'sources', 'healthdata']
['ourworldindata']
['august', 'overall', 'forecast', 'displays', 'slight']
['overconfidence', 'required', 'actual', 'deaths']
['lying', 'confidence', 'figure', 'however', 'notice']
['projections', 'exhibit', 'underconfidence']
['portion', 'horizon', 'because', 'actual', 'series', 'completely']
['within', 'confidence', 'overconfidence', 'right']
['portion', 'horizon', 'actual', 'series', 'moves', 'outside']
['remains', 'outside', 'confidence']
['after', 'march', 'white', 'house', 'press', 'briefing', 'american']
['media', 'outlets', 'began', 'disproportionate', 'attention']
['projections', 'professor', 'mokdar', 'emerged', 'chief', 'spokesperson']
['covid', 'related', 'deaths', 'surged', 'first']
['april', 'professor', 'mokdar', 'clear', 'interviews']
['projecting', 'daily', 'deaths', 'about', 'april', 'thereby']
['suggesting', 'worst', 'pandemic', 'would']
['those', 'views', 'especially', 'appreciated', 'communicated']
['parties', 'arguing', 'rapid', 'reopening', 'economy']
['three', 'points', 'about', 'these', 'particular', 'interviews']
['first', 'media', 'interviews', 'focused']
['point', 'estimates', 'confidence', 'intervals', 'indeed']
['impression', 'viewing', 'several', 'these', 'videos']
['confidence', 'which', 'mokdar', 'discussed', 'point', 'forecasts']
['reflect', 'width', 'confidence', 'intervals']
['respect', 'would', 'characterize', 'interview', 'discussions']
['consistent', 'overconfidence', 'sense', 'precision']
['second', 'professor', 'mokdar', 'stated', 'interviews']
['cited', 'above', 'first', 'thought']
['total', 'number', 'deaths', 'would', 'exceed', 'quite']
['possibly', 'figure', 'served', 'anchor', 'sense']
['anchoring', 'adjustment']
['third', 'mokdar', 'confine', 'himself', 'describing']
['projections', 'offered', 'opinion', 'reopening']
['economy', 'regard', 'stated', 'thought']
['begin', 'having', 'discussions', 'about', 'reopening', 'economy']
['phased', 'outset', 'focusing']
['response', 'pandemic', 'recovery', 'emphasized']
['importance', 'proceeding', 'trial', 'approach']
['prevent', 'virus', 'resurfacing', 'after', 'successful', 'lockdown']
['spoke', 'personally', 'about', 'these', 'issues', 'noting']
['friends', 'their', 'close', 'their', 'restaurants']
['because', 'availability', 'plausible', 'media']
['attention', 'exercise', 'disproportionate']
['influence', 'views', 'american', 'public', 'relative', 'other']
['information', 'sources', 'example', 'bierman', 'levey']
['report', 'based', 'projections', 'early', 'april']
['cumulative', 'covid', 'deaths', 'might']
['forecast', 'which', 'communicated']
['march', 'white', 'house', 'press', 'briefing27']
[]
['respect', 'response', 'recovery', 'biases', 'related']
['optimism', 'overconfidence', 'worth', 'noting', 'april']
['director', 'christopher', 'murray', 'strongly', 'cautioned']
['projections', 'conditional', 'reopening']
['economy', 'early', 'states', 'began', 'reopen']
['beginning', 'may28', 'sharply', 'revised']
['projections', 'upwards', 'displayed', 'figure', 'would', 'point']
['revised', 'projections', 'close', 'ensemble']
['forecast', 'produced', 'reich', 'time29']
[]
['portion', 'right', 'figure', 'meaning']
['asymptote', 'projection', 'revised', 'forecast']
['notably', 'figure', 'shows', 'optimism']
['disappeared', 'between', 'however']
['forecast', 'accurate', 'remainder', 'cumulative']
['deaths', 'climbed', 'above', '00031', 'point', 'forecast']
['cumulative', 'deaths', 'displayed', 'unrealistic']
['optimism', 'being']
['forecasted', 'cumulative', 'deaths', 'crossing', 'until', 'august']
['during', 'began', 'projections']
['conditional', 'containment', 'policy', 'september']
['offered', 'three', 'projections', 'january', 'forecast']
['corresponding', 'containment', 'mandates', 'easing']
['forecast', 'associated', 'universal', 'wearing', 'masks']
['27for', 'example', 'according', 'factiva', 'search', 'months', 'ending']
['projections', 'mentioned', 'street', 'journal', 'times']
['contrast', 'imperial', 'college', 'london', 'times', 'columbia', 'university']
['times']
['28before', 'available', 'website', 'contain']
['variable', 'social', 'distancing', 'variable', 'subsequently']
['displayed', 'social', 'distancing', 'proxy', 'overall', 'strength', 'containment']
['critical', 'determining', 'variable', 'virus', 'transmission', 'omission']
['underweighting', 'might', 'produced', 'optimism', 'april', 'forecasts']
['cumulative', 'deaths']
['29several', 'forecasts', 'monitored', 'reich', 'university']
['massachusetts', 'consistently', 'overestimated', 'cumulative', 'deaths']
['covid', 'thereby', 'displaying', 'unrealistic', 'pessimism']
['framework', 'developed', 'eichenbaum', 'which', 'integrates']
['macroeconomic', 'model', 'epidemiology', 'model', 'incorporating', 'assumptions']
['about', 'uncertainty', 'respect', 'vaccine', 'availability', 'potential', 'treatments']
['30the', 'revised', 'forecast', 'series', 'actually', 'exhibited', 'pessimism']
['31the', 'revised', 'revised', 'forecast', 'accurate', 'predicting']
['covid', 'related', 'deaths', 'during', 'ending', 'month', 'figure']
['reached']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '590594fpsyg', '590594', 'october']
['shefrin', 'biased', 'covid', 'forecasts']
['figure', 'period', 'february', 'through', 'august', 'actual']
['cumulative', 'deaths', 'covid', 'actual', 'deaths']
['projection', 'cumulative', 'deaths', 'covid']
['consisting', 'point', 'forecast', 'totdeath_mean', 'lower', 'bound']
['totdeath_lower', 'upper', 'bound', 'totdeath_upper', 'forecast']
['confidence', 'interval', 'sources', 'healthdata']
['ourworldindata']
['current', 'projection', 'lying', 'between']
['september', 'point', 'forecasts', 'respectively']
[]
['september', 'mcneil', 'reports', 'estimated']
['population', 'infected']
['covid', 'percentage', 'required']
['immunity', 'untested', 'theory', 'immunity']
['coronaviruses', 'other', 'could', 'contribute']
['immunity', 'covid', 'mcneil', 'quotes', 'murray']
['saying', 'nonsense']
['summarize', 'points', 'about', 'projections']
['deaths', 'covid', 'during', 'april']
['projections', 'exhibited', 'biases', 'related', 'unrealistic']
['optimism', 'overconfidence', 'forecasts']
['closely', 'followed', 'media']
['among', 'institutions', 'forecasting', 'cases', 'deaths', 'suggest']
['biased', 'projections', 'during', 'april', 'contributed']
['fostering', 'political', 'environment', 'facilitated', 'relaxation']
['containment', 'measures', 'april', 'order', 'reopen']
['economy', 'mentioned', 'above', 'doing', 'appears']
['induced', 'surge', 'covid', 'cases', 'beginning']
['continuing', 'through', 'summer', 'however']
['revised', 'projections', 'became', 'biased', 'short']
['months', 'although', 'continued', 'exhibit', 'unrealistic', 'optimism']
['overconfidence', 'beyond', 'months']
['members', 'coronavirus', 'force', 'during']
['first', 'april', 'fauci', 'publicly', 'stated', 'total']
['number', 'deaths', 'covid', 'might', 'about']
['figure', 'consistent', 'point', 'forecast']
['period', 'retrospect', 'surprising', 'reasons', 'first']
['after', 'first', 'communicated', 'lower']
['bound', 'second', 'president', 'private', 'estimate']
['annual', 'deaths', 'range']
['point', 'forecast', 'period']
['reflecting', 'significant', 'optimism']
['fauci']
['president', 'public', 'pronouncements']
['government', 'officials', 'especially', 'group', 'within', 'white']
['house', 'charged', 'setting', 'pandemic', 'policy', 'which']
['chief', 'staff', 'group', 'members']
['aides', 'president', 'member', 'public', 'health']
['official']
['groupthink', 'phenomenon', 'which', 'group', 'members']
['display', 'insufficient', 'devil', 'advocacy', 'prone', 'downplay']
['judgmental', 'differences', 'because', 'support']
['position', 'group', 'leader', 'concerned', 'expressing']
['differences', 'opinion', 'weaken', 'group', 'esprit', 'corps']
['suggest', 'elements', 'groupthink', 'operated', 'white', 'house']
['decision', 'making']
['garrett', 'quoted', 'bruni', 'speaks', 'fauci']
['having', 'tiptoe', 'around', 'president', 'tender', 'coverage']
['times', 'indicates', 'during', 'april']
['presented', 'information', 'which', 'supported', 'president']
['hoping', 'information', 'would', 'justify', 'reopening']
['economy', 'early', 'possible', 'notably', 'fauci']
['invited', 'member', 'inner', 'group', 'frequently', 'delivered']
['public', 'messages', 'opposite', 'those', 'president']
['became', 'target', 'campaign', 'chief']
['staff', 'undermine', 'credibility', 'respect', 'fauci']
['described', 'himself', 'skunk', 'garden', 'party', 'offering']
['pessimistic', 'outlook', 'president']
['communicating32']
[]
['possible', 'there', 'evidence', 'contrary']
['seems', 'plausible', 'suggest', 'white', 'house', 'policy', 'makers']
['ignored', 'murray', 'april', 'warning', 'mentioned', 'above']
['regard', 'times', 'coverage', 'highlights', 'failure']
['framework', 'control', 'impact', 'reduced', 'social']
['distancing', 'result', 'reopening', 'economy', 'regard']
['reports', 'social', 'distancing', 'peaked']
['daily', 'cases', 'began', 'decline', 'plausible']
['suggest', 'invoking', 'projections', 'supportive']
['policy', 'favored', 'ignoring', 'warnings']
['regarded', 'those', 'warnings', 'supportive', 'consistent']
['motivated', 'reasoning']
['during', 'first', 'august', 'public', 'address']
['indicated', 'pandemic', 'entering', 'phase']
['virus', 'spread', 'rural', 'areas', 'remarks']
['rebuke', 'president', 'communicated', 'through', 'tweet']
['president', 'suggested', 'remarks', 'critical']
['policies', 'responding', 'negative', 'remarks']
['about', 'speaker', 'house', 'representatives']
['speaker', 'remarks', 'followed', 'publication', 'article']
['times', 'shear', 'contained']
['unflattering', 'description', 'white', 'house']
['decision', 'making']
['times', 'article', 'mentioned', 'modeling']
['during', 'april', 'inappropriately', 'extrapolated']
['32see', 'shear']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '590594fpsyg', '590594', 'october']
['shefrin', 'biased', 'covid', 'forecasts']
['experience', 'italy', 'responded']
['article', 'saying', 'wished', 'times']
['would', 'interviewed', 'article', 'emphasized']
['reliance', 'practice', 'developed', 'career']
['spanning', 'decades']
['being', 'driven', 'different', 'analyzing', 'using']
['techniques', 'unbiased', 'fildes', 'goodwin']
['harvey', 'issue', 'about', 'placing', 'excessive', 'weight']
['experience', 'italy', 'developing', 'predictions', 'about']
['relates', 'psychological', 'biases', 'stemming', 'reliance']
['representativeness', 'similarity', 'kahneman', 'tversky']
['tversky', 'misjudge', 'degree', 'which']
['italy', 'similar', 'degree', 'which']
['experience', 'italy', 'representative', 'situation', 'which']
['found', 'itself', 'questions', 'apply', 'projections']
['april', 'figures']
['during', 'public', 'presentation', 'early', 'august']
['responded', 'question', 'about', 'whether', 'number']
['covid', 'related', 'deaths', 'would', 'surpass']
['figure', 'suggested', 'former', 'commissioner']
['administration', 'responded']
['question', 'saying', 'anything', 'possible', 'noted']
['outcome', 'would', 'likely', 'americans', 'practiced']
['appropriate', 'social', 'distancing', 'avoided', 'gatherings']
['hawkins']
['projections', 'september', 'ending', 'january', 'above']
['addition', 'display', 'asymptotes', 'meaning', 'january']
['projection', 'curves', 'plateaued', 'indeed']
['website', 'states', 'leaders', 'believe']
['pandemic']
['august', 'expanded', 'these', 'points', 'remarks']
['conference', 'coming', 'issue', 'italy', 'saying']
['lockdown', 'looked', 'italy']
['italy', 'locked', 'people', 'weren', 'allowed']
['their', 'houses', 'couldn', 'every', 'weeks']
['groceries', 'certificate']
['allowed', 'americans', 'react']
['prohibition', 'mascarenhas', 'these', 'comments']
['speak', 'issues', 'stemming', 'representativeness']
['similarity', 'mentioned', 'above', 'respect']
['commented', 'thousands', 'lives', 'saved']
['masks', 'parties', 'backyards', 'taking']
['those', 'masks']
[]
['figure', 'displays', 'cumulative', 'deaths', 'covid']
['series', 'select', 'countries', 'notice', 'curves']
['countries', 'shown', 'except', 'brazil', 'reach', 'plateaus']
['right', 'brazil', 'stand', 'regard', 'according']
['33italy', 'initial', 'response', 'outbreak', 'reflected', 'slogan']
['milano', 'ferma', 'meaning', 'milan']
['34the', 'article', 'quotes', 'jared', 'kushner', 'another', 'member', 'white', 'house']
['coronavirus', 'decision', 'group', 'issue', 'comments', 'kushner']
['point', 'group', 'intent', 'establish', 'policy']
['healthcare', 'system', 'would', 'inundated', 'covid', 'patients']
['extent', 'italy', 'respect', 'number', 'deaths', 'capita', 'similar']
['italy', 'however', 'italy', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'million']
['fatality', 'higher', 'cases', 'deaths']
['capital', 'plateaued', 'italy', 'relative']
['figure', 'cumulative', 'deaths', 'covid', 'million', 'select']
['countries', 'between', 'january', 'september', 'countries']
['united', 'states', 'italy', 'united', 'kingdom', 'india', 'china', 'germany']
['south', 'korea', 'brazil', 'curves', 'italy', 'united', 'states']
['emphasized', 'thicker', 'lines']
['difference', 'between', 'achieving', 'plateau']
['centers', 'containment', 'policy', 'wearing', 'masks']
['social', 'distancing35']
[]
['summarize', 'points', 'about', 'judgments']
['fauci', 'about', 'deaths', 'covid', 'suggest']
['unrealistically', 'optimistic', 'forecasts', 'fauci']
['during', 'april', 'especially', 'because', 'white']
['house', 'decision', 'making', 'contributed', 'fostering', 'political']
['environment', 'facilitated', 'relaxation', 'containment']
['measures', 'april', 'order', 'reopen', 'economy']
['discussed', 'doing', 'appears', 'induced', 'surge']
['covid', 'cases', 'beginning', 'continuing', 'through']
['summer', 'there', 'reason', 'believe', 'elements', 'associated']
['groupthink', 'might', 'impacted', 'struggled']
['president', 'strategic', 'misrepresentation', 'policy']
['strong', 'personality']
['after', 'negative', 'coverage', 'times']
['about', 'actions', 'white', 'house', 'series']
['public', 'statements', 'about', 'containment', 'measures']
['notably', 'implicitly', 'explained', 'source']
['april', 'forecasts', 'namely', 'extrapolation', 'italy']
['experience', 'covid', 'downplayed', 'possibility']
['reaching', 'deaths', 'covid']
['however', 'point', 'forecasts', 'september']
['indeed', 'feature', 'deaths', 'covid']
['january', 'before']
['possible', 'whether', 'judgments', 'continued', 'feature']
['unrealistic', 'optimism']
['media', 'reporting', 'indicates', 'addition', 'atlas']
['mentioned', 'above', 'coronavirus', 'force']
['difficult', 'nightmarish']
['attributed', 'acosta', 'whereas']
['second', 'september', 'corresponding', 'right', 'figure']
['cases', 'began', 'surge', 'france', 'germany']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', 'volume', 'article', '590594fpsyg', '590594', 'october']
['shefrin', 'biased', 'covid', 'forecasts']
['fauci', 'attempting', 'emphasize', 'importance']
['measures', 'wearing', 'social', 'distancing', 'atlas']
['downplaying', 'while', 'promoting']
['close', 'already', 'reached', 'immunity']
['president', 'public', 'position', 'closer']
['atlas', 'august', 'began', 'appear', 'president']
['during', 'press', 'briefings', 'about', 'pandemic', 'acosta']
['conclusion']
['during', 'september', 'total', 'number', 'covid']
['deaths', 'surpassed', 'number', 'considerably', 'larger']
['forecasts', 'first', 'months']
['president', 'trump', 'president', 'medical', 'advisers', 'deborah']
['anthony', 'fauci', 'institute', 'health', 'metrics']
['evaluation', 'university', 'washington']
['president', 'forecasts', 'mostly', 'reflected', 'strategic']
['manipulation', 'attempt', 'induce', 'unrealistic', 'optimism']
['order', 'limit', 'containment', 'measures', 'thereby', 'mitigating']
['impact', 'economy', 'financial', 'markets']
['manipulation', 'featured', 'series', 'psychological', 'phenomena']
['availability', 'desirability', 'elements', 'groupthink']
['anchoring', 'adjustment', 'representativeness', 'similarity']
['biased', 'forecasts', 'cases', 'deaths']
['fauci', 'march', 'april', 'contributed']
['fostering', 'political', 'environment', 'facilitated', 'relaxation']
['containment', 'measures', 'april', 'order', 'reopen']
['economy', 'notably', 'projections']
['april', 'unrealistically', 'optimistic', 'respect', 'total']
['number', 'deaths', 'covid', 'projected', 'dates']
['containment', 'premature', 'relaxation', 'containment']
['measures', 'appears', 'induced', 'surge', 'covid', 'cases']
['beginning', 'swept', 'across', 'country']
['fauci', 'subsequently', 'revised', 'their']
['april', 'forecasts', 'stressing', 'public', 'follow']
['prudent', 'containment', 'measures', 'wearing', 'masks']
['maintaining', 'social', 'distancing', 'which', 'april', 'forecast']
['august', 'pandemic', 'would', 'fully', 'contained', 'stated']
['september', 'expected', 'january']
['country', 'would', 'halfway', 'through', 'pandemic', 'notably']
['forecasts', 'months', 'consistently']
['exhibited', 'overconfidence', 'unrealistic', 'optimism']
['often', 'stood', 'president', 'during']
['press', 'briefings', 'pandemic', 'reluctant', 'contradict']
['public', 'began', 'august', 'remarks']
['especially', 'instructive', 'about', 'thinking', 'april']
[]
['fatalities', 'covid', 'would', 'follow', 'similar', 'trajectory']
['italy', 'however', 'situation', 'italy', 'representative']
['respect', 'willingness', 'tolerate', 'strong', 'lockdown']
['measures', 'whereas', 'government', 'italy', 'eventually', 'chose']
['impose', 'strong', 'lockdown', 'measures', 'italians', 'mostly', 'complied']
['large', 'segment', 'population', 'resisted', 'containment']
['resonated', 'president', 'trump', 'messaging', 'point']
['figures', 'provide', 'stark', 'graphic', 'visualization']
['experiences', 'italy', 'differed']
['author', 'contributions']
['listed', 'author', 'approved', 'article', 'publication']
['paper']
['study']
['psychology', 'behind', 'video', 'games', 'during', 'covid']
['pandemic', 'study', 'animal', 'crossing', 'horizons']
[]
['department', 'educational', 'counseling']
['psychology', 'university', 'albany', 'albany']
[]
['correspondence']
['division', 'educational', 'psychology']
['methodology', 'university', 'albany', 'state']
['university', 'washington']
['avenue', 'albany', '12222']
['email', 'lzhu5', 'albany']
['review']
['review', 'history', 'article']
['available', 'https', 'publons', 'publon']
[]
['abstract']
['emerging', 'outbreak', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'millions', 'people']
['followed', 'social', 'distancing', 'rules', 'quarantine', 'given', 'continuation']
['pandemic', 'trend', 'people', 'suffered', 'anxiety', 'coronavirus']
['experienced', 'social', 'isolation', 'their', 'psychological', 'being', 'started', 'concerned']
['during', 'popular', 'video', 'called', 'animal', 'crossing', 'horizons']
['successfully', 'everyone', 'attention', 'explore', 'psychology', 'behind']
['video', 'games', 'horizons', 'provides', 'dreamland', 'players']
['temporally', 'escape', 'cruel', 'reality', 'losing', 'escapism']
['other', 'horizons', 'world', 'becomes', 'perfect', 'social', 'platform', 'social']
['interaction', 'others', 'loneliness']
['keywords']
['animal', 'crossing', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'escapism', 'loneliness', 'horizons', 'psychological']
['being', 'social', 'isolation', 'video']
['overview', 'phenomenon']
['several', 'months', 'either', 'experiencing', 'voluntarily', 'following', 'social', 'distancing', 'rules', 'minimize']
['spent', 'outside', 'ongoing', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['fighting', 'epidemic', 'serious', 'matter', 'comparing', 'impor', 'tance', 'people', 'attached', 'epidemic', 'trend', 'healthcare']
['release', 'video', 'seems', 'trivial', 'notice', 'however', 'animal']
['crossing', 'horizons', 'simulation', 'video', 'brought', 'pected', 'magic', 'public', 'attention', 'rethink', 'chology', 'behind']
['horizons', 'fifth', 'series', 'title', 'animal', 'crossing']
['series', 'developed', 'published', 'nintendo', 'nintendo']
['switch', 'released', 'regions', 'march', 'previous']
['installments', 'animal', 'crossing', 'series', 'animal', 'crossing', 'nonlinear', 'simulation', 'played']
['horizons', 'player', 'assumes', 'customizable', 'character']
['moves', 'deserted', 'island', 'build', 'expand', 'their', 'granting']
['exploring', 'their', 'surroundings', 'interacting', 'adorable']
['animal', 'villagers', 'catching', 'collecting', 'designing', 'their']
['fashion', 'growing', 'flowers', 'participating', 'annual', 'events']
['proceeds', 'ended', 'fashion', 'develops']
['community', 'anthropomorphic', 'animals', 'players']
['social', 'interaction', 'other', 'players', 'online', 'which']
['attractive', 'parts']
['horizons', 'received', 'massively', 'popularity', 'acclaim']
['players', 'critics', 'world', 'million']
['digital', 'copies', 'first', 'month', 'breaking', 'console', 'record']
['digital', 'units', 'single', 'month', 'became', 'selling']
['animal', 'crossing', 'series', 'after', 'weeks', 'million']
['units', 'wikipedia', 'press', 'nintendo', 'switch']
['almost', 'everywhere', 'online', 'store', 'popular']
['retailers']
['psychology', 'behind']
[]
['critics', 'attribute', 'popularity', 'right', 'timing']
['stated', 'times', 'success']
['received', 'revised', 'accepted', 'august']
[]
['behav', 'emerg', 'wileyonlinelibrary', 'journal', 'wiley', 'periodicals', '157partially', 'attributed', 'release', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['players', 'seeking', 'sense', 'escapism', 'their', 'quarantine']
['indeed', 'horizons', 'could', 'better', 'rather']
['consider', 'world']
['escape', 'captivated', 'fantasies', 'world']
['epidemic', 'plays', 'unexpected', 'provide', 'comfort']
['social', 'connection', 'isolation', 'struggle', 'therefore']
['discover', 'psychological', 'success', 'behind']
['phenomenon', 'first', 'captures', 'people', 'instinctive', 'escape']
['realistic', 'difficulties', 'their', 'yearning', 'chase', 'peaceful', 'harmo', 'nious', 'satisfies', 'people', 'unwillingness', 'lonely']
['their', 'inner', 'desire', 'social', 'interaction']
['loneliness']
['dreamland', 'temporary']
['escape']
['there', 'dreamland', 'escape', 'coronavirus', 'video']
['horizons', 'players']
['human', 'being', 'lives', 'island', 'surrounded', 'pudgy', 'anthropo', 'morphic', 'animals', 'inside', 'world', 'there', 'mountains']
['demanding', 'bosses', 'worry', 'about']
['tomorrow', 'might', 'homework', 'course']
['there', 'exact', 'which', 'should']
['importantly', 'there', 'disaster', 'disease', 'exists']
['haven', 'keeps', 'covid']
['played', 'relaxed', 'which', 'player', 'choose']
['given', 'there', 'nastiness', 'violence']
['exists', 'absorbed', 'things', 'without']
['world', 'consequences', 'romana', 'ramzan', 'lecturer', 'caledonian', 'university', 'scotland', 'trans', 'ported', 'parallel', 'universe', 'where', 'always', 'wanted']
['reach', 'compare', 'everyday', 'pressure']
['reality', 'would']
['dreamland']
['however', 'other', 'point', 'dreamland', 'vides', 'virtual', 'world', 'cloud', 'allowing', 'escape']
['cruel', 'reality', 'temporarily', 'eventually', 'escapism', 'could']
['after', 'delicate', 'relationship', 'represents', 'microcosm']
['psychological', 'problems', 'people', 'experience']
['according', 'hussain', 'griffiths', 'third', 'gamers']
['claimed', 'relaxation', 'escape', 'function', 'playing']
['another', 'study', 'online', 'gaming', 'predictor', 'score']
['young', 'internet', 'addiction', 'escapism', 'indicating']
['players', 'online', 'games', 'avoid', 'thinking', 'about', 'problems']
['players', 'motivation', 'escape', 'problems']
['experience', 'negative', 'outcomes', 'their', 'online', 'gaming']
['kardefelt', 'winther', 'horizons', 'temporar', 'shelter', 'provide', 'simple', 'happy', 'players']
['however', 'negative', 'outcomes', 'escapism', 'affect', 'psychological', 'being', 'should', 'concerned', 'future', 'studies']
[]
['lonely']
['social', 'interaction', 'another', 'highlight', 'success']
['highly', 'related', 'psychological', 'being']
['loneliness', 'being', 'human', 'island']
['alone', 'there', 'fascinat', 'players', 'continue', 'socialize', 'tually', 'remain', 'physical', 'isolation', 'periods', 'during']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'social', 'isolation']
['significant', 'implications', 'mental', 'physical', 'health', 'there']
['analysis', 'estimates', 'loneliness', 'social', 'isolation']
['damaging', 'health', 'smoking', 'cigarettes']
['edwards', 'research', 'shown', 'people', 'experienced']
['socially', 'isolated', 'greater', 'becoming', 'lonely']
['being', 'surrounded', 'social', 'network', 'meaningful', 'personal', 'tionships', 'crucial', 'feeling', 'socially', 'embedded', 'allevia', 'loneliness', 'gierveld', 'tilburg', 'dykstra']
['benefits', 'playing', 'games', 'others', 'online']
['highlighted', 'research', 'griffiths', 'found']
['participants', 'appropriate', 'taking']
['online', 'games', 'romantic', 'associate', 'these']
['friendships', 'often', 'excessive', 'quality', 'three']
['people', 'pointing', 'their', 'online', 'friends', 'about', 'would', 'speak', 'their', 'offline', 'friends']
['platinum', 'horizons', 'provides', 'perfect', 'social', 'platform']
['expand', 'personal', 'relationships', 'others', 'matter', 'intro', 'verts', 'extraverts', 'gamers', 'invite', 'others', 'their']
['islands', 'trade', 'items', 'virtually', 'there']
['stories', 'people', 'having', 'weddings', 'after']
['their', 'ceremonies', 'canceled', 'thoughtful']
['memories', 'laughs', 'during']
['cannot', 'person', 'horizons', 'fulfills', 'players', 'desire', 'tinue', 'social', 'contact', 'other', 'during', 'covid', 'epidemic']
['further', 'reducing', 'their', 'feelings', 'loneliness']
['conclusion']
['coronavirus', 'outbreak', 'heavy', 'stone', 'everyone']
['shoulder', 'everyone', 'trying', 'their', 'their']
['global', 'epidemic', 'brought', 'painful', 'memories']
['pressure', 'anxiety', 'caused', 'viruses']
['people', 'attention', 'mental', 'health', 'problems']
['video', 'games', 'always', 'appeared', 'public', 'relatively']
['negative', 'image', 'however', 'crisis', 'their', 'players']
['benefited', 'horizons', 'opened', 'parallel', 'world']
['bought', 'spiritual', 'comfort', 'sustenance', 'their', 'people', 'peace', 'escape', 'suffering']
['reality', 'alleviate', 'psychological', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'however']
['negative', 'outcomes', 'escapism', 'affect', 'people']
['psychological', 'being', 'should', 'concerned', 'future', 'studies']
['continuing', 'social', 'interaction', 'friends', 'making', 'could', 'relaxing', 'connected', 'loved']
['zhuones', 'helps', 'people', 'loneliness', 'caused', 'social', 'lation', 'overall', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'matter', 'experi', 'ences', 'anxiety', 'escapism', 'social', 'isolation', 'loneliness']
['horizons', 'realize', 'psychology', 'behind', 'video', 'games']
['already', 'known', 'front', 'treasures']
['waiting', 'explored', 'future', 'studies']
['orcid']
['paper']
['positive', 'education', 'school', 'psychology', 'during', 'covid', 'pandamic']
['jolanta', 'burke', 'gokmen', 'arslan']
['journal', 'positive', 'school', 'psychology']
[]
['journalppw']
['https', '47602']
['1department', 'education', 'maynooth', 'university', 'kildare', 'ireland']
['2department', 'guidance', 'psychological', 'counseling', 'burdur', 'mehmet', 'ersoy', 'university', 'burdur', 'turkey']
['coronavirus', 'rages', 'around', 'globe', 'impact']
['extends', 'billion', 'students', 'learner']
['population', 'across', 'almost', 'countries']
['adequate', 'resources', 'fully']
['engage', 'remote', 'learning']
['coronavirus', 'pandemic', 'quickly', 'changed', 'context']
['which', 'people', 'increasing', 'exposure', 'risks']
['pandemic', 'disruptions', 'reaching', 'compared']
['pandemic', 'indicators', 'young', 'people']
['craving', 'social', 'aspect', 'their', 'school', 'lives', 'burke']
['dempsey', 'reporting', 'engagement']
['moore', 'lower', 'levels', 'wellbeing']
['quinn', 'teachers', 'school', 'leaders']
['remote', 'instruction', 'challenging', 'devitt']
['prospect', 'operating', 'schools']
['pandemic', 'fills', 'apprehension', 'burke']
['these', 'unsettled', 'times', 'positive', 'school']
['psychology', 'research', 'required']
['academic', 'databases', 'indicate']
['current', 'covid', 'related', 'research', 'considers']
['positive', 'psychological', 'perspective', 'there']
['fewer', 'studies', 'field', 'positive', 'education', 'during']
['pandemic', 'growing', 'number', 'academic']
['publications', 'demonstrate', 'potential', 'positive']
['psychology', 'educators', 'manage', 'distance']
['learning', 'during', 'pandemic', 'successfully', 'following']
['positive', 'education', 'research', 'findings', 'recognize']
['significant', 'meaning', 'making', 'psychological']
['flexibility', 'resilience', 'belonging', 'positive', 'affect']
['during', 'global', 'crisis', 'arslan', 'arslan']
['fredrickson', 'frydenberg']
['tugade', 'fredrickson']
['yıldırım', 'güler', 'yıldırım', 'solmaz']
['nonetheless', 'expanded', 'positive', 'school', 'psychology']
['research', 'bridges', 'science', 'practice']
['needed', 'counteract', 'impact', 'covid']
['school', 'communities', 'worldwide']
['theories', 'suggest', 'close', 'family', 'school']
['relations', 'foster', 'young', 'people', 'mental', 'health']
['promote', 'their', 'psychological', 'resilience', 'during']
['pandemic', 'arslan', 'prime']
['authors', 'acknowledge', 'potential', 'covid']
['initiate', 'traumatic', 'growth', 'individuals']
['communities', 'shakespeare', 'finch']
['rapid', 'survey', 'carried', 'merely', 'after']
['pandemic', 'related', 'school', 'closure', 'almost']
['school', 'leaders', 'reported', 'school']
['closure', 'would', 'positively', 'affect', 'their', 'staff', 'students']
['burke', 'dempsey', 'similar', 'findings']
['reported', 'pandemic', 'study']
['majority', 'people', 'directly', 'affected']
['virus', 'acknowledged', 'benefits', 'experiencing']
['cheng', 'traumatic', 'covid']
['could', 'become', 'springboard']
['positive', 'change', 'especially', 'schools']
['positive', 'education', 'research', 'support', 'staff', 'wellbeing']
['sustain', 'programs', 'services', 'foster', 'students']
['social', 'emotional', 'health']
['growing', 'evidence', 'demonstrates', 'positive']
['changes', 'indeed', 'emerging', 'among', 'pandemic', 'affected', 'school', 'communities', 'example', 'survey']
['almost', 'school', 'principals', 'during', 'early']
['pandemic', 'related', 'lockdown', 'leaders', 'reported']
['began', 'hobbies', 'created', 'healthier', 'personal']
['routines', 'started', 'exercise', 'regularly']
['enjoyed', 'hectic']
['before', 'pandemic', 'lockdown', 'dempsey', 'burke']
['parents', 'reported', 'similar', 'experiences', 'burke', 'arslan']
['found', 'caring', 'their', 'children', 'during', 'lockdown']
['resulted', 'positive', 'affect', 'levels', 'increased']
['exercising', 'going', 'walks', 'gardening', 'pursuing']
['hobby', 'lades', 'studies']
['needed', 'highlight', 'conditions', 'incidents']
['positive', 'changes', 'during', 'pandemic']
['although', 'public', 'health', 'crisis']
['pandemic', 'signifies', 'extended']
['initially', 'expected', 'positive', 'school', 'psychology', 'literacy']
['necessary', 'developing', 'science', 'informed']
['evidence', 'helping', 'students', 'challenges']
['regard', 'encourage', 'researchers', 'counsellors']
['mental', 'health', 'providers', 'school', 'authorities']
['develop', 'effective', 'interventions', 'school', 'context']
['online', 'where', 'applicable', 'support']
['students', 'mental', 'health', 'academic', 'development']
['example', 'given', 'countries', 'education']
['online', 'during', 'pandemic', 'which', 'potential']
['affect', 'students', 'sense', 'belonging', 'school']
['mental', 'health', 'implementation', 'interventions']
['would', 'particularly', 'important', 'promote', 'positive']
['mental', 'health', 'therefore', 'believe', 'application']
['principles', 'positive', 'psychology', 'emphasizes']
['human', 'strengths', 'school', 'context']
['promotion', 'positive', 'education', 'school']
['psychology', 'journal', 'positive', 'school', 'psychology']
['supports', 'these', 'efforts', 'invites', 'manuscripts']
['informing', 'educators', 'mental', 'health', 'providers']
['practices', 'sustain', 'staff', 'parents', 'students', 'coping']
['resilience', 'wellbeing', 'during', 'challenging']
['worldwide', 'emergency']
['paper']
['epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter']
['evolution', 'responses', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['maria', 'aiello1']
['daniele', 'quercia1', 'zhou1']
['marios', 'constantinides1']
['sanja', 'scepanovic1']
[]
['sagar', 'joglekar1']
['abstract', 'disruptions', 'resulting', 'epidemic', 'might', 'often', 'appear', 'amount', 'chaos', 'reality']
['understood', 'systematic', 'through', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'according', 'philip', 'strong', 'founder']
['sociological', 'study', 'epidemic', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'epidemic', 'biological', 'there', 'potential']
['three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'moralization', 'action', 'empirically', 'tests', 'strong', 'model']
['scale', 'studying', 'language', 'tweets', 'related', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'posted']
['during', 'whole', 'twitter', 'identified', 'three', 'distinct', 'phases', 'characterized']
['different', 'regimes', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'refusal', 'phase', 'users', 'refused', 'accept', 'reality', 'despite']
['increasing', 'number', 'deaths', 'other', 'countries', 'anger', 'phase', 'started', 'after', 'announcement']
['first', 'death', 'country', 'users', 'translated', 'anger', 'about', 'looming', 'feeling', 'things', 'about']
['change', 'finally', 'acceptance', 'phase', 'which', 'began', 'after', 'authorities', 'imposed', 'physical', 'distancing', 'measures']
['users', 'settled', 'normal', 'their', 'daily', 'activities', 'overall', 'refusal', 'accepting', 'reality', 'gradually']
['while', 'acceptance', 'increasingly', 'during', 'cases', 'surged', 'waves', 'anger']
['emerging', 'cyclically', 'operationalization', 'strong', 'model', 'designed']
['makes', 'possible', 'embed', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'models', 'epidemiological', 'mobility', 'models']
['introduction']
['daily', 'lives', 'dominant', 'perception', 'order', 'every', 'chaos', 'threatens', 'order', 'epidemics']
['dramatically', 'break', 'revolutions', 'erupt', 'empires', 'suddenly', 'stock', 'markets', 'crash', 'epidemics', 'particular']
['present', 'collective', 'health', 'hazards', 'special', 'challenges', 'mental', 'health', 'public', 'order']
['addressed', 'social', 'behavioral', 'sciences', 'bavel', 'almost', 'years']
['epidemic', 'philip', 'strong', 'founder', 'sociological', 'study', 'epidemic', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'reflected']
['human', 'origin', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'unruly', 'passions', 'threat', 'epidemic', 'disease']
['everyday', 'assumptions', 'strong', 'recent', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'brooks', 'ongoing']
['pandemic', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'shown', 'source', 'uncertainty', 'anxiety', 'indeed']
['disruption', 'alfred', 'shutz', 'called', 'routines', 'recipes', 'daily', 'schutz']
['every', 'simple', 'eating', 'visiting', 'parents', 'takes', 'meanings']
['chaos', 'resulting', 'epidemic', 'turns', 'predictable', 'would', 'initially', 'expect']
['philip', 'strong', 'observed', 'health', 'epidemic', 'resulted', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'moraliza', 'action', 'epidemic', 'represents', 'catching', 'disease', 'which', 'comes', 'suspicion']
['against', 'alleged', 'disease', 'carriers', 'which', 'spark', 'panic', 'irrational', 'behavior', 'epidemic', 'alization', 'characterized', 'moral', 'responses', 'viral', 'epidemic', 'itself', 'epidemic', 'which']
['result', 'either', 'positive', 'reactions', 'cooperation', 'negative', 'stigmatization', 'epidemic']
['action', 'accounts', 'rational', 'irrational', 'changes', 'daily', 'habits', 'people', 'response', 'disease']
['result', 'other', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'strong', 'writing', 'crisis']
['based', 'model', 'studies', 'europe', 'black', 'death', 'century', 'importantly']
['showed', 'these', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'created', 'language', 'incrementally', 'through', 'language']
['transmits', 'infection', 'existential', 'threat', 'humanity', 'going', 'language']
['depicts', 'epidemic', 'verdict', 'human', 'failings', 'moral', 'judgment', 'minorities', 'language', 'shapes']
['means', 'through', 'which', 'people', 'collectively', 'intend', 'however', 'pointless', 'against', 'threat']
['there', 'numerous', 'studies', 'information', 'propagated', 'social', 'media', 'during', 'epidemic', 'outbreaks']
['occurred', 'decade', 'sommariva', 'ebola', 'oyeyemi']
['1nokia', 'cambridge', 'united', 'kingdom']
[]
['university', 'copenhagen', 'denmark']
['3centre', 'urban', 'science', 'progress', 'college', 'london', 'united', 'kingdom']
['corresponding', 'author', 'quercia', 'cantab']
['arxiv', '13169v2', '20212', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter']
['influenza', 'eysenbach', 'similarly', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'people']
['around', 'world', 'collectively', 'expressing', 'their', 'thoughts', 'concerns', 'about', 'pandemic', 'social', 'media']
['researchers', 'studied', 'epidemic', 'multiple', 'angles', 'social', 'media', 'posts', 'analyzed', 'terms']
['content', 'behavioral', 'markers', 'tracking', 'diffusion', 'covid', 'related']
['information', 'cinelli', 'misinformation', 'pulido', 'ferrara', 'kouzy']
['search', 'queries', 'suggested', 'specific', 'information', 'seeking', 'responses', 'pandemic', 'bento']
['psychological', 'responses', 'covid', 'studied', 'mostly', 'though', 'surveys']
[]
['hitherto', 'there', 'never', 'large', 'scale', 'empirical', 'study', 'whether', 'language', 'during', 'epidemic']
['reflects', 'strong', 'model', 'opportunity', 'having', 'sufficiently', 'large', 'scale']
['whether', 'strong', 'model', 'twitter', 'during', 'covid', 'scale', 'entire', 'country']
['united', 'states', 'running', 'study', 'twitter', 'expose', 'interpretation', 'results', 'number']
['limitations', 'notably', 'issues', 'representativeness', 'presentation', 'biases', 'waterloo']
['noise', 'ferrara', 'indeed', 'recent', 'surveys', 'estimated']
['adults', 'twitter', 'wojcik', 'hughes', 'characteristics', 'these', 'users', 'deviate', 'general']
['population', 'compared', 'average', 'adult', 'twitter', 'users', 'younger', 'likely']
['college', 'degrees', 'slightly', 'likely', 'identify', 'democratic', 'party', 'despite', 'limitations', 'social']
['media', 'represents', 'response', 'relevant', 'general', 'population', 'global', 'events', 'scale']
['granularity', 'unattainable', 'publicly', 'available', 'sources']
['after', 'operationalizing', 'strong', 'model', 'using', 'lexicons', 'psycholinguistic', 'analysis', 'collection']
['tweets', 'about', 'epidemic', 'february', 'december', 'conducted', 'quantitative', 'analysis']
['differences', 'language', 'style', 'thematic', 'analysis', 'actual', 'social', 'media', 'posts', 'temporal', 'scope']
['study', 'capture', 'pandemic', 'still', 'ongoing', 'writing', 'includes', 'three', 'major']
['contagion', 'waves', 'characterizing', 'entire', 'first', 'captured', 'initial', 'diffusion']
['virus', 'world', 'arrival', 'first', 'following', 'waves', 'captured', 'subsequent']
['periods', 'alarming', 'diffusion']
['three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'theorized', 'strong', 'evolve', 'concurrently', 'particular']
['period', 'study', 'found', 'concurrent', 'evolution', 'resulted', 'three', 'regimes', 'phases', 'which']
['strong', 'theoretical', 'framework', 'experimentally', 'emerged', 'first', 'phase', 'refusal', 'phase']
['psycho', 'social', 'epidemic', 'began', 'twitter', 'users', 'refused', 'accept', 'reality', 'feared', 'uncertainty']
['created', 'disruption', 'considered', 'normal', 'focused', 'their', 'moral', 'concerns', 'others']
['distancing', 'oneself', 'others', 'despite', 'refused', 'change', 'normal', 'course', 'action', 'after']
['announcement', 'first', 'death', 'country', 'second', 'phase', 'anger', 'phase', 'began', 'psycho', 'social']
['epidemic', 'intensified', 'while', 'epidemics', 'morality', 'action', 'kicked', 'abruptly', 'twitter', 'users', 'expressed']
['anger', 'about', 'looming', 'feeling', 'things', 'about', 'change', 'focused', 'their', 'moral', 'concerns']
['oneself', 'reckoning', 'happening', 'suspended', 'their', 'daily', 'activities', 'after', 'authorities']
['imposed', 'physical', 'distancing', 'measures', 'third', 'phase', 'acceptance', 'phase', 'epidemic', 'started']
['while', 'epidemics', 'morality', 'action', 'turned', 'constructive', 'forward', 'looking', 'social']
['processes', 'twitter', 'users', 'expressed', 'sadness', 'anger', 'focused', 'their', 'moral', 'concerns', 'collective']
['doing', 'promoted', 'social', 'behavior', 'found', 'normal', 'their', 'daily', 'activities', 'which', 'consisted']
['their', 'daily', 'activities', 'being', 'physically', 'restricted', 'their', 'homes', 'neighborhoods', 'phase', 'acceptance']
['dominated', 'twitter', 'conversations', 'although', 'anger', 'phase', 'emerged', 'cyclically']
['waves', 'contagion', 'particular', 'observed', 'peaks', 'anger', 'death']
['reached', 'people', 'second', 'contagion', 'president', 'trump', 'tested', 'positive', 'covid', 'third']
['contagion']
['dataset']
['existing', 'collection', 'covid', 'related', 'tweets', 'gathered', 'tweets', 'posted']
['between', 'february', 'december', 'focused', 'analysis', 'united', 'states', 'country', 'where']
['twitter', 'penetration', 'highest', 'identify', 'twitter', 'users', 'living', 'parsed', 'location', 'description']
['their', 'profile', 'francisco', 'using', 'custom', 'regular', 'expressions', 'match']
['variations', 'expression', 'united', 'states', 'america', 'names', 'cities', 'states']
['their', 'combinations', 'albeit', 'always', 'accurate', 'matching', 'location', 'strings', 'against', 'known', 'location', 'names']
['tested', 'approach', 'yields', 'results', 'coarse', 'grained', 'localization', 'state', 'country', 'level', 'dredze']
['overall', 'unique', 'users', 'posted', 'tweets', 'english', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter']
['before', 'analyzing', 'language', 'categories', 'unfolded', 'experimentally', 'tested', 'whether', 'number']
['points', 'sufficient', 'compute', 'metrics', 'indeed', 'number', 'active', 'users']
['varied', 'minimum', 'february', 'maximum', 'march', 'average']
['small', 'number', 'accounts', 'tweeted', 'disproportionately', 'number', 'times', 'reaching', 'maximum']
['tweets', 'those', 'clearly', 'automated', 'accounts', 'which', 'discarded', 'methodology', 'shall', 'discuss']
['methods', 'normalized', 'aggregate', 'temporal', 'measures', 'affected', 'fluctuating']
['volume', 'tweets']
['methods']
['coding', 'strong', 'model', '1990s', 'philip', 'strong', 'describe', 'psychological', 'impact']
['epidemics', 'social', 'order', 'model', 'observed', 'early', 'reaction', 'major', 'fatal', 'epidemics']
['distinctive', 'psycho', 'social', 'modeled', 'along', 'three', 'dimensions', 'morality', 'action']
['during', 'large', 'scale', 'epidemic', 'basic', 'assumptions', 'about', 'social', 'interaction', 'generally', 'about', 'social', 'order']
['disrupted', 'specifically', 'others', 'competing', 'moralities', 'responses']
['epidemic', 'crucially', 'these', 'three', 'elements', 'created', 'transmitted', 'mediated', 'language', 'language', 'transmits']
['fears', 'elaborates', 'stigmatization', 'minorities', 'shapes', 'means', 'through', 'which', 'people', 'collectively', 'respond']
['epidemic', 'strong', 'goffman']
['opposed', 'existing', 'attempts', 'model', 'psychological', 'social', 'aspects', 'epidemic', 'crises', 'mcconnell']
['huremovi', 'strong', 'model', 'meets', 'three', 'choice', 'criteria']
['grounded', 'proposes', 'comprehensive', 'highly', 'cited', 'still', 'relevant', 'theoretical', 'model', 'which']
['based', 'extensive', 'review', 'studies', 'large', 'scale', 'epidemics', 'centuries']
['different', 'nature', 'speaking', 'generalizability', 'framework']
['focused', 'psycho', 'social', 'aspects', 'characterize', 'people', 'psychological', 'social', 'responses']
['epidemics', 'rather', 'describing', 'epidemic', 'unfolds']
['directly', 'operationalizable', 'language', 'description', 'psycho', 'social', 'responses', 'provided']
['strong', 'lends', 'itself', 'operationalization', 'defining', 'concepts', 'mapped', 'language', 'markers']
['previous', 'literature', 'table', 'shows']
['operationalized', 'strong', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'theoretical', 'framework', 'steps', 'first', 'three', 'authors', 'coded', 'strong', 'seminal', 'paper', 'strong', 'using', 'coding', 'gibbs', 'identify', 'keywords']
['characterize', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'three', 'authors']
['generated', 'independent', 'lists', 'keywords', 'conservatively', 'combined', 'intersecting', 'words']
['intersection', 'mostly', 'synonyms', 'catching', 'disease', 'synonym', 'contagion']
['discard', 'important', 'concept', 'according', 'strong', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'intertwined']
['concepts', 'define', 'specific', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemic', 'might', 'relevant', 'remaining']
['example', 'suspicion', 'element', 'epidemic', 'tightly', 'related', 'stigmatization']
['phenomenon', 'strong', 'describes', 'typical', 'epidemic', 'moralization', 'coding', 'exercise', 'adhered']
['possible', 'description', 'strong', 'paper', 'obtained', 'strict', 'partition', 'keywords', 'across', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'second', 'three', 'authors', 'mapped', 'these', 'keywords', 'language', 'categories']
['namely', 'words', 'reflect', 'these', 'concepts', 'expressed', 'natural', 'language', 'words', 'expressing', 'anger']
['trust', 'these', 'categories', 'existing', 'language', 'lexicons', 'widely', 'psychometric', 'studies']
['linguistic', 'inquiry', 'count', 'tausczik', 'pennebaker', 'lexicon', 'words']
['stems', 'grouped', 'categories', 'reflecting', 'emotions', 'social', 'processes', 'basic', 'functions', 'among']
['others', 'lexicon', 'based', 'premise', 'words', 'people', 'communicate', 'provide']
['clues', 'their', 'psychological', 'states', 'tausczik', 'pennebaker', 'allows', 'written', 'passages', 'analyzed']
['syntactically', 'words', 'together', 'phrases', 'sentences', 'semantically', 'analysis']
['meaning', 'words', 'phrases']
['emolex', 'mohammad', 'turney', 'lexicon', 'classifies', 'words', 'stems', 'eight']
['primary', 'emotions', 'plutchik', 'psychoevolutionary', 'theory', 'plutchik']
['moral', 'foundation', 'lexicon', 'graham', 'lexicon', 'words', 'stems', 'which', 'grouped']
['categories', 'moral', 'foundations', 'graham', 'fairness', 'group', 'authority', 'purity']
['which', 'further', 'split', 'expressions', 'virtue', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter']
['social', 'behavior', 'frimer', 'lexicon', 'social', 'words', 'stems', 'which']
['found', 'frequently', 'people', 'describe', 'social', 'goals', 'frimer']
['three', 'authors', 'grouped', 'similar', 'keywords', 'together', 'mapped', 'groups', 'keywords', 'language']
['categories', 'grouping', 'mapping', 'procedure', 'informed', 'previous', 'studies', 'investigated', 'these']
['keywords', 'expressed', 'through', 'language', 'these', 'studies', 'listed', 'table']
['language', 'categories', 'considered', 'tweet', 'contained', 'language', 'category', 'least']
['tweet', 'words', 'stems', 'belonged', 'category', 'tweet', 'category', 'association', 'binary', 'disregards']
['number', 'matching', 'words', 'within', 'tweet', 'mainly', 'because', 'short', 'snippets', 'tweets']
['limited', 'characters', 'multiple', 'occurrences', 'necessarily', 'reflect', 'intensity', 'egory', 'russell', 'language', 'category', 'counted', 'number', 'users', 'posted', 'least']
['tweet', 'containing', 'category', 'obtained', 'fraction', 'users', 'mentioned', 'category']
['dividing', 'total', 'number', 'users', 'tweeted']
[]
[]
[]
['computing', 'fraction', 'users', 'rather', 'fraction', 'tweets', 'prevents', 'biases', 'introduced', 'exceptionally', 'active']
['users', 'capturing', 'faithfully', 'prevalence', 'different', 'language', 'categories', 'twitter', 'population']
['helps', 'discounting', 'impact', 'social', 'which', 'anomalous', 'levels', 'activity', 'especially']
['retweeting', 'bessi', 'ferrara']
['different', 'categories', 'might', 'verbalized', 'considerably', 'different', 'frequencies', 'example', 'language', 'category']
['first', 'person', 'pronoun', 'lexicon', 'naturally', 'occurred', 'frequently', 'category']
['death', 'lexicon', 'enable', 'comparison', 'across', 'categories', 'standardized', 'fractions']
[]
[]
[]
['where', 'represent', 'standard', 'deviation', 'scores', 'whole', 'period']
['february', 'april', 'these', 'scores', 'interpretation', 'results']
['represent', 'relative', 'variation', 'category', 'prevalence', 'compared', 'average', 'values', 'higher']
['lower', 'original', 'value', 'higher', 'lower', 'average']
['other', 'behavioral', 'markers', 'assess', 'validity', 'operationalization', 'strong', 'model', 'compared']
['results', 'output', 'alternative', 'state', 'mining', 'techniques', 'world', 'mobility', 'patterns']
['interaction', 'types', 'compared', 'results', 'obtained', 'matching', 'state', 'learning']
['natural', 'language', 'processing', 'designed', 'capture', 'fundamental', 'types', 'social', 'interactions', 'conversational']
['language', 'short', 'memory', 'neural', 'networks', 'lstms', 'hochreiter']
['schmidhuber', 'input', 'dimensional', 'glove', 'representation', 'words', 'pennington']
['output', 'series', 'confidence', 'scores', 'range', 'estimate', 'likelihood', 'expresses', 'certain']
['types', 'social', 'interactions', 'classifiers', 'exhibited', 'classification', 'performance', 'under']
['curve', 'performance', 'metric', 'measures', 'ability', 'model', 'assign']
['higher', 'confidence', 'scores', 'positive', 'examples', 'characterized', 'interaction', 'interest']
['negative', 'examples', 'independent', 'fixed', 'decision', 'threshold', 'expected', 'value', 'random', 'classification']
['whereas', 'indicates', 'perfect', 'classification']
['interaction', 'types', 'classify', 'three', 'detected', 'frequently']
['likelihood', 'twitter', 'conflict', 'expressions', 'contrast', 'diverging', 'views', 'tajfel', 'social']
['support', 'giving', 'emotional', 'practical', 'companionship', 'fiske', 'power', 'expressions']
['person', 'power', 'behavior', 'outcomes', 'another']
['given', 'tweet', 'textual', 'message', 'interaction', 'classifier', 'compute', 'likelihood']
['score', 'message', 'contains', 'interaction', 'binarized', 'confidence', 'scores', 'using']
['threshold', 'based', 'indicator', 'function']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['otherwise']
['following', 'original', 'approach', 'different', 'threshold', 'interaction']
['distributions', 'their', 'likelihood', 'scores', 'considerably', 'picked', 'conservatively', 'value']
['percentile', 'distribution', 'confidence', 'scores']
['favoring', 'precision', 'recall', 'similar', 'tohow', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter']
[]
['keywords', 'supporting', 'literature', 'categories']
[]
[]
[]
['emotional', 'maelstrom', 'swear']
['anger']
['negemo']
['these', 'categories', 'analyze']
['complex', 'emotional', 'responses', 'traumatic', 'events']
['characterize', 'language', 'people']
['suffering', 'mental', 'health', 'coppersmith']
['sadness']
['related', 'words', 'included', 'emolex']
['often', 'measure', 'tangible']
['intangible', 'threats']
['emolex']
['death']
['anxiety', 'panic', 'anxiety', 'category', 'study', 'ferent', 'forms', 'anxiety', 'social', 'media', 'rudzicz']
[]
['anxiety']
['disorientation', 'definition', 'tentative', 'category', 'expresses']
['uncertainty', 'tausczik', 'pennebaker']
['tentative']
['suspicion', 'suspicion', 'often', 'formalized', 'trust', 'deutsch']
[]
['trust']
['irrationality', 'negate', 'category', 'measure']
['cognitive', 'distorsions', 'irrational', 'interpretations', 'ality', 'simms']
['negate']
['religion', 'religious', 'expressions', 'study']
['people', 'appeal', 'religious', 'entities', 'during', 'moments']
['hardship']
['religion']
['contagion', 'these', 'categories', 'study']
['perception', 'diseases', 'cancer', 'support', 'groups', 'people']
['affected', 'eating', 'disorder', 'alcoholics', 'alpers']
['kornfield']
[]
[]
['moralization']
['avoidance']
['perception']
['category', 'model', 'perception', 'connected']
['epidemics']
[]
['polarization', 'segregation', 'different', 'personal', 'pronouns', 'study', 'group', 'dynamics', 'characterize', 'language']
['markers', 'racism', 'arguello', 'personal']
['pronouns', 'markers', 'differentiation']
['considered', 'studies', 'racist', 'language', 'figea']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['differ']
['stigmatization', 'blame']
['abuse']
['pronouns', 'quantify', 'blame']
['personal', 'borelli', 'sbarra', 'political', 'windsor', 'speech', 'associated']
['oriented', 'statements', 'elsherief']
['categories']
['previous']
['cooperation']
['coordination', 'collective']
['consciousness']
['moral', 'value', 'expresses', 'protecting']
['others', 'graham', 'cooperation', 'often']
['verbalized', 'referencing', 'group', 'expressing']
['affiliation', 'rezapour']
['affiliation']
['moral', 'virtue']
['prosocial', 'prosocial']
['faith', 'authority', 'moral', 'value', 'authority', 'expresses', 'playing']
['rules', 'hierarchy', 'versus', 'challenging', 'rezapour']
[]
['authority', 'moral']
['virtue']
[]
['authority', 'enforcement', 'power', 'category', 'expresses', 'exertion', 'inance', 'tausczik', 'pennebaker']
['power']
['action']
['restrictions', 'travel']
['motion']
[]
[]
['social']
['daily', 'habits', 'concern', 'mainly', 'people', 'experience']
['leisure', 'movement', 'between']
['gonzalez']
['leisure']
['table', 'operationalization', 'strong', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'theoretical', 'framework', 'strong', 'paper']
['three', 'annotators', 'extracted', 'keywords', 'characterize', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'mapped']
['relevant', 'language', 'categories', 'existing', 'language', 'lexicons', 'psychometric', 'studies', 'category', 'names']
['followed', 'their', 'corresponding', 'lexicon', 'parenthesis', 'support', 'association', 'between', 'keywords']
['language', 'categories', 'examples', 'supporting', 'literature', 'summarize', 'language', 'egories', 'varies', 'across', 'three', 'temporal', 'states', 'computed', 'values', 'different', 'language', 'categories']
['their', 'standardized', 'fractions', 'reached', 'maximum', 'reported', 'percentage', 'increase']
['compared', 'average', 'whole', 'period', 'maximum', 'value', 'highlighted', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter']
['constructed', 'temporal', 'signals', 'language', 'categories', 'counted', 'number', 'users', 'posted']
['least', 'tweet', 'contains', 'interaction', 'obtained', 'fraction', 'users', 'mentioned']
['interaction', 'dividing', 'total', 'number', 'users', 'tweeted']
[]
[]
[]
['normalized', 'these', 'fractions', 'considering', 'minimum', 'maximum', 'values', 'during', 'whole']
['period']
[]
[]
[]
['mentions', 'medical', 'entities', 'state', 'learning', 'method', 'medical', 'entity', 'extraction']
['identify', 'medical', 'symptoms', 'twitter', 'relation', 'covid', 'scepanovic', 'applied', 'tweets']
['method', 'extracts', 'grams', 'representing', 'medical', 'symptoms', 'feeling', 'method', 'based']
['sequence', 'tagging', 'architecture', 'huang', 'combination', 'glove', 'embeddings', 'nington', 'roberta', 'contextual', 'embeddings', 'optimize', 'entity', 'extraction']
['performance', 'noisy', 'textual', 'social', 'media', 'trained', 'sequence', 'tagging', 'architecture', 'micromed']
['database', 'jimeno', 'yepes', 'collection', 'tweets', 'manually', 'labeled', 'medical', 'entities', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'hidden', 'units', 'batch', 'learning', 'which', 'gradually', 'halved']
['whenever', 'there', 'performance', 'improvement', 'after', 'epochs', 'trained', 'maximum', 'epochs']
['before', 'learning', 'became', 'small', 'final', 'model', 'achieved', 'score', 'micromed']
['score', 'performance', 'measure', 'combines', 'precision', 'fraction', 'extracted', 'entities', 'actually']
['medical', 'entities', 'recall', 'fraction', 'medical', 'entities', 'present', 'method', 'retrieve']
['based', 'implementation', 'flair', 'akbik', 'pytorch', 'paszke', 'popular']
['learning', 'libraries', 'python']
['unique', 'medical', 'entity', 'counted', 'number', 'users', 'posted', 'least', 'tweet']
['mentioned', 'entity', 'obtained', 'fraction', 'users', 'mentioned', 'medical', 'entity', 'dividing']
['total', 'number', 'users', 'tweeted']
[]
[]
[]
['normalize', 'these', 'fractions', 'considering', 'minimum', 'maximum', 'values', 'during', 'whole']
['period']
[]
[]
[]
['mobility', 'traces', 'foursquare', 'local', 'search', 'discovery', 'mobile', 'application', 'relies', 'users', 'mobility']
['records', 'recommend', 'places', 'might', 'application', 'localization', 'estimate']
['position', 'infer', 'places', 'visited', 'response', 'covid', 'crisis', 'foursquare', 'publicly']
['available', 'gathered', 'million', 'users', 'these', 'users', 'always', 'during', 'period']
['collection', 'meaning', 'allowed', 'application', 'gather', 'location', 'times']
['application', 'published', 'through', 'visitdata', 'website', 'consists', 'daily', 'number']
['users', 'visiting', 'venue', 'state', 'starting', 'february', 'present']
['users', 'visited', 'schools', 'indiana', 'february', 'overall', 'distinct', 'location', 'categories', 'provided', 'obtain']
['country', 'temporal', 'indicators', 'first', 'applied', 'normalization', 'values']
[]
[]
[]
['averaged', 'values', 'across', 'states']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['where', 'total', 'number', 'states', 'weighting', 'state', 'equally', 'obtained', 'measure']
['representative', 'whole', 'territory', 'rather', 'being', 'biased', 'towards', 'density', 'regions', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter']
['series', 'smoothing', 'temporal', 'indicators', 'affected', 'large', 'fluctuations', 'extract']
['consistent', 'trends', 'series', 'applied', 'smoothing', 'function', 'common', 'practice', 'analyzing']
['temporal', 'extracted', 'social', 'media', 'connor', 'given', 'varying', 'signal', 'apply']
['boxcar', 'moving', 'average', 'window', 'previous']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['selected', 'window', 'weekly', 'windows', 'typically', 'smooth']
['variations', 'weekly', 'periodicities', 'connor', 'applied', 'smoothing', 'series']
['language', 'categories']
[]
[]
['mentions', 'medical', 'entities']
[]
[]
['interaction', 'types']
[]
[]
[]
['foursquare', 'visits']
[]
[]
[]
['change', 'point', 'detection', 'identify', 'phases', 'characterized', 'different', 'combinations', 'language', 'categories']
['identified', 'change', 'points', 'periods', 'which', 'values', 'categories', 'varied', 'considerably', 'quantify']
['variations', 'language', 'category', 'computed']
[]
[]
['namely', 'daily', 'average', 'squared', 'gradi', 'utkepohl', 'smoothed', 'standardized', 'fractions', 'category', 'calculate', 'gradient']
['python', 'function', 'numpy', 'gradient', 'gradient', 'provides', 'measure', 'increase', 'decrease']
['signal', 'consider', 'absolute', 'value', 'gradient', 'account', 'magnitude', 'change', 'rather', 'direc', 'change', 'identify', 'periods', 'consistent', 'change', 'opposed', 'quick', 'instantaneous', 'shifts', 'apply', 'temporal']
['smoothing', 'equation', 'series', 'gradients', 'denote', 'smoothed', 'squared', 'gradients']
[]
['average', 'gradients', 'language', 'categories', 'obtain', 'overall', 'gradient']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['peaks', 'series', 'represent', 'highest', 'variation', 'marked', 'change', 'points', 'using']
['python', 'function', 'scipy', 'signal', 'peaks', 'identified', 'peaks', 'local', 'maxima', 'whose', 'values', 'higher']
['average', 'standard', 'deviations', 'common', 'practice', 'palshikar']
['results']
['language', 'until', 'first', 'contagion', 'during', 'first', 'residents', 'experienced']
['pandemic', 'entailed', 'first', 'going', 'through', 'entire', 'cycle', 'making', 'contagion']
['contained', 'arrival', 'unknown', 'virus', 'skepticism', 'isolation', 'measures', 'first', 'reopening']
['figure', 'shows', 'standardized', 'fractions', 'language', 'categories', 'formula', 'changed']
['february', 'april', 'which', 'restrictions', 'states', 'lifted', 'color', 'encodes', 'values']
['higher', 'average', 'lower', 'partitioned', 'language', 'categories', 'according', 'three']
['psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'figure', 'shows', 'value', 'average', 'squared', 'gradient', 'formula']
['peaks', 'curve', 'represent', 'local', 'variation', 'marked', 'peaks', 'above', 'standard', 'deviations']
['change', 'points', 'found', 'change', 'points', 'coincide', 'events', 'february']
[]
['announcement', 'first', 'infection', 'country', 'march', 'announcement']
['orders', 'these', 'change', 'points', 'identify', 'three', 'phases', 'which', 'described', 'dwelling']
['peaks', 'different', 'language', 'categories', 'their', 'standardized', 'fractions', 'reached', 'maximum']
['reporting', 'percentage', 'increase', 'increase', 'compared', 'average', 'february', 'april']
[]
['denoted', 'table', 'first', 'phase', 'refusal', 'phase', 'characterized', 'anxiety']
['death', 'frequently', 'mentioned', 'february', 'compared', 'average', 'during']
['whole', 'period', 'pronoun', 'temporal', 'state', 'average', 'suggests']
['focus', 'discussion', 'implications', 'viral', 'epidemic', 'others', 'infection']
['discovered', 'other', 'language', 'categories', 'exhibited', 'significant', 'variations', 'which', 'reflected']
['overall', 'situation', 'business', 'usual']
['second', 'phase', 'anger', 'phase', 'began', 'february', 'outburst', 'negative', 'emotions', 'predominantly']
['anger', 'right', 'after', 'first', 'covid', 'contagion', 'announced', 'abstract', 'death', 'replaced']
['expressions', 'concrete', 'health', 'concerns', 'words', 'expressing', 'mentions', 'parts']
['march', 'federal', 'government', 'announced', 'state', 'national', 'emergency', 'followed', 'enforcement']
['state', 'level', 'orders', 'during', 'those', 'observed', 'sharp', 'increase', 'pronoun']
['swear', 'words', 'march', 'which', 'hints', 'climate', 'discussion', 'characterized']
['conflict', 'polarization', 'observed', 'increase', 'words', 'related', 'daily', 'habits']
['affected', 'impending', 'restriction', 'policies', 'motion', 'social', 'activities', 'leisure', 'mentions', 'words8', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter']
[]
['death']
['anxiety']
['negemo']
['anger']
['swear']
['tentative']
['negate']
[]
[]
['religion']
['posemo']
['sadness']
['trust']
[]
['refusal', 'phase', 'anger', 'phase', 'acceptance', 'phase']
[]
[]
[]
['differ']
[]
[]
['affiliation']
['authority']
['power']
[]
['prosocial']
['morality']
['focus', 'focus', 'focus']
[]
['motion']
[]
['social']
['leisure']
['action']
[]
['usual', 'beyond']
[]
[]
['gradient']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['custom', 'words']
[]
['alcohol', 'exercising', 'economic']
[]
[]
[]
['interactions']
[]
['support', 'power', 'conflict']
[]
[]
[]
['medical']
[]
['physical', 'health', 'mental', 'health']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['mobility']
[]
['first']
[]
[]
[]
['grocery', 'travel', 'transport', 'outdoors', 'recreation']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['figure', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'twitter', 'during', 'first', 'contagion', 'evolution']
['different', 'language', 'categories', 'tweets', 'related', 'covid', 'heatmaps', 'represents']
['language', 'category', 'words', 'expressing', 'anxiety', 'manual', 'coding', 'associated', 'three']
['psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'color', 'represents', 'daily', 'standardized', 'fraction', 'people', 'words', 'related']
['category', 'values', 'higher', 'average', 'those', 'lower', 'categories']
['partitioned', 'three', 'groups', 'according', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'model', 'morality', 'action']
['average', 'gradient', 'instantaneous', 'variation', 'language', 'categories', 'peaks', 'gradient', 'identify']
['change', 'points', 'dates', 'around', 'which', 'considerable', 'change', 'multiple', 'language', 'categories', 'happened']
['dashed', 'vertical', 'lines', 'cross', 'plots', 'represent', 'these', 'change', 'points', 'temporal', 'evolution']
['families', 'indicators', 'corroborate', 'validity', 'trends', 'identified', 'language', 'categories']
['checked', 'internal', 'validity', 'comparing', 'language', 'categories', 'custom', 'keyword', 'search', 'approach']
['learning', 'tools', 'extract', 'types', 'social', 'interactions', 'mentions', 'medical', 'symptoms']
['checked', 'external', 'validity', 'looking', 'mobility', 'patterns', 'different', 'venue', 'categories', 'estimated']
['localization', 'service', 'foursquare', 'mobile', 'timeline', 'bottom', 'figure', 'marks']
['events', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'announcements', 'first', 'infection', 'covid']
['recorded', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter']
['related', 'peaked', 'march', 'federal', 'government', 'announced', 'social', 'distancing']
['guidelines', 'place', 'least', 'weeks']
['third', 'phase', 'acceptance', 'phase', 'started', 'march', 'after', 'first', 'physical', 'distancing', 'measures']
['imposed', 'increased', 'words', 'power', 'authority', 'likely', 'reflected', 'emergence', 'discussion']
['around', 'policies', 'enforced', 'government', 'officials', 'public', 'agencies', 'death', 'raised', 'steadily']
['hitting', 'deaths', 'march', 'expressions', 'conflict', 'faded', 'words', 'sadness', 'became']
['predominant', 'those', 'hardship', 'sentiment', 'others', 'expressions', 'prosocial', 'behavior', 'became']
['frequent', 'respectively', 'mentions', 'related', 'activities', 'peaked', 'people']
['either', 'their', 'compelled', 'result', 'lockdown']
['thematic', 'analysis', 'language', 'categories', 'capture', 'broad', 'concepts', 'related', 'strong', 'epidemic', 'psychology']
['theory', 'allow', 'analysis', 'grained', 'topics', 'within', 'category', 'study']
['combinations', 'language', 'category', 'phase', 'language', 'categories', 'phases', 'listed']
['retweeted', 'tweets', 'popular', 'tweets', 'containing', 'anxiety', 'posted', 'refusal', 'phase']
['identify', 'overarching', 'themes', 'followed', 'steps', 'commonly', 'adopted', 'thematic', 'analysis', 'braun']
['clarke', 'smith', 'shinebourne', 'first', 'applied', 'coding', 'identify', 'concepts', 'emerged']
['across', 'multiple', 'tweets', 'specifically', 'authors', 'tweets', 'marked', 'keywords']
['reflected', 'concepts', 'expressed', 'axial', 'coding', 'identify', 'relationships', 'between']
['frequent', 'keywords', 'summarize', 'semantically', 'cohesive', 'themes', 'themes', 'reviewed', 'recursive']
['manner', 'rather', 'linear', 'evaluating', 'adjusting', 'tweets', 'parsed', 'table', 'summarizes']
['recurring', 'themes', 'together', 'their', 'representative', 'tweets', 'refusal', 'phase', 'statements']
['skepticism', 'tweeted', 'widely', 'table', 'epidemic', 'frequently', 'depicted', 'foreign', 'problem']
['activities', 'business', 'usual']
['anger', 'phase', 'discussion', 'characterized', 'outrage', 'against', 'three', 'categories', 'foreigners', 'especially']
['chinese', 'individuals', 'supplementary', 'materials', 'detail', 'political', 'opponents', 'people', 'adopted']
['different', 'behavioral', 'responses', 'outbreak', 'level', 'conflict', 'corroborates', 'strong', 'postulate']
['against', 'other', 'science', 'religion', 'prominent', 'topics', 'discussion', 'lively', 'debate', 'raged']
['around', 'validity', 'scientists', 'recommendations', 'social', 'groups', 'their', 'hopes', 'rather']
['science', 'mentions', 'people', 'isolating', 'became', 'frequent', 'highlighted', 'contrast']
['between', 'judicious', 'individuals', 'careless', 'crowds']
['finally', 'during', 'acceptance', 'phase', 'outburst', 'anger', 'sorrow', 'caused', 'mourning']
['thousands', 'people', 'accepting', 'threat', 'virus', 'twitter', 'users']
['collective', 'solutions', 'problem', 'overcome', 'although', 'positive', 'attitude', 'towards']
['authorities', 'seemed', 'prevalent', 'users', 'expressed', 'disappointment', 'against', 'restrictions', 'imposed']
['those', 'isolated', 'started', 'imagining', 'beyond', 'isolation', 'especially', 'relation', 'reopening']
['businesses']
['comparison', 'other', 'behavioral', 'markers', 'assess', 'validity', 'approach', 'compared', 'previous']
['results', 'output', 'alternative', 'mining', 'techniques', 'applied', 'internal', 'validity']
['world', 'mobility', 'traces', 'external', 'validity']
['comparison', 'other', 'mining', 'techniques', 'processed', 'social', 'media', 'posts', 'three', 'alternative']
['mining', 'techniques', 'figure', 'table', 'reported', 'three', 'language', 'categories', 'strongest']
['correlations', 'behavioral', 'marker']
['first', 'allow', 'interpretable', 'explainable', 'results', 'applied', 'simple', 'matching', 'method', 'relies']
['custom', 'lexicon', 'containing', 'three', 'categories', 'words', 'reflecting', 'consumption', 'alcohol', 'physical', 'exercising']
['economic', 'concerns', 'those', 'aspects', 'found', 'characterize', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'economist']
['measured', 'daily', 'fraction', 'users', 'mentioning', 'words', 'those', 'categories', 'figure']
['refusal', 'phase', 'frequency', 'these', 'words', 'significantly', 'increase', 'anger', 'phase', 'frequency']
['words', 'related', 'economy', 'peaked', 'related', 'alcohol', 'consumption', 'peaked', 'shortly', 'after', 'table']
['shows', 'economy', 'related', 'words', 'highly', 'correlated', 'anxiety', 'words', 'which']
['studies', 'indicating', 'degree', 'apprehension', 'declining', 'economy', 'comparable']
['health', 'hazard', 'concerns', 'fetzer', 'bareket', 'bojmel', 'words', 'alcohol', 'consumption']
['correlated', 'language', 'dimensions', 'period']
['health', 'concerns', 'their', 'isolation', 'caused', 'rising', 'alcohol', 'finlay']
['gilmore', 'finally', 'acceptance', 'phase', 'frequency', 'words', 'related', 'physical', 'exercise', 'significant', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter']
['theme', 'example', 'tweets']
['refusal', 'phase']
['denial', 'cases', 'result', 'death', 'approximately', 'equivalent', 'seasonal', 'relax']
['people']
['focus', 'continue', 'wuhanvirus', 'which', 'exactly']
['business', 'usual', 'agriculture', 'specialists', 'dulles', 'airport', 'continue', 'protect', 'nation', 'vital', 'agricultural']
['resources']
['anger', 'phase']
['anger', 'foreign']
['there', 'anything', 'hatred', 'against', 'foreigner', 'covid19']
['global', 'pandemic']
['anger', 'political']
['opponents']
['level', 'sickness', 'entered', 'politic', 'monster', 'mouthing']
['grotesque', 'about', 'cheering', 'coronavirus', 'street', 'crashing', 'because']
['father', 'winning', 'streak']
['anger']
['other']
['coronavirus', 'going']
['unwell']
['science', 'debate', 'comes', 'fight', 'coronaviruspandemic', 'making', 'decisions', 'based']
['healthcare', 'professionals', 'fauci', 'others', 'political', 'punditry']
['religion', 'problem', 'handle', 'overcome', 'threat']
['focus', 'people', 'upset', 'annoyed', 'tweet', 'about', 'coronavirus', 'people']
['avoid', 'crowds', 'category', 'coronavirus']
['favor', 'others']
['acceptance', 'phase']
['sadness', 'deeply', 'mourn', 'yorkers', 'yesterday', 'covid']
['number', 'lives', 'forever']
['focus', 'thankful', 'japan', 'friendship', 'cooperation', 'stand', 'together', 'defeat']
['covid19', 'pandemic', 'during', 'tough', 'times', 'friends', 'stick', 'together']
['thankful', 'taiwan', 'donating', 'million', 'masks', 'support', 'healthcare']
['choose', 'covid', 'overcome']
['together']
['authority', 'church', 'seeds', 'paint', 'operate', 'business', 'beach']
['masks', 'public']
['taxes', 'hopefully', 'celebrate', 'freedom']
['resuming', 'working', 'families', 'small', 'businesses', 'possible', 'workers']
['their', 'their', 'hours', 'slashed', 'families', 'struggling']
['table', 'immediately', 'there', 'waste']
['table', 'recurring', 'themes', 'three', 'phases', 'found', 'means', 'thematic', 'analysis', 'tweets', 'themes']
['paired', 'examples', 'popular', 'tweets']
['happened', 'positive', 'words', 'expressing', 'togetherness', 'highest', 'affiliation']
['posemo', 'these', 'results', 'match', 'previous', 'interpretations', 'peaks']
['language', 'categories']
['second', 'since', 'unclear', 'whether', 'simple', 'count', 'approach', 'effective', 'studying', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'unfolded', 'additionally', 'applied', 'learning', 'approach', 'extracts', 'mentions']
['expressions', 'conflict', 'social', 'support', 'power', 'figure', 'shows', 'normalized', 'scores', 'fraction']
['users', 'posting', 'tweets', 'labeled', 'these', 'three', 'interaction', 'types', 'formula', 'refusal', 'phase']
['conflict', 'increased', 'anxiety', 'blaming', 'foreigners', 'recurring', 'themes', 'twitter', 'anger']
['phase', 'conflict', 'peaked', 'similar', 'anxiety', 'words', 'since', 'first', 'measures', 'announced']
['initial', 'expressions', 'power', 'social', 'support', 'gradually', 'increased', 'finally', 'acceptance', 'phase']
['social', 'support', 'peaked', 'support', 'correlated', 'categories', 'affiliation', 'positive', 'emotions']
['table', 'power', 'correlated', 'prosocial']
['authority', 'again', 'previous', 'interpretations', 'concerning', 'existence', 'phase', 'conflict', 'followed']
['phase', 'social', 'support', 'further', 'confirmed', 'learning', 'which', 'opposed', 'dictionary', 'based']
['approaches', 'matching', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter']
['phase', 'positive', 'negative']
['refusal', 'death']
['anger', 'swear', 'anxiety', 'death', 'sadness', 'prosocial']
['acceptance', 'affiliation', 'prosocial', 'anxiety', 'swear']
['table', 'three', 'positive', 'bottom', 'negative', 'coefficients', 'logistic', 'regression', 'models', 'three']
['phases', 'categories', 'those', 'included', 'composite', 'temporal', 'score']
['third', 'learning', 'extracts', 'mentions', 'medical', 'entities', 'scepanovic']
['entities', 'extracted', 'focused', 'frequently', 'mentioned', 'grouped']
['families', 'symptoms', 'respectively', 'those', 'related', 'physical', 'health', 'fever', 'cough', 'those', 'related']
['mental', 'health', 'depression', 'stress', 'brooks', 'normalized', 'fractions', 'users']
['posting', 'tweets', 'containing', 'mentions', 'these', 'symptoms', 'formula', 'shown', 'figure', 'refusal', 'phase']
['frequency', 'symptom', 'mentions', 'change', 'anger', 'phase', 'instead', 'physical', 'symptoms', 'started']
['mentioned', 'correlated', 'language', 'categories', 'expressing', 'panic', 'physical', 'health', 'concerns']
['swear', 'negate', 'acceptance', 'phase', 'mentions', 'mental', 'symptoms']
['became', 'frequent', 'interestingly', 'mental', 'symptoms', 'peaked', 'twitter', 'discourse', 'characterized']
['positive', 'feelings', 'prosocial', 'interactions', 'affiliation', 'posemo']
['recent', 'studies', 'found', 'psychological', 'covid', 'similar', 'traits', 'traumatic']
['stress', 'disorders', 'symptoms', 'might', 'several', 'weeks', 'period', 'initial', 'panic', 'forced', 'isolation', 'galea']
['liang', 'dutheil']
['comparison', 'mobility', 'traces', 'external', 'validity', 'language', 'categories', 'compared', 'their']
['temporal', 'trends', 'mobility', 'foursquare', 'picked', 'three', 'venue', 'categories', 'grocery', 'shops', 'travel']
['transport', 'outdoors', 'recreation', 'reflect', 'three', 'different', 'types', 'fundamental', 'human', 'needs', 'maslow']
['primary', 'getting', 'supplies', 'secondary', 'moving', 'around', 'freely', 'limit', 'mobility']
['safety', 'higher', 'level', 'being', 'entertained', 'figure', 'normalized', 'number']
['visits', 'formula', 'periods', 'higher', 'variations', 'normalized', 'number', 'visits', 'match']
['transitions', 'between', 'three', 'phases', 'refusal', 'phase', 'mobility', 'patterns', 'change', 'anger', 'phase']
['instead', 'travel', 'started', 'grocery', 'shopping', 'peaked', 'supporting', 'interpretation', 'phase', 'characterized']
['panic', 'induced', 'stockpiling', 'compulsion', 'oneself', 'occurred']
['pronoun', 'rather', 'helping', 'others', 'finally', 'acceptance', 'phase', 'panic', 'around', 'grocery']
['shopping', 'faded', 'number', 'visits', 'parks', 'outdoor', 'spaces', 'increased']
['embedding', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'models', 'embed', 'operationalization', 'epidemic', 'chology', 'models', 'epidemiological', 'models', 'urban', 'mobility', 'models', 'measures']
['point', 'during', 'pandemic', 'given', 'their', 'current', 'definitions', 'because']
['normalized', 'values', 'whole', 'period', 'study', 'figure', 'designed', 'composite', 'measure']
['temporal', 'knowledge', 'corresponding', 'detection', 'method', 'determines', 'which']
['three', 'phases', 'given', 'point']
['first', 'language', 'category', 'computed', 'average', 'value', 'formula', 'during', 'first']
['epidemic', 'specifically', 'during', 'first', 'users', 'tweeted', 'experimented', 'longer', 'periods']
['users', 'obtained', 'qualitatively', 'similar', 'results', 'averages', 'computed']
['initial', 'period', 'reference', 'values', 'later', 'measurements', 'assumption', 'behind', 'approach', 'modeler']
['would', 'relevant', 'hashtags', 'initial', 'stages', 'pandemic', 'which', 'reasonable', 'considering']
['major', 'pandemics', 'occurred', 'decade', 'oyeyemi']
['eysenbach', 'starting', 'second', 'calculated', 'percent', 'change', 'values']
['compared', 'reference', 'values']
[]
[]
[]
['phase', 'defined', 'parsimonious', 'measure', 'composed', 'dimensions', 'dimension', 'positively']
['associated', 'phase', 'expressed', 'percent', 'change', 'minus', 'negatively', 'associated', 'death']
['refusal', 'phase', 'identify', 'dimensions', 'trained', 'three', 'logistic', 'regression', 'binary', 'classifiers']
['phase', 'phase', 'marked', 'label', 'included', 'phase', 'those']
['trained', 'classifier', 'estimate', 'probability', 'pphasei']
['belongs', 'phase', 'out12', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter']
['correlation', 'phases']
['marker', 'correlated', 'language', 'categories', 'refusal', 'anger', 'acceptance']
['custom', 'words']
['alcohol']
['economic', 'anxiety', 'negemo', 'negate']
['exercising', 'affiliation', 'posemo']
['interactions']
['conflict', 'anxiety', 'death', 'negemo']
['support', 'affiliation', 'posemo']
['power', 'prosocial', 'authority']
['medical']
['physical', 'health', 'swear', 'negate']
['mental', 'health', 'affiliation', 'posemo']
['mobility']
['travel', 'death', 'anxiety']
['grocery', 'leisure']
['outdoors', 'posemo', 'affiliation']
['table', 'correlation', 'language', 'categories', 'behavioral', 'markers', 'computed', 'alternative', 'niques', 'datasets', 'marker', 'three', 'categories', 'strongest', 'correlations', 'reported', 'together']
['their', 'pearson', 'correlation', 'values', 'parenthesis', 'right', 'pearson', 'correlation', 'between', 'values', 'behavioral']
['markers', 'being', 'given', 'phase', 'values', 'indicate', 'highest', 'values', 'marker', 'across']
['three', 'phases', 'reported', 'correlations', 'statistically', 'significant']
['values', 'categories', 'during', 'training', 'logistic', 'regression', 'learned', 'coefficients']
['categories', 'average', 'classifiers', 'identify', 'correct', 'phase']
['regressions', 'coefficients', 'language', 'category', 'their', 'predictive', 'power', 'table', 'shows']
['three', 'positive', 'coefficients', 'bottom', 'three', 'negative', 'three', 'phases']
['bottom', 'categories', 'phases', 'belong', 'lexicon', 'phase', 'subtracted', 'category']
['bottom', 'category', 'without', 'considering', 'their', 'coefficients', 'these', 'would', 'require', 'again', 'temporal']
['knowledge']
['refusal', 'death']
['anger', 'swear', 'death']
['acceptance', 'anxiety']
[]
['resulting', 'composite', 'measure', 'change', 'points', 'figure', 'knowledge', 'measure', 'figure']
['suggesting', 'parsimonious', 'computation', 'compromise', 'original', 'trends']
['scenario', 'transition', 'between', 'phases', 'captured', 'changes', 'dominant', 'measure', 'example']
['refusal', 'curve', 'overtaken', 'anger', 'curve', 'addition', 'correlated', 'composite', 'measures']
['behavioral', 'markers', 'validation', 'figure', 'which', 'markers', 'typically', 'associated']
['phases', 'reported', 'correlations', 'table', 'during', 'refusal', 'phase', 'conflictual', 'interactions']
['frequent', 'range', 'mobility', 'common', 'during', 'anger', 'phase', 'mobility']
['reduced', 'engle', 'people', 'hoarded', 'groceries', 'alcohol', 'finlay']
['gilmore', 'expressed', 'concerns', 'their', 'physical', 'health', 'economy', 'fetzer']
['bareket', 'bojmel', 'during', 'acceptance', 'phase', 'people', 'ventured', 'outdoors', 'started', 'exercising']
['expressed', 'stronger', 'support', 'other', 'rising', 'deaths']
['mental', 'health', 'symptoms', 'galea', 'liang', 'dutheil']
['language', 'after', 'first', 'contagion', 'after', 'first']
['march', 'remaining', 'there', 'other', 'contagion', 'waves', 'figure']
['beginning', 'other', 'beginning', 'october', 'similar', 'first', 'these', 'othershow', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter']
[]
[]
[]
['cases', 'million']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['gradient']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['figure', 'number', 'recorded', 'infections', 'average', 'gradient', 'instantaneous']
['variation', 'language', 'categories', 'there', 'three', 'contagion', 'waves', 'shaded', 'areas']
['there', 'peaks', 'gradient', 'marked', 'circles', 'which', 'identify', 'change', 'points']
['periods', 'which', 'language', 'considerably', 'changed']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['first']
[]
[]
['refusal', 'anger', 'acceptance']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['first']
[]
['deaths']
['trump', 'positive']
[]
['refusal', 'anger', 'acceptance']
['figure', 'evolution', 'language', 'categories', 'associated', 'refusal', 'those', 'associated', 'anger']
['those', 'associated', 'acceptance', 'zooming', 'first', 'contagion', 'three', 'waves', 'during']
['entire']
['associated', 'significant', 'changes', 'language', 'figure', 'change', 'peaks']
['second', 'third', 'october', 'comes', 'surprise', 'these']
['periods', 'corresponded', 'widely', 'discussed', 'events', 'first', 'deaths', 'president', 'donald', 'trump']
['testing', 'positive', 'covid', 'particular', 'figure', 'shows', 'these', 'changes', 'rumping']
['categories', 'associated', 'anger', 'phase', 'discussions', 'changes', 'mobility', 'posts', 'characterized']
['anger', 'generally', 'negative', 'emotions', 'predominant', 'contrast', 'categories', 'associated']
['refusal', 'acceptance', 'diverged', 'other', 'unsurprisingly', 'throughout', 'refusal', 'gradually']
['while', 'acceptance', 'increasingly', 'overall', 'observed', 'classes', 'pattern', 'figure', 'first', 'three']
['phases', 'always', 'orthogonal', 'blended', 'together', 'times', 'during', 'second', 'contagion', 'example']
['anger', 'acceptance', 'predominant', 'several', 'months', 'second', 'language']
['cyclical', 'nature', 'during', 'contagion', 'three', 'consecutive', 'local', 'peaks', 'local', 'maxima', 'observed']
['refusal', 'first', 'anger', 'finally', 'acceptance', 'observed', 'three', 'contagion', 'waves', 'cyclical']
['nature', 'reflected', 'behavioral', 'markers', 'figure', 'mentions', 'conflict', 'peaked']
['followed', 'mentions', 'support', 'power', 'figure', 'medical', 'conditions', 'mentions']
['physical', 'health', 'peaked', 'followed', 'mentions', 'mental', 'health', 'figure', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter']
[]
[]
[]
['cases']
['million']
['first']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['deaths']
['trump']
['positive']
[]
[]
['death']
['anxiety']
['negemo']
['anger']
['swear']
['tentative']
['negate']
[]
[]
['religion']
['posemo']
['sadness']
['trust']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['differ']
[]
[]
['affiliation']
['authority']
['power']
[]
['prosocial']
['morality']
[]
['motion']
[]
['social']
['leisure']
['action']
[]
[]
[]
['gradient']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['custom', 'words']
[]
['alcohol', 'exercising', 'economic']
[]
[]
[]
['interactions']
[]
['support', 'power', 'conflict']
[]
[]
[]
['medical']
[]
['physical', 'health', 'mental', 'health']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['mobility']
[]
['grocery', 'travel', 'transport', 'outdoors', 'recreation']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['figure', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'twitter', 'during', 'three', 'contagion', 'waves', 'shown', 'panel']
['during', 'entire', 'temporally', 'expands', 'figure', 'difference']
['heatmaps', 'values', 'standardized', 'using', 'standard', 'deviation', 'calculated']
['whole', 'period', 'study', 'february', 'december']
[]
['discussion']
['findings', 'beyond', 'strong', 'model', 'strong', 'theory', 'offers', 'framework', 'which', 'operationalize', 'three']
['psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'language', 'specifically', 'describe', 'these', 'epidemics', 'unfold']
['based', 'driven', 'results', 'confirmed', 'three', 'epidemics', 'indeed', 'present', 'social', 'conversations']
['spanning', 'almost', 'unfolded', 'allowed', 'enrich', 'strong', 'initially', 'hypothesized']
['relation', 'aspects']
['first', 'strong', 'theory', 'predicts', 'presence', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'describe']
['would', 'related', 'other', 'found', 'three', 'epidemics', 'expressed', 'relative', 'presence']
['their', 'relevant', 'language', 'categories', 'simultaneously', 'raised', 'relation', 'another']
['demarcating', 'three', 'specific', 'temporal', 'phases', 'identified', 'three', 'specific', 'combinations', 'epidemics']
['generated', 'three', 'phases', 'twitter', 'users', 'through', 'initial', 'refusal', 'phase', 'anger', 'phase', 'final']
['acceptance', 'phase', 'since', 'these', 'temporal', 'phases', 'partly', 'resemble', 'stages', 'grief', 'ubler']
['promising', 'direction', 'future', 'explore', 'relationship', 'between', 'these', 'phases', 'stages', 'grief', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter']
['second', 'strong', 'narration', 'slightly', 'hints', 'typical', 'sequence', 'events', 'according', 'which', 'epidemic']
['activates', 'before', 'morality', 'which', 'followed', 'action', 'indeed', 'observed', 'similar']
['events', 'these', 'events', 'strictly', 'sequential', 'rather', 'cyclical', 'interestingly', 'every', 'cycle', 'started']
['conjunction', 'specific', 'event', 'diffusion', 'virus', 'reaching', 'local', 'maximum', 'shortly', 'after']
['every', 'sharp', 'increase', 'diffusion', 'cycle', 'refusal', 'anger', 'acceptance', 'unfolded', 'among', 'twitter']
['users']
['third', 'strong', 'framework', 'explicit', 'distinction', 'between', 'initial', 'stages', 'epidemic']
['final', 'stages', 'found', 'regimes', 'considerably', 'separated', 'initial', 'stages', 'later', 'stages', 'initial']
['cycle', 'variation', 'three', 'epidemics', 'larger', 'magnitude', 'those', 'subsequent', 'cycles']
['strong', 'theory', 'should', 'descriptive', 'framework', 'cannot', 'explore', 'short']
['variations', 'contrast', 'driven', 'experimental', 'point', 'variations']
['potentially', 'place', 'figure', 'shows', 'future', 'these', 'points', 'change', 'could', 'subject', 'qualitative']
['inquiry', 'which', 'might', 'enrich', 'original', 'formulation', 'theory']
['implications', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'break', 'abruptly', 'public', 'health', 'agencies', 'detailed']
['planning', 'often', 'themselves', 'improvise', 'around', 'their', 'playbook', 'constantly', 'confronting']
['health', 'epidemic', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'measuring', 'effects', 'epidemics', 'societal']
['dynamics', 'population', 'mental', 'health', 'research', 'problem', 'multidisciplinary']
['approaches', 'called', 'holmes', 'contributed', 'research', 'operationalizing']
['strong', 'model', 'successfully', 'testing', 'twitter', 'since', 'methodology', 'applied']
['textual', 'future', 'study', 'alternative', 'cross', 'cultural', 'population', 'segments', 'since', 'language']
['categories', 'tailored', 'specific', 'epidemic', 'reflect', 'specific', 'symptom', 'epidemic']
['associated', 'approach', 'applied', 'future', 'epidemic', 'provided', 'relevant', 'hashtags']
['associated', 'epidemic', 'known', 'reasonable', 'assumption', 'though', 'considering']
['consensus', 'twitter', 'hashtags', 'reached', 'quickly', 'baronchelli', 'several', 'epidemics', 'occurred']
['decade', 'sparked', 'discussions', 'twitter', 'since', 'their', 'early', 'oyeyemi']
['eysenbach']
['method', 'complements', 'numerous', 'cross', 'sectional', 'studies', 'psychological', 'impact', 'health', 'epidemics']
['conducted', 'representative', 'population', 'samples', 'shultz', 'brooks', 'least', 'because']
['collects', 'statistics', 'implicit', 'behavioral', 'signals', 'which', 'orthogonal', 'survey', 'responses']
['computer', 'science', 'researchers', 'method', 'could', 'provide', 'starting', 'point', 'developing', 'sophisticated']
['tools', 'monitoring', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'furthermore', 'theoretical', 'standpoint', 'provides']
['first', 'operationalization', 'strong', 'model', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'widens', 'theoretical', 'implications']
['observing', 'cyclical', 'phases', 'diffusion', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics']
['finally', 'ability', 'systematically', 'characterize', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'language']
['social', 'media', 'makes', 'possible', 'embed', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'models', 'currently', 'tackle', 'epidemics']
['mobility', 'models', 'bansal', 'consider', 'digital', 'epidemiology', 'salathe', 'bauch']
['galvani', 'parameters', 'epidemic', 'models', 'initialized', 'adjusted', 'based', 'variety', 'digital']
['account', 'determinants', 'spreading', 'process', 'quantify', 'traditional', 'sources']
['especially', 'first', 'stages', 'outbreak', 'particularly', 'useful', 'modeling', 'social', 'psychological']
['processes', 'perception', 'bagnoli', 'moinet', 'interestingly', 'these', 'approaches']
['designed', 'partial', 'therefore', 'benefit', 'digital', 'incomplete']
['twitter', 'based', 'study', 'necessarily', 'representative', 'whole', 'population', 'salathe']
['limitations', 'future', 'could', 'improve', 'aspects', 'first', 'focused', 'viral']
['epidemic', 'without', 'being', 'compare', 'others', 'obtain', 'social', 'media', 'during']
['outbreaks', 'diseases', 'ebola', 'oyeyemi', 'influenza']
['eysenbach', 'could', 'apply', 'methodology', 'those', 'contexts', 'identify', 'similarities']
['differences', 'example', 'could', 'study', 'mortality', 'rates', 'speed', 'spreading', 'influence', 'representation']
['strong', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'social', 'media']
['second', 'geographical', 'focus', 'entire', 'united', 'states', 'coarse', 'limited', 'scope']
['supplementary', 'materials', 'broke', 'analysis', 'temporal', 'phases', 'individual', 'states']
['observed', 'substantial', 'differences', 'across', 'states', 'future', 'could', 'conduct', 'systematic', 'analysis']
['finer', 'geographical', 'granularity', 'relate', 'differences', 'between', 'states', 'known', 'events', 'governor', 'decisions', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter']
['prevalence', 'cases', 'media', 'landscape', 'residents', 'cultural', 'traits', 'particular', 'recent', 'studies', 'suggested']
['public', 'reaction', 'covid', 'varied', 'across', 'states', 'depending', 'their', 'political', 'leaning', 'painter']
['grossman', 'could', 'apply', 'methodology', 'other', 'english', 'speaking', 'countries']
['investigate', 'cultural', 'dimensions', 'hofstede', 'cross', 'cultural', 'personality', 'trait', 'variations', 'bleidorn']
['might', 'influence', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics']
['third', 'three', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'always', 'orthogonal', 'other', 'blend', 'together', 'times']
['future', 'could', 'focus', 'those', 'particular', 'periods', 'determine', 'whether', 'either', 'finer', 'grained']
['categorizations', 'language', 'event', 'detection', 'techniques', 'other', 'change', 'point', 'detection', 'aiello']
['could', 'disentangle', 'those', 'periods', 'theoretically', 'meaningful']
['fourth', 'study', 'limited', 'twitter', 'mainly', 'because', 'twitter', 'largest', 'stream', 'social', 'media']
['practice', 'using', 'twitter', 'modeling', 'psychological', 'state', 'country', 'carries']
['limitations', 'despite', 'having', 'rather', 'penetration', 'around', 'adults', 'according', 'latest']
['estimates', 'perrin', 'anderson', 'representative', 'general', 'population']
['additionally', 'twitter', 'notoriously', 'populated', 'ferrara', 'varol', 'automated', 'accounts']
['often', 'amplify', 'specific', 'topics', 'points', 'played', 'important', 'steer', 'discussion']
['several', 'events', 'broad', 'public', 'interest', 'bessi', 'ferrara', 'broniatowski', 'reasonable']
['expect', 'covid', 'related', 'discussions', 'studies', 'suggest']
['partly', 'discount', 'their', 'impact', 'since', 'anomalous', 'levels', 'activity', 'especially', 'retweeting', 'bessi']
['ferrara', 'performed', 'tests', 'first', 'computed', 'measures', 'level', 'rather', 'tweet', 'level', 'which', 'counter', 'anomalous', 'levels', 'activity', 'second', 'replicated', 'temporal', 'analysis', 'excluding', 'retweets']
['obtained', 'similar', 'results', 'future', 'could', 'attempt', 'adapt', 'framework', 'different', 'sources']
['online', 'example', 'search', 'queries', 'which', 'proven', 'useful', 'identify', 'different', 'phases', 'public']
['reactions', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'husnayain']
['strong', 'himself', 'acknowledged', 'seminal', 'paper', 'sharp', 'separation', 'between', 'different', 'types', 'epidemic']
['psychology', 'dubious', 'business', 'operationalized', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemic', 'independently']
['future', 'modeling', 'relationships', 'among', 'three', 'epidemics', 'might', 'identify', 'hitherto', 'hidden', 'emergent', 'properties']
['references']
['aiello', 'petkos', 'martin', 'corney', 'papadopoulos', 'skraba', 'kompatsiaris']
['jaimes', 'sensing', 'trending', 'topics', 'twitter', 'transactions', 'multimedia']
['akbik', 'bergmann', 'blythe', 'rasul', 'schweter', 'vollgraf', 'flair', 'framework']
['state', 'proceedings', 'conference', 'north', 'american', 'chapter', 'association']
['computational', 'linguistics', 'pages']
['alpers', 'winzelberg', 'classen', 'roberts', 'koopman', 'taylor', 'evaluation']
['computerized', 'analysis', 'internet', 'breast', 'cancer', 'support', 'group', 'computers', 'human', 'behavior']
[]
['arguello', 'butler', 'joyce', 'kraut', 'foundations']
['successful', 'individual', 'group', 'interactions', 'online', 'communities', 'proceedings', 'sigchi', 'conference']
['human', 'factors', 'computing', 'systems', 'pages']
['bagnoli', 'sguanci', 'perception', 'epidemic', 'modeling', 'physical', 'review', '061904']
['bansal', 'chowell', 'simonsen', 'vespignani', 'viboud', 'infectious', 'disease', 'surveillance']
['modeling', 'journal', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'suppl']
['bareket', 'bojmel', 'shahar', 'margalit', 'covid', 'related', 'economic', 'anxiety', 'health', 'anxiety']
['findings', 'israel', 'international', 'journal', 'cognitive', 'therapy']
['baronchelli', 'emergence', 'consensus', 'primer', 'royal', 'society', 'science', '172189']
['bauch', 'galvani', 'social', 'factors', 'epidemiology', 'science']
['bento', 'nguyen', 'lozano', 'rojas', 'simon', 'evidence', 'internet', 'search']
['shows', 'information', 'seeking', 'responses', 'local', 'covid', 'cases', 'proceedings', 'national', 'academy']
['sciences', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter']
['bessi', 'ferrara', 'social', 'distort', 'presidential', 'election', 'online', 'discussion', 'first', 'monday']
[]
['exchange', 'power', 'social', 'transaction', 'publishers']
['bleidorn', 'klimstra', 'denissen', 'rentfrow', 'potter', 'gosling', 'personality', 'maturation']
['around', 'world', 'cross', 'cultural', 'examination', 'social', 'investment', 'theory', 'psychological', 'science']
[]
['borelli', 'sbarra', 'trauma', 'history', 'linguistic', 'focus', 'moderate', 'course', 'psychological']
['adjustment', 'divorce', 'journal', 'social', 'clinical', 'psychology']
['braun', 'clarke', 'using', 'thematic', 'analysis', 'psychology', 'qualitative', 'research', 'psychology']
[]
['broniatowski', 'jamison', 'alkulaib', 'benton', 'quinn', 'dredze']
['weaponized', 'health', 'communication', 'twitter', 'russian', 'trolls', 'amplify', 'vaccine', 'debate', 'american', 'journal']
['public', 'health']
['brooks', 'webster', 'smith', 'woodland', 'wessely', 'greenberg', 'rubin']
['psychological', 'impact', 'quarantine', 'reduce', 'rapid', 'review', 'evidence', 'lancet']
['language', 'communicating', 'threat', 'public', 'discourse', 'springer']
['lerman', 'ferrara', 'tracking', 'social', 'media', 'discourse', 'about', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'development']
['public', 'coronavirus', 'twitter', 'public', 'health', 'surveillance', 'e19273']
['19273']
['eysenbach', 'pandemics', 'twitter', 'content', 'analysis', 'tweets', 'during']
['outbreak']
['aiello', 'varga', 'quercia', 'social', 'dimensions', 'conversations', 'relationships']
['proceedings', 'conference']
['cinelli', 'quattrociocchi', 'galeazzi', 'valensise', 'brugnoli', 'schmidt', 'zollo']
['scala', 'covid', 'social', 'media', 'infodemic', 'arxiv', 'preprint', 'arxiv', '05004']
['coppersmith', 'dredze', 'harman', 'quantifying', 'mental', 'health', 'signals', 'twitter', 'proceedings']
['workshop', 'computational', 'linguistics', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'linguistic', 'signal', 'clinical', 'reality', 'pages']
[]
['schiano', 'covid', 'hangover', 'rising', 'alcohol', 'disorder', 'alcohol', 'associated']
['liver', 'disease', 'hepatology']
['rappaz', 'aiello', 'quercia', 'coloring', 'links', 'capturing', 'social', 'perceived']
['proceedings', 'conference', 'computer', 'supported', 'cooperative', 'social', 'computing']
['pages']
['deutsch', 'trust', 'suspicion', 'journal', 'conflict', 'resolution']
['dredze', 'bergsma', 'carmen', 'twitter', 'geolocation', 'system', 'applications', 'public']
['health', 'workshops', 'twenty', 'seventh', 'conference', 'artificial', 'intelligence']
['dutheil', 'mondillon', 'navel', 'second', 'tsunami', 'pandemic', 'psychological']
['medicine', 'pages']
['elsherief', 'kulkarni', 'nguyen', 'belding', 'lingo', 'target', 'based', 'linguistic', 'analysis']
['speech', 'social', 'media', 'twelfth', 'international', 'conference', 'social', 'media']
['engle', 'stromme', 'staying', 'mobility', 'effects', 'covid', 'available']
['ferrara', 'covid', 'twitter', 'conspiracies', 'social', 'media', 'activism', 'arxiv', 'preprint', 'arxiv', '09531']
[]
['ferrara', 'varol', 'davis', 'menczer', 'flammini', 'social', 'communications']
['epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter']
['fetzer', 'hensel', 'hermle', 'coronavirus', 'perceptions', 'economic', 'anxiety', 'review', 'economics']
['statistics', 'pages']
['figea', 'kaati', 'scrivens', 'measuring', 'online', 'affects', 'white', 'supremacy', 'forum', 'conference']
['intelligence', 'security', 'informatics', 'pages']
['finlay', 'gilmore', 'covid', 'alcohol', 'dangerous', 'cocktail']
['fiske', 'cuddy', 'glick', 'universal', 'dimensions', 'social', 'cognition', 'warmth', 'competence', 'trends']
['cognitive', 'sciences']
['frimer', 'schaefer', 'oakes', 'moral', 'actor', 'selfish', 'agent', 'journal', 'personality', 'social', 'psychology']
[]
['liang', 'saroha', 'people', 'react', 'virus', 'outbreaks']
['twitter', 'computational', 'content', 'analysis', 'american', 'journal', 'infection', 'control']
['galea', 'merchant', 'lurie', 'mental', 'health', 'consequences', 'covid', 'physical', 'distancing']
['prevention', 'early', 'intervention', 'internal', 'medicine']
['liang', 'kruse', 'mapping', 'county', 'level', 'mobility', 'pattern', 'changes', 'united']
['states', 'response', 'covid', 'sigspatial', 'special']
['gibbs', 'thematic', 'coding', 'categorizing', 'analyzing', 'qualitative', 'london', 'pages']
['french', 'gergle', 'oberlander', 'language', 'emotion', 'short', 'texts', 'proceedings']
['conference', 'computer', 'supported', 'cooperative', 'pages']
['goffman', 'stigma', 'notes', 'management', 'spoiled', 'identity', 'simon', 'schuster']
['gonzalez', 'hidalgo', 'barabasi', 'understanding', 'individual', 'human', 'mobility', 'patterns', 'nature']
[]
['graham', 'haidt', 'nosek', 'liberals', 'conservatives', 'different', 'moral', 'foundations']
['journal', 'personality', 'social', 'psychology']
['graham', 'haidt', 'koleva', 'motyl', 'wojcik', 'ditto', 'moral', 'foundations', 'theory']
['pragmatic', 'validity', 'moral', 'pluralism', 'advances', 'experimental', 'social', 'psychology', 'volume', 'pages']
['elsevier']
['grossman', 'rexer', 'thirumurthy', 'political', 'partisanship', 'influences', 'behavioral', 'responses']
['governors', 'recommendations', 'covid', 'prevention', 'united', 'states', 'available', '3578695']
['hebert', 'clemow', 'pbert', 'ockene', 'ockene', 'social', 'desirability', 'dietary', 'report']
['compromise', 'validity', 'dietary', 'intake', 'measures', 'international', 'journal', 'epidemiology']
['hochreiter', 'schmidhuber', 'short', 'memory', 'neural', 'computation']
['hofstede', 'hofstede', 'minkov', 'cultures', 'organizations', 'software', 'volume']
['mcgraw']
['holmes', 'connor', 'perry', 'tracey', 'wessely', 'arseneault', 'ballard', 'christensen']
['silver', 'everall', 'multidisciplinary', 'research', 'priorities', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'action', 'mental']
['health', 'science', 'lancet', 'psychiatry']
['jiang', 'assessment', 'public', 'attention', 'perception', 'emotional']
['behavioural', 'responses', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'social', 'media', 'surveillance', 'china', 'perception', 'emotional']
['behavioural', 'responses', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'social', 'media', 'surveillance', 'china']
['huang', 'bidirectional', 'models', 'sequence', 'tagging', 'arxiv', 'preprint', 'arxiv', '01991']
[]
['auriemma', 'cashaw', 'report', 'underreporting', 'depression', 'journal']
['personality', 'assessment', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter']
['husnayain', 'applications', 'google', 'search', 'trends', 'communication', 'infectious']
['disease', 'management', 'study', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'taiwan', 'international', 'journal', 'infectious', 'diseases']
[]
['jimeno', 'yepes', 'mackinlay', 'identifying', 'diseases', 'drugs', 'symptoms', 'twitter']
['studies', 'health', 'technology', 'informatics']
['johnson', 'fendrich', 'modeling', 'sources', 'report', 'survey', 'epidemiology', 'annals']
['epidemiology']
['tobin', 'massey', 'anderson', 'measuring', 'emotional', 'expression', 'linguistic']
['inquiry', 'count', 'american', 'journal', 'psychology', 'pages']
['huremovi', 'psychology', 'pandemic', 'psychiatry', 'pandemics', 'pages', 'springer']
['kornfield', 'gustafson', 'before', 'relapse']
['language', 'online', 'discussion', 'forum', 'predicts', 'risky', 'drinking', 'among', 'those', 'recovery', 'health']
['communication']
['kouzy', 'jaoude', 'kraitem', 'karam', 'zarka', 'traboulsi']
['baddour', 'coronavirus', 'viral', 'quantifying', 'covid', 'misinformation', 'epidemic', 'twitter', 'cureus']
[]
['ubler', 'wessler', 'avioli', 'death', 'dying']
['goodchild', 'spatial', 'temporal', 'socioeconomic', 'patterns', 'twitter', 'flickr']
['cartography', 'geographic', 'information', 'science']
['impact', 'covid', 'epidemic', 'declaration', 'psychological']
['consequences', 'study', 'active', 'weibo', 'users', 'international', 'journal', 'environmental', 'research', 'public', 'health']
[]
['liang', 'effect', 'covid', 'youth', 'mental', 'health']
['psychiatric', 'quarterly', 'pages']
['goyal', 'joshi', 'lewis', 'zettlemoyer', 'stoyanov', 'roberta']
['robustly', 'optimized', 'pretraining', 'approach', 'arxiv', 'preprint', 'arxiv', '11692']
['utkepohl', 'introduction', 'multiple', 'series', 'analysis', 'springer', 'science', 'business', 'media']
['maslow', 'theory', 'human', 'motivation', 'psychological', 'review']
['mcconnell', 'banks', 'avian', 'planning', 'possible', 'pandemic', 'trading', 'technology']
['mohammad', 'turney', 'crowdsourcing', 'emotion', 'association', 'lexicon', 'computational', 'intelligence']
[]
['moinet', 'pastor', 'satorras', 'barrat', 'effect', 'perception', 'epidemic', 'spreading', 'temporal', 'networks']
['physical', 'review', '012313']
['connor', 'balasubramanyan', 'routledge', 'smith', 'tweets', 'polls', 'linking', 'sentiment']
['public', 'opinion', 'series', 'fourth', 'international', 'conference', 'weblogs', 'social', 'media']
['oyeyemi', 'gabarron', 'ebola', 'twitter', 'misinformation', 'dangerous', 'combination']
['g6178']
['painter', 'political', 'beliefs', 'affect', 'compliance', 'covid', 'social', 'distancing', 'orders', 'available']
['3569098']
['palshikar', 'simple', 'algorithms', 'detection', 'series', 'advanced']
['analysis', 'business', 'analytics', 'intelligence', 'volume']
['paszke', 'gross', 'chintala', 'chanan', 'devito', 'desmaison', 'antiga', 'lerer']
['automatic', 'differentiation', 'pytorch', 'proceedings', 'advances', 'neural', 'information', 'processing', 'systems']
['autodiff', 'workshop', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter']
['pennington', 'socher', 'manning', 'glove', 'global', 'vectors', 'representation', 'proceedings']
['conference', 'empirical', 'methods', 'natural', 'language', 'processing', 'pages', 'association', 'computational']
['linguistics']
['perrin', 'anderson', 'share', 'adults', 'using', 'social', 'media', 'including', 'facebook']
['mostly', 'unchanged', 'since', 'https', 'pewresearch']
['share', 'adults', 'using', 'social', 'media', 'including', 'facebook', 'mostly', 'unchanged', 'since']
['plutchik', 'emotions', 'university', 'press', 'america']
['pulido', 'villarejo', 'carballido', 'redondo', 'covid', 'infodemic', 'retweets']
['science', 'based', 'information', 'coronavirus', 'false', 'information', 'international', 'sociology']
['0268580920914755']
['nationwide', 'survey', 'psychological', 'distress', 'among', 'chinese']
['people', 'covid', 'epidemic', 'implications', 'policy', 'recommendations', 'general', 'psychiatry']
['rezapour', 'diesner', 'enhancing', 'measurement', 'social', 'effects', 'capturing', 'morality']
['proceedings', 'tenth', 'workshop', 'computational', 'approaches', 'subjectivity', 'sentiment', 'social', 'media']
['analysis', 'pages']
['russell', 'mining', 'social', 'mining', 'facebook', 'twitter', 'linkedin', 'google', 'github']
['reilly', 'media']
['alani', 'alleviating', 'sparsity', 'twitter', 'sentiment', 'analysis', 'workshop', 'proceedings']
[]
['salathe', 'bengtsson', 'bodnar', 'brewer', 'brownstein', 'buckee', 'campbell', 'cattuto']
['khandelwal', 'mabry', 'digital', 'epidemiology', 'comput', 'e1002616']
['scepanovic', 'martin', 'lopez', 'quercia', 'baykaner', 'extracting', 'medical', 'entities', 'social', 'media']
['proceedings', 'conference', 'health', 'inference', 'learning', 'pages']
['schutz', 'luckmann', 'zaner', 'engelhardt', 'structures', 'world', 'number', 'northwest', 'university', 'studies', 'phenomenology', 'existential', 'philosophy', 'northwestern', 'university', 'press']
['9780810106222', 'https', 'books', 'google', 'books', 'lgxbxi0xsh8c']
['gustafson', 'hawkins', 'cleary', 'mctavish', 'pingree', 'eliason']
['lumpkins', 'effects', 'prayer', 'religious', 'expression', 'within', 'computer', 'support', 'groups', 'women', 'breast']
['cancer', 'psycho', 'oncology', 'journal', 'psychological', 'social', 'behavioral', 'dimensions', 'cancer']
[]
['rudzicz', 'detecting', 'anxiety', 'through', 'reddit', 'proceedings', 'fourth', 'workshop', 'compu', 'tational', 'linguistics', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'linguistic', 'signal', 'clinical', 'reality', 'pages']
['shultz', 'baingana', 'neria', 'ebola', 'outbreak', 'mental', 'health', 'current', 'status', 'recom', 'mended', 'response']
['simms', 'ramstedt', 'richards', 'martinez', 'giraud', 'carrier', 'detecting', 'cognitive', 'distortions']
['through', 'machine', 'learning', 'analytics', 'international', 'conference', 'healthcare', 'informatics']
['pages']
['smith', 'shinebourne', 'interpretative', 'phenomenological', 'analysis', 'american', 'psychological', 'association']
[]
['sommariva', 'vamos', 'mantzarlis', 'martinez', 'tyson', 'spreading', 'exploring']
['health', 'messages', 'social', 'media', 'implications', 'health', 'professionals', 'using', 'study', 'american', 'journal']
['health', 'education']
['strong', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'model', 'sociology', 'health', 'illness']
['tajfel', 'turner', 'austin', 'worchel', 'integrative', 'theory', 'intergroup', 'conflict', 'organizational']
['identity']
['tausczik', 'pennebaker', 'psychological', 'meaning', 'words', 'computerized', 'analysis']
['methods', 'journal', 'language', 'social', 'psychology', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter']
['economist', 'millions', 'stuck', 'online', 'wellness', 'dustry', 'booming', 'https', 'economist', 'international']
['millions', 'stuck', 'online', 'wellness', 'industry', 'booming']
['bavel', 'baicker', 'boggio', 'capraro', 'cichocka', 'cikara', 'crockett']
['douglas', 'druckman', 'using', 'social', 'behavioural', 'science', 'support', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'response']
['nature', 'human', 'behaviour', 'pages']
['varol', 'ferrara', 'davis', 'menczer', 'flammini', 'online', 'human', 'interactions', 'detection']
['estimation', 'characterization', 'eleventh', 'international', 'conference', 'social', 'media']
['immediate', 'psychological', 'responses', 'associated']
['factors', 'during', 'initial', 'stage', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'epidemic', 'among', 'general', 'population']
['china', 'international', 'journal', 'environmental', 'research', 'public', 'health']
['waterloo', 'baumgartner', 'peter', 'valkenburg', 'norms', 'online', 'expressions', 'emotion']
['comparing', 'facebook', 'twitter', 'instagram', 'whatsapp', 'media', 'society']
['windsor', 'dowell', 'graesser', 'language', 'autocrats', 'leaders', 'language', 'natural', 'disaster', 'crises']
['hazards', 'crisis', 'public', 'policy']
['wojcik', 'hughes', 'sizing', 'twitter', 'users', 'washington', 'research', 'center']
['theis', 'kordy', 'language', 'eating', 'disorder', 'blogs', 'psychological', 'implications', 'social', 'online']
['activity', 'journal', 'language', 'social', 'psychology']
['propagating', 'debunking', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'twitter', 'during', 'virus', 'outbreak']
['cyberpsychology', 'behavior', 'social', 'networking']
['torres', 'menczer', 'prevalence', 'credibility', 'information', 'twitter', 'during']
['covid', 'outbreak', 'arxiv', 'preprint', 'arxiv', '14484']
['acknowledgments']
['thank', 'sarah', 'konrath', 'rosta', 'farzan', 'licia', 'capra', 'their', 'useful', 'feedback', 'manuscript', 'research']
['partly', 'supported', 'grant', 'green', 'routes', '869764']
['availability']
['daily', 'aggregates', 'measurements', 'available', 'https', 'figshare', '14892642']
['tweet', 'available', 'https', 'github', 'echen102', 'covid', 'tweetids', 'other', 'datasets']
['visualizations', 'available', 'project', 'social', 'dynamics', 'epidemicpsychology']
['competing', 'interests']
['author', 'declare', 'competing', 'interests', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter']
['supplementary', 'materials']
['spatial', 'representativeness', 'twitter', 'geographical', 'penetration', 'twitter']
['reflects', 'spatial', 'distribution', 'population', 'compared', 'activity', 'state']
['census', 'population', 'figure', 'shows', 'number', 'twitter', 'users', 'volume', 'their', 'tweets']
['correlate', 'strongly', 'census', 'population', 'population', 'estimates', 'level', 'states']
['https', 'census']
[]
['population']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['tweets']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['population']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['users']
[]
[]
[]
[]
['figure', 'correlation', 'census', 'population', 'states', 'estimated']
['number', 'tweets', 'posted', 'those', 'states', 'number', 'unique', 'twitter', 'users', 'posted']
['least', 'tweet', 'right', 'during', 'period', 'analysis', 'linear', 'shown', 'together']
['coefficient', 'determination', 'linear', 'regression']
['pearson', 'correlation', 'coefficient']
['coefficient', 'number', 'tweets', 'twitter', 'users', 'scale', 'almost', 'linearly']
['population', 'estimates']
['signals', 'racism', 'twitter', 'discussions', 'corroborate', 'qualitative', 'intuition', 'first', 'phase']
['characterized', 'discussions', 'depicted', 'pandemic', 'foreign', 'problem', 'often', 'using', 'racist', 'undertones']
['measured', 'volume', 'tweets', 'containing', 'hashtags', 'clear', 'indicators', 'content', 'either', 'racist']
['aimed', 'antagonizing', 'china', 'manually', 'selected', 'those', 'hashtags', 'hashtags', 'appeared']
['least', 'times', 'dataset', 'figure', 'shows', 'normalized', 'volume', 'those', 'hashtags']
['during', 'first', 'phase', 'related', 'mentions', 'focus', 'twitter', 'discussions', 'china', 'asian']
['foreigners', 'their', 'peaks']
['breakdown', 'phases', 'state', 'during', 'period', 'analysis', 'country', 'fragmented', 'regions']
['dealing', 'different', 'stages', 'outbreak', 'policies', 'contrast', 'varied', 'across', 'states', 'assess']
['whether', 'those', 'differences', 'impacted', 'unfolding', 'psycho', 'social', 'epidemics', 'across', 'states', 'computed']
['measures', 'represent', 'relative', 'presence', 'three', 'phases', 'refusal', 'anger', 'acceptance']
['state', 'individually', 'results', 'shown', 'figure', 'despite', 'minor', 'differences', 'state', 'level', 'curves']
['indicate', 'three', 'phases', 'place', 'states', 'sequence', 'phases', 'consistent', 'across', 'states']
['refusal', 'followed', 'anger', 'which', 'followed', 'acceptance', 'there', 'little', 'variation']
['times', 'transition', 'between', 'phases', 'epidemic', 'psychology', 'works', 'twitter']
['paper']
['focusing', 'positive', 'during', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'mental']
['health', 'perspective', 'positive', 'psychology']
['keiko', 'yamaguchi']
['national', 'center', 'neurology', 'psychiatry', 'tokyo', 'japan']
['yoshitake', 'takebayashi']
['national', 'center', 'neurology', 'psychiatry', 'tokyo', 'japan']
['fukushima', 'medical', 'university']
['mitsuhiro', 'miyamae', 'asami', 'komazawa', 'chika', 'yokoyama', 'masaya']
['national', 'center', 'neurology', 'psychiatry', 'tokyo', 'japan']
['paper', 'discusses', 'positive', 'emotions', 'maintain', 'improve', 'mental', 'health', 'during']
['covid', 'outbreak', 'taking', 'account', 'examples', 'social', 'interaction', 'positive', 'psychology', 'research']
['efforts', 'japanese', 'context']
['keywords', 'positive', 'emotion', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'strength']
['uncontrollable', 'spread', 'coronavirus', 'covid']
['promulgating', 'sense', 'hopelessness']
['there', 'seems', 'longer', 'exist', 'place', 'anywhere']
['world', 'mental', 'health', 'crises', 'occurring', 'worldwide', 'affecting']
['individuals', 'variety', 'including', 'stress', 'anxiety']
['helplessness', 'depression', 'although', 'number']
['covid', 'infections', 'mortality', 'rates', 'japan', 'mained', 'relatively', 'compared', 'those', 'western', 'tries', 'country', 'still', 'explosive', 'spread']
['infection', 'there', 'rising', 'public', 'interest']
['mental', 'health', 'previously', 'shown', 'positive']
['emotions', 'comfort', 'happiness', 'gratitude']
['maintain', 'improve', 'human', 'mental', 'health', 'however']
['given', 'positive', 'emotions', 'often', 'experienced', 'inter', 'personal', 'relationships', 'current', 'situation', 'requires', 'taining', 'social', 'distance', 'inhibits', 'development', 'positive']
['emotions', 'forms', 'basis', 'mental', 'health', 'crisis']
['current', 'situation', 'various', 'initiatives', 'imple', 'mented', 'worldwide', 'throughout', 'japan', 'maintain']
['emotional', 'connections', 'through', 'social', 'interaction', 'while', 'maintain', 'physical', 'distance', 'example', 'japanese', 'musician']
['hoshino', 'proposed', 'relish', 'dancing']
['inside', 'layering', 'sounds', 'images', 'different']
['people', 'responded', 'uploading', 'their', 'enjoyable', 'moments', 'social']
['networking', 'sites', 'attracting', 'attention', 'online', 'there']
['another', 'example', 'nintendo', 'online', 'videogame', 'called']
['animal', 'crossing', 'horizons', 'which', 'players', 'freely']
['forth', 'between', 'other', 'houses', 'engage', 'social']
['interaction', 'virtual', 'space', 'strampe', 'efforts']
['together', 'facilitate', 'joyful', 'emotional', 'connection']
['while', 'maintaining', 'physical', 'distance', 'represent', 'positive', 'change']
['during', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['based', 'findings', 'psychology', 'research', 'positive', 'emotions']
['shown', 'important', 'psychological', 'covery', 'process', 'individuals', 'experienced', 'intense', 'stress']
['developed', 'mental', 'disorders', 'depression', 'ample', 'emotion', 'regulation', 'utilizing', 'positive', 'emotion', 'during', 'ative', 'emotional', 'states', 'explained', 'depressive', 'symptoms', 'prospec', 'tively', 'questionnaire', 'survey', 'conducted', 'university', 'students']
['yamaguchi', 'takebayashi', 'additionally', 'previous']
['research', 'shown', 'deliberately', 'savoring', 'ordinary', 'casual']
['behavior', 'using', 'senses', 'amplify', 'positive', 'emotions']
['quoidbach', 'berry', 'hansenne', 'mikolajczak', 'based']
['these', 'findings', 'positive', 'valence', 'system', 'focused', 'cognitive', 'behavioral', 'therapy', 'anhedonia', 'developed', 'dergoing', 'clinical', 'trial', 'japan', 'therefore']
['whereas', 'normal', 'anxious', 'exhausted', 'during']
['ongoing', 'crisis', 'focusing', 'savoring', 'positive', 'emotions']
['midst', 'could', 'serve', 'first', 'feeling']
['before']
['editor', 'commentary', 'received', 'rapid', 'review', 'sensitive', 'nature', 'content', 'reviewed', 'journal', 'editor']
[]
['article', 'published', 'online', 'first']
['keiko', 'yamaguchi', 'national', 'center', 'cognitive', 'behavior', 'therapy']
['research', 'national', 'center', 'neurology', 'psychiatry', 'tokyo', 'japan']
['yoshitake', 'takebayashi', 'national', 'center', 'cognitive', 'behavior', 'research', 'national', 'center', 'neurology', 'psychiatry']
['department', 'health', 'communication', 'school', 'medicine', 'shima', 'medical', 'university', 'mitsuhiro', 'miyamae', 'national', 'center']
['cognitive', 'behavior', 'therapy', 'research', 'national', 'institute', 'roscience', 'national', 'center', 'neurology', 'psychiatry', 'asami', 'azawa', 'chika', 'yokoyama', 'masaya', 'national', 'center', 'cogni', 'behavior', 'therapy', 'research', 'national', 'center', 'neurology']
['psychiatry']
['authors', 'declare', 'conflict', 'interests']
['correspondence', 'concerning', 'article', 'should', 'addressed', 'yoshitake']
['takebayashi', 'department', 'health', 'communication', 'school', 'fukushima', 'medical', 'university', 'hikarigaoka', 'fukushima', 'shima', 'japan', 'ytake2']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly']
['psychological', 'trauma']
['theory', 'research', 'practice', 'policy']
['american', 'psychological', 'association']
['tra0000807']
['s49moreover', 'psychological', 'crisis', 'facing', 'right']
['prove', 'turning', 'point', 'looking']
['important', 'discovering', 'aspects', 'about', 'ourselves']
['example', 'recognizing', 'physical', 'social', 'psychological']
['resources', 'present', 'around', 'searching', 'their', 'strengths']
['reflect', 'small', 'daily', 'experiences', 'provide', 'further', 'hints']
['building', 'personal', 'resilience', 'strengths', 'based', 'cognitive', 'behavioral']
['therapy', 'komazawa', 'ishimura', 'padesky', 'mooney']
['serve', 'opportunity', 'observe', 'experience']
['psychological', 'being', 'reflect', 'purpose', 'lives', 'cosci', 'guidi', 'tomba']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'could', 'rightly', 'termed', 'loneliness']
['pandemic', 'santos', 'however', 'focusing', 'positive']
['alleviate', 'loneliness']
['strength', 'survive', 'difficult', 'phase']
['although', 'crisis', 'covid']
['pandemic', 'portends', 'prolonged', 'initially', 'expected']
['therefore', 'continue', 'merely', 'endure', 'negative', 'emotions']
['patience', 'tolerance', 'devising']
['allows', 'feelings']
['happiness', 'crisis', 'situation']
['maintenance', 'mental', 'health', 'japan']
['where', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'would']
['worthwhile', 'learn', 'world', 'previous', 'outbreaks']
['tackle', 'stress', 'current', 'pandemic', 'better', 'through']
['preventive', 'mental', 'health', 'strategies', 'positive', 'psycho', 'logical', 'perspective', 'should', 'considered', 'mental']
['health', 'strategies', 'introduced', 'paper']
['various', 'approaches', 'available', 'approach', 'should']
['applied', 'according', 'social', 'situation', 'individual', 'needs']
['paper']
['invited', 'review']
['experiences', 'learnings', 'professional', 'psychology', 'training']
['partners', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'impacts', 'challenges']
['opportunities']
['goghari']
['university', 'toronto']
['hagstrom']
['northern', 'ontario', 'psychology', 'internship', 'consortium']
['joseph', 'group', 'thunder', 'ontario', 'canada']
['canadian', 'council', 'professional', 'psychology', 'programs']
['stewart', 'madon']
['accreditation', 'canadian', 'psychological', 'association', 'ottawa']
['ontario', 'canada']
['karen', 'messer', 'engel']
['association', 'canadian', 'psychology', 'regulatory', 'organizations']
['saskatchewan', 'college', 'psychologists', 'regina']
['saskatchewan']
['declaration', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'march', 'impacted']
['society', 'unprecedented', 'transformational', 'effects', 'professional', 'psychology', 'training', 'within']
['months', 'review', 'gathers', 'knowledge', 'leaders', 'three', 'training', 'partners', 'canada']
['canadian', 'council', 'professional', 'psychology', 'programs', 'ccppp', 'accreditation', 'panel', 'canadian']
['psychological', 'association', 'association', 'canadian', 'psychology', 'regulatory', 'organisations', 'acpro']
['editor', 'canadian', 'psychology', 'share', 'experiences', 'learnings', 'about', 'profound']
['effect', 'covid', 'academic', 'programs', 'internships', 'accreditation', 'regulatory', 'functions']
['review', 'discusses', 'training', 'pathway', 'student', 'learner', 'licensed', 'psychologist', 'prominent', 'educa', 'tional', 'advocacy', 'regulatory', 'bodies', 'associated', 'psychology', 'training', 'canada', 'pandemic', 'related']
['challenges', 'training', 'ethical', 'decision', 'making', 'framework', 'developed', 'canadian', 'context']
['mitigating', 'these', 'challenges', 'resulting', 'guiding', 'aspirational', 'principles', 'decision', 'making']
['during', 'pandemic', 'personal', 'examples', 'pandemic', 'impact', 'roles', 'affiliated', 'organisa', 'tions', 'although', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'created', 'challenges', 'professional', 'training', 'pandemic']
['catalyst', 'change', 'within', 'profession', 'encouraging', 'expansion', 'education']
['telehealth', 'practices', 'pandemic', 'encouraged', 'enhanced', 'communication', 'within', 'whole', 'training']
['community', 'consensus', 'based', 'ethical', 'decision', 'making', 'encouraged', 'focus', 'defining', 'profes', 'sional', 'priorities', 'professional', 'psychology', 'training', 'community', 'faced', 'continue']
['multifaceted', 'complex', 'problems', 'result', 'pandemic', 'however', 'emerge']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'resilient', 'reflective', 'cohesive', 'professional', 'psychology', 'training']
['community']
['editor', 'invited', 'review', 'received', 'editorial', 'review']
['elizabeth', 'votta', 'bleeker']
['goghari', 'graduate', 'department', 'psychological', 'clinical', 'university', 'toronto', 'hagstrom', 'northern', 'ontario', 'psychology']
['internship', 'consortium', 'joseph', 'group', 'thunder', 'ontario']
['canada', 'canadian', 'council', 'professional', 'psychology', 'programs']
['stewart', 'madon', 'accreditation', 'canadian', 'psychological', 'association', 'ontario', 'canada', 'karen', 'messer', 'engel', 'association', 'canadian']
['psychology', 'regulatory', 'organizations', 'saskatchewan', 'college', 'chologists', 'regina', 'saskatchewan']
['indebted', 'deanna', 'toews', 'editorial', 'assistance', 'thank']
['executive', 'members', 'canadian', 'council', 'professional', 'psychol', 'programs', 'their', 'assistance', 'canadian', 'training', 'committee']
['during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'brooke', 'beatie', 'elena', 'bilevicius', 'jacquie']
['cohen', 'catherine', 'costigan', 'jason', 'doiron', 'lesley', 'lutes', 'amanda', 'maran', 'kerri', 'ritchie', 'vandermorris', 'thank', 'carole', 'sinclair', 'chair']
['canadian', 'psychological', 'association', 'committee', 'ethics']
['deborah', 'dobson', 'chair', 'accreditation', 'panel', 'their']
['editorial', 'comments', 'suggestions', 'thank', 'members']
['accreditation', 'panel', 'their', 'responsiveness', 'efforts', 'during']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'douglas', 'damien', 'cormier', 'fitzgerald']
['elaine', 'guise', 'anusha', 'kassan', 'matthew', 'mcdaniel', 'olver']
['thank', 'directors', 'acpro', 'their', 'consultation', 'support']
['addressing', 'issues', 'arisen', 'result', 'covid']
['pandemic', 'stéphane', 'beaulieu', 'gordon', 'butler', 'harnett', 'andrea']
['kowaz', 'morris', 'jacques', 'richard', 'slusky', 'philip', 'smith']
['richard', 'spelliscy']
['correspondence', 'concerning', 'article', 'should', 'addressed']
['goghari', 'graduate', 'department', 'psychological', 'clinical', 'science', 'univer', 'toronto', 'military', 'trail', 'toronto', 'canada']
['goghari', 'utoronto']
['canadian', 'psychology', 'psychologie', 'canadienne']
[]
['canadian', 'psychological', 'association', 'cap0000250']
['167public', 'significance', 'statement']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'present', 'relatively', 'short', 'period', 'caused', 'large']
['disruptions', 'professional', 'psychology', 'training', 'canada', 'aspects', 'professional', 'psychology']
['training', 'pathway', 'student', 'learner', 'licensed', 'psychologist', 'impacted', 'review']
['detail', 'prominent', 'challenges', 'academic', 'programs', 'internships', 'accreditory']
['regulatory', 'bodies', 'discuss', 'opportunities', 'arisen', 'enhance', 'professional']
['psychology', 'training', 'including', 'education', 'telehealth', 'enhanced', 'communication', 'collab', 'oration', 'between', 'training', 'partners', 'practicing', 'refining', 'ethical', 'decision', 'making']
['summary', 'leave', 'readership', 'aspirational', 'thoughts', 'learnings', 'experi', 'ences', 'including', 'value', 'being', 'community', 'focused', 'student', 'centred', 'where', 'feasible', 'facili', 'tating', 'equity', 'diversity', 'inclusion', 'being', 'transparent', 'humble', 'communication']
['knowledge', 'rapidly', 'evolving', 'situation']
['keywords', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'counselling', 'psychology', 'education', 'psychology', 'health', 'service', 'providers']
['school', 'psychology']
['psychology', 'professional', 'training', 'community', 'vibrant']
['group', 'students', 'trainers', 'educational', 'advocacy']
['regulatory', 'organisations', 'together', 'train', 'license']
['ethical', 'competent', 'psychologists', 'process', 'professional']
['psychology', 'training', 'complex', 'requires', 'effective', 'partnerships']
['between', 'academic', 'institutions', 'hospitals', 'other', 'clinical', 'training']
['sites', 'accreditation', 'regulatory', 'bodies', 'however', 'early']
['march', 'normal', 'complexities', 'training', 'became', 'further']
['complicated', 'march', 'world', 'health', 'organisation']
['announced', 'worldwide', 'coronavirus', 'disease']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'owing', 'spread', 'impact']
['severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus']
['which', 'affected', 'aspects', 'society', 'facets', 'professional']
['training', 'tedros', 'adhanom', 'ghebreyesus', 'director', 'general']
['stated', 'public', 'health', 'crisis']
['crisis', 'touch', 'every', 'sector', 'every', 'sector', 'every']
['individual', 'involved', 'fight']
['beginning', 'countries', 'whole', 'government', 'whole', 'society', 'approach', 'built', 'around', 'comprehensive', 'strategy']
['prevent', 'infections', 'lives', 'minimise', 'impact', 'world', 'health']
['organisation', 'indeed', 'after', 'announcement', 'inter', 'national', 'travel', 'highly', 'restricted', 'individuals', 'began', 'working']
['wherever', 'possible', 'nonessential', 'services', 'closed']
['physical', 'distancing', 'enforced', 'public', 'settings', 'these']
['necessary', 'public', 'health', 'policies', 'greatly', 'disrupted', 'canadian']
['psychology', 'professional', 'training', 'community', 'capacity', 'provide']
['typical', 'quality', 'education', 'sectors']
['response', 'pandemic', 'psychology', 'professional', 'training']
['underwent', 'rapid', 'widespread', 'changes', 'universities', 'moved']
['online', 'platforms', 'graduate', 'classes', 'research', 'labouratories']
['closed', 'practicum', 'training', 'paused', 'jurisdictions']
['nature', 'internship', 'training', 'affected', 'service', 'provision', 'shifted']
['toward', 'telehealth', 'exams', 'required', 'licensure']
['examination', 'professional', 'practice', 'psychology', 'poned', 'short', 'every', 'aspect', 'psychology', 'professional', 'training']
['affected']
['within', 'short', 'frame', 'educational', 'advocacy', 'latory', 'organisations', 'associations', 'charge', 'ducing', 'guiding', 'principles', 'letters', 'statements', 'advise']
['academic', 'internship', 'training', 'directors', 'students', 'about']
['pertinent', 'sensitive', 'issues', 'these']
['documents', 'provided', 'direction', 'variety', 'issues', 'arising']
['impact', 'covid', 'including', 'following']
['overall', 'principles', 'guide', 'decision', 'making', 'problem', 'solving']
['specific', 'guidance', 'decisions', 'regarding', 'dealing']
['reductions', 'clinical', 'hours', 'students', 'interns']
['reentry', 'clinical', 'settings']
['because', 'great', 'quantity', 'information', 'produced']
['short', 'review', 'bring', 'together']
['knowledge', 'gathered', 'various', 'training', 'partners']
['experiences', 'throughout', 'process', 'regarding', 'demic', 'programs', 'internships', 'accreditation', 'regulatory', 'tions', 'affected', 'covid', 'personally', 'editor']
['canadian', 'psychology', 'member', 'canadian', 'psychological']
['association', 'accreditation', 'panel', 'panel', 'graduate', 'chair']
['clinical', 'psychology', 'program', 'university', 'toronto']
['navigating', 'disruption', 'academic', 'clinical', 'training']
['environments', 'program', 'result', 'covid']
['assist', 'professional', 'training', 'community', 'compiling', 'knowl', 'information', 'accumulated', 'continuing', 'versation', 'regarding', 'ongoing', 'issues', 'invited']
['colleagues', 'leaders', 'training', 'community']
['share', 'their', 'knowledge', 'experiences', 'learnings', 'hagstrom']
['psych', 'president', 'canadian', 'council']
['professional', 'psychology', 'programs', 'ccppp', 'pandemic']
['first', 'emerged', 'serving', 'continues']
['serve', 'ccppp', 'executive', 'president']
['director', 'training', 'northern', 'ontario', 'psychology', 'intern', 'consortium', 'norpic', 'stewart', 'madon', 'psych']
['registrar', 'accreditation', 'canadian', 'psychological']
['association', 'since', 'ethics', 'officer']
['karen', 'messer', 'engel', 'psych', 'chair']
['association', 'canadian', 'psychology', 'regulatory', 'organisations']
['acpro', 'executive', 'director', 'registrar']
['saskatchewan', 'college', 'psychologists', 'previously']
['served', 'member', 'board', 'directors', 'association']
['state', 'provincial', 'psychology', 'boards', 'asppb']
['acknowledge', 'review', 'cannot', 'wholly', 'comprehensive']
['goghari', 'hagstrom', 'madon', 'messer', 'engelof', 'issues', 'facing', 'trainers', 'students', 'institutions', 'associations']
['related', 'professional', 'psychology', 'simply', 'snapshot']
['current', 'continuously', 'evolving', 'picture']
['review', 'first', 'provides', 'summary', 'training', 'pathway']
['student', 'learner', 'licensed', 'psychologist', 'referred']
['registered', 'psychologist', 'overview', 'prominent']
['educational', 'advocacy', 'regulatory', 'bodies', 'associated', 'train', 'canada', 'second', 'detail', 'training']
['affected', 'covid', 'perspective', 'academic', 'grams', 'internship', 'settings', 'regulatory', 'bodies', 'third', 'scribe', 'ethical', 'decision', 'making', 'framework', 'generated']
['develop', 'guiding', 'aspirational', 'principles']
['decision', 'making', 'during', 'pandemic', 'provide', 'summary']
['fourth', 'provide', 'personal', 'examples']
['roles', 'professional', 'training', 'impacted']
['attempted', 'guiding', 'principles', 'adjudicate', 'issues']
['facing', 'because', 'stress', 'system']
['provides', 'opportunities', 'learn', 'strengthen', 'various', 'elements']
['pathways', 'provide', 'suggestions', 'field', 'regarding']
['build', 'robust', 'training', 'environment']
['training', 'pathway', 'student', 'learner']
['licensed', 'psychologist']
['pathway', 'licensure', 'working', 'professional', 'chologist', 'involves', 'numerous', 'steps', 'different', 'organisa', 'tions', 'documented', 'figure', 'there', 'single', 'authority']
['organisation', 'within', 'pathway', 'provides', 'exclusive', 'sight', 'depending', 'particular', 'stages', 'students', 'within']
['pathway', 'different', 'organisations', 'programs', 'relatively']
['larger', 'roles', 'their', 'success', 'progression', 'toward', 'their']
['students', 'first', 'contemplate', 'career', 'psychologist']
['enroll', 'undergraduate', 'academic', 'institution', 'offering']
['bachelor', 'degree', 'major', 'psychology', 'affiliated', 'field']
['undergraduate', 'students', 'focus', 'typically', 'developing']
['fostering', 'relationships', 'within', 'academic', 'world', 'gaining']
['research', 'experience', 'maintaining', 'grade', 'point', 'average']
['applying', 'federal', 'provincial', 'funding', 'where', 'relevant']
['consideration', 'students', 'hoping', 'obtain', 'graduate', 'level']
['applied', 'training', 'ensure', 'graduate', 'programs', 'which']
['apply', 'provincially', 'territorially', 'chartered', 'versities']
['graduate', 'professional', 'psychology', 'training']
['academic', 'institutions']
['after', 'graduate', 'professional', 'psychology', 'training', 'program', 'student', 'academic', 'institution', 'responsible', 'ensuring']
['student', 'progressing', 'successfully', 'through', 'various']
['degree', 'requirements', 'university', 'programs', 'offer', 'combined']
['master', 'doctoral', 'degrees', 'require', 'separate', 'applications']
['degree', 'almost', 'require', 'students', 'complete', 'prehensive', 'examinations', 'thesis', 'master', 'level']
['dissertation', 'doctoral', 'level', 'predoc', 'toral', 'internship', 'referred', 'residency', 'completed']
['american', 'psychological', 'association', 'accredited']
['internship', 'program', 'equivalent', 'process']
['applying', 'predoctoral', 'internship', 'closely', 'resembles']
['national', 'matching', 'service', 'process', 'medical', 'residents', 'undertake']
['applying', 'their', 'specialty', 'residency', 'students']
['obtain', 'consent', 'support', 'their', 'academic', 'institution', 'through']
['verification', 'letter', 'attests', 'their', 'readiness', 'proceed']
['internship', 'training', 'familiarize', 'themselves', 'complete']
['association', 'doctoral', 'internship', 'centers', 'applica', 'psychology', 'internships', 'obtain', 'three', 'references']
['practicum', 'research', 'supervisors', 'apply', 'their']
['desired', 'internship', 'sites']
['internship']
['internship', 'directors', 'review', 'completed', 'application']
['forms', 'length', 'averages', 'pages', 'offer', 'interviews']
['potential', 'candidates', 'might', 'internship']
['rotations', 'experiences', 'offered', 'application', 'process', 'happens']
['during', 'months', 'academic', 'interviews', 'occur']
['beginning', 'winter', 'academic', 'session', 'typically', 'finishing']
['january', 'internship', 'applicants', 'internship', 'programs']
['decide', 'whether', 'other', 'parties', 'submit', 'their']
['rankings', 'national', 'matching', 'service', 'february', 'results']
['match', 'released', 'second', 'phase', 'match', 'occurs']
['smaller', 'scale', 'applicants', 'programs', 'remain']
['unmatched', 'after', 'first', 'phase', 'positions', 'unmatched', 'appli', 'cants', 'remain', 'after', 'phases', 'national', 'matching', 'process']
['complete', 'informal', 'clearinghouse', 'phase', 'provides', 'oppor', 'tunity', 'those', 'positions', 'while', 'student', 'completes', 'internship', 'formally', 'accredited', 'internship', 'external']
['student', 'academic', 'program', 'internship', 'recom', 'internship', 'decision', 'confer']
['student', 'predoctoral', 'internship', 'solely']
['academic', 'program', 'further', 'academic', 'program']
['determines', 'whether', 'degree', 'requirements']
['decides', 'whether', 'degree', 'conferred']
['accreditation']
['plays', 'vital', 'student', 'career', 'pathway', 'through']
['accreditation', 'academic', 'internship', 'programs', 'partic', 'accreditation', 'panel', 'registrar', 'serve', 'vital']
['figure', 'depiction', 'relationships', 'between', 'organisations', 'associated']
['doctoral', 'level', 'professional', 'psychology', 'training', 'canada']
['online', 'article', 'color', 'version', 'figure']
['covid', 'learnings', 'psychology', 'training', '169function', 'protecting', 'learner', 'ultimately', 'public', 'through']
['ensuring', 'adherence', 'national', 'standards', 'training', 'which']
['derived', 'through', 'inclusive', 'consultation', 'profession']
['training', 'community', 'academic', 'internship', 'programs']
['apply', 'accreditation', 'process', 'includes', 'documentary']
['person', 'review', 'program', 'staff', 'students']
['facilities', 'obtained', 'programs', 'ensure', 'continue']
['national', 'standards', 'delivery', 'education', 'train', 'professional', 'psychology', 'through', 'annual', 'reporting']
['accreditation', 'panel', 'periodic', 'reaccreditation', 'visits']
['accreditation', 'issued', 'terms', 'lasting', 'three', 'seven', 'years']
['applying', 'licensure']
['individual', 'successfully', 'earns', 'graduate', 'degree']
['psychology', 'academic', 'institution', 'graduate', 'begins']
['process', 'applying', 'provincial', 'territorial', 'regulatory']
['regulatory', 'mandate', 'public', 'protection']
['meeting', 'mandate', 'involves', 'ensuring', 'those', 'applying']
['licensure', 'established', 'standards', 'training', 'fession', 'carried', 'regulatory', 'bodies', 'prescribed']
['provincial', 'territorial', 'legislation', 'which', 'varies', 'across', 'jurisdic', 'tions', 'example', 'jurisdictions', 'unique', 'requirements']
['terms', 'number', 'practice', 'hours', 'types', 'training', 'experi', 'ences', 'individuals', 'eligible', 'apply', 'licen', 'additionally', 'jurisdictions', 'necessarily', 'license']
['competency', 'areas', 'related', 'professional', 'psychology', 'train', 'regulatory', 'bodies', 'closely', 'together', 'collaborate']
['training', 'community', 'assuring']
['those', 'trained', 'profession', 'competent', 'ethical', 'prepared']
['enter', 'practice', 'interest', 'protecting', 'public']
['organisations', 'involved', 'professional', 'training']
['given', 'complexity', 'professional', 'psychology', 'training']
['training', 'community', 'supported', 'various', 'organisations']
['different', 'scope', 'mission', 'these', 'membership', 'bodies']
['comprise', 'groupings', 'programs', 'regulatory', 'bodies', 'organisations']
['corporations', 'associations', 'share', 'common']
['similar', 'objectives', 'although', 'membership', 'groups', 'differing']
['mandates', 'share', 'common', 'priority', 'ensure']
['those', 'enter', 'profession', 'competent', 'ethical']
['equipped', 'challenges', 'professional', 'psycholo', 'regulatory', 'organisations', 'mandate', 'protect', 'public']
['achieved', 'through', 'licensing', 'psychologists', 'overseeing']
['provision', 'psychological', 'services', 'addressing', 'concerns']
['raised', 'regarding', 'members', 'profession', 'mandate', 'vocacy', 'organisations', 'promote', 'profession', 'psychology']
['influence', 'public', 'opinion', 'toward', 'policy', 'improvements']
['enhance', 'people', 'quality', 'educational', 'organisations']
['common', 'mandate', 'ensuring', 'ongoing', 'delivery']
['quality', 'standardized', 'education', 'training', 'individual', 'learners', 'different', 'organisations', 'world', 'within']
['north', 'america', 'within', 'canada', 'fulfill', 'these', 'various', 'mandates']
['figure', 'presents', 'organisations', 'germane', 'canadian', 'professional']
['psychology']
['regulatory', 'organisations']
['regulation', 'psychology', 'canada', 'occurs', 'provincial']
['territorial', 'level', 'jurisdictions', 'differ', 'their', 'standards']
['licensure', 'licensure', 'processes', 'regulatory', 'philosophies']
['association', 'canadian', 'psychology', 'regulatory', 'organisations']
['acpro', 'corporation', 'whose', 'members']
['provincial', 'territorial', 'northwest', 'territories', 'ulatory', 'organisations', 'psychology', 'canada', 'mission', 'volves', 'facilitating', 'information', 'sharing', 'among', 'organisations']
['regulate', 'practice', 'psychology', 'canada', 'appro', 'priate', 'together', 'address', 'issues', 'common', 'concern']
['strive', 'excellence', 'public', 'protection', 'meanwhile']
['mission', 'asppb', '2020a', 'support', 'member', 'regulatory']
['jurisdictions', 'canada', 'united', 'states', 'fulfilling', 'their']
['responsibility', 'public', 'protection', 'organisation']
['administers', 'examination', 'professional', 'practice', 'chology']
['advocacy', 'organisations']
['advocacy', 'organisations', 'exist', 'various', 'jurisdictional', 'levels']
['influence', 'public', 'policy', 'promote', 'excellence', 'within', 'profes', 'psychology', 'provincial', 'territorial', 'advocacy', 'associa', 'tions', 'composed', 'members', 'practice', 'psychology', 'within']
['their', 'jurisdictions', 'association', 'strives']
['advance', 'profession', 'within', 'province', 'territory']
['national', 'level', 'council', 'professional', 'associations', 'chology', 'promotes', 'collaboration', 'resource', 'among', 'provincial', 'territorial', 'national', 'psychological']
['figure', 'organisations', 'associated', 'canadian', 'context', 'ulatory', 'advocacy', 'educational', 'missions', 'professional', 'psychology']
['acpro', 'association', 'canadian', 'psychology', 'regulatory', 'organisations']
['asppb', 'association', 'state', 'provincial', 'psychology', 'boards']
['canadian', 'psychological', 'association', 'council', 'professional']
['associations', 'psychology', 'appic', 'association', 'psychology', 'doctoral', 'internship', 'centers', 'council', 'canadian', 'depart', 'ments', 'psychology', 'ccppp', 'canadian', 'council', 'professional', 'chology', 'programs', 'council', 'chairs', 'training', 'councils']
['cudcp', 'council', 'university', 'directors', 'clinical', 'psychology']
['online', 'article', 'color', 'version', 'figure']
['goghari', 'hagstrom', 'madon', 'messer', 'engelassociations', 'national', 'professional', 'association', 'practice', 'education', 'psychology', 'canada', 'psychological', 'association', '2020a', 'country']
['largest', 'association', 'psychology', 'vision', 'society', 'which']
['understanding', 'diverse', 'human', 'needs', 'behaviours', 'aspirations']
['drive', 'legislation', 'policies', 'programs', 'individuals', 'organisa', 'tions', 'communities', 'mission', 'advance', 'research', 'knowl', 'application', 'psychology', 'service', 'society']
['through', 'advocacy', 'support', 'collaboration']
['educational', 'organisations']
['membership', 'educational', 'organisations', 'consists', 'repre', 'sentatives', 'universities', 'internship', 'sites', 'typically', 'training']
['directors', 'inclusion', 'occurs', 'based', 'their', 'shared', 'mandates']
['missions', 'values', 'supports', 'academic']
['programs', 'internships', 'canada', 'through', 'accreditation']
['adjudicated', 'accreditation', 'panel', '2020b']
['membership', 'panel', 'consists', 'primarily', 'current']
['training', 'directors', 'professionals', 'working', 'provision', 'fessional', 'psychology', 'education', 'training', 'student', 'panel', 'supported', 'registrar']
['accreditation', 'mandate', 'accreditation', 'panel']
['promote', 'excellence', 'innovation', 'psychological', 'education']
['through', 'accreditation', 'standards', 'procedures', 'doctoral']
['internship', 'programs', 'professional', 'psychology', 'panel', 'accred', 'training', 'programs', 'accredit', 'register', 'license']
['certify', 'individuals', 'practice', 'psychology', 'canada']
['ccppp', '2020b', 'represents', 'various', 'university', 'based', 'profes', 'sional', 'psychology', 'programs', 'internship', 'settings', 'canada']
['train', 'professional', 'psychologists', 'clinical', 'psychologists']
['counselling', 'psychologists', 'clinical', 'neuropsychologists']
['those', 'other', 'branches', 'professional', 'psychology', 'council']
['chairs', 'training', 'councils', '2020b', 'consists', 'heads']
['north', 'american', 'training', 'councils', 'mission', 'provide']
['forum', 'communication', 'among', 'doctoral', 'internship', 'doctoral', 'training', 'associations', 'psychology', 'association']
['psychology', 'postdoctoral', 'internship', 'centers', 'appic', '2020a']
['membership', 'organisation', 'internships', 'postdoctoral', 'grams', 'professional', 'psychology', 'dedicated', 'providing']
['resources', 'training', 'directors', 'psychology', 'interns', 'intern']
['applicants', 'organisation', 'facilitates', 'national', 'match']
['internships']
['council', 'university', 'directors', 'clinical', 'psychology']
['cudcp', 'membership', 'organisation', 'academic', 'insti', 'tutions', 'based', 'primarily', 'united', 'states', 'however', 'nadian', 'university', 'training', 'directors', 'belong', 'group']
['cudcp', 'purpose', 'promote', 'advancement', 'graduate']
['education', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'produces', 'psychologists']
['trained', 'generate', 'integrate', 'scientific', 'professional', 'exper', 'further', 'psychological', 'science', 'professional', 'practice']
['psychology', 'human', 'welfare']
['finally', 'council', 'canadian', 'departments', 'psychology']
['membership', 'organisation', 'mainly', 'composed']
['chairs', 'heads', 'departments', 'psychology', 'serves']
['advocacy', 'informational', 'relation', 'regional']
['national', 'agencies', 'provide', 'research', 'scholarship', 'funds']
['provides', 'leadership', 'perspective', 'regard', 'undergradu', 'graduate', 'education', 'research', 'taking', 'place', 'within']
['psychology', 'departments']
['impact', 'covid', 'academic', 'training']
['impact', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'academic', 'training']
['programs', 'widespread', 'encompassing', 'courses', 'research']
['practicum', 'internships', 'graduation', 'phased', 'recovery', 'begins']
['different', 'provinces', 'territories', 'universities', 'begin']
['reopen', 'institutions', 'judicious', 'deciding']
['provide', 'environment', 'allows', 'physical', 'distancing']
['supplying', 'personal', 'protective', 'equipment', 'ensur', 'sufficient', 'cleaning', 'accordance', 'public', 'health', 'require', 'ments', 'additionally', 'programs', 'assess', 'carefully']
['allow', 'student', 'learners', 'return', 'practicum', 'based']
['learner', 'client', 'considerations']
['courses']
['campus', 'closures', 'cancellation', 'person', 'classes']
['among', 'first', 'impacts', 'covid', 'postsecondary', 'institu', 'tions', 'universities', 'declaring', 'remote', 'instruction']
['beginning', 'march', 'within', 'instructors', 'learn']
['various', 'video', 'conferencing', 'online', 'teaching', 'tools']
['deliver', 'academic', 'programming', 'fortunately', 'institutions']
['approaching', 'winter', 'semester', 'approxi', 'mately', 'three', 'weeks', 'classes', 'complete', 'launching', 'courses']
['online', 'motion', 'issues', 'protecting']
['intellectual', 'property', 'online', 'teaching', 'delivery', 'methods', 'ensuring']
['academic', 'integrity', 'exams', 'guarding', 'protected', 'testing', 'rials', 'teaching', 'across', 'zones', 'accommodate', 'students']
['returned', 'universities', 'continue', 'operate']
['largely', 'online', 'semester']
['beyond', 'broad', 'implications', 'launching', 'entire']
['curriculum', 'online', 'quite', 'different', 'challenge', 'using', 'online']
['tools', 'finish', 'delivering', 'small', 'portion', 'person', 'curricu', 'instructors', 'training', 'directors', 'experts']
['online', 'educational', 'pedagogy', 'challenging', 'offer']
['experiential', 'courses', 'neuropsychological', 'assessment']
['fully', 'online', 'format', 'training', 'community', 'address']
['these', 'complex', 'issues']
['research']
['ensure', 'physical', 'distancing', 'compelled', 'majority']
['research', 'labouratories', 'closure', 'disrupted']
['person', 'research', 'activities', 'institutions', 'presently', 'porting', 'online', 'research', 'critical', 'research', 'dents', 'meant', 'having', 'defend', 'theses', 'based', 'smaller']
['sample', 'sizes', 'removing', 'certain', 'studies', 'their', 'theses', 'shift', 'their', 'studies', 'conducted', 'online', 'students']
['pandemic', 'require', 'reformulate', 'their', 'research', 'ideas']
['methods', 'completely', 'pivot', 'their', 'research', 'phased', 'recovery']
['reopening', 'commence', 'across', 'country', 'person', 'human']
['research', 'likely', 'research', 'activity', 'restart', 'uncertain', 'research', 'vulnerable', 'populations']
['permitted', 'again', 'restart', 'might']
['ethical', 'recruit', 'participants', 'physically', 'research', 'sites']
['disruption', 'research', 'create', 'several', 'issues', 'training']
['learners', 'students', 'longer', 'complete', 'their', 'degrees']
['covid', 'learnings', 'psychology', 'training', '171relative', 'their', 'prepandemic', 'timelines', 'students']
['tuition', 'waivers', 'extensions', 'their', 'funding', 'cohort', 'additional']
['money', 'required', 'support', 'students', 'facilitate', 'adaptations']
['conduct', 'their', 'research', 'furthermore']
['supervisors', 'increasingly', 'compromised', 'position']
['terms', 'their', 'funding', 'continue', 'employ', 'students']
['staff', 'while', 'their', 'research']
['extra', 'money', 'graduate', 'students', 'extended', 'lines', 'fortunately', 'individual', 'institutions', 'offering', 'tuition']
['waivers', 'funding', 'students', 'pivot', 'their', 'research']
['council', 'agencies', 'extended', 'funding', 'months']
['scholarship', 'fellowship', 'holders', 'canada', 'graduate', 'schol', 'arships', 'master', 'doctoral', 'vanier', 'streams', 'banting', 'postdoc', 'toral', 'fellowships', 'agency', 'specific', 'doctoral', 'postdoctoral']
['programs', 'ending', 'between', 'march', 'august', 'social']
['sciences', 'humanities', 'research', 'council', 'sshrc', '2020a']
['represents', 'million', 'investment', 'training', 'federal']
['government', 'council', 'agencies', 'allowed']
['extensions', 'grants', 'extension', 'funds', 'additional', 'funds']
['principal', 'investigators', 'which', 'support', 'students']
['canadian', 'institutes', 'health', 'research', 'national', 'sciences']
['engineering', 'research', 'council', 'sshrc', '2020b']
['practicum', 'hours']
['pandemic', 'profoundly', 'affected', 'students', 'practicum']
['virtually', 'person', 'clinical', 'experiences', 'paused']
['handful', 'sites', 'offering', 'remote', 'telehealth', 'during', 'early']
['pandemic', 'unclear', 'disruption']
['hospitals', 'other', 'clinical', 'sites', 'either']
['transition', 'fully', 'telehealth', 'reopen', 'person', 'services']
['various', 'closures', 'obviously', 'result', 'reductions', 'practicum']
['hours', 'students', 'particular', 'specialties', 'neuropsy', 'chology', 'likely', 'impacted', 'others', 'given', 'their']
['physical', 'testing', 'materials', 'requiring', 'person', 'administration']
['maintain', 'security']
['march', 'appic', 'allowed', 'telephone', 'based', 'telehealth', 'tervention', 'assessment', 'counted', 'within']
['newly', 'created', 'categories', 'telephone', 'based', 'telemental', 'health', 'terventions', 'telephone', 'based', 'telemental', 'health', 'assessment']
['appic', '2020c', 'meanwhile', 'video', 'conference', 'based', 'telemental']
['health', 'services', 'continued', 'logged', 'hours']
['existing', 'assessment', 'intervention', 'categories']
['sites', 'using', 'different', 'telehealth', 'modalities', 'allowing']
['students', 'include', 'telephone', 'telehealth', 'service', 'delivery']
['their', 'practice', 'hours', 'bolster', 'their', 'ability', 'obtain']
['clinical', 'training', 'accumulate', 'their', 'required', 'hours', 'moreover']
['being', 'conduct', 'telehealth', 'services', 'competently', 'repre', 'further', 'opportunity', 'growth', 'training', 'practicum']
['sites', 'begin', 'reopen', 'during', 'successive', 'phases', 'recovery']
['academic', 'practicum', 'training', 'directors', 'ensure']
['developmentally', 'appropriate', 'training', 'environment']
['students', 'hospitals', 'shift', 'their', 'service', 'provision', 'rapidly']
['prioritize', 'clients', 'urgently', 'require', 'services', 'train', 'programs', 'based', 'clinics', 'decisions']
['similarly', 'difficult', 'those', 'clinics', 'relation', 'adapting']
['their', 'clinic', 'functions', 'telehealth', 'implementing', 'public', 'health']
['policy', 'regarding', 'person', 'reentry', 'learners', 'supervisors']
['internship', 'readiness']
['students', 'applying', 'internship', 'rience', 'challenges', 'acquiring', 'required', 'number', 'practicum']
['hours', 'prior', 'their', 'internship', 'application', 'deadlines', 'applicants']
['mixed', 'group', 'students', 'those']
['accrue', 'reasonable', 'number', 'practicum', 'hours', 'spite']
['impacts', 'pandemic', 'others', 'needed', 'summer']
['practicum', 'reach', 'their', 'required', 'number', 'dents', 'typically', 'acquire', 'total', 'hours', 'direct']
['hours', 'required', 'accreditation', 'panel', 'apply']
['internship', 'anticipated', 'number', 'dents', 'impacted', 'issue', 'meeting', 'minimum', 'required']
['hours', 'relatively', 'small', 'however', 'suggest']
['students', 'successful', 'match']
['based', 'higher', 'number', 'hours', 'minimum']
['additionally', 'joint', 'statement', 'released', 'ccppp']
['acpro', 'appendix', 'recommends', 'trying']
['students', 'their', 'original', 'timelines', 'offering', 'holistic', 'training', 'cluding', 'practicum', 'courses', 'other', 'forms', 'professional', 'devel', 'opment', 'where', 'appropriate', 'exercising', 'flexibility', 'regarding']
['minimum', 'number', 'hours', 'required', 'sites']
['accreditation', 'standards', 'addition', 'recommended']
['director', 'training', 'letters', 'issued', 'academic', 'programs']
['application', 'highlight', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['disrupted', 'training', 'individual', 'students', 'resulted', 'reduced']
['training', 'hours', 'experiences']
['conferring', 'degrees']
['graduate', 'their', 'students', 'finish', 'program']
['requirements', 'including', 'successfully', 'completing', 'their', 'intern', 'successfully', 'defending', 'their', 'doctoral', 'dissertation', 'ademic', 'programs', 'ultimately', 'confer', 'internship', 'based']
['information', 'provided', 'internship', 'sites', 'covid']
['pandemic', 'disrupts', 'interrupts', 'training', 'internship', 'sites']
['providing', 'records', 'academic', 'programs', 'regarding', 'ments', 'training', 'completed', 'individual', 'students', 'whether']
['demonstrated', 'competence', 'regardless', 'number']
['hours', 'completed', 'students', 'internships', 'disrupted']
['accreditation', 'panel', 'ccppp', 'suggested', 'programs']
['their', 'holistic', 'training', 'record', 'including', 'practicum', 'hours']
['other', 'program', 'activities', 'assess', 'competency', 'ccppp']
['additionally', 'confer', 'doctoral', 'degree', 'program']
['examining', 'committee', 'confer', 'student', 'doctoral']
['dissertation', 'defense']
['students', 'graduate', 'their', 'master', 'degree']
['complete', 'program', 'requirements', 'which', 'typically', 'include', 'practi', 'course', 'research', 'project', 'thesis', 'canadian']
['psychology', 'graduate', 'programs', 'integrated', 'master']
['doctoral', 'degrees', 'assist', 'master', 'students', 'pensating', 'deficiencies', 'their', 'practicum', 'hours', 'during', 'their']
['subsequent', 'degree', 'while', 'still', 'conferring', 'master', 'degree']
['interim', 'however', 'where', 'master', 'degree', 'terminal']
['degree', 'academic', 'training', 'disrupted', 'programs']
['difficult', 'decisions', 'regarding', 'whether', 'students', 'whose']
['training', 'interrupted', 'succeeded', 'gaining', 'required', 'petency', 'fulfilling', 'requirements', 'degree']
['conferred']
['goghari', 'hagstrom', 'madon', 'messer', 'engeluniversities', 'largely', 'moved', 'remote', 'dissertation', 'defenses']
['enabling', 'students', 'graduate', 'ready', 'however', 'delays']
['graduation', 'master', 'doctoral', 'level', 'occur']
['students', 'research', 'disrupted', 'changes', 'their', 'academic']
['internship', 'environments', 'prompt', 'shift', 'their', 'research']
['focus', 'create', 'delays', 'collecting', 'another', 'unfortunate']
['uncontrollable', 'reality', 'pandemic', 'students', 'while', 'covid', 'restrictions', 'remain', 'effect', 'experience']
['difficulty', 'moving', 'within', 'canada', 'internationally', 'start', 'their']
['careers', 'other', 'training', 'opportunities', 'postdoctoral', 'fellow', 'ships']
['impact', 'covid', 'internships']
['facets', 'internship', 'training', 'significantly', 'pacted', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'affected']
['groups', 'along', 'training', 'pathway', 'which', 'identified']
['early', 'include', 'current', 'interns', 'prospective', 'interns', 'although']
['indications', 'suggest', 'students', 'currently', 'completing', 'internships']
['weather', 'disruptions', 'occasioned', 'demic', 'those', 'starting', 'internships', 'coming']
['months', 'entirely', 'clear', 'their', 'training']
['according', 'match', 'statistics', 'canadian', 'psychology']
['programs', 'internship', 'positions', 'filled']
['taking', 'consideration', 'additional', 'matches', 'occurred', 'using']
['postmatch', 'vacancy', 'service', 'assume', 'roughly']
['students', 'employed', 'canadian', 'internship', 'positions']
['during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'provincially']
['territorially', 'declared', 'states', 'emergency', 'public', 'health']
['emergency', 'orders', 'issued', 'period', 'march']
['march', 'during', 'third', 'march', 'canadian']
['training', 'community', 'became', 'aware', 'first', 'potential', 'training', 'ruptions', 'interns', 'currently', 'employed', 'second', 'nature']
['types', 'disruption', 'internships', 'varied', 'widely', 'depending']
['practice', 'settings', 'locations', 'populations', 'geographic', 'cation', 'typically', 'canadian', 'internship', 'programs', 'start', 'septem', 'august', 'little', 'variation']
['require', 'supervised', 'experience', 'completion', 'accord', 'accreditation', 'standard']
['emergency', 'orders', 'issued', 'march', 'students', 'completing']
['internships', 'would', 'logged', 'approximately']
['slight', 'variations', 'owing', 'differences', 'weeks']
['weeks', 'vacation', 'taken', 'professional']
['education', 'taken']
['early', 'discussions', 'across', 'canada', 'reflected', 'during', 'critical']
['march', 'country', 'shuttered']
['essential', 'service', 'delivery', 'organisations', 'deemed', 'essential']
['adapting', 'their', 'workplaces', 'provide', 'remote', 'services', 'students']
['internships', 'progress', 'asked', 'focus', 'professional']
['development', 'educational', 'opportunities', 'research', 'projects']
['these', 'activities', 'largely', 'place', 'traditional', 'service', 'deliv', 'because', 'could', 'completed', 'while', 'workplaces', 'steps']
['shift', 'virtual', 'modes', 'delivery', 'telephone', 'secure']
['video', 'conferencing', 'internship', 'programs', 'greater']
['success', 'others', 'integrating', 'remote', 'service', 'delivery', 'gener', 'internship', 'programs', 'success', 'minimising', 'disruptions']
['varied', 'greatly', 'based', 'prepandemic', 'technical', 'expertise', 'organi', 'sational', 'constraints', 'location', 'local', 'covid', 'numbers']
['understanding', 'writing', 'article']
['internships', 'formally', 'terminated', 'students']
['process', 'completing', 'internships', 'chosen']
['return', 'their', 'provinces', 'their', 'families']
['providing', 'telehealth', 'service', 'delivery', 'their', 'existing', 'clients']
['under', 'supervision', 'their', 'supervisors', 'within']
['province', 'these', 'clients', 'although', 'redeployment', 'nonpsycho', 'logical', 'service', 'delivery', 'occurred', 'small', 'percentage']
['internships', 'majority', 'students', 'either', 'providing', 'psycho', 'logical', 'services', 'remotely', 'practicing', 'social', 'distancing']
['protocols', 'inpatient', 'services', 'redeployed', 'other']
['psychology', 'delivery', 'experiences', 'small', 'percentage']
['redeployed', 'providing', 'psychological', 'first', 'within', 'their']
['settings', 'other', 'frontline', 'staff', 'facilitating', 'connections']
['between', 'patients', 'families']
['challenges', 'prevalent', 'assessment', 'rotations', 'where']
['interactive', 'testing', 'ceased', 'cannot', 'maintain', 'appropri', 'physical', 'distancing', 'requirements', 'course']
['greater', 'impact', 'neuropsychology', 'internships', 'rotations', 'other', 'somewhat', 'surprising', 'consequence', 'covid']
['temporary', 'closure', 'redeployment', 'allied', 'health', 'depart', 'ments', 'diabetes', 'bariatrics', 'hospital', 'settings']
['meaning', 'students', 'achieve', 'specified', 'practice', 'hours', 'during', 'their', 'internships', 'establish', 'compe', 'tencies', 'required', 'register', 'within', 'specific', 'health']
['competency', 'postdegree']
['variability', 'occurred', 'between', 'internship', 'settings']
['within', 'internship', 'settings', 'particularly', 'consortium', 'tings', 'where', 'types', 'rotations', 'experiences', 'students']
['receive', 'varied', 'greatly', 'small', 'number', 'cases', 'students']
['experienced', 'minimal', 'internship', 'disruption', 'majority']
['their', 'service', 'provision', 'already', 'occurring', 'telehealth']
['whereas', 'internship', 'different', 'setting', 'might']
['student', 'either', 'reassigned', 'still', 'deemed', 'essential']
['acute', 'mental', 'health', 'inpatient', 'redeployed', 'completely']
['finally', 'covid', 'impacts', 'continue', 'result', 'decreased']
['movement', 'result', 'travel', 'restrictions', 'internship', 'programs']
['shifted', 'their', 'focus', 'challenges', 'involved']
['transitioning', 'their', 'current', 'interns', 'graduation', 'postgradu', 'ation', 'plans', 'example', 'internship', 'programs', 'fielding']
['requests', 'students', 'directors', 'training', 'demic', 'programs', 'earlier', 'certification', 'successful', 'completion']
['support', 'students', 'planned', 'mobility', 'increased']
['commitment', 'associated', 'geographical', 'moves', 'quarantine']
['rules', 'which', 'region', 'region', 'typically', 'involve']
['mandated', 'quarantine', 'period', 'incoming', 'students']
['scheduled', 'begin', 'their', 'internships', 'share', 'concerns']
['requirements', 'regarding', 'mandatory', 'quarantine', 'prior', 'starting']
['their', 'placements', 'these', 'located', 'province']
['country']
['impact', 'covid', 'regulatory', 'bodies']
['weigh', 'impact', 'challenges', 'presented']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'regulatory', 'bodies', 'important']
['understand', 'regulation', 'psychology', 'profession', 'canada']
['occurs', 'within', 'unique', 'geographic', 'political', 'social', 'contexts']
['resulted', 'differences', 'between', 'jurisdictions']
['regarding', 'licensure', 'requirements', 'expectations', 'profes', 'covid', 'learnings', 'psychology', 'training', '173sion', 'however', 'canadian', 'psychology', 'regulators', 'minimise', 'jurisdictional', 'differences', 'regulatory', 'philoso', 'phies', 'processes', 'collaborative', 'projects']
['focused', 'issues', 'licensing', 'foreign', 'trained', 'psychologists']
['developing', 'minimum', 'dataset', 'profession']
['purpose', 'legislated', 'mandate', 'professional', 'regulatory']
['organisations', 'protect', 'public', 'their', 'decisions', 'actions']
['place', 'within', 'frame', 'canada', 'regulation', 'profes', 'occurs', 'provinces', 'nunavut', 'psychol', 'regulated', 'profession', 'canadian', 'jurisdictions']
['except', 'territories', 'country', 'regulatory']
['carried', 'elected', 'representatives', 'profession']
['itself', 'government', 'involvement', 'regulatory', 'activities']
['varies', 'jurisdiction', 'limited', 'cases', 'delegation']
['legislative', 'authority', 'limitations']
['regulatory', 'adjustments']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'presented', 'unique', 'regulatory', 'lenges', 'profession', 'physical', 'distancing']
['necessity', 'public', 'mental', 'health', 'needs', 'increasing']
['profession', 'ability', 'provide', 'services', 'impacted']
['pandemic', 'required', 'regulators', 'agile', 'adaptable']
['least', 'always', 'comfortable', 'regulators']
['rising', 'challenge', 'example', 'regulators', 'estab', 'lished', 'agreement', 'process', 'enabling', 'licensed', 'psychologists']
['canadian', 'jurisdiction', 'provide', 'telepsychology', 'services']
['during', 'pandemic', 'another', 'jurisdiction', 'without', 'having', 'licen', 'receiving', 'jurisdiction', 'support', 'their', 'established']
['clients', 'themselves', 'unable', 'return', 'result']
['pandemic', 'keeping', 'emphasis', 'public', 'interest']
['public', 'protection', 'jurisdictions', 'agreed', 'assume', 'responsibil', 'addressing', 'concerns', 'about', 'practice', 'conduct']
['their', 'licensees', 'allows', 'continuity', 'congruent']
['profession', 'ethical', 'responsibility', 'practice']
['meeting', 'rising', 'demand', 'psychological', 'services']
['regulators', 'jurisdictions', 'being', 'challenged']
['foster', 'adequate', 'supply', 'qualified', 'practitioners']
['demand', 'mental', 'health', 'services', 'which', 'anticipated', 'become']
['increasingly', 'prominent', 'immediate', 'physical', 'threat', 'posed']
['pandemic', 'subsides', 'working', 'health']
['authorities', 'government', 'ministries', 'their', 'jurisdictions']
['establish', 'emergency', 'licensure', 'provisions', 'processes', 'enable']
['former', 'licensees', 'reactivated', 'should', 'demand', 'services']
['outstrip', 'existing', 'jurisdictional', 'resources', 'furthermore', 'psychol', 'ogists', 'challenged', 'adapt', 'their', 'range', 'methods', 'service']
['delivery', 'light', 'normal', 'created', 'pandemic']
['regulators', 'challenged', 'provide', 'appropriate', 'guidance']
['profession', 'about', 'issues', 'ethical', 'privacy', 'consider', 'ations', 'governing', 'telepsychology', 'practice', 'selection', 'video']
['conferencing', 'platforms', 'public', 'health', 'orders', 'requiring', 'contact']
['tracing', 'about', 'resume', 'person', 'service']
['provision']
['ensuring', 'continuity', 'member', 'licensure']
['pandemic', 'impacted', 'licensure', 'members']
['profession', 'could', 'imagined']
['months', 'necessitated', 'rapid', 'adaptation', 'licensees']
['regulators', 'pandemic', 'temporarily', 'stymied', 'access']
['asppb', '2020b', 'knowledge', 'examination', 'required']
['independent', 'licensure', 'jurisdictions', 'canada']
['examinations', 'essential', 'licensure', 'process', 'canadian']
['jurisdictions', 'postponed', 'because', 'public', 'health', 'orders', 'stricting', 'gathering', 'sizes', 'stipulating', 'physical', 'distancing', 'quirements', 'result', 'independent', 'licensure', 'unfortunately']
['delayed', 'regulators', 'forced']
['consider', 'deliver', 'exams', 'light', 'these', 'challenges', 'without']
['compromising', 'integrity', 'process']
['which', 'regulators', 'receive', 'review', 'documentation']
['necessarily', 'impacted', 'modified']
['jurisdictions', 'moving', 'fully', 'electronic', 'communications', 'plication', 'processes', 'licensees', 'required', 'super', 'vised', 'practice', 'hours', 'postlicensure', 'their', 'positions', 'fined', 'redeployed', 'address', 'effects', 'pandemic']
['health', 'system', 'cases', 'unfortunately']
['positions', 'consideration', 'modifications', 'requirements']
['occur', 'where', 'possible', 'appropriate']
['maintaining', 'regulatory', 'standards']
['regulators', 'training', 'programs', 'accreditation', 'panel']
['share', 'responsibility', 'ensuring', 'those']
['profession', 'competent', 'ethical', 'fulfill', 'sponsibilities', 'professional', 'practice', 'psychologist', 'regulators']
['understand', 'pandemic', 'impacted', 'training']
['cognizant', 'student', 'concerns', 'training', 'disruptions', 'might', 'atively', 'impact', 'their', 'licensure', 'pandemic', 'alter', 'lators', 'obligation', 'protect', 'public', 'however', 'alter']
['regulators', 'responsibility', 'transparent', 'making', 'these']
['regulatory', 'decisions', 'because', 'different', 'jurisdictions', 'different']
['licensure', 'requirements', 'regulators', 'continue', 'consider', 'appli', 'cations', 'individually', 'their', 'merits', 'jurisdictions']
['required', 'consider', 'equivalence', 'where', 'appropriate']
['situations', 'where', 'deficiencies', 'training', 'noted', 'owing']
['pandemic', 'regulators', 'option', 'considering']
['relevance', 'other', 'education', 'training', 'experience', 'appli', 'cants', 'previously', 'gained', 'academic', 'course']
['might', 'possible', 'allow', 'applicants', 'augment', 'their']
['graduate', 'training', 'additional', 'education', 'address', 'deficiencies']
['meeting', 'application', 'requirements']
['licensure', 'perspective', 'applicants', 'possess']
['acceptable', 'academic', 'credential', 'conferred', 'training', 'program']
['demonstrate', 'established', 'required', 'practice']
['competencies', 'established', 'accreditation', 'standards']
['their', 'degree', 'terminal', 'master', 'level', 'nonac', 'credited', 'mutual', 'recognition', 'agreement']
['vital', 'applicants', 'demonstrate']
['their', 'academic', 'course', 'requirements', 'known', 'founda', 'tional', 'knowledge', 'requirements', 'similar', 'competencies', 'requirements', 'required', 'licen', 'across', 'canada', 'demonstrated']
['application', 'jurisdictions', 'terms', 'stipulated', 'tical', 'experience', 'requirements', 'hours', 'activities', 'dents', 'obtain', 'during', 'their', 'graduate', 'training', 'postdegree']
['experience', 'apply', 'licensure', 'applicants', 'obtaining', 'their']
['qualifications', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'essential']
['goghari', 'hagstrom', 'madon', 'messer', 'engelensure', 'modifications', 'training', 'programs']
['their', 'academic', 'curriculum', 'practical', 'experience', 'cluding', 'practicum', 'predoctoral', 'internships', 'postdoctoral']
['training', 'clearly', 'documented', 'regulator', 'those', 'obtain', 'their', 'license', 'should', 'start', 'process', 'consulting']
['website', 'regulatory', 'jurisdiction', 'which']
['become', 'licensed', 'familiarize', 'themselves', 'current']
['licensure', 'standards', 'contact', 'regulator']
['questions', 'about', 'their', 'unique', 'situation', 'additional']
['documentary', 'evidence', 'provide', 'along']
['their', 'application', 'light', 'impact', 'pandemic', 'their']
['training']
['ethics', 'decision', 'making', 'process']
['above', 'outlined', 'major', 'areas', 'which', 'academic']
['programs', 'internships', 'regulatory', 'bodies']
['decisions', 'address', 'rapidly', 'evolving', 'disruptions', 'resulting']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'decisions']
['quickly', 'often', 'reactive', 'nonetheless', 'involving', 'significant', 'ambiguity', 'multiple', 'stakeholders']
['considering', 'respond', 'novel', 'situation']
['covid', 'decision', 'makers', 'apply', 'ethical', 'decision', 'making', 'process', 'outlined', 'canadian']
['ethics', 'psychologists', 'steps', 'model', 'reproduced']
['below', 'focal', 'points', 'analysis', 'accreditation']
['panel', 'ccppp', 'acpro', 'leadership', 'deemed', 'critical']
['their', 'usage', 'documented', 'figure']
['identification', 'individuals', 'groups', 'potentially']
['affected', 'decision']
['identification', 'ethically', 'relevant', 'issues', 'practices']
['including', 'moral', 'rights', 'values', 'being', 'inter', 'other', 'relevant', 'characteristics', 'individ', 'groups', 'involved', 'cultural', 'social']
['historical', 'economic', 'institutional', 'legal', 'political', 'other', 'circumstances', 'which', 'ethical', 'problem']
['arose']
['consideration', 'biases', 'external', 'sures', 'personal', 'needs', 'interest', 'cultural', 'social']
['historical', 'economic', 'institutional', 'legal', 'political', 'background', 'might', 'influence', 'development']
['choice', 'between', 'courses', 'action']
['development', 'alternative', 'courses', 'action']
['analysis', 'likely', 'short', 'ongoing']
['risks', 'benefits', 'course', 'action', 'figure', 'canadian', 'psychological', 'association', 'ethical', 'decision', 'making', 'process', 'online', 'article']
['color', 'version', 'figure']
['covid', 'learnings', 'psychology', 'training', '175viduals', 'groups', 'involved', 'likely', 'affected']
['taking', 'account', 'relevant', 'individual', 'cultural', 'historical', 'economic', 'institutional', 'legal', 'politi', 'contextual', 'factors']
['choice', 'course', 'action', 'after', 'conscientious', 'application']
['existing', 'principles', 'values', 'standards', 'which', 'cludes', 'would', 'limited', 'relevant']
['regulations']
['action', 'commitment', 'assume', 'responsibility']
['consequences', 'action']
['evaluation', 'results', 'course', 'action']
['assumption', 'responsibility', 'consequences']
['action', 'including', 'correction', 'negative', 'consequences']
['reengaging', 'decision', 'making', 'process']
['ethical', 'issue', 'resolved']
['appropriate', 'action', 'warranted', 'feasible', 'future', 'occurrences', 'dilemma', 'commu', 'nication', 'problem', 'solving', 'colleagues']
['members', 'other', 'collaborators', 'changes', 'procedures']
['practices']
['scope', 'problems', 'caused', 'covid', 'widespread']
['global', 'suggesting', 'broadly', 'apply', 'certain', 'ethical', 'ciples', 'outlined', 'under', 'present', 'circumstances', 'using']
['guidance', 'likely', 'potential']
['courses', 'action', 'although', 'following', 'section', 'attempts']
['address', 'individual', 'steps', 'ethical', 'decision', 'making', 'process']
['perspective', 'offered', 'general', 'underlying', 'premise']
['single', 'solution', 'likely', 'exist', 'regardless']
['actions', 'taken', 'psychology', 'professional', 'training', 'community']
['ccppp', 'acpro', 'accreditation', 'panel', 'individual']
['issues', 'context', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['taken', 'account', 'determining', 'forward']
['respect', 'identification', 'individuals', 'groups']
['potentially', 'affected', 'decision', 'three', 'parties', 'began']
['assumption', 'global', 'pandemic', 'nature', 'global']
['possible', 'anyone', 'could', 'affected']
['decisions', 'regarding', 'psychology', 'training', 'however', 'noted']
['previously', 'article', 'primary', 'stakeholders', 'identified']
['learners', 'doctoral', 'internship', 'training', 'programs', 'staff', 'versities', 'hospitals', 'other', 'health', 'centres', 'intern', 'programs', 'members', 'public', 'served', 'training', 'organi', 'sations', 'their', 'staff', 'psychology', 'regulatory', 'bodies']
['professional', 'psychology', 'accrediting', 'bodies']
['aforementioned', 'organisational', 'stakeholders', 'dividual', 'though', 'overlapping', 'concerns', 'priorities', 'relation']
['psychology', 'training', 'decisions', 'students', 'general', 'dominantly', 'concerned', 'completing', 'their', 'training', 'timely']
['manner', 'continue', 'along', 'their', 'licensure']
['independent', 'practice', 'training', 'programs', 'doctoral']
['internship', 'based', 'concerned', 'providing', 'their']
['students', 'adequate', 'training', 'supervision']
['maintaining', 'their', 'operations', 'within', 'parameters', 'their']
['institutions', 'doctoral', 'programs', 'includes', 'tinuing', 'teach', 'classes', 'coordinate', 'practicum', 'provide', 'search', 'support', 'supervision', 'internship', 'programs']
['includes', 'continuing', 'train', 'supervise', 'students', 'practice']
['providing', 'services', 'public', 'meanwhile', 'psychology']
['regulatory', 'bodies', 'concerned', 'ensuring', 'adherence', 'latory', 'professional', 'standards', 'protecting', 'public', 'nally', 'psychology', 'accrediting', 'bodies', 'concerned', 'maintain', 'quality', 'training', 'within', 'accredited', 'programs']
['identifying', 'ethically', 'relevant', 'issues', 'practices']
['germane', 'concepts', 'emerged', 'guide']
['respond', 'concept', 'vulnerability', 'multiple', 'stakehold', 'involved', 'principle', 'respect', 'dignity']
['persons', 'peoples', 'principle', 'responsible', 'caring']
['emphasise', 'importance', 'identifying', 'vulnerable']
['stakeholders', 'determine', 'greatest', 'ethical', 'responsibilities']
['decision', 'making', 'process', 'identified', 'students']
['members', 'public', 'seeking', 'psychological', 'services']
['vulnerable', 'effects', 'disruptions', 'psychology', 'training']
['covid', 'students', 'little', 'control', 'types', 'amount']
['training', 'receiving', 'result', 'various', 'changes']
['institutional', 'policies', 'response', 'covid', 'example']
['students', 'working', 'hospital', 'setting', 'might', 'redeployed', 'other']
['tasks', 'their', 'training', 'rotations', 'might', 'interrupted', 'result']
['supervisors', 'being', 'available', 'members', 'public']
['vulnerable', 'terms', 'potential', 'disruptions', 'their']
['immediate', 'access', 'psychological', 'services', 'students', 'provide']
['settings', 'continued', 'disrupted']
['regulators', 'accreditors', 'ensure', 'competence', 'future']
['psychologists', 'begin', 'independent', 'practice']
['biases', 'external', 'pressures', 'organisational', 'stakeholders']
['regulators', 'accreditors', 'training', 'programs', 'necessarily']
['revolve', 'around', 'maintaining', 'quality', 'training']
['ensuring', 'those', 'applying', 'licensure', 'after', 'completing', 'their']
['training', 'competent', 'ethical', 'practitioners', 'however']
['working', 'achieve', 'these', 'goals', 'important', 'consider']
['operational', 'limitations', 'individual', 'sites', 'programs']
['possible', 'closure', 'sites', 'nonessential', 'personnel', 'redeployment']
['supervisors', 'cancellation', 'practicum', 'training', 'addition']
['light', 'suddenness', 'which', 'government', 'health', 'author', 'ities', 'implement', 'measures', 'spread']
['covid', 'given', 'address', 'changes', 'training']
['environments', 'within', 'reasonable', 'frame', 'scope']
['actions', 'taken', 'training', 'community', 'early']
['limited', 'three', 'cohorts', 'students', 'namely', 'students', 'currently']
['completing', 'internships', 'students', 'applying', 'internships']
['whose', 'practicum', 'placements', 'affected']
['pandemic', 'related', 'closures', 'students', 'beginning', 'internships']
[]
['analysing', 'likely', 'risks', 'benefits', 'choosing', 'course']
['action', 'important', 'recognise', 'internship']
['culminating', 'activities', 'students', 'seeking', 'doctoral']
['degrees', 'professional', 'psychology', 'training', 'place', 'serves', 'opportunity', 'students', 'consolidate']
['synthesize', 'didactic', 'practical', 'training', 'completed']
['course', 'their', 'doctoral', 'training', 'first', 'cohort', 'students']
['those', 'currently', 'completing', 'their', 'internships', 'activity', 'might']
['truncated', 'modified', 'instances', 'consequence']
['students', 'unable', 'complete', 'requirement']
['rigour', 'might', 'expected', 'prepandemic', 'programs']
['accreditors', 'decided', 'allow', 'flexibility', 'completing']
['goghari', 'hagstrom', 'madon', 'messer', 'engelthis', 'training', 'requirement', 'flexibility', 'allows', 'students']
['awarded', 'their', 'degrees', 'progress', 'toward', 'licensing', 'their']
['university', 'training', 'programs', 'satisfied', 'competent']
[]
['understood', 'programs', 'accreditors', 'because']
['cancellation', 'practicum', 'placements', 'second', 'cohort', 'dents', 'those', 'applying', 'internships']
['likely', 'accrued', 'fewer', 'practicum', 'hours', 'would']
['typical', 'previous', 'years', 'response', 'encouraged']
['internship', 'programs', 'consider', 'reviewing', 'applications']
['ensured', 'these', 'students', 'unfairly', 'disadvantaged']
['seeking', 'internship', 'placements', 'complete', 'their', 'degrees']
['article', 'production', 'still', 'unclear']
['decision', 'makers', 'measures', 'would', 'place', 'third']
['cohort', 'students', 'those', 'beginning', 'internships']
['although', 'decision', 'makers', 'again', 'suggested', 'programs']
['flexible', 'approaches', 'accommodating', 'incoming', 'cohort']
['little', 'known', 'about', 'restrictions', 'might', 'still', 'place']
['these', 'students', 'regard', 'travel', 'advisories', 'other', 'institutional']
['policies', 'intended', 'prevent', 'transmission', 'covid']
['lastly', 'because', 'effects', 'pandemic']
['unknown', 'little', 'information', 'available', 'evaluate', 'results']
['decisions', 'taken', 'during', 'these', 'early', 'stages', 'keeping']
['ethical', 'decision', 'making', 'process', 'decision', 'makers']
['namely', 'ccppp', 'acpro', 'accreditation', 'panel']
['committed', 'meeting', 'ongoing', 'basis', 'carefully', 'weigh']
['consider', 'necessary', 'decisions', 'their', 'potential', 'impact']
['discuss', 'sequelae', 'decisions', 'already', 'taken']
['addition', 'these', 'bodies', 'ensure', 'further', 'actions']
['necessary', 'implemented', 'timely', 'manner']
['mitigate', 'negative', 'impacts', 'public', 'students']
['keeping', 'maintaining', 'quality', 'psychology', 'training']
['psychology', 'professional', 'training', 'community']
['produced', 'statements', 'jointly', 'appic', 'asppb']
['ccppp', 'appendixes', 'guide', 'psychology']
['training', 'through', 'modifications', 'needed', 'respond', 'demic']
['additional', 'important', 'statements']
['training', 'community']
['addition', 'canadian', 'based', 'joint', 'statements', 'provided']
['document', 'other', 'associations', 'provided', 'relevant', 'state', 'ments', 'warrant', 'mention', 'produced', 'statement']
['education', 'training', 'considerations', 'during', 'covid', 'demic', 'march', 'guide', 'early', 'transitioning']
['training', 'delivery', '2020c', 'statement', 'provided']
['principles', 'guide', 'decisions', 'about', 'training', 'balance', 'velopmentally', 'sensitive', 'student', 'focus', 'flexibility', 'creativity']
['developing', 'students', 'competency', 'meeting', 'their', 'responsi', 'bilities', 'social', 'responsiveness', 'provided']
['specific', 'recommendations', 'limiting', 'person', 'contact', 'justing', 'educational', 'licensing', 'requirements', 'minimising']
['adverse', 'impact', 'students', 'finances', 'program', 'completion']
['pursuing', 'access', 'training', 'beyond', 'distance', 'education', 'mising', 'critical', 'resource', 'disparities', 'using', 'consultation']
['address', 'challenges', 'early', 'released', 'statement', 'resumption', 'person', 'psychological', 'vices', 'training', 'address', 'considerations', 'resuming', 'person', 'services', 'training', '2020a', 'although', 'these']
['considerations', 'applied', 'largely', 'american', 'context']
['general', 'principles', 'applicable', 'canadian', 'context']
['health', 'safety', 'precautions', 'additionally']
['resuming', 'person', 'psychological', 'services', 'training', 'important']
['considerations', 'include', 'factors', 'following', 'timing', 'avail', 'ability', 'staff', 'availability', 'phasing', 'tasks']
['require', 'patient', 'contact', 'phasing', 'person', 'services', 'training']
['sensitivity', 'service', 'patient', 'trainee', 'characteristics']
['institutional', 'constraints']
['appic', 'board', 'directors', 'released', 'covid']
['statement', 'march', 'providing', 'principles', 'sider', 'decisions', 'related', 'potential', 'training', 'modifications', 'cluding', 'inherent', 'power', 'differential', 'resource', 'differential']
['disproportionate', 'professional', 'student', 'trainees', 'appic']
['2020b', 'recommendations', 'included', 'immediately', 'employing']
['preparing', 'telehealth', 'immediately', 'considering', 'options', 'adhering', 'guidelines', 'centers']
['disease', 'control', 'attending', 'appic', 'membership', 'criteria', 'priori', 'tizing', 'training', 'service', 'delivery', 'preserving', 'protecting']
['student', 'stipends', 'benefits', 'leave', 'maintaining']
['match', 'agreement', 'consulting', 'appic', 'regarding', 'problem']
['situations', 'concerns', 'appic', 'statement', 'addressed']
['psychologist', 'medical', 'settings', 'compared']
['physicians', 'understanding', 'particular', 'challenges', 'medical']
['settings', 'helpful', 'recognise', 'ethical', 'obligations']
['principles', 'common', 'psychologists', 'safeguard']
['welfare', 'rights', 'patients', 'trainees', 'differ', 'those']
['physicians', 'treat', 'patients', 'despite', 'conditions']
['personal', 'appic', '2020b']
['additionally', 'early', 'april', 'canadian', 'council', 'profes', 'sional', 'psychology', 'programs', 'ccppp', 'released', 'guiding', 'ciples', 'response', 'covid', 'ccppp', '2020a', 'specifically']
['guide', 'canadian', 'programs', 'document', 'recognised']
['pandemic', 'impacted', 'students', 'ability', 'accrue', 'practi', 'internship', 'hours', 'apply', 'internship', 'complete', 'their']
['internship', 'ccppp', 'principles', 'recommended', 'programs']
['consider', 'students', 'needs', 'central', 'their', 'decision', 'making', 'transparent', 'communication', 'every', 'effort']
['minimise', 'disruptions', 'students', 'training', 'flexible']
['creative', 'helping', 'students', 'attain', 'their', 'competencies', 'maintain']
['their', 'original', 'training', 'timelines', 'ccppp', '2020a', 'notably']
['previous', 'statements', 'overlap', 'useful', 'guiding']
['psychology', 'training', 'partners', 'decision', 'making', 'under', 'standing', 'ethical', 'obligations']
['examples', 'pandemic', 'impact', 'related']
['decision', 'making']
['below', 'provide', 'examples', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['affected', 'training', 'offered', 'academic', 'program']
['internship', 'relevant', 'tenets', 'aspirational', 'statements']
['guidelines', 'their', 'leadership', 'implemented', 'their', 'decision']
['making', 'provide', 'example', 'accredita', 'panel', 'regulatory', 'impacted', 'covid', 'thought', 'readers', 'might', 'particularly', 'appreciate']
['perspectives', 'accrediting', 'regulator', 'given', 'their']
['focus', 'public', 'protection', 'ensuring', 'licensees']
['competent', 'ethical', 'practitioners']
['covid', 'learnings', 'psychology', 'training', '177example', 'goghari', 'clinical', 'psychology']
['program', 'university', 'toronto', 'scarborough']
['rapid', 'decision', 'making', 'young', 'program', 'provide']
['context', 'experience', 'graduate', 'department']
['clinical', 'psychological', 'science', 'university', 'toronto', 'borough', 'students', 'quite', 'young', 'program']
['having', 'admitted', 'first', 'cohort', 'first', 'accredited']
['first', 'university', 'toronto', 'quality', 'assurance']
['process', 'visit', 'march', 'first', 'cohort']
['students', 'began', 'their', 'internships', 'looking', 'forward']
['first', 'dissertation', 'defenses', 'summer', 'taken']
['chair', 'graduate', 'program', 'completed']
['quite', 'already', 'incredibly']
['chairing', 'young', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'program', 'milestones']
['prepare', 'every', 'single', 'expecting', 'pandemic']
['focal', 'first']
['first', 'after', 'covid', 'would', 'simply']
['computer', 'deluge', 'mails']
['emergency', 'meetings', 'staying', 'developments']
['unfolding', 'every', 'stressful']
['apprehensive', 'about', 'decisions', 'would']
['regarding', 'graduate', 'department', 'academic', 'continuity']
['short', 'repercussions', 'those', 'decisions']
['safety', 'training', 'concerned', 'would']
['modify', 'program', 'before', 'first', 'cohort', 'graduated']
['applied', 'licensure', 'people']
['modifying', 'experiment', 'before', 'results']
['after', 'weeks', 'marked', 'constant', 'influx', 'information']
['start', 'thinking', 'proactively', 'about', 'program']
['informed', 'guidance', 'university', 'toronto', 'school']
['graduate', 'studies', 'guidelines', 'letters', 'joint']
['statements', 'professional', 'psychology', 'training', 'bodies']
['association', 'psychology', 'postdoctoral', 'internship', 'centers']
['2020b', 'ccppp', '2020a', 'ccppp', 'acpro']
['2020a', '2020c', 'passed', 'events', 'choice']
['adjusted', 'normal', 'making', 'decision', 'after', 'gained', 'confidence', 'abilities', 'thankful']
['support', 'guidance', 'received', 'professional', 'training']
['community', 'especially', 'grateful', 'openness', 'patience']
['support', 'students', 'staff', 'faculty', 'below', 'describe']
['efforts', 'provide', 'academic', 'continuity', 'program']
['decisions', 'regarding', 'program']
['mitigating', 'student', 'stress', 'program', 'acknowl', 'edged', 'during', 'covid', 'central', 'priority', 'provide']
['possible', 'academic', 'environment', 'students', 'while', 'ensur', 'safety', 'students', 'staff', 'faculty', 'program']
['recognise', 'students', 'experienced', 'different', 'levels']
['disruption', 'minimal', 'fundamental', 'their', 'personal']
['professional', 'lives', 'program', 'cultivating', 'community']
['caring', 'consistent', 'philosophy', 'university', 'toronto']
['school', 'graduate', 'studies', 'where', 'demonstrate', 'flexibility']
['compassion', 'interactions', 'students', 'started']
['monthly', 'halls', 'students', 'apprised', 'restart', 'recov', 'initiatives', 'elicit', 'their', 'feedback', 'program']
['unique', 'stressors', 'experiencing', 'additionally']
['extra', 'packet', 'money', 'became', 'available', 'result', 'reduced']
['training', 'costs', 'given', 'disruption', 'students', 'professional', 'activ', 'ities', 'reallocated', 'money', 'students', 'granting']
['spend', 'online', 'courses', 'books', 'other', 'activities']
['program', 'decisions']
['institutional', 'support', 'school', 'graduate', 'studies']
['university', 'toronto', 'scarborough', 'provided', 'emergency', 'bursaries']
['support', 'graduate', 'students', 'facing', 'financial', 'difficulty', 'direct']
['consequence', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'school', 'graduate']
['studies', 'provided', 'covid', 'mentorship', 'forms', 'students']
['supervisors', 'submit', 'program', 'chronicle', 'disrup', 'experienced', 'different', 'areas', 'graduate', 'training']
['information', 'deans', 'faculty']
['school', 'graduate', 'studies', 'could', 'assess', 'level']
['disruption', 'students', 'training', 'develop', 'procedures']
['address', 'school', 'graduate', 'studies', 'other', 'divisions']
['university', 'toronto', 'continued', 'reduce']
['tuition', 'costs', 'students', 'forced', 'extend', 'their', 'timelines']
['provide', 'pivot', 'funding', 'students', 'radically', 'change', 'their']
['research', 'focus', 'unprecedented', 'disruption']
['fortunate', 'belong', 'university', 'toronto', 'council', 'health']
['sciences', 'working', 'group', 'curriculum', 'licensing', 'alterna', 'tives', 'which', 'meets', 'weekly', 'discuss', 'issues', 'facing', 'professional']
['training', 'programs', 'health', 'sciences', 'share', 'information']
['tools', 'participate', 'developing', 'policies', 'regarding']
['reentry', 'learners', 'hospitals', 'community', 'training', 'sites']
['grateful', 'opportunity', 'participate']
['benefit', 'collective', 'decision', 'making']
['course', 'continuity', 'priorities', 'ensure']
['program', 'could', 'mount', 'courses', 'online', 'graduate', 'students']
['could', 'complete', 'final', 'three', 'weeks', 'their', 'winter', 'semester']
['asked', 'instructors', 'complete', 'describe']
['disruption', 'experienced', 'their', 'classes', 'modifications']
['addition', 'ensure', 'transparency', 'equitable', 'cesses', 'students', 'course', 'instructors', 'required', 'discuss']
['modifications', 'course', 'syllabi', 'students', 'given', 'opportu', 'these', 'changes', 'planning', 'offer']
['semester', 'courses', 'online', 'planning', 'semester']
['presents', 'stark', 'contrast', 'sudden', 'transition', 'undertaken']
['final', 'weeks', 'winter', 'semester', 'because', 'saving', 'three']
['weeks', 'semester', 'considerably', 'different', 'undertaking']
['launching', 'curriculum', 'fully', 'online', 'outset']
['addition', 'program', 'think', 'through', 'launch']
['online', 'adaptations', 'experiential', 'courses', 'cognitive', 'assess', 'fortunate', 'benefit', 'sharing', 'experiences']
['resources', 'through', 'various', 'professional', 'training', 'programs', 'ganisations']
['research', 'continuity', 'research', 'labouratories', 'closed', 'search', 'continuity', 'great', 'concern']
['attention', 'university', 'unified', 'wanting', 'students']
['research', 'progress', 'suffer', 'little', 'necessary']
['after', 'research', 'closed', 'instituted', 'process', 'program']
['allow', 'students', 'changes', 'their', 'proposed', 'master', 'theses']
['doctoral', 'dissertations', 'proposals', 'often', 'tract', 'between', 'students', 'their', 'supervisory', 'committee', 'couraged', 'students', 'shift', 'their', 'research', 'online', 'venues', 'reduce']
['sample', 'sizes', 'forth', 'approval', 'their', 'supervisory']
['committee', 'graduate', 'chair', 'ensure', 'procedural', 'consistency']
['fairness', 'across', 'students', 'supervisors', 'committees', 'students']
['completed', 'academic', 'continuity', 'describe']
['consultation', 'process', 'resulting', 'changes', 'their', 'proposals']
['goghari', 'hagstrom', 'madon', 'messer', 'engeland', 'documentation', 'forms', 'their', 'supersedes']
['their', 'previously', 'defended', 'proposal', 'intend']
['pivot', 'funding', 'research', 'available', 'through', 'tuition']
['waivers', 'through', 'school', 'graduate', 'studies', 'additionally']
['university', 'allowing', 'fully', 'remote', 'dissertation', 'defenses']
['though', 'program', 'disappointed', 'unable', 'these']
['defenses', 'person', 'celebrate', 'foremost', 'milestone']
['first', 'cohort', 'students', 'nonetheless', 'grateful']
['students', 'graduate']
['clinical', 'continuity', 'clinical', 'practicum', 'equally']
['important', 'focus', 'program', 'person', 'practicum']
['currently', 'paused', 'greater', 'toronto', 'until', 'early']
['limited', 'number', 'placements', 'having', 'implemented', 'telehealth']
['early', 'pandemic', 'checked', 'students', 'their']
['various', 'sites', 'confirm', 'engaging', 'person']
['practicum', 'experience', 'addition', 'program', 'contract']
['centre', 'addiction', 'mental', 'health', 'provide']
['students', 'summer', 'clinical', 'experience', 'which', 'dents', 'primary', 'assessment', 'experience', 'their', 'second', 'master']
['unfortunately', 'experience', 'cancelled', 'because']
['covid', 'demands', 'clinics', 'supervisors', 'because']
['program', 'views', 'master', 'doctoral', 'degrees', 'single']
['integrated', 'training', 'experience', 'students']
['missed', 'assessment', 'experience', 'through', 'other', 'practicum']
['experiences', 'course', 'their']
['however', 'summer', 'clinical', 'experience', 'meant']
['master', 'students', 'fulfilling', 'their', 'degree', 'requirements']
['receive', 'course', 'credit', 'their', 'assessment', 'practicum', 'since']
['equivalent', 'experience', 'offer', 'students', 'applied']
['standard', 'reduction', 'program', 'requirement', 'allow']
['change', 'master', 'requirements', 'accordingly', 'dents', 'could', 'their', 'master', 'degree', 'without', 'interruption']
['consistent', 'their', 'original', 'covid', 'timelines', 'keeping']
['covid', 'guidelines', 'provided', 'several', 'training', 'ccppp', '2020a', '2020c', 'typically']
['exception', 'rarely', 'granted', 'context', 'covid']
['alternatives', 'unfortunately', 'often', 'lacking']
['doctoral', 'internships', 'already', 'underway', 'march']
['checked', 'doctoral', 'level', 'students', 'their', 'internship']
['training', 'directors', 'assess', 'risks', 'these', 'placements', 'fortu', 'nately', 'students', 'sites', 'reported', 'major', 'disrup', 'tions', 'internship', 'training', 'raise', 'concerns', 'would']
['unable', 'fulfill', 'minimum', 'requirements', 'their', 'intern', 'ships', 'students', 'applying', 'internships', 'coming']
['follow', 'practice', 'allowing', 'apply', 'based']
['expected', 'hours', 'accumulated', 'competencies', 'previously', 'devel', 'ccppp', 'program', 'particular', 'cohort']
['students', 'group', 'exhibiting', 'highest', 'levels', 'anxiety']
['practicum', 'training', 'scheduled']
['complete', 'summer', 'continue']
['disrupted', 'pandemic', 'encouraged', 'these', 'students']
['early', 'apply', 'internships']
['review', 'their', 'training', 'assess', 'steps', 'realistically']
['strengthen', 'their', 'applications', 'these', 'students']
['submit', 'internship', 'readiness', 'latest']
['summary', 'pandemic', 'profound', 'effect']
['training', 'program', 'terms', 'courses', 'research', 'clinical', 'train', 'utmost', 'importance', 'attempt', 'convey', 'humility']
['decision', 'making', 'based', 'limited', 'information', 'looking']
['forward', 'uncertain', 'future', 'encourage', 'stakeholders']
['program', 'reach', 'questions', 'concerns']
['fortunately', 'despite', 'being', 'physically', 'distanced', 'another']
['maintain', 'actually', 'increase', 'sense']
['community', 'instituting', 'frequent', 'conversations', 'between']
['students', 'myself', 'their', 'graduate', 'chair', 'further', 'ensure']
['students', 'program', 'activities', 'continu', 'offer', 'usual', 'programming', 'albeit', 'remote', 'format']
['including', 'summer', 'celebration', 'student', 'welcome', 'orienta', 'addition', 'pandemic', 'provided', 'opportunities']
['program', 'discuss', 'privilege', 'equity', 'professional', 'chology', 'training', 'lives', 'engage', 'collective']
['decision', 'making', 'learn', 'experiences', 'other', 'programs']
['training', 'partners', 'personally', 'found', 'pandemic']
['individuals', 'program', 'kinder', 'patient']
['occasions', 'individual', 'students', 'faculty']
['reached', 'another', 'myself', 'check', 'offer']
['support', 'relay', 'gratitude']
['example', 'hagstrom', 'northern', 'ontario']
['psychology', 'internship', 'consortium']
['training', 'challenges', 'opportunities', 'northern', 'ontario']
['provide', 'context', 'experience', 'norpic', 'admitted']
['first', 'intern', 'internship', 'program', 'first', 'devel', 'associate', 'director', 'sites']
['consortium', 'director', 'training']
['years', 'proceeded', 'internship', 'toward', 'bership', 'ccppp', 'appic', 'eventually', 'toward']
['obtaining', 'accreditation', 'visit', 'taking']
['place', 'awarded']
['first', 'accreditation', 'cycle']
['norpic', 'located', 'northwestern', 'ontario']
['students', 'training', 'different', 'organisations', 'during']
['student', 'placed', 'sioux', 'lookout', 'ontario', 'within']
['sioux', 'lookout', 'first', 'nations', 'health', 'authority']
['working', 'dilico', 'anishinabek', 'family', 'ontario', 'regular', 'weekly', 'travel', 'scheduled']
['surrounding', 'first', 'nations', 'communities', 'these', 'students', 'health', 'other', 'virtual', 'delivery', 'already', 'standard', 'practice']
['large', 'geographical', 'organisations', 'serve']
['students', 'training', 'these', 'locations', 'therefore', 'easily']
['virtual', 'service', 'delivery', 'primary', 'method']
['challenges', 'consequently', 'example', 'below', 'focuses']
['other', 'students', 'internship', 'experiences', 'hospital']
['outpatient', 'settings', 'these', 'positions', 'within', 'acute', 'pital', 'settings', 'community', 'clinic', 'outpatient', 'settings', 'thunder']
['prior', 'covid', 'neither', 'student', 'utilizing', 'technology']
['provide', 'these', 'settings']
['institutional', 'support', 'organisation', 'consor', 'employer', 'interns', 'joseph', 'group']
['stayed', 'ahead', 'curve', 'covid', 'safety', 'measures']
['precautions', 'march', 'almost', 'before', 'govern', 'ontario', 'implemented', 'province', 'emergency', 'orders']
['joseph', 'group', 'employees', 'strongly', 'discouraged']
['travelling', 'either', 'personal', 'reasons', 'chose']
['continue', 'doing', 'required', 'isolate']
['their', 'return', 'minimise', 'transmitting', 'covid']
['travel', 'northwestern', 'ontario', 'reported']
['covid', 'learnings', 'psychology', 'training', '179work', 'related', 'travel', 'activities', 'cancelled', 'physical', 'distanc', 'measures', 'implemented', 'immediately', 'screening', 'tions', 'required', 'entry', 'health']
['facilities', 'thunder', 'april', 'staff', 'including']
['trainees', 'completing', 'internships', 'restricted', 'working']
['preceding', 'provincial', 'order', 'practice']
['starting', 'april', 'required', 'surgical']
['masks', 'workplace', 'first', 'cases', 'covid', 'region']
['announced', 'until', 'third', 'march']
['writing', 'article', 'region', 'experienced', 'death']
['fewer', 'confirmed', 'cases']
['hospital', 'outpatient', 'clinic', 'settings', 'within', 'group', 'thunder', 'regional', 'health', 'sciences']
['centre', 'implemented', 'screening', 'staff', 'complete']
['submit', 'before', 'entering', 'workplace', 'setting', 'flagged']
['staff', 'members', 'reported', 'symptoms', 'consistent']
['covid', 'staff', 'members', 'identified', 'subsequently']
['required', 'undergo', 'follow', 'before', 'being', 'permitted', 'enter']
['workplace', 'continually', 'frequently', 'updated']
['medical', 'evidence', 'suggested', 'protocols', 'public']
['health', 'departments', 'changed', 'students', 'based']
['hospital', 'acute', 'settings', 'using']
['clinical', 'training', 'continuity', 'fortunate', 'circumstance']
['students', 'completing', 'internships', 'thunder']
['march', 'already', 'scheduled']
['switch', 'organisations', 'reduction', 'direct', 'service', 'hours']
['during', 'couple', 'weeks', 'transition', 'already', 'built']
['schedule', 'allow', 'complete', 'their', 'client', 'service']
['organisation', 'begin', 'rotation', 'march']
['students', 'transitioned', 'their', 'organisations', 'service']
['already', 'operating', 'virtually', 'outpatient', 'clinics']
['start', 'their', 'clients', 'virtually']
['distancing', 'processes', 'already', 'established', 'inpatient']
['setting']
['staff', 'student', 'interns', 'asked', 'transition']
['service', 'delivery', 'adhere', 'physical', 'distancing', 'requirements']
['students', 'outpatient', 'settings', 'providing', 'person']
['march', 'onward', 'student', 'working', 'inpatient']
['setting', 'given', 'option', 'either', 'transition', 'completely']
['outpatient', 'setting', 'offered', 'virtual', 'telehealth']
['continue', 'offering', 'inpatient', 'person', 'service', 'using', 'appropriate']
['social', 'distancing', 'interacting']
['clients', 'regard', 'considered', 'principle', 'students']
['needs', 'being', 'centre', 'decision', 'making', 'based']
['ccppp', 'guiding', 'principles', 'response', 'covid', 'ccppp']
['2020a', 'student', 'charge', 'making', 'decisions']
['comfortable', 'unfortunately', 'health']
['rotation', 'programs', 'bariatrics', 'categorised', 'elective']
['services', 'provincial', 'directives', 'start', 'pandemic']
['rotations', 'available', 'settings', 'though', 'these']
['experiences', 'temporarily', 'resuming']
['virtually', 'virtual', 'options', 'norpic', 'purchased']
['microphone', 'enabled', 'cameras', 'residents']
['available', 'student', 'interns', 'obtain', 'experience']
['supervision', 'continuity', 'consortium', 'program', 'composed']
['multiple', 'organisations', 'central', 'agency', 'address']
['numerous', 'organisational', 'challenges', 'ensuring', 'effective', 'communi', 'cation', 'between', 'organisations', 'supervisors', 'regarding']
['potential', 'disruptions', 'training', 'vitally', 'important']
['during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'contacted', 'supervisors']
['encouraged', 'contact', 'concerns']
['respect', 'internship', 'experiences', 'given', 'global', 'magnitude']
['pandemic', 'impact', 'everyone', 'general', 'functioning']
['starting', 'march', 'checked', 'interns']
['frequently', 'replacing', 'monthly', 'group', 'meetings', 'terly', 'individual', 'meetings', 'weekly', 'individual', 'super', 'vision', 'internship', 'students', 'having', 'weekly', 'connection']
['helpful', 'ensuring', 'ongoing', 'continuity', 'their']
['hours', 'weekly', 'doctoral', 'supervision', 'during', 'pandemic']
['supervisors', 'themselves', 'potentially', 'experiencing', 'ruptions', 'their', 'schedules', 'ensured', 'program']
['considering', 'second', 'guiding', 'principle', 'ccppp']
['statement', 'ensure', 'ongoing', 'clear', 'transparent', 'communica', 'ccppp', '2020a', 'ongoing', 'connection', 'helpful']
['tracking', 'monitoring', 'anticipated', 'disruptions']
['training', 'schedule']
['professional', 'development', 'continuity', 'major']
['concern', 'related', 'person', 'education', 'seminars', 'social']
['distancing', 'measures', 'place', 'could', 'longer', 'small']
['telehealth', 'which', 'accommodates', 'people', 'socially']
['distancing', 'virtual', 'connection', 'options', 'education', 'seminars']
['explored', 'hospitals', 'early', 'constraints', 'regard', 'using']
['virtual', 'platforms', 'appeared', 'where', 'would']
['struggle', 'thankfully', 'innovative', 'partnership', 'local']
['university', 'graduate', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'training', 'program']
['emerged', 'program', 'provided', 'meeting', 'links']
['education', 'seminars', 'extended', 'invitation', 'their', 'clinical', 'training', 'students', 'attend', 'weekly', 'education']
['seminars', 'needed', 'changes', 'lineup', 'viduals', 'providing', 'seminars', 'based', 'their', 'comfort', 'levels']
['technology', 'unfilled']
['because', 'seminars']
['scheduled', 'owing', 'annual', 'convention']
['which', 'cancelled', 'result', 'covid', 'worked']
['align', 'consortium', 'third', 'principle']
['ccppp', 'statement', 'programs', 'should', 'every', 'effort']
['minimise', 'disruptions', 'students', 'training', 'ccppp', '2020a']
['summary', 'ability', 'weather', 'pandemic', 'related', 'disrup', 'tions', 'greatly', 'assisted', 'geographical', 'isolation', 'layed', 'spread', 'covid', 'region', 'lucky', 'happenstance']
['previously', 'scheduled', 'transition', 'happening', 'conjunction']
['outbreak', 'internship', 'director']
['dedicated', 'running', 'internship', 'steps']
['include', 'forging', 'ahead', 'planning', 'arrival', 'matched']
['interns', 'entry', 'structure']
['developed', 'address', 'training', 'covid', 'remain']
['unchanged', 'during', 'current', 'internship', 'ensure', 'clinical', 'experiences', 'education', 'supervision', 'continue']
['standard', 'expected', 'anticipate', 'circumstances', 'remain']
['challenges', 'arise', 'mandatory']
['isolation', 'required', 'entry', 'region', 'develop', 'orientation', 'platform', 'primarily', 'virtual']
['scheduling', 'place', 'rotation', 'based', 'reading', 'professional']
['development', 'minimise', 'delays', 'commencing', 'internships']
['students', 'applying', 'norpic', 'entry']
['aware', 'potential', 'their', 'hours', 'disrupted', 'fewer']
['direct', 'hours', 'overall', 'reduced', 'breadth', 'experiences']
['penalize', 'applicants']
['goghari', 'hagstrom', 'madon', 'messer', 'engelexample', 'stewart', 'madon', 'registrar']
['accreditation', 'canadian', 'psychological', 'association']
['primary', 'function', 'accreditation', 'panel']
['uphold', 'standards', 'education', 'training', 'professional']
['psychology', 'defined', 'accreditation', 'standards', 'exercises']
['judgment', 'making', 'decisions', 'about', 'programs', 'applied']
['reapplied', 'accreditation', 'three', 'primary', 'tions', 'registrar', 'accreditation', 'serve', 'advisor']
['panel', 'oversee', 'logistical', 'operations', 'associated']
['accreditation', 'processes', 'liaise', 'other', 'national']
['international', 'training', 'partners', 'regarding', 'training', 'accreditation']
['matters', 'professional', 'psychology', 'accreditation', 'standards']
['themselves', 'though', 'partially', 'prescriptive', 'offer', 'programs', 'flexibil', 'meeting', 'indeed', 'panel', 'intend', 'grams', 'homogeneous', 'intend', 'manage']
['operation', 'accredited', 'programs', 'rather', 'panel']
['acknowledges', 'individual', 'programs', 'their', 'administration']
['significantly', 'better', 'suited', 'decisions', 'themselves']
['based', 'local', 'needs', 'realities', 'their', 'faculty', 'students']
['provided', 'these', 'decisions', 'align', 'accreditation', 'dards']
['given', 'these', 'functions', 'registrar', 'panel', 'primary', 'cerns', 'during', 'pandemic', 'identify', 'provide']
['mechanisms', 'which', 'programs', 'could', 'continue', 'creditation', 'standards', 'adapt', 'panel', 'evaluative', 'function']
['response', 'restrictions', 'imposed', 'pandemic']
['panel', 'response', 'threefold', 'through', 'registrar']
['collaborating', 'other', 'training', 'stakeholders', 'ccppp']
['acpro', 'coordinate', 'canadian', 'response', 'pandemic']
['including', 'allowing', 'flexibility', 'meeting', 'certain', 'accreditation']
['standards', 'cancelling', 'postponing', 'reaccreditation', 'visits']
['travel', 'restrictions', 'voting', 'grant', 'programs', 'affected']
['pandemic', 'automatic', 'extension', 'their', 'accredita', 'terms', 'ensure', 'program', 'accreditation', 'would', 'lapse']
['because', 'inability', 'visit', 'within', 'their', 'scheduled']
['reaccreditation']
['these', 'responses', 'panel', 'considered', 'intern', 'plays', 'establishing', 'competence', 'although', 'completing']
['internship', 'considered', 'capstone', 'culminating', 'activity']
['professional', 'psychology', 'doctorate', 'degree', 'discussion']
['training', 'partners', 'including', 'regulators', 'panel', 'consider']
['preinternship', 'practicum', 'training', 'determining', 'petence', 'professional', 'domains', 'ethics', 'assessment']
['intervention', 'primary', 'function', 'these', 'training', 'experiences']
['typically', 'envisioned', 'preparing', 'students', 'apply']
['internships', 'pandemic', 'allowed', 'considered']
['training', 'toward', 'prelicensing', 'competency', 'benchmarks']
['another', 'factor', 'panel', 'considered', 'technology']
['teaching', 'training', 'quality', 'assurance', 'noted', 'above']
['programs', 'blended', 'online', 'course']
['delivery', 'methods', 'students', 'completing', 'practicum', 'internships']
['trained', 'telehealth', 'methods', 'where', 'methods']
['accessible', 'appropriate', 'given', 'uncertainty', 'surrounding']
['institutional', 'reopenings', 'following', 'pandemic', 'panel', 'might']
['consider', 'technology', 'evaluation']
['processes', 'virtual', 'reaccreditation', 'visits', 'registrar']
['panel', 'working', 'responsive', 'ongoing', 'develop', 'ments', 'frequent', 'changes', 'multiple', 'needs', 'stake', 'holders']
['overall', 'although', 'pandemic', 'continues']
['significant', 'impact', 'training', 'panel', 'function', 'remains']
['ensuring', 'quality', 'professional', 'psychology', 'training']
['canada', 'through', 'upholding', 'accreditation', 'standards', 'anisms', 'processes', 'which', 'panel', 'accomplishes']
['modified', 'further', 'coming', 'months', 'years']
['maintain', 'continuity', 'function']
['example', 'karen', 'messer', 'engel', 'saskatchewan']
['college', 'psychologists']
['challenges', 'regulatory', 'licensure']
['regulatory', 'colleagues', 'canada', 'first', 'practitioner']
['trained', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'years']
['remember', 'worked', 'mental', 'health', 'years']
['joined', 'saskatchewan', 'college', 'psychologists', 'almost', 'years']
['deputy', 'registrar', 'later', 'assumed', 'current']
['college', 'years', 'joined', 'staff', 'member']
['incredibly', 'challenging', 'interesting', 'still']
['struck', 'prominently', 'first', 'joined', 'ulatory', 'world', 'regulation', 'about']
['members', 'regulating', 'profession']
['together', 'ensure', 'profession', 'psychology']
['ethical', 'competent', 'group', 'which', 'proud']
['since', 'learned', 'although', 'responsibility']
['regulator', 'protect', 'public', 'interest', 'responsibility']
['antithetical', 'supporting', 'profession', 'meeting', 'respon', 'sibilities', 'ethics', 'competence']
['normal', 'created', 'pandemic', 'presented', 'nificant', 'challenges', 'college', 'regulatory', 'difficult']
['remember', 'normal', 'began', 'seems']
['though', 'going', 'forever', 'members', 'profes', 'understandably', 'questions', 'particular']
['questions', 'about', 'future', 'practice', 'expectations', 'appears']
['highly', 'unlikely', 'practice', 'return']
['future', 'members', 'profession', 'important']
['concerns', 'ranging', 'unable', 'criminal', 'record', 'check']
['access', 'official', 'transcripts', 'agencies', 'shuttered', 'their']
['operations', 'remote', 'internship', 'hours', 'shortened']
['because', 'program', 'close', 'pandemic', 'clared', 'these', 'important', 'issues', 'college', 'sympathetic']
['additional', 'stress', 'pandemic', 'added', 'already']
['stressful', 'process', 'applying', 'licensure', 'practicing']
['member', 'regulated', 'health', 'profession', 'important', 'phasise', 'college', 'occur', 'within', 'confines']
['legislation', 'congruent', 'values', 'endeavour']
['respectful', 'collaborative', 'responsive', 'accountable']
['legislation', 'governing', 'profession', 'saskatchewan']
['psychologists', 'requires', 'applicants', 'profession']
['initially', 'licensed', 'provisional', 'members', 'until']
['successfully', 'requirements', 'independent', 'licensure']
['these', 'requirements', 'include', 'completing', 'asppb']
['2020b', 'logging', 'supervised', 'practice', 'under', 'approved']
['supervision', 'supervision', 'agreement', 'supervisor', 'pleting', 'competency', 'based', 'examination', 'interview', 'estab', 'lished', 'college', 'saskatchewan', 'college', 'psychologists']
[]
['covid', 'learnings', 'psychology', 'training', '181the', 'college', 'understands', 'appreciates', 'after', 'years']
['education', 'mounting', 'debts', 'resulting', 'education']
['learners', 'anxious', 'begin', 'their', 'professional', 'careers']
['understood', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'necessitated', 'changes']
['practice', 'within', 'academia', 'applying', 'licensure', 'lengthy']
['process', 'requires', 'submitting', 'multiple', 'documents', 'refer', 'ences', 'regulator', 'picture', 'possible']
['applying', 'their', 'suitability', 'licensure', 'applicants']
['being', 'required', 'submit', 'multiple', 'forms', 'documents']
['specific', 'format', 'frustrating', 'appears', 'excessive']
['regulatory', 'perspective', 'however', 'information', 'essential']
['ensure', 'public', 'protection', 'negotiable']
['application', 'process', 'college', 'requires', 'official', 'transcript']
['directly', 'academic', 'institution', 'showing']
['applicant', 'awarded', 'graduate', 'degree', 'psychology']
['college', 'anticipates', 'because', 'pandemic', 'applicants']
['unable', 'submit', 'their', 'transcript', 'accompany', 'their']
['initial', 'application', 'because', 'universities', 'shift', 'online', 'opera', 'tions', 'cases', 'having', 'fewer', 'administrative', 'staff', 'forming', 'although', 'ideal', 'cases', 'college']
['consider', 'initially', 'accepting', 'other', 'documentation', 'verify']
['credential', 'minimise', 'delays', 'application', 'process', 'modifi', 'cations', 'documentary', 'requirements', 'considered']
['basis']
['impact', 'training', 'disruptions', 'licensure']
['acpro', 'member', 'college', 'requires', 'applicants', 'licensure']
['completed', 'certain', 'academic', 'course', 'acquired']
['practice', 'competencies', 'application', 'namely']
['requirements', 'mutual', 'recognition', 'agreement']
['practice', 'competencies', 'respectively', 'prior']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'considering', 'requirements']
['practice', 'competencies', 'college', 'accepted']
['academic', 'program', 'study', 'accredited', 'applicant']
['degree', 'awarded', 'requirements']
['practice', 'competencies', 'necessary', 'licensure']
['definition', 'adaptations', 'academic', 'course', 'resulting']
['impacts', 'occurred', 'result', 'pandemic', 'important']
['applicants', 'college', 'aware', 'these', 'changes']
['verified', 'their', 'training', 'director', 'consistent', 'mandate']
['public', 'protection', 'college', 'consider', 'impact']
['significant', 'program', 'modifications', 'applicants', 'eligibility']
['licensure', 'applications', 'considered', 'their', 'merits']
['appreciation', 'current', 'reality', 'nonac', 'credited', 'programs', 'master', 'level', 'training', 'modified', 'accredited', 'program', 'which', 'requirements', 'fully']
['college', 'consider', 'allowing', 'applicant', 'obtain']
['necessary', 'course', 'prior', 'being', 'accepted', 'licensure']
['legislation', 'governing', 'licensure', 'contains', 'provision', 'allow', 'registration', 'committee', 'college']
['appropriate', 'waive', 'logged', 'supervised', 'practice']
['those', 'applicants', 'successfully', 'completed', 'accredited', 'predoctoral', 'internship', 'provisional', 'licensees', 'still']
['under', 'direct', 'supervision', 'until', 'awarded']
['independent', 'license', 'practice', 'required', 'submit']
['practice', 'midpoint', 'endpoint', 'their']
['supervisor', 'required', 'submit', 'midpoint', 'endpoint']
['evaluations', 'applicant', 'request', 'consideration']
['provide', 'documentary', 'evidence', 'their', 'internship', 'regard', 'accreditation', 'practice', 'hours', 'logged', 'supervision', 'received']
['activities', 'undertaken', 'overall', 'evaluation', 'applicant']
['competency', 'decision', 'waive', 'requirements', 'resides']
['registration', 'committee', 'appeal']
['should', 'applicant', 'internship', 'truncated', 'manner']
['pandemic', 'deemed', 'their', 'program']
['passed', 'their', 'internship', 'within', 'registration', 'mittee', 'authority', 'accept', 'either', 'portion', 'hours']
['hours', 'waive', 'portion', 'supervised']
['practice', 'requirement', 'conversely', 'depending', 'number']
['hours', 'successfully', 'logged', 'minimum', 'hours']
['decision', 'could', 'waive', 'entire', 'requirement']
['internship', 'fully', 'completed', 'according']
['training', 'program']
['college', 'approach', 'always', 'involved', 'being', 'reasonable']
['flexible', 'dealing', 'challenging', 'situations', 'where']
['appropriate', 'where', 'permitted', 'legislative', 'authority', 'thing', 'pandemic', 'definitely', 'presenting']
['challenging', 'situations', 'predict', 'certainty']
['impacts', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'students']
['applicants', 'licensees', 'confidently']
['psychology', 'regulatory', 'community', 'continue', 'exhibit']
['fairness', 'transparency', 'decisions', 'regarding', 'licensure']
['regulation']
['opportunities', 'learned']
['build', 'robust', 'profession']
['manage', 'personal', 'lives']
['routines', 'although', 'training', 'pathway', 'learner', 'autono', 'practitioner', 'complex', 'training', 'partners', 'rarely', 'dwell']
['details', 'pathway', 'itself', 'disruption']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'provided', 'opportunity']
['focus', 'greater', 'attention', 'pathway', 'explore', 'areas', 'where']
['change', 'beneficial', 'required', 'anticipate', 'profes', 'sional', 'psychology', 'training', 'ultimately', 'benefit', 'inten', 'collaborative', 'rethinking', 'processes', 'emerged']
['response', 'structural', 'logistical', 'challenges', 'posed']
['covid', 'first', 'necessary', 'shift', 'education', 'health', 'created', 'opportunities', 'provide', 'education', 'psycho', 'logical', 'services', 'broader', 'inclusive', 'manner', 'second']
['coordination', 'required', 'navigate', 'difficult', 'period', 'world']
['history', 'highlighted', 'training', 'partners', 'interconnectivity']
['interdependence', 'academic', 'institutions', 'internship', 'programs']
['accreditation', 'regulatory', 'bodies', 'resulted', 'essary', 'important', 'conversations', 'between', 'these', 'groups']
['pandemic', 'caused', 'bring', 'focus', 'attention']
['specific', 'goals', 'objectives', 'training', 'achieve']
['these', 'short', 'disruption', 'caused', 'pandemic', 'seems']
['resulting', 'change', 'fundamental', 'nature', 'training', 'itself']
['education', 'telehealth']
['positive', 'effect', 'being', 'thrust', 'world', 'virtual']
['technology', 'virtual', 'platforms', 'increased', 'opportunity', 'these']
['tools', 'offer', 'providing', 'services', 'trainees', 'clients']
['direct', 'result', 'pandemic', 'students', 'typically']
['access', 'telehealth', 'experiences', 'within', 'their', 'practicum', 'intern', 'ships', 'prior', 'pandemic', 'chance', 'learn']
['modality', 'offering', 'psychological', 'services', 'profession']
['goghari', 'hagstrom', 'madon', 'messer', 'engelalso', 'challenged', 'reimagine', 'training', 'delivery']
['months', 'technology', 'enabled', 'methods']
['teaching', 'students', 'clinical', 'technology', 'enabled', 'training', 'reality', 'critical', 'ensure', 'students']
['access', 'practicum', 'placements', 'consider', 'practical']
['experience', 'offered', 'proliferation', 'virtual', 'telehealth']
['options', 'service', 'provision', 'possible', 'dents', 'access', 'practicum', 'experiences', 'variety', 'sites']
['augment', 'their', 'person', 'training', 'development', 'would', 'allow']
['greater', 'equity', 'access', 'training', 'sites', 'different']
['populations', 'clients', 'students']
['present', 'service', 'delivery', 'methods', 'represent', 'significant', 'depar', 'common', 'modalities', 'prior', 'pandemic']
['profession', 'cautious', 'about', 'embracing']
['things', 'unfamiliar', 'especially', 'relation', 'principles']
['privacy', 'confidentiality', 'cornerstones', 'profession']
['concern', 'about', 'unfamiliar', 'impact', 'those', 'ciples', 'therefore', 'surprising', 'historically', 'numbers']
['practitioners', 'provided', 'technology', 'aided', 'service', 'delivery']
['hagstrom', 'maranzan', 'moreover']
['evaluate', 'critically', 'which', 'technology']
['support', 'augment', 'training', 'service', 'provision']
['recent', 'survey', 'canadian', 'academic', 'internship', 'programs']
['revealed', 'limited', 'uptake', 'integration', 'technology', 'profes', 'sional', 'psychology', 'training', 'service', 'delivery', 'hagstrom']
['maranzan', 'survey', 'conducted', 'today']
['results', 'likely', 'would', 'reveal', 'greater', 'technology']
['innovation', 'shift', 'likely', 'attributable', 'large']
['worldwide', 'experience', 'covid', 'played']
['settings', 'clinics', 'which', 'propelled', 'forward']
['significant', 'unified', 'technology', 'faced', 'limited']
['options', 'compelled', 'embrace', 'discomfort']
['technological', 'innovations', 'practice', 'appreciate', 'plexity', 'adaptations', 'asked', 'clients', 'trainees']
['areas', 'practice', 'typically', 'viewed', 'amenable']
['telehealth', 'education', 'neuropsychology']
['subject', 'discussion', 'about', 'offer', 'training', 'services']
['through', 'virtual', 'formats']
['historically', 'training', 'associations', 'accreditation', 'bodies']
['relied', 'evaluation', 'discretion', 'training', 'programs', 'garding', 'education', 'telehealth', 'training']
['these', 'methods', 'translate', 'development', 'competencies']
['professional', 'psychologists', 'require', 'jurisdictions', 'differ']
['terms', 'accepting', 'distance', 'education', 'licensure', 'widespread', 'technology', 'presents', 'opportunity']
['profession', 'examine', 'issue', 'scientific', 'rigour', 'inform']
['practices']
['finally', 'present', 'moment', 'provides', 'opportunity']
['rethink', 'training', 'programs', 'structure', 'routine', 'offerings']
['national', 'level', 'academic', 'internship', 'training', 'community']
['could', 'explore', 'feasibility', 'offering', 'virtual', 'professional', 'devel', 'opment', 'seminars', 'relevant', 'training', 'needs', 'canadian']
['students', 'possible', 'would', 'promote', 'greater', 'equity']
['standardization', 'training', 'opportunities', 'similarly', 'conferences']
['other', 'discipline', 'meetings', 'could', 'offered', 'virtual']
['person', 'formats', 'increase', 'access', 'program', 'offerings']
['reducing', 'geographical', 'inequities', 'experienced', 'attendees']
['living', 'rural', 'isolated', 'locations']
['building', 'interconnected', 'training', 'community']
['pandemic', 'positive', 'outcome', 'namely']
['highlighted', 'interconnectedness', 'different', 'training', 'underlined', 'enhanced', 'collaboration']
['cooperation', 'between', 'organisations', 'noted', 'earlier', 'review']
['training', 'advocacy', 'educational', 'regulatory', 'groups']
['issued', 'individual', 'joint', 'statements', 'about', 'coming', 'together']
['address', 'common', 'issues', 'provide', 'guidance', 'community']
['clarify', 'their', 'practices']
['pandemic', 'particularly', 'challenged', 'regulators']
['together', 'reduce', 'jurisdictional', 'differences', 'where', 'possible']
['continues', 'challenge', 'capitalize', 'gains', 'consensus']
['resulted', 'address']
['impacts', 'pandemic', 'going', 'forward', 'regulators', 'firmed', 'their', 'commitment', 'mandate', 'public', 'protection']
['working', 'transparent', 'manner', 'their', 'regulatory']
['profession']
['regional', 'cross', 'disciplinary', 'partnerships', 'relationships']
['forged', 'canadian', 'neuropsychology', 'covid']
['collaboration', 'forum', 'established', 'consists']
['neuropsychologists', 'academia', 'hospitals', 'schools', 'practices', 'training', 'directors', 'brought', 'together']
['through', 'ccppp', 'through', 'greater', 'resource', 'sharing', 'through']
['enhanced', 'level', 'assessing', 'programs', 'functioning']
['pandemic', 'college', 'psychologists', 'ontario']
['brought', 'academic', 'internship', 'training', 'directors', 'together']
['years', 'recently', 'there', 'frequently']
['benefit', 'collective', 'decision', 'making', 'resource', 'sharing']
['understanding', 'actions', 'other', 'programs', 'taking']
['ethical', 'decision', 'making', 'aspirational']
['principles', 'action']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'occasioned', 'thorough', 'investiga', 'training', 'community', 'priorities', 'because', 'different']
['training', 'partners', 'associations', 'their', 'respective', 'priorities']
['carry', 'weight', 'decision', 'making', 'ample', 'opportunity']
['ethical', 'decision', 'making', 'principles', 'action']
['discovered', 'different', 'groups', 'necessarily', 'prioritize', 'different']
['stakeholders', 'regulatory', 'accreditation', 'bodies', 'primarily', 'prior', 'itize', 'protection', 'public', 'regulation', 'accreditation']
['students', 'accreditation', 'achieved', 'establishing', 'standards']
['training', 'accreditation', 'accreditation', 'bodies', 'licensure']
['individuals', 'regulators', 'oversight', 'practice', 'regulators', 'academic', 'programs', 'internships', 'prioritize']
['public', 'their', 'learners', 'vulnerable', 'within']
['university', 'hospital', 'settings', 'interestingly', 'students', 'still']
['residence', 'their', 'university', 'quite', 'different', 'experiences']
['during', 'pandemic', 'compared', 'those', 'students', 'completing']
['their', 'internships', 'example', 'students', 'still', 'residence', 'their']
['programs', 'university', 'courses', 'moved', 'online', 'delivery']
['practicum', 'paused', 'moved', 'virtual', 'formats']
['early', 'months', 'contrast', 'students', 'whose', 'internships']
['already', 'progress', 'continued', 'provide', 'services', 'often']
['person', 'hospitals', 'prioritize', 'needs', 'their', 'clients']
['focus', 'provide', 'practicum']
['internship', 'training', 'students', 'often', 'these', 'students']
['continue', 'clients', 'service', 'needs', 'lastly']
['covid', 'learnings', 'psychology', 'training', '183all', 'organisations', 'financial', 'needs', 'often', 'dictate', 'nature']
['support', 'available', 'various', 'stakeholders', 'response']
['challenge', 'posed', 'pandemic', 'meeting', 'these', 'needs']
['resulted', 'students', 'being', 'redeployed', 'unrelated']
['their', 'original', 'internship', 'placement', 'pivoting']
['research', 'corresponding', 'tuition', 'support', 'graduate', 'students']
['offer', 'following', 'aspirational', 'principles', 'decision', 'making']
['based', 'experiences', 'learnings']
['aspirational', 'principles', 'guiding', 'decision', 'making']
['community', 'focus', 'important', 'principle', 'during']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'making', 'decisions', 'focus', 'safety']
['members', 'community', 'including', 'reopening']
['training', 'sites', 'learners', 'manner']
['public', 'serve', 'additionally', 'adapt', 'training']
['program', 'procedures', 'regulatory', 'practices', 'address', 'lenges', 'presented', 'pandemic', 'maintain', 'standard']
['training', 'continues', 'public', 'interest']
['furthermore', 'longer', 'training', 'programs', 'continue', 'erate', 'virtual', 'platforms', 'important', 'ensure']
['retain', 'sense', 'community', 'solidarity', 'within', 'grams', 'bigger', 'picture', 'question', 'training', 'programs', 'consider']
['build', 'camaraderie', 'between', 'students', 'within']
['cohort', 'program', 'among', 'members', 'incom', 'cohort', 'suggest', 'important', 'wherever', 'possible']
['strive', 'continue', 'offer', 'programming', 'including', 'welcomes', 'orientations', 'albeit', 'remote', 'format']
['student', 'centred', 'approach']
['suggest', 'student', 'centred', 'approach', 'essential', 'academic']
['internship', 'programs', 'parties', 'academic', 'intern', 'training', 'programs', 'affected', 'pandemic']
['students', 'group', 'vulnerable', 'students', 'often']
['engaged', 'decision', 'making', 'processes', 'frequently']
['informed', 'about', 'these', 'processes', 'during', 'covid', 'providing']
['training', 'environment', 'possible', 'students', 'while', 'ensuring']
['their', 'safety', 'staff', 'faculty', 'clients']
['central', 'priority', 'recognise', 'students', 'personal']
['professional', 'lives', 'disrupted', 'levels']
['students', 'experiencing', 'profound', 'disruptions', 'require']
['greater', 'flexibility', 'their', 'training', 'sites']
['equity', 'diversity', 'inclusion', 'unfortunately']
['vulnerable', 'individuals', 'often', 'affected', 'events']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'groups', 'historically']
['underrepresented', 'higher', 'education', 'racialized', 'students']
['those', 'lower', 'socioeconomic', 'status', 'perna', 'jones']
['historically', 'experienced', 'worse', 'overall', 'health', 'outcomes']
['during', 'pandemics', 'relative', 'other', 'groups', 'green']
['nguyen', 'westheimer', 'layton', 'lowcock', 'rosella']
['foisy', 'mcgeer', 'crowcroft', 'moran', 'kubale', 'noppert']
['malosh', 'zelner', 'placzek', 'madoff', 'covid']
['united', 'states', 'reveals', 'overall', 'mortality']
['black', 'americans', 'times', 'higher']
['whites', 'asians', 'times', 'higher', 'latinos']
['research', 'after', 'black', 'americans', 'indigenous']
['americans', 'widely', 'affected', 'group', 'canada']
['ontario', 'neighbourhoods', 'oculturally', 'diverse', 'higher', 'rates', 'covid', 'related']
['deaths', 'compared', 'diverse', 'neighbourhoods', 'public', 'health']
['ontario', 'moreover', 'research', 'literature', 'demonstrates']
['similar', 'systemic', 'differences', 'terms', 'demographic', 'variables']
['associated', 'postsecondary', 'students', 'require', 'supplemental']
['supports', 'during', 'their', 'academic', 'experience', 'holistic', 'checking', 'museus', 'neville', 'summary']
['imperative', 'training', 'community', 'knowledgeable', 'about']
['racial', 'disparities', 'health', 'these', 'differentially', 'affect']
['learners', 'communities', 'serve']
['mitigate', 'pandemic', 'negative', 'effect']
['underrepresented', 'groups', 'academic', 'internship', 'settings']
['build', 'inclusive', 'environment', 'could', 'include', 'providing']
['access', 'information', 'students', 'through', 'student']
['halls', 'offer', 'students', 'chance', 'questions']
['responses', 'other', 'students', 'questions', 'rather', 'waiting']
['students', 'approach', 'moreover', 'should', 'circulate', 'informa', 'students', 'should', 'specifically', 'opportunities']
['vulnerable', 'individuals', 'these', 'supports']
['typically', 'apply', 'fundamentally']
['understand', 'students', 'profoundly', 'affected']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'their', 'professional', 'personal', 'lives']
['additional', 'support', 'resources', 'flexibility', 'finally']
['continues', 'crucial', 'examine', 'discuss', 'issues', 'access']
['privilege', 'academia', 'compounded', 'system', 'ically', 'reduced', 'opportunities', 'underrepresented', 'groups']
['transparency', 'humility', 'would', 'suggest']
['priority', 'these', 'challenging', 'times', 'transparent']
['possible', 'disclosing', 'training', 'related', 'decisions', 'informa', 'informs', 'decision', 'making', 'although', 'information', 'about']
['covid', 'coming', 'rapidly', 'continuously', 'think']
['vital', 'communicate', 'regularly', 'stakeholders', 'about']
['impacts', 'decisions', 'prompts', 'should', 'acknowledge']
['humility', 'decision', 'making', 'based', 'limited', 'infor', 'mation', 'looking', 'ahead', 'uncertain', 'future']
['summary']
['write', 'article', 'pandemic', 'effect']
['three', 'months', 'projections', 'suggest', 'covid']
['society', 'adjust', 'continued']
['presence', 'present', 'picture', 'offer', 'snapshot', 'current']
['experiences', 'learning', 'priorities', 'particular', 'stake', 'holders', 'affected', 'shift', 'pandemic', 'course']
['understand', 'stakeholders', 'desire', 'clarity', 'immediate']
['decisions', 'actions', 'however', 'certain', 'decisions', 'until']
['facts', 'known', 'regulatory', 'bodies', 'contend']
['certain', 'questions', 'regarding', 'assess', 'learner', 'profiles', 'affected']
['covid', 'cohorts', 'previously', 'mentioned', 'either', 'still']
['progressing', 'through', 'training', 'pathway', 'begin']
['similarly', 'academic', 'institutions', 'uncertainties', 'universities']
['clear', 'indication', 'their', 'finances', 'until', 'student']
['enrollment', 'numbers', 'known', 'further', 'longer', 'pandemic']
['lasts', 'longer', 'their', 'revenue', 'generating', 'ancillary', 'services']
['closed', 'meanwhile', 'internship', 'settings', 'control']
['broader', 'hospital', 'policies', 'redeployment', 'learner', 'safety']
['accreditation', 'panel', 'grapple', 'varying']
['choices', 'programs', 'adapt', 'covid', 'their', 'vidual', 'contexts', 'within', 'scope', 'flexibility', 'guidance']
['provided', 'these', 'choices', 'align', 'accredita', 'standards']
['goghari', 'hagstrom', 'madon', 'messer', 'engelat', 'fundamental', 'level', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'impact']
['training', 'questions', 'about', 'flexibility', 'boundaries']
['professional', 'psychology', 'training', 'beginning', 'modify']
['training', 'programs', 'practice', 'consensus', 'based', 'decision', 'making']
['training', 'community', 'understand', 'positive']
['negative', 'consequences', 'decisions', 'would']
['comfort', 'regulatory', 'advocacy', 'educational', 'bodies', 'provided']
['exact', 'boundaries', 'dictating', 'flexible', 'training', 'requirements']
['minimum', 'number', 'practicum', 'hours', 'internship']
['hours', 'students', 'require', 'graduate', 'practice', 'hours', 'ultimately']
['needed', 'become', 'licensed', 'regulatory', 'unfortunately']
['simple', 'decisions', 'consider', 'unique', 'contexts']
['individuals', 'settings', 'although', 'these', 'questions', 'difficult']
['sincerely', 'believe', 'emerge', 'covid']
['pandemic', 'stronger', 'resilient', 'reflective', 'training', 'munity', 'proud', 'learners', 'handled', 'crisis']
['adaptable', 'group', 'individuals', 'future']
['profession', 'confident', 'profession', 'hands']
['résumé']
['déclaration', 'pandémie', 'coronavirus', 'covid']
['touché', 'toute', 'société', 'effets', 'transfor', 'mationnels', 'précédent', 'formation', 'psychologie', 'profes', 'sionnelle', 'quelques', 'seulement', 'présente', 'étude', 'recueille']
['connaissances', 'dirigeants', 'trois', 'principaux', 'partenaires']
['formation', 'canada', 'conseil', 'canadien', 'programmes']
['psychologie', 'professionnelle', 'ccppp', 'groupe', 'agrément']
['société', 'canadienne', 'psychologie', 'association', 'organisa', 'tions', 'canadiennes', 'réglementation', 'psychologie', 'aocrp']
['ainsi', 'rédacteur', 'canadian', 'psychology']
['partageons', 'expériences', 'apprentissages', 'concernant']
['effet', 'profond', 'covid', 'programmes', 'scolaires']
['stages', 'accréditation', 'fonctions', 'réglementaires', 'étude', 'parcours', 'formation', 'étudiant', 'psychologue', 'agréé']
['principaux', 'organismes', 'éducatifs', 'défense', 'droits', 'régle', 'mentation', 'associés', 'formation', 'psychologie', 'canada']
['défis', 'formation', 'pandémie', 'élaboration', 'cadre']
['prise', 'décisions', 'contexte', 'canadien', 'pouvant', 'aider']
['atténuer', 'défis', 'principes', 'directeurs', 'ambitieux']
['résultent', 'prise', 'décisions', 'pendant', 'pandémie']
['exemples', 'personnels', 'impact', 'pandémie', 'rôles']
['organisations', 'affiliées', 'pandémie', 'covid']
['nombreux', 'défis', 'formation', 'professionnelle']
['également', 'catalyseur', 'changement', 'profes', 'favorisant', 'expansion', 'pratiques', 'télééducation']
['télésanté', 'pandémie', 'favorisé', 'meilleure', 'communication']
['communauté', 'formation', 'entière', 'prises', 'décision']
['éthiques', 'fondées', 'consensus', 'encouragés', 'définir']
['priorités', 'professionnelles', 'communauté', 'formation']
['psychologie', 'professionnelle', 'confrontée', 'problèmes']
['complexes', 'multiples', 'facettes', 'suite', 'pandémie']
['compte', 'espérons', 'sortir', 'pandémie']
['covid', 'communauté', 'formation', 'professionnelle']
['psychologie', 'résiliente', 'réfléchie', 'cohésive']
['psychologie', 'clinique', 'psychologie', 'counseling', 'cation', 'prestataires', 'services', 'santé', 'psychologie', 'psycholo', 'scolaire']
['paper']
['commentary', 'reflections', 'covid']
['pandemic', 'health', 'disparities', 'pediatric']
['psychology']
['jessica', 'valenzuela', 'crosby']
[]
['roger', 'harrison']
[]
['college', 'psychology', 'southeastern', 'university']
['division', 'behavioral', 'medicine', 'clinical', 'psychology']
['cincinnati', 'children', 'hospital', 'medical', 'center']
['college', 'medicine', 'university', 'cincinnati']
['nemours', 'alfred']
['dupont', 'hospital', 'children']
['sydney', 'kimmel', 'medical', 'college', 'thomas', 'jefferson', 'university']
['correspondence', 'concerning', 'article', 'should', 'addressed', 'crosby', 'division', 'behavioral']
['medicine', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'cincinnati', 'children', 'hospital', 'medical', 'center', 'burnet', 'avenue']
['cincinnati', '45229', 'crosby', 'cchmc']
['received', 'revisions', 'received', 'accepted']
['abstract']
['covid', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'pandemic', 'significant', 'economic', 'social', 'tional', 'public', 'health', 'impact', 'united', 'states', 'disturbing', 'trend', 'black', 'indigenous']
['people', 'color', 'bipoc', 'disproportionately', 'contracting', 'coronavirus', 'dying']
['covid', 'objective', 'methods', 'pandemic', 'potential', 'entrench', 'magnify', 'exist', 'health', 'disparities', 'families', 'marginalized', 'across', 'multiple', 'demographic', 'intersections']
['ethnicity', 'class', 'immigration', 'status', 'especially', 'vulnerable', 'these', 'inequities', 'underscored', 'recent', 'murders', 'black', 'americans', 'police', 'resulting', 'spotlight']
['racial', 'injustice', 'united', 'states', 'results', 'efforts', 'lessen', 'spread', 'virus', 'resulted']
['changes', 'pediatric', 'primary', 'subspecialty', 'service', 'delivery', 'which', 'affect', 'access']
['bipoc', 'communities', 'bipoc', 'trainees', 'including', 'those', 'caregiving', 'responsibilities']
['faced', 'barriers', 'resulting', 'delays', 'completion', 'their', 'training', 'further', 'clinical']
['community', 'based', 'translational', 'research', 'disrupted', 'heightened', 'safety', 'precautions']
['social', 'distancing', 'which', 'affect', 'bipoc', 'representation', 'research', 'downstream', 'conclusion']
['roles', 'clinicians', 'supervisors', 'trainees', 'researchers', 'primary', 'subspecialty']
['academia', 'pediatric', 'psychologists', 'ethical', 'responsibility', 'address', 'dispro', 'portionate', 'burden', 'pandemic', 'vulnerable', 'communities', 'allocate']
['resources', 'ensuring', 'health', 'equity', 'aftermath', 'covid']
['words', 'clinical', 'economic', 'disadvantage', 'ethnicity', 'research', 'training']
['introduction']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'affecting', 'segments']
['united', 'states', 'economic', 'social', 'emotional']
['public', 'health', 'every', 'state', 'territory']
['experienced', 'significant', 'numbers', 'cases', 'deaths']
['covid', 'disturbing', 'trend', 'persisted']
['states', 'report', 'illness', 'hospitalizations']
['deaths', 'covid', 'black', 'indigenous']
['people', 'color', 'bipoc', 'disproportionately', 'tracting', 'coronavirus', 'dying', 'covid']
['centers', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention']
['disparate', 'impact', 'coronavirus', 'bipoc']
['linked', 'preexisting', 'inequities', 'including']
['poorer', 'access', 'healthcare', 'employment']
['author', 'published', 'oxford', 'university', 'press', 'behalf', 'society', 'pediatric', 'psychology']
['rights', 'reserved', 'permissions', 'please', 'journals', 'permissions']
['journal', 'pediatric', 'psychology']
['jpepsy', 'jsaa063']
['advance', 'access', 'publication', 'august']
['commentary']
['downloaded', 'https', 'academic', 'jpepsy', 'article', '5885276', 'guest', '2021increased', 'likelihood', 'living', 'crowded', 'spaces', 'representation', 'detention', 'correction', 'facilities']
['fortuna']
['noted', 'current', 'president', 'american']
['psychological', 'association', 'covid']
['pandemic', 'occurring', 'middle', 'racism', 'demic', 'highlighting', 'psychological', 'anxiety']
['depression', 'traumatic', 'stress', 'disorders', 'physical']
['health', 'racism', 'consequently', 'bipoc', 'communi', 'struggling', 'manage', 'effects', 'covid']
['burden', 'racial', 'injustice']
['underscored', 'recent', 'murders', 'black', 'citizens']
['police', 'nationwide', 'protests', 'against', 'injustice']
['police', 'brutality']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'significant']
['changes', 'pediatric', 'primary', 'subspecialty', 'service']
['delivery', 'including', 'ability', 'pediatric', 'psycholo', 'gists', 'remain', 'integrated', 'medical', 'settings']
['efforts', 'flatten', 'curve', 'spread']
['infections', 'pediatric', 'healthcare', 'providers', 'limited']
['office', 'visits', 'implemented', 'social', 'distancing', 'during', 'visits', 'migrated', 'digital', 'telehealth']
['platforms', 'visits', 'would', 'ordinarily', 'result']
['referral', 'handoff', 'psychology']
['although', 'using', 'these', 'platforms', 'provide', 'patient']
['holds', 'promise', 'increasing', 'access', 'under', 'served', 'there', 'evidence', 'problematic', 'inequity']
['accessibility', 'acceptability', 'platforms']
['vulnerable', 'families', 'limited', 'access', 'ternet', 'service', 'compatible', 'devices', 'support', 'health', 'visits', 'families', 'young', 'children']
['caregiver', 'present', 'during', 'because']
['their', 'status', 'income', 'essential', 'employees']
['retail', 'childcare', 'workers', 'medical', 'assistants', 'house', 'keepers', 'greater', 'exposure', 'coronavirus']
['families', 'marginalized', 'across', 'multiple', 'demographic']
['intersections', 'ethnicity', 'class', 'gration', 'status', 'especially', 'vulnerable', 'english', 'speaking', 'families', 'unique', 'barriers', 'including', 'diffi', 'culty', 'accessing', 'instructions', 'virtual', 'limited']
['interpreter', 'services', 'virtual', 'platforms']
['furthermore', 'preliminary', 'research', 'bipoc', 'percep', 'tions', 'telehealth', 'services', 'suggests', 'black', 'patients']
['experience', 'trust', 'services', 'where', 'provider']
['physically', 'present', 'concerns', 'about', 'confidentiality', 'using', 'these', 'services']
['george']
['established', 'racial', 'ethnic']
['minorities', 'likely', 'chronic', 'medical']
['conditions', 'diabetes', 'chronic', 'disease', 'cardio', 'vascular', 'disease', 'exacerbate', 'effects']
['covid', 'hopkins', 'medicine', 'poten', 'tially', 'influencing', 'caregivers', 'willingness', 'bring', 'their']
['children', 'hospitals', 'clinics', 'furthermore']
['marginalized', 'families', 'levels', 'mistrust']
['medical', 'system', 'those', 'experiencing', 'health', 'related', 'stigma', 'likely', 'avoid', 'preventive']
['immunizations', 'although', 'impact']
['unmet', 'delayed', 'unknown', 'anticipate']
['these', 'inequities', 'consequences']
['disease', 'morbidity', 'health', 'related', 'quality']
['mental', 'health']
['given', 'existing', 'disparities', 'morbidity', 'mortality']
['bipoc', 'trainees', 'likely', 'caring']
['elderly', 'relatives', 'furthermore', 'first', 'generation']
['bipoc', 'trainees', 'likely', 'experience', 'delays']
['training', 'limited', 'savings', 'childcare']
['employment', 'during', 'pandemic', 'these']
['inequities', 'likely', 'negatively', 'affect', 'pipeline']
['underrepresented', 'students', 'future']
['clinical', 'community', 'based', 'translational', 'search', 'especially', 'impacted', 'pandemic']
['bipoc', 'families', 'reluctant', 'participate', 'search', 'studies', 'requiring', 'clinic', 'hospital', 'visits']
['concerns', 'about', 'their', 'health', 'safety', 'addition']
['community', 'based', 'research', 'projects']
['disrupted', 'community', 'partners', 'shift']
['their', 'focus', 'service', 'provision', 'these', 'changes', 'could']
['problematic', 'representation', 'bipoc', 'commu', 'nities', 'research']
['opportunities', 'pediatric', 'psychologists']
['focus', 'inequity']
['current', 'pandemic', 'potential', 'entrench']
['magnify', 'existing', 'health', 'disparities', 'focused']
['predominantly', 'impact', 'bipoc', 'communities']
['noted', 'importance', 'marginalized']
['intersections', 'there', 'examples', 'unique', 'diverse', 'populations', 'warrant', 'consideration']
['pediatric', 'psychologists', 'example', 'transgender']
['youth', 'experienced', 'gender', 'affirmation', 'surgery']
['delays', 'cancelations', 'during', 'covid', 'youth']
['certain', 'disabilities', 'particularly', 'isolated', 'because', 'their', 'inability', 'facial']
['coverings', 'safely', 'however', 'noted', 'earlier']
['media', 'attention', 'surrounding', 'recent', 'police', 'murders']
['black', 'individuals', 'especially', 'heightened', 'awareness']
['united', 'states', 'regarding', 'significant', 'social', 'injustices']
['bipoc', 'roles', 'clinicians', 'supervisors', 'train', 'researchers', 'pediatric', 'psychologists', 'responsibility', 'beneficence', 'justice', 'respect']
['people', 'dignity', 'address', 'disproportionate', 'burden']
['pandemic', 'vulnerable', 'communities', 'resources', 'ensuring', 'health', 'equity']
['aftermath', 'covid', 'american']
['psychological', 'association', 'encourage']
['colleagues', 'following', 'steps']
['advocate', 'capitalizing', 'understanding', 'social']
['structural', 'contributors', 'health', 'pediatric', 'psychologists', 'should']
['advocate', 'routine', 'assessment', 'psychosocial', 'factors']
['valenzuela', 'crosby', 'harrison']
['downloaded', 'https', 'academic', 'jpepsy', 'article', '5885276', 'guest', 'insecurity', 'childcare', 'healthcare', 'settings']
['better', 'social', 'supports', 'transportation', 'internet', 'access']
['housing', 'assistance', 'access', 'medical', 'supplies', 'current', 'options']
['often', 'needs', 'bipoc']
['adapt', 'utilize', 'evidence', 'based', 'interventions', 'promote', 'resil', 'ience', 'mitigate', 'social', 'determinants', 'parent', 'training']
['based', 'interventions', 'fortuna', 'adapt']
['current', 'interventions', 'needs', 'english', 'speaking']
['families', 'create', 'interventions', 'address', 'based', 'other']
['forms', 'identity', 'based', 'trauma']
['research', 'conduct', 'innovative', 'research', 'examines', 'structural']
['racism', 'index', 'related', 'stress', 'utsey', 'ponterotto']
['police', 'traffic', 'baumgartner', 'diator', 'moderator', 'neblett', 'impact']
['health', 'outcomes']
['promote', 'pediatric', 'psychologists', 'should', 'promote', 'ongoing', 'efforts']
['diversify', 'workforce', 'including', 'bipoc', 'bilingual', 'bicul', 'tural', 'psychologists', 'mentor', 'support', 'bipoc', 'pediatric']
['psychologists', 'positions', 'influence', 'across', 'field']
['train', 'transform', 'training', 'generation', 'psycholo', 'gists', 'incorporating', 'courses', 'specifically', 'examine', 'consequences', 'racism', 'graduate']
['student', 'training', 'instruction', 'emphasizes']
['social', 'justice', 'racism', 'other', 'movements', 'designed', 'mantle', 'identity', 'based', 'oppression', 'injustice']
['funding']
['supported', 'cctst']
['university', 'cincinnati', 'which', 'funded', 'national']
['institutes', 'health', 'clinical', 'translational']
['science', 'award', 'program', 'grant', '2ul1tr001425']
[]
['conflicts', 'interest', 'declared']
['paper']
['scholarship', 'teaching', 'learning']
['psychology']
['psychology', 'students', 'motivation', 'learning', 'response', 'shift']
['remote', 'instruction', 'during', 'covid']
['ellen', 'usher', 'jonathan', 'golding', 'jaeyun', 'caiti', 'griffiths', 'mcgavran', 'christia', 'spears', 'brown']
['elizabeth', 'sheehan']
['online', 'first', 'publication', 'stl0000256']
['citation']
['usher', 'golding', 'griffiths', 'mcgavran', 'brown', 'sheehan']
['psychology', 'students', 'motivation', 'learning', 'response', 'shift', 'remote', 'instruction', 'during', 'covid']
['scholarship', 'teaching', 'learning', 'psychology', 'advance', 'online', 'publication', 'stl0000256psychology', 'students', 'motivation', 'learning', 'response', 'shift']
['remote', 'instruction', 'during', 'covid']
['ellen', 'usher1', 'jonathan', 'golding2']
['jaeyun']
['caiti', 'griffiths1']
[]
['mcgavran2']
['christia', 'spears', 'brown2']
['elizabeth', 'sheehan2']
['department', 'educational', 'school', 'counseling', 'psychology', 'university', 'kentucky', 'department', 'psychology', 'university', 'kentucky']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'dramatic', 'shifts', 'teaching', 'learning']
['psychology', 'purpose', 'study', 'document', 'impact', 'those', 'shifts']
['undergraduate', 'psychology', 'students', 'motivation', 'regulation', 'learning', 'during']
['initial', 'transition', 'remote', 'instruction', 'psychology', 'majors', 'attending', 'public', 'grant', 'university', 'southeastern', 'voluntarily', 'completed', 'survey']
['spring', 'semester', 'closed', 'ended', 'items', 'assessed', 'students', 'reported']
['behavioral', 'psychological', 'wellness', 'motivation', 'learning', 'experiences', 'during']
['covid', 'outbreak', 'convergent', 'mixed', 'methods', 'analysis', 'which', 'ended']
['questions', 'provided', 'context', 'experiential', 'nuance', 'quantitative', 'findings', 'students', 'reported']
['increases', 'sleep', 'social', 'media', 'gaming', 'procrastination', 'decreases', 'academic']
['motivation', 'regulation', 'focusing', 'juggling', 'responsibilities', 'reported']
['increases', 'stress', 'which', 'attributed', 'frequently', 'motivational', 'academic']
['challenges', 'students', 'reported', 'learning', 'their', 'classes', 'following', 'shift']
['attributed', 'internal', 'factors', 'including', 'regulatory', 'motivational', 'difficulties']
['external', 'factors', 'instructional', 'delivery', 'modality', 'although', 'perceived', 'their']
['instructors', 'understanding', 'nearly', 'reported', 'decline', 'instructional', 'quality']
['communication', 'after', 'shift', 'remote', 'instruction', 'third', 'students', 'reported', 'feeling']
['certain', 'about', 'their', 'future', 'educational', 'plans', 'implications', 'provision', 'institutional']
['instructional', 'supports', 'college', 'students', 'during', 'beyond', 'pandemic', 'discussed']
['keywords', 'higher', 'education', 'covid', 'motivation', 'regulation', 'undergraduate']
['psychology']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'created', 'large', 'scale', 'disruption', 'lives', 'college', 'students']
['around', 'globe', 'person']
['postsecondary', 'instruction', 'halted', 'march']
['instructors', 'scrambled', 'shift', 'their']
['courses', 'remote', 'formats', 'largely', 'online']
['delivery', 'coronavirus', 'upending']
['higher', 'students', 'living']
['campuses', 'urged', 'vacate', 'their', 'residences']
['return', 'permanent', 'addresses', 'mostly']
['family', 'members', 'beyond', 'boundaries']
['campus', 'businesses', 'parts', 'country']
['shuttered', 'local', 'officials', 'issued']
['orders', 'march', 'april', 'broad']
['investigation', 'document', 'impact', 'these']
['changes', 'undergraduate', 'psychology', 'students']
['motivation', 'regulation', 'learning', 'during']
['shift', 'remote', 'instruction', 'spring']
['human', 'behaviors', 'personal', 'cognitive']
['affective', 'motivational', 'factors', 'environmental']
['ellen', 'usher', 'https', 'orcid']
['jaeyun', 'https', 'orcid']
['caiti', 'griffiths', 'https', 'orcid']
[]
['mcgavran', 'https', 'orcid']
[]
['christia', 'spears', 'brown', 'https', 'orcid']
[]
['correspondence', 'concerning', 'article', 'should']
['addressed', 'ellen', 'usher', 'department', 'educational']
['school', 'counseling', 'psychology', 'university', 'kentucky']
['dickey', 'lexington', '40506', 'united', 'states']
['email', 'ellen', 'usher']
[]
['scholarship', 'teaching', 'learning', 'psychology']
['american', 'psychological', 'association']
['https', 'stl0000256']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'factors', 'dynamically', 'influence', 'another']
['bandura', 'changes', 'students', 'physical']
['psychological', 'educational', 'environment']
['affect', 'cognition', 'motivation', 'schunk']
['dibenedetto', 'basic', 'needs', 'threat', 'during', 'global', 'pandemic', 'individuals']
['redirect', 'their', 'goals', 'motives', 'maintain']
['their', 'being', 'dweck', 'contextual']
['constraints', 'leave', 'students', 'feeling', 'anxious', 'uncer', 'students', 'begin', 'doubt', 'their', 'capaci', 'experience', 'distress', 'shift', 'their', 'goals', 'toward']
['something', 'which']
['control', 'bandura', 'doubts', 'about', 'bility', 'learn', 'effectively', 'regulate']
['under', 'changing', 'learning', 'conditions']
['increased', 'stress', 'undermine', 'performance']
['researchers', 'begun', 'document']
['global', 'pandemic', 'interrupted', 'indivi', 'duals', 'daily', 'social', 'relationships', 'which']
['behavioral', 'psychological']
['changes', 'kazak', 'students', 'levels']
['education', 'faced', 'significant', 'changes']
['required', 'switch', 'abruptly', 'fully', 'online']
['learning', 'experience', 'first']
['during', 'winter', 'months', 'college', 'dents', 'showed', 'greater', 'increases']
['depression', 'anxiety', 'previous', 'academic']
['terms', 'huckins', 'elmer']
['similar', 'findings', 'swiss', 'students']
['china', 'college', 'students', 'similarly', 'reported']
['changes', 'their', 'daily', 'lives', 'after', 'covid', 'increased', 'anxiety']
['pandemic', 'required', 'immediate', 'shift']
['online', 'remote', 'instruction', 'presenting']
['challenges', 'teachers', 'students', 'postsecond', 'educators', 'little', 'experience']
['teaching', 'their', 'content', 'online', 'needed', 'quickly']
['adapt', 'research', 'conducted']
['decades', 'shown', 'increasingly', 'postsec', 'ondary', 'teaching', 'effectiveness', 'requires']
['expertise', 'content', 'teaching', 'effec', 'tiveness', 'relies', 'instructors', 'abilities']
['effectively', 'deliver', 'content', 'through', 'sound', 'gogical', 'practices', 'through']
['effective', 'integration', 'technology', 'framework']
['referred', 'technological', 'pedagogical', 'content']
['knowledge', 'tpack', 'mishra', 'koehler']
['however', 'postsecondary', 'instructors']
['prepared', 'transition', 'fully']
['online', 'instruction', 'little', 'adapt', 'their']
['pedagogical', 'approach', 'abrupt', 'transition']
['affected', 'learners', 'experiences', 'which']
['become', 'likely', 'frames', 'through', 'which', 'learners']
['approach', 'their', 'educational', 'experiences']
['beyond']
['although', 'short', 'effects']
['pandemic', 'academic', 'outcomes']
['fully', 'known', 'evidence', 'shown']
['covid', 'crisis', 'already', 'affected', 'students']
['academic', 'progress', 'survey', 'approximately']
['undergraduates', 'female', 'white']
['conducted', 'april', 'showed']
['participants', 'expected', 'delay', 'their', 'graduation']
['lower', 'income', 'students', 'likely']
['higher', 'income', 'students', 'academic']
['delay', 'covid', 'aucejo']
['important', 'researchers', 'interested', 'improv', 'teaching', 'psychology', 'understand']
['challenges', 'successes', 'initial', 'shift']
['remote', 'instruction', 'glean', 'implications']
['support', 'students', 'academic']
['psychological', 'being']
['purpose', 'exploratory', 'study']
['threefold', 'first', 'sought', 'learn', 'about']
['sudden', 'institutional', 'environmental']
['changes', 'affected', 'psychological', 'academic']
['experiences', 'undergraduate', 'psychology', 'dents', 'particularly', 'regard', 'student', 'motiva', 'regulation', 'second', 'sought']
['identify', 'emergent', 'themes', 'related']
['which', 'psychology', 'students', 'perceived', 'instruc', 'tional', 'quality', 'pedagogical', 'approaches', 'delivery']
['modality', 'instructor', 'support', 'during', 'covid', 'third', 'examined', 'effects', 'these', 'shifts']
['students', 'future', 'academic', 'plans', 'follow', 'three', 'hypotheses', 'investigated']
['first', 'predicted', 'students', 'would', 'report']
['increased', 'stress', 'stress', 'related', 'behaviors']
['increased', 'coping', 'behaviors', 'social', 'media']
['sleep', 'decreased', 'motivation', 'decreased', 'focus', 'after', 'shift', 'remote', 'instruction']
['compared', 'before', 'recent', 'systematic']
['review', 'suggested', 'covid', 'increases', 'dividuals', 'stress', 'anxiety', 'depression']
['these', 'effects', 'positively', 'related', 'level']
['education', 'salari', 'perceived', 'difficul', 'regulating', 'stress', 'undermine', 'motivation']
['learning', 'bandura']
['second', 'predicted', 'students', 'would', 'quality', 'teaching', 'learning', 'experi', 'ences', 'generally', 'worse', 'after', 'shift', 'remote']
['instruction', 'compared', 'before', 'expected']
['students', 'attribute', 'instructional', 'shifts', 'creases', 'learning', 'motivation', 'ability']
['regulate', 'navigating', 'sudden', 'widespread']
['changes', 'environmental', 'circumstances']
['usher']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'learning', 'context', 'living', 'situation', 'pandemic', 'related', 'constraints', 'requires', 'cognitive', 'tional', 'resources', 'involved', 'regulation']
['learning', 'zimmerman', 'their', 'stress']
['levelsincrease', 'learners', 'typically', 'experience', 'lower']
['academic', 'efficacy', 'decreased', 'motivation']
['learn', 'difficulty', 'managing', 'their', 'course']
['bandura']
['third', 'predicted', 'students', 'graduat', 'would', 'report', 'greater', 'uncertainties']
['about', 'their', 'educational', 'future', 'social']
['cognitive', 'perspective', 'contextual', 'changes']
['immediate', 'learning', 'environment']
['broader', 'market', 'large', 'influence']
['career', 'related', 'interests', 'goals', 'choices']
['brown', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['produced', 'instability', 'global', 'economy']
['which', 'affect', 'students', 'financial', 'circum', 'stances', 'hinder', 'their', 'academic', 'progress']
['method']
['procedure']
['researchers', 'email', 'students']
['majoring', 'psychology', 'large', 'research', 'intensive', 'university', 'southeastern']
['living', 'campus', 'inviting']
['participate', 'survey', 'about']
['their', 'learning', 'personal', 'experiences', 'during']
['shift', 'person', 'remote', 'instruction']
['following', 'covid', 'orders']
['during', 'spring', 'participation', 'voluntary']
['course', 'credit', 'offered', 'researchers']
['administered', 'survey', 'during', 'weeks']
['semester', 'first']
['survey', 'after']
['surveys', 'anonymous', 'requested']
['identifying', 'information', 'participants']
['university', 'institutional', 'review', 'board']
['approved', 'study']
['consenting', 'participants', 'response']
['primarily', 'female']
['transgender', 'unreported']
['white', 'black', 'african', 'american']
['hispanic', 'latinx', 'asian', 'pacific', 'islander']
['multiracial', 'middle', 'eastern', 'sample']
['representation', 'these', 'demographic', 'groups']
['slightly', 'higher', 'students', 'currently']
['majoring', 'psychology', 'university']
['female', 'white', 'partici', 'ranged', 'years']
['students', 'asked', 'report', 'their']
['current', 'course', 'academic', 'standing', 'during']
['spring', 'semester', 'average', 'participants']
['enrolled', 'courses']
['reported', 'cumulative', 'grade', 'point', 'average']
['range', 'according']
['students', 'reported', 'cumulative', 'credit', 'hours']
['earned', 'sample', 'comprised', 'freshmen']
['sophomores', 'juniors']
['seniors', 'degree', 'seeking', 'students']
['asked', 'students', 'about', 'their', 'living', 'ation', 'health', 'status', 'participants']
['reported', 'their']
['parents', 'start', 'semester', 'reported']
['having', 'moved', 'their', 'parents', 'after']
['midterm', 'start', 'remote', 'instruction']
['eight', 'students', 'indicated']
['tested', 'covid', 'reported']
['testing', 'positive', 'consider', 'students']
['covid', 'status', 'further', 'analyses']
['survey']
['research', 'designed', 'survey', 'avail', 'first', 'author', 'investigate', 'changes']
['students', 'lives', 'after', 'orders']
['effect', 'during', 'covid', 'outbreak']
['march', 'invited', 'students']
['respond', 'closed', 'ended', 'items', 'relat']
['three', 'broad', 'experiential', 'categories', 'changes']
['behaviors', 'psychological', 'processes', 'after']
['remote', 'instruction', 'changes']
['instructional', 'environment', 'their', 'courses']
['future', 'plans']
['asked', 'participants', 'compare', 'quency', 'which', 'engaged', 'daily']
['behaviors', 'exercise', 'sleep', 'before', 'after']
['orders', 'began', 'students', 'reported']
['whether', 'during', 'second', 'semester']
['engaged', 'behaviors', 'about']
['before']
['orders', 'effect', 'using', 'scale', 'students']
['indicated', 'whether', 'their', 'thoughts']
['feelings', 'areas', 'stress', 'motivation']
['changed', 'after', 'remote', 'instruction']
['students', 'given', 'opportunity']
['ended', 'questions', 'describe', 'their', 'psycho', 'logical', 'stressful']
['behavioral', 'helpful']
['coping', 'experiences', 'during', 'period']
['psychology', 'students', 'response', 'remote', 'instruction']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'pairs', 'closed', 'ended', 'ended', 'assess', 'students', 'perceptions']
['teaching', 'learning', 'environment', 'follow', 'orders', 'place']
['midterm', 'survey', 'directions', 'first', 'reminded']
['students', 'number', 'courses', 'which']
['indicated', 'being', 'enrolled', 'during', 'spring']
['semester', 'students', 'prompted']
['indicate', 'their', 'courses', 'improved']
['stayed']
['worsened', 'following', 'remote', 'instruc', 'terms', 'instructional', 'quality', 'learn', 'evaluate', 'their', 'instructors', 'level']
['understanding', 'covid', 'impacted']
['students', 'college', 'experience', 'lives']
['closed', 'ended', 'followed', 'correspond', 'ended', 'question', 'inviting', 'students']
['elaborate', 'researchers', 'calculated', 'proportions']
['response', 'category', 'closed', 'ended']
['items', 'grouped', 'students', 'according']
['described', 'their', 'experience', 'majority', 'their']
['classes', 'worse', 'about', 'better']
['clear', 'majority', 'instructional', 'mensions', 'interest']
['three', 'survey', 'items', 'targeted', 'possible', 'effects']
['pandemic', 'related', 'instructional', 'shifts']
['students', 'future', 'plans', 'terms', 'their', 'level']
['certainty', 'about', 'career', 'plans', 'decreased', 'stayed']
['increased', 'likelihood', 'return', 'university', 'graduating']
['thoughts', 'about', 'covid', 'might']
['affect', 'their', 'progress', 'college']
['design', 'analysis']
['convergent', 'mixed', 'methods', 'design']
['analyze', 'closed', 'ended']
['questions', 'creswell', 'plano', 'clark']
['questionnaire', 'variant', 'approach', 'senting', 'participants', 'qualitative', 'questions']
['immediately', 'after', 'responded', 'correspond', 'quantitative', 'questions', 'approach']
['provide', 'context', 'experiential', 'texture']
['quantitative', 'findings']
['quantitative', 'qualitative', 'first', 'lyzed', 'independently', 'maxqda']
['respectively', 'inductive', 'coding', 'procedures']
['establish', 'coding', 'guide']
['ended', 'questions', 'based', 'emergent', 'themes']
['three', 'coders', 'reached', 'consensus']
['codes', 'definitions', 'question', 'final']
['codes', 'definitions', 'available', 'first']
['author', 'coding', 'guide', 'applied']
['randomly', 'selected', 'segments', 'ensurethat', 'coding', 'lists', 'weretenable']
['added', 'codes', 'refined', 'coding', 'definitions']
['needed', 'capture', 'emerging', 'patterns', 'searchers', 'independently', 'coded', 'responses']
['kappa', 'coefficients', 'reliability', 'maxqda']
['brennan', 'prediger', 'formula', 'ranged']
['question', 'researchers']
['discussed', 'discordant', 'codes', 'reached', 'agree', 'responses', 'initially', 'coded', 'other']
['further', 'examined', 'meaningful', 'patterns']
['original', 'coding', 'scheme']
['tabulated', 'coding', 'frequencies', 'means']
['condensation', 'miles', 'propor', 'tions', 'calculated', 'dividing', 'coding']
['frequency', 'question', 'number']
['students', 'answered', 'question']
['enabled', 'determine', 'which', 'themes']
['salient', 'displays', 'created', 'across']
['groups', 'students', 'reported', 'having', 'similar']
['experiences', 'which', 'permitted', 'integrate', 'quantitative', 'qualitative', 'analyses']
['examine', 'commonalities', 'distinctions']
['students', 'experiences', 'miles']
['results']
['behavioral', 'psychological', 'changes']
['following', 'shift', 'remote', 'instruction']
['first', 'research', 'describe', 'behav', 'ioral', 'psychological', 'impact', 'covid']
['psychology', 'students', 'after', 'shift', 'remote', 'struction', 'table', 'presents', 'response', 'frequencies']
['students', 'reported', 'behavioral', 'psycho', 'logical', 'changes', 'students', 'reported', 'sleeping']
['before', 'orders']
['issued', 'engaging', 'often', 'social', 'media']
['watching', 'talking', 'family', 'members']
['gaming', 'procrastinating', 'terms', 'psycho', 'logical', 'changes', 'thirds', 'students', 'reported']
['their', 'stress', 'increased', 'three', 'fourths']
['students', 'reported', 'decreases', 'their', 'motivation']
['school', 'their', 'ability', 'focus', 'nearly']
['reported', 'decreased', 'sense', 'confidence']
['their', 'academic', 'abilities']
['students', 'responses', 'ended', 'question']
['about', 'found', 'stressful', 'light']
['types', 'challenges', 'experiencing']
['table', 'coding', 'categories', 'frequencies']
['mentioned', 'multiple', 'sources', 'stress', 'nearly']
['three', 'respondents', 'described', 'stress']
['usher']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'associated', 'their', 'ability', 'motivate', 'themselves']
['effectively', 'manage', 'their', 'responsibilities']
['which', 'coded', 'regulation', 'motivation']
['students', 'described', 'stress', 'related', 'their', 'perceived']
['inability', 'focus', 'periods', 'declines']
['academic', 'motivation', 'challenges']
['management', 'monitoring']
['setting', 'deadlines', 'externally', 'imposed']
['structures', 'class', 'meetings', 'lectures']
['place', 'before', 'pandemic', 'largely']
['disappeared', 'leaving', 'students', 'feeling', 'discon', 'certed', 'words', 'balance', 'juggle']
['peppered', 'students', 'responses', 'several']
['stress', 'feeling', 'regulate', 'their']
['emotional', 'response', 'situation']
['second', 'frequently', 'mentioned', 'source']
['stress', 'academic', 'school', 'related']
['events', 'which', 'mentioned', 'respon', 'dents', 'subthemes', 'similar', 'those', 'discuss']
['further', 'below', 'stress', 'induced', 'shifts', 'delivery']
['modality', 'changes', 'course', 'workload']
['communication', 'instructors', 'confusing', 'pectations', 'difficulty', 'learning', 'content', 'insuf', 'ficient', 'accommodations', 'instructors']
['about', 'students', 'described', 'stress']
['related', 'having', 'college']
['during', 'semester', 'cases', 'meant']
['having', 'renegotiate', 'family', 'roles', 'dynamics']
['several', 'students', 'their', 'siblings']
['parents', 'lacked', 'understanding', 'their', 'academic']
['responsibilities', 'others', 'noted', 'stress', 'social']
['isolation', 'separation', 'peers', 'loved']
['related', 'source', 'distress', 'losing']
['opportunities', 'access', 'resources', 'educa', 'abroad', 'campus', 'libraries', 'otherwise']
['would', 'available']
['students', 'mentioned', 'stress']
['associated', 'sense', 'uncertainty']
['control', 'their', 'situation', 'future']
['similar', 'number', 'students', 'troubled']
['threats', 'their', 'basic', 'needs']
['insecurity', 'unreliable', 'internet', 'access', 'housing']
['challenges', 'student', 'junior', 'noted']
['kicked', 'dorms', 'nowhere']
['because']
['family', 'members', 'anxious']
['depressed', 'friends', 'couch']
['bears', 'noting', 'students', 'stress', 'responses']
['varied', 'degree', 'intensity', 'stress']
['seemed', 'acute', 'family']
['friends', 'danger']
['school']
['constantly', 'worried', 'other', 'small']
['subset', 'students', 'reported', 'sources', 'stress']
['students', 'described', 'variety', 'coping', 'strate', 'managing', 'their', 'stress', 'table']
['spending', 'family', 'friends']
['exercising', 'being', 'outdoors']
['table']
['behavioral', 'psychological', 'changes', 'during', 'covid', 'order']
['behavioral', 'changes']
['since', 'order', 'began', 'would']
['behaviors', 'following', 'areas', 'decreased', 'stayed', 'increased']
['exercise']
['outdoor', 'activity']
['talking', 'friends']
['eating']
['sleep']
['procrastination']
['gaming']
['talking', 'family']
['watching']
['social', 'media']
['psychological', 'changes']
['since', 'courses', 'moved', 'remote', 'instruction']
['would', 'describe', 'thoughts', 'feelings', 'decreased', 'stayed', 'increased']
['ability', 'focus']
['motivation', 'school']
['confidence', 'academic', 'abilities']
['stress']
['psychology', 'students', 'response', 'remote', 'instruction']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'hobbies', 'leisure', 'activities']
['helpful', 'manage', 'additional', 'coping', 'strat', 'egies', 'included', 'spending', 'media']
['games', 'music', 'being', 'animals']
['establishing', 'routine']
['instructional', 'changes', 'following', 'shift']
['remote', 'instruction']
['second', 'research', 'objective', 'assess']
['psychology', 'students', 'perceptions', 'regardinginstruc', 'tional', 'quality', 'following', 'shift', 'remote', 'instruc', 'examined', 'students', 'perceptions']
['aspects', 'instructional', 'environment', 'instruc', 'tional', 'quality', 'instructors', 'understanding']
['workload', 'learning', 'lecture', 'delivery', 'format']
['tables', 'provide', 'descriptive', 'statistics']
['students', 'responses', 'closed', 'ended', 'questions']
['frequencies', 'codes', 'assigned', 'their', 'ended', 'responses']
['instructional', 'quality', 'instructors']
['understanding']
['first', 'asked', 'students', 'about', 'changes']
['quality', 'teaching', 'their', 'courses', 'after', 'shift']
['remote', 'instruction', 'asked', 'students']
['their', 'instructors', 'situational', 'understanding']
['during', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'average']
['students', 'reported', 'their', 'classes']
['taught', 'worse', 'taught', 'about']
['table']
['coding', 'frequencies', 'ended', 'questions', 'related', 'stress', 'coping', 'after', 'shift', 'remote', 'instruction']
['stressful', 'about']
['period']
['sample']
[]
['stress', 'level']
['decreased']
[]
['stress', 'level']
['stayed']
[]
['stress', 'level']
['increased']
[]
['regulation', 'motivation']
['academic', 'school', 'stressors']
['environment']
['uncertainty', 'control']
['social', 'isolation']
['basic', 'needs']
['health', 'safety', 'concerns']
['opportunities', 'access']
['emotional', 'challenges']
['nothing']
['other']
['helpful', 'coping']
['during', 'period']
['sample']
[]
['stress', 'level']
['decreased']
[]
['stress', 'level']
['stayed']
[]
['stress', 'level']
['increased']
[]
['family', 'friends']
['exercise', 'being', 'outdoors']
['hobbies', 'leisure']
['sleep', 'relaxing']
['media']
['professors', 'understanding']
['animals']
['routine']
['meditation']
['autonomy']
[]
['sense', 'shared', 'struggle']
['cooking']
['distractions']
['faith']
['drugs', 'alcohol']
['music']
['therapy']
['nothing']
['other']
['usher']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'taught', 'better', 'compared']
['before', 'students', 'nevertheless', 'reported']
['their', 'instructors', 'somewhat', 'under', 'standing', 'their', 'classes', 'students']
['responses', 'corresponding', 'ended', 'tions', 'revealed', 'several', 'patterns']
['themes', 'emerged', 'frequently']
['students', 'responses', 'ended']
['question', 'about', 'instructional', 'quality', 'first']
['students', 'offered', 'evaluative', 'comments', 'related']
['instructors', 'pedagogical', 'skill', 'ability', 'adapt']
['online', 'delivery', 'technology', 'adapt', 'coursework', 'assignments', 'second']
['often', 'related', 'theme', 'addressed', 'communication']
['between', 'instructors', 'students', 'among']
['minority', 'students', 'reported', 'instruc', 'tional', 'quality', 'improved', 'after', 'remote', 'instruc', 'simply', 'noted', 'their', 'instructors']
['doing', 'their', 'during', 'challenging']
['difficult', 'students', 'praised', 'those', 'instructors']
['remained', 'accessible']
['lines', 'communication']
['similar', 'patterns', 'reflected', 'students']
['comments', 'about', 'their', 'instructors', 'level', 'under', 'standing', 'students', 'acknowledged', 'their']
['instructors', 'empathy', 'important']
['emotionally', 'motivationally']
['conveyed', 'through', 'proactive', 'communication']
['instructors', 'through', 'willingness']
['instructional', 'academic', 'accommodations']
['shift', 'remote', 'learning', 'leniency']
['grading', 'assignment', 'modifications', 'lighter']
['coursework']
['workload']
['asked', 'students', 'specifically', 'about', 'their']
['coursework', 'changed', 'during', 'shift']
['remote', 'instruction', 'average', 'students', 'reported']
['workload', 'increased', 'their']
['classes', 'remained', 'about']
['their', 'classes', 'decreased', 'their']
['classes', 'after', 'shift', 'remote', 'instruction']
['terms', 'their', 'changed', 'about']
['participants', 'described', 'changes']
['assignments', 'requirements', 'dates']
['students', 'these', 'changes', 'increased', 'their']
['workload', 'noted', 'person', 'class']
['replaced', 'assignments', 'which', 'cases']
['tripled', 'amount', 'before']
['order', 'exams', 'replaced', 'other']
['assignments', 'extra', 'reading', 'video', 'material']
['included', 'along', 'lectures', 'related', 'stress', 'compounded', 'nitive', 'emotional', 'burden', 'brought']
['emerging', 'pandemic']
['nearly', 'responding', 'participants', 'noted']
['their', 'online', 'helpful', 'their']
['table']
['descriptive', 'statistics', 'students', 'ratings', 'course', 'experiences', 'following', 'covid', 'order']
['survey']
['proportion', 'courses']
[]
['instructional', 'quality']
['taught', 'worse']
['taught', 'about']
['taught', 'better']
['course', 'workload']
['smaller', 'workload']
['about', 'workload']
['larger', 'workload']
['learning']
['learned']
['learned', 'about']
['learned']
['instructors', 'situational', 'understanding']
['understanding']
['somewhat', 'understanding']
['understanding']
['courses', 'included', 'video', 'lectures']
['students', 'asked', 'allocate', 'number', 'courses', 'descriptors', 'above', 'proportions', 'calculated']
['dividing', 'students', 'total', 'number', 'courses', 'during', 'spring', 'semester']
['psychology', 'students', 'response', 'remote', 'instruction']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'table']
['coding', 'frequencies', 'ended', 'questions', 'related', 'instructional', 'changes', 'during', 'shift', 'remote']
['instruction']
['course', 'experience', 'since', 'covid', 'order', 'effect', 'compared', 'before']
['quantitative', 'result', 'categories']
[]
['courses']
['majority']
['courses']
[]
['courses']
['instructional', 'quality']
['respondents']
[]
['taught', 'worse']
[]
['taught', 'about']
[]
[]
['taught', 'better']
[]
['teacher', 'teaching', 'quality']
['communication', 'clarity']
['delivery', 'format']
['support', 'accommodation']
['quantity', 'quality']
['other']
['instructors', 'understanding']
['respondents']
[]
[]
['understanding']
[]
['somewhat']
['understanding']
[]
[]
['understanding']
[]
['positive']
['mixed']
['negative']
['empathy']
['academic', 'accommodations']
['accommodations']
['empathy']
['communication', 'clarity']
['communication', 'clarity']
['course', 'workload']
['respondents']
[]
['smaller']
['workload']
[]
['about']
['workload']
[]
['larger', 'workload']
[]
['increased', 'workload']
['mixed', 'workload']
['workload']
['decreased', 'workload']
['changed', 'assignments', 'requirements']
[]
['difficulty', 'easiness']
['lecture', 'fewer', 'meetings']
['motivation', 'regulation']
['other']
['learning']
['respondents']
[]
['learned']
[]
['learned', 'about']
[]
[]
['learned']
[]
['learning', 'decreased', 'worse']
['learning', 'stayed']
['learning', 'increased', 'better']
['regulation', 'focus', 'motivation']
['environment', 'access', 'location']
['teaching']
['orientation', 'shift']
['emotions']
['other']
['usher']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'learning', 'assignments']
['doing']
['points', 'actually', 'learn', 'among']
['students', 'perceived', 'their', 'overall', 'decreased', 'their', 'remote']
['class', 'assignments', 'contribute', 'learning']
[]
['learning']
['asked', 'explicitly', 'about', 'their', 'learning']
['students', 'reported', 'learning', 'their']
['classes', 'about']
['minority', 'classes']
['after', 'shift', 'remote', 'instruction']
['compared', 'before', 'students', 'ended', 'sponses', 'revealed', 'attributed', 'changes']
['their', 'learning', 'least', 'factors']
['motivation', 'inability', 'regulate', 'their']
['learning', 'shift', 'goals', 'student']
['experience', 'touched', 'attributional']
['themes', 'typified', 'students', 'responses', 'erally', 'schedule', 'anymore']
['anything', 'motivation']
['terrible', 'motivational', 'attention']
['regulation', 'difficulties', 'often', 'worse']
['environmental', 'constraints', 'distractions']
['reliable', 'internet', 'reduced', 'access', 'resources', 'online', 'delivery', 'modalities']
['synchronous', 'asynchronous', 'barriers']
['learning', 'students', 'other']
['students', 'attributed', 'decline', 'learning']
['internal', 'factors', 'their', 'shifting']
['goals', 'priorities']
['several', 'students', 'mentioned', 'feeling', 'unprepared']
['increased', 'personal', 'responsibility', 'learn', 'remotely', 'viewed']
['challenge', 'learning', 'shifted']
['towards', 'myself', 'having', 'active']
['education', 'lecture', 'meeting']
['structure', 'others', 'however', 'seemed', 'resentful']
['frustrated', 'learning', 'support']
['student', 'wrote', 'never', 'stupid']
['right', 'teaching']
['myself', 'blind', 'leading']
['blind']
['generally', 'attributed', 'their', 'learning']
['declines', 'shift', 'remote', 'instruction']
['losing', 'valuable', 'knowledge']
['moving', 'online', 'classes', 'their']
['beliefs', 'about', 'their', 'capabilities', 'learn', 'online']
['better', 'person', 'environment']
['others', 'instructors', 'decisions', 'about', 'deliv', 'modality', 'unsupported', 'their', 'learn', 'classes', 'include']
['synchronous', 'meetings', 'minority', 'students']
['reported', 'learning', 'after', 'shift', 'remote']
['instruction', 'these', 'students', 'appreciated']
['instructional', 'flexibility', 'paced', 'learning']
['lecture', 'delivery', 'modality']
['learn', 'about', 'impact', 'instructional']
['delivery', 'decisions', 'students', 'motivation']
['learning', 'asked', 'students', 'indicate']
['their', 'courses', 'included', 'video', 'lectures', 'during']
['remote', 'instruction', 'offer', 'their', 'opinion']
['delivery', 'format', 'students', 'reported']
['table', 'continued']
['course', 'experience', 'since', 'covid', 'order', 'effect', 'compared', 'before']
['percentage', 'courses', 'included', 'video', 'lectures']
['lecture', 'delivery', 'modality']
['respondents']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['positive']
['mixed']
['negative']
['compared', 'person']
['regulated', 'learning']
['synchronous', 'lecture']
['asynchronous', 'video', 'lecture']
['video', 'lecture']
['teacher', 'teaching', 'quality']
['class', 'engagement', 'interaction']
['other']
['table', 'excludes', 'ended', 'responses', 'students', 'answer', 'corresponding', 'closed', 'ended', 'responses']
['course', 'experiences', 'highly', 'variable', 'clear', 'experiential', 'trend']
['psychology', 'students', 'response', 'remote', 'instruction']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'average', 'their', 'courses', 'offered', 'video']
['lectures', 'delivered', 'synchronously', 'asynchro', 'nously', 'after', 'transition', 'online']
['learning', 'students', 'provided']
['elaborate', 'responses', 'expressed', 'positive', 'nions', 'video', 'lectures', 'several', 'remarked']
['video', 'lectures', 'provided', 'instructional', 'experi', 'similar', 'person', 'instruc', 'others', 'found', 'video', 'lectures', 'helped']
['regulate', 'their', 'learning', 'conversely', 'dents', 'negatively', 'majority', 'referenced']
['struggles', 'regulation', 'reporting']
['found', 'difficult', 'focused', 'attentive']
['during', 'video', 'lectures']
['students', 'expressed', 'differing', 'opinions', 'about']
['merits', 'synchronous', 'versus']
['asynchronous', 'lectures', 'frequently', 'related']
['delivery', 'method', 'their', 'ability', 'preferred', 'synchronous', 'lectures']
['because', 'allow', 'class', 'discussions']
['students', 'close', 'their', 'classes']
['teachers', 'others', 'preferred', 'flexibility']
['afforded', 'asynchronous', 'lectures', 'students', 'ilarly', 'appreciated', 'having', 'access', 'recorded']
['lectures', 'lectures', 'recorded', 'synchro', 'nously', 'later', 'available', 'reviewing']
['because', 'could', 'watch', 'multiple']
['times', 'learn']
['students', 'mixed', 'opinions', 'about', 'video', 'lectures']
['reflected', 'possible', 'variations', 'teaching']
['skills', 'across', 'classes', 'dependent']
['professor', 'quality', 'professors']
['perfectly', 'lectures', 'while', 'others', 'lacking']
['greatly', 'students', 'whose', 'instructors']
['skilled', 'successful', 'integration', 'technology']
['found', 'harder', 'attention', 'class']
['other', 'students', 'enthusiastically', 'linked']
['lecture', 'delivery', 'their', 'motivation']
['learning', 'video', 'lectures']
['still', 'classroom']
['getting', 'learning', 'experience', 'before']
['covid', 'professor', 'produced', 'amazing']
['video', 'lectures', 'which', 'extremely', 'beneficial']
['learning']
['effect', 'students', 'educational', 'progress']
['answer', 'final', 'research', 'question']
['examined', 'impact', 'covid', 'disruptions']
['students', 'perceptions', 'about', 'their', 'educational']
['future', 'third', 'students', 'reported', 'feeling']
['certain', 'about', 'their', 'career', 'plans', 'following']
['shift', 'remote', 'instruction', 'reported']
['their', 'level', 'certainty', 'about', 'future']
['changed', 'approximately']
['students', 'graduating', 'spring', 'summer']
['indicated', 'certain']
['would', 'return', 'however', 'students']
['ended', 'comments', 'revealed', 'underlying', 'certainties', 'about', 'pandemic', 'might', 'affect']
['their', 'progress', 'college', 'example']
['students', 'comments', 'noted']
['their', 'return', 'would', 'depend', 'whether', 'univer', 'chose', 'conduct', 'classes', 'person', 'versus']
['online', 'believed', 'their', 'progress', 'might']
['slowed', 'would', 'contingent']
['modality', 'instruction', 'being']
['interest', 'safety']
['online', 'college', 'progress', 'delayed']
['halted', 'other', 'students', 'though', 'fewer', 'unable', 'manage', 'their', 'demic', 'spreading', 'campus', 'switches']
['person', 'unenroll', 'because']
['pandemic', 'scary', 'college']
['campus']
['discussion']
['aimed', 'investigate', 'initial', 'shift']
['remote', 'instruction', 'following', 'covid', 'break', 'affected', 'psychological', 'academic']
['experiences', 'undergraduate', 'psychology', 'dents', 'particularly', 'terms', 'students', 'stress']
['motivation', 'regulatory', 'abilities', 'learn', 'themes', 'emerging', 'students', 'ended', 'response', 'provided', 'texture', 'students']
['survey', 'ratings', 'which', 'summarized', 'quanti', 'tatively', 'creswell', 'plano', 'clark']
['thirds', 'students', 'reported', 'increased']
['stress', 'reported', 'decreased']
['motivation', 'academic', 'diminished']
['capacity', 'regulate', 'remaining']
['focused', 'regulating', 'attention', 'establishing', 'tines', 'after', 'campus', 'closed', 'person', 'struction', 'experiences', 'stress', 'during', 'initial']
['covid', 'outbreak', 'uncommon', 'across']
['sectors', 'society', 'however', 'chief', 'sources']
['stress', 'described', 'third', 'under', 'graduate', 'psychology', 'students', 'sample']
['motivational', 'regulatory', 'nature', 'dents', 'struggled', 'decreased', 'ability', 'focus']
['remain', 'motivated', 'their', 'courses', 'which']
['coincided', 'increases', 'overall', 'stress']
['several', 'possible', 'mechanisms', 'explain']
['sudden', 'declines', 'academic', 'motivation', 'first']
['students', 'academic', 'goals', 'become']
['usher']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'focal', 'personal', 'goals', 'ensuring']
['their', 'their', 'families', 'health', 'safety']
['second', 'common', 'behavioral', 'reinforcements']
['accountability', 'rigid', 'grading']
['structures', 'modified', 'university', 'where']
['research', 'place', 'instance', 'students']
['option', 'being', 'graded']
['receiving', 'letter', 'grade']
['suggest', 'students', 'ented', 'toward', 'mastery', 'goals', 'learn']
['possible', 'before', 'pandemic', 'reported', 'orienting', 'toward', 'doing', 'enough', 'avoid', 'failing']
['grade', 'evidence', 'suggests', 'latter', 'goals']
['performance', 'avoidance', 'undermine']
['students', 'intrinsic', 'motivation', 'learning']
['urdan', 'kaplan', 'third', 'students', 'experi', 'enced', 'growing', 'doubts', 'about', 'their', 'capabili', 'learn', 'effectively', 'these', 'doubts']
['exacerbated', 'having', 'learn', 'challenging']
['content', 'without', 'typical', 'instructional', 'supports']
['others', 'doubted', 'their', 'capability', 'learn']
['online', 'environment', 'amidst', 'distracting', 'cumstances']
['regulation', 'important', 'factor', 'students', 'academic', 'success', 'being']
['wolters', 'benzon']
['successful', 'learners', 'establish', 'routines', 'spend']
['considerable', 'energy', 'structuring', 'their']
['learning', 'environment', 'their', 'learning']
['goals', 'disruption', 'repertoire', 'seemed']
['undermine', 'students', 'beliefs', 'their', 'bilities', 'learn', 'regulate', 'their', 'circum', 'stances', 'zimmerman', 'upside']
['students', 'reported', 'engaging']
['healthy', 'coping', 'strategies', 'spending']
['family', 'nature', 'exercising', 'sleep', 'centers', 'disease', 'control']
['prevention', 'taken', 'together', 'these']
['findings', 'suggest', 'multifaceted', 'educational']
['efforts', 'needed', 'support', 'students', 'behav', 'ioral', 'psychological', 'regulation', 'during']
['moment']
['second', 'focus', 'study', 'gauge']
['students', 'perceptions', 'about', 'their', 'courses']
['taught', 'during', 'shift', 'remote', 'instruction']
['almost', 'students', 'their']
['instructors', 'understanding']
['their', 'challenges', 'during', 'semester']
['covid', 'began', 'spread', 'students', 'expressed']
['their', 'appreciation', 'their', 'professors', 'efforts']
['navigate', 'changes', 'their', 'courses']
['lives', 'small', 'given', 'faculty']
['certainly', 'burdened', 'multiple', 'stressors']
['moment', 'level', 'support']
['available', 'coping', 'challenges', 'demic', 'would', 'difficult']
['nevertheless', 'approximately', 'dents', 'sample', 'reported', 'instructional']
['quality', 'their', 'learning', 'declined']
['majority', 'their', 'courses', 'after', 'switch', 'remote']
['instruction', 'small', 'number', 'students']
['thought', 'their', 'instructors', 'adjusted']
['teaching', 'effectively', 'remote', 'learning', 'understandable', 'light', 'reports']
['thirds', 'nearly', 'higher', 'education']
['faculty', 'administrators', 'surveyed', 'april']
['reported', 'having', 'online', 'teaching', 'experi', 'reported', 'having', 'learn']
['methods', 'their', 'teaching', 'johnson']
['addition', 'faculty', 'reported', 'semester', 'changes', 'their', 'course']
['assignments', 'exams', 'about']
['lowered', 'their', 'expectations', 'about', 'amount']
['students', 'would', 'these']
['instructional', 'shifts', 'would', 'likely', 'stream', 'effects', 'students', 'perceptions', 'instruc', 'tional', 'quality', 'learning', 'workload']
['exclusively', 'relied', 'students', 'quantitative', 'simply', 'concluded', 'gency', 'instructional', 'shifts', 'inevitably', 'affected']
['quality', 'students', 'education']
['however', 'ended', 'responses', 'painted']
['complex', 'picture', 'myriad', 'factors']
['affecting', 'students', 'learning', 'experiences']
['showed', 'personal', 'factors', 'motiva', 'focus', 'affected']
['affected', 'changes', 'students', 'perceptions']
['their', 'learning', 'environment', 'example']
['their', 'written', 'responses', 'students', 'attributed']
['declines', 'their', 'learning', 'their', 'waning']
['motivation', 'regulatory', 'challenges']
['facing', 'other', 'described']
['which', 'instructional', 'quality', 'their']
['classes', 'might', 'altered', 'support', 'their', 'motiva', 'engagement', 'latter', 'several']
['areas', 'recommendation', 'improving']
['teaching', 'psychology', 'support']
['students', 'motivation', 'regulation', 'during']
['challenging', 'times']
['perceive', 'their', 'teachers', 'instruc', 'tional', 'quality', 'students', 'likely']
['strive', 'understanding', 'their', 'learning']
['lizzio', 'contrast', 'heavy', 'assignments', 'students', 'trouble']
['seeing', 'relevant', 'students']
['surface', 'approach', 'learning', 'another', 'implication']
['psychology', 'students', 'response', 'remote', 'instruction']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'emerge', 'flexibility', 'important', 'students']
['during', 'although', 'students', 'varied']
['terms', 'their', 'preferences', 'synchronous']
['asynchronous', 'delivery', 'formats', 'seemed']
['appreciate', 'ability', 'watch', 'lectures']
['students', 'seemed', 'least']
['degree', 'interactions', 'their', 'instruc', 'peers', 'enhanced', 'their', 'motivation', 'increas', 'regular', 'communication', 'particularly']
['useful', 'helping', 'students', 'track', 'online']
['classes', 'online', 'learning', 'resource', 'center']
['departmental', 'institutional', 'level', 'efforts']
['improve', 'instructional', 'environment']
['needed', 'assist', 'instructors', 'students']
['adapt', 'remote', 'learning', 'anderson']
['encouraged', 'psychol', 'students', 'study', 'displayed']
['robust', 'intention', 'persist', 'completing', 'their']
['college', 'degree', 'however', 'nearly', 'quarter']
['students', 'stated', 'their', 'return', 'dependent']
['institution', 'would', 'reopen']
['semester', 'stated', 'would', 'return']
['unless', 'could', 'person']
['writing', 'postsecondary', 'institutions', 'still']
['deliver', 'instruction']
['college', 'crisis', 'initiative']
['davidson', 'college', 'furthermore']
['research', 'center', 'survey', 'conducted']
['shown', 'americans', 'believe']
['online', 'classes', 'provide', 'educational']
['experience', 'comparable', 'value', 'person']
['classes', 'parker', 'fects', 'remote', 'instructional', 'delivery', 'psychol', 'majors', 'still', 'unknown', 'covid']
['pandemic', 'introduced', 'stressors']
['students', 'lives', 'navigate', 'college']
['course', 'loads', 'while', 'adapting', 'campus']
['societal', 'norms', 'students', 'persistence']
['negatively', 'associated', 'their', 'familial']
['obligations', 'helping', 'family']
['members', 'needing', 'contribute', 'financially']
['witkow', 'current', 'circumstances']
['underscore', 'recent', 'undergraduate']
['psychology', 'courses', 'address', 'students', 'personal']
['development', 'directly', 'curriculum', 'through', 'crisis', 'bachik', 'kitzman']
['researchers', 'should', 'continue', 'assess']
['personal', 'institutional', 'realities', 'might']
['influence', 'students', 'matriculation', 'major']
['instructors', 'design', 'implement']
['better', 'lessons', 'remote', 'hybrid', 'delivery', 'elect', 'adopt', 'these', 'proaches', 'longer', 'similarly']
['pandemic', 'wanes', 'students', 'better', 'informed']
['about', 'their', 'courses', 'delivered']
['prepare', 'learning', 'across', 'delivery', 'modalities']
['these', 'adaptations', 'significant', 'changes']
['college', 'experience', 'social', 'demic', 'outcomes', 'psychology', 'students']
['their', 'peers', 'other', 'disciplines', 'study']
['serve', 'baseline', 'ongoing', 'investigation']
['limitations', 'future', 'directions']
['although', 'research', 'revealed', 'depic', 'psychology', 'undergraduates', 'lives', 'after']
['shift', 'remote', 'instruction', 'caused', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'several', 'limitations', 'noting']
['first', 'sample', 'though', 'representative', 'chology', 'students', 'university', 'predomi', 'nantly', 'female', 'white', 'covid']
['disproportionately', 'affected', 'people', 'color', 'cially', 'black', 'latinx', 'individuals', 'prised', 'small', 'proportion']
['meaningfully', 'analyze', 'separately', 'essential']
['future', 'research', 'fully', 'represent']
['experiences', 'racially', 'ethnically', 'minoritized']
['individuals', 'stokes', 'furthermore']
['sample', 'limited', 'those', 'access']
['reliable', 'internet', 'service']
['semester', 'therefore', 'represent']
['experiences', 'students', 'experienced']
['severe', 'disruptions', 'basic', 'needs', 'access']
['second', 'descriptively', 'investigated', 'dents', 'behavioral', 'psychological', 'changes']
['course', 'experiences', 'progress', 'college']
['although', 'students', 'descriptions', 'point']
['psychological', 'educational', 'impacts']
['pandemic', 'cannot', 'causal', 'inferences']
['between', 'research', 'variables', 'moreover']
['cross', 'sectional', 'design', 'study', 'prevents']
['causal', 'inferencing', 'analyzed']
['study', 'reported', 'students', 'however']
['mixed', 'methods', 'increases', 'conclu', 'validity', 'findings']
['triangulate', 'contextualize', 'students', 'responses']
['closed', 'ended', 'questions', 'examining', 'their']
['corresponding', 'ended', 'responses']
['third', 'research', 'conducted', 'spring']
['semester', 'during', 'emergency', 'phase']
['pandemic', 'agree', 'recent', 'editorial']
['comment', 'teaching', 'sociology', 'emergency']
['remote', 'instruction', 'online']
['learning', 'kozimor', 'experi', 'ences', 'students', 'reported', 'having', 'their', 'psychol', 'related', 'courses', 'taught', 'under']
['usher']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly', 'ideal', 'circumstances', 'courses', 'inten', 'tionally', 'designed', 'delivered']
['student', 'perceptions', 'instructor', 'behaviors']
['likely', 'influenced', 'external']
['stressors', 'traumatic', 'uncer', 'tainties', 'covid', 'order', 'would', 'effect']
['despite', 'these', 'caveats', 'agree', 'social']
['cognitive', 'premise', 'quite', 'often', 'yesterday']
['perceptions', 'experiences', 'frame', 'tomorrow']
['perceptions', 'behaviors', 'believe', 'experi', 'ences', 'shared', 'psychology', 'students']
['rules', 'which']
['forward', 'their', 'educational', 'careers', 'there', 'instructive', 'ongoing', 'pedagogical', 'sions', 'colleges', 'fluid', 'plans', 'place']
['would', 'result', 'immediate', 'shifts', 'between', 'course']
['formats', 'response', 'local', 'changes', 'covid']
['infection', 'rates', 'regard', 'further', 'examinations']
['needed', 'document', 'these', 'shifts', 'affect']
['students', 'short', 'relationships']
['between', 'course', 'delivery', 'formats', 'students', 'learn', 'experiences', 'motivation', 'regulation']
['achievement', 'college', 'fully', 'investi', 'gated', 'future', 'studies', 'including', 'measures']
['instructor', 'perceptions', 'would', 'enrich']
['paper']
['psychol', 'wileyonlinelibrary', 'journal', 'wiley', 'periodicals']
['22969']
['commentary']
['rapid', 'telepsychology', 'deployment', 'during']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'special', 'issue']
['commentary', 'lessons', 'primary']
['psychology', 'training']
['perrin1', 'bruce', 'rybarczyk1', 'bradford', 'pierce1']
['heather', 'jones1', 'carla', 'shaffer1', 'leila', 'islam2']
[]
['department', 'psychology', 'virginia', 'commonwealth', 'university', 'richmond', 'virginia']
[]
['department', 'psychiatry', 'virginia', 'commonwealth', 'university', 'richmond', 'virginia']
['correspondence']
['perrin', 'health', 'psychology', 'departments']
['psychology', 'physical', 'medicine']
['rehabilitation', 'virginia', 'commonwealth']
['university', '842018', 'richmond']
['23284']
['email', 'pperrin']
['funding', 'information']
['health', 'resources', 'services', 'administration']
['grant', 'award', 'numbers', 'd40hp33378']
['m01hp31388']
['abstract']
['objective', 'article', 'positions', 'special', 'issue', 'epsychology', 'amidst', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'which']
['dramatically', 'accelerated', 'adoption', 'dissemination']
['telepsychology']
['method', 'article', 'makes', 'general', 'observations', 'about']
['themes', 'emerging', 'special', 'issue', 'considerations']
['application', 'training', 'theory', 'driven', 'research', 'policy']
['presents', 'example', 'rapid', 'deployment']
['during', 'pandemic', 'telepsychology', 'doctoral', 'training']
['services', 'virginia', 'commonwealth', 'university']
['primary', 'psychology', 'collaborative']
['results', 'facilitators', 'telepsychology', 'deployment']
['included', 'trainee', 'supervisor', 'resources', 'strong', 'psychology', 'training', 'prior', 'experience', 'barriers']
['overcome', 'included', 'limited', 'clinic', 'capacity', 'scheduling']
['technology', 'accessibility', 'diversity', 'issues', 'lessons']
['learned', 'involved', 'presenting', 'clinical', 'issues', 'supervision']
['working', 'children', 'adolescents']
['conclusions', 'telepsychology', 'crucial', 'psychological']
['service', 'provision', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'morethan', 'unlikely', 'change', 'psychologists']
['patients', 'increasingly', 'continue', 'appreciate', 'value']
['keywords']
['covid', 'integrated', 'primary', 'psychology', 'telehealth']
['telemedicine', 'telepsychology', 'training']
['introduction']
['commentary', 'journal', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'special', 'issue', 'telepsychology', 'research', 'training', 'practice']
['policy', 'several', 'purposes', 'begin', 'making', 'general', 'observations', 'about', 'themes', 'emerging']
['special', 'issue', 'considerations', 'application', 'training', 'theory', 'driven', 'research', 'policy', 'position']
['telepsychology', 'amidst', 'backdrop', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'which', 'arguably', 'historical', 'event']
['largest', 'impact', 'provision', 'telepsychology', 'services', 'since', 'invention', 'webcam', 'article']
['present', 'example', 'rapid', 'deployment', 'during', 'pandemic', 'telepsychology', 'doctoral', 'training']
['services', 'virginia', 'commonwealth', 'university', 'primary', 'psychology', 'collaborative', 'which', 'funded']
['grants', 'health', 'resources', 'services', 'administration', 'given', 'trains']
['psychology', 'doctoral', 'students', 'across', 'dozen', 'primary', 'psychology', 'training', 'sites', 'article', 'focus']
['changes', 'being', 'adapt', 'person', 'services', 'training', 'telepsychology', 'successes']
['supports', 'adaptation', 'barriers', 'encountered', 'lessons', 'learned', 'telepsychology', 'training', 'service']
['provision']
['telepsychology', 'special', 'issue']
['other', 'theme', 'articles', 'special', 'issue', 'underscore', 'critical', 'nature', 'strong', 'telepsychology']
['training', 'growth', 'opportunity', 'field', 'pierce', 'perrin', 'mcdonald', 'found', 'their', 'model']
['strongest', 'predictors', 'psychologists', 'telepsychology', 'subjective', 'norms', 'perceived']
['perceived', 'usefulness', 'telepsychology', 'simply', 'psychologists', 'telepsychology']
['others', 'using', 'useful', 'these', 'nearly', 'psychologists', 'change']
['primary', 'through', 'strong', 'telepsychology', 'training', 'implemented', 'trainees', 'early', 'often']
['their', 'training', 'practicing', 'psychologists', 'various', 'phases', 'their', 'careers', 'indeed', 'training']
['frequently', 'endorsed', 'barrier', 'telepsychology', 'among', 'mental', 'health', 'providers', 'perry']
['shearer', 'caver', 'describe', 'excellent', 'telepsychology', 'training', 'programing', 'offered']
['department', 'veterans', 'affairs', 'strong', 'efforts', 'overcome', 'barriers', 'training']
['implementation', 'forefront', 'efforts', 'support', 'telepsychology', 'provision', 'dissemination']
['implementation', 'science', 'sorely', 'needed', 'arena', 'determine', 'variables', 'facilitated']
['telepsychology', 'telemedicine', 'within', 'other', 'technologically', 'progressive', 'health', 'systems']
['apply', 'those', 'findings', 'other', 'systems', 'settings']
['opening', 'editorial', 'elliott', 'identifies', 'another', 'substantial', 'barriers', 'adoption']
['telepsychology', 'ourselves', 'psychologists', 'against', 'telepsychology', 'times', 'profound']
['counter', 'overwhelming', 'evidence', 'suggesting', 'telepsychology', 'effective', 'person', 'treatment']
['majority', 'presenting', 'concerns', 'varker', 'brand', 'terhaag', 'phelps']
['excellent', 'extension', 'person', 'services', 'aiding', 'assessment', 'heesacker', 'perez', 'quinn', 'benton']
['seemingly', 'obvious', 'exceptions', 'general', 'apply', 'specific', 'clinical', 'services']
['perrin', 'neuropsychological', 'assessment', 'although', 'evidence', 'mounting', 'certain', 'neuropsychological', 'assessments']
['feasibly', 'administered', 'through', 'telepsychology', 'galusha', 'glasscock', 'horton', 'weiner', 'cullum']
['telepsychology', 'trainings', 'readings', 'spend', 'substantial', 'countering', 'preconceived', 'biases', 'cating', 'psychologists', 'trainees', 'telepsychology', 'works', 'extend', 'person', 'services', 'pierce']
['theory', 'driven', 'intervention', 'research', 'would', 'identify', 'barriers', 'present']
['psychologists', 'perry', 'exactly', 'types', 'information', 'experiences', 'effectively']
['psychologists', 'strong', 'biases', 'against', 'telepsychology', 'overcome']
['although', 'psychologists', 'sometimes', 'voice', 'negative', 'views', 'about', 'telepsychology', 'field', 'known']
['potential', 'patients', 'negative', 'views', 'about', 'traditional', 'psychological', 'treatment', 'ironically', 'psychological', 'approaches', 'wearable', 'devices', 'actually', 'appealing', 'people', 'holding', 'negative']
['views', 'toward', 'psychological', 'treatment', 'experience', 'seeking', 'hunkin', 'zajac']
['other', 'extremely', 'promising', 'based', 'approaches', 'potential', 'reach', 'individuals', 'entering', 'ditional', 'treatment', 'supplement', 'traditional', 'treatment', 'showcased', 'special', 'issue', 'including']
['acceptance', 'commitment', 'therapy', 'college', 'students', 'viskovich', 'pakenham', 'avatar', 'based', 'inter', 'vention', 'military', 'family', 'caregivers', 'wilcox', 'management', 'positive', 'psychology', 'intervention']
['görges', 'oehler', 'hirschhausen', 'hegerl', 'rummel', 'kluge', 'heesacker', 'based']
['interventions', 'these', 'showing', 'respectable', 'levels', 'feasibility', 'efficacy', 'although', 'treatment', 'compu', 'terization', 'represents', 'extension', 'traditional', 'mental', 'health', 'providers', 'replacement']
['despite', 'intrapsychologist', 'variables', 'highlighted', 'articles', 'special', 'issue', 'limit']
['telepsychology', 'preparedness', 'concerns', 'about', 'usefulness', 'efficacy', 'substantial', 'portion']
['barriers', 'exist', 'external', 'environment', 'which', 'forefront', 'during', 'covid']
['pandemic', 'noted', 'detail', 'below', 'substantial', 'psychologist', 'reimbursement', 'issues', 'which']
['present', 'probably', 'account', 'telepsychology', 'telemedicine', 'relative', 'success']
['there', 'private', 'insurance', 'companies', 'reimburse', 'telepsychology', 'services', 'person']
['services', 'federal', 'legislation', 'critical', 'mandating', 'insurance', 'companies', 'reimbursement', 'policies', 'align']
['comparative', 'outcome', 'effectiveness', 'telepsychology', 'person', 'treatment', 'further', 'widespread']
['adoption', 'interstate', 'practice', 'agreements', 'united', 'states', 'necessary', 'success', 'telepsychology']
['psychology', 'interjurisdictional', 'compact', 'psypact', 'which', 'facilitates', 'telepsychology', 'practice', 'across']
['jurisdictional', 'boundaries', 'states', 'psychologist', 'patient', 'physically', 'state']
['which', 'psychologist', 'licensed', 'contrast', 'licensed', 'psychologist', 'working', 'medical', 'center', 'treat']
['veteran', 'other', 'state', 'again', 'showing', 'forward', 'thinking', 'these', 'issues', 'potential', 'public']
['policy', 'expand', 'reach', 'telepsychology']
['covid', 'pandemic']
['could', 'fortuitous', 'special', 'issue', 'scheduled', 'print', 'amidst', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['which', 'dramatically', 'altered', 'telepsychology', 'telemedicine', 'landscape', 'united', 'states', 'other']
['global', 'regions', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'informed', 'december', 'several', 'cases']
['pneumonia', 'unknown', 'etiology', 'detected', 'within', 'china', 'hubei', 'province', '2020a', 'january']
['chinese', 'health', 'authorities', 'announced', 'identified', 'isolated', 'coronavirus']
['covid', 'coronavirus', 'associated', 'cluster', 'detected', 'respiratory', 'infections', 'within', 'wuhan']
['later', 'china', 'shared', 'genetic', 'sequence', 'virus', 'other', 'countries', 'develop', 'diagnostic', 'testing']
['january', 'total', 'cases', 'covid', 'detected', 'across', 'china', 'thailand', 'japan', 'republic']
['korea', '2020a']
['january', 'entered', 'urgent', 'clinic', 'within', 'washington', 'state', 'after', 'several']
['coughing', 'nausea', 'fever', 'before', 'seeking', 'treatment', 'visiting', 'family', 'wuhan', 'china']
['perrin', '1175returned', 'united', 'states', 'following', 'centers', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention']
['confirmed', 'nasopharyngeal', 'oropharyngeal', 'swabs', 'tested', 'positive', 'covid', 'holshue']
['february', 'covid', 'cases', 'confirmed', 'globally', 'total', 'cases']
['confirmed', 'within', 'united', 'states', '2020b', 'march', 'director', 'announced']
['characterized', 'covid', 'virus', 'pandemic', '2020d']
['during', 'crisis', 'related', 'surges', 'health', 'needs', 'effective', 'strategies', 'developed', 'patients']
['communities', 'manage', 'acute', 'stress', 'preserve', 'medical', 'supplies', 'maintain', 'mental', 'physical', 'health']
['patients', 'health', 'staff', 'tadmor', 'mcmanus', 'koenig', 'example', 'anticipation', 'higher', 'demand']
['decrease', 'virus', 'transmission', 'between', 'individuals', 'american', 'college', 'surgeons']
['recommended', 'health', 'providers', 'postpone', 'elective', 'procedures', 'routine', 'patient', 'visits']
['projections', 'revealed', 'major', 'metropolitan', 'areas', 'insufficient', 'capacity', 'anticipated']
['demand', 'temporary', 'health', 'facilities', 'established', 'public', 'spaces', 'orleans', 'convention']
['center', 'associated', 'press', 'javits', 'center', 'lardieri', 'central', 'torres']
['hospital', 'ships', 'united', 'states', 'naval', 'comfort', 'mercy', 'deployed']
['angeles', 'serve', 'patients', 'without', 'virus', 'correll', 'naval', 'institute']
['based', 'speed', 'transmission', 'delayed', 'onset', 'symptoms', 'covid', 'strongly', 'commended', 'physical', 'distancing', 'between', 'individuals', '2020c', 'avoid', 'overwhelming', 'health', 'infrastructure']
['guided', 'large', 'gatherings', 'canceled', 'schools', 'shifted', 'based', 'learning', 'companies', 'adopted']
['telecommuting', 'employees', 'adalja', 'toner', 'inglesby', 'health', 'organizations', 'greatly', 'expanded', 'their']
['telehealth', 'nitkin', 'stiepan', 'physical', 'distancing', 'during', 'pandemic']
['comes', 'psychological', 'communities', 'there', 'exists', 'literature', 'revealing', 'relationship', 'between']
['social', 'support', 'mental', 'health', 'harandi', 'taghinasab', 'nayeri', 'catastrophes', 'disasters', 'associated']
['higher', 'levels', 'psychological', 'distress', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'panic', 'posttraumatic', 'stress', 'disorder', 'inter', 'personal', 'problems', 'affected', 'communities', 'norris', 'friedman', 'watson', 'norris', 'friedman', 'watson', 'byrne']
['furthermore', 'stress', 'anxiety', 'communities', 'experience', 'during', 'periods', 'heavy', 'media']
['coverage', 'disease', 'associated', 'surge', 'patient', 'volume', 'within', 'emergency', 'departments', 'several']
['before', 'actual', 'arrival', 'epidemic', 'within', 'community', 'mcdonnell', 'nelson', 'schunk', 'physicians']
['reported', 'experiencing', 'distress', 'psychological', 'trauma', 'after', 'being', 'forced', 'difficult', 'ethical']
['decisions', 'about', 'allocation', 'resources', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'shurkin']
['national', 'deployment', 'telemedicine', 'amidst', 'covid']
['troubling', 'isolation', 'psychological', 'distress', 'makes', 'vital', 'psychologists', 'flexible', 'options']
['treating', 'patients', 'communities', 'noted', 'special', 'issue', 'telepsychology', 'telemedicine']
['enable', 'skilled', 'providers', 'mental', 'physical', 'health', 'quickly', 'shift', 'their', 'focus', 'locations', 'where']
['needed', 'given', 'allows', 'treat', 'people', 'areas', 'difficult', 'dangerous']
['travel', 'would', 'limit', 'productive', 'required', 'travel', 'person', 'multiple', 'sites', 'darkins']
['tadmor', 'telepsychology', 'provides', 'opportunity', 'psychologists', 'rural', 'areas', 'contribute']
['surge', 'capacity', 'larger', 'communities', 'during', 'crisis', 'tadmor']
['recognizing', 'several', 'longstanding', 'impediments', 'telepsychology', 'telemedicine', 'adoption', 'agencies']
['within', 'government', 'quickly', 'pivoted', 'multiple', 'policies', 'unleashing', 'telepsychology', 'telemedicine']
['ability', 'important', 'delivery', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'march']
['person', 'requirement', 'forth', 'haight', 'suspended', 'indefinitely', 'allowing', 'practitioners']
['prescribe', 'schedule', 'controlled', 'substances', 'occurred', 'using', 'audio', 'visual']
['communication', 'system', 'enforcement', 'administration', 'diversion', 'control', 'division', 'additionally']
['medicare', 'medicaid', 'temporarily', 'increased', 'access', 'allowing', 'psychologists', 'licensed', 'clinical', 'social']
['perrin', 'workers', 'physicians', 'nurse', 'practitioners', 'reimbursed', 'telepsychology', 'telemedicine', 'visits']
['patients', 'across', 'country', 'including', 'within', 'patients', 'homes', 'rates', 'person', 'visits', 'centers']
['medicare', 'medicaid', 'services', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'advocated', 'reimbursement']
['parity', 'telepsychology', 'sessions', 'conducted', 'phone', 'deangelis', 'department', 'health']
['human', 'services', 'office', 'civil', 'rights', 'temporarily', 'waived', 'hipaa', 'security', 'privacy']
['requirements', 'previously', 'prevented', 'common', 'communications', 'facetime', 'skype']
['department', 'health', 'human', 'services', 'office', 'civil', 'rights', '2020a', '2020b', 'these', 'important', 'changes']
['response', 'global', 'emergency', 'highlighted', 'numerous', 'standing', 'obstacles', 'telepsychology', 'medicine', 'adoption', 'resulted', 'policies', 'regulations', 'within', 'united', 'states']
['response', 'unprecedented', 'public', 'demand', 'their', 'services', 'telepsychology', 'telemedicine', 'providers']
['doctor', 'demand', 'teladoc', 'american', 'began', 'recruiting', 'psychologists', 'physicians', 'demand']
['outstripped', 'their', 'current', 'capacity', 'pifer', 'unfortunately', 'increased', 'video', 'conferencing', 'streaming']
['services', 'demands', 'pushed', 'limits', 'infrastructure', 'personnel', 'support', 'internet', 'ookla', 'company']
['monitors', 'provides', 'network', 'speed', 'reports', 'observed', 'diminished', 'global', 'network', 'speeds', 'higher', 'latency']
['levels', 'during', 'march', 'ookla', 'atlas', 'virtual', 'private', 'network', 'provider', 'reported', 'increase']
['usage', 'during', 'second', 'march', 'comparison', 'previous', 'atlas', 'result']
['telepsychology', 'telemedicine', 'adoption', 'difficult', 'example', 'employees', 'experienced', 'problems']
['transfer', 'rates', 'network', 'instability', 'difficult', 'patients', 'psychologists']
['physicians', 'trying', 'leverage', 'videoconnect', 'telemedicine', 'platform', 'tahir', 'laying']
['technological', 'challenges', 'still', 'present', 'telemedicine']
['primary', 'psychology', 'training']
['amidst', 'shifting', 'pandemic', 'psychologists', 'psychology', 'training', 'sites', 'across', 'united', 'states', 'scrambled']
['continue', 'adapt', 'their', 'services', 'training', 'models', 'decade', 'training', 'model']
['built', 'placing', 'psychology', 'doctoral', 'students', 'integrated', 'settings', 'primary', 'psychology']
['training', 'collaborative', 'pcptc', 'pcpsych', 'began', 'initiative', 'train', 'psychologists']
['national', 'workforce', 'demand', 'psychologists', 'trained', 'integrated', 'primary']
['newly', 'emerging', 'specialty', 'integrated', 'behavioral', 'health', 'unique', 'competencies', 'delivery']
['service', 'include', 'interdisciplinary', 'collaboration', 'provision', 'brief', 'problem', 'focused', 'interventions', 'mental']
['health', 'health', 'behavior', 'concerns', 'briefer', 'frequent', 'sessions', 'flexibility', 'accepting']
['handoffs', 'other', 'providers', 'integrated', 'widely', 'recognized', 'particularly', 'important', 'model']
['reducing', 'mental', 'health', 'disparities', 'minimizing', 'barriers', 'enhancing', 'access', 'underserved', 'populations', 'where']
['mental', 'health', 'services', 'otherwise', 'limited', 'funding', 'training', 'programs', 'integrated', 'primary']
['because', 'doing', 'meets', 'their', 'mission', 'filling', 'health', 'underserved', 'populations', 'trainee']
['provided', 'services', 'developing', 'workforce', 'skills', 'motivation', 'serve', 'these', 'communities']
['pcptc', 'continuously', 'funded', 'since', 'funded', 'trainees', 'provided']
['sessions', 'during', 'currently', 'operate', 'different', 'adult']
['pediatric', 'safety', 'clinics', 'community', 'faculty', 'supervisors', 'funded', 'doctoral', 'trainees', 'another']
['junior', 'practicum', 'trainees', 'clinics', 'partner', 'gamut', 'large', 'university', 'based', 'training']
['clinics', 'primarily', 'serving', 'income', 'patients', 'smaller', 'clinics', 'operate', 'private', 'funding']
['workforce', 'volunteer', 'clinicians', 'supplement', 'limited', 'number', 'staff', 'partners', 'clinics']
['which', 'their', 'house', 'mental', 'health', 'clinics', 'being', 'large', 'federally', 'funded', 'clinic', 'serving', 'dividuals', 'homelessness']
['services', 'provided', 'trainees', 'address', 'range', 'issues', 'children', 'adults', 'including']
['mental', 'health', 'concerns', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'anger', 'management', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'grief', 'neurocognitive']
['perrin', '1177screenings', 'parent', 'child', 'relationship', 'issues', 'postpartum', 'depression', 'psychosis', 'screenings', 'assessment', 'tential', 'others', 'stress', 'management', 'trauma', 'informed', 'common', 'health', 'behavior', 'issues']
['addressed', 'include', 'adjustment', 'chronic', 'medical', 'conditions', 'diabetes', 'management', 'chronic', 'insomnia']
['smoking', 'cessation', 'substance', 'weight', 'overall', 'focus', 'equipping', 'future', 'psychologists']
['skills', 'paced', 'world', 'primary', 'psychology', 'providing', 'first', 'behavioral', 'health', 'services']
['place', 'where', 'patients', 'receive', 'their', 'routine', 'medical', 'these', 'patients', 'general', 'array']
['environmental', 'stressors', 'traumatic', 'experiences', 'baylor', 'williams', 'having', 'received', 'either', 'adequate', 'behavioral', 'health', 'services', 'studies', 'shown', 'brief', 'services', 'delivered']
['effective', 'reducing', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'sadock', 'perrin', 'grinnell', 'rybarczyk', 'auerbach']
['reducing', 'preventable', 'hospitalizations', 'lanoye']
['telepsychology', 'deployment', 'amidst', 'covid']
['shortly', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'became', 'apparent', 'large', 'network', 'person', 'integrated']
['training', 'service', 'provision', 'going', 'viable', 'though', 'eventually', 'turned', 'across']
['board', 'nationally', 'among', 'integrated', 'professionals', 'social', 'distancing', 'became', 'parent', 'early', 'going', 'training', 'because', 'clinicians', 'trainees', 'students']
['first', 'clinicians', 'second', 'creates', 'different', 'calculus', 'about', 'considerations', 'clinicians', 'especially']
['light', 'differential', 'power', 'trainees', 'which', 'limits', 'their', 'perceived', 'ability', 'express', 'safety', 'concerns']
['their', 'supervisors', 'serve', 'gatekeepers', 'their', 'entry', 'profession']
['unfortunately', 'unique', 'strategic', 'advantages', 'integrated', 'primary', 'psychology', 'turned']
['disadvantages', 'context', 'pandemic', 'quarantine', 'sharing', 'clinic', 'space', 'conference', 'rooms', 'exams']
['rooms', 'physicians', 'their', 'acutely', 'patients', 'became', 'hazard', 'psychology', 'trainees']
['patients', 'going', 'primary', 'clinic', 'solely', 'their', 'mental', 'health', 'visit', 'staying', 'second', 'longer']
['period', 'combining', 'visits', 'thereby', 'increasing', 'their', 'potential', 'exposure', 'normal', 'times', 'highly', 'fective', 'reduce', 'mental', 'health', 'disparities', 'income', 'racial', 'ethnic', 'minority', 'patients', 'situation']
['those', 'populations', 'greater', 'having', 'those', 'treatments', 'occur', 'medical', 'environment', 'often']
['necessitating', 'traveling', 'public', 'transportation', 'creating', 'exposure', 'furthermore', 'percentage']
['patients', 'safety', 'settings', 'multiple', 'chronic', 'health', 'conditions', 'making', 'vulnerable']
['threatening', 'complications', 'covid', 'large', 'portion', 'safety', 'patients', 'black', 'african']
['american', 'early', 'demonstrating', 'group', 'disproportionately', 'affected', 'covid']
['ahmed', 'ahmed', 'pissarides', 'stiglitz']
['facilitators', 'telepsychology', 'deployment']
['these', 'reasons', 'faculty', 'supervisors', 'decision', 'early', 'going', 'pandemic', 'begin']
['immediate', 'transition', 'telepsychology', 'services', 'across', 'primary', 'training', 'sites', 'aware']
['going', 'large', 'undertaking', 'because', 'large', 'number', 'clinics', 'culture', 'response']
['covid', 'several', 'advantages', 'going', 'first', 'large', 'program', 'funded']
['trainees', 'faculty', 'supervisors', 'funded', 'their', 'mandated', 'person', 'clinical', 'pended', 'immediately', 'clinics', 'university', 'university', 'closed', 'weeks']
['bring', 'tremendous', 'amount', 'person', 'power', 'toward', 'drafting', 'start', 'plans', 'allowed']
['separate', 'teams', 'establish', 'procedures', 'contacting', 'consenting', 'scheduling', 'patients']
['shifting', 'exclusive', 'telepsychology', 'services', 'second', 'because', 'funded', 'grants', 'mandated']
['telepsychology', 'service', 'training', 'program', 'working', 'months']
['perrin', 'already', 'moving', 'toward', 'training', 'policy', 'changes', 'necessary', 'delivery', 'telepsychology', 'third']
['leverage', 'online', 'training', 'created', 'university', 'clinic', 'their', 'transition', 'telepsychology', 'services']
['student', 'required', 'complete', 'guided', 'online', 'training', 'before', 'seeing', 'their', 'first', 'telepsychology']
['patient', 'fortunate', 'enough', 'several', 'faculty', 'supervisors', 'substantial', 'prior', 'experience']
['telepsychology', 'clinicians', 'instance', 'robust', 'research', 'grant', 'related', 'experience']
['telepsychology']
['challenges', 'telepsychology', 'deployment']
['limited', 'clinic', 'capacity']
['rapid', 'transition', 'telepsychology', 'needed', 'adjust', 'unique', 'parameters']
['therefore', 'supervisors', 'collaborated', 'personnel', 'individual', 'sites', 'medical', 'directors', 'nurses']
['administrators', 'identify', 'specific', 'changes', 'procedures', 'example', 'sites', 'provided', 'admin', 'istrative', 'support', 'reach', 'already', 'scheduled', 'patients', 'inform', 'telepsychology', 'whereas']
['others', 'preferred', 'contacting', 'patients', 'similarly', 'while', 'clinics', 'electronic']
['medical', 'records', 'could', 'accessed', 'remotely', 'sites', 'capacity', 'remotely', 'enter']
['appointments', 'their', 'scheduling', 'system', 'create', 'password', 'protected', 'encrypted']
['schedules', 'those', 'schedules', 'shared', 'medical', 'staff', 'could', 'patient', 'needed']
['which', 'patients', 'attended', 'telepsychology', 'appointments']
['fundamental', 'premise', 'primary', 'psychology', 'provide', 'brief', 'services', 'cross', 'section']
['patients', 'possible', 'aiming', 'improve', 'behavioral', 'health', 'entire', 'clinic', 'population', 'achieve', 'promise']
['population', 'based', 'approach', 'primary', 'steady', 'referrals', 'physicians', 'routine']
['screenings', 'needed', 'however', 'nationally', 'within', 'primary', 'clinics', 'there', 'dramatic']
['cutback', 'primary', 'visits', 'especially', 'visits', 'aimed', 'chronic', 'conditions', 'routine', 'check', 'prevention']
['furthermore', 'clinic', 'partners', 'volunteers', 'provide', 'percentage', 'their']
['furlough', 'those', 'volunteers', 'safety', 'reasons', 'seeing', 'fewer', 'patients', 'leads', 'fewer', 'referrals', 'additionally']
['primary', 'colleagues', 'medicine', 'embarking', 'their', 'steep', 'learning', 'curve', 'shifting', 'telehealth']
['clinicians', 'bandwidth', 'usually', 'discuss', 'behavioral', 'health', 'issues', 'their', 'patients']
['lastly', 'without', 'physical', 'presence', 'their', 'workspace', 'medical', 'colleagues', 'usual', 'visual']
['reminders', 'verbal', 'prompts', 'clinicians', 'asking', 'referrals', 'sudden', 'referrals', 'perienced', 'across', 'spectrum', 'integrated', 'providers', 'nationally', 'weighing', 'daily', 'listservs']
['about', 'their', 'challenges', 'similar', 'transitions', 'integrated']
['scheduling']
['another', 'advantage', 'integrated', 'model', 'being', 'schedule', 'medical', 'behavioral', 'health', 'chology', 'appointments', 'decreases', 'barriers', 'transportation', 'efficiency', 'taking']
['finding', 'child', 'telepsychology', 'actually', 'poses', 'greater', 'challenge', 'cases']
['medical', 'appointments', 'still', 'taking', 'place', 'person', 'patients', 'private', 'space', 'right', 'before', 'after']
['their', 'appointment', 'entering', 'leaving', 'clinic', 'making', 'difficult', 'attend', 'their', 'telepsychology']
['appointment']
['while', 'shows', 'generally', 'common', 'telepsychology', 'patients', 'sometimes', 'clinician']
['granted', 'attach', 'importance', 'sessions', 'where', 'investment']
['showing', 'person', 'patients', 'always', 'available', 'their', 'appointment', 'woman']
['perrin', '1179partner', 'answered', 'phone', 'shared', 'message', 'getting', 'nails', 'available']
['other', 'times', 'patients', 'sleeping', 'woken', 'engaged', 'session', 'eating', 'during']
['session', 'spent', 'initial', 'minutes', 'session', 'trying', 'quiet', 'location', 'within', 'their', 'residence']
['latter', 'especially', 'challenging', 'patients', 'children', 'roommates', 'given', 'greater', 'possibility', 'expected', 'disruptions', 'plans', 'uncommon', 'patients', 'clinicians', 'later']
['technology']
['another', 'challenge', 'rolling', 'telepsychology', 'services', 'getting', 'patients', 'comfortable', 'using', 'video', 'conferencing', 'services', 'initially', 'telepsychology', 'visits', 'conducted', 'telephone', 'patient']
['preference', 'concerns', 'about', 'using', 'unfamiliar', 'technology', 'integrated', 'professional', 'concluded', 'after']
['surveying', 'colleagues', 'about', 'clinicians', 'finding', 'challenge', 'despite', 'efforts']
['videoconferencing', 'telephone', 'still', 'result', 'trend', 'therapists', 'having', 'learn']
['navigate', 'telepsychology', 'sessions', 'relying', 'solely', 'verbal', 'voice']
['initial', 'toward', 'choosing', 'telephone', 'services', 'continued', 'toward', 'providing']
['services', 'videoconferencing', 'obvious', 'advantages', 'affords', 'communication', 'rapport']
['building', 'another', 'barrier', 'comfort', 'level', 'trainees', 'phone', 'easier']
['adjustment', 'thought', 'walking', 'patient', 'through', 'navigating', 'additional', 'hurdle']
['trainees', 'became', 'confident', 'telepsychology', 'delivery', 'became', 'comfortable', 'selling']
['upgraded', 'service', 'patients', 'begin', 'using', 'video', 'service', 'other', 'health', 'providers', 'social']
['visits', 'family', 'friends', 'during', 'extended', 'period', 'social', 'distancing', 'anticipating']
['comfort', 'technology']
['accessibility', 'diversity', 'issues']
['primary', 'psychology', 'contended', 'number', 'accessibility', 'diversity', 'challenges']
['provision', 'telepsychology', 'services', 'marginalized', 'communities', 'difficulty']
['reaching', 'patients', 'recognize', 'masked', 'blocked', 'phone', 'number', 'calling']
['others', 'voicemail', 'systems', 'voicemail', 'boxes', 'accessibility', 'concerns']
['restricted', 'video', 'telepsychology', 'calls', 'limited', 'prepaid', 'phones', 'constrained', 'patients']
['ability', 'engage', 'telepsychology', 'furthermore', 'subset', 'patients', 'undocumented', 'immigrants']
['undocumented', 'family', 'members', 'recognize', 'wanted', 'video', 'their']
['location', 'during', 'telepsychology', 'similarly', 'patients', 'their', 'families', 'wanted', 'their']
['homes', 'video', 'either', 'contrast', 'patients', 'telepsychology', 'delivered', 'telephone']
['concerns', 'about', 'video']
['another', 'inclusion', 'related', 'challenge', 'realized', 'needed', 'translate', 'telepsychology', 'informed']
['consent', 'script', 'spanish', 'clinics', 'reliable', 'translation', 'services', 'during']
['therefore', 'spanish', 'speaking', 'doctoral', 'trainees', 'providing', 'those', 'patients', 'their']
['families', 'needed', 'sessions', 'spanish', 'spanish', 'speaking', 'clinicians', 'translate']
['translate', 'consent', 'script', 'their', 'bilingual', 'supervisor', 'checking', 'their', 'finally', 'across', 'nation']
['income', 'families', 'include', 'adults', 'essential', 'workers', 'construction', 'service', 'nursing']
['found', 'patients', 'families', 'having', 'balance', 'trying', 'other', 'possible']
['contamination', 'person', 'returned', 'which', 'contributing', 'stress', 'level', 'patients']
['their', 'families']
['perrin', 'lessons', 'learned', 'telepsychology', 'transition']
['presenting', 'issues']
['though', 'anticipated', 'patients', 'would', 'primarily', 'focused', 'covid', 'resumed', 'services']
['ready', 'their', 'primary', 'issues', 'focused', 'pandemic']
['anticipating', 'referrals', 'however', 'primary', 'driver', 'often', 'current', 'pandemic', 'anxiety', 'panic', 'attacks']
['worry', 'about', 'covid', 'common', 'stressors', 'lower', 'income', 'patients', 'included', 'employment']
['being', 'furloughed', 'financial', 'strain', 'increased', 'presence', 'children', 'stressful']
['families', 'patients', 'chronic', 'health', 'conditions', 'worried', 'about', 'being', 'nerable', 'worst', 'covid', 'outcomes', 'addition', 'patients', 'included', 'those', 'without', 'consistent']
['housing', 'sources', 'reported', 'being', 'homeless', 'living', 'their', 'worried', 'about']
['total', 'shutdown', 'being', 'allowed', 'street', 'their', 'being', 'unable', 'shelter']
['working', 'primary', 'behavioral', 'health', 'issues', 'preceded', 'pandemic', 'there']
['twists', 'problems', 'exacerbated', 'significant', 'concern', 'exacerbation', 'intimate', 'partner']
['violence', 'result', 'additional', 'factors', 'associated', 'being', 'unable', 'leave', 'often']
['increased', 'stress', 'patients', 'substance', 'depression', 'particularly', 'discussing', 'engaging', 'behavior']
['substitutions', 'enjoyable', 'pleasurable', 'activities', 'especially', 'difficult', 'orders']
['individuals', 'trying', 'smoking', 'often', 'found', 'themselves', 'returning', 'higher', 'level', 'smoking']
['similarly', 'individuals', 'working', 'weight', 'reducing', 'calorie', 'consumption', 'increasing']
['exercise', 'tended', 'difficulty', 'adhering', 'those', 'plans']
['became', 'clear', 'underserved', 'patients', 'chronic', 'conditions', 'being', 'dissuaded', 'social', 'tancing', 'policies', 'crisis', 'medical', 'community', 'having', 'routine', 'visits', 'their', 'physicians']
['their', 'primary', 'clinics', 'combined', 'reduced', 'availability', 'other', 'safety', 'services', 'community']
['social', 'services', 'banks', 'patients', 'began', 'reporting', 'feeling', 'behind']
['deemed', 'lower', 'priority', 'during', 'pandemic', 'clinicians', 'noted', 'patients', 'often', 'expressed', 'relief', 'titude', 'continued', 'available', 'usual', 'level', 'services', 'accessible']
['travel', 'appointment']
['found', 'subset', 'patients', 'actually', 'preferred', 'telepsychology', 'services', 'person', 'visits']
['formerly', 'offered', 'meant', 'reach', 'patients', 'previously', 'declined', 'services', 'because']
['transportation', 'issues', 'partner', 'clinic', 'particular', 'focuses', 'utilizing', 'patients', 'number']
['chronic', 'medical', 'conditions', 'least', 'seven', 'qualify', 'clinic', 'trainees', 'clinic', 'historically', 'trouble']
['getting', 'patients', 'longer', 'behaviorally', 'focused', 'sessions', 'shows', 'common', 'after', 'shift']
['telepsychology', 'number', 'appointments', 'soared', 'shows', 'became', 'issue', 'similarly', 'another', 'clinic']
['where', 'physicians', 'invested', 'making', 'referrals', 'behavioral', 'health', 'increase', 'number']
['patients', 'accepting', 'referrals', 'because', 'barriers', 'became', 'lower', 'attending', 'these', 'sessions', 'result']
['lesson', 'already', 'greatly', 'increase', 'telepsychology', 'offerings', 'after', 'pandemic', 'recedes']
['discussed', 'probably', 'first', 'session', 'occur', 'person', 'where', 'rapport', 'built']
['assessment', 'instruments', 'easily', 'filled', 'offer', 'future', 'session', 'phone']
['videoconferencing']
['supervision']
['supervision', 'which', 'shifted', 'strictly', 'telephone', 'videoconferencing', 'change', 'substantially']
['distinct', 'advantages', 'integrated', 'primary', 'efficiency', 'formal', 'informal']
['supervision', 'occurs', 'trainees', 'clinicians', 'often', 'space', 'between', 'patient', 'visits', 'discuss']
['perrin', '1181patients', 'among', 'themselves', 'supervisor', 'often', 'present', 'medical', 'providers']
['typically', 'space', 'notes', 'referrals', 'reviewed', 'before', 'session', 'there']
['discussion', 'members', 'trainee', 'support', 'about', 'approach', 'might', 'taken', 'norms']
['primary', 'there', 'opportunity', 'interrupt', 'session', 'sultation', 'peers', 'other', 'medical', 'providers', 'advantages', 'upended', 'shift', 'toward', 'virtual']
['videoconference', 'contact', 'supervisor', 'other', 'peers', 'members']
['trainees', 'operating', 'delivering', 'antithesis', 'about', 'integrated']
['found', 'supervisor', 'trainee', 'adapted', 'support']
['developing', 'parallel', 'virtual', 'meeting', 'before', 'shift', 'trainees', 'connected', 'through', 'videoconfer', 'encing', 'shift', 'check', 'beginning', 'shift', 'discussing', 'shift', 'responsibilities', 'responding', 'clinic']
['messages', 'ensuring', 'followed', 'through', 'commitments', 'clinic']
['given', 'effects', 'pandemic', 'reaching', 'everyone', 'across', 'world']
['graduate', 'student', 'therapists', 'might', 'experiencing', 'their', 'challenges', 'indeed', 'there', 'initial', 'anxiety']
['about', 'transitioning', 'quickly', 'telepsychology', 'anxiety', 'generally', 'outweighed', 'desire']
['provide', 'services', 'patients', 'strategy', 'which', 'aided', 'transition', 'telepsychology']
['gradual', 'start', 'graduate', 'student', 'therapists', 'delivering', 'telepsychology', 'started', 'senior']
['fourth', 'graduate', 'students', 'providing', 'initial', 'telepsychology', 'services', 'started', 'junior']
['therapists', 'staggered', 'training', 'allowed', 'senior', 'graduate', 'student', 'therapists', 'through']
['wrinkles', 'initial', 'decrease', 'their', 'anxiety', 'around', 'telepsychology', 'before', 'starting']
['novice', 'trainees', 'additionally', 'helpful', 'discuss', 'which', 'psychology', 'provision', 'services', 'similar', 'teaching', 'parenting', 'skill', 'having', 'caregiver']
['brainstorm', 'could']
['working', 'children', 'adolescents']
['delivering', 'telepsychology', 'vulnerable', 'population', 'children', 'adolescents', 'presented']
['unique', 'challenges', 'which', 'compelled', 'pediatric', 'behavioral', 'health', 'number', 'operational']
['changes', 'adapting', 'shifting', 'service', 'delivery', 'landscape', 'medical', 'center', 'first', 'steps', 'pediatrics']
['check', 'medical', 'partners', 'familiarize', 'ourselves', 'policies', 'around', 'pediatric']
['visits', 'obtain', 'their', 'feedback', 'tentative', 'telepsychology', 'deployment', 'generally']
['offer', 'telepsychology', 'families', 'referred', 'their', 'pediatrician', 'emphasis', 'prioritizing', 'those', 'senting', 'problems', 'behavioral', 'health', 'services', 'adolescents', 'young', 'adults']
['internalizing', 'concerns', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'children', 'behavioral', 'concerns', 'hypothesized']
['subsequently', 'confirmed', 'patients', 'caregivers', 'school', 'related', 'concerns', 'would', 'choose']
['pause', 'their', 'sessions', 'given', 'current', 'school', 'closures', 'being', 'would']
['suspended', 'after', 'conferring', 'primary', 'psychology', 'supervisors', 'medical', 'leaders']
['directors', 'primary', 'clinics', 'nursing', 'patient', 'services', 'approved', 'telepsychology', 'continue']
['provision', 'behavioral', 'health', 'services', 'pediatric', 'patients', 'would', 'check', 'regularly', 'discuss']
['ongoing', 'clinic', 'needs', 'feedback', 'about', 'pediatric', 'primary', 'telepsychology', 'services']
['place', 'began', 'start', 'telepsychology', 'services', 'their', 'telepsychology']
['training', 'detailed', 'above', 'complete', 'graduate', 'student', 'therapists', 'began', 'calling', 'patients', 'their', 'givers', 'schedule', 'upcoming', 'inform', 'moving', 'telepsychology', 'model']
['during', 'pandemic', 'gauge', 'their', 'interest', 'continuing', 'under', 'model', 'families']
['behavioral', 'health', 'services', 'their', 'child', 'longer', 'their', 'priority']
['approximately', 'current', 'patient', 'decided', 'continue', 'telepsychology', 'using']
['structured', 'consent', 'obtained', 'documented', 'verbal', 'informed', 'consent', 'treat', 'telepsychology']
['perrin', 'these', 'families', 'pediatric', 'primary', 'psychology', 'delivered', 'telepsychology', 'services']
['teens', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'which', 'exacerbated', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['social', 'distancing', 'orders', 'locale', 'given', 'increased', 'amount', 'caregivers']
['children', 'spending', 'together', 'school', 'closings', 'caregivers', 'stressed', 'stress']
['management', 'techniques', 'behavioral', 'parent', 'training', 'provided', 'those', 'therapeutic', 'strategies']
['telepsychology', 'additionally', 'while', 'structured', 'crisis', 'management', 'place', 'acute', 'issues']
['suicidality', 'communication', 'medical', 'colleagues']
['initial', 'worries', 'about', 'being', 'colocated', 'clinics', 'during', 'losing']
['seemed', 'vital', 'maintaining', 'presence', 'members', 'however', 'communication', 'secure']
['email', 'electronic', 'medical', 'records', 'seamless', 'worked', 'toward', 'common']
['providing', 'family', 'centered']
['despite', 'successes', 'there', 'barriers', 'serving', 'pediatric', 'families', 'telepsychology']
['instance', 'adult', 'clinics', 'patient', 'decreased', 'referrals', 'school', 'based', 'concerns']
['additionally', 'longer', 'obtaining', 'referrals', 'there', 'families']
['other', 'significant', 'concerns', 'paying', 'losing', 'their', 'taking', 'family', 'member', 'given']
['patient', 'population', 'communities', 'being', 'hardest', 'covid', 'income', 'predominantly']
['black', 'african', 'american', 'families', 'surprise', 'child', 'behavioral', 'health', 'concerns']
['priorities', 'families']
['providing', 'evidence', 'based', 'services', 'telepsychology', 'through', 'pediatric', 'clinics', 'presented', 'another', 'lenge', 'difficult', 'telepsychology', 'sessions', 'caregivers', 'young', 'children', 'those', 'children']
['often', 'making', 'noise', 'needing', 'their', 'caregivers', 'attention', 'clinic', 'graduate']
['student', 'therapist', 'assist', 'childcare', 'possible', 'telepsychology', 'therefore', 'still', 'navigating']
['provide', 'telepsychology', 'parents', 'chaotic', 'environments', 'scheduling']
['appointment', 'during', 'child', 'naptime']
['conclusion']
['articles', 'special', 'issue', 'recent', 'experiences', 'rapid', 'transition', 'telepsychology']
['those', 'larger', 'field', 'telepsychology', 'crucial', 'psychological', 'service', 'provision']
['telepsychology', 'demonstrated', 'ability', 'expand', 'services', 'underserved', 'reach', 'populations']
['applicability', 'makes', 'extremely', 'suited', 'become', 'permanent', 'fixture', 'profession', 'particularly']
['support', 'strong', 'public', 'policies', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'likely', 'influence', 'daily']
['people', 'across', 'globe', 'foreseeable', 'future', 'perhaps', 'positive', 'lasting', 'feature', 'historic']
['influence', 'telepsychology']
['acknowledgments']
['manuscript', 'funded', 'awards', 'd40hp33378', 'rybarczyk', 'm01hp31388', 'jones']
['health', 'resources', 'services', 'administration']
['orcid']
['perrin', 'orcid']
['heather', 'jones', 'orcid']
['paper']
['original', 'research']
['published', 'march']
['fpsyg', '571257']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'march', 'volume', 'article', '571257']
['edited']
['changiz', 'mohiyeddini']
['oakland', 'university', 'william', 'beaumont']
['school', 'medicine', 'united', 'states']
['reviewed']
['rubina', 'hanif']
['quaid', 'university', 'pakistan']
['maria', 'meneghini']
['university', 'verona', 'italy']
['correspondence']
['daniela', 'marzana']
['daniela', 'marzana', 'unicatt']
['specialty', 'section']
['article', 'submitted']
['health', 'psychology']
['section', 'journal']
['frontiers', 'psychology']
['received']
['accepted', 'february']
['published', 'march']
['citation']
['napoli', 'guidi', 'arcidiacono']
['esposito', 'marta', 'novara']
['procentese', 'guazzini', 'agueli']
['gonzáles', 'leone', 'meringolo']
['marzana', 'italian', 'community']
['psychology', 'covid']
['pandemic', 'shared', 'feelings']
['thoughts', 'storytelling']
['university', 'students']
['front', 'psychol', '571257']
['fpsyg', '571257']
['italian', 'community', 'psychology']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'shared']
['feelings', 'thoughts']
['storytelling', 'university', 'students']
['immacolata', 'napoli']
['elisa', 'guidi']
['caterina', 'arcidiacono1']
['esposito1']
['elena', 'marta3']
[]
['cinzia', 'novara4']
['fortuna', 'procentese1']
['andrea', 'guazzini']
['barbara', 'agueli']
[]
['florencia', 'gonzáles', 'leone1']
['patrizia', 'meringolo2', 'daniela', 'marzana3']
[]
['department', 'humanities', 'university', 'naples', 'federico', 'naples', 'italy', 'department', 'education', 'literatures', 'intercultural']
['studies', 'languages', 'psychology', 'university', 'florence', 'florence', 'italy', 'catholic', 'university', 'sacred', 'heart', 'milano']
['italy', 'department', 'psychology', 'educational', 'science', 'human', 'movement', 'university', 'palermo', 'palermo', 'italy']
['study', 'investigated', 'young', 'italian', 'people', 'experienced', 'period', 'spread']
['covid', 'their', 'country', 'probing', 'their', 'emotions', 'thoughts', 'events', 'actions']
['related', 'interpersonal', 'community', 'bonds', 'approach', 'pandemic']
['highlight', 'social', 'dimensions', 'characterized', 'contextual', 'interactions', 'specific']
['perspective', 'community', 'psychology', 'investigate', 'young', 'people']
['experiences', 'because', 'fragile', 'group', 'their', 'difficulty', 'staying']
['apart', 'their', 'peers', 'because']
['potentially', 'dangerous', 'people', 'their', 'gather', 'groups', 'research', 'involved']
['university', 'students', 'females', 'males', 'average']
['years', 'collected', 'analyzed', 'grounded', 'theory']
['methodology', 'using', 'atlas', 'software', 'textual', 'representative', 'codes']
['defined', 'grouped', 'categories', 'which', 'reflect', 'individuals', 'prosocial']
['attitudes', 'behaviors', 'values', 'these', 'categories', 'formed', 'three', 'macro', 'categories']
['called', 'collective', 'dimensions', 'which', 'includes', 'connectedness', 'solidarity', 'italian']
['social', 'problems', 'collective', 'mourning', 'prosocial', 'orientation', 'which', 'includes', 'trust']
['collective', 'values', 'which', 'includes', 'values', 'freedom', 'respect', 'social']
['rules', 'civic', 'mindedness', 'these', 'macro', 'categories', 'indicative', 'shared']
['feelings', 'experienced', 'italians', 'during', 'first', 'pandemic', 'further', 'practical']
['implications', 'these', 'results', 'discussed', 'including', 'consideration']
['developing', 'distress', 'improving', 'being', 'promoting', 'preventive', 'behaviors']
['keywords', 'emotional', 'action', 'connectedness', 'solidarity', 'trust', 'collective', 'mourning', 'covid', 'civic', 'mindedness']
['introduction']
['article', 'examine', 'perceived', 'burden', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'lives', 'young']
['people', 'specific', 'perspective', 'community', 'psychology']
['lewin', 'perspective', 'situated', 'discipline', 'boundary', 'between', 'individual', 'social']
['events', 'amerio', 'kagan', 'orford', 'therefore', 'hallmark', 'ecologicaldi', 'napoli', 'italian', 'community', 'psychology', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['approach', 'capable', 'analyzing', 'interplay', 'individual']
['relational', 'social', 'experiences', 'prilleltensky', 'napoli']
['2019a']
['examined', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'considering']
['individual', 'emotions', 'thoughts', 'actions']
['significant', 'events', 'individual', 'model', 'aimed']
['detect', 'perceptions', 'representations', 'individuals', 'their']
['emotional', 'cognitive', 'dimensions', 'events', 'which']
['influence', 'their', 'experience', 'together', 'significant']
['actions', 'behaviors', 'arcidiacono']
['propose', 'narrative', 'setting', 'capable', 'depicting', 'their', 'experience']
['individual', 'dimensions', 'emotions', 'thoughts', 'actions']
['events', 'ecological', 'perspective', 'considered']
['individual', 'domain', 'feelings', 'thoughts']
['cognitive', 'emotional', 'perspective', 'meanwhile', 'following']
['amerio', 'ajzen', 'kruglanski', 'considered']
['actions', 'individual', 'expression', 'interaction']
['external', 'world', 'furthermore', 'events', 'concern', 'experiences']
['occur', 'around', 'people', 'expression', 'contexts']
['which', 'people', 'immersed']
['literature']
['lewin', 'stated', 'groups', 'being', 'because']
['perceived', 'similarity', 'because', 'members', 'realize', 'their', 'fates']
['depend', 'group', 'whole', 'lewin']
['brown', 'townley', 'certainly', 'applies']
['community', 'community', 'considered', 'terms']
['emotional', 'psychological', 'connections', 'exist', 'between']
['people', 'groups', 'means', 'which', 'people']
['communicate', 'community', 'exists', 'through', 'shared']
['meaning', 'kagan']
['community', 'characterized', 'presence']
['collective', 'dimensions', 'emotional', 'connectedness']
['solidarity', 'trust', 'civic', 'values', 'these', 'assume', 'different']
['meanings', 'circumstances', 'change', 'worth', 'mentioning']
['walker', 'emphasizes']
['create', 'shared', 'specifically', 'times']
['emergency']
['emotional', 'connectedness', 'solidarity']
['times', 'crisis', 'social', 'trauma', 'covid', 'individuals']
['families', 'change', 'their', 'relationship', 'social', 'world']
['community']
['journal', 'nature', 'recently', 'published', 'article', 'social']
['behavioral', 'response', 'covid', 'asserting', 'fighting', 'global']
['pandemic', 'requires', 'large', 'scale', 'cooperation', 'bavel']
['pandemic', 'there', 'several', 'collectives', 'example']
['family', 'community', 'national', 'international', 'which']
['decisions', 'cooperate', 'faced', 'unexpected']
['social', 'event']
['awareness', 'fostered', 'pulcini', 'being', 'united']
['other', 'human', 'beings', 'through', 'perception', 'vulnerability']
['weakness', 'leads', 'people', 'renewed', 'desire', 'bonding']
['generates', 'reinvigorates', 'desire', 'community']
['organize', 'themselves', 'forms', 'shared', 'sociality']
['other', 'words', 'desire', 'coexistence', 'sense']
['community', 'maria', 'marta', 'procentese']
['gatti', 'under', 'review']
['recent', 'research', 'showed', 'sense', 'community', 'central']
['program', 'protecting', 'citizens', 'being', 'during', 'pandemic']
['conditions', 'neill', 'stated']
['conditions', 'disaster', 'sense', 'community', 'favors']
['protection', 'communities', 'increases', 'citizens']
['taken', 'consideration', 'their', 'community']
['dimensions', 'collective', 'refer', 'sense']
['community', 'defined', 'feeling', 'members']
['belong', 'important', 'other', 'group']
['shared', 'trust', 'needs', 'members', 'satisfied']
['through', 'commitment', 'together', 'mcmillan', 'chavis']
[]
['fundamental', 'elements', 'sense']
['community', 'evident', 'definition', 'first', 'element']
['sense', 'belonging', 'which', 'refers', 'feeling', 'being']
['community', 'experience', 'emotional', 'security']
['derives', 'second', 'concept', 'involving', 'sense']
['belonging', 'identification', 'community']
['experience', 'feeling', 'adequate', 'integrated', 'finally']
['sense', 'belonging', 'includes', 'sharing', 'system']
['symbols', 'which', 'purpose', 'initially', 'creating']
['maintaining', 'sense', 'community']
['second', 'element', 'makes', 'sense', 'community']
['influence', 'concept', 'understood']
['influence', 'community', 'members']
['versa']
['third', 'fundamental', 'element', 'integration']
['satisfaction', 'needs', 'members', 'certainty', 'their']
['needs', 'thanks', 'belonging', 'group', 'since', 'within']
['there', 'sharing', 'needs', 'themselves', 'purposes']
['beliefs', 'values']
['studies', 'shown', 'psychological', 'sense', 'community']
['important', 'component', 'community', 'initiatives']
['positively', 'related', 'higher', 'levels', 'being', 'associated']
['social', 'behaviors', 'civic', 'participation', 'promotion']
['social', 'capital', 'chavis', 'wandersman', 'prezza']
['roussi', 'pozzi', 'ornelas']
['other', 'words', 'community', 'members', 'together']
['better', 'chances', 'satisfying', 'their', 'personal']
['their', 'collective', 'needs', 'fourth', 'final', 'element', 'shared']
['emotional', 'connection', 'presence', 'strong', 'emotional']
['bonds', 'between', 'members']
['coexistence', 'therefore', 'favored', 'sense', 'community']
['configured', 'catalyst', 'active', 'shared', 'visible', 'social']
['participation', 'entire', 'community', 'belonging', 'chavis']
['wandersman', 'hughey', 'piccoli']
['christens']
['literature', 'effectively', 'confirmed', 'associated']
['community', 'participation', 'florin', 'wandersman']
['chavis', 'wandersman', 'brodsky']
['community', 'participation', 'interrelated', 'factors']
['promote', 'community', 'development', 'improve', 'chances']
['communities', 'solve', 'problems', 'enhancing', 'their', 'internal']
['human', 'resources', 'promoting', 'social', 'empowerment']
[]
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'march', 'volume', 'article', '571257di', 'napoli', 'italian', 'community', 'psychology', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['trust']
['pandemic', 'situation', 'social', 'trust', 'institutional', 'trust']
['important', 'issues', 'overcoming', 'crisis', 'literature']
['widely', 'demonstrated', 'indeed', 'trust', 'assumes', 'central']
['acceptance', 'recommended', 'measures']
['vaughan', 'tinker']
['several', 'studies', 'examined', 'trust', 'during']
['influenza', 'highlighting', 'importance', 'building', 'public']
['trust', 'promoting', 'compliance', 'recommended', 'behaviors']
['gilles', 'prati', 'quinn', 'freimuth']
['moreover', 'weerd', 'highlighted']
['during', 'influenza', 'pandemic', 'trust']
['institutions', 'increased', 'trust', 'always', 'assure', 'adherence']
['proactive', 'measures', 'recently', 'sibley', 'reported']
['during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'lockdown', 'institutional']
['trust', 'attitudes', 'toward', 'nation', 'government']
['increased', 'trust', 'science', 'trust', 'police']
['conversely', 'italy', 'stanzani', 'observed']
['lockdown', 'institutional', 'trust', 'decreased', 'among', 'italians']
['experienced', 'levels', 'trust', 'toward', 'activities', 'carried']
[]
['institutional', 'trust', 'lewis', 'weigert']
['barbalet', 'luhmann', 'expresses', 'judgments']
['about', 'performance', 'institutions', 'government']
['hetherington']
['moreover', 'rönnerstrand', 'observed', 'contextual']
['generalized', 'trust', 'linked', 'immunization']
['literature', 'argues', 'being', 'trustful', 'individual']
['residing', 'community', 'characterized', 'trust', 'among', 'members']
['influences', 'health', 'health', 'behavior', 'kawachi']
['hyyppä', 'subramanian']
['napoli', '2019b']
['finally', 'generalized', 'social', 'trust', 'refers', 'trust', 'toward']
['generalized', 'others', 'directly', 'known', 'bjørnskov']
['nannestad', 'which', 'occurs', 'community', 'shares']
['moral', 'values', 'create', 'regular', 'expectations']
['regular', 'honest', 'behavior', 'fukuyama']
['furthermore', 'recent', 'study', 'conducted', 'among']
['health', 'workers', 'during', 'covid', 'emergency', 'showed', 'trust']
['between', 'organizations', 'workers', 'essential', 'improving']
['motivation', 'social', 'interaction', 'cooperation']
['civic', 'values']
['during', 'pandemic', 'sharing', 'values', 'strong', 'impact']
['social', 'shared', 'identities']
['social', 'values', 'important', 'addressing']
['pandemic', 'emergency', 'jarynowski']
['individual', 'perception', 'others', 'share', 'social', 'values']
['enhances', 'adherence', 'norms', 'behaviors', 'curbing']
['spread', 'virus']
['specifically', 'flanagan', 'flanagan']
['introduced', 'values', 'respect', 'civic', 'attitudes', 'defined']
['engagement', 'values', 'explain', 'position', 'taken', 'relative']
['importance', 'attributed', 'people', 'issues', 'social', 'political']
['nature', 'their', 'constitutive', 'element', 'civic', 'values']
['experience', 'group', 'membership', 'together', 'experience']
['socialization', 'family', 'community', 'general', 'sherrod']
['marta', 'marzana', 'alfieri']
['conducted', 'analysis', 'civic']
['values', 'found', 'civic', 'values', 'order']
['widely', 'studied', 'least', 'political', 'tolerance', 'understood']
['desire', 'extend', 'civil', 'rights', 'groups']
['volunteerism', 'understood', 'contribution']
['support', 'activities', 'community', 'organizations', 'political']
['knowledge', 'understood', 'awareness', 'political', 'system']
['current', 'events', 'political', 'leaders', 'social', 'capital', 'extent']
['which', 'person', 'networked', 'within', 'their', 'community', 'civic']
['skills', 'understood', 'experience', 'familiarity']
['activities', 'influence', 'political', 'process', 'patriotism']
['understood', 'visceral', 'positive', 'connection', 'country']
['respect', 'national', 'symbols', 'rituals']
['research']
['giving', 'voice', 'people', 'allowing', 'people', 'express', 'their']
['needs', 'desires', 'acquiring', 'awareness', 'about', 'their']
['world', 'among', 'significant', 'goals', 'community']
['psychology', 'rappaport', 'rooted', 'freire', 'conscientization']
['martín', 'community', 'actions', 'should']
['recalled', 'discipline', 'being']
['individual', 'matter', 'concerns', 'community', 'interactions', 'being', 'martino', 'napoli', '2019a', 'therefore']
['social', 'emotional', 'connectedness', 'community', 'interactions', 'prati']
['conviviality', 'procentese', '2019a']
['participation', 'albanesi', 'cicognani']
['arcidiacono', 'churchman', 'pozzi']
['social', 'pillars', 'understanding', 'psychic']
['enrich', 'merely', 'individual', 'dimensions', 'compounded']
['individual', 'emotions', 'interpersonal', 'relations']
['family', 'friendship', 'level']
['onset', 'covid', 'decided', 'explore', 'these']
['dimensions', 'group', 'italian', 'students', 'specifically']
['interested', 'probing', 'inner', 'world', 'young', 'people', 'faced']
['unexpected', 'event']
['discipline', 'vision', 'regarding', 'individual', 'being', 'investigated', 'people', 'express', 'these', 'dimensions']
['materials', 'methods']
['scope']
['study', 'acquire', 'information']
['about', 'lockdown', 'experience', 'during', 'pandemic']
['understand', 'meaning', 'symbolization', 'individual', 'local']
['national', 'levels']
['framed', 'within', 'community', 'psychology', 'approach']
['interest', 'analyze', 'social', 'interactions', 'between', 'individual']
['social', 'levels', 'during', 'therefore', 'asked']
['participants', 'freely', 'about', 'emotions', 'thoughts', 'events']
['actions', 'considered', 'significant', 'share', 'asked']
['refer', 'their', 'personal', 'experience', 'feelings', 'actions']
['related', 'their', 'relatives', 'friends', 'generally', 'attributed']
['global', 'pandemic']
['investigate', 'young', 'people', 'experience', 'because']
['fragile', 'group', 'their', 'difficulty', 'staying']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'march', 'volume', 'article', '571257di', 'napoli', 'italian', 'community', 'psychology', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['apart', 'their', 'peers', 'because']
['potentially', 'dangerous', 'people', 'their']
['gather', 'groups', 'therefore', 'storytelling']
['collect', 'their', 'stories', 'probe', 'their', 'meaning']
['symbolization', 'developing', 'their', 'reflectivity', 'esposito']
['salvatore', 'mission']
['community', 'psychology', 'voice', 'young', 'people', 'among']
['affected', 'people', 'pandemic', 'social', 'implications']
['asked', 'students', 'freely', 'express', 'their', 'thoughts', 'emotions']
['related', 'their', 'lockdown', 'experience']
['companion', 'papers', 'carefully', 'describe', 'their', 'online']
['teaching', 'experience', 'novara', 'forthcoming', 'their']
['individual', 'feelings', 'thoughts', 'marzana', 'forthcoming']
['migliorini']
['probe', 'emotional', 'connectedness', 'shared']
['actions', 'undertaken', 'people', 'during', 'lockdown']
['participants']
['recruitment', 'participants', 'place', 'through']
['mediation', 'lecturers', 'field', 'community', 'psychology']
['universities', 'different', 'italian', 'regions', 'north']
['center', 'south', 'instructor', 'invited', 'students']
['their', 'course', 'participate', 'research', 'filling']
['online', 'questionnaire', 'created', 'distributed', 'through']
['surveymonkey', 'digital', 'platform']
['collection', 'place', 'march', 'april']
['during', 'which', 'number', 'cases', 'covid']
['contagion', 'reached', 'italy']
['participants', 'consisted', 'university', 'students', 'females']
['males', 'average', 'years']
['participant', 'characteristics', 'table']
['methods', 'procedures']
['students', 'asked', 'describe', 'meaningful', 'events', 'actions']
['related', 'their', 'lockdown', 'experience', 'focalized']
['approach', 'arcidiacono', 'stimulus']
['asked', 'delve', 'specific']
['dimensions', 'emotions', 'thoughts', 'actions', 'events']
['single', 'student', 'could', 'expressed']
['words', 'totaling', 'characters']
['filling', 'surveymonkey', 'platform']
['students', 'asked', 'provide', 'informed', 'consent']
['those', 'students', 'offered', 'opportunity', 'receive']
['individual', 'actions', 'express', 'social', 'support']
['their', 'student', 'community']
['analysis']
['textual', 'material', 'written', 'online', 'platform', 'analyzed']
['means', 'grounded', 'theory', 'methodology', 'corbin']
['strauss', 'charmaz', 'belgrave', 'using']
['atlas', 'grounded', 'theory', 'basic', 'level']
['remains', 'approach', 'which', 'researchers', 'develop']
['theory', 'bottom', 'rasmussen']
['process', 'analysis', 'starts', 'after', 'first', 'texts', 'provided']
['analyzed', 'entire', 'research', 'share']
['common', 'meanings', 'attributed', 'written', 'material']
['preliminary', 'coding', 'phase', 'started', 'bottom', 'approach']
['table', 'characteristics', 'participants']
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
['female']
['territorial']
['north']
['center']
['south']
['sexual', 'orientation']
['heterosexual']
['homosexual']
['bisexual']
['other', 'sexual', 'orientation']
['housing', 'condition']
['parents']
['alone']
['partner']
['roommates']
['other', 'family', 'members']
['university']
['university', 'valle', 'aosta']
['università', 'cattolica', 'sacro', 'ccuore', 'milan']
['university', 'florence']
['university', 'naples', 'federico']
['university', 'palermo']
['other', 'italian', 'universities']
['coding', 'significant', 'words', 'sentences', 'shaped']
['larger', 'groups', 'framed', 'wider', 'categories']
['several', 'online', 'meetings', 'place', 'usually']
['participation', 'researchers', 'reflexivity', 'based', 'iterative']
['process', 'undertaken', 'among', 'members', 'notes']
['theoretical', 'memos', 'preliminary', 'codes', 'identifying']
['conceptual', 'categories', 'shared', 'common', 'meanings']
['discussed', 'reflective', 'procedure', 'esposito']
['undertaken', 'researchers', 'asked', 'question']
['themselves', 'better', 'interpret', 'findings', 'emerged']
['texts', 'heterogeneity', 'research', 'particularly']
['terms', 'professional', 'background', 'prior', 'experience']
['resource', 'better', 'interpret', 'content']
['meaning', 'texts', 'shared', 'procedure', 'produced', 'several']
['subsequent', 'coding', 'frames', 'reaching', 'final', 'shared', 'categorical']
['frame', 'consensual', 'strategy', 'activity', 'parallel']
['coding', 'activity', 'brought', 'material']
['finally', 'codes', 'framed', 'shared', 'categories', 'collected']
['common', 'repository', 'google', 'drive', 'folder']
['start', 'writing', 'final', 'report', 'after', 'categories', 'codes']
['quotations', 'discussed', 'again', 'reached']
['definition', 'final', 'missing', 'aspects', 'least', 'students']
['universities', 'asked', 'share', 'results']
['preliminary', 'discussion', 'collected', 'texts', 'shared']
['students', 'during', 'course', 'study', 'preliminary']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'march', 'volume', 'article', '571257di', 'napoli', 'italian', 'community', 'psychology', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['figure', 'categories', 'macrocategories']
['results', 'shared', 'groups', 'students', 'directly']
['involved', 'research', 'during', 'seminars', 'which', 'researcher']
['invited']
['brief', 'report', 'provided', 'students', 'involved']
['research', 'highlighting', 'principal', 'results']
['references', 'published', 'articles', 'through', 'docent', 'websites']
['facebook', 'pages']
['results']
['results', 'showed', 'presence', 'sensitizing', 'concepts']
['student', 'storytelling', 'blumer', 'other', 'words']
['thoughts', 'hunches', 'researchers', 'started']
['doing', 'research']
['texts', 'categorized', 'collective', 'dimensions']
['connectedness', 'solidarity', 'social', 'problems', 'collective']
['mourning', 'coding', 'encompassed', 'specific']
['unexpected', 'thoughts', 'concerning', 'national', 'belonging']
['named', 'italian']
['collective', 'dimensions', 'macro', 'category', 'included', 'several']
['different', 'categories', 'figure']
['connectedness', 'peculiar', 'aspect', 'consistent', 'situation']
['characterized', 'being', 'better']
['storm', 'refers', 'sharing', 'destiny', 'wider']
['community', 'perceives', 'especially', 'contagion']
['close', 'relationship', 'feeling', 'unity', 'facing', 'misfortunes']
['interdependence', 'lesson', 'learned', 'lewin']
['contributions', 'powerful', 'mechanism', 'building', 'groups']
['cohesion', 'especially', 'small', 'local', 'communities', 'regions']
['heavily', 'affected', 'infection', 'aspect', 'quickly']
['became', 'toward', 'achieving', 'great', 'sometimes']
['unexpected', 'level', 'social', 'cohesion']
['other', 'interviewees', 'refer', 'aspects', 'related', 'everyday']
['sharing', 'useful', 'information', 'exchanging', 'recipes', 'because']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'march', 'volume', 'article', '571257di', 'napoli', 'italian', 'community', 'psychology', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['cooking', 'favorite', 'pastimes', 'during', 'lockdown']
['sense', 'expressing', 'creativity', 'enriching']
['ritual', 'enjoying', 'meals', 'together', 'table']
['addition', 'other', 'shared', 'suggestions', 'concerned', 'exercise']
['workouts', 'discomfort', 'caused', 'forced', 'inactivity']
['movement', 'perceived', 'particularly', 'first']
['confinement', 'above', 'important', 'topic']
['sharing', 'emotions', 'worry', 'uncertainty', 'about']
['future']
['participants', 'wrote', 'about', 'connectedness', 'wrote']
['about', 'their', 'perceptions', 'related', 'micro', 'macro', 'belonging', 'consequently', 'about', 'cohesion', 'experienced']
['their', 'proximal', 'networks', 'their', 'neighborhood', 'partner']
['family', 'value', 'having', 'meals', 'together', 'around', 'table']
[]
['singing', 'playing', 'popular', 'songs', 'hymns', 'balconies']
['toasting', 'another', 'street', 'other']
['playing', 'traditional', 'bingo', 'tombola', 'socially', 'together', 'while']
['standing', 'windows', 'overlooking', 'courtyards', 'suddenly']
['became', 'relevant', 'express', 'value', 'being']
['together', 'shared', 'community', 'emotional', 'connectedness', 'became']
['social', 'issue']
['community', 'level', 'interesting']
['importance', 'attributed', 'social', 'cohesion', 'perceived', 'local']
['community', 'great', 'sense', 'community', 'never', 'perceived', 'before']
['covid', 'students', 'spending']
['their', 'outside', 'social', 'networks', 'important']
['close', 'significant', 'others']
['solidarity', 'possible', 'outcome', 'feelings', 'growth']
['solidarity', 'opinion', 'people', 'rediscover', 'solidarity']
['unselfishness', 'thinking', 'about', 'interests']
['interviewees', 'referred', 'community', 'solidarity', 'times']
['involve', 'residents', 'these', 'feelings', 'widely']
['shared', 'anyway', 'solidarity', 'often', 'defined', 'rediscovered']
['humanity', 'generally', 'referring', 'local', 'community']
['detailed', 'specifying', 'fragile', 'inhabitants']
['elderly', 'people', 'disabilities', 'previous', 'illnesses', 'those']
['adverse', 'event', 'sometimes', 'worthless']
['particular', 'attention', 'healthcare', 'workers']
['professionals', 'participants', 'highlighted', 'solidarity', 'shown']
['toward', 'whole', 'local', 'community', 'inhabitants']
['appreciation', 'their', 'heroes', 'pandemic', 'times']
['addition', 'similar', 'praise', 'expressed', 'toward', 'volunteers']
['engaged', 'providing', 'meals', 'other', 'basic', 'necessities']
['individual', 'protection', 'devices', 'often', 'lacking', 'first', 'phase']
['lockdown']
['another', 'aspect', 'emerging', 'particular', 'emphasis']
['contexts', 'underscored', 'refers', 'international']
['solidarity', 'demonstrated', 'physicians', 'coming', 'abroad']
['areas', 'italy', 'seriously', 'affected', 'virus']
['providing', 'medical', 'devices', 'financial', 'support', 'people']
['particularly', 'young', 'people', 'generally', 'think', 'about', 'other']
['countries', 'producers', 'goods', 'places', 'worth', 'visiting']
['possible', 'helpers']
['normal', 'participants', 'considered']
['solidarity', 'dimension', 'coming', 'lucky', 'healthy']
['medium', 'income', 'privileged', 'people', 'toward']
['deprived', 'individuals', 'during', 'lockdown', 'experienced']
['meaning', 'resources', 'rediscovering']
['solidarity']
['italian', 'social', 'relationships', 'experience', 'daily']
['satisfy', 'members', 'community']
['territorially', 'recognized', 'confined', 'specific', 'physical']
['mental', 'space', 'feeling', 'being', 'italian', 'being', 'recognized']
['others', 'called', 'italian', 'includes']
['those', 'anthropological', 'cultural', 'territorial', 'characteristics']
['connote', 'being', 'italian', 'question', 'characters']
['objectively', 'unique', 'nation', 'symbol']
['geographical', 'border', 'founding', 'fundamental', 'aspect']
['common', 'feeling', 'which', 'being']
['something', 'bigger', 'important', 'independent']
['individual', 'stances', 'includes', 'reicher']
['hopkin']
['emerges', 'research', 'pandemic']
['connected', 'people', 'nation', 'extent']
['populace', 'renewed', 'feeling', 'italian', 'among']
['symbols', 'tricolor', 'displayed', 'windows', 'italian']
['national', 'anthem', 'unison', 'balconies']
['houses', 'other', 'songs', 'grounded', 'national', 'memory', 'recurred']
['texts']
['posters', 'displayed', 'facades', 'houses']
['words', 'everything', 'alright', 'consoling']
['proactive', 'effect', 'these', 'actions', 'through', 'which']
['population', 'alone', 'rather', 'isolated', 'probably']
['world', 'closer', 'italian', 'citizens']
['never', 'before']
['participant', 'wrote', 'people', 'excited']
['moment', 'collective', 'generate']
['reflected', 'collective', 'action', 'outlines', 'action']
['national', 'coping']
['summary', 'pandemic', 'bonded', 'people', 'nation']
['renewed', 'feeling', 'italian', 'highlighting']
['emergency', 'there', 'borders']
['social', 'problems', 'social', 'perspective', 'description']
['problems', 'seems', 'generate', 'certain', 'polarity']
['cases', 'intrinsically', 'social', 'collective', 'vision', 'problem']
['prevailed', 'current', 'situation', 'italian', 'families']
['without', 'poverty', 'complicated', 'situation']
['general', 'elderly', 'family', 'progressively']
['alarming', 'generated', 'strong', 'future']
['country', 'isolation', 'necessary', 'physical', 'health', 'issues']
['risks', 'damaging', 'people', 'mental', 'health']
['other', 'there', 'expressions']
['identification', 'others', 'where', 'social', 'concern', 'focused']
['individual', 'suffering', 'other', 'therefore', 'summative']
['character', 'sufferings', 'individual', 'emerges', 'social']
['regard', 'texts', 'collected', 'presented', 'great', 'narrative']
['expressing', 'attention', 'social', 'problems', 'yesterday']
['hospital', 'elderly', 'committed', 'suicide', 'because']
['infected', 'afraid', 'having', 'infected', 'someone', 'afraid']
['these', 'episodes', 'occur', 'again', 'think']
['people', 'alone', 'greater']
['variety', 'intensity', 'meaning']
['encapsulated', 'entirely', 'within', 'single', 'statement', 'anxiety']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'march', 'volume', 'article', '571257di', 'napoli', 'italian', 'community', 'psychology', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['multiple', 'points', 'people', 'hospitals']
['therefore', 'disabled', 'virus', 'doctors', 'nurses', 'healthcare']
['enforcement', 'workers', 'grandparents', 'elderly']
['those', 'people', 'unfortunately', 'means']
['italy', 'which', 'brought', 'knees']
['collective', 'mourning', 'social', 'mourning', 'dimension', 'seems']
['above', 'emphasize', 'emergence', 'community', 'meaning']
['death', 'opposed', 'contemporary', 'tendency', 'consider']
['death', 'private', 'event', 'mourning', 'personal', 'elaboration']
['represented', 'participants', 'texts', 'therefore']
['itself', 'above', 'novelty', 'surprise', 'difference']
['compared', 'usual', 'living', 'conditions']
['sense', 'aspects', 'appear', 'significant']
['these', 'frequency', 'which', 'participants', 'speak', 'about']
['death', 'strangers', 'fortunately', 'probably', 'related']
['incidence', 'family', 'mourning', 'recurrence']
['theme', 'underlines', 'impact', 'community', 'level', 'including']
['people', 'directly', 'involved', 'seeing', 'these', 'people']
['longer', 'cemeteries']
['sitting', 'hearing', 'number']
['deaths', 'every', 'desire', 'speak', 'smile']
['people', 'dying', 'military', 'vehicles', 'leaving']
['bergamo', 'hospital']
['interesting', 'feature', 'these', 'statements', 'although']
['about', 'strangers', 'categories', 'meaning']
['discursive', 'styles', 'private', 'dimension', 'mourning']
['personal', 'mainly', 'attuning', 'families']
['deceased', 'strangers', 'discourse', 'there', 'therefore', 'point']
['contact', 'between', 'collective', 'entity', 'events', 'affective']
['family', 'sphere', 'attribution', 'meaning']
['coffin', 'ready', 'cremated', 'without', 'family', 'members', 'having']
['opportunity', 'farewell', 'celebrated']
['dignity', 'impossibility', 'saying', 'goodbye', 'deceased']
['those', 'someone']
['another', 'element', 'seems', 'refer', 'community']
['dimension', 'mourning', 'frequency', 'which', 'images']
['coffins', 'military', 'vehicles', 'bergamo']
['recalled', 'various', 'cities', 'distant', 'refers']
['visual', 'representation', 'experiences', 'conveyed', 'media']
['however', 'aspect', 'taken', 'better', 'definition']
['experiences', 'mourning', 'because', 'sometimes', 'addressing']
['appears', 'private', 'dimension', 'linked', 'direct', 'experience']
['participants', 'death', 'friend', 'event']
['surely', 'struck', 'death', 'caused']
['coronavirus', 'neighbor', 'grandmother', 'other', 'cases']
['absence', 'mourning', 'social', 'sense', 'community']
['ritual', 'concerning', 'stranger', 'mourning', 'portrayed', 'images']
['military', 'trucks', 'bergamo', 'seems', 'emphasized']
['sense', 'assumed', 'there', 'subtle', 'dissonance', 'between']
['amplified', 'public', 'representations', 'those', 'conveyed']
['media', 'underestimated', 'individual', 'experiences', 'direct']
['experiences', 'mourning']
['finally', 'cases', 'speed', 'contagion', 'transmission']
['number', 'associated', 'social', 'mourning', 'macro', 'category', 'occurrence', 'suggest', 'profound', 'impression']
['aroused', 'extent', 'losses', 'above']
['occurrence', 'rampant', 'emergency', 'coming']
['cause', 'anxiety', 'respect', 'practical', 'possibility']
['combat']
['collective', 'values', 'collective', 'values', 'macro', 'category']
['includes', 'different', 'categories', 'refer', 'behaviors', 'attitudes']
['values', 'related', 'respect', 'other', 'people', 'rules', 'living']
['community', 'respect', 'rules', 'responsibility']
['values', 'freedom', 'civic', 'mindedness', 'civic', 'sense']
['example', 'collects', 'codes', 'referring', 'staying']
['respect', 'rules', 'adherence', 'restrictions']
['required', 'institutions', 'action', 'emerges', 'crucial']
['period', 'believe', 'respect', 'rules', 'decrees', 'issued']
['respecting', 'rules', 'decrees', 'being', 'selfless', 'while', 'staying']
['participants', 'therefore', 'stated', 'opinions', 'concerning', 'sense']
['justice', 'referred', 'failure', 'people', 'comply']
['rules', 'injustice', 'toward', 'those', 'conversely']
['transgress', 'collective', 'values', 'connected']
['aspect', 'justice', 'expressed', 'individualism', 'selfishness']
['responsibility']
['refers', 'attitude', 'focusing', 'oneself', 'needs']
['while', 'ignoring', 'those', 'others', 'different', 'people', 'putting']
['their', 'personal', 'needs', 'before', 'collective', 'needs', 'which', 'reflected']
['behaviors', 'denote', 'respect', 'community']
['negligence', 'people', 'behavior']
['examples', 'these', 'behaviors', 'escaping', 'lockdown']
['train', 'return', 'moving', 'called', 'zones']
['italy', 'which', 'considered', 'highly', 'contagious', 'irresponsible']
['shopping', 'supermarket', 'items', 'possible']
['selfishness', 'these', 'people', 'makes', 'understand', 'there']
['emotional', 'holds', 'faced', 'dying', 'these', 'people']
['would', 'their', 'devil', 'egoism', 'never', 'brought']
['benefits', 'society', 'individual', 'lives', 'people', 'cannot']
['understand', 'happen', 'without', 'thinking', 'least']
['about', 'other']
['important', 'value', 'which', 'interviewees', 'focused']
['freedom', 'during', 'period', 'lockdown', 'assumed']
['connotation', 'rediscovered', 'value', 'freedom', 'became']
['fundamental', 'dimension', 'daily', 'often', 'taken', 'granted']
['great', 'importance', 'taken']
['particular', 'attention', 'dimension']
['environment', 'participants', 'wondered', 'about', 'effect']
['pandemic', 'would', 'nature', 'often', 'speaking', 'world']
['being', 'purified', 'planet', 'earth', 'reborn', 'coming']
['conclusion', 'negative', 'experience', 'human', 'beings']
['becoming', 'positive', 'nature']
['prosocial', 'orientation']
['prosocial', 'orientation', 'macro', 'category', 'contains', 'different']
['categories', 'trust', 'trust', 'concerned']
['interviewees', 'declared', 'state', 'emergency', 'increased']
['their', 'confidence', 'conscious', 'importance']
['trusting', 'their', 'fellow', 'citizens', 'humanity', 'above']
['public', 'institutions', 'increasing', 'trust', 'others', 'fundamental']
['premise', 'moving', 'forward', 'overcoming', 'crisis', 'situation']
['trust', 'fellow', 'citizens', 'basically', 'considered']
['important', 'empowering', 'everybody', 'adopt', 'precautionary']
['behaviors', 'protect', 'themselves', 'other', 'people', 'really']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'march', 'volume', 'article', '571257di', 'napoli', 'italian', 'community', 'psychology', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['trust', 'which', 'trust', 'others', 'believe', 'people']
['really', 'realize', 'currently', 'experiencing']
['moreover', 'students', 'refer', 'increased', 'confidence']
['public', 'institutions', 'above', 'prime', 'minister', 'thanks']
['closeness', 'understanding', 'institutions', 'showed', 'toward']
['citizens', 'leaving', 'aside', 'political', 'opinion']
['impressed', 'positively', 'governmental', 'promptness']
['sending', 'message', 'strength', 'safety', 'trust']
['great', 'confidence', 'recognition', 'expressed']
['italian', 'lockdown', 'model', 'since', 'displayed', 'emphasis']
['relieved', 'little', 'reassured', 'because', 'feeling']
['state', 'putting', 'place', 'actions', 'people']
['alone', 'mercy', 'disease']
['trust', 'authorities', 'increased', 'gratitude']
['presence', 'checks', 'compliance', 'lockdown', 'something']
['positive', 'noticed', 'number', 'checks']
['police', 'carrying', 'neighborhood', 'police', 'passing']
['continuously', 'stopping', 'passers']
['however', 'there', 'portion', 'students', 'distrust']
['toward', 'fellow', 'citizens', 'authorities', 'regarding', 'management']
['emergency', 'distrust', 'mainly', 'toward', 'careless', 'attitudes']
['adopted', 'other', 'inhabitants', 'institutions', 'ignoring', 'rules']
['imposed', 'authorities', 'regarding', 'coronavirus', 'emergency']
['makes', 'esteem', 'trust', 'society']
['interviewees', 'symbol', 'represented']
['drawings', 'italian', 'children', 'recognized', 'symbols']
['positivity', 'toward', 'future', 'children', 'drawings']
['represented', 'trigger', 'serenity', 'relieving', 'worries']
['sadness', 'lockdown', 'period']
['saying', 'andràtuttobene', 'everything', 'alright']
['became', 'symbol', 'individual', 'collective']
['recovering', 'returning', 'normality']
['category', 'emotional', 'future', 'directed']
['network', 'describes', 'subjects', 'desired', 'right', 'after']
['emergency', 'phase']
['however', 'carries', 'different', 'attributes']
['interviewees', 'interviewees', 'revolution']
['compared', 'existed', 'before', 'onset', 'covid']
['possibility', 'adopting', 'different', 'living']
['future', 'revolution', 'means', 'importing']
['establishing', 'interpersonal', 'relationships', 'taking']
['vulnerable', 'having', 'greater', 'environment']
['rebuild', 'world', 'creative', 'responsible']
['aware', 'united', 'normality', 'anymore']
['masterpiece', 'moment', 'would', 'bring']
['revolution', 'inside', 'outside', 'ourselves', 'learn']
['lesson', 'moment']
['taught']
['youth', 'return', 'resume', 'living']
['prior', 'everyday', 'before', 'covid', 'emergency']
['moment', 'panta', 'everything']
['flows', 'important', 'ancient', 'greek', 'philosopher']
['stress', 'country', 'suffering']
['weaken', 'everything']
['strong']
['interviewees', 'refer']
['inability', 'imagine', 'themselves', 'future', 'inability']
['foresee', 'emergency', 'makes', 'interviewees']
['afraid', 'discouraged']
['discussion']
['coffins', 'behind', 'bergamo', 'morgue', 'continuously']
['broadcast', 'media', 'several', 'image', 'reported']
['frequent', 'dreams', 'iorio', 'expressed']
['dimension', 'collective', 'mourning', 'conversely', 'people', 'talking']
['other', 'balconies', 'voice', 'connectedness']
['visual', 'representations', 'symbolic', 'meaning', 'shared']
['respondents', 'therefore', 'consider', 'image']
['category', 'encompassing', 'shared', 'meaning', 'attributed']
['pandemic', 'community', 'level', 'lines', 'coffins']
['people', 'singing', 'toasting', 'balconies', 'respectively', 'express']
['emotional', 'sharing', 'collective', 'mourning']
['express', 'shared', 'feelings', 'connectedness', 'assumed']
['category', 'sentence', 'visual', 'images']
['reported', 'texts', 'worth', 'mentioning', 'visual']
['communication', 'expresses', 'feelings', 'thoughts', 'arcidiacono']
['beginning', 'lockdown', 'aspiration']
['share', 'connected', 'first', 'spontaneous', 'reaction']
['media', 'reports', 'deaths', 'infections', 'signs', 'reciprocal']
['solidarity', 'expressed', 'described']
['according', 'walker', 'psychological', 'research']
['suggests', 'being', 'emergency', 'create', 'common']
['identity', 'amongst', 'those', 'affected', 'emergencies', 'appear', 'least']
['temporarily', 'dissolve', 'social', 'division', 'development']
['identity', 'facilitates', 'degree', 'cooperative', 'altruism']
['amongst', 'strangers', 'threatening', 'situations']
['confirming', 'reported', 'introduction']
['words', 'participants', 'renewed', 'desire', 'bonding']
['community', 'evident', 'response', 'situation', 'collective']
['trauma', 'ntontis', 'rocha', 'unity', 'strengthens']
['belief', 'greater', 'ability', 'emergency']
['trivial', 'point', 'rediscovered', 'unity', 'occurred']
['through', 'recovery', 'traditions', 'social', 'games', 'cooking']
['which', 'represent', 'anchor', 'something', 'known', 'something']
['change', 'through', 'generations']
['lives', 'turned', 'upside', 'interesting']
['freedom', 'escape', 'curtailed', 'tradition']
['retains', 'consoling', 'meaning', 'community', 'which']
['cling', 'certainties', 'while', 'adapting', 'needs']
['these', 'completely', 'unusual', 'unpredictable']
['found', 'renewed', 'interest', 'bonds']
['could', 'define', 'behavioral', 'solidarity', 'toward', 'humanity']
['particular', 'places', 'isolated', 'social', 'categories']
['elderly', 'homeless', 'professional', 'categories', 'valued']
['government', 'policies', 'doctors', 'nurses', 'whole', 'health']
['system', 'center', 'attention', 'collective', 'sensitivity']
['found', 'epidemic', 'individual', 'citizens']
['shared', 'emotional', 'experience', 'develop', 'social']
['identity', 'called', 'italian']
['intergroup', 'emotions', 'theory', 'smith', 'mackie']
['dramatic', 'event', 'involved', 'italian', 'regions']
['different', 'degree', 'triggered', 'group', 'based', 'emotions', 'italians']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'march', 'volume', 'article', '571257di', 'napoli', 'italian', 'community', 'psychology', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['these', 'common', 'emotions', 'independent', 'individual']
['level', 'linked', 'sense', 'belonging', 'common']
['identity', 'studies', 'people', 'exposed', 'emergencies', 'suggest']
['drury', 'sharing', 'crisis', 'situation', 'fostered']
['sense', 'belonging', 'among', 'individuals', 'which', 'managed']
['overcome', 'profound', 'differences', 'characterize', 'different']
['regions', 'national', 'territory']
['identity', 'strengthened', 'italy']
['european', 'country', 'severely']
['affected', 'epidemic', 'during', 'period', 'which']
['collected', 'there', 'image', 'fueled']
['social', 'media', 'italians', 'spreaders', 'virus']
['postulated', 'again', 'intergroup', 'emotions', 'theory', 'smith']
['mackie', 'discriminatory', 'experience', 'favored', 'social']
['identity', 'thanks', 'opposition', 'outgroup', 'represented', 'other']
['european', 'countries']
['addition', 'dovidio', 'argue', 'delocalization']
['virus', 'affected', 'entire', 'globe', 'configured', 'itself']
['global', 'threat', 'exported', 'threat', 'ingroup']
['belonging', 'lowering', 'level', 'intra', 'group', 'conflict', 'could']
['explain', 'generalized', 'newly', 'found', 'trust', 'other']
['which', 'higher', 'level', 'categorization', 'creates', 'common']
['ingroup', 'identity', 'which', 'belongs', 'gaertner']
['respondents', 'recognize', 'people', 'solution']
['problem', 'jetten']
['become', 'problem', 'respect', 'civic', 'norms']
['protect', 'global', 'community', 'which', 'everyone', 'during']
['pandemic', 'feels', 'other']
['source', 'mirroring', 'identification', 'novara']
['awakening', 'empathic', 'capacity']
['feeling', 'collective', 'mourning', 'concern', 'economic']
['difficulties', 'families', 'workers', 'field']
['community', 'these', 'things']
['taken', 'better', 'future', 'including', 'reawakening']
['environmental', 'responsibility']
['moreover', 'literature', 'rönnerstrand', 'sibley']
['there', 'increased', 'sense', 'trust', 'political']
['institutions', 'which', 'interviewees', 'recognize', 'attitude']
['attention', 'toward', 'other', 'citizens', 'therefore']
['trust', 'interviewees', 'necessary', 'condition', 'overcoming']
['crisis', 'situation']
['finally', 'interesting', 'feeling', 'solnit']
['results', 'regarding', 'prospective', 'image']
['together', 'after', 'covid']
['retrospective', 'image', 'future', 'based']
['conscious', 'collective', 'learning']
['indeed', 'despite', 'being', 'little', 'explored', 'implications']
['pandemic', 'situation', 'important', 'issue', 'moreover']
['considering', 'socially', 'constructed', 'emotion', 'connected']
['quality', 'scioli']
['probably', 'benefit', 'storytelling', 'method']
['research', 'allowed', 'interviewees']
['report', 'their', 'experiences', 'narrate']
['psychological', 'sense', 'accessing', 'emotional', 'meaningful']
['elaboration', 'their', 'experiences']
['promote', 'preventive', 'caring', 'behavior', 'during']
['emergencies']
['finally', 'study', 'confirms', 'young', 'people', 'attentive']
['sensitive', 'social', 'issues', 'elsewhere', 'described', 'alfieri']
['developed', 'concern', 'community']
['limits']
['research', 'without', 'limits', 'study', 'collected']
['experiences', 'students', 'classes', 'included', 'there']
['greater', 'number', 'females', 'number', 'participants']
['differs', 'among', 'various', 'universities', 'quite', 'balanced', 'among']
['northern', 'southern', 'central', 'regions', 'italy', 'furthermore']
['participants', 'university', 'students', 'studying', 'humanities']
['departments', 'therefore', 'sample', 'represent', 'italian']
['university', 'students', 'young', 'italians', 'broadly']
['future', 'study', 'would', 'interesting', 'develop', 'situated']
['differences', 'among', 'young', 'italians', 'different', 'social', 'contexts']
['compare', 'results', 'youth', 'other', 'countries', 'facing']
['pandemic', 'different', 'strategies']
['conclusion']
['study', 'reveals', 'initial', 'emotions', 'thoughts', 'actions']
['undertaken', 'collective', 'level', 'students', 'north']
['south', 'center', 'italy', 'value', 'grasp', 'primary']
['reaction', 'lockdown', 'emergency', 'highlights', 'around']
['italy', 'people', 'undertook', 'actions', 'aimed', 'maintaining', 'continuity']
['among', 'people', 'overcoming', 'forced', 'closure', 'society']
['community', 'psychologists', 'connectedness']
['expresses', 'community', 'interactions', 'pillar', 'social']
['italian', 'understood']
['shared', 'national', 'identity', 'makes', 'possible', 'common', 'identity']
['furthermore', 'references', 'whole', 'world']
['environmental', 'needs', 'demonstrate', 'wider', 'social', 'identification']
['planet', 'human', 'beings']
['referring', 'elaborated', 'social', 'identity', 'model']
['crowd', 'behavior', 'developed', 'cocking']
['walker', 'suggests', 'common', 'identity', 'result']
['people', 'helping', 'supporting', 'other']
['complete', 'strangers', 'coronavirus', 'functions', 'similar']
['positioning', 'groups', 'people', 'being', 'under', 'attack']
['common', 'indiscriminate', 'enemy', 'therefore']
['surprising', 'connectedness', 'actions', 'among', 'first']
['collective', 'reactions', 'students']
['similarly', 'solidarity', 'occupied', 'significant', 'place', 'collective']
['descriptions', 'respondents', 'evidence', 'range']
['different', 'disasters', 'different', 'countries', 'drury']
['confirms', 'between', 'sense', 'shared', 'shared']
['social', 'identity', 'between', 'emergent', 'social', 'identity']
['solidarity']
['narratives', 'coming', 'collected', 'communities']
['first', 'astonished', 'frightened', 'persistence']
['contagion', 'suddenly', 'disease', 'death', 'pervaded', 'everyday']
['psychosocial', 'collective', 'response', 'order', 'restore']
['acceptable', 'threshold', 'being', 'according', 'nelson']
['prilleltensky', 'prilleltensky', 'sense']
['whole', 'experience', 'undertake', 'behaviors']
['needed', 'mental', 'social', 'health', 'social']
['distancing', 'affecting', 'opportunities', 'closer', 'physical']
['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'march', 'volume', 'article', '571257di', 'napoli', 'italian', 'community', 'psychology', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['relationships', 'alternative', 'measures', 'imagined', 'virtual']
['connectedness', 'sense', 'cohesion', 'expressed', 'shared', 'rituals']
['playing', 'singing', 'toasting', 'organization', 'community']
['neighborhood', 'support', 'first', 'addressed', 'toward']
['fragile', 'citizens', 'opposite', 'reasons', 'young', 'people']
['wished', 'peers', 'elderly', 'people', 'heartbroken']
['loneliness', 'perceived', 'infection', 'creativity']
['advanced', 'order', 'provide', 'unusual', 'effective', 'actions']
['increasing', 'mutual', 'caregiving', 'individual', 'community']
['health', 'being', 'sense', 'community', 'chavis']
['wandersman', 'adverse', 'events']
['complexity', 'depth', 'these', 'potentiality']
['storytelling', 'offered', 'students', 'opportunity']
['think', 'reprocess', 'traumatic', 'events', 'space', 'rework']
['proved', 'value', 'itself']
['effects', 'storytelling', 'helped', 'young', 'people']
['build', 'meaning', 'their', 'experiences', 'elaborate', 'fears']
['voice', 'creative', 'expression', 'those', 'experiences']
['storytelling', 'empowered', 'young', 'people', 'powerful']
['improve', 'their', 'overall', 'wellbeing']
['community', 'psychology', 'perspective']
['covid', 'statement']
['collective', 'feelings', 'described', 'young', 'italian']
['respondents', 'during', 'pandemic', 'build']
['understanding', 'networks', 'communities']
['building', 'trust', 'solidarity', 'process', 'involving']
['public', 'private', 'sectors', 'capone', 'procentese']
['communities', 'countries', 'amazingly', 'active']
['strengthening', 'their', 'feeling', 'belonging', 'building', 'forms']
['community', 'helping', 'preserve', 'treasure', 'engaged']
['creative', 'grown', 'ideas', 'popup', 'solutions']
['important', 'maintain', 'sense', 'community']
['creation', 'which', 'emerging', 'societies']
['therefore', 'hoped', 'these', 'preliminary']
['considerations', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'experience']
['reach', 'larger', 'audience', 'therefore', 'become', 'lever', 'social']
['change', 'special', 'issue', 'proposed', 'castelnuovo']
['intends']
['availability', 'statement']
['supporting', 'conclusions', 'article']
['available', 'authors', 'without', 'undue', 'reservation']
['ethics', 'statement']
['studies', 'involving', 'human', 'participants', 'reviewed']
['approved', 'university', 'federico', 'department']
['humanities', 'ethics', 'board', 'research', 'psychology']
['patients', 'participants', 'provided', 'their', 'written', 'informed', 'consent']
['participate', 'study']
['author', 'contributions']
['authors', 'listed', 'substantial', 'direct', 'intellectual']
['contribution', 'approved', 'publication']
['paper']
['covid', 'emergency', 'hospital', 'clinical', 'psychology']
['responding']
['eugenia', 'marco']
['santi', 'paolo', 'carlo', 'hospital', 'milan', 'italy']
['julia', 'menichetti']
['university']
['elena', 'vegni']
['santi', 'paolo', 'carlo', 'hospital', 'milan', 'italy', 'university', 'milan']
['present', 'commentary', 'describes', 'services', 'implemented', 'clinical', 'psychology']
['italian', 'hospital', 'covid', 'emergency', 'outbreak']
['support', 'protect', 'health', 'professionals', 'relatives', 'hospitalized', 'patients', 'patients', 'themselves']
['further', 'psychological', 'distress', 'details', 'insights', 'shared']
['keywords', 'covid', 'hospital', 'psychological', 'services']
['nowadays', 'italy', 'third', 'affected', 'country', 'world']
['coronavirus', 'after', 'united', 'states', 'spain']
['gardner', 'according', 'based', 'johns', 'hopkins', 'univer', 'which', 'tracking', 'disease', 'globally', 'current']
['april', 'exactly', 'months', 'after', 'outbreak']
['people', 'italy', 'treated', 'either', 'hospital']
['covid', 'virus', 'people']
['these', 'numbers', 'partially', 'reliable']
['because', 'people', 'private', 'facilities']
['included', 'therefore', 'number', 'covid', 'victims']
['higher', 'northern', 'italy', 'third']
['confirmed', 'coronavirus', 'cases', 'located', 'region', 'bardy', 'where', 'covid', 'mortality', 'significantly']
['above', 'everywhere', 'department', 'civil', 'protection']
['lombardy', 'health', 'capacity', 'under', 'pressure']
['hospital', 'intensive', 'units', 'saturated', 'potentially', 'explaining']
['impressive', 'mortality', 'rates', 'favero']
['because', 'situation', 'italian', 'population', 'under', 'strain']
['especially', 'those', 'living', 'lombardy', 'dealing', 'gency', 'front', 'health', 'professionals', 'covid']
['patients', 'their', 'families', 'psychologists', 'observing']
['range', 'ongoing', 'latent', 'psychological', 'responses']
['these', 'groups', 'individuals', 'hypervigilance', 'emotional']
['avoidance', 'moral', 'distress', 'which', 'could', 'develop', 'acute']
['stress', 'disorder', 'posttraumatic', 'stress', 'disorder', 'because']
['extreme', 'circumstances', 'allow', 'emotion', 'process']
['ongoing', 'traumatic', 'experience', 'horesh', 'brown']
['present', 'commentary', 'aimed', 'describe', 'clinical']
['psychology', 'biggest', 'public', 'hospitals']
['regional', 'capital', 'lombardy', 'milan', 'working', 'support']
['groups', 'involved', 'emergency', 'health']
['professionals', 'relatives', 'covid', 'patients']
['patients', 'themselves', 'psychological', 'services']
['constructed', 'activated', 'emergency', 'logic', 'which']
['react', 'immediate', 'ongoing', 'clinical', 'needs', 'anticipate']
['moreover', 'offer', 'psychological', 'support', 'coherent']
['ongoing', 'clinical', 'priorities', 'needs', 'emergency', 'related']
['psychological', 'services', 'coordinated', 'hospital']
['medical', 'practice', 'possible', 'example', 'ensuring']
['direct', 'phone', 'lines', 'operators', 'covid', 'units']
['clinical', 'psychology', 'moment']
['prevent', 'psychological', 'distress', 'particular', 'acute', 'stress', 'disorder']
['health', 'professionals', 'families', 'covid']
['patients', 'patients']
['health', 'professionals', 'types', 'psychological', 'organized', 'decompression', 'small', 'group']
['sessions', 'decompression', 'physical', 'mental', 'space']
['created', 'offer', 'place', 'where']
['decompress', 'reflect', 'relax', 'touch', 'emotions']
['express', 'during', 'after', 'music']
['armchairs', 'there', 'psychologist', 'ready', 'listen']
['allows', 'health', 'professionals', 'think', 'about', 'happening']
['situation', 'makes', 'important']
['especially', 'beginning', 'emergency', 'everybody']
['constant', 'physically', 'activated', 'adrenaline', 'focusing']
['editor', 'commentary', 'received', 'rapid', 'review', 'sensitive', 'nature', 'content', 'reviewed', 'journal', 'editor']
[]
['article', 'published', 'online', 'first']
['eugenia', 'marco', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'santi', 'paolo']
['carlo', 'hospital', 'milan', 'italy', 'julia', 'menichetti', 'institute', 'clinical']
['medicine', 'university', 'elena', 'vegni', 'clinical', 'psychol', 'santi', 'paolo', 'carlo', 'hospital', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'department']
['health', 'sciences', 'university', 'milan']
['authors', 'conflicts', 'interest', 'disclose']
['correspondence', 'concerning', 'article', 'should', 'addressed', 'eugenia']
['marco', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'santi', 'paolo', 'carlo']
['hospital', 'antonio', 'rudinì', '20142', 'milan', 'italy']
['caodisanmarco', 'gmail']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['article', 'intended', 'solely', 'personal', 'individual', 'disseminated', 'broadly']
['psychological', 'trauma']
['theory', 'research', 'practice', 'policy']
['american', 'psychological', 'association']
['tra0000684']
['s43only', 'selye', 'nevertheless']
['helpful', 'second', 'phase', 'emergency', 'adrenaline']
['fades', 'leaving', 'depression', 'fatigue', 'other', 'negative']
['feelings', 'addressed', 'small', 'group', 'sessions']
['complementary', 'psychologist', 'doctors']
['nurses', 'debrief', 'defuse', 'about', 'happening']
['together', 'share', 'their', 'recent', 'clinical', 'experiences', 'enhancing']
['their', 'mutual', 'resources', 'decompression']
['small', 'groups', 'moral', 'distress', 'lamiani', 'borghi', 'argentero']
['themes', 'addressed', 'emergencies']
['normal', 'think', 'doing', 'enough', 'clinical']
['psychology', 'shared', 'experience']
['something', 'professionals', 'alone']
['second', 'intervention', 'concerning']
['relatives', 'hospitalized', 'covid', 'patients']
['their', 'loved', 'social', 'distancing', 'antine', 'extreme', 'death', 'death']
['process', 'caring', 'hospital']
['offer', 'decided', 'active']
['taking', 'death', 'dying', 'among', 'other', 'calls', 'support']
['families', 'psychologists', 'implementing', 'phone']
['relatives', 'approximately', 'after', 'death', 'their']
['phone', 'different', 'meanings', 'first']
['mourning', 'process', 'enhances', 'family', 'emotional']
['resources', 'helps', 'family', 'finding', 'creative']
['goodbye', 'nowadays', 'funerals', 'option']
['moreover', 'family', 'their', 'loved']
['alone', 'process', 'death', 'because', 'hospital', 'staff']
['hospital', 'institutional', 'mandate', 'furthermore']
['family', 'itself', 'alone', 'psychological']
['available', 'eventually', 'phone']
['relieve', 'medical', 'staff', 'doctors', 'lonely']
['relationship', 'patient', 'family']
['psychologist', 'caring', 'about']
['least', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'taking']
['covid', 'hospitalized', 'patients', 'themselves']
['possible', 'straight', 'after', 'emergency', 'breakout', 'because', 'there']
['practical', 'level', 'nurses', 'doctors', 'there']
['space', 'think', 'psychological', 'needs', 'aside']
['medical', 'nonetheless', 'after', 'couple', 'weeks', 'which']
['medical', 'emergency', 'became', 'stable', 'psychologists']
['start', 'attending', 'those', 'patients', 'either', 'because']
['patients', 'themselves', 'started', 'psychological', 'intervention']
['because', 'health', 'staff', 'detect', 'psychological']
['needs', 'these', 'covid', 'patients', 'offered']
['private', 'sessions', 'psychologists', 'about', 'their', 'ongoing', 'situa', 'better', 'understand', 'process', 'their', 'feelings', 'emotions']
['patients', 'suffer', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'which', 'compro', 'their', 'physical', 'wellness', 'suffer']
['their', 'condition', 'isolation', 'covid', 'requires', 'other']
['patients', 'dealing', 'mourning', 'process', 'someone', 'cently', 'conditions', 'fighting']
['patients', 'recover', 'experience', 'survival', 'guilt']
['other', 'negative', 'feelings', 'shock', 'their', 'traumatic']
['disease', 'experience']
['these', 'actions', 'clinical', 'psychology']
['currently', 'prioritized', 'mobilized']
['emergency', 'related', 'hospital', 'needs', 'covid', 'related']
['distress', 'among', 'those', 'greatest', 'actions', 'revealing']
['critical', 'areas', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'tackle', 'contribute']
['mental', 'health', 'promotion', 'response', 'expect', 'areas']
['related', 'needs', 'change', 'require', 'ongoing', 'process']
['adaptation', 'adjustment', 'psychological', 'action']
['those']
['paper']
['editorial']
['school', 'psychology', 'reflections', 'covid', 'antiracism', 'gender']
['racial', 'disparities', 'publishing']
['robin', 'codding']
['northeastern', 'university']
['melissa', 'collier']
['university', 'massachusetts', 'boston']
['shane', 'jimerson']
['university', 'california', 'santa', 'barbara']
['david', 'klingbeil']
['university', 'wisconsin', 'madison']
['matthew', 'mayer']
['rutgers', 'university']
['faith', 'miller']
['university', 'minnesota']
['school', 'psychology', 'outlet', 'research', 'children', 'youth', 'educators', 'families', 'scientific']
['practice', 'policy', 'implications', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'significantly']
['disrupted', 'schooling', 'university', 'training', 'impacting', 'educational', 'attainment', 'highlight', 'longstanding', 'inequality', 'furthermore', 'killing', 'breonna', 'taylor', 'george', 'floyd', 'precip', 'itated', 'worldwide', 'protests', 'against', 'antiblack', 'racism', 'white', 'supremacy', 'police', 'brutality']
['editorial', 'highlight', 'potential', 'impacts', 'field', 'including', 'prioritizing', 'research', 'related']
['educational', 'equity', 'identifying', 'research', 'questions', 'related', 'technology', 'utilizing', 'research']
['methods', 'consider', 'impact', 'gender', 'racial', 'disparities', 'publications', 'during']
['finally', 'given', 'these', 'events', 'discuss', 'editorial', 'serve', 'field']
['impact', 'implications']
['editorial', 'reflects', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'pandemic', 'antiracism', 'gender']
['racial', 'disparities', 'publishing', 'considerations', 'field', 'school', 'psychology', 'discussed']
['thoughts', 'editorial', 'serve', 'journal', 'readers', 'contemplated']
['keywords', 'covid', 'antiracism', 'publishing', 'disparities']
['school', 'psychology', 'always', 'prided', 'itself', 'enhancing']
['science', 'practice', 'policy', 'immediately', 'pertinent', 'issues']
['children', 'youth', 'adults', 'support', 'offer']
['scholars', 'practitioners', 'access', 'cutting', 'knowledge']
['grounded', 'practical', 'applications', 'addresses', 'current', 'issues']
['united', 'states', 'around', 'world', 'impact', 'global']
['health', 'crisis', 'brought', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'pandemic']
['covid', 'field', 'school', 'psychology', 'swift']
['contemplated', 'national', 'organizations', 'national', 'sociation', 'school', 'psychologists', 'american', 'psychological', 'ciation', 'effectively', 'complete', 'graduate', 'training', 'ethically']
['incorporate', 'telehealth', 'advise', 'educational', 'systems', 'administra', 'bolster', 'multitiered', 'prevention', 'systems', 'effective', 'sible', 'efficient', 'service', 'delivery', 'advocate', 'physical', 'mental', 'health', 'being', 'education']
['sudden', 'school', 'closures', 'planning', 'school', 'reentry']
['university', 'levels', 'consuming', 'thwarted', 'rapidly']
['changing', 'guidelines', 'recommendations', 'addition']
['knowledge', 'regarding', 'impact', 'covid', 'educa', 'tional', 'family', 'health', 'systems']
['furthermore', 'write', 'editorial', 'ourselves']
['midst', 'significant', 'calls', 'social', 'justice', 'modern']
['robin', 'codding', 'department', 'applied', 'psychology', 'bouve', 'college']
['health', 'sciences', 'northeastern', 'university', 'melissa', 'collier', 'department']
['counseling', 'school', 'psychology', 'university', 'massachusetts', 'boston', 'shane']
['jimerson', 'department', 'counseling', 'clinical', 'school', 'psychology', 'university']
['california', 'santa', 'barbara', 'david', 'klingbeil', 'department', 'educational']
['psychology', 'university', 'wisconsin', 'madison', 'matthew', 'mayer', 'department']
['educational', 'psychology', 'rutgers', 'university', 'faith', 'miller', 'department', 'educa', 'tional', 'psychology', 'university', 'minnesota']
['author', 'order', 'alphabetical', 'after', 'robin', 'codding']
['correspondence', 'concerning', 'article', 'should', 'addressed', 'robin']
['codding', 'department', 'applied', 'psychology', 'bouve', 'college', 'health']
['sciences', 'northeastern', 'university', 'huntington', 'avenue', 'interna', 'tional', 'village', 'boston', '02115', 'codding', 'northeastern']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['content', 'shared', 'requests', 'reuse', 'content', 'whole', 'through', 'american', 'psychological', 'association']
['school', 'psychology']
['american', 'psychological', 'association']
['spq0000399']
['227history', 'precipitated', 'killing', 'breonna', 'taylor', 'george']
['floyd', 'these', 'deaths', 'representing', 'instances', 'continuing']
['pattern', 'horrific', 'racial', 'injustice', 'triggered', 'protests']
['states', 'countries', 'across', 'world', 'against', 'antiblack', 'racism', 'white']
['supremacy', 'police', 'brutality', 'these', 'events', 'significant', 'pacts', 'matters', 'great', 'importance', 'society', 'field']
['convergence', 'these', 'longer', 'challenges']
['varied', 'interwoven', 'impacts', 'multiple', 'facets']
['require', 'reassessment', 'priorities', 'strategies', 'actions', 'within']
['school', 'psychology', 'accordingly', 'editorial', 'considering']
['serve', 'field']
['impact', 'children', 'infrastructure', 'schooling']
['united', 'states', 'around', 'world', 'result', 'covid']
['speculative', 'forecasts', 'suggest', 'consider', 'shifting']
['focus', 'projections', 'indicate', 'should']
['schools', 'reopen', 'students', 'could', 'simply', 'experience']
['learning', 'reading', 'mathematics', 'outpaces', 'general', 'summer']
['students', 'could', 'experience', 'substantial', 'learning', 'retaining']
['previous', 'learning', 'gains', 'mathematics']
['learning', 'gains', 'reading', 'huffman', 'kuhfeld']
['tarasawa', 'availability', 'educational', 'content', 'during', 'school']
['closures', 'varied', 'across', 'nation', 'depending', 'state', 'local', 'inter', 'pretations', 'federal', 'recommendations', 'impacted', 'nationwide']
['infrastructure', 'problems', 'access', 'speed', 'internet', 'perrin']
['exposure', 'asynchronous', 'synchronous', 'other', 'learning']
['opportunities', 'affected', 'school', 'resources', 'availability']
['digital', 'devices', 'potential', 'dissemination', 'paper', 'based']
['learning', 'materials', 'herold', 'onset', 'covid', 'demic', 'highlighted', 'intensified', 'longstanding', 'inequities', 'oppor', 'tunity', 'within', 'public', 'education', 'system', 'illustrating', 'racial']
['disparities', 'disparities', 'between', 'wealthy', 'school', 'districts']
['disparities', 'between', 'rural', 'urban', 'suburban', 'districts', 'groeger']
['waldman', 'herold', 'litvinov', 'students']
['english', 'learners', 'benefiting', 'special', 'education', 'services']
['experienced', 'adjustments', 'their', 'service', 'delivery', 'inadequate', 'unlikely', 'reflect', 'their', 'educational', 'goals', 'falling']
['short', 'adequately', 'meeting', 'these', 'students', 'needs', 'students']
['experience', 'trauma', 'grief', 'directly', 'because', 'loved']
['impacted', 'covid', 'indirectly', 'economic', 'fallouts']
['shortages', 'domestic', 'violence', 'child', 'abuse', 'bauer', 'huffman']
['minke']
['issues', 'further', 'exacerbated', 'current', 'sociocultural']
['climate', 'following', 'killing', 'george', 'floyd', 'breonna', 'taylor']
['others', 'before', 'these', 'events', 'impact', 'collective', 'sense']
['safety', 'belonging', 'being', 'particularly', 'harmful']
['members', 'black', 'communities', 'venkataramani', 'williams']
['exposure', 'viral', 'videos', 'depicting', 'events']
['deleterious', 'consequences', 'persons', 'color', 'tynes', 'willis', 'stewart']
['hamilton', 'ahead', 'cognizant', 'impacts']
['racial', 'trauma', 'children', 'return', 'school']
['existing', 'emerging', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'discomfort']
['educators', 'families', 'children', 'school', 'systems', 'serve']
['support', 'outreach', 'professional', 'development', 'trauma', 'informed', 'practices', 'minke']
['field', 'address', 'these', 'realities', 'during', 'pandemic']
['address', 'impacts', 'perhaps', 'field']
['deeper', 'research', 'around', 'educational', 'equity', 'prioritize']
['culturally', 'informed', 'include', 'participants', 'underrepre', 'sented', 'racial', 'ethnic', 'groups', 'doing', 'consider']
['critical', 'culturally', 'responsive', 'practices', 'widely', 'imple', 'mented', 'identify', 'novel', 'address', 'longstanding', 'systematic']
['barriers', 'within', 'public', 'education', 'types', 'research']
['questions', 'related', 'benefits', 'barriers', 'educational', 'nology', 'equitable', 'access', 'effective', 'instruction', 'promo', 'wellness', 'mental', 'health', 'integration', 'trauma', 'informed', 'practices', 'perhaps', 'embrace', 'opportunities', 'engage']
['international', 'community', 'conduct', 'research']
['cross', 'national', 'aftermath', 'global', 'experience', 'perhaps']
['build', 'partnerships', 'bridge', 'research', 'practice']
['access', 'implement', 'consider', 'learning', 'about']
['incorporating', 'methodological', 'approaches', 'within', 'research']
['agendas', 'farmer', 'sullivan']
['editorial', 'thinking', 'about', 'future', 'science']
['publishing', 'speculation', 'experts', 'implies', 'publication', 'cords', 'reveal', 'within', 'years', 'parents', 'demia', 'relative', 'nonparents', 'disadvantaged', 'during']
['pandemic', 'consequence', 'schooling', 'daycare']
['closures', 'minello', 'preliminary', 'within', 'science']
['economic', 'fields', 'distributed', 'numerous', 'outlets']
['describing', 'women', 'rates', 'journal', 'submissions', 'during']
['pandemic', 'these', 'submission', 'rates', 'likely', 'impacted']
['reality', 'women', 'often', 'carry', 'larger', 'burden', 'academic']
['housekeeping', 'within', 'higher', 'education', 'institutions', 'domestic', 'sponsibilities', 'elder', 'child', 'these']
['suggest', 'these', 'submission', 'rates', 'disproportionally', 'served', 'within', 'early', 'career', 'faculty', 'flaherty', 'viglione']
['vincent', 'lamarre', 'sugimoto', 'larivière']
['analysis', 'covid', 'related', 'research', 'proposals', 'gency', 'grant', 'funding', 'likewise', 'illustrates', 'gender', 'disparities']
['particularly', 'among', 'early', 'career', 'scholars', 'vincent', 'lamarre']
['these', 'suggest', 'covid', 'exacerbated', 'already', 'existing', 'discrepancies', 'grant', 'dollars', 'awarded', 'women', 'searchers', 'color', 'ginther', 'women']
['scientists', 'color', 'predicted', 'impacted', 'white']
['women', 'scholars', 'women', 'scientists', 'documented']
['pandemic', 'disproportionate', 'impact', 'african', 'american', 'latinx', 'communities', 'result', 'structural', 'racism']
['centers', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention']
['women', 'scientists', 'should', 'field', 'recognize']
['disproportionate', 'impact', 'productivity', 'pandemic', 'likely']
['bring', 'parents', 'women', 'faculty', 'faculty', 'color']
['consider', 'scholarship', 'recognition', 'should', 'purposely', 'women']
['scholars', 'scholars', 'color', 'editorial', 'dedicated']
['identifying', 'incorporating', 'practical', 'strategies', 'thoughtful', 'facilitate', 'change', 'short', 'longer', 'stand']
['colleagues', 'support', 'school', 'psychology', 'unified', 'antira', 'statement', 'action', 'appendix', 'reprinted']
['permission', 'authors', 'table']
['editorial', 'school', 'psychology', 'dedicated', 'continuing']
['review', 'operations', 'during', 'unprecedented', 'period', 'however']
['considering', 'covid', 'impact', 'people', 'daily', 'activities']
['mindful', 'difficult', 'accordingly']
['extended', 'review', 'timeline', 'weeks']
['weeks', 'invitation', 'reaching']
['unable', 'commit', 'understand', 'please']
['happy', 'offer', 'extended', 'options', 'would']
['complete', 'review', 'asked', 'senior', 'scholars', 'consider']
['taking', 'article', 'reviews', 'serving', 'guest', 'editor', 'roles']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['content', 'shared', 'requests', 'reuse', 'content', 'whole', 'through', 'american', 'psychological', 'association']
['codding', 'alleviate', 'demands', 'early', 'career', 'scholars']
['likely', 'parenting', 'schooling', 'their', 'children']
['offer', 'sincerest', 'appreciation', 'those', 'senior', 'scholars']
['already', 'served', 'journal', 'capacity', 'reach']
['farther', 'often', 'reviewer', 'board']
['engage', 'frequently', 'review', 'process', 'please']
['sensitive', 'extended']
['authors', 'require', 'permit', 'adequate', 'attention', 'revisions', 'before']
['resubmission', 'happy', 'authors', 'deadlines']
['striking', 'aspect', 'about', 'crisis', 'exacerbation', 'standing', 'inequities', 'society', 'embedded']
['educational', 'university', 'systems', 'stakes']
['recognition', 'comes', 'great', 'opportunity', 'shape', 'alter', 'future']
['field', 'impact', 'systems', 'within', 'creativity']
['community', 'words', 'describe', 'solutions']
['generated', 'challenges', 'together']
['cultivate', 'ideas', 'address', 'systemic', 'barriers', 'inequalities']
['invite', 'contact', 'thoughts', 'journal']
['address', 'these', 'challenges', 'editorial', 'looks', 'forward', 'porting', 'reading', 'papers', 'listening', 'ideas']
['references']
['women', 'scientists', 'scientist', 'mothers', 'extra', 'lenges', 'covid', 'scientific', 'american', 'retrieved']
['https', 'blogs', 'scientificamerican', 'voices', 'scientist', 'mothers', 'extra', 'challengesin', 'covid']
['bauer', 'covid', 'crisis', 'already', 'children']
['hungry', 'america', 'retrieved', 'https', 'brookings', 'front', 'covid', 'crisis', 'already', 'children', 'hungry', 'america']
['venkataramani', 'williams', 'police']
['killings', 'their', 'spillover', 'effects', 'mental', 'health', 'black', 'icans', 'population', 'based', 'quasi', 'experimental', 'study', 'lancet']
['s0140', '31130']
['centers', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention', 'covid', 'racial']
['ethnic', 'minority', 'groups', 'retrieved', 'https']
['coronavirus', 'extra', 'precautions', 'racial', 'ethnic', 'minorities']
[]
['flaherty', 'inside', 'higher', 'retrieved']
['https', 'insidehighered', 'early', 'journal', 'submission', 'suggest', 'covid', 'tanking', 'womens', 'research', 'productivity']
['whitaker', 'halloran', 'cummings', 'holstein']
['hospitalization', 'rates', 'characteristics']
['patients', 'hospitalized', 'laboratory', 'confirmed', 'coronavirus', 'disease']
['covid', 'states', 'march', 'morbidity', 'mortality']
['weekly', 'report', '15585']
['mm6915e3']
['ginther', 'schaffer', 'schnell', 'masimore']
['kington', 'ethnicity', 'research', 'awards']
['science', 'science', '1196783']
['groeger', 'waldman', 'october', 'miseduca', 'there', 'racial', 'inequality', 'school', 'proppublica', 'retreived']
['https', 'projects', 'propublica', 'miseducation']
['herold', 'march', 'scramble', 'america', 'schools']
['online', 'education', 'retrieved', 'https', 'edweek']
['articles', 'scramble', 'americas', 'schools', 'online']
['huffman', 'march', 'homeschooling', 'during', 'coronavirus']
['generation', 'children', 'washington', 'retrieved']
['https', 'washingtonpost', 'outlook', 'coronavirus', 'homeschooling', 'students', 'badly', 'f639882a', 'e4ce3fb']
['d85b5_story']
['kuhfeld', 'tarasawa', 'covid', 'slide', 'summer']
['learning', 'about', 'potential', 'impact', 'school', 'closures']
['student', 'academic', 'achievement', 'portland']
['litvinov', 'coronovirus', 'brings', 'homework']
['forefront', 'neatoday', 'retrieved', 'neatoday']
['coronavirus', 'brings', 'homework', 'forefront']
['farmer', 'sullivan', 'coping', 'covid']
['early', 'career', 'scholar', 'about', 'research', 'appeal']
['early', 'career', 'scholars', 'early', 'career', 'forum', 'society']
['study', 'school', 'psychology', 'retrieved', 'https', 'research']
['earlycareerforum', 'covid2']
['minello', 'pandemic', 'female', 'academic', 'nature']
['retrieved', 'https', 'nature', 'articles', 'd41586', '01135']
['minke', 'pandemic', 'causing', 'widespread', 'emotional', 'trauma']
['schools', 'ready', 'education', 'retrieved', 'https']
['edweek', 'articles', 'pandemic', 'causing']
['spread', 'emotional', 'trauma']
['perrin', 'digital', 'between', 'rural', 'nonrural']
['america', 'persists', 'washington', 'research', 'center', 'retrieved']
['https', 'pewresearch', 'digital', 'between', 'rural', 'nonrural', 'america', 'persists']
['gender', 'despite', 'improvements', 'female']
['scientists', 'continue', 'discrimination', 'unequal', 'funding']
['disparities', 'nature', '495022a']
['tynes', 'willis', 'stewart', 'hamilton']
['related', 'traumatic', 'events', 'online', 'mental', 'health', 'among', 'adoles', 'cents', 'color', 'journal', 'adolescent', 'health']
['jadohealth']
['viglione', 'women', 'publishing', 'during', 'pandemic']
['nature']
['d41586', '01294']
['vincent', 'lamarre', 'sugimoto', 'larivière', 'decline']
['women', 'research', 'production', 'during', 'coronavirus', 'pandemic', 'index', 'retrieved', 'https', 'natureindex']
['decline', 'women', 'scientist', 'research', 'publishing', 'production', 'coronavirus', 'pandemic']
['appendix', 'follows']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['content', 'shared', 'requests', 'reuse', 'content', 'whole', 'through', 'american', 'psychological', 'association']
['school', 'psychology', 'reflections', '229appendix']
['school', 'psychology', 'unified', 'antiracism', 'statement', 'action']
['school', 'psychology', 'community']
['psychologists', 'aspire', 'recognize', 'understand', 'historical']
['contemporary', 'experiences', 'power', 'privilege', 'oppres', 'address', 'institutional', 'barriers']
['related', 'inequities', 'disproportionalities', 'disparities', 'enforce', 'administration', 'criminal', 'justice', 'educational', 'mental']
['health', 'other', 'systems', 'promote', 'justice', 'human']
['rights', 'access', 'quality', 'equitable', 'mental', 'behavioral']
['health', 'services', 'american', 'psychological', 'association']
['multicultural', 'guidelines']
['recognize', 'outraged', 'mourn', 'deaths']
['garner', 'trayvon', 'martin', 'michael', 'brown', 'tante', 'parker', 'tamir']
['walter', 'scott', 'breonna', 'taylor', 'ahmaud', 'arbery', 'george']
['floyd', 'mcdade', 'countless', 'other', 'victims', 'police', 'tality', 'racist', 'violence', 'recognize', 'current', 'protests']
['response', 'longstanding', 'systemic', 'injustices', 'target', 'proportionately', 'impact', 'black', 'community', 'these', 'injustices']
['include', 'incarceration', 'inadequate', 'access', 'quality', 'health']
['educational', 'resources', 'inequitable', 'access', 'stable']
['sources', 'affordable', 'housing', 'gainful', 'employ']
['school', 'psychologists', 'ethical', 'responsibility']
['engage', 'social', 'justice', 'antiracist', 'action', 'school', 'psychology']
['organizations', 'graduate', 'education', 'programs', 'important']
['shaping', 'future', 'generations', 'school', 'psychologists']
['mental', 'health', 'educational', 'research', 'advocacy', 'initia', 'tives', 'promote', 'equity', 'school', 'personnel', 'students', 'families']
['communities', 'serve', 'possible', 'field']
['acknowledges', 'evaluates', 'works', 'reconstruct', 'existing', 'structures', 'policies', 'inequitable', 'outcomes']
['groups', 'others', 'school', 'psychology']
['community', 'serve', 'diverse', 'society', 'which', 'without']
['explicit', 'intentional', 'education', 'growth']
['answer', 'question', 'division', 'trainers', 'school']
['psychologists', 'council', 'directors', 'school', 'psychology']
['programs', 'society', 'study', 'school', 'psychology']
['american', 'board', 'school', 'psychology', 'national', 'associ', 'ation', 'school', 'psychologists', 'together', 'reaffirm']
['commitment', 'ensure', 'current', 'future', 'school', 'psychologists']
['empowered', 'antiracist', 'agents', 'change']
['declaration', 'understanding']
['school', 'psychologists', 'respond', 'horrific']
['displays', 'racism', 'recent', 'weeks', 'specifically', 'recent']
['deaths', 'breonna', 'taylor', 'ahmaud', 'arbery', 'george', 'floyd']
['acknowledge', 'action', 'healing']
['disheartened', 'black', 'lives', 'hands']
['police']
['acknowledge', 'these', 'murders', 'grounded']
['country', 'history', 'systemic', 'racism', 'oppres', 'overpolicing', 'black', 'individuals', 'persons']
['color']
['recognize', 'colleagues', 'color']
['unfair', 'position', 'having', 'shoulder', 'undue']
['burden', 'related', 'racism', 'inequities']
['bigotry', 'longer', 'continue']
['recognize', 'direct', 'traumatic', 'stress', 'experi', 'daily', 'response', 'death', 'george', 'floyd']
['others']
['stand', 'solidarity', 'black', 'community', 'members']
['colleagues', 'friends', 'neighbors', 'pledge']
['power', 'address', 'dismantle', 'systemic']
['inequities', 'society', 'knowingly', 'knowingly', 'perpetuate', 'scholars', 'practitioners']
['friends']
['acknowledge', 'confront', 'internalized']
['racism', 'implicit', 'biases', 'learn', 'think']
['affirm', 'support', 'students', 'staff', 'faculty']
['community', 'members', 'identifying', 'black', 'african']
['american', 'native', 'american', 'american', 'indian', 'indige', 'latinx', 'asian', 'american', 'pacific', 'islander']
['acknowledge', 'confront', 'explicit', 'biases']
['schools', 'university', 'training', 'programs']
['learn', 'think', 'affirm', 'support']
['students', 'staff', 'faculty', 'community', 'members', 'identify', 'black', 'african', 'american', 'latinx', 'asian', 'american']
['native', 'american', 'american', 'indian', 'indigenous']
['promise', 'support', 'protect', 'children', 'color']
['disproportionately', 'targeted', 'schools', 'commu', 'nities']
['recognize', 'these', 'incidents', 'unfolded', 'while', 'nation']
['still', 'reeling', 'health', 'pandemic', 'further', 'exempli', 'disparate', 'health', 'economic', 'impacts', 'corona', 'virus', 'communities', 'color', 'requiring', 'dress', 'longstanding', 'racial', 'inequities', 'people', 'color']
['experience', 'daily', 'basis']
['those', 'within', 'profession']
['antithetical', 'values', 'espouse', 'declaration']
['understanding']
['appendix', 'continues']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['content', 'shared', 'requests', 'reuse', 'content', 'whole', 'through', 'american', 'psychological', 'association']
['codding', 'voices', 'statements', 'issued', 'sandra', 'shull', 'president', 'american', 'psychological']
['association', 'naming', 'racism', 'pandemic']
['always', 'stands', 'against', 'racism', 'forms']
['supports', 'efforts', 'researchers', 'enforcement']
['clinicians', 'teachers', 'policymakers', 'eliminate']
['crimes', 'police', 'brutality', 'national', 'association']
['school', 'psychologists', 'definition', 'social', 'justice']
['recognize', 'social', 'justice', 'process']
['requires', 'action', 'school', 'psychologists', 'ensure']
['protection', 'educational', 'rights', 'opportunities', 'being', 'children', 'especially', 'those', 'whose', 'voices']
['muted', 'identities', 'obscured', 'needs', 'ignored', 'social']
['justice', 'requires', 'promoting', 'nondiscriminatory', 'practices']
['empowerment', 'families', 'communities', 'school', 'chologists', 'enact', 'social', 'justice', 'through', 'culturally', 'responsive']
['professional', 'practice', 'advocacy', 'create', 'schools', 'munities', 'systems', 'ensure', 'equity', 'fairness']
['children', 'youth', 'adopted', 'national', 'association']
['school', 'psychologists', 'board', 'directors', 'april']
['action', 'community']
['recognize', 'statements', 'enough']
['imperative', 'individually', 'collectively', 'proac', 'tively', 'influence', 'enact', 'change', 'therefore', 'provide']
['suggestions', 'direct', 'action', 'steps', 'stand', 'solidarity']
['black', 'community', 'members', 'colleagues', 'friends', 'students']
['school', 'psychology', 'commitment', 'mission', 'advance', 'research']
['practice', 'policy', 'advocacy', 'education', 'continues', 'light']
['tragedy', 'sharpened', 'focus', 'reduce', 'systemic', 'racism']
['inequities', 'schools', 'communities', 'across', 'nation']
['affirmative', 'action', 'through', 'active', 'antiracist']
['create', 'library', 'resources', 'trainers']
['programs', 'social', 'justice', 'equity', 'inclusion', 'begin']
['establishing', 'general', 'literature']
['establish', 'mentoring', 'program', 'provide', 'early', 'career', 'psychologists', 'students', 'especially', 'those', 'color']
['increased', 'opportunities', 'collaboration', 'support']
['reaffirm', 'support', 'student', 'school', 'psychology']
['organizations', 'financial', 'support', 'collaboration', 'their', 'mentoring', 'programs', 'professional']
['development']
['actively', 'recruit', 'diverse', 'voices', 'leadership', 'tions', 'within', 'professional', 'organizations', 'committees']
['commit', 'ensuring', 'diverse', 'voices', 'engaged']
['represented', 'across', 'issues', 'before', 'field']
['commit', 'ensuring', 'scholarly', 'outlets', 'newsletters', 'regularly', 'include', 'science', 'research', 'clusive', 'voices', 'perspectives', 'scholars', 'commu', 'nities', 'color']
['commit', 'using', 'psychological', 'science', 'combat', 'temic', 'racism', 'implicit', 'levels', 'foster', 'change']
['including']
['training', 'supporting', 'collaborating', 'school']
['personnel', 'parents', 'other', 'community', 'stakeholders']
['advancing', 'schools', 'inclusive', 'policies']
['addressing', 'racism', 'other', 'forms', 'discrimination']
['actions', 'embody', 'these', 'policies']
['preparing', 'decision', 'makers', 'collect', 'information']
['includes', 'representation', 'relevant', 'groups', 'formed', 'sources', 'deliver', 'responses']
['culturally', 'sensitive']
['preparing', 'current', 'future', 'school', 'psychologists']
['engage', 'public', 'policy', 'advocacy', 'politi', 'cally', 'difficult', 'combat', 'systemic', 'racism', 'implicit']
['levels', 'foster', 'change']
['mentoring', 'supporting', 'researchers', 'color', 'search', 'publications']
['recommit', 'addressing', 'these', 'structural', 'pervasive']
['challenges', 'training', 'programs', 'research', 'service']
['activities', 'addressing', 'decision', 'making', 'representation', 'sitivity', 'fairness']
['solidarity']
['division', 'school', 'psychology']
['trainers', 'school', 'psychologists']
['council', 'directors', 'school', 'psychology', 'programs']
['society', 'study', 'school', 'psychology']
['american', 'board', 'school', 'psychology']
['national', 'association', 'school', 'psychologists']
['received']
['accepted']
['table']
['acknowledging', 'contributors']
['enedina', 'garcía', 'vázquez', 'linda', 'reddy']
['prerna', 'arora', 'shane', 'jimerson', 'kisha', 'radliff']
['franci', 'crepeau', 'hobson', 'celeste', 'malone', 'raines']
['fenning', 'tammy', 'hughes']
['clifford', 'kathleen', 'minke', 'kelly', 'vaillancourt', 'strobach']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['content', 'shared', 'requests', 'reuse', 'content', 'whole', 'through', 'american', 'psychological', 'association']
['school', 'psychology', 'reflections', '231responses', 'comments', 'related', 'school', 'psychology', 'unified']
['racism', 'statement', 'action']
['school', 'psychology', 'unified', 'racism', 'statement', 'action', 'writing', 'proudly']
['committed', 'racism', 'agents', 'change', 'focus', 'racism']
['include', 'intersectionality', 'plays', 'black', 'lives', 'other', 'lives', 'color', 'missed']
['opportunity', 'named', 'mcdade', 'expand', 'intersectional', 'contributes']
['heinous', 'community', 'believes', 'important', 'recognize', 'intersection', 'ality', 'racism', 'support', 'people', 'color', 'inclusive', 'their', 'intersectionality', 'acknowledge']
['following']
['acknowledge', 'persons', 'intersecting', 'marginalized', 'identities', 'particularly', 'those']
['identify', 'black', 'transgender', 'experience', 'significant', 'discrimination', 'harassment', 'lence', 'murder', 'these', 'unspeakable', 'often', 'unreported', 'resulting']
['awareness', 'injustice', 'among', 'persons', 'intersecting', 'identities']
['understand', 'individuals', 'multiple', 'marginalized', 'identities', 'experience']
['unique', 'challenges', 'greater', 'disparities', 'developmental', 'health', 'social', 'psychological']
['educational', 'economic', 'access', 'outcomes']
['promise', 'support', 'protect', 'children', 'color', 'especially', 'girls', 'color', 'often']
['targets', 'abuse', 'discipline', 'unrecognized', 'those', 'identify', 'transgender']
['disproportionately', 'targeted', 'schools', 'communities']
['action', 'include', 'those', 'intersecting', 'identities', 'including', 'those', 'subjected', 'lgbtq']
['commit', 'using', 'psychological', 'science', 'combat', 'systemic', 'racism', 'intersectional']
['implicit', 'levels', 'foster', 'change', 'including', 'training', 'preparing', 'researchers', 'conduct']
['consume', 'intersectional', 'decolonizing', 'racist', 'applied', 'school', 'psychology', 'research']
['acknowledge', 'while', 'original', 'statement', 'remain', 'continue', 'evolve']
['forward', 'action', 'appreciate', 'welcome', 'comments']
['process']
['thank', 'kelly', 'edyburn', 'guidance', 'addressing', 'other', 'forms', 'injustice']
['acknowledging', 'contributors']
['enedina', 'garcia', 'vázquez']
['prerna', 'arora']
['franci', 'crepeau', 'hobson']
['fenning']
['clifford']
['linda', 'reddy']
['shane', 'jimerson']
['celeste', 'malone']
['tammy', 'hughes']
['kathleen', 'minke']
['kisha', 'radliff']
['raines']
[]
['kelly', 'vaillancourt', 'strobach']
['document', 'copyrighted', 'american', 'psychological', 'association', 'allied', 'publishers']
['content', 'shared', 'requests', 'reuse', 'content', 'whole', 'through', 'american', 'psychological', 'association']
['codding']
['paper']
['research', 'agenda', 'covid', 'world', 'theory']
['research', 'social', 'psychology']
['dolores', 'albarracin', 'haesung']
['department', 'psychology', 'college', 'business', 'university', 'illinois', 'urbana', 'champaign', 'champaign']
['illinois']
['novel', 'coronavirus', 'likely']
['circulating', 'around', 'globe', 'since', 'november']
['writing', 'january', 'times']
['covid', 'tracker', 'documented', 'million', 'cases']
['million', 'deaths', 'coronavirus', 'world']
['addition', 'morbidity', 'mortality', 'rates']
['brought', 'pandemic', 'global', 'local', 'outbreaks']
['dislocated', 'economies', 'social', 'conditions']
['reviewed', 'dennis', 'asian', 'development']
['announced', 'covid', 'could', 'global']
['economy', 'between', 'trillion', 'estimated']
['number', 'million', 'asian']
['pacific', 'region', 'international', 'labour', 'organization']
['2020a', 'million', 'latin', 'america', 'caribbean']
['international', 'labour', 'organization']
['million', 'united', 'states', 'ponciano']
['unprecedented', 'devastation', 'reinstates', 'scientific']
['questions', 'brings', 'social', 'psychologists']
['study', 'attitudes', 'persuasion', 'regulation', 'vioural', 'change', 'these', 'questions', 'inspired']
['systematically', 'identify', 'content', 'persuasive', 'sages', 'regulatory', 'consequences', 'pandemic']
['processing', 'prevalence', 'incidence', 'information']
['changes', 'prosocial', 'behaviour', 'group', 'identities']
['brought', 'about', 'pandemic']
['developing', 'selecting', 'public', 'health']
['messages']
['pandemic', 'brought', 'imperative', 'producing']
['rapid', 'flexible', 'public', 'health', 'response', 'address']
['rapidly', 'evolving', 'risks', 'underscores', 'dence', 'based', 'guidelines', 'select', 'message']
['intervention', 'contents', 'change', 'attitudes', 'behaviours']
['traditionally', 'approach', 'selecting', 'beliefs', 'themes']
['health', 'promotion', 'campaign']
['intuition', 'loosely', 'designed', 'market', 'probes', 'identification', 'salient', 'beliefs']
['creative', 'agencies', 'illustrate', 'intuition']
['fairly', 'informal', 'market', 'research', 'focus', 'groups']
['iconic', 'example', 'health', 'campaign', 'designed']
['advertisers', 'truth', 'truth', 'efforts']
['documented', 'academic', 'publications', 'example']
['hicks', 'wrote', 'article', 'explaining']
['decisions', 'campaign', 'implemented']
['state', 'florida', 'related']
['designed', 'campaign', 'interacting', 'young', 'people']
['including', 'through', 'focus', 'groups', 'considering', 'products']
['successfully', 'marketed', 'youth']
['breakthrough', 'concerned', 'realisation', 'young']
['people', 'smoked', 'control', 'therefore', 'design', 'reasoned', 'making', 'young', 'people', 'rebel', 'against']
['manipulation', 'tobacco', 'industry', 'could', 'cessful', 'approach', 'surprise']
['executions', 'words', 'engaging']
['brand', 'creative', 'surprise', 'rather', 'based', 'images', 'expected']
['theory', 'guide', 'campaign', 'interven', 'design', 'example', 'could', 'soned', 'action', 'approach', 'ajzen', 'albarrac', 'ajzen']
['information', 'motivation', 'behavioral']
['skills', 'model', 'fisher', 'decisions']
['about', 'behavioural', 'precursors', 'target', 'messages']
['create', 'norms', 'health', 'behaviours', 'appear']
['desirable', 'increase', 'efficacy', 'training', 'behavioural', 'skills', 'research', 'estab', 'lishes', 'behaviour', 'controlled', 'attitudes', 'norms']
['efficacy', 'there', 'methods', 'elicit', 'underly', 'salient', 'beliefs', 'example', 'questions']
['about', 'positive', 'negative', 'outcomes', 'performing']
['behaviour', 'outcomes', 'listed', 'least']
['population', 'would', 'deemed', 'salient', 'ajzen', 'fishbein']
[]
['covid', 'pandemic', 'required', 'tinue', 'require', 'designing', 'campaigns', 'other', 'interven', 'tions', 'encourage', 'health', 'behaviours', 'wearing', 'vaccination', 'social', 'psychologists', 'facing']
['daunting', 'however', 'intuitive']
['theoretical', 'approaches', 'partially', 'satisfying']
['assume', 'determine', 'possible', 'belief', 'emotional']
['reaction', 'address', 'point', 'following', 'questions']
['arise', 'multiple', 'candidate', 'beliefs', 'should']
['decide', 'which', 'choose', 'these']
['beliefs', 'could', 'address', 'these', 'beliefs']
['additively', 'combined', 'without', 'detriment', 'should']
['prioritise', 'beliefs', 'based', 'theory', 'intuition']
['correspondence', 'dolores', 'albarracin', 'university', 'illinois']
['urbana', 'champaign', 'daniel', 'champaign', 'illinois']
['61820', 'dalbarra', 'illinois']
['received', 'january', 'accepted', 'january']
['asian', 'association', 'social', 'psychology', 'wiley', 'australia']
['asian', 'journal', 'social', 'psychology', '12469']
['bs_bs_bannerasian', 'journal', 'social', 'psychologywe', 'believe', 'social', 'psychologists', 'ideally', 'poised']
['address', 'these', 'questions', 'design', 'methods']
['design', 'messages', 'systematic', 'fashion', 'approach']
['would', 'integrate', 'theory', 'driven', 'methods']
['illustration', 'could', 'gather', 'salient']
['beliefs', 'elicitation', 'study', 'health', 'personnel']
['direct', 'contact', 'those']
['encouraged', 'perform', 'preventive', 'behaviours']
['experts', 'provide', 'solutions', 'based', 'theory']
['however', 'procedure', 'could', 'beliefs']
['elicitation', 'study', 'additional', 'thematic', 'recommen', 'dations', 'health', 'personnel', 'number', 'variables']
['theory', 'threat', 'models', 'protection', 'motiva', 'theory', 'floyd', 'maddux', 'rogers']
['tannenbaum', 'incorporate', 'threat', 'which']
['includes', 'perceptions', 'susceptibility']
['perceptions', 'severity', 'efficacy', 'perceptions', 'which']
['comprise', 'sense', 'recommended', 'behaviour']
['avert', 'threat', 'normative', 'approaches', 'those']
['cialdini', 'colleagues', 'cialdini', 'cialdini']
['would', 'prescribe', 'highlighting', 'approval']
['actual', 'performance', 'recommended', 'behaviour']
['population', 'reasoned', 'action', 'approach', 'ajzen']
['albarrac', 'would', 'recommend', 'addressing', 'norms']
['outcomes', 'behaviour']
['caveat', 'importance', 'norms', 'attitudes', 'should']
['first', 'verified', 'population', 'under', 'study', 'social', 'cognitive', 'theory', 'bandura', 'soned', 'action', 'approach', 'ajzen', 'albarrac']
['would', 'recommend', 'inducing', 'perceptions', 'control']
['behaviour', 'integrative', 'models', 'informa', 'motivation', 'behavioral', 'skills', 'model', 'fisher']
['health', 'belief', 'model', 'becker']
['would', 'incorporate', 'norms', 'attitudes', 'efficacy']
['behavioural', 'skills']
['review', 'possible', 'theory', 'based', 'recommendations']
['point', 'includes', 'theories', 'possible']
['themes', 'address', 'intervention', 'reactance', 'theory']
['brehm', 'would', 'further', 'suggest', 'strategy']
['emphasises', 'people', 'freedom', 'engage', 'behaviour']
['particularly', 'those', 'oppose', 'recom', 'mended', 'measures', 'social', 'determination', 'theory']
['would', 'highlight']
['opposition', 'between', 'intrinsic', 'extrinsic', 'motivation']
['recommending', 'interventions', 'promote', 'sense']
['autonomy', 'hagger', 'chatzisarantis', 'together']
['reactance', 'social', 'determination', 'theories', 'suggest']
['autonomy', 'additional', 'theme', 'introduce']
['intervention']
['action', 'theory', 'albarracin', 'provides', 'further']
['themes', 'intervention', 'particular', 'people', 'front', 'challenge', 'setting', 'general', 'goals', 'action']
['setting', 'specific', 'goals', 'plans', 'because', 'demic', 'forced', 'people', 'inactive', 'instilling']
['general', 'action', 'beneficial', 'however']
['general', 'action', 'goals', 'insufficient', 'guides', 'behaviour']
['require', 'setting', 'specific', 'goals']
['consequently', 'additional', 'intervention', 'themes', 'include']
['general', 'appeal', 'action', 'benefits', 'combining']
['appeal', 'specific', 'goals']
['altruism', 'relevant', 'health', 'behaviours']
['benefits', 'munity', 'large', 'alessandri', 'grant']
['context', 'pandemic', 'people', 'report']
['greater', 'intentions', 'their', 'hands', 'practice', 'social']
['distancing', 'prevent', 'coronavirus', 'public']
['private', 'benefits', 'doing', 'emphasised', 'jordan']
['people', 'report', 'higher', 'intentions', 'cinate', 'considering', 'benefit', 'others', 'themselves', 'betsch', 'altruisic']
['motivation', 'alone', 'always', 'produce', 'desirable']
['health', 'behaviours', 'however', 'example']
['albarrac', 'showed', 'highlighting', 'social']
['benefits', 'vaccination', 'effective', 'encouraging']
['vaccination', 'people', 'believe', 'their', 'actions']
['personal', 'impact', 'others', 'subtle', 'contex', 'social', 'density', 'affect', 'perceptions', 'sonal', 'impact', 'people', 'living']
['crowded', 'areas', 'responsive', 'prosocial', 'appeals']
['vaccination', 'because', 'expect', 'their', 'behaviour']
['greater', 'community', 'impact']
['other', 'important', 'themes', 'inferred']
['altruism', 'literature', 'example', 'because', 'people', 'often']
['attach', 'value', 'activities', 'require']
['effort', 'festinger', 'carlsmith', 'olivola']
['shafir', 'contributing', 'charitable', 'cause']
['considered', 'valuable', 'contributing', 'money']
['comes', 'vaccine', 'develop', 'investments', 'effort']
['appreciated', 'investments', 'money', 'conferring']
['trust', 'vaccine', 'developers', 'trust', 'increase']
['merely', 'providing', 'information', 'about', 'rigor', 'development', 'process']
['addition', 'political', 'psychology', 'uncovered', 'differ', 'values', 'associated', 'conservative', 'liberal', 'ideol', 'albarracin', 'shavitt', 'individualising', 'values']
['defining', 'liberal', 'ideology', 'include', 'concern', 'about', 'nurturing', 'protecting', 'vulnerable', 'individuals']
['graham', 'binding', 'values', 'defin', 'conservative', 'ideology', 'involve', 'ingroup', 'loyalty']
['authority', 'respect', 'purity', 'graham']
['research', 'value', 'based', 'persuasion', 'compared']
['messages', 'humanity']
['world', 'which', 'helping', 'nerable', 'natural', 'environment']
['country', 'joining', 'fight', 'protect', 'purity']
['america', 'natural', 'environment', 'wolsko']
['although', 'liberals', 'supported', 'environmental', 'conservation']
['asian', 'association', 'social', 'psychology', 'wiley', 'australia']
['social', 'psychology', 'covid', 'agenda', '11regardless', 'appeal', 'conservatives']
['persuaded', 'binding', 'message']
['either', 'individualising', 'message', 'control', 'message']
['wolsko']
['review', 'eight', 'theories', 'would', 'provide', 'least']
['eight', 'themes', 'explore', 'researchers']
['practitioners', 'these', 'decisions', 'begin', 'design', 'interventions', 'should', 'beyond', 'preferred', 'theory']
['incorporate', 'factors', 'maximise']
['recipients', 'benefits', 'method', 'empirically', 'reduc', 'these', 'themes', 'seems', 'necessary', 'demonstrate']
['conducted', 'study', 'possible', 'method', 'select']
['promising', 'combinations', 'messages', 'implementing']
['factorial', 'design', 'estimating']
['effects', 'particular', 'combinations', 'message', 'themes']
['design', 'autonomy', 'goals', 'investment', 'prosociality', 'vaccine']
['development', 'norms', 'which', 'resulted']
['combinations', 'reduce', 'number', 'dimensions']
['randomly', 'assigned', 'group', 'participants', 'recruited']
['amazon', 'mechanical', 'females']
['sdage', 'cells', 'factorial']
['design', 'presented', 'message']
['reported', 'their', 'intentions', 'receive', 'vaccine', 'sures', 'intention', 'included', 'vaccinated']
['covid', 'vaccine', 'available']
[]
['vaccinated', 'covid', 'vaccine']
['unlikely', 'unlikely', 'likely']
['likely', 'items', 'demonstrated', 'internal']
['consistency', 'these', 'items', 'first', 'standard', 'averaged', 'create', 'single', 'score']
['vaccination', 'intention', 'score', 'average', 'impact', 'combinations', 'three']
['factors', 'obtaining', 'means', 'cells']
['three', 'interactions', 'procedure']
['allowed', 'select', 'groups', 'messages']
['means', 'between', 'another', 'means']
['above', 'currently', 'testing', 'method', 'selection', 'message', 'contents']
['mental', 'health', 'impacts', 'regulation']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'raised', 'concerns', 'about']
['impact', 'mental', 'health', 'farkhad', 'albarrac']
['riehm', 'however', 'believe']
['insidious', 'psychological', 'problems', 'during', 'pandemic']
['concern', 'inability', 'regulate', 'behaviour', 'protect', 'infection', 'virus']
['research', 'collective', 'forms', 'regulation']
['critical', 'illuminate', 'dynamic', 'behaviours']
['wearing', 'social', 'distancing', 'within', 'popula', 'example', 'impact', 'isolation']
['loneliness', 'inability', 'avoid', 'social']
['gatherings', 'impact', 'similar', 'cesses', 'promoting', 'pandemic']
['causes', 'mental', 'health', 'problems', 'increase', 'people']
['tendency', 'ignore', 'preventive', 'recommendations']
['research', 'isolation', 'social', 'networks', 'affect']
['regulation', 'specific', 'behaviours', 'critical']
['typically', 'social', 'support', 'studied', 'relation']
['mental', 'health', 'research', 'showing', 'having', 'tional', 'instrumental', 'decreases', 'depres', 'other', 'symptoms', 'kessler', 'mcleod']
['lakey', 'orehek', 'turner', 'however']
['effect', 'others', 'regulation', 'beyond', 'sooth', 'affect', 'planning', 'orientation']
['selection', 'beneficial', 'courses', 'action']
['pandemic', 'social', 'links', 'deprive', 'individuals']
['mechanisms', 'social', 'regulation', 'behaviour']
['important', 'research', 'future']
['people', 'information']
['impact', 'prevalence', 'incidence']
['health', 'statistics', 'dominated', 'public']
['health', 'communications', 'since', 'beginning', 'demic', 'curves', 'representing', 'accumulation', 'cases']
['displayed', 'daily', 'mainly', 'interactive', 'forms', 'these']
['curves', 'present', 'epidemiological', 'metrics']
['prevalence', 'incidence', 'prevalence', 'number']
['people', 'disease', 'inhabitants']
['given', 'incidence', 'occurrence']
['cases', 'given', 'period', 'number']
['cases', 'inhabitants', 'month']
[]
['although', 'prevalence', 'incidence', 'important']
['markers', 'course', 'pandemic', 'people', 'inter', 'information', 'clear']
['theory', 'prevalence', 'could', 'signal', 'level', 'infectivity']
['population', 'potential', 'contract', 'within', 'geographic', 'correspondingly', 'dence', 'allows', 'inferences', 'about', 'undiagnosed']
['cases', 'inferences', 'about', 'behavioural']
['population', 'example', 'incidence']
['conclude', 'prevalence', 'signalling', 'large', 'undiagnosed', 'infec', 'tions', 'however', 'incidence', 'conclude']
['people', 'currently', 'following', 'recommended']
['behaviours', 'which', 'follow', 'ignore']
['public', 'health', 'recommendations']
['despite', 'their', 'importance', 'understanding']
['human', 'behaviour', 'during', 'pandemic', 'designing', 'health', 'communications', 'these', 'issues']
['addressed', 'research', 'therefore', 'social', 'psycholo', 'gists', 'could', 'investigate', 'degree', 'which', 'people']
['attention', 'prevalence', 'incidence', 'their']
['asian', 'association', 'social', 'psychology', 'wiley', 'australia']
['dolores', 'albarracin', 'haesung', 'junginterpretations', 'meaning', 'these', 'indexes', 'would']
['important', 'examine', 'these', 'determinations']
['elaborative', 'spontaneous', 'fashion']
['whether', 'inform', 'behavioural', 'decisions']
['dissemination', 'information', 'within']
['networks']
['though', 'public', 'policy', 'address', 'covid']
['pandemic', 'focused', 'individuals', 'staying']
['exercising', 'social', 'distance', 'seeking', 'neces', 'pandemics', 'definition', 'beyond', 'individuals']
['people', 'decisions', 'about', 'behave', 'basis']
['their', 'individual', 'interpretation', 'public']
['health', 'communications', 'mandates', 'their']
['observations', 'others', 'doing', 'point']
['however', 'scientific', 'understanding', 'those', 'observations']
['limited', 'first', 'though', 'there']
['important', 'literature', 'normative', 'influences', 'becker']
['centola', '2019b', 'watts', 'theories']
['evidence', 'about', 'normative', 'influences', 'within']
['digital', 'networks', 'scratched', 'surface']
['second', 'surprisingly', 'literature', 'norms', 'albarrac']
['shavitt', 'cialdini', 'goldstein', 'schultz']
['integrated', 'literature']
['behavioural', 'influences', 'attitudes', 'leading']
['absence', 'study', 'contexts', 'where', 'people']
['observers', 'actors']
['prior', 'examined', 'diffusion', 'information']
['behaviour', 'function', 'network', 'properties', 'including']
['strength', 'granovetter', 'asymmetry']
['almaatouq', 'homophily', 'becker']
['centola', '2019a', 'among', 'other', 'factors']
['despite', 'great', 'advances', 'prior', 'generalisation', 'processes', 'albarrac', 'handley']
['albarrac', 'hepler']
['albarrac', 'jiang', 'recip', 'rocal', 'influences', 'attitude', 'evaluation', 'behaviour']
['overt', 'actions', 'including', 'posting', 'badge']
['behaviour', 'attitudes', 'albarracin']
['albarrac', 'glasman', 'albarrac']
['although', 'behaviours', 'matic', 'reflexive', 'processes', 'posture', 'easily']
['adopted', 'mimicry', 'albarracin', 'understanding']
['attitudes', 'influence', 'collective', 'adoption', 'behaviours']
['require', 'deliberation', 'violating', 'social', 'distancing']
['public', 'health', 'contexts']
['person', 'posts', 'image', 'badge', 'social']
['media', 'emergence', 'additional', 'posts']
['agenda', 'central', 'topic', 'posts']
['agenda', 'naturally', 'general', 'views']
['figure', 'trast', 'agenda', 'naturally', 'specific']
['views', 'specific', 'posts', 'bottom']
['figure', 'agenda', 'people', 'general', 'attitudes', 'toward', 'support']
['covid', 'efforts', 'specific', 'attitudes', 'toward', 'vitamin', 'prevent', 'infection']
['agenda', 'general', 'presence', 'risky', 'viours', 'within', 'network', 'poses', 'producing']
['general', 'risky', 'attitude', 'presence', 'health']
['behaviours', 'within', 'network', 'general', 'agenda']
['amplify', 'generalisation']
['human', 'prosociality']
['because', 'behaviours', 'designed', 'prevent', 'infections']
['protect', 'actor', 'society', 'large']
['pandemic', 'serves', 'reminder', 'decisions']
['consequences', 'other', 'people', 'accordingly', 'consider', 'research', 'highlighted', 'prosocial']
['transcendent', 'concerns', 'motivate', 'covid', 'prevention', 'behaviours', 'jordan']
['pfattheicher', 'vaccination']
['albarracin', 'known', 'however', 'about']
['implications', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'itself', 'prosociality', 'discuss', 'several', 'hypotheses']
['warrant', 'attention']
['restrictions', 'imposed', 'pandemic']
['brought', 'considerable', 'losses', 'terms', 'social', 'contact']
['other', 'elements', 'safety', 'these', 'sonal', 'adversities', 'impair', 'people', 'ability', 'attend']
['others', 'needs', 'because', 'individuals', 'cognitive']
['motivational', 'resources', 'implement', 'actions', 'common', 'dewall']
['important', 'question']
['encourage', 'concern', 'others', 'while', 'helping', 'individuals']
['their', 'hardships', 'propose', 'shifting']
['people', 'focus', 'impact', 'pandemic']
['personally', 'similar', 'impacts', 'other', 'people']
['simultaneously', 'increase', 'ability', 'solutions']
['personal', 'problems', 'while', 'heightening', 'concern']
['other', 'people', 'rationale', 'people']
['sympathetic', 'toward', 'others', 'share', 'similar', 'experiences']
['loewenstein', 'small', 'merely', 'perceiving']
['others', 'going', 'through', 'similar', 'difficulties']
['increase', 'intentions', 'bouchard', 'promote', 'personal', 'resilience']
['walsh']
['addition', 'cultures', 'extent', 'which']
['primarily', 'construe', 'pandemic', 'individual', 'experi', 'impacted', 'collective']
['shared', 'experience', 'impacted']
['difference', 'could', 'yield', 'different', 'prosocial', 'comes', 'across', 'cultures', 'during', 'postpandemic', 'indeed']
['collectivistic', 'individualistic', 'cultures', 'which']
['likely', 'pandemic', 'shared', 'experi', 'cooperate', 'perform', 'covid', 'preventive']
['asian', 'association', 'social', 'psychology', 'wiley', 'australia']
['social', 'psychology', 'covid', 'agenda', '13behaviours', 'huang']
['known', 'however', 'whether', 'because', 'demic', 'those', 'collectivistic', 'cultures', 'engage']
['mutual', 'support', 'other', 'domains', 'social', 'isola', 'economic', 'challenges', 'therefore', 'tively', 'impacted', 'pandemic', 'psychologically']
['covid', 'related', 'depression', 'compared', 'those']
['individualistic', 'cultures']
['pandemic', 'highlighted', 'which']
['people', 'others', 'prepandemic', 'large', 'charity', 'works', 'united', 'nations', 'childre', 'served']
['primary', 'vehicle', 'coordinate', 'donations', 'volunteering']
['givingusa', 'during', 'pandemic', 'however', 'commu', 'nities', 'created', 'solutions', 'support', 'people']
['ordering', 'takeout', 'local', 'restaurants']
['continuing', 'local', 'services', 'could']
['during', 'lockdowns', 'paying', 'covid', 'tests']
['neighbours', 'limited', 'financial', 'means', 'individu', 'helped', 'their', 'neighbors', 'through', 'covid', 'italians', 'forward', 'lecting', 'donations', 'covid', 'tests']
['importantly', 'these', 'smaller', 'community', 'based', 'efforts']
['address', 'challenges', 'posed', 'pandemic']
['quickly', 'effectively', 'charity']
['networks', 'research', 'questions', 'could']
['involve', 'pandemic', 'changed', 'people']
['philanthropic', 'priorities', 'example', 'pandemic']
['increased', 'people', 'preference', 'through', 'local']
['rather', 'national', 'global', 'community', 'organisations']
['moreover', 'people', 'attentive', 'those']
['spatially', 'closer', 'their', 'neighbours', 'people', 'farther']
['alternatively', 'cooperation', 'smaller', 'community', 'works', 'could', 'ripple', 'effect', 'large', 'scale', 'coopera', 'local', 'experiences', 'mutual', 'support', 'within']
['their', 'communities', 'extending', 'other', 'communities']
['countries']
['changes', 'group', 'identity']
['noticeable', 'restrictions', 'pandemic']
['physical', 'boundaries', 'including', 'reduced', 'motivation', 'travel', 'other', 'countries']
['entry', 'foreign', 'nationals', 'countries']
['important', 'question', 'social', 'psychologists', 'whether']
['these', 'measures', 'increased', 'decreased', 'salience']
['national', 'identities', 'least', 'three', 'possible', 'mechanisms']
['could', 'increase', 'nationalism', 'first', 'restrictions']
['figure', 'examples', 'social', 'media', 'posts', 'preventing', 'covid', 'colour', 'figure', 'viewed', 'wileyonlinelib']
[]
['asian', 'association', 'social', 'psychology', 'wiley', 'australia']
['dolores', 'albarracin', 'haesung', 'jungsimply', 'amplify', 'distance', 'between', 'nation']
['others', 'tajfel', 'second', 'restrictions', 'signals']
['excluding', 'other', 'groups', 'model']
['xenophobia', 'tankard', 'paluck', 'third', 'travel']
['restrictions', 'reduce', 'globalisation', 'immigration']
['limit', 'exposure', 'social', 'diversity']
['perception', 'group', 'briley']
['gerbner', 'decline']
['social', 'diversity', 'likely', 'prominent', 'regions']
['ethnically', 'diverse', 'begin', 'including']
['south', 'korea']
['decreases', 'salience', 'group', 'boundaries', 'sible', 'given', 'communications', 'during']
['pandemic', 'conducted', 'online', 'physical', 'location']
['currently', 'little', 'influence', 'people', 'about', 'doing']
['attending', 'workshops', 'connecting', 'others']
['therefore', 'during', 'pandemic', 'people']
['increasingly', 'relied', 'individuating', 'characteristics']
['personality', 'evaluating', 'interacting', 'others']
['correspondingly', 'characteristics', 'associated']
['their', 'physical', 'location', 'nationality']
['ethnicity', 'indeed', 'focusing', 'individuating', 'informa', 'shown', 'reduce', 'stereotyping', 'implicit']
['explicit', 'person', 'perception', 'rubinstein']
['however', 'whether', 'indeed', 'pandemic', 'magnified']
['minimised', 'perceived', 'differences', 'among', 'groups']
['consequences', 'intergroup', 'cooperation', 'should', 'tematically', 'addressed', 'future', 'research']
['final']
['extraordinary', 'circumstances', 'covid', 'demic', 'raised', 'number', 'theoretical', 'practical']
['challenges', 'traditional', 'fields', 'within', 'social', 'psychology']
['challenge', 'identifying', 'testing', 'systematic']
['methods', 'develop', 'integrate', 'contents', 'health']
['campaigns', 'interventions', 'though', 'number']
['theories', 'inspire', 'these', 'decisions', 'contents', 'popula', 'specific', 'combined', 'meaningful']
['efficacious', 'another', 'challenge', 'defining', 'inves', 'tigating', 'pandemic', 'impacts', 'depression']
['anxiety', 'externalizing', 'behaviours']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'created', 'spectrum']
['impulsive', 'behaviour', 'addition', 'traditional', 'manifesta', 'tions', 'substance', 'behaviours', 'involve']
['risky', 'socialisation', 'ignoring', 'fairly', 'nuanced', 'health']
['recommendations']
['pandemic', 'introduced', 'number', 'tions', 'about', 'social', 'networks', 'cooperative', 'behaviour']
['irstsocial', 'media', 'networks', 'become', 'cases']
['which', 'people', 'social', 'contact', 'there', 'mechanisms', 'transmission', 'behavioural']
['norms', 'attitudes', 'investigated']
['propose', 'research', 'generalisation']
['processes', 'methods', 'encapsulating', 'risky', 'behaviours']
['while', 'amplifying', 'healthy', 'furthermore', 'explicating']
['forms', 'which', 'people', 'might', 'prosocial', 'goals']
['while', 'satisfy', 'individual', 'important']
['investigating', 'generalisation', 'specific', 'prosocial']
['goals', 'arenas', 'finally', 'pandemic', 'lighted', 'possible', 'impact', 'travel', 'restrictions', 'group']
['other', 'forms', 'national', 'identity']
['conflict', 'interest']
['authors', 'declare', 'conflicts', 'inter', 'respect', 'their', 'authorship', 'publication']
['article']
['paper']
['https', '0022167820937498']
['journal', 'humanistic', 'psychology']
[]
['author']
['article', 'reuse', 'guidelines']
['sagepub', 'journals', 'permissions']
['0022167820937498']
['journals', 'sagepub']
['article']
['psychology']
['surveillance', 'capitalism']
['pushing']
['mental', 'health']
['during', 'covid']
['pandemic']
['cosgrove1', 'justin', 'karter1']
['zenobia', 'morrill1', 'mallaigh', 'mcginley1']
['abstract']
['during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'telehealth', 'technologies', 'mental', 'health']
['promoted', 'manage', 'distress', 'public', 'augment', 'existing']
['mental', 'health', 'services', 'humanistic', 'perspective', 'promotion']
['mobile', 'raises', 'ethical', 'concerns', 'regarding', 'autonomy', 'person']
['using', 'however', 'there', 'other', 'dangers', 'arise', 'technological']
['fixes', 'embraced', 'crisis', 'naomi', 'klein', 'shoshanna', 'zuboff']
['recently', 'warned', 'about', 'disaster', 'surveillance', 'capitalism', 'using', 'crises']
['legislation', 'benefit', 'deepen', 'inequality', 'using', 'anonymized']
['behavioral', 'commercial', 'purposes', 'analysis', 'reveals', 'mental']
['health', 'individuals', 'their', 'vulnerable']
['hidden', 'supply', 'chain', 'marketplace', 'provide', 'study', 'mental']
['health', 'digital', 'phenotyping', 'predict', 'negative', 'states']
['describe', 'logic', 'digital', 'phenotyping', 'assess', 'efficacy', 'which']
['claims', 'validity', 'based', 'drawing', 'frameworks', 'disaster']
['surveillance', 'capitalism', 'humanistic', 'psychology', 'identify']
['ethical', 'entanglements', 'unintended', 'consequences', 'promoting', 'using']
['technology', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic']
[]
['university', 'massachusetts', 'boston', 'boston']
['corresponding', 'author']
['justin', 'karter', 'department', 'counselling', 'school', 'psychology', 'university']
['massachusetts', 'boston', 'morrissey', 'boulevard', 'boston', '02125']
['email', 'justin', 'karter001']
['937498jhpxxx10', '0022167820937498journal', 'humanistic', 'psychologycosgrove']
['research', 'article2020612', 'journal', 'humanistic', 'psychology']
['keywords']
['covid', 'humanistic', 'psychology', 'surveillance', 'capitalism', 'disaster']
['capitalism', 'mental', 'health']
['psychologists', 'other', 'mental', 'health', 'professionals', 'struggle', 'provide']
['services', 'social', 'distancing', 'telehealth', 'initiatives', 'technologies']
['promoted', 'manage', 'distress', 'public', 'large']
['augment', 'treatment', 'those', 'already', 'engaged', 'mental', 'health', 'services']
['telehealth', 'providing', 'health', 'remotely', 'means', 'telecommunications']
['technology', 'telepsychology', 'various', 'modalities']
['assist', 'clients', 'behavioral', 'mental', 'health', 'needs', 'becoming']
['increasingly', 'common', 'however', 'during', 'crises', 'magnitude', 'there']
['potential', 'uncritically', 'adopt', 'interventions', 'mental', 'health']
['effective', 'privacy', 'risks', 'additionally']
['humanistic', 'perspective', 'promotion', 'mobile', 'should']
['approached', 'cautiously', 'because', 'ethical', 'concerns', 'regarding', 'agency']
['autonomy', 'person', 'using']
['however', 'there', 'other', 'dangers', 'arise', 'technological', 'fixes']
['embraced', 'crisis', 'naomi', 'klein', 'recently', 'warned', 'about', 'disaster']
['capitalism', 'political', 'economic', 'elites', 'using', 'covid', 'islation', 'policies', 'benefit', 'deepen', 'inequality', 'frame', 'disaster', 'capitalism', 'serve', 'highlight', 'dangers', 'artificial']
['intelligence', 'surveillance', 'telehealth', 'technologies', 'mobile']
['quickly', 'promoted', 'during', 'pandemic', 'attention']
['which', 'behavioral', 'captured', 'through', 'telehealth', 'technologies']
['repurposed', 'commercial', 'example', 'surveillance']
['capitalism', 'zuboff', '2019c', 'utilized', 'better', 'understand', 'potential', 'harms']
['anonymized', 'behavioral', 'being', 'third', 'party', 'entities']
['whenever', 'interface', 'internet', 'whether', 'through', 'social', 'media']
['downloading', 'mobile', 'mental', 'health', 'benign']
['reach', 'people', 'mental', 'health', 'needs', 'social', 'distancing']
['following', 'commentary', 'provide', 'study', 'mindstrong']
['company', 'developed', 'mobile', 'digital', 'phenotyping', 'predict']
['development', 'mental', 'health', 'conditions', 'depression']
['detect', 'worsening', 'symptoms', 'users', 'preexisting', 'mental', 'disor', 'drawing', 'frameworks', 'disaster', 'surveillance', 'capitalism']
['humanistic', 'psychology', 'identify', 'ethical', 'entanglements']
['unintended', 'consequences', 'promoting', 'using', 'technology']
['during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'cosgrove']
['covid', 'pandemic', 'disaster', 'capitalism']
['mental', 'health']
['according', 'history', 'disaster', 'capitalism', 'outlined', 'klein']
['moments', 'economic', 'crisis', 'often', 'industry', 'powerful', 'special']
['interest', 'groups', 'through', 'unpopular', 'legislation', 'deepens', 'inequality']
['undermines', 'civil', 'rights', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'already', 'being']
['governments', 'forward', 'neoliberal', 'economic', 'policies', 'regulations']
['civil', 'rights', 'protections', 'adams', 'there', 'increasing', 'reports']
['distress', 'response', 'pandemic', 'public', 'large', 'clinicians', 'denly', 'found', 'person', 'their', 'clients']
['these', 'conditions', 'created', 'ideological', 'environment']
['klein', 'argues', 'conducive', 'machinations', 'disaster', 'capitalism']
['social', 'distancing', 'restrictions', 'began', 'impede', 'person', 'mental', 'health']
['treatments', 'across', 'united', 'states', 'leading', 'medical', 'journals']
['england', 'journal', 'medicine', 'lancet', 'commentaries', 'calling']
['rapid', 'expansion', 'remote', 'service', 'options', 'beyond', 'video', 'sessions']
['these', 'commentaries', 'there', 'clear', 'emphasis', 'urgent', 'remove']
['legal', 'barriers', 'would', 'prevent', 'widespread', 'novel', 'telehealth', 'tiatives', 'keesara', 'while', 'experts']
['sought', 'normalize', 'experience', 'emotional', 'distress', 'during', 'crisis']
['pfefferbaum', 'north', 'others', 'raised', 'alarm', 'arguing', 'urgent']
['action', 'required', 'transform', 'health', 'delivery', 'scale', 'unleashing', 'power', 'digital', 'technologies', 'keesara']
['china', 'moved', 'mental', 'health', 'treatment', 'remote', 'initial', 'outbreak', 'public', 'policy', 'experts', 'recommended']
['screening', 'programs', 'surveillance', 'tools', 'means', 'develop', 'innovative']
['telehealth', 'platforms', 'could', 'improve', 'effectiveness', 'clinical']
['emergency', 'interventions', 'other', 'countries', 'moved']
['regulations', 'telepsychology', 'practices', 'example', 'united']
['states', 'department', 'health', 'human', 'services', 'office', 'civil', 'rights']
['changed', 'policies', 'reduce', 'privacy', 'protections', 'march']
['department', 'health', 'human', 'services', 'office', 'civil', 'rights', 'announced']
['would', 'waive', 'penalties', 'health', 'insurance', 'portability']
['accountability', 'violations', 'against', 'health', 'providers', 'insecure']
['communication', 'technologies', 'facetime', 'skype', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'centers', 'medicare', 'medicaid', 'service']
['expand', 'telepsychology', 'services', 'privacy', 'restrictions']
['beyond', 'video', 'visits', 'includes', 'dissemination', 'mental', 'health']
['designed', 'augment', 'replace', 'traditional', 'mental', 'health', 'services', 'these']
['proliferated', 'years', 'because', 'journal', 'humanistic', 'psychology']
['accessible', 'portable', 'reach', 'people', 'because']
['financial', 'other', 'reasons', 'research', 'mental', 'health', 'raised']
['significant', 'concerns', 'about', 'privacy', 'protections', 'potential']
['overdiagnosis', 'review', 'mental', 'health', 'found']
['language', 'these', 'tools', 'often', 'promoted', 'flawed', 'pathologizing', 'emotional', 'responses', 'stressors', 'result', 'abnormal']
['neurophysiology', 'parker']
['researchers', 'found', 'majority', 'these', 'trans', 'parent', 'about', 'collect', 'recent']
['review', 'mental', 'health', 'found', 'facebook']
['google', 'analytics', 'marketing']
['other', 'third', 'parties', 'authors', 'concluded', 'users', 'these', 'mental', 'health']
['denied', 'informed', 'choice', 'about', 'whether', 'sharing', 'accept', 'emphasis', 'added', 'huckvale', 'despite', 'these', 'concerns', 'policy', 'makers', 'rushed', 'promote', 'mental']
['health', 'during', 'pandemic', 'example', 'state']
['recently', 'collaborated', 'headspace', 'provide', 'mental', 'health']
['yorkers', 'response', 'pandemic', 'headspace']
['biomarkers', 'digital', 'phenotyping', 'using']
['human', 'computer', 'interactions', 'predict']
['every', 'shunting', 'parties', 'goliaths']
['marketplace', 'facebook', 'google', 'means', 'download']
['doesn', 'there', 'anonymized', 'behavioral', 'surplus']
['going', 'parties', 'primarily', 'facebook', 'google', 'zuboff', '2019d']
['mental', 'health', 'scope', 'example', 'headspace']
['provide', 'meditation', 'improving', 'sleep', 'offer', 'diagnostic']
['therapeutic', 'services', 'access', 'therapist', 'other', 'mental', 'health']
['beyond', 'offering', 'mindfulness', 'based', 'interventions', 'machine', 'learning', 'algorithms', 'attempt', 'predict', 'diagnose']
['mental', 'distress', 'based', 'users', 'digital', 'fingerprints', 'mindstrong', 'silicon']
['valley', 'based', 'start', 'described', 'health', 'company']
['hybrid', 'current', 'leader', 'technology', 'former', 'chief']
['technology', 'officer', 'antipiracy', 'software', 'company', 'markmonitor']
['dagum', 'founded', 'company', 'thomas', 'insel', 'former', 'director']
['national', 'institute', 'mental', 'health', 'richard', 'klausner', 'founder']
['director', 'therapeutics', 'pharmaceutical', 'company', 'cofound', 'world', 'digital', 'health', 'mindstrong', 'funded', 'backed']
['millions', 'venture', 'capitalist', 'firms', 'including', 'bezos', 'expeditions']
['company', 'developed', 'smartphone', 'cosgrove']
['depressed', 'before', 'using', 'paradigm', 'shifting']
['technology']
['detect', 'symptoms', 'getting', 'worse', 'predict']
['measuring', 'human', 'computer', 'interactions', 'using', 'machine', 'learning']
['develop', 'breakthrough', 'technology', 'technology', 'integrated']
['platform', 'guide', 'targeted', 'proactive', 'mindstrong', '2020a']
['paradigm', 'shifting', 'technology', 'which', 'mindstrong', 'refers', 'digital']
['phenotyping', 'unlike', 'other', 'mental', 'health', 'mindstrong', 'interested']
['mining', 'content', 'health', 'explicit', 'personal', 'information']
['rather', 'digital', 'phenotyping', 'focused', 'users', 'interact']
['their', 'smartphones', 'scrolling', 'clicking', 'tapping', 'other', 'touch', 'screen', 'behav', 'analyzed', 'machine', 'learning', 'predict', 'their', 'cognition']
['mindstrong', '2020c', 'human', 'computer', 'interaction', 'model', 'analyzing']
['information', 'presented', 'repeated', 'measures']
['response', 'described', 'provid', 'passive', 'ecological', 'moment', 'insight', 'cognitive', 'emotional', 'state', 'dagum']
['ecological', 'information', 'obtained', 'tracking', 'analyz', 'digital', 'devices', 'being', 'theorized', 'approximation']
['mental', 'processing', 'speed', 'empirical', 'support', 'theory', 'based']
['small', 'study', 'correlated', 'neurocognitive', 'scale', 'results', 'predic', 'tions', 'derived', 'kernel', 'principal', 'components', 'analysis']
['human', 'computer', 'interactions', 'dagum', 'aggregated', 'results']
['these', 'interactions', 'patterns', 'timings', 'activity', 'touch']
['screen', 'devices', 'referred', 'digital', 'biomarkers', 'these', 'digital', 'markers', 'keystroke', 'captured', 'application', 'running', 'passively']
['background', 'device']
['should', 'noted', 'kernel', 'principal', 'components', 'analysis', 'common']
['biomarker', 'research', 'enables', 'detection', 'analysis', 'massive', 'amounts']
['related', 'variable', 'often', 'nonlinear', 'under', 'investiga', 'schölkopf', 'shiokawa', 'central', 'question']
['remains', 'evidence', 'support', 'digital', 'biomarkers']
['phenotyping', 'predict', 'mental', 'health', 'symptoms', 'disturbances']
['there', 'small', 'prospective', 'cohort', 'study', 'registered', 'clinicaltri', 'whose', 'validate', 'mindstrong', 'clinicaltrials']
['although', 'study', 'completed', 'there', 'study', 'results']
['posted', 'reviewed', 'papers', 'published', 'scientific', 'erature', 'moreover', 'cognitive', 'tests', 'proven', 'accurate', 'predic', 'depression', 'scult', 'there', 'could', 'reasons']
['person', 'typing', 'slowly', 'gloves', 'however']
['dagum', 'published', 'chapter', 'which', 'reports', 'subset', 'journal', 'humanistic', 'psychology']
['participants', 'support', 'mindstrong', 'technology', 'potential', 'continuous']
['ecological', 'surrogate', 'laboratory', 'based', 'assessments', 'disorders']
['clinical', 'severity', 'dagum']
['viewed', 'through', 'disaster', 'capitalism', 'surprising']
['despite', 'limited', 'empirical', 'support', 'product', 'mindstrong']
['recently', 'modified', 'website', 'encouraged', 'viewers', 'download']
['titled', 'supporting', 'through', 'covid', 'mindstrong', '2020b']
['there', 'proliferation', 'stories', 'bender', 'pannett']
['brooks', 'daley', 'reporting', 'mental', 'health', 'conditions', 'particu', 'larly', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'disorders', 'developing', 'worsening']
['result', 'pandemic', 'using', 'mental', 'health']
['track', 'mental', 'health', 'appears', 'critical', 'innovation', 'during']
['pandemic', 'social', 'distancing', 'there', 'reports']
['mental', 'health', 'since', 'pandemic', 'began']
['heilweil', 'including', 'specifically', 'targets', 'children', 'adoles', 'cents', 'staines', 'other', 'consider', 'limited']
['available', 'support', 'digital', 'phenotyping', 'prediction']
['mental', 'health', 'conditions', 'conflicted', 'nature', 'empirical', 'evidence']
['appears', 'cofounders', 'company']
['assessed', 'efficacy', 'company', 'product', 'large', 'finan', 'incentive', 'promote', 'following', 'section', 'frame', 'surveillance', 'capitalism', 'identify', 'obvious', 'equally']
['concerning', 'iatrogenic', 'effect', 'technology', 'users']
['predict', 'shape', 'behavior']
['mindstrong', 'surveillance', 'capitalism', 'writing']
['music', 'dance']
['longer', 'enough', 'automate', 'information', 'flows', 'about']
['automate', 'zuboff', 'quoted', 'naughton']
['shoshanna', 'zuboff', '2019c', 'coined', 'surveillance', 'capitalism']
['describe', 'capitalism', 'behavioral', 'futures', 'marketplace']
['surveillance', 'capitalism', 'points', 'connection', 'between', 'digital', 'tools']
['collecting', 'monitoring', 'large', 'swaths', 'population']
['promotion', 'consumer', 'oriented', 'behavior', 'further', 'interests', 'liberal', 'capitalism', 'significant', 'debates', 'exist', 'regarding', 'provide', 'genuine']
['informed', 'consent', 'personal', 'information', 'shared', 'online', 'develop']
['targeted', 'advertisements', 'zuboff', 'exposes', 'however']
['beyond', 'debates', 'reveals', 'significant', 'lected', 'utilized', 'digital', 'technologies', 'content', 'shared', 'cosgrove']
['online', 'behavioral', 'about', 'navigates', 'online', 'environment']
['these', 'produce', 'advanced', 'predictions', 'human', 'behavior']
['surveillance', 'capitalism', 'behavioral']
['posting', 'facebook', 'going', 'dinner', 'collected']
['behavioral', 'surplus', 'concerning', 'whether']
['later', 'whether', 'valued', 'zuboff']
['2019b']
['indeed', 'within', 'information', 'panopticon', 'zuboff', 'points']
['health', 'significant', 'harvesting']
['feeding', 'prediction', 'markets', 'third', 'parties', 'architecture']
['power', 'christens', 'other', 'zuboff', 'level', 'behavioral']
['surplus', 'analyzed', 'utilized', 'predictive', 'value']
['download', 'diabetes', 'takes', 'phone', 'takes', 'microphone']
['takes', 'camera', 'takes', 'contacts', 'maybe', 'helps', 'manage']
['diabetes', 'little', 'whole', 'supply', 'chain', 'dynamic']
['behavioral', 'surplus', 'flows', 'stuff', 'taking', 'nothing']
['diabetes', 'functionality', 'which', 'downloaded']
['absolutely', 'nothing', 'simply', 'siphoning', 'third', 'parties', 'other']
['revenue', 'streams', 'these', 'surveillance', 'capitalists', 'ecosystems']
['zuboff', '2019a']
['light', 'public', 'looking', 'being', 'encouraged']
['access', 'mental', 'health', 'advice', 'services', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['mental', 'health', 'mindstrong', 'great', 'appeal', 'although', 'users']
['mindstrong', 'thinking', 'about', 'boundary', 'between', 'dicting', 'shaping', 'controlling', 'behavior', 'course', 'tenuous']
['zuboff', 'quotes', 'scientist', 'stating', 'engineer', 'context', 'around']
['particular', 'behavior', 'force', 'change', 'learning']
['write', 'music', 'music', 'dance', 'zuboff', '2019b']
['hacking', 'looping', 'effect', 'human', 'kinds', 'hacking']
['demonstrates', 'attempts', 'classify', 'patterns', 'behavior', 'simultaneously', 'create']
['possibilities', 'subjectivity', 'looping', 'effect', 'describes', 'recursive', 'process']
['where', 'development', 'classifications', 'leads', 'those', 'classified', 'classification', 'increasingly', 'behave', 'conform']
['expectations', 'classification', 'brinkmann', 'fields']
['psychiatry', 'psychology', 'develop', 'propose', 'constructs', 'classify', 'people', 'these', 'classifications', 'inevitably', 'reflect', 'philosophical', 'assump', 'tions', 'those', 'proposing', 'framework', 'particularly', 'those', 'concerning', 'agency']
['personhood', 'kirmayer', 'gómez', 'carrillo', 'these', 'classifications']
['circulated', 'societal', 'discourses', 'reinforced', 'machinations']
['institutions', 'which', 'serves', 'maintain', 'perceived', 'legitimacy', 'initial', 'journal', 'humanistic', 'psychology']
['assumptions', 'limiting', 'possibilities', 'paradigmatic', 'change', 'example']
['exposed', 'biomedical', 'explanations', 'depression', 'people']
['likely', 'attribute', 'causality', 'stable', 'internal', 'processes', 'rather']
['result', 'social', 'environmental', 'conditions', 'lebowitz', 'appelbaum']
['zimmermann', 'disciplines', 'institutions', 'often']
['posit', 'legitimate', 'these', 'classifications', 'participate', 'production']
['forms', 'subjectivity', 'satisfy', 'needs', 'current', 'ideological', 'systems']
['neoliberal', 'capitalism', 'undermine', 'efforts', 'reform', 'prevailing']
['structures', 'cosgrove', 'karter']
['within', 'framing', 'mental', 'health', 'mindstrong', 'under', 'stood', 'operate', 'powerful', 'intersection', 'digital', 'surveillance', 'technologies']
['service', 'markets', 'cultural', 'legitimacy', 'granted', 'disci', 'plines', 'casting', 'behavioral', 'surplus', 'seemingly', 'objective', 'scientific']
['language', 'mental', 'disorders', 'serve', 'legitimate', 'naturalize', 'chiatric', 'classification', 'systems', 'while', 'simultaneously', 'shaping', 'behavior']
['person', 'using', 'toward', 'demands', 'capitalism', 'additionally', 'behavioral', 'counter', 'humanistic', 'focus', 'dignity']
['meaning', 'making', 'sociopolitical', 'determinants', 'being']
['needs', 'market', 'expertise', 'disciplines', 'reign', 'supreme']
['analyzing', 'promotion', 'mental', 'health', 'during', 'pandemic']
['especially', 'through', 'double', 'disaster', 'surveillance']
['capitalism', 'humanistic', 'perspective', 'raises', 'complicated', 'ethical']
['questions', 'issues', 'cursory', 'review', 'mindstrong', 'disclosure']
['reveals', 'zuboff', 'warning', 'about', 'siphoning', 'behavioral', 'surplus']
['profit', 'entities', 'should', 'strongly', 'heeded', 'following', 'state', 'ments']
['personal', 'information', 'create', 'identified']
['accordance', 'hipaa', 'other', 'applicable', 'organization']
['agreements', 'applicable', 'organizations', 'identified', 'information']
['personal', 'information', 'because', 'cannot', 'identify']
['lawful', 'purpose', 'share', 'identified', 'information']
['other', 'identified', 'personal', 'information', 'legally', 'permissible']
['mindstrong', 'italics', 'added']
['ethical', 'entanglements', 'promoting', 'mental']
['health', 'pandemic', 'lessons']
['humanistic', 'psychology']
['humanistic', 'psychologists', 'historically', 'forefront', 'lenging', 'conceptual', 'models', 'reduce', 'human', 'experience', 'quantifiable', 'cosgrove']
['measures', 'metrics', 'aanstoos', 'elkins', 'taylor', 'wertz']
['third', 'force', 'humanistic', 'psychology', 'arose', 'opposition']
['behaviorist', 'interventions', 'meant', 'produce', 'populations', 'beyond', 'freedom']
['dignity', 'decarvalho', 'humanistic', 'psychologists', 'remain', 'front', 'scholarly', 'opposition', 'advocacy', 'efforts', 'reform', 'diagnostic', 'tices', 'based', 'limited', 'emotional', 'distress', 'kamens']
['kinderman', 'although', 'advent', 'digital', 'phenotyping', 'presents']
['categorizations', 'behavior', 'patterns', 'markedly', 'increased', 'complexity', 'these']
['phenotypes', 'remain', 'abstractions', 'based', 'cognitions', 'behaviors', 'captured']
['within', 'particular', 'context', 'through', 'smartphones']
['there', 'remains', 'problem', 'chalmers', 'stands', 'between']
['attempt', 'diagnoses', 'phenotypes', 'neurobiological', 'processes']
['karter', 'there', 'ethical', 'imperative', 'avoid', 'measurement', 'based', 'symptom', 'reduction', 'models', 'witness', 'distressed']
['person', 'unique', 'circumstances', 'claims', 'digital', 'phenotyping']
['predict', 'neuronal', 'function', 'should', 'interrogated', 'philosophical']
['humanistic', 'psychologists', 'alike']
['important', 'algorithmic', 'model', 'which', 'mental', 'health']
['based', 'takes', 'major', 'depressive', 'disorder', 'object', 'neglects']
['unique', 'experiences', 'person', 'midst', 'covid', 'pandemic']
['computational', 'analysis', 'substitutes', 'empathetic', 'attunement', 'world', 'individual', 'moods', 'detected', 'however']
['heidegger', 'argued', 'human', 'beings', 'rational', 'creatures', 'neutral']
['states', 'sometimes', 'experience', 'episodes', 'major', 'depres', 'episode', 'invoked', 'concept', 'befindlichkeit', 'order']
['demonstrate', 'impossibility', 'having', 'stimmung', 'human']
['always', 'situated', 'attuned', 'world', 'heidegger']
['indeed', 'focus', 'prediction', 'moods', 'antithetical', 'humanistic']
['psychologists', 'understand', 'personhood', 'because', 'always', 'found']
['emotions', 'engage', 'impede', 'engagement', 'intersubjec', 'world', 'dasein', 'always', 'immersed', 'particular', 'comportment', 'toward']
['concerns', 'everyday', 'activities', 'heidegger', 'cosgrove']
['measuring', 'human', 'computer', 'interactions', 'proxy']
['understanding', 'person', 'predicting', 'their', 'moods', 'reduces', 'subject', 'lection', 'points', 'identified', 'computational', 'systems', 'fails', 'appreci', 'people', 'always', 'absorbed', 'world', 'world']
['fabric', 'dasein', 'existence', 'person', 'using', 'becomes']
['reified', 'through', 'mathematical', 'modeling', 'machine', 'learning', 'modern']
['example', 'whitehead', 'notion', 'misplaced', 'concreteness', 'james']
['vicious', 'abstractionism', 'james', 'whitehead', 'digital']
['tracking', 'computational', 'analysis', 'replacement', 'contemplative', 'journal', 'humanistic', 'psychology']
['clinical', 'practice', 'undermines', 'possibilities', 'agency', 'autonomy', 'people']
['struggling', 'emotional', 'distress']
['moreover', 'client', 'agency', 'autonomy', 'reduced']
['through', 'digital', 'phenotyping', 'clinician', 'humanity', 'larly', 'reduced', 'needed', 'predicts', 'shift', 'toward']
['negative', 'robotic', 'technician', 'intuitive', 'talent', 'caring', 'fessional', 'strives', 'deeply', 'attunement', 'other', 'churchill']
['critical', 'importance', 'contemplative', 'practice', 'place']
['brave', 'algorithmic', 'world', 'mindstrong', 'example', 'offers', 'minute']
['therapy', 'sessions', 'credible', 'therapists', 'based', 'techniques']
['emotion', 'regulation', 'details', 'about', 'constitutes', 'credible']
['therapist', 'provided', 'humanistic', 'psychologists', 'decried', 'nical', 'training', 'cannot', 'substitute', 'attunement', 'affairs', 'conscious', 'churchill', 'depressed', 'anxious', 'person', 'effortful']
['existing', 'insofar', 'these', 'credible', 'therapists', 'conceptual', 'structural']
['competence', 'karter', 'kamens', 'facilitate', 'tended', 'human', 'rights', 'violations', 'forced', 'treatment', 'example']
['orwellian', 'though', 'sound', 'imagine']
['techno', 'therapist', 'receives', 'alert', 'person', 'digital', 'behavior', 'correlates']
['suicidality', 'first', 'responders', 'called', 'hospitalize']
['conclusion']
['conflating', 'being', 'narrowly', 'defined', 'technological', 'fixes', 'mental']
['health', 'cannot', 'address', 'psychosocial', 'sociopolitical', 'determinants']
['mental', 'health', 'context', 'which', 'people', 'experience', 'emotional', 'distress']
['clearly', 'technology', 'counter', 'humanistic', 'psychology', 'appreciation']
['individual', 'unique', 'lifeworld', 'concomitantly', 'importance', 'templative', 'clinical', 'practice', 'brief', 'study', 'there']
['limited', 'support', 'digital', 'phenotyping', 'predict', 'negative']
['states', 'symptom', 'worsening', 'double', 'disaster', 'surveil', 'lance', 'capitalism', 'shows', 'something', 'nefarious', 'happening']
['promotion', 'diagnostic', 'validated', 'mental', 'health']
['digital', 'phenotyping', 'other', 'surveillance', 'technologies', 'position', 'people']
['unwitting', 'profit', 'makers', 'individuals', 'their', 'vulnerable']
['hidden', 'supply', 'chain', 'marketplace']
['acknowledgments']
['authors', 'would', 'thank', 'following', 'people', 'their', 'comments', 'earlier']
['drafts', 'article', 'rebecca', 'troeger', 'chiapo', 'cheng', 'meital', 'simhi', 'christine', 'tosti']
['samantha', 'lilly', 'cosgrove']
['declaration', 'conflicting', 'interests']
['author', 'declared', 'potential', 'conflicts', 'interest', 'respect', 'research']
['authorship', 'publication', 'article']
['funding']
['author', 'received', 'financial', 'support', 'research', 'authorship', 'publi', 'cation', 'article']
['orcid']
['justin', 'karter', 'https', 'orcid']
['zenobia', 'morrill', 'https', 'orcid']

# LSA Model
number_of_topics=100
words=word_count_psy
model_psy=create_gensim_lsa_model(clean_text,number_of_topics,words)
words_from_psychology =dict(model_psy.show_topic(0, topn=words))##dict and encoding matrix values

#These variables are for further experimentation in vertical comparission mantel test
model_psy_paragraph=create_gensim_lsa_model(clean_text,number_of_topics,words)

dict(model_psy.show_topic(0, topn=5))

{'covid': 0.5058519043006957,
 'pandem': 0.38897168596216447,
 'health': 0.32674067947116403,
 'psycholog': 0.31682518807930105,
 'impact': 0.1892801276005076}

from wordcloud import WordCloud
text = dict(model_psy.show_topic(0, topn=20))
l=list(text.keys())
wordcloud = WordCloud(width=150, height=200,max_font_size=25, max_words=20, background_color="white").generate(" ".join(l))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation='bilinear')
plt.axis("off")
plt.savefig('graph26.png')

# LSA Model

a=pd.DataFrame()

for i in range(number_of_topics):
    words_psy =dict(model_psy.show_topic(i, topn=words))
    b=pd.DataFrame(words_psy,index=[i])
    a=a.append(b)

a=a.transpose()

top_words = dict(model_psy.show_topic(0,topn=5))

df = pd.DataFrame(columns=list(top_words.keys()), 
                  index = list(top_words.keys()))

l = list(top_words.keys())
print('cosine-similarity')
for i in l:
    for j in l:
            matrix=np.array([a.loc[i],a.loc[j]])
            n = s.metrics.pairwise.cosine_similarity(matrix, matrix, dense_output=True)
            df.loc[[i],[j]] = n[0,1]
print(df)

dfi.export(df, 'df_styled29.png')

cosine-similarity
                 covid       pandem       health    psycholog       impact
covid                1  0.000666122 -0.000953568   0.00045227   0.00380839
pandem     0.000666122            1  -0.00156702  -0.00168439  0.000683171
health    -0.000953568  -0.00156702            1  0.000344693   -0.0020647
psycholog   0.00045227  -0.00168439  0.000344693            1   0.00301506
impact      0.00380839  0.000683171   -0.0020647   0.00301506            1

df = df.apply(pd.to_numeric, errors='coerce')

df=df.round(4)

l = list(top_words.keys())

df_adj = pd.DataFrame(df.to_numpy(), index=l, columns=l)
G = nx.from_pandas_adjacency(df)
pos = {l[0]: (0, 0),l[1]: (1, 0), l[2]: (0, 1), l[3]: (1, 1), l[4]: (0.5, 0.8)}
a=list(G.edges(data=True))

b=[]
for i in a:
    b.append(i[:][2]['weight'])
w = [x *100  for x in b]

colors = range(4)
nx.draw(G,pos, alpha=1, width=w, with_labels = True,node_size=200, edge_color='g',node_color='b')
labels = nx.get_edge_attributes(G,'weight')
nx.draw_networkx_nodes(G, pos, nodelist=l, node_color="w")
nx.draw_networkx_edge_labels(G,pos,edge_labels=labels)
plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = (8,5)
plt.savefig('fig29.png')

mantel_test(5)

Pairwise-distance
              covid       pandem    health psycholog    impact         imag  \
covid             0      1.36101   1.34207   0.99647  0.992331      1.40755   
pandem      1.36101  1.49012e-08   1.30751   0.92949  0.867754      1.36134   
health      1.34207      1.30751         0  0.899326  0.865892       1.3425   
psycholog   0.99647      0.92949  0.899326         0  0.141088     0.995073   
impact     0.992331     0.867754  0.865892  0.141088         0      1.00679   
imag        1.40755      1.36134    1.3425  0.995073   1.00679  1.49012e-08   
detect      1.39107      1.35038    1.3313  0.975913  0.985488      1.39494   
model       1.40579      1.35763   1.33773  0.991849    1.0025      1.40448   
dataset     1.40694      1.36212   1.34383  0.994567   1.00559      1.40835   

             detect     model   dataset  
covid       1.39107   1.40579   1.40694  
pandem      1.35038   1.35763   1.36212  
health       1.3313   1.33773   1.34383  
psycholog  0.975913  0.991849  0.994567  
impact     0.985488    1.0025   1.00559  
imag        1.39494   1.40448   1.40835  
detect            0    1.3927   1.39378  
model        1.3927         0   1.40489  
dataset     1.39378   1.40489         0  
Pairwise-distance
              covid    pandem    health psycholog    impact         imag  \
covid             0   1.40688   1.39956   1.40337   1.39331      0.99625   
pandem      1.40688         0   1.39945   1.40433   1.39495     0.995864   
health      1.39956   1.39945         0   1.39443   1.38834     0.984164   
psycholog   1.40337   1.40433   1.39443         0   1.38964     0.990286   
impact      1.39331   1.39495   1.38834   1.38964         0     0.980001   
imag        0.99625  0.995864  0.984164  0.990286  0.980001  4.65661e-10   
detect     0.995321  0.997317  0.983852  0.989261  0.978853    0.0616435   
model        1.3227   1.31798   1.31533   1.31298    1.3194     0.870842   
dataset    0.994775  0.995296   0.98292  0.990428  0.979263    0.0365658   

              detect     model    dataset  
covid       0.995321    1.3227   0.994775  
pandem      0.997317   1.31798   0.995296  
health      0.983852   1.31533    0.98292  
psycholog   0.989261   1.31298   0.990428  
impact      0.978853    1.3194   0.979263  
imag       0.0616435  0.870842  0.0365658  
detect             0  0.870771  0.0486294  
model       0.870771         0   0.870669  
dataset    0.0486294  0.870669          0  

(-0.42116401355894345, 0.9493, -1.2900437573730077)

mantel_test(10)

Pairwise-distance
              covid       pandem    health  psycholog    impact     polici  \
covid             0      1.36101   1.34207    0.99647  0.992331   0.997156   
pandem      1.36101  1.49012e-08   1.30751    0.92949  0.867754   0.928833   
health      1.34207      1.30751         0   0.899326  0.865892   0.896322   
psycholog   0.99647      0.92949  0.899326          0  0.141088  0.0604059   
impact     0.992331     0.867754  0.865892   0.141088         0   0.151617   
polici     0.997156     0.928833  0.896322  0.0604059  0.151617          0   
countri     1.03662     0.962947  0.924044   0.273393  0.284709   0.286962   
develop     1.34108      1.28511   1.30422   0.890659  0.886884   0.890348   
nation      1.02474     0.970237  0.856258   0.231148  0.240748   0.244588   
social      1.17636      1.11902   1.10697   0.626035  0.640214   0.627793   
imag        1.40755      1.36134    1.3425   0.995073   1.00679   0.998422   
detect      1.39107      1.35038    1.3313   0.975913  0.985488   0.980014   
model       1.40579      1.35763   1.33773   0.991849    1.0025   0.994698   
dataset     1.40694      1.36212   1.34383   0.994567   1.00559   0.998557   
learn       1.39689      1.34243   1.33054   0.977763  0.978483   0.978482   
pneumonia   1.37232      1.31903   1.30574   0.942926  0.961774   0.943191   
volum       1.27548      1.20443   1.19686   0.797904  0.842478   0.801145   
infect      1.39599      1.34854   1.33002   0.978407  0.989324   0.979517   
patient     1.40472      1.35897   1.33597   0.991233    1.0071   0.995624   

            countri   develop       nation    social         imag    detect  \
covid       1.03662   1.34108      1.02474   1.17636      1.40755   1.39107   
pandem     0.962947   1.28511     0.970237   1.11902      1.36134   1.35038   
health     0.924044   1.30422     0.856258   1.10697       1.3425    1.3313   
psycholog  0.273393  0.890659     0.231148  0.626035     0.995073  0.975913   
impact     0.284709  0.886884     0.240748  0.640214      1.00679  0.985488   
polici     0.286962  0.890348     0.244588  0.627793     0.998422  0.980014   
countri           0    0.8461     0.350357  0.671121      1.03755   1.01094   
develop      0.8461         0      0.90839   1.15936      1.33371   1.32193   
nation     0.350357   0.90839  3.72529e-09  0.661504      1.02271   1.00326   
social     0.671121   1.15936     0.661504         0      1.17465   1.15631   
imag        1.03755   1.33371      1.02271   1.17465  1.49012e-08   1.39494   
detect      1.01094   1.32193      1.00326   1.15631      1.39494         0   
model       1.03403   1.33081      1.01786   1.15885      1.40448    1.3927   
dataset     1.03495   1.33329      1.01708   1.17324      1.40835   1.39378   
learn       1.01504   1.32604      1.00679   1.15624      1.39459   1.38148   
pneumonia  0.986569   1.29943     0.972162   1.12229      1.36955   1.35159   
volum      0.844424   1.19057     0.824718   1.03558      1.27143   1.25116   
infect      1.02034   1.33046      1.00488   1.16166      1.39547   1.37846   
patient     1.02323   1.32906      1.01481   1.17562      1.40549   1.39034   

              model   dataset        learn    pneumonia     volum    infect  \
covid       1.40579   1.40694      1.39689      1.37232   1.27548   1.39599   
pandem      1.35763   1.36212      1.34243      1.31903   1.20443   1.34854   
health      1.33773   1.34383      1.33054      1.30574   1.19686   1.33002   
psycholog  0.991849  0.994567     0.977763     0.942926  0.797904  0.978407   
impact       1.0025   1.00559     0.978483     0.961774  0.842478  0.989324   
polici     0.994698  0.998557     0.978482     0.943191  0.801145  0.979517   
countri     1.03403   1.03495      1.01504     0.986569  0.844424   1.02034   
develop     1.33081   1.33329      1.32604      1.29943   1.19057   1.33046   
nation      1.01786   1.01708      1.00679     0.972162  0.824718   1.00488   
social      1.15885   1.17324      1.15624      1.12229   1.03558   1.16166   
imag        1.40448   1.40835      1.39459      1.36955   1.27143   1.39547   
detect       1.3927   1.39378      1.38148      1.35159   1.25116   1.37846   
model             0   1.40489      1.39419       1.3685   1.28055   1.39259   
dataset     1.40489         0      1.39484      1.36963   1.27043   1.39519   
learn       1.39419   1.39484  1.49012e-08      1.35776     1.274   1.38219   
pneumonia    1.3685   1.36963      1.35776  2.10734e-08   1.23591   1.36067   
volum       1.28055   1.27043        1.274      1.23591         0   1.25301   
infect      1.39259   1.39519      1.38219      1.36067   1.25301         0   
patient     1.40208   1.40465      1.39166      1.36921   1.27382   1.39197   

               patient  
covid          1.40472  
pandem         1.35897  
health         1.33597  
psycholog     0.991233  
impact          1.0071  
polici        0.995624  
countri        1.02323  
develop        1.32906  
nation         1.01481  
social         1.17562  
imag           1.40549  
detect         1.39034  
model          1.40208  
dataset        1.40465  
learn          1.39166  
pneumonia      1.36921  
volum          1.27382  
infect         1.39197  
patient    2.10734e-08  
Pairwise-distance
              covid    pandem    health psycholog    impact    polici  \
covid             0   1.40688   1.39956   1.40337   1.39331   1.20446   
pandem      1.40688         0   1.39945   1.40433   1.39495   1.21029   
health      1.39956   1.39945         0   1.39443   1.38834   1.20238   
psycholog   1.40337   1.40433   1.39443         0   1.38964   1.20084   
impact      1.39331   1.39495   1.38834   1.38964         0   1.20912   
polici      1.20446   1.21029   1.20238   1.20084   1.20912         0   
countri     1.39339   1.39417   1.38571   1.38948   1.38234   1.20791   
develop     1.36926   1.37214   1.36364   1.36797   1.36659   1.17061   
nation      1.33489   1.34195   1.32691   1.33742   1.32875   1.10969   
social       1.3898   1.38785   1.38036   1.38394   1.37325   1.18968   
imag        0.99625  0.995864  0.984164  0.990286  0.980001  0.683546   
detect     0.995321  0.997317  0.983852  0.989261  0.978853  0.689589   
model        1.3227   1.31798   1.31533   1.31298    1.3194   1.12296   
dataset    0.994775  0.995296   0.98292  0.990428  0.979263  0.686145   
learn       1.37287   1.37225   1.36085   1.36993   1.36102   1.16897   
pneumonia  0.996096  0.995165  0.983338  0.989947  0.978854  0.684134   
volum       1.07739   1.07249   1.06183   1.04904   1.06199  0.805174   
infect      1.02097   1.04995   1.02941   1.03568   1.01983  0.719164   
patient     1.30231   1.30569   1.28864   1.30313   1.29411    1.0809   

               countri    develop       nation    social         imag  \
covid          1.39339    1.36926      1.33489    1.3898      0.99625   
pandem         1.39417    1.37214      1.34195   1.38785     0.995864   
health         1.38571    1.36364      1.32691   1.38036     0.984164   
psycholog      1.38948    1.36797      1.33742   1.38394     0.990286   
impact         1.38234    1.36659      1.32875   1.37325     0.980001   
polici         1.20791    1.17061      1.10969   1.18968     0.683546   
countri    2.58096e-08    1.35181      1.32768   1.37066     0.974891   
develop        1.35181  3.332e-08      1.29431   1.34891     0.943696   
nation         1.32768    1.29431  2.10734e-08   1.31942     0.897596   
social         1.37066    1.34891      1.31942         0     0.963058   
imag          0.974891   0.943696     0.897596  0.963058  4.65661e-10   
detect        0.966636   0.941984     0.897685  0.970112    0.0616435   
model            1.296    1.29288      1.25408   1.30695     0.870842   
dataset       0.975758   0.934132     0.896272  0.968917    0.0365658   
learn          1.35725     1.3339      1.30653   1.35862     0.947476   
pneumonia     0.975341   0.940656     0.896767   0.96853    0.0340123   
volum          1.05266    1.02363      0.96808   1.04507     0.404987   
infect        0.990298    1.01499     0.950164   1.01933     0.298226   
patient         1.2915    1.26006      1.24759   1.28341     0.844079   

              detect     model    dataset        learn  pneumonia     volum  \
covid       0.995321    1.3227   0.994775      1.37287   0.996096   1.07739   
pandem      0.997317   1.31798   0.995296      1.37225   0.995165   1.07249   
health      0.983852   1.31533    0.98292      1.36085   0.983338   1.06183   
psycholog   0.989261   1.31298   0.990428      1.36993   0.989947   1.04904   
impact      0.978853    1.3194   0.979263      1.36102   0.978854   1.06199   
polici      0.689589   1.12296   0.686145      1.16897   0.684134  0.805174   
countri     0.966636     1.296   0.975758      1.35725   0.975341   1.05266   
develop     0.941984   1.29288   0.934132       1.3339   0.940656   1.02363   
nation      0.897685   1.25408   0.896272      1.30653   0.896767   0.96808   
social      0.970112   1.30695   0.968917      1.35862    0.96853   1.04507   
imag       0.0616435  0.870842  0.0365658     0.947476  0.0340123  0.404987   
detect             0  0.870771  0.0486294     0.948799   0.054353  0.409751   
model       0.870771         0   0.870669      1.28555   0.869431  0.959997   
dataset    0.0486294  0.870669          0     0.947065  0.0294858  0.403874   
learn       0.948799   1.28555   0.947065  1.49012e-08   0.946654   1.02954   
pneumonia   0.054353  0.869431  0.0294858     0.946654          0  0.405739   
volum       0.409751  0.959997   0.403874      1.02954   0.405739         0   
infect      0.290338  0.915395   0.297535      1.00113   0.297551  0.498003   
patient     0.839247   1.20704   0.844404      1.26481    0.84451  0.905502   

                infect   patient  
covid          1.02097   1.30231  
pandem         1.04995   1.30569  
health         1.02941   1.28864  
psycholog      1.03568   1.30313  
impact         1.01983   1.29411  
polici        0.719164    1.0809  
countri       0.990298    1.2915  
develop        1.01499   1.26006  
nation        0.950164   1.24759  
social         1.01933   1.28341  
imag          0.298226  0.844079  
detect        0.290338  0.839247  
model         0.915395   1.20704  
dataset       0.297535  0.844404  
learn          1.00113   1.26481  
pneumonia     0.297551   0.84451  
volum         0.498003  0.905502  
infect     5.26836e-09  0.807697  
patient       0.807697         0  

(-0.3679223283788243, 0.9549, -1.6560744004825445)

def mantel_test_verticle(model_a,model_b,n):
    words_science = dict(model_a.show_topic(0, topn=word_count_science))
    words_psy = dict(model_b.show_topic(0, topn=word_count_psy))

    top_words_science = dict(model_a.show_topic(0, topn=n)) 
    top_words_psy = dict(model_b.show_topic(0,topn=n)) 


    c={} #law words in non law
    for key in top_words_science:
        try:
            c[key] = words_psy[key]
        except KeyError:
            c[key] = 0

    top_words_psy.update(c)

    b={} #non law words in law
    for key in top_words_psy:
        try:
            b[key] = words_science[key]
        except KeyError:
            b[key] = 0

    b.update(top_words_science)
    top_words_science=b

    #pairwise distance for law
    a=pd.DataFrame()

    for i in range(number_of_topics):
        words_from_science =dict(model_a.show_topic(i, topn=word_count_science))
        b=pd.DataFrame(words_from_science,index=[i])
        a=a.append(b)

    a=a.transpose()

    df = pd.DataFrame(columns=list(top_words_science.keys()), 
                      index = list(top_words_science.keys()))

    l = list(top_words_science.keys())

    print('Pairwise-distance')
    for i in l:
        for j in l:
            try:
                matrix=np.array([a.loc[i],a.loc[j]])
            except KeyError:
                matrix=np.zeros((2,3))
            n = s.metrics.pairwise.nan_euclidean_distances(matrix, matrix)
            df.loc[[i],[j]] = n[0,1]
    print(df)
    df1 = df.to_numpy()
    #pairwise distace for non-law
    a=pd.DataFrame()

    for i in range(number_of_topics):
        words_from_psy =dict(model_b.show_topic(i, topn=word_count_psy))
        b=pd.DataFrame(words_from_psy,index=[i])
        a=a.append(b)

    a=a.transpose()

    df = pd.DataFrame(columns=list(top_words_psy.keys()), 
                      index = list(top_words_psy.keys()))

    l = list(top_words_psy.keys())
    print('Pairwise-distance')
    for i in l:
        for j in l:
            try:
                matrix=np.array([a.loc[i],a.loc[j]])
            except KeyError:
                matrix=np.zeros((2,3))
            n = s.metrics.pairwise.nan_euclidean_distances(matrix, matrix)
            df.loc[[i],[j]] = n[0,1]
    print(df)
    df2 = df.to_numpy()
    

    dist1 = list(df1[np.triu_indices(len(top_words_science), k = 1)])

    

    dist2 = list(df2[np.triu_indices(len(top_words_psy), k = 1)])

    return mantel.test(dist1, dist2, perms=10000, method='pearson', tail='upper')

mantel_test_verticle(model_science_articles,model_science_p,5)

Pairwise-distance
           support    granada    covid  research     programm     imag  \
support          0   0.223485  1.42271  0.413385      0.22011  1.69171   
granada   0.223485          0  1.48248  0.364757    0.0689622  1.64926   
covid      1.42271    1.48248        0   1.42769      1.48709  2.11875   
research  0.413385   0.364757  1.42769         0     0.344496   1.6372   
programm   0.22011  0.0689622  1.48709  0.344496  6.58545e-10  1.64203   
imag       1.69171    1.64926  2.11875    1.6372      1.64203        0   
model      1.47855    1.43266  2.02369   1.49771      1.43247  2.28313   
dataset    1.27234    1.26162  2.03973   1.28654       1.2706  1.88382   
infect     1.39775    1.33479  1.91033   1.38403      1.32472   2.1512   

            model      dataset   infect  
support   1.47855      1.27234  1.39775  
granada   1.43266      1.26162  1.33479  
covid     2.02369      2.03973  1.91033  
research  1.49771      1.28654  1.38403  
programm  1.43247       1.2706  1.32472  
imag      2.28313      1.88382   2.1512  
model           0      1.90777   1.9025  
dataset   1.90777  2.10734e-08  1.98535  
infect     1.9025      1.98535        0  
Pairwise-distance
           support  granada        covid  research  programm     imag  \
support          0  1.18984      4.44755  0.941912  0.941912  3.56952   
granada    1.18984        0      3.34914   0.54807   0.54807  2.37968   
covid      4.44755  3.34914  5.26836e-08   3.85527   3.85527  1.60718   
research  0.941912  0.54807      3.85527         0         0  2.76062   
programm  0.941912  0.54807      3.85527         0         0  2.76062   
imag       3.56952  2.37968      1.60718   2.76062   2.76062        0   
model      2.99493  1.88382        2.676   2.07496   2.07496  1.09614   
dataset    2.99493  1.88382        2.676   2.07496   2.07496  1.09614   
infect           0        0            0         0         0        0   

            model  dataset infect  
support   2.99493  2.99493      0  
granada   1.88382  1.88382      0  
covid       2.676    2.676      0  
research  2.07496  2.07496      0  
programm  2.07496  2.07496      0  
imag      1.09614  1.09614      0  
model           0        0      0  
dataset         0        0      0  
infect          0        0      0  

(0.145440711993975, 0.3187, 0.5387631552542321)

mantel_test_verticle(model_science_articles,model_science_paragraph,5)

Pairwise-distance
           covid     imag   detect    model      dataset   infect
covid          0  2.11875   1.5681  2.02369      2.03973  1.91033
imag     2.11875        0  1.68503  2.28313      1.88382   2.1512
detect    1.5681  1.68503        0  1.46652      1.51607  1.49186
model    2.02369  2.28313  1.46652        0      1.90777   1.9025
dataset  2.03973  1.88382  1.51607  1.90777  2.10734e-08  1.98535
infect   1.91033   2.1512  1.49186   1.9025      1.98535        0
Pairwise-distance
               covid     imag   detect        model  dataset       infect
covid    1.49012e-08  1.40754  1.39112      1.40551  1.40701      1.39606
imag         1.40754        0   1.3948       1.4039  1.40821       1.3955
detect       1.39112   1.3948        0      1.39236  1.39402      1.37899
model        1.40551   1.4039  1.39236  2.10734e-08  1.40483      1.39248
dataset      1.40701  1.40821  1.39402      1.40483        0      1.39506
infect       1.39606   1.3955  1.37899      1.39248  1.39506  2.10734e-08

(0.6816751411668461, 0.05555555555555555, 1.6183428975756962)

mantel_test_verticle(model_science_p,model_science_paragraph,5)

Pairwise-distance
                covid     imag   detect    model  dataset   support  granada  \
covid     5.26836e-08  1.60718    2.676    2.676    2.676   4.44755  3.34914   
imag          1.60718        0  1.09614  1.09614  1.09614   3.56952  2.37968   
detect          2.676  1.09614        0        0        0   2.99493  1.88382   
model           2.676  1.09614        0        0        0   2.99493  1.88382   
dataset         2.676  1.09614        0        0        0   2.99493  1.88382   
support       4.44755  3.56952  2.99493  2.99493  2.99493         0  1.18984   
granada       3.34914  2.37968  1.88382  1.88382  1.88382   1.18984        0   
research      3.85527  2.76062  2.07496  2.07496  2.07496  0.941912  0.54807   
programm      3.85527  2.76062  2.07496  2.07496  2.07496  0.941912  0.54807   

          research  programm  
covid      3.85527   3.85527  
imag       2.76062   2.76062  
detect     2.07496   2.07496  
model      2.07496   2.07496  
dataset    2.07496   2.07496  
support   0.941912  0.941912  
granada    0.54807   0.54807  
research         0         0  
programm         0         0  
Pairwise-distance
                covid      imag    detect        model   dataset   support  \
covid     1.49012e-08   1.40754   1.39112      1.40551   1.40701   1.04932   
imag          1.40754         0    1.3948       1.4039   1.40821   1.05172   
detect        1.39112    1.3948         0      1.39236   1.39402   1.03786   
model         1.40551    1.4039   1.39236  2.10734e-08   1.40483     1.044   
dataset       1.40701   1.40821   1.39402      1.40483         0   1.05052   
support       1.04932   1.05172   1.03786        1.044   1.05052         0   
granada      0.996607  0.995079  0.976232     0.991808  0.994776  0.332719   
research      1.20694   1.20299    1.1789       1.2001   1.20485  0.511133   
programm     0.996608  0.995114  0.976341     0.991602  0.994747  0.320428   

              granada     research   programm  
covid        0.996607      1.20694   0.996608  
imag         0.995079      1.20299   0.995114  
detect       0.976232       1.1789   0.976341  
model        0.991808       1.2001   0.991602  
dataset      0.994776      1.20485   0.994747  
support      0.332719     0.511133   0.320428  
granada   1.64636e-10     0.675828  0.0159685  
research     0.675828  1.05367e-08   0.664853  
programm    0.0159685     0.664853          0  

(0.17537577032539547, 0.249, 0.7889200913998718)

mantel_test_verticle(model_psy_articles,model_psy_p,5)

Pairwise-distance
           misinfodem    covid    articl    mechan       health psycholog  \
misinfodem          0  1.22624  0.687752   0.37179      1.37187   1.29483   
covid         1.22624        0   1.13269   1.16653      1.70937   1.49054   
articl       0.687752  1.13269         0  0.471478      1.32323    1.1446   
mechan        0.37179  1.16653  0.471478         0      1.30919   1.16886   
health        1.37187  1.70937   1.32323   1.30919  2.72057e-08    1.5543   
psycholog     1.29483  1.49054    1.1446   1.16886       1.5543         0   
student       1.43212  1.77758    1.4145      1.35      1.96248   1.70936   
train         1.08638  1.53044   1.09724  0.986214      1.64609    1.4496   
pandem       0.991333  1.25291  0.872575  0.859574      1.32569   1.41942   

            student     train    pandem  
misinfodem  1.43212   1.08638  0.991333  
covid       1.77758   1.53044   1.25291  
articl       1.4145   1.09724  0.872575  
mechan         1.35  0.986214  0.859574  
health      1.96248   1.64609   1.32569  
psycholog   1.70936    1.4496   1.41942  
student           0   1.53934   1.58892  
train       1.53934         0   1.12457  
pandem      1.58892   1.12457         0  
Pairwise-distance
           misinfodem    covid    articl       mechan       health  \
misinfodem          0  1.35287   2.09875      2.98805      2.98805   
covid         1.35287        0   1.13552      1.67187      1.67187   
articl        2.09875  1.13552         0      1.22885      1.22885   
mechan        2.98805  1.67187   1.22885            0  1.31709e-08   
health        2.98805  1.67187   1.22885  1.31709e-08            0   
psycholog     2.58051  1.70328  0.567759      1.35447      1.35447   
student             0        0         0            0            0   
train               0        0         0            0            0   
pandem        4.05861  2.70574    2.4577      1.22885      1.22885   

              psycholog student train   pandem  
misinfodem      2.58051       0     0  4.05861  
covid           1.70328       0     0  2.70574  
articl         0.567759       0     0   2.4577  
mechan          1.35447       0     0  1.22885  
health          1.35447       0     0  1.22885  
psycholog   2.63418e-08       0     0  2.52328  
student               0       0     0        0  
train                 0       0     0        0  
pandem          2.52328       0     0        0  

(-0.4236465849544569, 0.9075, -1.4416013880099683)

mantel_test_verticle(model_psy_articles,model_psy_paragraph,5)

Pairwise-distance
             covid    pandem       health psycholog    impact  student  \
covid            0   1.25291      1.70937   1.49054   1.26858  1.77758   
pandem     1.25291         0      1.32569   1.41942  0.958735  1.58892   
health     1.70937   1.32569  2.72057e-08    1.5543   1.45186  1.96248   
psycholog  1.49054   1.41942       1.5543         0   1.25822  1.70936   
impact     1.26858  0.958735      1.45186   1.25822         0  1.55855   
student    1.77758   1.58892      1.96248   1.70936   1.55855        0   
train      1.53044   1.12457      1.64609    1.4496   1.17141  1.53934   

             train  
covid      1.53044  
pandem     1.12457  
health     1.64609  
psycholog   1.4496  
impact     1.17141  
student    1.53934  
train            0  
Pairwise-distance
                 covid   pandem   health psycholog       impact    student  \
covid      2.10734e-08  1.40729  1.39971   1.40321       1.3932    1.40439   
pandem         1.40729        0   1.3997     1.404      1.39363    1.40389   
health         1.39971   1.3997        0    1.3943      1.38663    1.39491   
psycholog      1.40321    1.404   1.3943         0      1.38834    1.39834   
impact          1.3932  1.39363  1.38663   1.38834  2.58096e-08    1.39238   
student        1.40439  1.40389  1.39491   1.39834      1.39238  3.332e-08   
train          1.39682  1.39714  1.38795   1.39209      1.38295    1.39481   

                 train  
covid          1.39682  
pandem         1.39714  
health         1.38795  
psycholog      1.39209  
impact         1.38295  
student        1.39481  
train      2.58096e-08  

(0.2068717780661167, 0.3119047619047619, 0.533668883017913)

mantel_test_verticle(model_psy_p,model_psy_paragraph,5)

Pairwise-distance
              covid   pandem       health    psycholog    impact misinfodem  \
covid             0  2.70574      1.67187      1.70328     2.236    1.35287   
pandem      2.70574        0      1.22885      2.52328   1.89336    4.05861   
health      1.67187  1.22885            0      1.35447    1.0317    2.98805   
psycholog   1.70328  2.52328      1.35447  2.63418e-08  0.901913    2.58051   
impact        2.236  1.89336       1.0317     0.901913         0    3.34632   
misinfodem  1.35287  4.05861      2.98805      2.58051   3.34632          0   
articl      1.13552   2.4577      1.22885     0.567759   1.25066    2.09875   
mechan      1.67187  1.22885  1.31709e-08      1.35447    1.0317    2.98805   

              articl       mechan  
covid        1.13552      1.67187  
pandem        2.4577      1.22885  
health       1.22885  1.31709e-08  
psycholog   0.567759      1.35447  
impact       1.25066       1.0317  
misinfodem   2.09875      2.98805  
articl             0      1.22885  
mechan       1.22885            0  
Pairwise-distance
                  covid    pandem    health psycholog       impact  \
covid       2.10734e-08   1.40729   1.39971   1.40321       1.3932   
pandem          1.40729         0    1.3997     1.404      1.39363   
health          1.39971    1.3997         0    1.3943      1.38663   
psycholog       1.40321     1.404    1.3943         0      1.38834   
impact           1.3932   1.39363   1.38663   1.38834  2.58096e-08   
misinfodem      0.99298  0.994967   0.98862  0.992192     0.973035   
articl          1.25686   1.25867   1.25098   1.27389      1.24454   
mechan         0.995242  0.996109  0.983977  0.989891     0.978389   

             misinfodem    articl       mechan  
covid           0.99298   1.25686     0.995242  
pandem         0.994967   1.25867     0.996109  
health          0.98862   1.25098     0.983977  
psycholog      0.992192   1.27389     0.989891  
impact         0.973035   1.24454     0.978389  
misinfodem  1.31709e-09  0.761499     0.062648  
articl         0.761499         0     0.771981  
mechan         0.062648  0.771981  4.65661e-10  

(-0.2565147941043175, 0.7571, -0.8699727201185447)

mantel_test_verticle(model_science_articles,model_science_p,10)

Pairwise-distance
           support    granada    covid  research     programm      tabik  \
support          0   0.223485  1.42271  0.413385      0.22011     0.2392   
granada   0.223485          0  1.48248  0.364757    0.0689622  0.0518868   
covid      1.42271    1.48248        0   1.42769      1.48709    1.48088   
research  0.413385   0.364757  1.42769         0     0.344496   0.387967   
programm   0.22011  0.0689622  1.48709  0.344496  6.58545e-10    0.12065   
tabik       0.2392  0.0518868  1.48088  0.387967      0.12065          0   
garcía    0.219028  0.0398597  1.48393  0.352682     0.033649  0.0904457   
project   0.304077    0.23393  1.50273  0.361183     0.194704   0.270695   
decsai    0.218931  0.0517217  1.48564  0.348394    0.0172406   0.103434   
chart     0.207104  0.0616361  1.48263  0.353467    0.0313129   0.110173   
imag       1.69171    1.64926  2.11875    1.6372      1.64203    1.65663   
model      1.47855    1.43266  2.02369   1.49771      1.43247    1.43537   
dataset    1.27234    1.26162  2.03973   1.28654       1.2706     1.2575   
infect     1.39775    1.33479  1.91033   1.38403      1.32472    1.34023   
class      1.03495   0.986938  1.64859   1.10881      1.02524   0.961452   
learn      1.21031    1.16707  1.82669   1.23889      1.15851    1.17621   
perform   0.763279   0.777534  1.55939  0.802201     0.750846   0.800773   
detect    0.825084   0.791292   1.5681  0.802236     0.763896   0.815897   
train     0.799966   0.734216   1.5014  0.740857     0.716185   0.750844   

               garcía   project     decsai        chart     imag    model  \
support      0.219028  0.304077   0.218931     0.207104  1.69171  1.47855   
granada     0.0398597   0.23393  0.0517217    0.0616361  1.64926  1.43266   
covid         1.48393   1.50273    1.48564      1.48263  2.11875  2.02369   
research     0.352682  0.361183   0.348394     0.353467   1.6372  1.49771   
programm     0.033649  0.194704  0.0172406    0.0313129  1.64203  1.43247   
tabik       0.0904457  0.270695   0.103434     0.110173  1.65663  1.43537   
garcía    1.31709e-09  0.201793   0.018833    0.0361487  1.64471  1.43285   
project      0.201793         0   0.203031     0.208556  1.61993  1.46753   
decsai       0.018833  0.203031          0    0.0281676  1.64357  1.43221   
chart       0.0361487  0.208556  0.0281676  9.31323e-10  1.64702  1.43746   
imag          1.64471   1.61993    1.64357      1.64702        0  2.28313   
model         1.43285   1.46753    1.43221      1.43746  2.28313        0   
dataset       1.26745   1.25818    1.26801      1.26863  1.88382  1.90777   
infect        1.32984   1.32393    1.32691      1.33052   2.1512   1.9025   
class        0.999863   1.00165    1.01536      1.02134  1.89507  1.71295   
learn          1.1621   1.17458    1.16027      1.16226  2.01278   1.7857   
perform      0.763646  0.766872   0.757018     0.755149  1.75666  1.21745   
detect       0.774059  0.751945   0.770258     0.775962  1.68503  1.46652   
train         0.72592  0.748681   0.720116     0.727865   1.4744   1.4742   

              dataset   infect     class    learn   perform    detect  \
support       1.27234  1.39775   1.03495  1.21031  0.763279  0.825084   
granada       1.26162  1.33479  0.986938  1.16707  0.777534  0.791292   
covid         2.03973  1.91033   1.64859  1.82669   1.55939    1.5681   
research      1.28654  1.38403   1.10881  1.23889  0.802201  0.802236   
programm       1.2706  1.32472   1.02524  1.15851  0.750846  0.763896   
tabik          1.2575  1.34023  0.961452  1.17621  0.800773  0.815897   
garcía        1.26745  1.32984  0.999863   1.1621  0.763646  0.774059   
project       1.25818  1.32393   1.00165  1.17458  0.766872  0.751945   
decsai        1.26801  1.32691   1.01536  1.16027  0.757018  0.770258   
chart         1.26863  1.33052   1.02134  1.16226  0.755149  0.775962   
imag          1.88382   2.1512   1.89507  2.01278   1.75666   1.68503   
model         1.90777   1.9025   1.71295   1.7857   1.21745   1.46652   
dataset   2.10734e-08  1.98535    1.5935  1.77198   1.46999   1.51607   
infect        1.98535        0   1.83689  1.63526   1.59838   1.49186   
class          1.5935  1.83689         0  1.46287   1.33012   1.23331   
learn         1.77198  1.63526   1.46287        0   1.27695   1.34993   
perform       1.46999  1.59838   1.33012  1.27695         0   0.95631   
detect        1.51607  1.49186   1.23331  1.34993   0.95631         0   
train          1.5239  1.35653    1.2135  1.22317  0.891933  0.930497   

             train  
support   0.799966  
granada   0.734216  
covid       1.5014  
research  0.740857  
programm  0.716185  
tabik     0.750844  
garcía     0.72592  
project   0.748681  
decsai    0.720116  
chart     0.727865  
imag        1.4744  
model       1.4742  
dataset     1.5239  
infect     1.35653  
class       1.2135  
learn      1.22317  
perform   0.891933  
detect    0.930497  
train            0  
Pairwise-distance
           support   granada        covid  research  programm     tabik  \
support          0   1.18984      4.44755  0.941912  0.941912   1.62443   
granada    1.18984         0      3.34914   0.54807   0.54807  0.470956   
covid      4.44755   3.34914  5.26836e-08   3.85527   3.85527   3.08827   
research  0.941912   0.54807      3.85527         0         0  0.797652   
programm  0.941912   0.54807      3.85527         0         0  0.797652   
tabik      1.62443  0.470956      3.08827  0.797652  0.797652         0   
garcía     2.37968   1.18984      2.34183    1.5953    1.5953  0.797652   
project    1.41287  0.638836      3.61521  0.470956  0.470956   0.54807   
decsai     1.41287  0.638836      3.61521  0.470956  0.470956   0.54807   
chart      2.07496  0.941912      2.88126   1.18984   1.18984  0.470956   
imag       3.56952   2.37968      1.60718   2.76062   2.76062   1.97031   
model      2.99493   1.88382        2.676   2.07496   2.07496   1.41287   
dataset    2.99493   1.88382        2.676   2.07496   2.07496   1.41287   
infect           0         0            0         0         0         0   
class            0         0            0         0         0         0   
learn      2.99493   1.88382        2.676   2.07496   2.07496   1.41287   
perform          0         0            0         0         0         0   
detect     2.99493   1.88382        2.676   2.07496   2.07496   1.41287   
train            0         0            0         0         0         0   

            garcía   project    decsai     chart     imag     model   dataset  \
support    2.37968   1.41287   1.41287   2.07496  3.56952   2.99493   2.99493   
granada    1.18984  0.638836  0.638836  0.941912  2.37968   1.88382   1.88382   
covid      2.34183   3.61521   3.61521   2.88126  1.60718     2.676     2.676   
research    1.5953  0.470956  0.470956   1.18984  2.76062   2.07496   2.07496   
programm    1.5953  0.470956  0.470956   1.18984  2.76062   2.07496   2.07496   
tabik     0.797652   0.54807   0.54807  0.470956  1.97031   1.41287   1.41287   
garcía           0   1.28509   1.28509   0.54807  1.18984  0.979511  0.979511   
project    1.28509         0         0  0.797652  2.39296   1.62443   1.62443   
decsai     1.28509         0         0  0.797652  2.39296   1.62443   1.62443   
chart      0.54807  0.797652  0.797652         0   1.5953  0.941912  0.941912   
imag       1.18984   2.39296   2.39296    1.5953        0   1.09614   1.09614   
model     0.979511   1.62443   1.62443  0.941912  1.09614         0         0   
dataset   0.979511   1.62443   1.62443  0.941912  1.09614         0         0   
infect           0         0         0         0        0         0         0   
class            0         0         0         0        0         0         0   
learn     0.979511   1.62443   1.62443  0.941912  1.09614         0         0   
perform          0         0         0         0        0         0         0   
detect    0.979511   1.62443   1.62443  0.941912  1.09614         0         0   
train            0         0         0         0        0         0         0   

         infect class     learn perform    detect train  
support       0     0   2.99493       0   2.99493     0  
granada       0     0   1.88382       0   1.88382     0  
covid         0     0     2.676       0     2.676     0  
research      0     0   2.07496       0   2.07496     0  
programm      0     0   2.07496       0   2.07496     0  
tabik         0     0   1.41287       0   1.41287     0  
garcía        0     0  0.979511       0  0.979511     0  
project       0     0   1.62443       0   1.62443     0  
decsai        0     0   1.62443       0   1.62443     0  
chart         0     0  0.941912       0  0.941912     0  
imag          0     0   1.09614       0   1.09614     0  
model         0     0         0       0         0     0  
dataset       0     0         0       0         0     0  
infect        0     0         0       0         0     0  
class         0     0         0       0         0     0  
learn         0     0         0       0         0     0  
perform       0     0         0       0         0     0  
detect        0     0         0       0         0     0  
train         0     0         0       0         0     0  

(0.13930710190209936, 0.2373, 0.767812166029734)

mantel_test_verticle(model_science_articles,model_science_paragraph,10)

Pairwise-distance
             covid     imag    detect    model      dataset    learn  \
covid            0  2.11875    1.5681  2.02369      2.03973  1.82669   
imag       2.11875        0   1.68503  2.28313      1.88382  2.01278   
detect      1.5681  1.68503         0  1.46652      1.51607  1.34993   
model      2.02369  2.28313   1.46652        0      1.90777   1.7857   
dataset    2.03973  1.88382   1.51607  1.90777  2.10734e-08  1.77198   
learn      1.82669  2.01278   1.34993   1.7857      1.77198        0   
pneumonia  1.64921   1.6122    1.1819   1.5368      1.63545  1.38688   
volum      1.43082  1.64298  0.713563  1.47868      1.26232  1.18257   
infect     1.91033   2.1512   1.49186   1.9025      1.98535  1.63526   
patient    1.38896  1.77817  0.890023  1.70001      1.37027  1.26703   
class      1.64859  1.89507   1.23331  1.71295       1.5935  1.46287   
perform    1.55939  1.75666   0.95631  1.21745      1.46999  1.27695   
train       1.5014   1.4744  0.930497   1.4742       1.5239  1.22317   

          pneumonia     volum   infect      patient    class   perform  \
covid       1.64921   1.43082  1.91033      1.38896  1.64859   1.55939   
imag         1.6122   1.64298   2.1512      1.77817  1.89507   1.75666   
detect       1.1819  0.713563  1.49186     0.890023  1.23331   0.95631   
model        1.5368   1.47868   1.9025      1.70001  1.71295   1.21745   
dataset     1.63545   1.26232  1.98535      1.37027   1.5935   1.46999   
learn       1.38688   1.18257  1.63526      1.26703  1.46287   1.27695   
pneumonia         0  0.904509  1.59895      1.03428  1.26466  0.919842   
volum      0.904509         0  1.22812     0.636839  1.14655  0.724006   
infect      1.59895   1.22812        0      1.44215  1.83689   1.59838   
patient     1.03428  0.636839  1.44215  1.05367e-08  1.12598  0.971155   
class       1.26466   1.14655  1.83689      1.12598        0   1.33012   
perform    0.919842  0.724006  1.59838     0.971155  1.33012         0   
train      0.953778  0.721107  1.35653      1.05514   1.2135  0.891933   

              train  
covid        1.5014  
imag         1.4744  
detect     0.930497  
model        1.4742  
dataset      1.5239  
learn       1.22317  
pneumonia  0.953778  
volum      0.721107  
infect      1.35653  
patient     1.05514  
class        1.2135  
perform    0.891933  
train             0  
Pairwise-distance
                 covid     imag   detect        model  dataset        learn  \
covid      1.49012e-08  1.40754  1.39112      1.40551  1.40701      1.39731   
imag           1.40754        0   1.3948       1.4039  1.40821      1.39462   
detect         1.39112   1.3948        0      1.39236  1.39402       1.3816   
model          1.40551   1.4039  1.39236  2.10734e-08  1.40483       1.3939   
dataset        1.40701  1.40821  1.39402      1.40483        0      1.39536   
learn          1.39731  1.39462   1.3816       1.3939  1.39536  2.98023e-08   
pneumonia      1.37074  1.36771  1.34961      1.36738  1.36806      1.35798   
volum          1.27589  1.27017  1.25311      1.28135  1.27043      1.27657   
infect         1.39606   1.3955  1.37899      1.39248  1.39506      1.38324   
patient        1.40475  1.40531  1.39108      1.40177   1.4045      1.39201   
class          1.40339  1.40375  1.39026      1.40032  1.40378      1.38975   
perform        1.40286  1.40138   1.3902      1.40132  1.40136      1.39228   
train          1.40644  1.40605  1.39177      1.40124  1.40545      1.39205   

          pneumonia    volum       infect  patient    class  perform  \
covid       1.37074  1.27589      1.39606  1.40475  1.40339  1.40286   
imag        1.36771  1.27017       1.3955  1.40531  1.40375  1.40138   
detect      1.34961  1.25311      1.37899  1.39108  1.39026   1.3902   
model       1.36738  1.28135      1.39248  1.40177  1.40032  1.40132   
dataset     1.36806  1.27043      1.39506   1.4045  1.40378  1.40136   
learn       1.35798  1.27657      1.38324  1.39201  1.38975  1.39228   
pneumonia         0  1.23646      1.36022  1.36803  1.35977  1.36334   
volum       1.23646        0      1.25232   1.2725  1.27124  1.27241   
infect      1.36022  1.25232  2.10734e-08  1.39316  1.39197  1.38889   
patient     1.36803   1.2725      1.39316        0  1.40156  1.39881   
class       1.35977  1.27124      1.39197  1.40156        0  1.39806   
perform     1.36334  1.27241      1.38889  1.39881  1.39806        0   
train       1.36743  1.27178      1.39436   1.4024  1.40168  1.40023   

                 train  
covid          1.40644  
imag           1.40605  
detect         1.39177  
model          1.40124  
dataset        1.40545  
learn          1.39205  
pneumonia      1.36743  
volum          1.27178  
infect         1.39436  
patient         1.4024  
class          1.40168  
perform        1.40023  
train      1.49012e-08  

(0.4846487756328932, 0.0124, 1.7413670427112125)

mantel_test_verticle(model_science_p,model_science_paragraph,10)

Pairwise-distance
                 covid     imag    detect     model   dataset     learn  \
covid      5.26836e-08  1.60718     2.676     2.676     2.676     2.676   
imag           1.60718        0   1.09614   1.09614   1.09614   1.09614   
detect           2.676  1.09614         0         0         0         0   
model            2.676  1.09614         0         0         0         0   
dataset          2.676  1.09614         0         0         0         0   
learn            2.676  1.09614         0         0         0         0   
pneumonia            0        0         0         0         0         0   
volum                0        0         0         0         0         0   
infect               0        0         0         0         0         0   
patient        2.13813  0.54807   0.54807   0.54807   0.54807   0.54807   
support        4.44755  3.56952   2.99493   2.99493   2.99493   2.99493   
granada        3.34914  2.37968   1.88382   1.88382   1.88382   1.88382   
research       3.85527  2.76062   2.07496   2.07496   2.07496   2.07496   
programm       3.85527  2.76062   2.07496   2.07496   2.07496   2.07496   
tabik          3.08827  1.97031   1.41287   1.41287   1.41287   1.41287   
garcía         2.34183  1.18984  0.979511  0.979511  0.979511  0.979511   
project        3.61521  2.39296   1.62443   1.62443   1.62443   1.62443   
decsai         3.61521  2.39296   1.62443   1.62443   1.62443   1.62443   
chart          2.88126   1.5953  0.941912  0.941912  0.941912  0.941912   

          pneumonia volum infect   patient   support   granada  research  \
covid             0     0      0   2.13813   4.44755   3.34914   3.85527   
imag              0     0      0   0.54807   3.56952   2.37968   2.76062   
detect            0     0      0   0.54807   2.99493   1.88382   2.07496   
model             0     0      0   0.54807   2.99493   1.88382   2.07496   
dataset           0     0      0   0.54807   2.99493   1.88382   2.07496   
learn             0     0      0   0.54807   2.99493   1.88382   2.07496   
pneumonia         0     0      0         0         0         0         0   
volum             0     0      0         0         0         0         0   
infect            0     0      0         0         0         0         0   
patient           0     0      0         0   3.24887   2.07496   2.37968   
support           0     0      0   3.24887         0   1.18984  0.941912   
granada           0     0      0   2.07496   1.18984         0   0.54807   
research          0     0      0   2.37968  0.941912   0.54807         0   
programm          0     0      0   2.37968  0.941912   0.54807         0   
tabik             0     0      0   1.62443   1.62443  0.470956  0.797652   
garcía            0     0      0  0.941912   2.37968   1.18984    1.5953   
project           0     0      0   1.97031   1.41287  0.638836  0.470956   
decsai            0     0      0   1.97031   1.41287  0.638836  0.470956   
chart             0     0      0   1.18984   2.07496  0.941912   1.18984   

           programm     tabik    garcía   project    decsai     chart  
covid       3.85527   3.08827   2.34183   3.61521   3.61521   2.88126  
imag        2.76062   1.97031   1.18984   2.39296   2.39296    1.5953  
detect      2.07496   1.41287  0.979511   1.62443   1.62443  0.941912  
model       2.07496   1.41287  0.979511   1.62443   1.62443  0.941912  
dataset     2.07496   1.41287  0.979511   1.62443   1.62443  0.941912  
learn       2.07496   1.41287  0.979511   1.62443   1.62443  0.941912  
pneumonia         0         0         0         0         0         0  
volum             0         0         0         0         0         0  
infect            0         0         0         0         0         0  
patient     2.37968   1.62443  0.941912   1.97031   1.97031   1.18984  
support    0.941912   1.62443   2.37968   1.41287   1.41287   2.07496  
granada     0.54807  0.470956   1.18984  0.638836  0.638836  0.941912  
research          0  0.797652    1.5953  0.470956  0.470956   1.18984  
programm          0  0.797652    1.5953  0.470956  0.470956   1.18984  
tabik      0.797652         0  0.797652   0.54807   0.54807  0.470956  
garcía       1.5953  0.797652         0   1.28509   1.28509   0.54807  
project    0.470956   0.54807   1.28509         0         0  0.797652  
decsai     0.470956   0.54807   1.28509         0         0  0.797652  
chart       1.18984  0.470956   0.54807  0.797652  0.797652         0  
Pairwise-distance
                 covid      imag    detect        model   dataset  \
covid      1.49012e-08   1.40754   1.39112      1.40551   1.40701   
imag           1.40754         0    1.3948       1.4039   1.40821   
detect         1.39112    1.3948         0      1.39236   1.39402   
model          1.40551    1.4039   1.39236  2.10734e-08   1.40483   
dataset        1.40701   1.40821   1.39402      1.40483         0   
learn          1.39731   1.39462    1.3816       1.3939   1.39536   
pneumonia      1.37074   1.36771   1.34961      1.36738   1.36806   
volum          1.27589   1.27017   1.25311      1.28135   1.27043   
infect         1.39606    1.3955   1.37899      1.39248   1.39506   
patient        1.40475   1.40531   1.39108      1.40177    1.4045   
support        1.04932   1.05172   1.03786        1.044   1.05052   
granada       0.996607  0.995079  0.976232     0.991808  0.994776   
research       1.20694   1.20299    1.1789       1.2001   1.20485   
programm      0.996608  0.995114  0.976341     0.991602  0.994747   
tabik          0.99305  0.993594  0.979235     0.992784  0.990384   
garcía        0.996452  0.994891  0.976075     0.991582  0.994539   
project        1.00377   1.00203  0.984956     0.996428    1.0005   
decsai         0.99646  0.994894  0.976071     0.991587  0.994539   
chart         0.996505  0.995023  0.976117     0.991789   0.99468   

                 learn pneumonia     volum       infect   patient   support  \
covid          1.39731   1.37074   1.27589      1.39606   1.40475   1.04932   
imag           1.39462   1.36771   1.27017       1.3955   1.40531   1.05172   
detect          1.3816   1.34961   1.25311      1.37899   1.39108   1.03786   
model           1.3939   1.36738   1.28135      1.39248   1.40177     1.044   
dataset        1.39536   1.36806   1.27043      1.39506    1.4045   1.05052   
learn      2.98023e-08   1.35798   1.27657      1.38324   1.39201   1.04594   
pneumonia      1.35798         0   1.23646      1.36022   1.36803   1.00294   
volum          1.27657   1.23646         0      1.25232    1.2725  0.859984   
infect         1.38324   1.36022   1.25232  2.10734e-08   1.39316   1.03674   
patient        1.39201   1.36803    1.2725      1.39316         0   1.04454   
support        1.04594   1.00294  0.859984      1.03674   1.04454         0   
granada       0.978692  0.940977  0.798521     0.979047  0.991255  0.332719   
research       1.20118   1.16552   1.06911      1.18597   1.20743  0.511133   
programm      0.979294  0.941424  0.798815     0.978626  0.991353  0.320428   
tabik         0.980011  0.942877  0.805931      0.98009  0.992448  0.335124   
garcía        0.978549  0.941133  0.798994     0.978568  0.991181  0.335151   
project        0.98943  0.948612  0.803338      0.98551  0.992015  0.308952   
decsai        0.978527  0.941024  0.798685     0.978648    0.9912  0.335961   
chart          0.97883  0.940917   0.79856     0.979104  0.991269   0.33414   

               granada     research   programm      tabik       garcía  \
covid         0.996607      1.20694   0.996608    0.99305     0.996452   
imag          0.995079      1.20299   0.995114   0.993594     0.994891   
detect        0.976232       1.1789   0.976341   0.979235     0.976075   
model         0.991808       1.2001   0.991602   0.992784     0.991582   
dataset       0.994776      1.20485   0.994747   0.990384     0.994539   
learn         0.978692      1.20118   0.979294   0.980011     0.978549   
pneumonia     0.940977      1.16552   0.941424   0.942877     0.941133   
volum         0.798521      1.06911   0.798815   0.805931     0.798994   
infect        0.979047      1.18597   0.978626    0.98009     0.978568   
patient       0.991255      1.20743   0.991353   0.992448     0.991181   
support       0.332719     0.511133   0.320428   0.335124     0.335151   
granada    1.64636e-10     0.675828  0.0159685  0.0282666    0.0108201   
research      0.675828  1.05367e-08   0.664853   0.678235     0.678367   
programm     0.0159685     0.664853          0   0.030574    0.0162508   
tabik        0.0282666     0.678235   0.030574          0     0.026331   
garcía       0.0108201     0.678367  0.0162508   0.026331  5.82077e-11   
project       0.110771     0.662435   0.106813   0.113807       0.1106   
decsai      0.00992576      0.67925  0.0167618  0.0268645   0.00340109   
chart        0.0117732     0.678698  0.0167066  0.0275591   0.00728895   

               project      decsai        chart  
covid          1.00377     0.99646     0.996505  
imag           1.00203    0.994894     0.995023  
detect        0.984956    0.976071     0.976117  
model         0.996428    0.991587     0.991789  
dataset         1.0005    0.994539      0.99468  
learn          0.98943    0.978527      0.97883  
pneumonia     0.948612    0.941024     0.940917  
volum         0.803338    0.798685      0.79856  
infect         0.98551    0.978648     0.979104  
patient       0.992015      0.9912     0.991269  
support       0.308952    0.335961      0.33414  
granada       0.110771  0.00992576    0.0117732  
research      0.662435     0.67925     0.678698  
programm      0.106813   0.0167618    0.0167066  
tabik         0.113807   0.0268645    0.0275591  
garcía          0.1106  0.00340109   0.00728895  
project    1.86265e-09    0.111401      0.11079  
decsai        0.111401           0   0.00703199  
chart          0.11079  0.00703199  1.16415e-10  

(0.0014144051551928673, 0.5059, -0.00100830341448026)

mantel_test_verticle(model_psy_articles,model_psy_p,10)

Pairwise-distance
           misinfodem    covid    articl    mechan       health    commun  \
misinfodem          0  1.22624  0.687752   0.37179      1.37187  0.941082   
covid         1.22624        0   1.13269   1.16653      1.70937   1.54444   
articl       0.687752  1.13269         0  0.471478      1.32323  0.940223   
mechan        0.37179  1.16653  0.471478         0      1.30919  0.880696   
health        1.37187  1.70937   1.32323   1.30919  2.72057e-08   1.61778   
commun       0.941082  1.54444  0.940223  0.880696      1.61778         0   
strategi     0.337806  1.18533   0.50035   0.20235      1.29213  0.865798   
psycholog     1.29483  1.49054    1.1446   1.16886       1.5543   1.42844   
misinform    0.191645  1.18524  0.552794  0.190129      1.32442  0.894876   
inform       0.424364  1.21554   0.66394  0.363357      1.37653  0.970611   
student       1.43212  1.77758    1.4145      1.35      1.96248   1.58406   
train         1.08638  1.53044   1.09724  0.986214      1.64609    1.2442   
pandem       0.991333  1.25291  0.872575  0.859574      1.32569   1.22611   
program      0.757507  1.35054  0.793234  0.619089      1.44323   1.03393   
social        1.05914  1.53777   1.11847   0.98139      1.60746   1.15848   
internship     0.6925   1.2997  0.719287  0.538315       1.4241   1.02088   
group          1.5489  1.82141    1.4491   1.45359      1.95965   1.77015   

            strategi psycholog misinform       inform  student     train  \
misinfodem  0.337806   1.29483  0.191645     0.424364  1.43212   1.08638   
covid        1.18533   1.49054   1.18524      1.21554  1.77758   1.53044   
articl       0.50035    1.1446  0.552794      0.66394   1.4145   1.09724   
mechan       0.20235   1.16886  0.190129     0.363357     1.35  0.986214   
health       1.29213    1.5543   1.32442      1.37653  1.96248   1.64609   
commun      0.865798   1.42844  0.894876     0.970611  1.58406    1.2442   
strategi           0   1.17023  0.200702       0.4157  1.38195   1.00912   
psycholog    1.17023         0   1.20934      1.24475  1.70936    1.4496   
misinform   0.200702   1.20934         0      0.35388  1.38086   1.01311   
inform        0.4157   1.24475   0.35388  6.80142e-09  1.43353   1.03838   
student      1.38195   1.70936   1.38086      1.43353        0   1.53934   
train        1.00912    1.4496   1.01311      1.03838  1.53934         0   
pandem      0.936799   1.41942  0.918039     0.938687  1.58892   1.12457   
program     0.658336   1.19246   0.65902     0.720182   1.3691  0.510284   
social       1.01859   1.50426   1.00499      1.01195  1.73366    1.4549   
internship  0.578113   1.19419  0.584176     0.651156  1.34137  0.566603   
group        1.47761   1.83729   1.48917      1.50424  2.03569   1.72791   

              pandem   program   social   internship    group  
misinfodem  0.991333  0.757507  1.05914       0.6925   1.5489  
covid        1.25291   1.35054  1.53777       1.2997  1.82141  
articl      0.872575  0.793234  1.11847     0.719287   1.4491  
mechan      0.859574  0.619089  0.98139     0.538315  1.45359  
health       1.32569   1.44323  1.60746       1.4241  1.95965  
commun       1.22611   1.03393  1.15848      1.02088  1.77015  
strategi    0.936799  0.658336  1.01859     0.578113  1.47761  
psycholog    1.41942   1.19246  1.50426      1.19419  1.83729  
misinform   0.918039   0.65902  1.00499     0.584176  1.48917  
inform      0.938687  0.720182  1.01195     0.651156  1.50424  
student      1.58892    1.3691  1.73366      1.34137  2.03569  
train        1.12457  0.510284   1.4549     0.566603  1.72791  
pandem             0  0.936596  1.24826      0.92051  1.72146  
program     0.936596         0  1.22896     0.145396  1.53785  
social       1.24826   1.22896        0      1.17327  1.63583  
internship   0.92051  0.145396  1.17327  1.36028e-08  1.50382  
group        1.72146   1.53785  1.63583      1.50382        0  
Pairwise-distance
           misinfodem    covid    articl       mechan       health    commun  \
misinfodem          0  1.35287   2.09875      2.98805      2.98805   2.98805   
covid         1.35287        0   1.13552      1.67187      1.67187   1.67187   
articl        2.09875  1.13552         0      1.22885      1.22885   1.22885   
mechan        2.98805  1.67187   1.22885            0  1.31709e-08         0   
health        2.98805  1.67187   1.22885  1.31709e-08            0         0   
commun        2.98805  1.67187   1.22885            0            0         0   
strategi      2.58051  1.70328  0.567759      1.35447      1.35447   1.35447   
psycholog     2.58051  1.70328  0.567759      1.35447      1.35447   1.35447   
misinform     3.60765  2.25478    2.0571     0.841095     0.841095  0.841095   
inform        2.91809  1.72034  0.901913     0.558152     0.558152  0.558152   
student             0        0         0            0            0         0   
train               0        0         0            0            0         0   
pandem        4.05861  2.70574    2.4577      1.22885      1.22885   1.22885   
program             0        0         0            0            0         0   
social        4.05861  2.70574    2.4577      1.22885      1.22885   1.22885   
internship          0        0         0            0            0         0   
group               0        0         0            0            0         0   

            strategi    psycholog misinform    inform student train    pandem  \
misinfodem   2.58051      2.58051   3.60765   2.91809       0     0   4.05861   
covid        1.70328      1.70328   2.25478   1.72034       0     0   2.70574   
articl      0.567759     0.567759    2.0571  0.901913       0     0    2.4577   
mechan       1.35447      1.35447  0.841095  0.558152       0     0   1.22885   
health       1.35447      1.35447  0.841095  0.558152       0     0   1.22885   
commun       1.35447      1.35447  0.841095  0.558152       0     0   1.22885   
strategi           0            0   2.18461  0.841095       0     0   2.52328   
psycholog          0  2.63418e-08   2.18461  0.841095       0     0   2.52328   
misinform    2.18461      2.18461         0   1.35447       0     0  0.450957   
inform      0.841095     0.841095   1.35447         0       0     0   1.68219   
student            0            0         0         0       0     0         0   
train              0            0         0         0       0     0         0   
pandem       2.52328      2.52328  0.450957   1.68219       0     0         0   
program            0            0         0         0       0     0         0   
social       2.52328      2.52328  0.450957   1.68219       0     0         0   
internship         0            0         0         0       0     0         0   
group              0            0         0         0       0     0         0   

           program    social internship group  
misinfodem       0   4.05861          0     0  
covid            0   2.70574          0     0  
articl           0    2.4577          0     0  
mechan           0   1.22885          0     0  
health           0   1.22885          0     0  
commun           0   1.22885          0     0  
strategi         0   2.52328          0     0  
psycholog        0   2.52328          0     0  
misinform        0  0.450957          0     0  
inform           0   1.68219          0     0  
student          0         0          0     0  
train            0         0          0     0  
pandem           0         0          0     0  
program          0         0          0     0  
social           0         0          0     0  
internship       0         0          0     0  
group            0         0          0     0  

(-0.25187105487199196, 0.9003, -1.3281938535167732)

mantel_test_verticle(model_psy_articles,model_psy_paragraph,10)

Pairwise-distance
              covid    pandem       health psycholog    impact       polici  \
covid             0   1.25291      1.70937   1.49054   1.26858      1.18278   
pandem      1.25291         0      1.32569   1.41942  0.958735     0.874676   
health      1.70937   1.32569  2.72057e-08    1.5543   1.45186      1.35839   
psycholog   1.49054   1.41942       1.5543         0   1.25822      1.11921   
impact      1.26858  0.958735      1.45186   1.25822         0     0.676389   
polici      1.18278  0.874676      1.35839   1.11921  0.676389  6.80142e-09   
countri     1.02891   1.10944      1.61179   1.34752   1.10418     0.880275   
develop     1.22073   0.75019       1.2968   1.15831  0.664806     0.387264   
nation      1.34164   1.05101      1.38854   1.26337  0.786143     0.599575   
social      1.53777   1.24826      1.60746   1.50426      1.27      1.12965   
student     1.77758   1.58892      1.96248   1.70936   1.55855      1.44428   
train       1.53044   1.12457      1.64609    1.4496   1.17141      1.02748   
program     1.35054  0.936596      1.44323   1.19246  0.923397     0.691784   
internship   1.2997   0.92051       1.4241   1.19419  0.886479     0.638274   
group       1.82141   1.72146      1.95965   1.83729   1.62522      1.49316   

             countri   develop       nation   social  student     train  \
covid        1.02891   1.22073      1.34164  1.53777  1.77758   1.53044   
pandem       1.10944   0.75019      1.05101  1.24826  1.58892   1.12457   
health       1.61179    1.2968      1.38854  1.60746  1.96248   1.64609   
psycholog    1.34752   1.15831      1.26337  1.50426  1.70936    1.4496   
impact       1.10418  0.664806     0.786143     1.27  1.55855   1.17141   
polici      0.880275  0.387264     0.599575  1.12965  1.44428   1.02748   
countri            0  0.919125      1.02576  1.33314  1.62327   1.30289   
develop     0.919125         0     0.657122  1.11694  1.46049   1.09037   
nation       1.02576  0.657122  9.61866e-09  1.13486  1.50033    1.1172   
social       1.33314   1.11694      1.13486        0  1.73366    1.4549   
student      1.62327   1.46049      1.50033  1.73366        0   1.53934   
train        1.30289   1.09037       1.1172   1.4549  1.53934         0   
program      1.01001  0.752571     0.838741  1.22896   1.3691  0.510284   
internship  0.978159  0.689515     0.774048  1.17327  1.34137  0.566603   
group        1.72607   1.52914      1.59564  1.63583  2.03569   1.72791   

             program   internship    group  
covid        1.35054       1.2997  1.82141  
pandem      0.936596      0.92051  1.72146  
health       1.44323       1.4241  1.95965  
psycholog    1.19246      1.19419  1.83729  
impact      0.923397     0.886479  1.62522  
polici      0.691784     0.638274  1.49316  
countri      1.01001     0.978159  1.72607  
develop     0.752571     0.689515  1.52914  
nation      0.838741     0.774048  1.59564  
social       1.22896      1.17327  1.63583  
student       1.3691      1.34137  2.03569  
train       0.510284     0.566603  1.72791  
program            0     0.145396  1.53785  
internship  0.145396  1.36028e-08  1.50382  
group        1.53785      1.50382        0  
Pairwise-distance
                  covid   pandem   health psycholog       impact   polici  \
covid       2.10734e-08  1.40729  1.39971   1.40321       1.3932  1.19814   
pandem          1.40729        0   1.3997     1.404      1.39363  1.20694   
health          1.39971   1.3997        0    1.3943      1.38663  1.19901   
psycholog       1.40321    1.404   1.3943         0      1.38834  1.19957   
impact           1.3932  1.39363  1.38663   1.38834  2.58096e-08  1.20318   
polici          1.19814  1.20694  1.19901   1.19957      1.20318        0   
countri         1.39193  1.39299  1.38477   1.38701      1.38349  1.19979   
develop         1.37393  1.37521  1.36511   1.37103      1.36793  1.16347   
nation          1.33165  1.33503  1.32882   1.33546      1.32656  1.10754   
social          1.39059  1.38821  1.38064    1.3842      1.37384  1.18608   
student         1.40439  1.40389  1.39491   1.39834      1.39238  1.20487   
train           1.39682  1.39714  1.38795   1.39209      1.38295  1.19512   
program         1.34248  1.33952  1.33102   1.34001      1.32662  1.12592   
internship      1.30094  1.29911  1.28559    1.2995      1.27857  1.06285   
group           1.39563  1.39603  1.38559   1.39403      1.38261  1.19147   

                countri  develop   nation       social    student  \
covid           1.39193  1.37393  1.33165      1.39059    1.40439   
pandem          1.39299  1.37521  1.33503      1.38821    1.40389   
health          1.38477  1.36511  1.32882      1.38064    1.39491   
psycholog       1.38701  1.37103  1.33546       1.3842    1.39834   
impact          1.38349  1.36793  1.32656      1.37384    1.39238   
polici          1.19979  1.16347  1.10754      1.18608    1.20487   
countri     1.49012e-08  1.35307  1.32422      1.36699    1.38805   
develop         1.35307        0  1.29596      1.35147    1.36987   
nation          1.32422  1.29596        0      1.31565    1.32932   
social          1.36699  1.35147  1.31565  1.49012e-08    1.38474   
student         1.38805  1.36987  1.32932      1.38474  3.332e-08   
train           1.37929  1.36054    1.317      1.37722    1.39481   
program         1.32107  1.30952  1.26668      1.32131    1.34737   
internship      1.28673  1.26323  1.24069      1.27556    1.29062   
group           1.37775  1.36042  1.32324      1.37809    1.39258   

                  train  program internship    group  
covid           1.39682  1.34248    1.30094  1.39563  
pandem          1.39714  1.33952    1.29911  1.39603  
health          1.38795  1.33102    1.28559  1.38559  
psycholog       1.39209  1.34001     1.2995  1.39403  
impact          1.38295  1.32662    1.27857  1.38261  
polici          1.19512  1.12592    1.06285  1.19147  
countri         1.37929  1.32107    1.28673  1.37775  
develop         1.36054  1.30952    1.26323  1.36042  
nation            1.317  1.26668    1.24069  1.32324  
social          1.37722  1.32131    1.27556  1.37809  
student         1.39481  1.34737    1.29062  1.39258  
train       2.58096e-08  1.33068     1.3014  1.38595  
program         1.33068        0    1.16877  1.33335  
internship       1.3014  1.16877          0  1.28072  
group           1.38595  1.33335    1.28072        0  

(0.593484625495186, 0.0008, 2.3498379627192807)

mantel_test_verticle(model_psy_p,model_psy_paragraph,10)

Pairwise-distance
              covid    pandem       health    psycholog    impact polici  \
covid             0   2.70574      1.67187      1.70328     2.236      0   
pandem      2.70574         0      1.22885      2.52328   1.89336      0   
health      1.67187   1.22885            0      1.35447    1.0317      0   
psycholog   1.70328   2.52328      1.35447  2.63418e-08  0.901913      0   
impact        2.236   1.89336       1.0317     0.901913         0      0   
polici            0         0            0            0         0      0   
countri           0         0            0            0         0      0   
develop       2.236   1.89336       1.0317     0.901913         0      0   
nation            0         0            0            0         0      0   
social      2.70574         0      1.22885      2.52328   1.89336      0   
misinfodem  1.35287   4.05861      2.98805      2.58051   3.34632      0   
articl      1.13552    2.4577      1.22885     0.567759   1.25066      0   
mechan      1.67187   1.22885  1.31709e-08      1.35447    1.0317      0   
commun      1.67187   1.22885            0      1.35447    1.0317      0   
strategi    1.70328   2.52328      1.35447            0  0.901913      0   
misinform   2.25478  0.450957     0.841095      2.18461   1.67445      0   
inform      1.72034   1.68219     0.558152     0.841095  0.567759      0   

           countri   develop nation    social misinfodem    articl  \
covid            0     2.236      0   2.70574    1.35287   1.13552   
pandem           0   1.89336      0         0    4.05861    2.4577   
health           0    1.0317      0   1.22885    2.98805   1.22885   
psycholog        0  0.901913      0   2.52328    2.58051  0.567759   
impact           0         0      0   1.89336    3.34632   1.25066   
polici           0         0      0         0          0         0   
countri          0         0      0         0          0         0   
develop          0         0      0   1.89336    3.34632   1.25066   
nation           0         0      0         0          0         0   
social           0   1.89336      0         0    4.05861    2.4577   
misinfodem       0   3.34632      0   4.05861          0   2.09875   
articl           0   1.25066      0    2.4577    2.09875         0   
mechan           0    1.0317      0   1.22885    2.98805   1.22885   
commun           0    1.0317      0   1.22885    2.98805   1.22885   
strategi         0  0.901913      0   2.52328    2.58051  0.567759   
misinform        0   1.67445      0  0.450957    3.60765    2.0571   
inform           0  0.567759      0   1.68219    2.91809  0.901913   

                 mechan    commun  strategi misinform    inform  
covid           1.67187   1.67187   1.70328   2.25478   1.72034  
pandem          1.22885   1.22885   2.52328  0.450957   1.68219  
health      1.31709e-08         0   1.35447  0.841095  0.558152  
psycholog       1.35447   1.35447         0   2.18461  0.841095  
impact           1.0317    1.0317  0.901913   1.67445  0.567759  
polici                0         0         0         0         0  
countri               0         0         0         0         0  
develop          1.0317    1.0317  0.901913   1.67445  0.567759  
nation                0         0         0         0         0  
social          1.22885   1.22885   2.52328  0.450957   1.68219  
misinfodem      2.98805   2.98805   2.58051   3.60765   2.91809  
articl          1.22885   1.22885  0.567759    2.0571  0.901913  
mechan                0         0   1.35447  0.841095  0.558152  
commun                0         0   1.35447  0.841095  0.558152  
strategi        1.35447   1.35447         0   2.18461  0.841095  
misinform      0.841095  0.841095   2.18461         0   1.35447  
inform         0.558152  0.558152  0.841095   1.35447         0  
Pairwise-distance
                  covid    pandem    health psycholog       impact    polici  \
covid       2.10734e-08   1.40729   1.39971   1.40321       1.3932   1.19814   
pandem          1.40729         0    1.3997     1.404      1.39363   1.20694   
health          1.39971    1.3997         0    1.3943      1.38663   1.19901   
psycholog       1.40321     1.404    1.3943         0      1.38834   1.19957   
impact           1.3932   1.39363   1.38663   1.38834  2.58096e-08   1.20318   
polici          1.19814   1.20694   1.19901   1.19957      1.20318         0   
countri         1.39193   1.39299   1.38477   1.38701      1.38349   1.19979   
develop         1.37393   1.37521   1.36511   1.37103      1.36793   1.16347   
nation          1.33165   1.33503   1.32882   1.33546      1.32656   1.10754   
social          1.39059   1.38821   1.38064    1.3842      1.37384   1.18608   
misinfodem      0.99298  0.994967   0.98862  0.992192     0.973035  0.684387   
articl          1.25686   1.25867   1.25098   1.27389      1.24454   1.02606   
mechan         0.995242  0.996109  0.983977  0.989891     0.978389  0.678037   
commun          1.40064    1.4009   1.38958   1.39732      1.38446   1.19457   
strategi        1.00277  0.997523  0.985015  0.997583     0.986384  0.691812   
misinform      0.995893  0.997149  0.980876  0.991953     0.979288  0.680746   
inform          1.37373   1.37231   1.36597   1.36813      1.36161   1.16542   

                countri   develop    nation       social   misinfodem  \
covid           1.39193   1.37393   1.33165      1.39059      0.99298   
pandem          1.39299   1.37521   1.33503      1.38821     0.994967   
health          1.38477   1.36511   1.32882      1.38064      0.98862   
psycholog       1.38701   1.37103   1.33546       1.3842     0.992192   
impact          1.38349   1.36793   1.32656      1.37384     0.973035   
polici          1.19979   1.16347   1.10754      1.18608     0.684387   
countri     1.49012e-08   1.35307   1.32422      1.36699      0.97525   
develop         1.35307         0   1.29596      1.35147     0.956555   
nation          1.32422   1.29596         0      1.31565      0.88907   
social          1.36699   1.35147   1.31565  1.49012e-08     0.969355   
misinfodem      0.97525  0.956555   0.88907     0.969355  1.31709e-09   
articl          1.25118   1.22258   1.18362      1.23619     0.761499   
mechan         0.972983  0.950907  0.884602     0.965808     0.062648   
commun          1.38433   1.36188   1.32746      1.38406     0.991007   
strategi       0.971166  0.923366  0.907799      0.96982     0.103046   
misinform       0.97427  0.951272   0.89338     0.969906    0.0574521   
inform          1.35927   1.33645   1.30231      1.35948     0.913031   

              articl       mechan    commun     strategi  misinform  \
covid        1.25686     0.995242   1.40064      1.00277   0.995893   
pandem       1.25867     0.996109    1.4009     0.997523   0.997149   
health       1.25098     0.983977   1.38958     0.985015   0.980876   
psycholog    1.27389     0.989891   1.39732     0.997583   0.991953   
impact       1.24454     0.978389   1.38446     0.986384   0.979288   
polici       1.02606     0.678037   1.19457     0.691812   0.680746   
countri      1.25118     0.972983   1.38433     0.971166    0.97427   
develop      1.22258     0.950907   1.36188     0.923366   0.951272   
nation       1.18362     0.884602   1.32746     0.907799    0.89338   
social       1.23619     0.965808   1.38406      0.96982   0.969906   
misinfodem  0.761499     0.062648  0.991007     0.103046  0.0574521   
articl             0     0.771981    1.2578     0.768644   0.774407   
mechan      0.771981  4.65661e-10   0.98651     0.101418  0.0547665   
commun        1.2578      0.98651         0     0.991068   0.982037   
strategi    0.768644     0.101418  0.991068  1.86265e-09  0.0995184   
misinform   0.774407    0.0547665  0.982037    0.0995184          0   
inform       1.23177     0.933866   1.36599     0.939193   0.926923   

                 inform  
covid           1.37373  
pandem          1.37231  
health          1.36597  
psycholog       1.36813  
impact          1.36161  
polici          1.16542  
countri         1.35927  
develop         1.33645  
nation          1.30231  
social          1.35948  
misinfodem     0.913031  
articl          1.23177  
mechan         0.933866  
commun          1.36599  
strategi       0.939193  
misinform      0.926923  
inform      3.65002e-08  

(-0.227177667706413, 0.8638, -1.1338101961462617)